THE READER'S HANDBOOK 



THE 

READERS HANDBOOK 



OT 



FAMOI NAMES IN FICTION, ALLUSIONS, 

REFERENCES, PROVERBS, PLOTS, 

STORIES, AND POEMS 



BY THE REV. 

E. COBHAM BREWER, LL.D. 

AUTHOR OF 
DICTIONARY OP PHRASE AMD FABLE," " A DICTIONARY OF MIRACLES,' 1 




A NEW EDITION, REVISED 



PHILADELPHIA : 

J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. 
1904. 



1 104 






f&L 



TO MY DAUGHTERS, 

NELLIE AND AMY, 

®{jis $ol»nu is Jbbttateb 

BY THEIR 

AFFECTIONATE FATHER. 



PREFACE 
TO THE REVISED EDITION 

My father died on March 6, 1897, before he had finished correcting the proofs 
of the revision of this new edition. He left the work to me, and I should like 
to be permitted to thank all who helped in this labour of love. 

The Librarians at the Nottingham, Lancaster, and Eastbourne Free Libra- 
ries must be specially mentioned. Mr. Briscoe, of the Nottingham Free Li- 
brary, was a personal friend of my father's ; he and his colleagues spared 
neither time nor trouble in searching out dates for the Bibliography, and in 
supplying much useful information. 

I thank, too, most warmly, the proof-reader, who has shown so much 
patience, and has helped me in every possible way in what might have been a 
very hard task ; he made it not only an easy but an exceedingly pleasant one. 

To all my father's friends, known and unknown, who have written such kind 
and encouraging letters, I can only say from the bottom of my heart, " Thanks, 
and ever thanks." 

NELLIE COBHAM HAYMAN. 
Edwinstowe Vicarage, Newark, 
September, 1898. 



PREFACE 



The object of this Handbook is to supply readers and speakers with a lucid, 
but very brief account of such names as are used in allusions and references, 
whether by poets or prose writers, — to furnish those who consult it with the plot 
of popular dramas, the story of epic poems, and the outline of well-known 
tales. Who has not asked what such and such a book is about? and who would 
not be glad to have his question answered correctly in a few words ? When the 
title of a play is mentioned, who has not felt a desire to know who was the 
author of it? — for it seems a universal practice to allude to the title of dramas 
without stating the author. And when reference is made to some character, 
who has not wished to know something specific about the person referred to ? 
The object of this Handbook is to supply these wants. Thus, it gives in a few 
lines the story of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, of Virgil's sEneid, Lucan's/V/rtr- 
saliciy and the Thebaid of Statius ; of Dante's Divine Comedy, Ariosto's Orlando 
Furioso, and Tasso : 's Jertisalem Delivered ; of Milton's Paradise Lost and Para- 
dise Regained ; of Thomson's Seasons ; of Ossian's tales, the Nibelungen Lied 
of the German minnesingers, the Romance of the Rose, the Lusiad of Camoens, 
the Loves of Theagenes and Charicleia by Heliodorus (fourth century), with the 
several story poems of Chaucer, Gower, Piers Plowman, Hawes, Spenser, Dray- 
ton, Phineas Fletcher, Prior, Goldsmith, Campbell, Southey, Byron, Scott, 
Moore, Tennyson, Longfellow, and so on. Far from limiting its scope to poets, 
the Handbook tells, with similar brevity, the stories of our national fairy tales 
and romances, such novels as those by Charles Dickens, Vanity Fair by Thack- 
eray, the Rasselas of Johnson, Gulliver' s Travels by Swift, the Sentimental 
fourney by Sterne, Don Quixote and Gil Bias, Telcmachus by Fenelon, and 
Undine by De la Motte Fouque. Great pains have been taken with the Arthur- 
ian stories, whether from sir T. Malory's collection or from the Mabinogion, 
because Tennyson has brought them to the front in his Idylls of the King ; and 
the number of dramatic plots sketched out is many hundreds. 

Another striking and interesting feature of the book is the revelation of 
the source from which dramatists and romancers have derived their stories, and 
the strange repetitions of historic incidents. Compare, for example, the stratagem 
of the wooden horse by which Troy was taken, with those of Abu Obeidah in the 



PREFACE. vii 

siege of Arrestan, and that of the capture of Sark from the French, p. 504. 
Compare, again, Dido's cutting the hide into strips, with the story about the 
Yakutsks, p. 182; that of Romulus and Remus, with the story of Tyro, p. 930 ; 
the Shibboleth of Scripture story, with those of the " Sicilian Vespers," and of 
the Danes on St. Bryce's Day, p. 1003 ; the story of Pisistratos and his two sons, 
with that of Cosmo de' Medici and his two grandsons, p. 849 ; the death of 
Marcus Licinius.Crassus, with that of Manlius Nepos Aquilius, p. 434 ; and the 
famous "Douglas larder," with the larder of Wallace at Ardrossan, p. 297. 
Witness the numerous tales resembling that of William Tell and the apple, 
p. 1082 ; of the Pied Piper of Hamelin, p. 843 ; of Llewellyn and his dog Gelert, 
p. 410 ; of bishop Hatto and the rats, p. 474 ; of Ulysses and Polyphemos, 
p. 1156; and of lord Lovel's bride, p. 712. Witness, again, the parallelisms of 
David in his flight from Saul, and that of Mahomet from the Koreishites, p. 1035 ; 
of Jephthah and his daughter, and the tale of Idomeneus of Crete, or that of 
Agamemnon and Iphigenia, p. 544 ; of Paris and Sextus, p. 988 ; Salome and 
Fulvia, p. 955 ; St. Patrick preaching to king O'Neil, and St. Areed before 
the king of Abyssinia, p. 812 ; of Cleopatra and Sophonisba, with scores of 
others. 

To ensure accuracy, every work alluded to in this large volume has been read 
personally by the author expressly for this Handbook, and since the compilation 
was commenced ; for although, at the beginning, a few others were employed for 
the sake of despatch, the author read over for himself, while the sheets were 
passing through the press, the works put into their hands. The very minute 
references to words and phrases, book and chapter, act and scene, often to page 
and line, will be sufficient guarantee to the reader that this assertion is not 
overstated. 

The work is in a measure novel, and cannot fail to be useful. It is owned 
that Charles Lamb has told, and told well, the Tales of Shakespeare ; but 
Charles Lamb has occupied more pages with each tale than the Handbook has 
lines. It is also true that an " Argument " is generally attached to each book of 
an epic story ; but the reading of these rhapsodies is like reading an index- 
few have patience to wade through them, and fewer still obtain therefrom any 
clear idea of the spirit of the actors, or the progress of the story. Brevity 
has been the aim of this Handbook, but clearness has not been sacrificed to 
terseness ; and it has been borne in mind throughout that it is not enough 
to state a fact, — it must be stated attractively, and the character described must 
be drawn characteristically, if the reader is to appreciate it, and feel an interest 
in what he reads. 

The unnamed book given as an authority for the various Arthurian names (see 
Arthur, Galahad, Gawain, Lancelot, Modred, and others) is Malory's 
Morte d' Arthur (for which see p. 729). In most cases where it is quoted from, 
the title of the book is omitted, and only the part and chapter are given. 

Those verses introduced but not signed, or signed with initials only, are by 
the author of the Handbook. They are the Stornello Verses, p. 1048 ; the aspen 
tree (an epigram), p. 1130; Nones and Ides, p. 759; the Seven Wise Men, 






▼Hi PREFACE. 

p. 987 ; the Seven Wonders of the World, p. 987 ; and the following translations : 
Lucan's " Serpents," p. 835 ; " Veni Wakefield peramaenum," p. 414 ; specimen 
of Tyrtseos, p. 1154; "Vos non vobis," p. 1183; " Roi d'Yvetot," p. 1236; 
" Non amo te," p. 1237 ; Marot's epigram, p. 629 ; epigram on a violin, p. 1177 ; 
epigram on the Fair Rosamond, p. 932 ; the Heidelberg tun, p. 1145 » "Roger 
Bontemps," p. 926 ; " Le bon roi Dagobert," p. 745 ; " Pauvre Jacques," 
p. 816 ; Virgil's epitaph, p. 1178 ; M Cunctis mare," p. 966 ; " Ni fallat fatum," 
p. 971 ; St. Elmo, p. 949 ; Baviad, etc., pp. 97, 652 j several oracular responses 
(see Equivokes, p. 327 ; Wooden Walls, p. 1227 ; etc.) ; and many others. 
The chief object of this paragraph is to prevent any useless search after these 
trifles. 

It would be most unjust to conclude this preface without publicly acknow- 
ledging the great obligation which the author owes to the printer's reader 
while the sheets were passing through the press. He seems to have entered 
into the very spirit of the book j his judgment has been sound, his queries 
have been intelligent, his suggestions invaluable, and even some of the 
articles were supplied by him. 

£. C BREWER. 



THE READER'S HANDBOOK 



^ indicates a parallel or similar tale, and has been adopted so that those -who -wish to find such duplicatet 
may do so -with the least possible trouble. 
Foreign books which have been naturalized (with their English translations) have been introduced in the ttxt. 



AARON, a Moor, beloved by Tam'- 
ora, queen of the Goths, in the tragedy 
of Titus Andron'icus, published amongst 
the plays of Shakespeare (1593). 

("The classic name is Androntcus, but 
the character of this play is purely 
fictitious.) 

Aaron {St), a British martyr of the 
City of Legions (Newport, in South 
Wales). He was torn limb from limb by 
order of Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, general, 
in Britain, of the army of Diocle'tian. 
Two churches were founded in the City 
of Legions, one in honour of St. Aaron, 
and one in honour of his fellow-martyr 
St. Julius. Newport was called Caerleon 
by the British. 

. . . two others . . . sealed their doctrine with their 

blood ; 
St. Julius, and with him St. Aaron, have their room 
At Carleon, suffering death by Diocletian's doom. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Aaz'iz (3 syl. ), so the queen of Sheba 
or Saba is sometimes called ; but in the 
Koran she is called Balkis (ch. xxvii.). 

Abad'don, an angel of the bottomless 
pit (Rev. ix. n). The word is derived from 
the Hebrew, abad, "lost," and means the 
lost one. There are two other angels intro- 
duced by Klopstock in The Messiah with 
similar names, which must not be con- 
founded with the angel referred to in 
Rev. ; one is Obaddon, the angel of death, 
and the other Abbad'ona, the repentant 
devil. (See Abbadona.) 

Ab'aris, to whom Apollo gave a 
golden arrow, on which to ride through 
the air. (See Dictionary of Phrase and 
Fable p. 2.) 



Abbad'ona, once the friend of Ab'- 
diel, was drawn into the rebellion of 
Satan half unwillingly. In hell he con- 
stantly bewailed his fall, and reproved 
Satan for his pride and blasphemy. He 
openly declared to the internals that he 
would take no part or lot in Satan's 
scheme for the death of the Messiah ; and 
during the crucifixion he lingered about 
the cross with repentance, hope, and fear. 
His ultimate fate we are not told, but 
when Satan and Adramelech were driven 
back to hell, Obaddon, the angel of death, 
says — 

" For thee, Abbadona, I have no orders. How long 
thou art permitted to remain on earth I know not, nor 
whether thou wilt be allowed to see the resurrection of 
the Lord of glory . . . but be not deceived, thou canst 
not view Him with the joy of the redeemed." "Yet 
let me see Him, let me see Him I "—Klopstock: The 
Messiah, xiii. 

Abberville (Lord), a young noble- 
man, 23 years of age, who has for 
travelling tutor a Welshman of 65, 
called Dr. Druid, an antiquary, wholly 
ignorant of his real duties as a guide 
of youth. The young man runs wan- 
tonly wild, squanders his money, and 
gives loose rein to his passions almost 
to the verge of ruin, but he is arrested 
and reclaimed by his honest Scotch 
bailiff or financier, and the vigilance 
of his father's executor, Mr. Mortimer. 
This " fashionable lover " promises 
marriage to a vulgar, malicious city 
minx named Lucinda Bridgemore, but 
is saved from this pitfall also. — 
Cumberland: The Fashionable Lover 
(1780). 

Abbot (The), the second of three 
novels on the Reformation. The first, 
called The Monastery, is by far the 
worst ; and the third, called Kenilworth, 



ABBOTSFORD CLUa 



ABENSBERG. 



is the best. The Abbot, Father Ambrose 
(q.v.), plays a very subordinate part, the 
hero being Roland Graeme. The tale is 
this : Roland, a very young child, was 
nearly drowned by trying to save a toy- 
boat, but he was drawn from the river by 
Wolf, a dog of Lady Avenel's ; and as 
Lady Avenel had no family, she brought 
up Roland as a sort of page. The in- 
dulgence shown by his kind patroness 
drew upon him the jealous displeasure of 
the rest of the household ; and ultimately 
the spirit became so bitter that Lady 
Avenel, when he was between 17 and 18, 
dismissed him from her service. Roland, 
going he knew not whither, encountered 
Sir Halbert Glendinning, the husband of 
the Lady of Avenel, who took him into 
his service, and sent him to the regent 
Murray, who sent him to Lochleven, as 
the page of Mary queen of Scotland, who. 
had been dethroned and sent to Lochleven 
as a state prisoner. He was there above 
a year, when Mary made her escape, was 
overtaken by the Reform party, and fled 
to England. 

• . • Roland Graeme is discovered to be 
the son of Julian Avenel and Catherine 
Graeme. He married Catherine Seyton, 
a daughter of Lord Seyton, and was 
heir to the barony of Avenel. Mary of 
Scotland is excellently portrayed in this 
novel, and Queen Elizabeth in Kenil- 
worth. 

Abbotsford Club, limited to 50 
members. It was founded in 1835, for 
the publication (in quarto) of works 
pertaining to Scotch history, antiquities, 
and literature in general. It published 
upwards of 30 volumes. Extinct. 

Abdal-azis, the Moorish governor of 
Spain after the overthrow of king Roderick. 
When the Moor assumed regal state and 
affected Gothic sovereignty, his subjects 
were so offended that they revolted and 
murdered him. He married Egilona, 
formerly the wife of Roderick. — Southey : 
Roderick, etc., xxii. (1814). 

Ab'dalaz'iz {Omar ben), a caliph 
raised to " Mahomet's bosom " in reward 
of his great abstinence and self-denial. — 
Herbelot, 690. 

He was by no means scrupulous ; nor did he think 
with the caliph Omar ben Abdalaziz that it was neces- 
sary to make a hell of this world to enjoy paradise in 
the next.— IV. Rcckford : Vathek (1786). 

Adbal'dar, one of the magicians in 
the Domdaniel caverns, " under the roots 
of the ocean." These spirits were destined 
to be destroyed by one of the race of 
Hodei'rah (3 syl.), so they persecuted the 



race even to death. Only one survived, 
named Thalaba, and Abdaldar was ap- 
pointed by lot to find him out and kill 
him. He discovered the stripling in an 
Arab's tent, and while in prayer was 
about to stab him to the heart, when the 
angel of death breathed on the would-be 
murderer, and he fell dead with the dagger 
in his hand. Thalaba drew from the 
magician's finger a ring which gave him 
command over the spirits. — Southey: 
Thalaba the Destroyer, ii., iii. (1797). 

Abdal'la, one of sir Brian de Bois 

Gilbert's slaves. — Sir W. Scott : Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Abdallah, brother and predecessor of 
Giaf'fer (2 syl.), pacha of Aby'dos. He 
was murdered by the pacha. — Byron. 
Bride of Abydos. 

Abdallah. el Hadgi, Saladin's en- 
voy.— Sir W. Scott: The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Abdals or Santons, a class of re- 
ligionists who pretend to be inspired 
with the most ravishing raptures of 
divine love. Regarded with great vene- 
ration by the vulgar. — Olearius, ?. 971. 

Abde'rian Laughter, scoffing 
laughter, so called from Abdera, the 
birthplace of Democ'ritus, the scoffing or 
laughing philosopher. 

Ab'diel, the faithful seraph who with- 
stood Satan when urged to revolt. 

. the seraph Abdiel, faithful found 
fai 



Among the faithless ; faithful only he 
Among innumerable false ; unmoved. 
Unshaken, unseduced, unterrified, 
His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal. 
Milton: Paradise Lost, v. 896, etc (1665). 

Abel Sbufflebottom, the name 
assumed by Robert Southey in some 
amatory poems published in 1799. 

Abellino, the hero of " Monk " 
Lewis's story, called the Bravo of 
Venice. He appears sometimes as a 
beggar, and sometimes as a bandit. 
Abellino falls in love with the niece of 
the doge of Venice, and marries her. 

Abensberg (Count), the father of 
thirty-two children. When Henirich II. 
made his progress through Germany, and 
other courtiers presented their offerings, 
the count brought forward his thirty-two 
children, " as the most valuable offering 
he could make to his king and country." 

^ Cornelia, the daughter of Scipio Africanus, b 
credited with similar sentiment. When a Campanlan 
lady boasted in her presence of her magnificent 
jewels, Cornelia sent for her two sons, and slid. 
" These arc my jewels." 



ABERDEExM PHILOSOPHICAL. 3 ABSALOM AND ACH1TOPHEL. 



Aberdeen Philosophical Society, 
instituted 1840. 

Abes'sa, the impersonation of abbeys 
and convents in Spenser's Faerie Queene, 
i. 3. She is the paramour of Kirk- 
rapine, who used to rob churches and 
poor-boxes, and bring his plunder to 
Abessa, daughter of Corceca {blindness 
of heart). 

Abif (Hiram), one of the three 
grand-masters of Freemasonry. The 
other two were Solomon and Hiram of 
Tyre. Hiram, like Pharaoh, is a dynastic 
name, and means noble ; and ab of Abif 
means " father ; " ab-i means " my 
father " (see 1 Kings vii. 13 ; 2 Chron. 
ii. 12-14). 

Abney, called Young Abney, the 
friend of colonel Albert Lee, a royalist. — 
Sir W. Scott : Woodstock (time, the Com- 
monwealth). 

Abou Hassan, a young merchant of 
Bagdad, and hero of the tale called ' ' The 
Sleeper Awakened," in the Arabian 
Nights' Entertainments. While Abou 
Hassan is asleep he is conveyed to the 
palace of Haroun-al-Raschid, and the 
attendants are ordered to do everything 
they can to make him fancy himself the 
caliph. He subsequently becomes the 
caliph's chief favourite. 

\ Shakespeare, in the induction of 
Taming of the Shrew, befools ' ' Chris- 
topher Sly " in a similar way, but Sly 
thinks it was "nothing but a dream." 

^[ Philippe le Bon, duke of Burgundy, 
on his marriage with Eleonora, tried the 
same trick. — Burton : Anatomy of Melan- 
choly, ii. 2, 4. 

Abra, the most beloved of Solomon's 
concubines. 

Fruits their odour lost and meats their taste. 
If gentle Abra had not decked the feast ; 
Dishonoured did the sparkling goblet stand, 
Unless received from gentle Abra's hand ; . . . 
Nor could my soul approve the music's tone 
Till all was hushed, and Abra sang alone. 

M. Prior : Solomon (1664-1721). 
• ■ Solomon had above 1000 concubines, from among 

the Moabites, Ammonites, Sidonians, and Hittites. 

The mother of Rehoboam, his successor, was Naamah, 

an A mmonitess (1 Kings xiv. 20, 21). 

Ab'radas, the great Macedonian 
pirate. 

Abradas, the great Macedonian pirat, thought every 
one had a letter of mart that bare sayles in the ocean.— 
Greene : Penelope's IVeb (1601). 

Abraham, calling his wife "sister" 
{Gen. xii. 11). The special correspondent 
of the Slanda>d, writing from Afghanistan 
(March 12, 1888), says, " If a Mahometan's 
scruples are overcome to such an extent 



that he will permit a Christian physician 
to treat his wife, he will call her his 
"sister." 

Abraham's Offering- (Gen. xxii.). 
Abraham at the command of God laid his 
only son Isaac upon an altar to sacrifice 
him to Jehovah, when his hand was stayed 
and a ram substituted for Isaac. 

*[[ So Agamemnon at Aulis was about 
to offer up his daughter Iphigeni'a at the 
command of Artemis (Diana), when 
Artemis carried her off in a cloud and 
substituted a stag instead. 

V This ram was one of the 10 animals taken to 
heaven, according to Mahomet's teaching. 

Abroc'omas, the lover of An'thia in 
the Greek romance of Ephesi' aca, by 
Xenophon of Ephesus (not the historian). 

Absalom. The general idea is that 
Absalom, fleeing through a wood, was 
caught by the hair of bis head on the 
bough of a tree, and thus met his death ; 
but the Bible says (2 Sam. xviii. 9), 
"Absalom rode upon a mule, and the 
mule went under the thick boughs of a 
great oak, and his head caught hold of 
the oak, and he was taken up between the 
heaven and the earth." Apparently his 
chin was caught by a branch of the oak, 
and the mule ran off. There is nothing 
said about his hair getting entangled in 
the oak. Yet every one knows the 
doggerel — 

Oh Absalom, oh Absalom, my son, my son, 
Hadst thou but worn a periwig, thou hadst not been 
undone ! 

DazncTs Lament for his Son Absalom. 

Ab'salom, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achifophel, is meant for the duke of 
Monmouth, natural son of Charles II. 
(David). Like Absalom, the duke was 
handsome ; like Absalom, he was loved 
and rebellious; and, like Absalom, his 
rebellion ended in his death (1649-1 85). 

Absalom and Achifophel, the 

best political satire in the language, by 
Drvden, in about 1000 lines of heroic 
verse, in rhymes. The general scheme 
is to show the rebellious character of the 
puritans, who insisted on the exclusion of 
the duke of York from the succession, 
on account of his being a pronounced 
catholic, and the determination of the 
king to resist this interference with his 
royal prerogative, even at the cost of a 
civil war. 

The great difficulty was where to find 
a substitute. Charles II. had no legal 
male offspring, and, though he had several 
natural sons, the duke of Monmouu? was 



ABSOLON. 



ACCIDENTE ! 



the onjy one who was the idol of the 

f)eople. So the earl of Shaftesbury 
Achitophel), an out-and-out protestant, 
used every effort to induce Monmouth 
(Absalom) to compel the king (David) to 
set aside the duke of York. Shaftesbury 
says, ' ' Once get the person of the king into 
your hands, and you may compel him to 
yield to the people's wishes. " Monmouth 
is over-persuaded to take up the cause 
"of the redress of grievances," and soon 
has a large following, amongst whom is 
Thomas Thynne(Issachar), a very wealthy 
man, who supplies the duke with ready 
money. When the rebellion grew formid- 
able, the king called his councillors to 
meet him at Oxford, and told them he 
was resolved to defend his prerogatives 
by force of arms, and thus the poem ends. 
•.*A reply in verse, entitled Azaria 
andHushai (q.v.), was written by Samuel 
Pordage. 

Mr. Tate has written a seeond part, which not only 
destroys the unity of the poem, Dut is of very small 
merit. 

V The poem begins with a statement that Charles II. 
{David) had many natural sons, but only Monmouth 
(Absalom) had any chance of being his successor. He 
then remarks that no sort of government would satisfy 
puritans. They had tried several, but all had failed to 
please them. On the puritans' side was the earl of 
Shaftesbury (Achitophel), Titus Oates (Corah), and 
many others. On th« king's side advocates of the 
" right divine." were the archbishop of Canterbury 
IZadoc), the bishop of London (Sagan), the bishop of 
kochester and dean of Westminster, the earl of 
Mulgrave (Abdiel), Sir George Savile (Jotham), Hyde 
(Hashai), Sir Edward Seymour (Aniiel), and many 
more. Charles II. is called David; London, Jerusalem; 
catholics, Jebusites ; puritans, Jews. France is called 
Egypt; its king, Pharaoh ; and Holland is called Tyre. 

Ab'solon, a priggish parish clerk in 
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. His hair 
was curled, his shoes slashed, his hose 
red. He could let blood, cut hair, and 
shave, could dance, and play either on 
the ribible or the gittern. This gay spark 
paid his addresses to Mistress Alison, the 
young wife of John, a wealthy aged car- 
penter ; but Alison herself loved a poor 
scholar named Nicholas, a lodger in the 
house.— The Miller's Tale (1388). 

Absolute (Sir Anthony), a testy, but 
warm-hearted old gentleman, who ima- 
gines that he possesses a most angelic 
temper; and when he quarrels with his 
son, the captain, fancies it is the son who 
is but of temper, and not himself. Smol- 
lett's "Matthew Bramble" evidently 
suggested this character. William Dowton 
(1764-1851) was the best actor of this 
part. 

Captain Absolute, son of sir Anthony, in 
love with Lydia Languish, the heiress, to 
whom he is known only as ensign Bever- 



ley. Bob Acres, his neighbour, is hi3 
rival, and sends a challenge to the un- 
known ensign ; but when he finds that 
ensign Beverley is captain Absolute, he 
declines to fight, and resigns all further 
claim to the lady's hand. — Sheridan: 
The Rivals (1775). 

When you saw Jack Palmers it 'captain Absolute,' 
you thought you could trace his promotion to some 
lady of quality, who fancied the handsome fellow in his 
top-knot, and had bought him a commission.— Charles 
Lamb. 

Abu'dah, in the Tales of the Genii, by 
H. Ridley, is a wealthy merchant of Bag- 
dad, who goes in quest of the talisman of 
Oroma'nes, which he is driven to seek by 
a little old hag, who haunts him every 
night and makes his life wretched. He 
finds at last that the talisman which is to 
free him of this hag [conscience] is to 
"fear God and keep His command- 
ments." 

Abu'dah,, in the drama called The Siege 
of Damascus, by John Hughes (1720), is 
the next in command to Caled in the 
Arabian army set down before Damascus. 
Though undoubtedly brave, he prefers 
peace to war ; and when, at the death of 
Caled, he succeeds to the chief command, 
he makes peace with the Syrians on 
honourable terms. 

Abydos (Bride of). (See Bride.) 

Acade'mus, an Attic hero, whose 
garden was selected by Plato for the place 
of his lectures. Hence his disciples were 
called the "Academic sect." 

The green retreats of Academus. 
Akenside : Pleasures of Imagination 

Aca'dia (i.e. Nova Scotia), so called 
by the French from the river Shuben- 
acadie. In 1621 Acadia was given to 
sir William Alexander, and its name 
changed ; and in 1755 the old French 
settlers were driven into exile by George 
II. Longfellow has made this the subject 
of a poem in hexameter verse, called 
Evan 1 geline (4 syl.). 

Acas'to (Lord), father of Seri'no, 
Casta'lio, and Polydore ; and guardian of 
Monimia " the orphan." He lived to see 
the death of his sons and his ward. 
Polydore ran on his brother's sword, Cas- 
talio stabbed himself, and Monimia took 
poison. — Otway : The Orphan (1680). 

Accidente ! (3 syl.), a curse and oath 
used in France occasionally. 

Accidente I ce qui veut dire en bon frangs is : Puise-tu, 
mourir d'accident, sans confession, daj me.— Mons, 
About: Tolla (a tale). 



ACESTES. 



ACOE. 



Aces'tes (3 syl.). In a trial of skill 
Acestes, the Sicilian, discharged his arrow 
with such force that it took fire from the 
friction of the air. — Virgil : sEneid, v. 

Like Acestes' shaft of old, 
The swift thought kindles as it flies. 

Longfellow : To a Child. 

Achates \_A-ka'-leze\, called by Virgil 
' ' fidus Achates." The name has become 
a synonym for a bosom friend, a crony, 
but is generally used laughingly. 

He, like Achates, faithful to the tomb. 

Byron : Don yuan, 1. 159. 

Aclier'ia, the fox, went partnership 
with a bear in a bowl of milk. Before 
the bear arrived, the fox skimmed off the 
cream and drank the milk ; then, filling 
the bowl with mud, replaced the cream 
atop. Says the fox, " Here is the bowl ; 
one shall have the cream, and the other 
all the rest : choose, friend, which you 
like." The bear told the fox to take the 
cream, and thus bruin had only the mud. 
— A Basque Tale. 

^f A similar tale occurs in Campbell's 
Popular Tales of the West Highlands 
(iii. 98), called "The Keg of Butter." 
The wolf chooses the bottom when ' ' oats " 
were the object of choice, and the top 
when " potatoes" were the sowing. 

IF Rabelais tells the same tale about a 
farmer and the devil. Each was to have 
on alternate years what grew under and 
over the soil. The farmer sowed turnips 
and carrots when the undersoil produce 
came to his lot, and barley or wheat when 
his turn was the over-soil produce. 

Ac'heron, the " River of Grief," and 
one of the five rivers of hell ; hell itself. 
(Greek, uxo? peta, " I flow with grief.") 

Sad Acheron of sorrow, black and deep. 

Milton: Paradise Lost, it. 578 (1665). 

Achilles (3 syl.), the hero of the 
allied Greek army in the siege of Troy, 
and king of the Myr'midons. (See Dic- 
tionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 10.) 

The English Achilles, John Talbot, 
first earl of Shrewsbury (1373-1453). 

The duke of Wellington is so called 
sometimes, and is represented by a statue 
of Achilles of gigantic size in Hyde 
Park, London, close to Apsley House 
(1769-1852). 

The Achilles of Germany, Albert, elec- 
tor of Brandenburg (14 14-1486). 

Achilles of Rome, Sicin'ius Denta'tus 
(put to death B.C. 450). 

Achilles' Heel, the vulnerable part. 
It is said that when Thetis dipped her 
son in the river Styx to make him in- 



vulnerable, she held him by the heel, and 
the part covered by her hand was the 
only part not washed by the water. This 
is a post-Homeric story. 

[Hanover] is the Achilles' heel to invulnerable Eng- 
land.— Carlyle. 

(Sometimes Ireland is called the Achil- 
les' heel of England. ) 

IT Similarly, the only vulnerable part 
of Orlando was the sole of his foot, and 
hence when Bernardo del Carpio assailed 
him at Roncesvall^s, and found that he 
could not wound him, he lifted him up in 
his arms and squeezed him to death, as 
Hercul&s did Antae'os. 

Achilles' Spear. (See Spear of ... ) 

Acliit'ophel, " Him who drew Achit'- 
ophel," Dry den, author of the famous 
political satire of Absalom and Achitophel. 
"David" is Charles II.; his rebellious 
son "Absalom" is the king's natural son 
by Lucy Waters, the handsome but rebel- 
lious James duke of Monmouth ; and 
' ' Achitophel " is the earl of Shaftesbury, 
"for close designs and crooked counsels 
fit" (1621-1683). 

Can sneer at him who drew Achitophel 

Byron : Don yuan, iii. ioo. 
Theie is a portrait of the first earl of Shaftesbury 
(Dryden's " Achitophel ") as lord chancellor of England, 
clad in ash-coloured robes, because he had never been 
called to the bar.— E. Yates : Celebrities, xviii. 

Acidalia, a fountain in Bceo'tia, 
sacred to Venus. The Graces used to 
bathe therein. Ven us was called Acidalia 
{Virgil: ^Eneid, i. 720). 

After she weary was 
With bathing in the Acidalian brook. 

Spenser: Epithalamion (1595J. 

A'cis, a Sicilian shepherd, loved by 
the nymph Galate'a. The monster Poly- 
pheme (3 syl.), a Cyclops, was his rival, 
and crushed him under a huge rock. The 
blood of Acis was changed into a river of 
the same name at the foot of mount Etna. 

*.* Gay has a serenata called Acis and 
Galatea, which was produced at the Hay- 
market in 1732. Music by Handel. 

Not such a pipe, good reader, as that which Acis did 
sweetly tune in praise of his Galatea, but one of true 
Delft manufacture. — W. Irving. 

Ack'land (Sir Thomas), a royalist. — 
Sir W. Scott: Woodstock (time, the 
Commonwealth). 

Ac'oe (3 syl.), " hearing," in the New 
Testament sense (Pom. x. 17), "Faith 
cometh by hearing." The nurse of Fido 
[faith]. Her daughter is Meditation. 
(Greek, akoi, "hearing.") 

With him [Faith] his nurse went, careful Acoe, 
Whose hands first from his mother's womb did taka 
him, 
And ever since have fostered tenderly. 

Phin. Fletcher: The Purple 'stand, ix. (1633). 



ACRASIA, 



ADAH. 



Acras'ia, Intemperance personified. 
Spenser says she is an enchantress living 
in the " Bower of Bliss," in " Wandering 
Island." She had the power of trans- 
forming her lovers into monstrous shapes ; 
but sir Guyon (temperance), having caught 
her in a net and bound her, broke down 
her bower and burnt it to ashes. — Faerie 
Queene, ii. 12 (1590). 

Ac'rates (3 syl.), Incontinence per- 
sonified in The Purple Island, by Phineas 
Fletcher. He had two sons (twins) by 
Caro, viz. Methos {drunkenness) and 
Gluttony, both fully described in canto 
vii. (Greek, akrdtes, "incontinent.") 

Aerates (3 syl.), Incontinence per- 
sonified in The Faerie Queene, by Spenser. 
He is the father of Cymoch'lls and 
Pyroch'lgs. — Bk. ii. 4 (1590). 

Acres {Bob), a country gentleman, the 
rival of ensign Beverley, alias captain 
Absolute, for the hand and heart of Lydia 
Languish, the heiress. He tries to ape 
the man of fashion, gets himself up as a 
loud swell, and uses "sentimental oaths," 
i.e. oaths bearing on the subject. Thus 
if duels are spoken of he says, ods triggers 
and flints ; if clothes, ods frogs and tam- 
bours ; if music, ods minnums [minims] 
and crotchets ; if ladies, ods blushes and 
bluoms. This he learnt from a militia 
officer, who told him the ancients swore 
by Jove, Bacchus, Mars, Venus, Minerva, 
etc., according to the sentiment. Bob 
Acres is a great blusterer, and talks big 
of his daring, but when put to the push 
"his courage always oozed out of his 
fingers' ends." J. Quick was the original 
Bob Acres. — Sheridan: The Rivals (177 5). 

As thro' his palms Sob Acres' valour oozed, 
So Juan's virtue ebbed, I know not how. 

Byron : Don yuan. 

Acris'ius, father of Dan'a£. An 
oracle declared that DanaS would give 
birth to a son who would kill him, so 
Acrisius kept his daughter shut up in an 
apartment under ground, or (as some say) 
in a brazen tower. Here she became the 
mother of Per'seus (2 syl.), by Jupiter in 
the form of a shower of gold. The king 
of Argos now ordered his daughter and 
her infant to be put into a chest, and cast 
adrift on the sea, but they were rescued 
by Dictys, a fisherman. When grown to 
manhood, Perseus accidentally struck the 
foot of Acrisius with a quoit, and the 
blow caused his death. This tale is told 
by Mr. Morris in The Earthly Paradise 
Ap.il). 



Actae'on, a hunter, changed by Diana 
into a stag. A synonym for a cuckold. 

Divulge Page himself for a secure and wilful Actaeon 

[cuckold]. 
Shakespeare : Merry Wives, etc., act iii. sc. 2 (1596). 

Acte'a, a female slave faithful to Nero 
in his fall. It was this hetaera who 
wrapped the dead body in cerements, and 
saw it decently interred. 

This Actea was beautiful. She was seated on the 
ground ; the head of Nero was on her lap, his naked 
body was stretched on those winding-sheets in which 
she was about to fold him, to lay him in his grave upon 
the garden hill.— Ouida : Ariadne", L 7. 

Ac'tius Since'rus, the pen-name of 
the Italian poet Sannazaro, called ' ' The 
Christian Virgil" ( 1458-15 -:o). 

Actors {Female). In 1662 Charles II. 
first licensed women to act women's parts, 
which up to that time had been performed 
by men and boys. 

Whereas the women's parts in plays have hitherto 
been acted by men in the habits of women, at which 
some have taken offence, we do permit and give leave 
for the time to come, that all women's parts be acted 
by women. 

Actors and Actresses. The last 
male actor that took a woman's character 
on the stage was Edward Kynaston, noted 
for his beauty (1619-1687). The first 
female actor for hire was Mrs. Saunder- 
son, afterwards Mrs. Betterton, who died 
in 1712. 

Acts and Monuments, by John 
Fox, better known as " The Book of 
Martyrs," published in one large voL, 
folio, 1563. It had an immense sale. 
Bishop Burnet says he had "compared 
the book with the records, and had not 
discovered any errors or prevarications, 
but the utmost fidelity and exactness." 
The Catholics call the book " Fox's 
Golden Legends." 

Ad, Ad'ites (2 syl.). Ad is a tribe 
descended from Ad, son of Uz, son of 
Irem, son of Shem, son of Noah. The 
tribe, at the Confusion of Babel, went 
and settled on Al-Ahkaf [the Winding 
Sands], in the province of Hadramaut 
Shedad was their first king, but in conse- 
quence of his pride, both he and all the 
tribe perished, either from drought or the 
Sarsar (an icy wind). — Sale's Koran, 1. 

Woe, woe, to Irem I Woe to Ad I 
Death is gone up into her palaces I 
They fell arounci me. Thousands fell around. 
The king and all his people fell ; 
All, all, they perished all. 
Southey : Thalaba the Destroyer, 1. 41, 45 (1797) 

A'dali, wife of Cain. After Cain had 
been conducted by Lucifer through the 
realms of space, he is restored to the home 
of his wife and child, where all is beauty, 



ADAM. 



ADAMS. 



gentleness, and love. Full of faith and 
fervent in gratitude, Adah loves her infant 
with a sublime eternal affection. She 
sees him sleeping, and says to Cain — 

How lovely he appears ! His little cheeks 

In their pure incarnation, vying with 

The rose leaves strewn beneath them. 

And his lips, too. 

How beautifully parted I No ; you shall not 

Kiss him ; at least not now. He will awake soon— 

His hour of midday rest is nearly over. 

Byron: Cain. 

"." According to Arabic tradition, Adah 
was buried at Aboucais, a mountain in 
Arabia. 

ADAM. In Greek this word is com- 
pounded of the four initial letters of the 
cardinal quarters : 

Arktos, apic-TOf • north. 

Dusis, bvaii . west. 

Anatole, avaro\fi . east. 

Mesembria, /ueo-rm/fyta south. 

The Hebrew word ADM forms the ana- 
gram of A[dam], D[avid], M[essiah]. 

Adam, how made. God created the 
body of Adam oiSalzal, i.e. dry, unbaked 
clay, and left it forty nights without a 
soul. The clay was collected by Azarael 
from the four quarters of the earth, and 
God, to show His approval of Azarael's 
choice, constituted him the angel of 
death. — Rabadan. 

Adam, Eve, and the Serpent. After 
the fall Adam was placed on mount 
Vassem in the east; Eve was banished 
to Djidda (now Gedda, on the Arabian 
coast) ; and the Serpent was exiled to the 
coast of Eblehh. 

After the lapse of ioo years Adam 
rejoined Eve on mount Arafaith {place of 
remembrance], near Mecca. — D'Ohsson. 

Death of Adam. Adam died on Friday, 
April 7, at the age of 930 years. Michael 
swathed his body, and Gabriel discharged 
the funeral rites. The body was buried 
at Ghar'ul-Kenz [the grotto of treasure], 
which overlooks Mecca. 

His descendants at death amounted to 
40,000 souls. — D'Ohsson. 

When Noah entered the ark (the same writer says) 
he took the body of Adam in a coffin with him, and, 
when he left the ark, restored it to the place he had 
taken it from. 

Adam, a bailiff, a jailor. 

Not that Adam that kept the paradise, but that 
Adam that keeps the prison. — Shakespeare : Comedy 
0/ Errors, act iv. sc. 3 (1593). 

Adam, a faithful retainer in the family 
of sir Rowland de Boys. At the age of 
four score, he voluntarily accompanied 
his young master Orlando into exile, and 
offered to give him his little savings. He 



has given birth to the phrase, " A faithful 
Adam " [or man-servant]. — Shakespeare : 
As You Like It (1598). 
Adam Bede. (See Bede.) 
Adam Bell, a northern outlaw, noted 
for his archery. The name, like those of 
Clym of the Clough, William of Cloudes- 
ley, Robin Hood, and Little John, is 
synonymous with a good archer. 

Adamas or Adamant, the mineral 
called corun'dum, and sometimes the 
diamond, one of the hardest substances 
known. 

Albrecht was as firm as Adamas.— Schmidt: German 
History (translated). 

Adamastor, the Spirit of the Cape. 
(See Spirit . . .) — Camoens: The Lusiad, 
v. (1569). 

Adam'ida, a planet, on which reside 
the unborn spirits of saints, martyrs, and 
believers. U'riel, the angel of the sun, 
was ordered at the crucifixion to interpose 
tins planet between the sun and the earth, 
so as to produce a total eclipse. 

Adamida, in obedience to the divine command, flew 
amidst overwhelming storms, rushing clouds, falling 
mountains, and swelling seas. Uriel stood on the pole 
of the star, but so lost in deep contemplation on 
Golgotha, that he heard not the wild uproar. On 
coming to the region of the sun, Adamida slackened 
her course, and advancing before the sun, covered its 
face and intercepted all its rays.— Klof stock : The 
Messiah, \ iii. (1771). 

ADAMS (John), one of the mutineers 
of the Bounty (1790), who settled in Tahiti. 
In 1814 he was discovered as the patriarch 
of a colony, brought up with a high sense 
of religion and strict regard to morals. 
In 1839 the colony was voluntarily placed 
under the protection of the British Govern- 
ment. 

Adams {Parson), the beau-ideal of a 
simple-minded, benevolent, but eccentric 
country clergyman, of unswerving in- 
tegrity, solid learning, and genuine piety; 
bold as a lion in the cause of truth, but 
modest as a girl in all personal matters ; 
wholly ignorant of the world, being "in 
it but not of it." — Fielding: Joseph An- 
drews (1742). 

His learning, his simplicity, his evangelical purity ol 
mind, are so admirably mingled with pedantry, absence 
of mind, and the habit of athletic . . . exercises . . . 
that he may be safely termed one of the richest pro- 
ductions of the muse of fiction. Like don Quixote, 
E arson Adams is beaten a little too much and too often, 
ut the cudgel lights upon his shoulders . . . without 
the slightest stain to his reputation.— Sir W. Scott. 

' .' The Rev. W. Young, editor of 
"Ainsworths Latin Dictionary," is said 
to have been the original of Fielding's 
" Rirson Adams." 

Adams {The Narrative of Robert), 



ADDER. 



ADOLPHA. 



who was wrecked in 1810 on the west 
coast of Africa, and kept in slavery for 
3 years. This ' ' marvellous but authentic " 
narrative was published in 1816. 

Adder [Deaf). It is said in fable that 
the adder, to prevent hearing the voice of 
a charmer, lays one ear on the ground 
and sticks his tail into the other. 

. . . when man wolde him enchante. 
He leyeth downe one eare all flat 
Unto the grounde, and halt it fast ; 
And eke that other eare als faste 
He stopt eth with his taille so sore 
That heihe wordes, lasse or more. 
Of his echantement ne hereth. 
Gtrwer: De Confessione A mantis, i. x. (1482). 

Adder's Tongue, that is, oph'io- 
glos'sum. 

For them that are with [by] newts, or snakes, or adders 

stung. 
He seeketh out an herb that's called adder's tongue. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Addison {Joseph), poet and satirist 
(1672-1719), editor of the Spectator, and 
author of Cato, a tragedy, which preserves 
the French Unities. His style has been 
greatly lauded, but it is too artificial and 
too Latinized to be a model of English 
composition. 

Whoever wishes to attain an English style, familiar 
but not coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, must 
give his days and nights to the study of Addison.— 
Dr. Johnson. 

'.' Dr. Johnson himself was far too 
artificial and Latinized to be an authority 
on such a matter. 

Never, not even by Dryden, not even by Temple, 
had the English language been written with such 
sweetness, grace, and facility. — Macau lay. 

'.' This certainly is not modern opinion. 

Addison of the North, Henry Mackenzie, 
author of The Man of Feeling (1745-183 1). 

The Spanish Addison, Benedict Jerome 
Feyjoo (1701-1764). 

Adelaide, daughter of the count of 
Narbonne, in love with Theodore. She 
is killed by her father in mistake for 
another. — Robert Jephson: Count of Nar- 
bonne (1782). 

Adeline [Lady), the wife of lord 
Henry Amun'deville (4 syl.), a highly 
educated aristocratic lady, with all the 
virtues and weaknesses of the upper ten. 
After the parliamentary sessions this 
noble pair filled their house with guests, 
amongst which were the duchess of Fitz- 

Fulke, the duke of D , Aurora Raby, 

and don Juan "the Russian envoy." 
The tale not being finished, no sequel to 
these names is given. (For the lady's 
character, see xiv. 54-56.) — Bryon : Don 
"Juan, xii. to the end. 

Ad'emar or Adema'ro, archbishop 
of Poggio, an ecclesiastical warrior in 



Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered. (See Dic- 
tionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 14. ) 

Adic'ia, wife of the soldan, who in- 
cites him to distress the kingdom of 
Mercilla. When Mercilla sends her 
ambassador, Samient, to negotiate peace, 
Adicia, in violation of international law, 
thrusts her [Samient] out of doors like a 
dog, and sets two knights upon her. Sir 
Ar'tegal comes to her rescue, attacks the 
two knights, and knocks one of them 
from his saddle with such force that he 
breaks his neck. After the discomfiture 
of the soldan, Adicia rushes forth with a 
knife to stab Samient, but, being inter- 
cepted by sir Artegal, is changed into a 
tigress. — Spenser; Faerie Queene, v. 8 
(1596). 

(The "soldan" is king Philip II. of 
Spain; "Mercilla" is queen Elizabeth; 
"Adicia" is Injustice personified, or the 
bigotry of popery; and "Samient" the 
ambassadors of Holland, who went to 
Philip for redress of grievances, and 
were most iniquitously detained by him 
as prisoners. ) 

Ad'icus, Unrighteousness personified 
in canto vii. of The Purple Island (1633), 
by Phineas Fletcher. He has eight sons 
and daughters, viz. Ec'thros {hatred), 
Eris {variance) a daughter, Zelos {emula- 
tion), Thumos [wrath), Erith'ius [strife), 
Dichos'tasis {sedition), Envy, and Phon'os 
[murder) ; all fully described by the poet 
(Greek, adikos, " an unjust man.") 

Adie of Aikenshaw, a neighbour 
of the Glendinnings— Sir W. Scott: The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Adme'tus, a king of Thessaly, 
husband of Alcestis. Apollo, being con- 
demned by Jupiter to serve a mortal for 
twelve months for slaying a Cyclops, 
entered the service of Admetus. James 
R. Lowell, of Boston, U.S., has a poem 
on the subject, called The Shepherd of 
King Admetus (1819-1892). 

Admirable {The): (1) Aben-Esra, 
a Spanish rabbin, born at Tole'do (1119- 
1174). (2) James Crichton (Kry-ton), 
the Scotchman (1551-1573). (3) Roger 
Bacon, called "The Admirable Doctor" 
(1214-1292). 

Admiral Hosier's Ghost. (See 
Hosier.) 

Adolf, bishop of Cologne, was de- 
voured by mice or rats in 11 12. (See 
Hatto. ) 

Adolpha, daughter of general Klei- 
ner, governor of Prague, and wife of 



ADONA. 



ADRAMELECH. 



Idenstein. Her only fault was "excess 
of too sweet nature, which ever made 
another's grief her own." — Knowles: Maid 
of Mariendorpt (1830). 

Ad'ona, a seraph, the tutelar spirit 
of James, the ' ' first martyr of the 
twelve." — Klopstock: The Messiah, iii. 
(1748). 

Adon-Ai, the spirit of love and beauty, 
in lord Lytton's Zanoni {q.v.). 

Adonais, an elegy by Percy Bysshe 
Shelley on John Keats {1821). As he 
was born in 1796, he was about 25 at his 
death. The Quarterly Review attacked 
his Endymion, and Byron, who had no 
love for Reviewers, says this hastened his 
death. 

John Keats, who was killed by one critique, 
Just as he really promised something great, 

Ifnot intelligible without Greek, 
Contrived to talk about the gods of late, . . . 
Poor fellow, his was an untoward fate ; 

Tis strange the mind, that very fiery particle, 

Should let itself be snuffed out by an article. 

Bryon : Don Juan. 

*.• Keats left behind 3 vols, of poems, 
much admired. 

A'donbec el Hakim, the physician, 
a disguise assumed by Saladin, who visits 
sir Kenneth's sick squire, and cures him 
of a fever. — Sir W. Scott: The Talisman 
(time, Richard I. ). 

Ado'nis, a beautiful youth, beloved 
by Venus and Proser'pina, who quarrelled 
about th<* possession of him. Jupiter, to 
settle the dispute, decided that the boy 
should spend six months with Venus in 
the upper world, and six with Proserpina 
in the lower. Adonis was gored to death 
by a wild boar in a hunt. 

Shakespeare has a poem called Venus 
and Adonis. Shelley calls his elegy on the 
poet Keats Adona'is, under the idea that 
the untimely death of Keats resembled 
that of Adonis. George IV. was called 
by Hunt " The fat Adonis of 50." 

[Adonis is an allegory of the sun, which 
is six months north of the horizon, and 
six months south. Thammuz is the same 
as Adonis, and so is Osiris.) 

Ado'nis Flower, the pheasant's eye 
or red maithes, called in French goule de 
sang, and said to have sprung from the 
blood of Adonis, who was killed by a 
wild boar. 

O fleur, si chere a Cytheree, 
Ta corolle fut, en naissant, 
Du sang d' Adonis coloree. 

Anonymoiis. 

Adonis's Garden. It is said that 
Adonis delighted in gardens, and had a 



magnificent one. Pliny says (xix. 4), 
" An tiquitas nihil prius mirata est quam 
Hesperidum hortos, ac regum Adonidis 
et Alcinoi." 

An Adonis' garden, a very short-lived 
pleasure ; a temporary garden of cut 
flowers ; an horticultural or floricultural 
show. The allusion is to the fennel and 
lettuce jars of the ancient Greeks, called 
"Adonis' gardens," because these plants 
were reared for the annual festival of 
Adonis, and were thrown away when the 
festival was over. 

How shall I honour thee for this success? 
Thy promises are like Adonis' gardens. 
That one day bloom'd, and fruitful were the next. 
Shakespeare: 1 Henry VI. act L sc 6 (1589). 

Ad'oram, a seraph, who had charge of 
James the son of Alphe'us. — Klopstock: 
The Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Adosinda, daughter of the Gothic 

governor of Auria, in Spain. The Moors 
having slaughtered her parents, husband, 
and child, preserved her alive for the 
captain of Alcahman's regiment. She 
went to his tent without the least resis- 
tance, but implored the captain to give 
her one night to mourn the death of those 
so near and dear to her. To this he 
complied, but during sleep she murdered 
him with his own scimitar. Roderick, 
disguised as a monk, helped her to bury 
the dead bodies of her house, and then 
she vowed to live for only one object, 
vengeance. In the great battle, when the 
Moors were overthrown, she it was who 
gave the word of attack, "Victory and 
Vengeance!" — S out hey : Roderick, etc., 
iii. (18 14). 

Adram'elech [ch—k), one of the fallen 

angels. Milton makes him overthrown 
by U'riel and Raphael [Paradise Lost, vi. 
365). According to Scripture, he was one 
of the idols of Sepharvaim, and Shal- 
mane'ser introduced his worship into 
Samaria. [The word means "the mighty 
magnificent king."] 

The Sepharvites burnt their children in the fire to 
Adramelech. — 2 Kings xvii. 31. 

Klopstock introduces him into The 
Messiah, and represents him as surpassing 
Satan in malice and guile, ambition and 
mischief. He is made to hate every one, 
even Satan, of whose rank he is jealous ; 
and whom he hoped to overthrow, that by 
putting an end to his servitude he might 
become the supreme god of all the created 
worlds. At the crucifixion he and Satan 
are both driven back to hell by Obad'don, 
the angel of death. 



ADRASTE. 



io 



.EGEON. 



Adraste' (2 syl.), a French gentleman, 
who enveigles a Greek slave named Isi- 
dore from don Pedre. His plan is this : He 
gets introduced as a portrait-painter, and 
thus imparts to Isidore his love and 
obtains her consent to elope with him. 
He then sends his slave Zaide (2 syl.) to 
don Pedre, to crave protection for ill 
treatment, and Pedre promises to befriend 
her. At this moment Adraste appears, 
and demands that Zaide be given up to 
him to punish as he thinks proper. 
Pedre intercedes ; Adraste seems to relent ; 
and Pedre calls for Zaide. Out comes 
Isidore instead, with Zaide's veil. 
" There," says Pedre, " take her and use 
ljer well." "I will do so," says the 
Frenchman, and leads off the Greek 
slave. — Moliere: LeSicilien ou L Amour 
Peintre (1667). 

Adrastus, an Indian prince from 
the banks of the Ganges, who aided the 
king of Egypt against rhe Crusaders. He 
wore a serpent's skin, and rode on an 
elephant. Adrastus was slain by Rinaldo. 
— Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered, bk. xx. 

(Adrastus of Helvetia was in Godfrey's 
army. ) 

Adrastus, king of Argos, the leader 
of the confederate army which besieged 
Thebes in order to place Polymces on the 
throne usurped by his brother EtSScles. 
—Statins: The Thebaid. 

The siege of Thebes occurred before the siege of 
Troy; but Statius lived about a century after Virgil. 
Virgil died B.C. 19; Statius died A.D. 96. 

A'dria, the Adriatic. 

Fled over Adria to the Hesperian fields [Italy]. 
Milton: Paradise Lost, L 520 (1665). 

Adrian'a, a wealthy Ephesian lady, 
who marries Antiph'olus, twin-brother of 
Antipholus of Syracuse. The abbess 
./Emilia is her mother-in-law, but she 
knows it not ; and one day when she 
accuses her husband of infidelity, she 
says to the abbess, if he is unfaithful it 
is not from want of remonstrance, " for 
it is the one subject of our conversation. 
In bed I will not let him sleep for speak- 
ing of it ; at table I will not let him eat 
for speaking of it ; when alone with him 
I talk of nothing else, and in company I 
give him frequent hints of it. In a word, 
all my talk is how vile and bad it is in 
him to love another better than he loves 
his wife" (act v. sc. i). — Shakespeare: 
Comedy of Errors (1593). 

Adria'no de Arma'do {Don), a 
pompous, fantastical Spaniard, a military 
braggart in a state of peace, as Parolles 



(3 syl.) was in war. Boastful but poor, 
a coiner of words but very ignorant, 
solemnly grave but ridiculously awkward, 
majestical in gait but of very low pro- 
pensities. — Shakespeare : Love's Labour's 
Lost (1594). 

(Said to be designed for John Florio, 
surnamed " The Resolute," a philologist. 
Holofernes, the pedantic schoolmaster, in 
the same play, is also meant in ridicule of 
the same lexicographer.) 

Adriatic wedded to the Doge. The 
ceremony of wedding the Adriatic to the 
doge of Venice was instituted in 1174 by 
pope Alexander III., who gave the doge a 
gold ring from his own finger in token 
of the victory achieved by the Venetian 
fleet at Istria over Frederick Barbarossa. 
The pope, in giving the ring, desired the 
doge to throw a similar one into the sea 
every year on Ascension Day in comme- 
moration of this event. The doge's 
brigantine was called Bucentaur. 

You may remember, scarce five years are past 
Since in your brigantine you sailed to see 
The Adriatic wedded to our duke. 

Otway : Venice Preserved, L i (1682). 

Ad'riel, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achifophel, the earl of Mulgrave, a 
royalist. 

Sharp-judging Adriel, the Muses' friend ; 
Himself a muse. In sanhedrim's debate 
True to his prince, but not a slave to state ; 
Whom David's love with honours did adom. 
That from his disobedient son were torn. 

Part i. 838, etc 

(John Sheffield, earl of Mulgrave (1649- 
1721), wrote an Essay on Poetry.) 

Adventures of Philip, " on his 

way through the world, showing who 
robbed him, who helped him, and who 

fiassed him by." A novel by Thackeray 
i860). Probably suggested by Lesage s 
Gil Bias. 

iE'acus, king of OEno'pia, a man of 
such integrity and piety, that he was 
made at death one of the three judges of 
hell. The other two were Minos and 
Rhadaman'thus. 

JEg'e'on, a huge monster with 100 
arms and 50 heads, who with his brothers, 
Cottus and Gyggs, conquered the Titans 
by hurling at them 300 rocks at once. 
Homer says men call him " ^Ege'on," but 
by the gods he is called Bri'areus (3 syl. ). 

(Milton accents the word on the first 
syllable, and so does Fairfax in his 
translation of Tasso. — See Paradise Lost, 
i. 746. ) 

Where on the Aigean shore a city stands. 

Milton ; Paradise Regained, iv. 238. 



jEGEON. 



IX 



iENEID. 



(And again in Paradise Lost, bk. i. 

746.) 

O'er Mzeon seas through many a Greekish hold. 
Fair/ax : Tasso, cinto 1, stanza 60. 

N.B. — Undoubtedly theword is^Egeon. 
Some insist on calling Virgil's epic the 
sE'neid. 

Sge'on, a merchant of Syracuse, in 
Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors (1593). 

JEgi'na, a rocky island in the Saronic 
gulf. It was near this island that the 
Athenians won the famous naval battle of 
Sal'amis over the fleet of Xerxgs, B.C. 
480. The Athenian prows were decorated 
with a figure-head of Athe'n§ or Minerva. 

And of old 
Rejoiced the virgin from the brazen prow 
Of Athens o'er Aigina's gloomy surge 
. . . o'erwhelming all the Persian promised glory. 
Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads. 

.Egyptian Thief (The), who "at 
the point of death killed what he loved." 
This was Thyamis of Memphis, captain 
of a band of robbers. He fell in love 
with Chariclea, a captive ; but, being 
surprised by a stronger band, and de- 
spairing of life, he slew her, that she might 
be his companion in the world of shadows. 
— Heliodorus : Ethiopics. 

( Referred to by Shakespeare in Twelfth 
Night, act v. sc. 1.) 

iE'lia Lss'lia [Crispis], an inex- 
plicable riddle, so called from an in- 
scription in Latin, preserved in Bologna, 
which may be rendered thus into English : 

JEIAK LjELIA CRISPIS. 

Neither man, nor woman, nor androgyne ; 
Neither girl, nor boy, nor eld ; 
Neither harlot nor virgin; 
But all [of these]. 

Carried off neither by hunger, nor sword, nor poison ; 

But by all [of them]. 
Neither in heaven, nor in the water, nor in the earth ; 

But biding everywhere. 

^ LUCIUS AGATHO PRISCUS. 

Neither the husband, nor lover, nor friend ; 
Neither grieving, nor rejoicing, nor weeping; 
But [doing] all [these]— 

This— neither a pile, nor a pyramid, nor a sepulchre 
That is built, he knows and knows not [which it is]. 

It is a sepulchre containing no corpse within it ; 

It is a corpse with no sepulchre containing it ; 

But the corpse and the sepulchre are one and the 
same. 

// would scarcely ?uide a man to the solution of the 
"JFMa Lalia Crispis."— J. W. Draper. 

JEmelia, a lady of high degree, in love 
with Am'ias, a squire of inferior rank. 
Going to meet her lover at a trysting- 
place, she was caught up by a hideous 
monster, and thrust into his den for future 
food. Belphcebg (3 syl.) slew " the caitiff " 
*nd released the maid (canto vii.). 



Prince Arthur, having slain Corflambo, 
released Amias from the durance of 
Psea'na, Corflambo's daughter, and 
brought the lovers together " in peace 
and settled rest " (canto ix.). — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, iv. (1596). 

•ZEmil'ia, wife of JEge'on the Syra- 
cusian merchant, and mother of the twins 
called Antiph'olus. When the boys were 
shipwrecked, she was parted from them 
and taken to Ephesus. Here she entered 
a convent, and rose to be the abbess. 
Without her knowing it, one of her twins 
also settled in Ephesus, and rose to be 
one of its greatest and richest citizens. 
The other son and her husband JEgeon 
both set foot in Ephesus the same day 
without the knowledge of each other, and 
all met together in the duke's court, when 
the story of their lives was told, and they 
became again united to each other. — 
Shakespeare : Comedy of Errors (1593). 

•ZEmon'iaa Arts, magic, so called 
from ^Emon'ia ( Thessaly), noted for magic. 

JEmonian ( The). Jason was so called 
because his father was king of ./Emonia. 

iEne'as, a Trojan prince, the hero of 
Virgil's epic called <Eneid. He was the 
son of Anchi'ses and Venus. His first 
wife was Creu'sa (3 syl.), by whom he had 
a son named Asca'nius ; his second wife 
was Lavinia, daughter of Latinus king of 
Italy, by whom he had a posthumous son 
called ^Ene'as Sylvius. He succeeded his 
father-in-law in the kingdom, and the 
Romans called him their founder. 

(According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, 
*• Brutus," the first king of Britain (from 
whom the island was called Britain), was 
a descendant of ./Eneas. Of course this 
is mere fable.) 

sEneas, wandering prince of Troy, a 
ballad in Percy's Keliques (bk. ii. 22). 
The tale differs from that of Virgil in 
some points. ./Eneas remained in Car- 
thage one day, and then departed. Dido 
slew herself" with bloody knife." ./Eneas 
reached "an ile of Greece, where he 
stayed a long time," when Dido's ghost 
appeared to him, and reproved him for 
perfidy; whereupon a "multitude of 
uglye fiends " carried him off, " and no 
man knew his dying day." 

'.* Virgil says that Dido destroyed 
herself on a funeral pile. 

.SJne'id, the epic poem of Virgil, in 
twelve books. When Troy was taken by 
the Greeks and set on fire, ^Ene'as with his 
father, son, and wife, took flight, with the 



iEOLUS 



AFRICAN MAGICIAN. 



intention of going to Italy, the original 
birthplace of the family. The wife was 
lost, and the old father died on the way ; 
but after numerous perils by sea and land, 
-Eneas and his son Asca'nius reached 
Italy. Here Latlnus, the reigning king, 
received the exiles hospitably, and pro- 
mised his daughter Lavin'ia in marriage 
to ^Eneas ; but she had been already 
betrothed by her mother to prince Turnus, 
son of Daunus, king of the Ru'tuli, and 
Turnus would not forego his claim. 
Latinus, in this dilemma, said the rivals 
must settle the dispute by an appeal to 
arms. Turnus being slain, ^Eneas married 
Lavinia, and ere long succeeded his 
father-in-law on the throne. 

Book I. The escape from Troy ; ^Eneas 
and his son, driven by a tempest on the 
shores of Carthage, are hospitably enter- 
tained by queen Dido. 

II. ^Eneas tells Dido the tale of the 
wooden horse, the burning of Troy, and 
his flight with his father, wife, and son. 
The wife was lost and died. 

III. The narrative continued ; he re- 
counts the perils he met with on his way, 
and the death of his father. 

IV. Dido falls in love with ^Eneas ; 
but he steals away from Carthage, and 
Dido, on a funeral pyre, puts an end to 
her life. 

V. ^Eneas reaches Sicily, and witnesses 
there the annual games. This book cor- 
responds to the Iliad, xxiii. 

VI. ^Eneas visits the infernal regions. 
This book corresponds to Odyssey, xi. 

VII. Latinus king of Italy entertains 
^Eneas, and promises to him Lavin'ia (his 
daughter) in marriage ; but prince Turnus 
had been already betrothed to her by the 
mother, and raises an army to resist 
^Eneas. 

VIII. Preparations on both sides for a 
general war. 

IX. Turnus, during the absence of 
^Eneas, fires the ships and assaults the 
camp. The episode of Nisus and Eury'- 
alus. (See Nisus.) 

X. The war between Turnus and 
/Eneas. Episode of Mezentius and Lau- 
sus. (See Lausus.) 

XI. The battle continued. 

XII. Turnus challenges vEneas to 
single combat, and is killed. 

N.B.— i. The story of Simon and taking of Troy is 
borrowed from Pisander, as Macrobius informs us. 

2. The loves of Dido and ^Eneas are copied from 
hose of Medea and Jason, in Apollonius. 

3. The story of the wooden horse and the burning 
of Troy are from ArctPnus of Miletus. 

3S'olus, god of the winds, which he 



kept imprisoned in a cave in the ^Eolian 
Islands, and let free as he wished or as 
the over-gods commanded. 

Was I for this nigh wrecked upon the sea, 
And twice by awkward wind from England's bank 
Drove back again unto my native clime ? . . . 
Yet ./Eolus would not be a murderer. 
But left that hateful office unto thee. 

Shakespeare : 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 2 (1591). 

JGscula'pius, in Greek Askle'pios, 

the god of healing. 

What says my jEsculapiust my Galen? . . . Ha! is ho 

dead 1 
Shakespeare : Merry Wives 0/ Windsor, act il. sc 3 

(1601). 

iE'son, the father of Jason. He was 
restored to youth by Medea, who infused 
into his veins the juice of certain herbs. 

In such a night, 
Medea gather'd the enchanted herbs 
That did renew old .£Lson. 
Shakespeare : Merchant 0/ Venice, act v. sc. 1 (before 
1598). 

JEsop, fabulist. His fables in Greek 
prose are said to have been written about 
B. c. 570. ^Esop was a slave, and, as he 
was hump-backed, a hump-backed man 
is called "an ^Esop ; " hence the young 
son of Henry VI. calls his uncle Richard 
of Gloucester "^Esop." — 3 Henry VI. 
act v. sc. 5. 

V /Esop's fables were first translated Into English 
by Caxton in 1484 ; they were paraphrased by John 
Ogilby in 1665, and since then by many others. (See 
Lowndes : Biographer's Manual.) 

Aisop of Arabia (The), Lokman ; and 
Nassen (fifth century). 

JEsop of England (The), John Gay 
(1688-1732). 

Msop of France (The), Jean de la 
Fontaine (1621-1695). 

sEsop of Germany ( The), Gotthold 
Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781). 

sEsop of India ( The), Bidpay or Pilpay 
(third century B.C.). 

Afer, the south-west wind. Notus is 
the full-south wind. 

Notus and Afer black with thund'rous clouds. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, x. 702 (1665). 

African Magician (The) pretended 
to Aladdin to be his uncle, and sent the 
lad to fetch the " wonderful lamp" from 
an underground cavern. As Aladdin 
refused to hand the lamp to the magician, 
he shut the lad in the cavern, and left 
him there. Aladdin contrived to get out 
of the cavern by virtue of a magic ring, 
and, learning the secret of the lamp, 
became immensely rich, built a superb 
palace, and married the sultan's daughter. 
Several years after, the African resolved 
to make himself master of the lamp, and 
accordingly walked up and down before 
the palace, crying incessantly, "Who 



AFRIT. 



13 



AGATHOCLES. 



will change old lamps for new ? " Aladdin 
being on a hunting excursion, his wife 
sent a eunuch to exchange the " wonder- 
ful lamp " for a new one ; and forthwith 
the magician commanded " the slaves of 
the lamp " to transport the palace and all 
it contained into Africa. Aladdin caused 
him to be poisoned in a draught of 
wine. — Arabian Nights ("Aladdin, or 
The Wonderful Lamp "). 

Afrit or Afreet, a kind of Medusa 
or Lamia, the most terrible and cruel of 
all the orders of the deevs. — Herbelot, 
66. 

From the hundred chimneys of the village, 

Like the Afreet in the Arabian story \Introduct. TaU\ 

Smoky columns tower aloft into the air of amber. 

Longfellow : The Golden Milestone. 

Agfag", in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achit'ophel, is sir Edmondbury 
Godfrey, the magistrate, who was found 
murdered in a ditch near Primrose Hill. 
Titus Oates, in the same satire, is called 
"Corah." 

Corah might for Agag*s murder call, 

In terms as coarse as Samuel used to SauL 

Part L 677-78. 

Agamemnon, king of the Argives 
and commander-in-chief of the allied 
Greeks in the siege of Troy. Introduced 
by Shakespeare in his Troilus and Cres'- 
sida. 

James Thomson, in 1738, produced a tragedy so 
led ; but it met with no success. 

Vixere ante Agamem'nona fortes, 
"There were brave men before Agamem- 
non ; " we are not to suppose that there 
were no great and good men in former 
times. A similar proverb is: "There 
are hills beyond Pentland, and fields 
beyond Forth." 

Agandecca, daughter of Starno king 
of Lochlin [Scandinavia], promised in 
marriage to Fingal king of Morven [north- 
west of Scotland}. The maid told Fingal 
to beware of her father, who had set an 
ambush to kill him. Fingal, being thus 
forewarned, slew the men in ambush ; and 
Starno, in rage, murdered his daughter, 
who was buried by Fingal in Ardven 
[Argyle]. 

The daughter cf the snow overheard, and left the hall 
of her secret sigh. She came in all her beauty, like the 
moon from the cloud of the east. Loveliness was 
around her as light. Her step was like the music of 
songs. She saw the youth and loved him. He was 
the stolen sigh of her soul. Her blue eyes rolled in 
secret on him, and she blessed the chief of Morven.— 
Ossian : Fingal, iii. 

Aganip'pe (4 syl.), Fountain of the 
Muses, at the foot of mount Hel'icon, in 
Boeo'tia. 



From Helicon's harmonious springs 

A thousand rills their mazy progress take. 

Gray : Progress of Poetry. 

Ag'ape (3 syl. ) the fay. She had three 
sons at a birth, Priamond, Diamond, and 
Triamond. Being anxious to know the 
future lot of her sons, she went to the 
abyss of Demogorgon, to consult the 
•'Three Fatal Sisters." Clotho showed 
her the threads, which "were thin as 
those spun by a spider." She begged the 
Fates to lengthen the life-threads, but they 
said this could not be; they consented, 
however, to this arrangement— f 

When ye shred with fatal knife 
His line which is the shortest of the three, 
Eftsoon his life may pass into the next ; 
And when the next shall likewise ended be, 
That both their lives may likewise be annext 
• Unto the third, that his may be so trebly wext. 
Spenser : Fagrie Queene, iv. 2 (1590). 

Agapi'da {Fray Antonio), the ima- 
ginary chronicler of 'J he Conquest of 
Grana'da, written by Washington Irving 
(1829). 

Ag'aric, a genus of fungi, some of 
which are very nauseous and disgusting. 

That smells as foul-fleshed agaric in the holt [forest]. 
Tennyson : Gareth and Lynette. 

Agast'ya (3 syl. ), a dwarf who drank 
the sea dry. As he was walking one day 
with Vishnoo, the insolent ocean asked 
the god who the pigmy was that strutted 
by his side. Vishnoo replied it was the 
patriarch Agastya, who was going to 
restore earth to its true balance. Ocean, 
in contempt, spat its spray in the pigmy's 
face, and the sage, in revenge of this 
affront, drank the waters of the ocean, 
leaving the bed quite dry. — Maurice. 

Agr'atha, daughter of Cuno, and the 
betrothed of Max, in Weber's opera of 
Der Freischiltz. (See Dictionary of Phrase 
and Fable, p. 21.) 

Agatli'ocles (4 syl.), tyrant of Sicily. 
He was the son of a potter, and raised 
himself from the ranks to become general 
of the army. He reduced all Sicily under 
his power. When he attacked the Car- 
thaginians, he burnt his ships, that his 
soldiers might feel assured they must 
either conquer or die. Agathocles died 
of poison administered by his grandson 
(B.C. 361-289). 

(Voltaire has a tragedy called Agathocle, 
and Caroline Pichler has an excellent 
German novel entitled Agathocles. ) 

H Julian, the Roman emperor (361-363), 
when he crossed the Tigris, in his war 
against the Persians, burnt his ships; 
but, after many victories, was mortally 
wounded and died. 



AGATHON. 



*4 



AGNES. 



Agatlion, the hero and title of a 
philosophic romance by C. M. Wieland 
(1733-1813). This is considered the best 
of his novels, though some prefer his Don 
Sylvio de Rosalva. 

Agathos, a volume of allegorical 
stories by Samuel Wilberforce, bishop of 
Winchester, published in 1840. 

Agdistes (3 syl.), the mystagog of 
the Acrasian bower, or the evil genius 
loci. Spenser says the ancients call 
"Self" the Agdistes of man; and the 
Socratic *' daemon " was his Agdistes. 

They in that place him " Genius " did call ; 
Not that celestial power . . . sage Antiquity 
Did wis-tly make, and good Agdistes call ; 
But this . . . was . . . the foe of life. 

Spenser : Fae~rie Quune, ii. 12 (1590). 

Agdis'tis, a genius of human form, 
uniting the two sexes, and born of the 
stone Agdus (q.v.). This tradition has 
been preserved by Pausanias. 

AgfcLus, a stone of enormous size, 
parts of which were .taken by Deucalion 
and Pyrrha to throw over their heads, in 
order to repeople the world desolated by 
the Flood. — Arnobius. 

Aged {The), so Wemmick's father is 
called. He lived in " the castle at Wal- 
worth." Wemmick at "the castle" and 
Wemmick in business are two " different 
beings." 

"Wemmick's house was a little wooden cottage, in the 
midst of plots of garden, and the top of it was cut out 
and painted like a battery mounted with guns. ... It 
was the smallest of houses, with queer Gothic windows 
(by far the greater part of them sham), and a Gothic 
door, almost too small to get in at. . . . On Sundays he 
ran up a real flag. . . . The bridge was a plank, and it 
crossed a chasm about four feet wide and two deep. 
... At nine o'clock every night " the gun fired, the 
gun being mounted in a separate fortress made of 
lattice-work. It was protected from the weather by a 
tarpaulin . . . umbrella. — Dickens : Great Expectations, 
xxv. (i860). 

Ag'elastes (Michael), the cynic philo- 
sopher. — Sir W. Scott; Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Ages. The Age of the Bishops, accord- 
ing to Hallam, was the ninth century. 

The Age of the Popes, according to 
Hallam, was the twelfth century. 

Varo recognizes T hree Ages : 1st. From 
the beginning of man to the great Flood 
(the period wholly unknown). 2nd. From 
the Flood to the first Olympiad (the mythi- 
cal period). 3rd. From the first Olympiad 
to the present time (the historical period). 
• — Varo: Fragments, 219 (edit. Scaliger). 

Agesila'us (5 svl.). Plutarch tells 
us that Agesilaus king of Sparta was 
one day discovered riding cock-horse on 
a long stick, to please and amuse his 
children. 



% A very similar tale is told of George 
III. When the footman announced the 
name of the caller, George III. inquired 
if the stranger was a father, and being 
answered in the affirmative, replied, 
" Then let him be admitted." 

A'gib (King)," The Third Calender " 
(Arabian Nights' Entertainments). He 
was wrecked on the loadstone mountain, 
which drew all the nails and iron bolts 
from his ship ; but he overthrew the 
bronze statue on the mountain-top, which 
was the cause of the mischief. Agib 
visited the ten young men, each of whom 
had lost his right eye, and was carried 
by a roc to the palace of the forty prin- 
cesses, with whom he tarried a year The 
princesses were then obliged to leave for 
forty days, but entrusted him with the 
keys of the palace, with free permission 
to enter every room but one. On the 
fortieth day curiosity induced him to open 
this room, where he saw a horse, which 
he mounted, and was carried through the 
air to Bagdad. The horse then deposited 
him, and knocked out his right eye with 
a whisk of its tail, as it had done the ten 
" young men " above referred to. 

Agincourt (The Battle of), a poem 
by Michael Drayton (1627). The metre 
is like that of Byron's Don Juan. 

Agitator (The Irish), Daniel O'Con- 

nell (1775-1847). 

Agned Cathregonion, the scene of 
one of the twelve battles of king Arthur. 
The old name of Edinburgh was Agned. 

Ebraucus, a man of great stature and wonderful 
strength, took upon him the government of Britain, 
which he held forty years. ... He built the city of 
Alelud [1 Dumbarton'] and the town of Mount Agned, 
called at this time the "Castle of Maidens," or the 
" Mountain of Sorrow."— Geoffrey : British History, 
tx. 7 . 

Agnei'a (3 syl.), wifely chastity, sister 
of Parthen'ia or maiden chastity. Agneia 
is the spouse of Encra'tes or temperance. 
Fully described in canto x. of The Purple 
Island, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). 
(Greek, agneia, "chastity.") 

AGNES, daughter of Mr. Wickfield 
the solicitor, and David Copperfield's 
second wife (after the death of Dora, "his 
child-wife "). Agnes is a very pure, self- 
sacrificing girl, accomplished yet domes- 
tic. — Dickens : David Copperfeld (1849). 

£Lg-XieS,inMo\ibre'sL'£coledesFemmes, 
the girl on whom Arnolphe tries his pet 
experiment of education, so as to turn 
out for himself a ' ' model wife." She was 
brought up in a country convent, whera 



AGNES. 

she was kept in entire ignorance of the 
difference of sex, conventional proprieties, 
the difference between the love of men 
and womea, and that of girls for girls, 
the mysteries of marriage, and so on. 
When grown to womanhood she quits 
the convent, and standing one evening 
on a balcony, a young man passes and 
takes off his hat to her, she returns the 
salute ; he bows a second and third time, 
she does the same ; he passes and re- 
passes several times, bowing each time, 
and she does as she has been taught to 
do by acknowledging the salute. Of 
course, the young man {Horace) becomes 
her lover, whom she marries, and M. 
Arnolphe loses his "model wife." (See 
Pinch wife.) 

Elle fait V Agnes. She pretends to be 
wholly unsophisticated and verdantly 
ingenuous. — French Proverb (from the 
' ' Agnes " of Moliere, L'Ecole des Femmes, 
1662). 

Agues (Black), the palfry of Mary 
queen of Scots, the gift of her brother 
Moray, and so called from the noted 
countess of March, who was countess of 
Moray (Murray) in her own right. 

Black Agnes (countess of March). (See 
Black Agnes.) 

Agnes (St.), a young virgin of Palermo, 
who at the age of 13 was martyred 
at Rome during the Diocletian persecu- 
tion of A.D. 304- Prudence (Aurelius 
Prudentius Clemens), a Latin Christian 
poet of the fourth century, has a poem on 
the subject. Tintoret and Domenichi'no 
have both made her the subject of a 
painting. — The Martyrdom of St. Agnes. 

St. Agnes and the Devil. St. Agnes, 
having escaped from the prison at Rome, 
took shipping and landed at St. Piran 
Arwothall. The devil dogged her, but 
she rebuked him, and the large moor- 
stones between St. Piran and St. Agnes, 
in Cornwall, mark the places where the 
devils were turned into stone by the looks 
of the indignant saint. —Polwhele ; His- 
tory of Cornwall. 

Agnes' Eve (St.), a poem by Keats 
(1796-1821). The story is as follows : On 
St. Agnes' Eve, maidens, under certain 
conditions, dream of their sweethearts. 
Magdeline, a baron's daughter, was in 
love with Porphyro, but a deadly feud 
existed between Porphyro and the baron. 
On St. Agnes' Eve the young knight went 
to the castle, and persuaded the door- 
keeper (an old crone) to conceal him in 
Agnes' chamber. Presently the young 



IS AGRIPYNA. 

lady went to bed and fell asleep ; when 
Porphyro, after gazing on her, played 
softly a ditty, at which she woke. He 
then induced her to leave the castle and 
elope with him, and long ago "those 
lovers fled away into the storm." 

Agraman'te (4 syl. ) or Ag'ramant, 

king of the Moors, in Orlando Innamo- 
rato, by Bojardo, and Orlando Furioso, 
by Ariosto. He was son of Troya.no ; and 
crossed over to ravage Gallia, and revenge 
his father's death on Charlemagne. He 
was slain by Orlando. 

Agra-wain (Sir) or Sir Agravain, 
surnamed "The Desirous" and also 
"The Haughty." He was son of Lot 
(king of Orkney) and Margawse half- 
sister of king Arthur. His brothers were 
sir Gaw'ain, sir Ga'heris, and sir Gareth. 
Mordred was his half-brother, being the 
son of king Arthur and Margawse. Sir 
Agravain and sir Mordred hated sir 
Launcelot, and told the king he was too 
familiar with the queen ; so they asked 
the king to spend the day in hunting, and 
kept watch. The queen sent for sir 
Launcelot to her private chamber, and sir 
Agravain, sir Mordred, and twelve others 
assailed the door, but sir Launcelot slew 
them all except sir Mordred, who escaped. 
— Sir T. Malory ; History of Prince 
Arthur, iii. 142-145 (1470). 

Agricaltes, king of Amonia.— 
Ariosto ; Orlando Furioso. 

Agrica'ne (4 syl. ), king of Tartary, in 
the Orlando Innamorato, of Bojardo, was 
the father of Mandricardo. He besieges 
Angelica in the castle of Albracca, and is 
slain in single combat by Orlando. He 
brought into the field 2,200,000 men. 

Such forces met not, nor so wide a camp, 
When Agrican, with all his northern powers, 
Besieged Albracca. 

Milton : Paradise Regained, iii. (1671). 

Ag'rios, Lumpishness personified ; a 
"sullen swain, all mirth that in himself 
and others hated ; dull, dead, and leaden." 
Described in canto viii. of The Purple 
Island, by Phineas Fletcher (1635). 
(Greek, agrtos, "a savage.") 

Agrippi'na was granddaughter, wife, 
sister, and mother of an emperor. She 
was granddaughter of Augustus, wife of 
Claudius, sister of Caligula, and mother 
of Nero. 

IT Lam'pedo of Lacedaemon was daugh- 
ter, wife, sister, and mother of a king. 

Agripy'na or Ag'ripyne (3 syl.), 
a princess beloved by the " king o» 



AGUE. 

Cyprus' son, and madly loved by Orleans." 
— Dekker: Old Fortunatus (1600). 

Ague (2 syl.). It was an old super- 
stition that if the fourth book of the Iliad 
was laid open under the head of a person 
suffering from quartan ague, it would 
cure him at once. Serenus Sammon'icus 
(preceptor of Gordian), a noted physician, 
has amongst his medical precepts the 
following : — 

Moeoniae Illados quartum suppone timenti. 

Prcecepta, 50. 

Ague-cheek {Sir Andrew), a silly 
old fop with " 3000 ducats a year," very 
fond of the table, but with a shrewd 
understanding that "beef had done harm 
to his wit." Sir Andrew thinks himself 
"old in nothing but in understanding," 
and boasts that he can "cut a caper, 
dance the coranto, walk a jig, and take 
delight in masques," like a young man. — 
Shakespeare : Twelfth Night (1614). 

Woodward (1737-1777) always sustained "sir Andrew 
Ague-cheek" with infinite drollery, assisted by that 
expression of "rueful dismay " which gave so peculiar 
a zest to his Marplot.— Boaden : Life ofSiddons. 

Charles Lamb says that "Jem White saw James Dodd 
one evening in Ague-cheek, and recognizing him next 
day in Fleet Street, took off his hat, and saluted him 
with "Save you, sir Andrew 1 " Dodd simply waved 
his hand and exclaimed, " Away, fool 1 " 

A'liaback and Des'ra, two en- 
chanters, who aided Ahu'bal in his rebel- 
lion against his brother Misnar, sultan of 
Delhi. Ahubal had a magnificent tent 
built, and Horam the vizier had one built 
for the sultan still more magnificent. 
When the rebels made their attack, the 
sultan and the best of the troops were 
drawn off, and the sultan's tent was 
taken. The enchanters, delighted with 
their prize, slept therein, but at night the 
vizier led the sultan to a cave, and asked 
him to cut a rope. Next morning he 
heard that a huge stone had fallen on the 
enchanters and crushed them to mummies. 
In fact, this stone formed the head of the 
bed, where it was suspended by the rope 
which the sultan had severed in the 
night. — J antes Ridley : Tales of the Genii 
(" The Enchanters' Tale," vi. ). 

Aliasue'rus, the cobbler who pushed 
away Jesus when, on the way to exe- 
cution, He rested a moment or two at his 
door. " Get off! Away with you ! " cried 
the cobbler. ' ' Truly, I go away, " returned 
Jesus, " and that quickly ; but tarry thou 
till I come." And from that time Aha- 
suerus became the "wandering Jew," 
who still roams the earth, and will con- 
tinue so to do until the " second coming 
of the Lord." This is the legend given 
by Paul von Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig 



16 AIDENN. 

( I 547)-— Greve : Memoir of Paul von 
Eitzen (1744). (See Wandering Jew.) 
* . ' Ahasuerus is introduced in Shelley' I 
Queen Mob (section vii.), and a note is 
added (vol. i. p. 234, Rossetti's edition), 
showing the wretchedness of "never 
dying." He also appears in Shelley's 
Revolt of Islam, in Hellas, and in the prose 
tale of The Assassin. 

Aner'man and Ar'gen, the former 
a fortress, and the latter a suite of im- 
mense halls, in the realm of Eblis, where 
are lodged all creatures of human intelli- 
gence before the creation of Adam, and 
all the animals that inhabited the earth 
before the present races existed. — Beck- 
ford: Vathek (1786). 

Ali'med {Prince), noted for the tent 
given him by the fairy Pari-banou, which 
would cover a whole army, and yet would 
fold up so small that it might be carried 
in one's pocket. The same good fairy 
also gave him the apple of Samarcand', 
a panacea for all diseases. — Arabian 
Nights Entertainments ( ' ' Prince Ahmed, 
etc."). 

1T Solomon's carpet of green silk was 
large enough for all his army to stand 
upon, and when arranged the carpet was 
wafted with its freight to any place the 
king desired. This carpet would also 
fold into a very small compass. 

1T The ship Skidbladnir had a similar 
elastic virtue, for though it would hold all 
the inhabitants of Valhalla, it might be 
folded up like a sheet of paper. 

IF Bayard, the horse of the four sons of 
Aymon, grew larger or smaller as one or 
more of the four sons mounted it. (See 
Aymon.) 

Alioliba'mali, granddaughter ot 
Cain, and sister of Anah. She was loved 
by the seraph Samias'a, and, like her sister, 
was carried off to another planet when 
the Flood came. — Byron ; Heaven and 
Earth. 

Proud, imperious, and aspiring, she denies that she 
worships the seraph, and declares that his immortality 
can bestow no love more pure and warm than her own, 
and she expresses a conviction that there is a ray 
within her "which, though forbidden yet to shine," is 
nevertheless lighted at the same ethereal fire as his 
own.— Finden : Byron Beauties. 

Ah'riman or Ahrima'nes (4 sy'.), 
the angel of darkness and of evil in the 
Magian system. He was slain by Mithra. 

Ai'denn. So Poe calls Eden. 

Tell this soul, with sorrow laden. 
If within the distant Auh\nn, 
It shall clasp a sainted maiden, 
Whom the angels name Lcnore. 

ftdgar Pot : The Ravt*. 



AIKWOOD. 



17 



ALADDIN. 



Aikwood (Ringan), the forester of 
»ir Arthur Wardour, of Knockwinnock 
Castle.— .SeV W. Scott; The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Aim 'well {Thomas, viscount), a 
gentleman of broken fortune, who pays 
his addresses to Dorin'da, daughter of 
lady Bountiful. He is very handsome 
and fascinating, but quite "a man of the 
world. " He and Archer are the two beaux 
of The Beaux Stratagem, a comedy by 
George Farquhar ( 1705). 

I thought it rather odd that Holland should be the 
only " mister " of the party, and I said to myself, as 
Gibbet said when he heard that " Aimwell" had gone 
to church, " That looks suspicious " (act ii. sc. 2). — 
James Smith : Memoirs, Letters, etc. (1840). 

Aimwell, in Farquhar's comedy of The 
Beaux' Stratagem, seeks to repair his for- 
tune by marrying an heiress. In this he 
succeeds. (See Beaux' Stratagem.) 

Ainsworth and his Dictionary. 

(See Newton and his dog.) 

Aircastle, in The Cozeners, by S. 
Foote. The original of this rambling 
talker was Gahagan, whose method of 
conversation is thus burlesqued — 

Aircastle: " Did I not tell you what parson Prunello 
said ? I remember, Mrs. Lightfoot was by. She had 
been brought to bed that day was a month of a very 
fine boy— a bad birth ; for Dr. Seeton, who served his 

time with Luke Lancet of Guise's There was also 

a talk about him and Nancy the daughter. She after- 
wards married Will Whitlow, another apprentice, who 
had great expectations from an old uncle in the 
Grenadiers; but he left all to a distant relation, Kit 
Cable, a midshipman aboard the Torbay. Shewaslost 
coming home in the Channel. The captain was taken 

up by a coaster from Rye, loaded with cheese " 

[Now, pray, what did parson Prunello say ? This is 
a pattern of Mrs. Nickleby's rambling gossip.] 

Air'lie [The earl of), a royalist in the 
service of king Charles I. — Sir W, Scott: 
Legend of Montrose. 

Airy (Sir George), a man of fortune, 
gay, generous, and gallant. He is in love 
with Miran'da, the ward of sir Francis 
Gripe, whom he marries. — Mrs. Cent- 
livre: The Busybody (1709). (See The 
Busybody. ) 

A'jax Oileus,son of O'ileus [O.i'.luce], 
generally called " the less." In conse- 
quence of his insolence to Cassan'dra, the 
prophetic daughter of Priam, his ship 
was driven on a rock, and he perished at 
sea. — Homer: Odyssey, iv. 507; Virgil: 
AVneid, i. 41. 

A'jax Tel'amon. Sophocles has a 
tragedy called Ajax, in which " the mad- 
man" scourges a ram he mistakes for 
Ulysses. His encounter with a flock of 
sheep, which he fancied in his madness 
to be tbe sons of Atreus, has been men- 



tioned at greater or less length by several 
Greek and Roman poets. Don Quixote 
had a similar adventure. This Ajax is 
introduced by Shakespeare in his drama 
called Troilus and Cressida. (See Ali- 
fanfaron, p. 26.) 

The Tuscan poet [Ariosto] doth advance 
The frantic paladin of France [Orlando Furioso] ; 
And those more ancient [Sophocles and Seneca] do 
enhance 

Alcides in his fury [HercuUs Furens}; 
And others, Ajax Telamon ; — 
But to this time there hath been none 
So bedlam as our Oberon ; 

Of which I dare assure you. 

Drayton : Nymphidia (1563-1631). 

Ajut and Anningait, in The Ram- 
bler. 

Part, like Ajut, never to return. 
Campbell: Pleasures 0/ Hope, ii. (1799). 

Ala'ciel, the genius who went on a 
voyage to the two islands, Taciturn ia and 
Merryland [London and Paris]. — De la 
Dixmerie: Lisle I aciturne et tisle En- 
jouie, ou Voyage du Ginie Alaciel dans 
les deux lies (1759). 

Aladdin, son of Mustafa a poor 
tailor, of China, "obstinate, disobedient, 
and mischievous," wholly abandoned "to 
indolence and licentiousness." One day 
an African magician accosted him, pre- 
tending to be his uncle, and sent him to 
bring up the "wonderful lamp," at the 
same time giving him a "ring of safety." 
Aladdin secured the lamp, but would not 
hand it to the magician till he was out of 
the cave; whereupon the magician shut 
him up in the cave, and departed for 
Africa. Aladdin, wringing his hands in 
despair, happened to rub the magic ring, 
when the genius of the ring appeared 
before him, and asked him his com- 
mands. Aladdin requested to be delivered 
from the cave, and he returned home. 
By means of this lamp, he obtained 
untold wealth, built a superb palace, and 
married Badroul'boudour, the sultan's 
daughter. After a time, the African 
magician got possession of the lamp, and 
caused the palace, with all its contents, to 
be transported into Africa. Aladdin, who 
was absent at the time, was arrested and 
ordered to execution, but was rescued by 
the populace, and started to discover what 
had become of his palace. Happening 
to slip, he rubbed his ring, and, when the 
genius of the ring appeared and asked his 
orders, was instantly posted to his palace 
in Africa. Ultimately he poisoned the 
magician, regained the lamp, and had his 
palace restored to its original place in 
Chin? 

Yes, ready money is Aladdin's lamp. 

Byron : Don Juan, xtt. ts. 

c 



ALADINE. 



18 



ALBAN. 



Aladdin* s Lamp, a lamp brought from 
an underground cavern in " the middle 
of China." Being in want of food, the 
mother of Aladdin began to scrub it, 
intending to sell it, when the genius of 
the lamp appeared, and asked her what 
were her commands. Aladdin answered, 
"I am hungry; bring me food;" and 
immediately a banquet was set before 
him. Having thus become acquainted 
with the merits of the lamp, he became 
enormously rich, and married the sultan's 
daughter. By artifice the African magician 
got possession of the lamp, and trans- 
ported the palace with its contents to 
Africa. Aladdin poisoned the magician, 
recovered the lamp, and retranslated the 
palace to its original site. 

Aladdin's Palace Windows. At the 
top of the palace was a saloon, containing 
twenty-four windows (six on each side), 
and all but one enriched with diamonds, 
rubies, and emeralds. One was left for 
the sultan to complete ; but all the jewel- 
lers in the empire were unable to make 
one to match the others, so Aladdin com- 
manded "the slaves of the lamp" to 
complete their work. 

Aladdin's Ring, given him by the 
African magician, "a preservative against 
every evil." — Arabian Nights ("Aladdin, 
or the Wonderful Lamp "). 

Al'adine, the sagacious but cruel king 
of Jerusalem, slain by Raymond. — Tasso: 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Al'adine {^syl.), son of Aldus " a lusty 
knight." — Spenser; Faerie Queene, vi. 3 
(1596). 

Alaff, Anlaf, or Olaf, son of 

Sihtric, Danish king of Northumberland 
(died 927). When /Ethelstan [Athelslan] 
took possession of Northumberland, Alaff 
fled to Ireland, and his brother Guthfrith 
or Godfrey to Scotland. 

Our English Athelstan, 

In the Northumbrian fields, with most victorious might, 

Put Alaff and his powers to more inglorious flight. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xii. (1612). 

Al Araf, the great limbo between 
paradise and hell, for the half-good. — Al 
Koran, vii. 

Alar'con, king of Barca, who joined 
the armament of Egypt against the cru- 
saders, but his men were only half armed. 
— Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Alaric Cottin. Frederick the Great 
of Prussia was so called by Voltaire. 
"Alaric" because, like Alaric, he was a 



great warrior, and " Cottin " because, like 
Cottin, satirized by Boileau, he was a very 
indifferent poet. 

Alasc'o, alias Dr. Demetrius Do 
BOOBIE, an old astrologer, consulted by 
the earl of Leicester. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Alas'naxn {Prince Zeyn) possessed 
eight statues, each a single diamond on a 
gold pedestal, but had to go in search of 
a ninth, more valuable than them all. 
This ninth was a lady, the most beautiful 
and virtuous of women, " more precious 
than rubies," who became his wife. 

One pure and perfect [woman] is . . . like Alasnara's 
lady, worth them alL— Sir IV. Scott. 

Alasnam's Mirror. When Alasnam 
was in search of his ninth statue, the king 
of the genii gave him a test-mirror, in 
which he was to look when he saw a 
beautiful girl. "If the glass remained pure 
and unsullied, the damsel would be the 
same, but if not, the damsel would not 
be wholly pure in body and in mind." 
This mirror was called "the touchstone 
of virtue." — Arabian Nights ("Prince 
Zeyn Alasnam "). 

Alas'tor, a house demon, the " skele- 
ton in the cupboard," which haunts and 
torments a family. Shelley has a poem 
entitled Alastor, or the Spirit 0/ Solitude. 
(See the next article.) 

Cicero says he meditated killing himself that he 
might become the Alastor ot Augustus, whom he 
hated.— Plutarch: Cicero, etc. ("Parallel Lives"). 

God Almighty mustered up an army of mice against 
the archbishop [Hat to], and sent them to persecute 
him as his furious Alastors, — Coryat: Crudities, 571. 

Alastor, or " The Spirit of Solitude." 
A poem in blank verse by Percy Bysshe 
Shelley (1815). Alastor, in Greek = Deus 
Vindex, but as the name of the Spirit of 
Solitude, it means "The Tormentor." 
The poet wanders over the world admiring 
the wonderful works which he cannot help 
seeing, but finds no solution to satisfy his 
inquisitive mind, and nothing in sympathy 
with himself. In fact, the world was to 
him a crowded solitude, a mere Alastor, 
always disappointing and always torment 

g him. 

Al'ban {St. ) of Ver'ulam hid his con- 
fessor, St. Am 'phibal, and, changing clothes 
with him, suffered death in his stead. 
This was during the frightful persecution 
of Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, general of 
Diocle'tian's army in Britain, when iooo 
Christians fell at Lichfield. 

Alban — our proto-martyr called. 

Drayton : Poiyolbion, juriy. (iSaa). 



ALBANIA. 



19 



ALBION. 



Alba'nia, the Scotch Highlands, so 
called from Albanact, son of Brute, the 
mythical Trojan king of Britain. At the 
death of Brute "Britain" was divided 
between his three sons : Locrin had Eng- 
land ; Albanact had Albania {Scotland)] 
and Kamber had Cambria ( Wales). 

He [Arthur] by force of arms Albania overrun, 
Pursuing of the Picts beyond mount Caledon. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Alba'nia ( Turkey in Asia). It means 
"the mountain region," and properly com- 
prehends Schirwan, Daghestan, and Geor- 
gia. In poetry it is used very loosely. 

Alba'no's Knight, Rinaldo, whose 
brothers were Guichardo (the oldest), 
Ricardo, Richardetto, Vivian, and Alardo. 
His sister was Bradamant. — Arioslo: 
Orlando Furioso. 

Al'berick of Mortemar, the same 
as Theodorick the hermit of Engaddi, an 
exiled nobleman. He told king Richard 
the history of his life, and tried to dissuade 
him from sending a letter of defiance to 
the archduke of Austria. — Sir W. Scott : 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Al'berick, the squire of prince Richard 
(one of the sons of Henry II. of England). 
— Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Albert, commander of the Britannia. 
Brave, liberal, and just; softened and 
refined by domestic ties and superior in- 
formation. His ship was dashed against 
the projecting verge of Cape Colonna, the 
most southern point of Attica. And he 
perished in the sea, because Rodmond 
(second in command) grasped on his legs 
and could not be shaken off. 

Though trained in boisterous elements, his mind 
Was yet by soft humanity refined ; 
Each joy of wedded love at home he knew, 
Abroad, confessed the father of his crew. . . . 
His genius, ever for th' event prepared, 
Rose with the storm, and all its dangers shared. 
Falconer: The Shipwreck, i. 2 (1756). 

Albert, father of Gertrude, patriarch 
and judge of Wyo'ming (called by Camp- 
bell "Wy'oming"). Both Albert and his 
daughter were shot by a mixed force of 
British and Indian troops, led by one 
Brandt ; who made an attack on the settle- 
ment, put all the inhabitants to the sword, 
set fire to the fort, and destroyed all the 
houses. — Campbell: Gertrude of Wyom- 
ing (1809). 

Albert, in Goethe's romance called 
The Sorrows of Werther t is meant lor his 
friend Kestner. He is a young German 
farmer, who marries Charlotte Buff (called 
"Lotte" in the novel), with whom Goethe 



was in love. Goethe represents himsell 
as Werther. 

Albert of Gei'erstein [Count), 
brother of Arnold Biederman, and presi- 
dent of the " Secret Tribunal." He some- 
times appears as a " black priest of St. 
Paul's," and sometimes as the " monk of 
St. Victoire."— Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV. ). 

Albertaz'zo married Alda, daughter 
of Otho duke of Saxony. His sons were 
Ugo and Fulco. From this stem springs 
the Royal Family of England. — Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Albia'zar, an Arab chief, who joined 
the Egyptian armament against the cru- 
saders. 

A chief in rapine, not in knighthood bred. 

Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered, xvii. (1575). 

Albin, the primitive name of the 
northern part of Scotland, called by the 
Romans * ' Caledo'nia. " This was the part 
inhabited by the Picts. The Scots mi- 
grated from Scotia {north of Ireland), 
and obtained mastery under Kenneth 
Maealpin, in 834. 

Green Albin, what though he no more survey 
Thy ships at anchor on the quiet shore, 
Thy pellochs \J>orpoises] rolling from the mountain bay, 
Thy lone sepulchral caim upon the moor, 
And distant isles that hear the loud Corbrechtan roar. 
Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, L 5 (1809). 

Al'bion. In legendary history this 
word is variously accounted for. One 
derivation is from Albion, a giant, son of 
Neptune, its first discoverer, who ruled 
over the island for forty-four years. 

(2) Another derivation is Al'bia, eldest 
of the fifty daughters of Diocle'tian king 
of Syria. These fifty ladies all married 
on the same day, and all murdered their 
husbands on the wedding night. By way 
of punishment, they were cast adrift in a 
ship, unmanned ; but the wind drove the 
vessel to our coast, where these Syrian 
damsels disembarked. Here they lived 
the rest of their lives, and married with 
the aborigines, " a lawless crew of devils." 
Milton mentions this legend, and naively 
adds, " It is too absurd and unconscionably 
gross to be believed." Its resemblance to 
the fifty daughters of Dan'aos is palpable. 

(3) Drayton, in his Polyolbion, says that 
Albion came from Rome, was "the first 
martyr of the land," and dying for the 
faith's sake, left his name to the country, 
where Offa subsequently reared to him 
"a rich and sumptuous shrine, with a 
monastery attached." — Song xvi. 

Albion, king of Briton, when O'beron 
held his court in what is now called 



ALBORAK. 



ALCIBIADES' TABLES. 



•■ Kensington Gardens." T. Tickell has 
a poem upon this subject. 

Albion wars with Jove's Son. Albion, 
son of Neptune, warred with Her'cules, 
son of Jove. Neptune, dissatisfied with 
the share of his father's kingdom awarded 
to him by Jupiter, aspired to dethrone his 
brother, but Hercules took Jove's part, 
and Albion was discomfited. 

Since Albion wielded arms against the son of Jove. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Albo'rak, the animal brought by 
Gabriel to convey Mahomet to the seventh 
heaven. It had the face of a man, the 
cheeks of a horse, the wings of an eagle, 
and spoke with a human voice. 

Albrac'ca, a castle of Cathay' ( China), 
to which Angel'ica retires in grief when 
she finds her love for Rinaldo is not re- 
ciprocated. Here she is besieged by 
Ag'ricanS king of Tartary, who is re- 
solved to win her. — Bojardo: Orlando 
Innamorato (1495). - 

Albracca's Damsel, Angel'ica. (See 
above. ) — A riosto : Orlando Furioso ( 1516). 

Albuma'zar, an Arabian astronomer 
(776-885). 

Chaunteclere, our cocke, must tell what is o'clocke, 
By the astrologye that he hath naturally 
Conceyued and caught ; for he was never taught 
By Albumazar, the astronomer, 
Nor by Ptholomy, prince of astronomy. 
J. Skelton : Philip Sparrow (time, Henry VIII.). 

(Tomkins wrote a play so called, which 
was performed before James I. in Trinity 
College Hall, March 7th, 1614. After 
the Restoration, this comedy was revived, 
and Dry den wrote a prologue to it.) 

Alcai'ro, the modern name of Mem- 
phis (Egypt). 

Not Babylon 
Nor great Alcairo such magnificence 
Equalled, in all their glories. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, i. 717 (1665). 

Alceste (3 syl.), Alcestis, or Al- 
cestes, daughter of Pe'lias and wife of 
Admetus. On his wedding day Admetus 
neglected to offer sacrifice to Diana, but 
Apollo induced the Fates to spare his life, 
if he could find a voluntary substitute. 
His bride offered to die for him, but Her- 
cules brought her back from the world 
of shadows. 

( Euripides has a Greek tragedy on the 
subject {Alcestis) ; Gliick has an opera 
{Alceste), libretto by Calzabigi (1765); 
Philippi Quinault produced a French 
tragedy entitled Alceste, in 1674 ; and 
Lagrange-Chancel in 1694 produced a 
French tragedy on the same subject.) 



(Her story is told by W. Morris, in The Earthly 
Paradise, June, 1868.) 

T Iphigeni'a at Aulis by Euripides, and Abraham's 
sacrifice of Isaac, somewhat resemble the same 
legends. 

Alceste' (2 syl.), the hero of Moliere's 
comedy Le Misanthrope (1666), not un- 
like Timon of Athens, by Shakespeare. 
Alceste is, in fact, a pure and noble mind 
soured by perfidy and disgusted with 
society. Courtesy seems to him the vice 
of fops, — and the usages of civilized life no 
better than hypocrisy. Alceste pays his 
addresses to Celimene, a coquette. 

Alceste is an upright, manly character, but rude and 
impatient, even of the ordinary civilities of life. — Sir 
W. Scott. 

^ Longfellow, in The Golden Legend, has a some- 
what similar story : Henry of Hoheneck was like to die, 
and was told he would recover if he could find a maiden 
willing to lay down her life for him. Elsie, the daughter 
of Gottlieb (a tenant farmer of the prince), vowed to do 
so, and followed the prince to Salerno, to surrender 
herself to Lucifer; but the prince rescued her, and 
made her his wife. The excitement and exercise cured 
the indolent young prince. This tale is from Hartmann 
von der Aur.the Minne-singer. 

Al "chemist ( The) , the last of the three 
great comedies of Ben Jonson (1610). The 
other two are Vol'pone (2 syl.), (1605), 
and The Silent Woman (1609). The 
object of The Alchemist is to ridicule the 
belief in the philosopher's stone and 
the elixir of life. The alchemist is 
"Subtle," a mere quack; and "sir 
Epicure Mammon" is the chief dupe, 
who supplies money, etc., for the 
" transmutation of metal." " Abel Drug- 
ger" a tobacconist, and "Dapper" a 
lawyer's clerk, are two other dupes. 
"Captain Face," alias "Jeremy," the 
house-servant of " Lovewit," and " Dol 
Common " are his allies. The whole 
thing is blown up by the unexpected 
return of " Lovewit." 

Alcibi'ades (5 syl.), the Athenian 
general. Being banished by the senate, 
he marches against the city, and the 
senate, being unable to offer resistance, 
open the gates to him (b.c. 450-404). 
This incident is introduced by Shakespeare 
in Timon of Athens. 

Alfred (lord) Tennyson assumed this as a pseudonym 
ui Punch (February, 1846), a reply to Lord Lytton's 
JVew Titnon. 

Alcibiades of Germany, Albert mar- 
grave of Baireuth (1522-1555). 

Alcibi'ades' Tables represented a 
god or goddess outwardly, and a Sile'nus, 
or deformed piper, within. Erasmus has 
a curious dissertation on these tables 
{Adage, 667, edited R. Stephens) ; hence 
emblematic of falsehood and dissimula- 
tion. 



ALCIDES. 



ALDABELLA. 



Whoso wants virtue is compared to these 
False tables wrought by Alcibiades ; 
Which noted well of all were found t've bin 
Most fair without, but most deformed within. 
W. Browne: Britannia's Pastorals, i. (1613). 

Alci'des, Hercules, son of Alcaeus; 
any strong and valiant hero. The drama 
called Hercules Furens is by Eurip'ides. 
Seneca has a tragedy of the same title. 

The Tuscan poet [Ariosto] doth advance 
The frantic paladin of France [Orlando Furioso]; 
And those more ancient do enhance 
Alcides in his fury. 

Drayton : Nymphidia (1563-1631). 
Where is the great Alcides of the field, 
Valiant lord Talbot, earl of Shrewsbury? 
Shakespeare: 1 Henry VI. act iv. sc. 7 (1589). 

Alci'na, Carnal Pleasure personified. 
In Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato she 
is a fairy, who carries off Astolfo. In 
Ariosto's Orlando Furioso she is a kind 
of Circd, whose garden is a scene of 
enchantment. Alcina enjoys her lovers 
for a season, and then converts them into 
trees, stones, wild beasts, and so on, as 
her fancy dictates. 

Al'ciphron, or The Minute Philo- 
sopher, the title of a work by bishop 
Berkeley. So called from the name of the 
chief speaker, a freethinker. The object 
of this work is to expose the weakness of 
infidelity. 

Al'cipliron,' ' the epicurean," the hero 
of T. Moore's romance called The 
Epicurean. 

Like Alciphron, we swing in air and darkness, and 
know not whither the wind blows us. — Putnam's 
Magazine. 

Alcnie'na (in Moliere, Alcmens), the 
wife of Amphitryon, general of the The- 
ban army. While her husband is absent 
warring against the Telebo'ans, Jupiter 
assumes the form of Amphitryon ; but 
Amphitryon himself returns home the 
next day, and great confusion arises be- 
tween the false and true Amphitryon, 
which is augmented by Mercury, who 
personates Sos'ia, the slave of Amphi- 
tryon. By this amour of Jupiter, Alc- 
mena becomes the mother of Her'cules. 
Plautus, Moliere, and Dryden have all 
taken this plot for a comedy entitled 
Amphitryon. 

Alcofri'bas, the pseudonym as- 
sumed by Rabelais in his Gargantua and 
Pantag'ruel'. Alcofribas Nasier is an 
anagram of " Francois Rabelais." 

The inestimable life of the great Gargantua, father 
of Pantagruel, heretofore composed by M. Alcofribas, 
abstractor of the quintessence, a book full of panta- 
gruelism. — Rabelais : Introduction (1533). 

Al'colomb, "subduer of hearts, " 
daughter of Abou Aibou of Damascus, and 
sister of Ganem. The caliph Haroun-al- 



Raschid, in a fit of jealousy, commanded 
Ganem to be put to death, and his mother 
and sister to do penance for three days in 
Damascus, and then to be banished from 
Syria. The two ladies came to Bagdad, 
and were taken in by the charitable syn- 
dec of the jewellers. When the jealous 
fit of the caliph was over, he sent for the 
two exiles. Alcolomb he made his wife, 
and her mother he married to his vizier. 
— Arabian Nights (" Ganem, the Slave of 
Love "). 

Alcuith,, mentioned by Bede, is 
Dumbarton. 

Alcy'on, " the wofullest man alive," 
but once ' ' the jolly shepherd swain that 
wont full merrily to pipe and dance," near 
where the Severn flows. One day he saw 
a lion's cub, and brought it up till it fol- 
lowed him about like a dog ; but a cruel 
satyr shot it in mere wantonness. By the 
lion's cub he means Daphne, who died in 
her prime, and the cruel satyr is death. 
He said he hated everything— the heaven, 
the earth, fire, air, and sea, the day, the 
night ; he hated to speak, to hear, to taste 
food, to see objects, to smell, to feel ; he 
hated man and woman too, for his 
Daphne lived no longer. What became 
of this doleful shepherd the poet could 
never ween. Alcyon is Sir Arthur Gorges. 
— Spenser: Daphnaida (in seven fits, 1590). 

And there is that Alcyon bent to moum. 
Though fit to frame an everlasting ditty, 

Whose gentle sprite for Daphne's death doth turn 
Sweet lays of love to endless plaints of pitv. 

Spenser : Colin Clouts Come Home Again (1591). 

Alcy'one or Haley one (4 syl.), 
daughter of yEolus, who, on hearing of 
her husband's death by shipwreck, threw 
herself into the sea, and was changed to a 
kingfisher. (See Halcyon Days.) 

^ Hero, the lady-love of Leander, threw herself into 
the sea, when she discovered that her lover, Leander, 
was drowned in the Hellespont, which he swam across 
every night in order to visit her. This story is the 
subject of a poem (De Amore Herois, etc.) by 
Musaeus. 

Aldabel'la, wife of Orlando, sister of 
Oliver, and daughter of Monodan'tes. — 
Ariosto : Orlando Furioso, etc. (1516). 

Aldabella, a marchioness of Florence, 
very beautiful and fascinating, but arro- 
gant and heartless. She used to give 
entertainments to the magnates of Flo- 
rence, and Fazio was one who spent 
most of his time in her society. Bian'ca 
his wife, being jealous of the marchioness, 
accused him to the duke of being privy 
to the death of Bartoldo, and for this 
offence Fazio was executed. Bianca died 
broken-hearted, and Aid,' belli was con 



ALDEN. 



22 ALEXANDER THE GREAT. 



demned to spend the rest of her life in 
a nunnery. — Dean Milman : Fazio (a 
tragedy, 1815). 

Alden {John), one of the sons of the 

Pilgrim Fathers, in love with Priscilla, the 
beautiful puritan. (See StandisH.) — 
Longfellow : Courtship of Miles Standish, 
ix 

Alderlievest, best beloved. 

And to mine alderlievest lorde I must endite 
A wofull case. 

Gascoigne : Voyage into Holland (1572). 

Aldiborontiphoscophornio [Al'~ 
dibbo-ron'te-fos'co-for'nio], a courtier in 
Chrononhotonthologos, by H. Carey (1734). 

(Sir Walter Scott used to call James Bal- 
lantyne, the printer, this nickname, from 
his pomposity and formality of speech.) 

Aldiger, son of Buo'vo, of the house 
of Clarmont, brother of Malagi'gi and 
Vivian. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Al'dine (2 syl.), leader of the second 
squadion of Arabs which joined the 
Egyptian armament against the crusaders. 
Tasso says of the Arabs, " Their accents 
were female and their stature diminu- 
tive" (xvii.). — Tasso: Jerusalem De- 
livered (1575). 

Al'dingar {Sir), steward of queen 
Eleanor, wife of Henry II. He impeached 
the queen's fidelity, and agreed to prove 
his charge by single combat ; but an 
angel (in the shape of a little child) 
established the queen's innocence. This 
is probably a blundering version of the 
story of Gunhilda and the emperor Henry. 
— Percy : Reliques, ii. 9. 

Aldo, a Caledonian, was not invited by 
Fingal to his banquet on his return to 
Morven, after the overthrow of Swaran. 
To resent this affront, he went over to 
Fingal' s avowed enemy, Erragon king of 
Sora (in Scandinavia), and here Lorna, the 
king's wife, fell in love with him The 
guilty pair fled to Morven, which Erragon 
immediately invaded. Aldo fell in single 
combat with Erragon, Lorna died of 
grief, and Erragon was slain in battle by 
Gaul, son of Morni. — Ossian : The Battle 
of Lora. 

Aldovrand {Father), chaplain of sir 
Raymond Berenger, the old Norman 
warrior. — Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

Aldrick the Jesuit, confessor of 
Charlotte countess of Derby. — Sir W. 
Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 



Aldus, father of Al'adine (3 syl.), the 
"lusty knight" — Spenser: Faerie Queene, 
vi. 3 (1596). 

Alea, a warrior who invented dice at 
the siege of Troy ; at least so Isidore of 
Seville says. Suidas ascribes the inven- 
tion to Palamed£s. 

Alea est ludus tabulae inventa a Greeds, in otio Trojam 
belli, a quodam milite, nomine ALEA, a quo «t ars 
nomen accepit. — Isidorus : Originum, etc., xviii. 57. 

Alector'ia, a stone extracted from a 
capon. It is said to render the wearer 
invisible, to allay thirst, to antidote en- 
chantment, and ensure love. — Mirror of 
Stones. 

Alec'tryon, a youth set by Mars to 
guard against surprises ; but he fell asleep, 
and Apollo surprised Mars and Venus in 
each other's embrace. Mars in anger 
changed Alectryon into a cock. 

And from out the neighbouring farmyard 
Loud the cock Alectryon crowed. 

Longfellow : Pegasus in Pound. 

Ale'ria, one of the Amazons, and the 
best beloved of the ten wives of Guido the 
Savage. — Ariosto: Orlando Fu rioso {i 516). 

Alessio, the young man with whom 
Lisa was living in concubinage, when 
Elvi'no promised to marry her. Elvino 
made the promise out of pique, because 
he thought Ami'na was not faithful to 
him ; but when he discovered his error he 
returned to his first love, and left Lisa to 
marry Alessio, with whom she had been 
previously cohabiting. — Bellini's opera, 
La Sonnambula (1^31). 

Ale'thes (3 syl. ), an ambassador from 
Egypt to king Al'adine (3 syl.) ; subtle, 
false, deceitful, and full of wiles. — Tasso: 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Alexander the Corrector, Alex- 
ander Cruden (1701-1770), author of the 
Concordance. (See Dictionary of Phrase 
and Fable, p. 30. ) 

Alexander the Great, king of 
Macedonia (h.c. 356, 336-323). 

(His life has been written by Quintus 
Curtius, in ten books (Latin), about A.D. 
80 ; by Julius Valerius (Latin) ; by Les- 
farguus, in 1639 ; Gaudenzio, in 1645 ; by 
Lehmann, in 1667 ; by Fessler, in 1797 ; 
by Mueller, in 1830 ; by archdeacon Wil- 
liams, in 1830 ; by Droysen, in 1833 ; by 
Pfizer, in 1845.) 

Alexander's chief Battles. Arbela, in 331; Issus, 
333 ; Granicus in 334, all against Darius the Persian. 

Alexander's Beard. A smooth chin, or very small 
beard, Alexander had no perceptible beard, and 
hence is said to have had "an Amazonian chin.' 



ALEXANDER AND CLITUS. 23 ALEXANDER AND THE ROBLER 



Disguised with Alexander's beard. 

Gascoyne: The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

City founded by Alexander. Alexandria in Egypt, 
»bout B.C. 32a. 

Deformity of Alexander. One shoulder was higher 
than the other. 

Amnion's great son one shoulder had too high. 
Pope : Prologue to his Satires, 117. 

Father of Alexander. His mother's husband was 
Philip king of Macedon ; but Alexander himself claimed 
the god Ammon for his father. 

Alexander's favourite Horse. Buceph'alos ig.v.). 

Mother of Alexander. Olymplas, daughter of Neo- 
ptolemos king of Epiros. 

Alexanders Runner. Ladas. This was the name 
of Lord Rosebery's horse in the famous race of 1894. 

Successor of Alexander. Ptolemy Soter, supposed 
to be his half-brother (on the father's side), succeeded 
him in the government of Egypt. 

Only two Alexanders. Alexander said, " There are 
but two Alexanders— the invincible son of Philip, and 
the inimitable Apelles, who painted him." 

Alexander and Clitus. Clitus was 
Alexander's great friend, and saved his 
life in the battle of Granicus (b.c. 334). 
In 328 he was slain by Alexander at a 
banquet, when both were heated with 
wine. 

IF The above reminds us of Peter I. of 
Russia and Lefort. Lefort, a Swiss, was 
the great friend of Peter I., and ac- 
companied him in his travels, when he 
visited various European capitals to learn 
the art of government. At Kbnigsberg, 
while both were heated with wine, Peter 
threw himself on his friend, Lefort, and 
pierced him with his sword. No sooner 
had he done so than he repented, and 
exclaimed, " I, who want to reform my 
nation, cannot reform myself." 

Clitus (to Alexander). Nay, frown not so ; you can- 
BOt look me dead.— Lee s Tragedy. 

Alexander and the Daughters 
of Darius. After the battle of Issus, 
in 333, the family of Darius fell into 
his hands, and he treated the ladies as 
queens. A eunuch, having escaped, told 
Darius of this noble conduct, and Darius 
could not but admire such magnanimity 
in a rival. — Arrian: Anabasis of Alex- 
ander, iv. 20. 

Alexander and Diogenes. One 
day the king of Macedon presented 
himself before Diogenes the cynic, and 
said, "I am Alexander." "Well," 
replied the master of the tub, "and I 
am Diogenes." When the king asked 
if he could render him any service, 
Diogenes surlily replied, ' ' Yes ; get out 
of the sun." 

Alexander and Homer. When 
Alexander invaded Asia Minor, he offered 
up sacrifice to Priam, and then went to 
visit the tomb of Achilles. Here he ex- 
claimed, " O most enviable of men, who 
had Homer to sing thy deeds I " 



Which made the Eastern conqueror to cry. 
*• O fortunate young man ! whose virtue found 
So brave a trump thy noble deeds to sound." 

Spenser: The Ruins of Time (1591)- 

Alexander and the Olympic 
Games. Alexander, being asked if he 
would run a course at the Olympic 
games, replied, " Yes, if my competitors 
are all kings." 

Alexander and Farmenio. When 
Darius king of Persia offered Alexander 
his daughter Stati'ra in marriage, with a 
dowry of 10,000 talents of gold, Parmenio 
said, " I would accept the offer, if I were 
Alexander." To this Alexander rejoined, 
" So would I, if I were Parmenio." 

On another occasion the general thought 
the king somewhat too lavish in his gifts, 
whereupon Alexander made answer, " I 
consider not what Parmenio ought to 
receive, but what Alexander ought to 
give." 

Alexander and Ferdiccas. When 
Alexander started for Asia he divided his 
possessions among his friends. Perdiccas 
asked what he had left for himself. 
" Hope," said Alexander. " If hope is 
enough for Alexander," replied the friend, 
"it is enough for Perdiccas also ; " and 
declined to accept anything. 

Alexander and Raphael. Alex- 
ander encountered Raphael in a cave in 
the montain of Kaf, and being asked 
what he was in search of, replied, " The 
water of immortality." Whereupon 
Raphael gave him a stone, and told him 
when he found another of the same 
weight he would gain his wish. " And 
how long," said Alexander, "have I to 
live?" The angel replied, "Till the 
heaven above thee and the earth beneath 
thee are of iron." Alexander now went 
forth and found a stone almost of the 
weight required, and in order to complete 
the balance, added a little earth ; falling 
from his horse at Ghur he was laid in his 
armour on the ground, and his shield was 
set up over him to ward off the sun. 
Then understood he that he would gain 
immortality when, like the stone, he was 
buried in the earth , and that his hour was 
come, for the earth beneath him was iron, 
and his iron buckler was his vault of 
heaven above. So he died. 

Alexander and the Bobber. 

When Dion'id£s, a pirate, was brought 
before Alexander, he exclaimed, "Vile 
brigand ! how dare you infest the sea* 
with your misdeeds?" "And you, M 
replied the pirate, ' ' by what right d« 



ALEXANDER DRAMATIZED. 



ALFRED AS A GLEEMAN. 



you ravage the world? Because 1 have 
only one ship, I am called a brigand, but 
you who have a whole fleet are termed 
a conqueror. " Alexander commanded the 
man to be set at liberty. 

Alexander dramatized. In 1678 
Nathaniel Lee introduced his tragedy of 
Alexander the Great. Racine produced 
his tragedy (in French) in 1665. 

( Lambert-li-Cors published his novel of 
the Roman d 'Alexandre in the twelfth 
century. ) 

Lee's " Alexander " was a favourite part with T. 
Betterton (1635-1710), Wm. Mountford (1660-1692), H. 
Norris (1665-1734) ; C. Hulet (1701-1736), and Spranger 
Barry (1710-1777) ; but J. W. Croker says that J. P. 
Kemble, in "Hamlet," "Coriolanus," "Alexander," 
and "Cato," excelled all his predecessors. — Johnson. 

Alexander's Peast (or " 1 he Power 
of Music "). A Pindaric ode by Dryden 
(1694), in honour of St. Cecilia's Day 
(November 22). St. Cecilia was a Roman 
lady who, it is said, suffered martyrdom 
in 230, and was regarded as the patroness 
of music. Dryden's poem ends with 
these words : 

Let old Timotheus yield the prize. 

Or both divide the crown ; 
He rasied a mortal to the skies. 

She drew an angel down. 

He (Timotheus) " raised a mortal to 
the skies " is a bold way of saying, by 
the concord of sweet sounds, Timotheus 
raised his hearers from earth to heaven. 

" She drew an angel down " refers to 
the legend that an angel left the choirs 
above to listen to the more ravishing 
music of St. Cecilia. Pope wrote a Pin- 
doric ode on the same subject. 

ALEXANDER. The Albanian 
Alexander, George Castriot (Scanderbeg 
or Iscander beg, 1404-1467). 

The English Alexander, Henry V. 
(1388, 1413-1422). He resembled Alex- 
ander in the brevity and glory of his 
reign, in his great military talents, and 
his wonderful hold on the hearts of his 
people. Like Alexander's, his generosity 
was unbounded ; like Alexander's, his 
life was gay and licentious ; like Alex- 
ander, he was most impatient of control. 
And his victories over the French were 
like those of Alexander over the Persians. 

(Captain Fluellen put the resemblance 
thus : Alexander was born at Macedon, 
and Henry V. was born at Monmouth, 
both which places begin with M. ) 

Alexander of the North, Charles XII. 
of Sweden (1682-1718). 

The Persian Alexander, Sandjar (1117- 
1158). 



Alexan'dra, daughter of Oronthea, 
queen of the Am'azons, and one of the 
ten wives of Elba'nio. It is from this 
person that the land of the Amazons was 
called Alexandra. — Ariosto: Orlando Fu- 
rioso (1516). 

Alexan'drite (4 syl.), a. species of 
beryl found in Siberia. It shows the 
Russian colours (green and red), and is 
named from the emperor Alexander of 
Russia. 

Alexas, a eunuch in Cleopatra's 
household. Timid and cowardly, faith- 
less and untruthful — Dryden : All for 
Love, etc. 

Alexis, the wanton shepherd in The 
Faithful Shepherdess, a pastoral drama 
by John Fletcher (16 10). 

Alfa'der, the father of all the iEsir 
or celestial deities of Scandinavia, creator 
and governor of the universe, patron of 
arts and magic, etc. 

Alfonso, father of Leono'ra d'Este, 
and duke of Ferrara. Tasso the poet 
fell in love with her, and the duke con- 
fined him as a lunatic for seven years in 
the asylum of Santa Anna ; at the ex- 
piration of which period he was released 
through the intercession of Vincenzo 
Gonzago duke of Mantua. Byron refers 
to this in his Childe Harold, iv. 36. 

Alfon'so, in Walpole's tale called The 
Castle of Otranto, appears as an appari- 
tion in the moonlight, dilated to a gigantic 
form (1769). 

Alfonso XI. of Castile, whose "fa- 
vourite" was Leonora de Guzman. — Doni- 
zetti: La Favorita (an opera, 1842). 

Alfon'so {Don), of Seville, a man of 50 
and husband of donna Julia (twenty-seven 
years his junior), of whom he was jealous 
without cause. — Byron : Don Juan, i. 

Alfred as a G-leeman. Alfred, 
wishing to know the strength of the 
Danish camp, assumed the disguise of a 
minstrel, and stayed in the Danish camp 
for several days, amusing the soldiers 
with his harping and singing. After he 
had made himself master of all he re- 
quired, he returned back to his own 
place. — William of Malmesbury (twelfth 
century). 

If William of Malmesbury tells a simi- 
lar story of Anlaf, a Danish king, who, 
he says, just before the battle of Brunan- 
burh, in Northumberland, entered th« 
camp of king Athelstan as a gleeman 



ALFRED. 



ALICIA. 



harp in hand ; and so pleased was the 
English king that he gave him gold. 
Anlaf would not keep the gold, but buried 
it in the earth. 

Alfred, a masque, by James Thom- 
son and David Mallet (1740). Afterwards 
dramatized by Mallet, and brought out at 
Drury Lane in 1851. Especially noted 
for the famous song of Rule Britannia. 

(Sir Richard Blackmore wrote an 
historic poem in twelve books, called 
Alfred, 1715. H. J. Pye published, in 
1801, an epic in six books, called by the 
same name. ) 

Algarsife (3 syl.) and Cam'ballo, 
sons of Cambuscan' king of Tartary, 
and Elfeta his wife, Algarsife married 
Theodora. 

I speak of Algarsife, 
How that he won Theodora to his wife. 

Chaucer : The Squire 's Tale. 

_ Algfebar' (" the giant "). So the Ara- 
bians call the constellation Orion. 

Begirt with many a blazing star, 
Stood the great giant Algebar— 
Orion, hunter of the beast. 
LongfelUrw : The Occultation of Orion. 

Alria/mTyra. (The), a volume of 
legends and narratives by Washington 
Irving (1812). 

Everything in the [Alhambra] relating to myself and 
to the actual inhabitants of the Alhambra, is un- 
exaggerated fact.— W. Irving. 

All, cousin and son-in-law of Ma- 
homet. The beauty of his eyes is pro- 
verbial in Persia, Ayn AH ("eyes of 
Ali") being the highest compliment a 
Persian can pay to beauty. 

Ali Baba, a poor Persian wood- 
carrier, who accidentally learned the 
magic words, " Open, Sesame 1 ! " " Shut, 
Sesame I " by which he gained entrance 
into a vast cavern, the repository of stolen 
wealth and the lair of forty thieves. He 
made himself rich by plundering from 
these stores ; and by the shrewd cunning 
of ^orgia'na, his female slave, the 
captain and his whole band of thieves 
were extirpated. In reward of these 
services, Ali Baba gave Morgiana her 
freedom, and married her to his own 
son. — Arabian Nights (" Ali Baba, or the 
Forty Thieves "). (See Tycho.) 

Alias. "You have as many aliases 
as Robin of Bagshot." (See Robin of 
Bagshot.) 

ALICE (2 syl.), sister of Valentine, 
in Mons. Thomas, a comedy by John 
Fletcher (1619). Beaumont died 1616. 



Al'ice (2 syl. ), foster-sister of Robert le 
Diable, and bride of Rambaldo the Nor- 
man troubadour in Meyerbeer's opera oi 
Roberto il Diavolo. She came to Palermo 
to place in the duke's hand his mother's 
" will," which he was enjoined not to read 
till he became a virtuous man. She is 
Robert's good genius, and when Bertram, 
the fiend, claimed his soul as the price of 
his ill deeds, Alice, by reading the will, 
reclaimed him. 

Alice (2 syl. ), the servant-girl of dame 
Whitecraft, wife of the innkeeper at Al- 
tringham. — Sir W. Scott: Peveril of tfu 
Peak (time, Charles IL). 

Al'ice, the miller's daughter, a story of 
happy first love told in later years by 
an old man who had married the rustic 
beauty. He was a dreamy lad when he 
first loved Alice, and the passion roused 
him into manhood. (See Rose.) — Tenny- 
son : The Miller s Daughter. 

Al'ice (The lady), widow of Walter 
knight of Avenel (2 syl.).— Sir W. Scott: 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Al'ice [Gray], called "Old Alice Gray," 
a quondam tenant of the lord of Ravens- 
wood. Lucy Ashton visits her after the 
funeral of the old lord. — Sir W. Scott ; 
Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
III.). 

Alice in Wonderland, a fairy 
tale by "Lewis Carroll" (the assumed 
name of C. L. Dodgson), published in 
1869. A continuation, called Through 
the Looking-glass, was published in 
1871. 

Alichi'no, a devil in Dante's Inferno. 

Alick [Polworth], one of the ser- 
vants of Waverley. — Sir W. Scott: 
Waverley (time, George IL). 

ALICIA gave her heart to Mosby, 
but married Arden for his position. As 
a wife, she played falsely with her hus- 
band, and even joined Mosby in a plot to 
murder him. Vacillating between love 
for Mosby and respect for Arden, she 
repents, and goes on sinning ; wishes to 
get disentangled, but is overmastered by 
Mosby's stronger will. Alicia's passions 
impel her to evil, but her judgment ac- 
cuses her and prompts her to the right 
course. She halts, and parleys with sin, 
like Balaam, and of course is lost. — Anon. : 
Arden of Feversham (1592). 

Ali'cia, "a laughing, toying, wheed- 
ling, whimpering she," who once held 



ALICIA. 



26 



ALKOREMML 



lord Hastings under her distaff; but her 
annoying jealousy, " vexatious days, and 
jarring, joyless nights," drove him away 
from her. Being jealous of Jane Shore, 
she accused her to the duke of Gloster of 
alluring lord Hastings from his allegiance, 
and the lord protector soon trumped up a 
charge against both ; the lord chamberlain 
he ordered to execution for treason, and 
Jane Shore he persecuted for witchcraft. 
Alicia goes raving mad. — Rowe : Jane 
Shore (1713). 

The king of Denmark went to see Mrs. Bellamy play 
" Alicia," and fell into a sound sleep. The angry lady 
had to say, " O thou false lord 1 " and she drew near to 
the slumbering monarch, and shouted the words into 
the royal box. The king started, rubbed his eyes, and 
remarked that he would not have such a woman for 
his wife, though she had no end of kingdoms for a 
dowry.— Cornhill Magazine (1863). 

Alic'ia {The lady), daughter of lord 
Waldemar Fitzarse. — Sir W. Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Alifan'faron, emperor of the island 
Trap'oban, a Mahometan, the suitor of 
Pentap'olin's daughter, a Christian. Pen- 
tapolin refused to sanction this alliance, 
and the emperor raised a vast army to 
enforce his suit. This is don Quixote's 
solution of two flocks of sheep coming in 
opposite directions, which he told Sancho 
were the armies of Alifanfaron and Pen- 
tapolin.— Cetvantes : Don Quixote, I. iii. 4 
(1605). 

If Ajax the Greater had a similar en- 
counter. (See Ajax Telamon, p. 17.) 

Alin'da, daughter of Alphonso an 
irascible old lord of Sego'via. — John 
Fletcher: The Pilgrim (162 1). 

(Alinda is the name assumed by young 
Archas when he dresses in woman's attire. 
This young man is the son of general 
Archas, " the loyal subject " of the great 
duke of Moscovia, in a drama by John 
Fletcher, called The Loyal Subject, 
1618.) 

Aliprando, a Christian knight, who 
discovered the armour of Rinaldo, and 
informed Godfrey of it. Both inferred that 
Rinaldo had been slain, but they were 
mistaken. — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered 
(1575). 

Al'iris, sultan of Lower Buchar'ia, 
who, under the assumed name of Fer'- 
amorz, accompanied Lalla Rookh from 
Delhi, on her way to be married to the 
sultan. He won her love, and amused 
the tedium of the journey by telling her 
tales. When introduced to the sultan, 
her joy was unbounded on discovering 
that Feramorz the poet was the sultan to 



whom she was betrothed. — Moore: Lalla 
Rookh (1817). 

Alisaunder {Kyng), an Arthurian 
romance, included in Weber's Collection. 
Probably of French origin. 

Alisaunder (Sir), surnamed Lor- 
felin, son of the good prince Boudwine 
and his wife An 'glides (3 syl.). Sir Mark 
king of Cornwall murdered his brother, 
sir Boudwine, while Alisaunder was a 
mere child. When Alisaunder was 
knighted, his mother gave him his father's 
doublet, "bedabbled with blood," and 
charged him to revenge his lather's death. 
Alisaunder married Alis la Beale Pilgrim, 
and had one son, called Bellen'gerus le 
Beuse. Instead of fulfilling his mother's 
charge, he was himself " falsely and 
feloniously slain " by king Mark.— Sir T. 
Malory : History of King A rthur, ii . 119- 
125(1470). 

Alison, the young wife of John, a 
rich old miserly carpenter. Absolon, a 
priggish parish clerk, paid her attention, 
but she herself loved a poor scholar named 
Nicholas, lodging in her husband's house. 
Fair she was, and her body lithe as a 
weasel. She had a roguish eye, small 
eyebrows, was " long as a mast and up- 
right as a bolt," more " pleasant to look 
on than a flowering pear tree," and her 
skin " was softer than the wool of a 
wether." — Chaucer: Canterbury Tales 
(" The Miller's Tale," 1388). 

Alison, in sir W. Scott' sKenilworth, is 
an old domestic in the service of the earl 
of Leicester at Cumnor Place. 

Al Kadr (The Night of). The 97th 
chapter of the Koran is so entitled. It 
was the night on which Mahomet received 
from Gabriel his first revelation, and was 
probably the 24th of Ramadan. 

Verily we sent down the Koran in the night of A. 
Kadr.— Al Kordn, xcvii. 

Al'ken, an old shepherd who in- 
structed Robin Hood's men how to find a 
witch, and how she is to be hunted. — Ben 
Jonson : The Sad Shepherd (1637). 

Alkoremmi, the palace built by the 
Motassem on the hill of " Pied Horses." 
His son Vathek added five wings to it, 
one for the gratification of each of the 
five senses. 

I. The Eternal Banquet, in which 
were tables covered both night and day, 
with the most tempting foods. 

II. The Nectar of the Soul, filled 
with the best of poets and musicians. 



ALL FOOLS. 



27 



ALLEGRE. 



III. The Delight of the Eyes, filled 
»vith the most enchanting objects the eye 
could look on. 

IV. The Palace of Perfumes, which 
was always pervaded with the sweetest 
odours. 

V. The Retreat of Joy, filled with 
the loveliest and most seductive houris. — 

W. Beckford: Vathek (1784). 

All Fools, a comedy by George 
Chapman (1605), based on Terence's 
Heautontirumenos. 

All for Love (or "A Sinner Well 
Saved "), a poem in nine parts, in the form 
of a ballad, by Southey (1829). The legend 
is this : Eleemon, a freedman, was in love 
with Cyra, his master's daughter, and 
signed with his blood a bond to give body 
and soul to Satan, if Satan would give 
him Cyra for his wife. He married Cyra, 
and after the lapse of twelve years Satan 
came to Eleemon to redeem his bond. 
Cyra applied to St. Basil, who appointed 
certain penance, and when Satan came 
and showed Basil the bond, the bishop 
replied that the bond was worthless for two 
reasons: (1) it was made when Eleemon 
was single, but marriage made the wife 
one with the man, and Cyra's consent 
was indispensable ; (2) nothing that man 
can do can possibly render null the work 
of redemption, so the blood of Eleemon 
was washed away by the blood of Christ. 
If sin hath abounded, grace hath super- 
abounded. 

All for Love (or " The World Well 
Lost"), a tragedy by Dryden (1678). 
Ventidlus induces Antony to free himself 
from the wiles of Cleopatra, but the fair 
frail one wins him back again. Where- 
upon Ventidius brings forward Octavia, 
who succeeds for a time in regaining her 
husband's love. Again Cleopatra lures 
him away, and when Alexandria fell into 
the hands of Octavius Caesar, Alexis tells 
Antony that Cleopatra is dead, where- 
upon Antony slays himself. Cleopatra 
(erroneously reported dead) arrives just 
in time to bid Antony farewell, and then 
kills herself with an asp. 

All in the Wrong, a comedy by 
Murphy, adapted from the French 
(1761). Also the title of a novel by 
Theodore Hook (1839). 

All the Year Round, a weekly 
periodical, conducted by Charles Dickens, 
and since his death in 1870 continued by 
bis son. It was called " Household 



Words " from 1850 to 1857 ; then " Once a 
Week " (1857-1859). 

All the Talents Administration, 
formed by lord Grenville, in 1806, on the 
death of William Pitt. The members 
were lord Grenville, the earl Firzwilliam, 
viscount Sidmouth, Charles James Fox, 
earl Spencer, William Windham, lord 
Erskine, sir Charles Grey, lord Minto, 
lord Auckland, lord Moira, Sheridan, 
Richard Fitzpatrick, and lord Ellen- 
borough. It was dissolved in 1807. 

On " all the talents " vent your venal spleen. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

All this for a Song ! (See Song.) 

All's Well that Ends Well, a 

comedy by Shakespeare (1598). The 
hero and heroine are Bertram count of 
Rousillon, and Hel'ena a physician's 
daughter, who are married by the com- 
mand of the king of France ; they part 
because Bertram thought the lady not 
sufficiently well-born for him. Ulti- 
mately, however, all ends well. (See 
Helena.) 

(The story of this play is from the 
Decameron, Novel ix. Day 3. ) 

Allan, lord of Ravenswood, a decayed 
Scotch nobleman. — Sir W. Scott: 7 he 
Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
III.). 

Allan (Mrs.), colonel Mannering's 
housekeeper at Woodburne. — Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Mannei ing (time, George II.). 

Allan [Breck Cameron], the ser- 
geant sent to arrest Hamish Bean 
McTavish, by whom he is shot. — Sir W, 
Scott: The Highland Widow (time, 
George II.). 

Allan-a-Dale, one of Robin Hood's 
men, introduced by sir W. Scott in 
Ivanhoe. (See Allin-A-Dale.) 

Allegory for Alligator, a mal- 

apropism. 

She's as headstrong as an allegory on the banks of the 
Nile. 

Sheridan: The Rivals, iii. 2 (1775). 

Alle'gre (3 syl.) t the faithful servant 
of Philip Chabot. When Chabot was 
accused of treason, Allegre was put to the 
rack to make him confess something to 
bis master's damage ; but the brave fellow 
was true as steel, and it was afterwards 
shown that the accusation had no foun- 
dation but jealousy. — G. Chapman and 
J. Shirley': The Tragedy of Philip 
Chabot (1639/). 



ALLEGRO. 



ALMANSOR. 



Allegro (L') t one of two exquisi.e 

poems in seven-syllable verse, by Milton. 
The other is called // Penseroso. L' Allegro 
or Mirth dwells on the innocent delights 
ot the country, such as the lark, the 
Darn-door cock, the .hunting-horn, the 
ploughman, the mower, the milkmaid, 
and so on. 

These delights if thou canst give, 
Mirth, with thee I mean to live. 

Milton. 

Allelu'jah, wood-sorrel, so called by 
a corruption of its name, Juliola, where- 
by it is known in the south of Italy. 
Its official name is Luzula. 

Allemayne (2 syl.), Germany, from 
the French Allemagne. Also written 
Allemain. 

Thy faithful bosom swooned with pain, 
O loveliest maiden of Allemayne. 

Campbell : The Brave Roland. 

Allen (Mr. Benjamin), a young 
surgeon in Dickens's Rickwick Papers. 

Allen {Ralph), the friend of Pope, and 
benefactor of Fielding. 

Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame. 
Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. 
Pope : Epilogue to the Satires, Dialogue i. 136. 

Allen {Major), an officer in the duke of 
Monmouth's army. — Sir W. Scott: Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Alley {The), i.e. the Stock Ex- 
change Alley (London). 

John Rive, after many active years in the Alley, 
retired to the Continent ; and died at the age of 118.— 
Old and New London. 

All-Fair, a princess, who was saved 
from the two lions (which guarded the 
Desert Fairy) by the Yellow Dwarf, on 
condition that she would become his 
wife. On her return home she hoped to 
evade this promise by marrying the brave 
king of the Gold Mines, but on the wed- 
ding day Yellow Dwarf carried her off 
on a Spanish cat, and confined her in 
Steel Castle. Here Gold Mine came to 
her rescue with a magic sword, but in his 
joy at finding her, he dropped his sword, 
and was stabbed to the heart with it 
by Yellow Dwarf. All-Fair, falling on 
the body of her lover, died of a broken 
heart. The syren changed the dead 
lovers into two palm trees. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy, Fairy Tales ("The Yellow 
Dwarf," 1682). 

Allin-a-Dale or Allen-a-Dale, of 

Nottinghamshire, was to be married to 
a lady who returned his love, but her 
parents compelled her to forego young 
Allin for an old knight of wealth. Allin 



told his tale to Robin Hood, and the bold 
forester, in the disguise of a harper, went 
to the church where the wedding cere- 
mony was to take place. When the 
wedding party stepped in, Robin Hood 
exclaimed, " This is no fit match ; the 
bride shall be married only to the man of 
her choice." Then sounding his horn, 
Allin-a-Dale with four and twenty bow- 
men entered the church. The bishop 
refused to marry the woman to Allin till 
the banns had been asked three times, 
whereupon Robin pulled off the bishop's 
gown, and invested Little John in it, who 
asked the banns seven times, and per- 
formed the ceremony. — Robin Hood and 
Allin-a-Dale (a ballad). 

Allnnt {Noll), landlord of the Swan, 
Lambythe Ferry (1625). 

Grace Allnut, his wife. 

Oliver Allnut, the landlord's so*. — 
Sterling : John Felton (1852). 

All worth, {Lady), stepmother to Tom 
Allworth. Sir Giles Overreach thought 
she would marry his nephew Wellborn, 
but she married lord LoveL 

Tom Allworth, stepson of lady All- 
worth, in love with Margaret Overreach, 
whom he marries. — M as singer : A New 
Way to pay Old Debts (1625). 

Thefirst appearance of Thomas King was "Allworth,* 
on the 19th October, 1748. — Boaden. 

AU'worthy, in Fielding's Tom Jones, 
a man of sturdy rectitude, large charity, 
infinite modesty, independent spirit, and 
untiring philanthropy, with an utter dis- 
regard of money or fame. Fielding's 
friend, Ralph Allen, was the academy 
figure of this character. (See Allen.) 

Alma [the human soul], queen of 
" Body Castle," which for seven years 
was beset by a rabble rout. Spenser 
says, "The divine part of man is 
circular, and the mortal part triangular." 
Arthur and sir Guyon were conducted by 
Alma over " Body Castle." — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, ii. 9 (1590). 

• . • Prior wrote a poem, called Alma, in 
three cantos. 

Almain, Germany; in French Alle- 
magne. (See Allemayne.) 

Almansor ("the invincible"), a 
title assumed by several Mussulman 
princes, as by the second caliph of the 
Abbasside dynasty, named Abou Giafar 
Abdallah {the invincible, or al mansor). 
Also by the famous captain of the Moors 
in Spain, named Mohammed. In Africa. 



ALMANZOR. 



29 



ALNASCHAR. 



Yacoub-al-Modjaked was entitled " al 
mansor," a royal name of dignity given 
to the kings of Fez, Morocco, and 
Algiers. 

The kingdoms of Almansor, Fez, and Sus, 
Marocco and Algiers. 

Millcn : Paradise Lost, xL 403 (1665). 

ALMANZOR., the caliph, wishing to 
found a city in a certain spot, was told 
by a hermit named Bagdad that a man 
called Moclas was destined to be its 
founder. " I am that man," said the 
caliph, and he then told the hermit how in 
his boyhood he once stole a bracelet and 
pawned it, whereupon his nurse ever after 
called him " Moclas" [thief). Almanzor 
founded the city, and called it Bagdad, 
the name of the hermit. — Marigny. 

Alman'zor, in Dryden's tragedy of 
The Conquest of Gr ana' da (1672). 

Almanzor, lackey of Madelon and her 
cousin Cathos, the affected fine ladies in 
Moliere's comedy of Les Pre"cieuses 
Ridicules (1659). 

Almanzor and Alm'anzaida, a 

novel said to be by Sir Philip Sidney, and 
published in 1678, which, however, being 
ninety-two years after his death, renders 
the attributed authorship extremely sus- 
picious. 

Almavi'va(Coa»/and countess), in the 
Barber of Seville and in the Mariage de 
Figaro. Holcroft has a wretched adapta- 
tion called The Follies of a Day. The 
count is a libertine, and the countess is 
his wife. — Hollies (1745-1809). 

Alme'ria, daughter of Manuel king 
of Grana'da. Prince Alphonso fell in 
love with her, and married her ; but on 
the very day of espousal the ship in which 
they were sailing was wrecked, and each 
thought the other had perished. Both, 
however, were saved, and met unex- 
pectedly on the coast of Granada, to 
which Alphonso was brought as a captive. 
Here (under the assumed name of Osmyn) 
he was imprisoned, but made his escape, 
and invaded Granada. He found king 
Manuel dead ; succeeded to the crown ; 
and " the mourning bride " became con- 
verted into the joyful wife. — W. Congreve : 
The Mourning Bride (1697). 

AlmesTiury (3 syl). It was in a 
sanctuary of Almesbury that queen 
Guenever took refuge, after her adul- 
terous passion for sir Lancelot was made 
known to the king. Here she died, but 
her body was buried at Glastonbury, in 
Somersetshire. 



(Almesbury, i.e. Almondsbury, id 
Gloucestershire.) 

Almey'da, the Portuguese governor 
of India. In his engagement with the 
united fleets of Cambaya and Egypt, he 
had his legs and thighs shattered by chain- 
shot, but, instead of retreating to the rear, 
he had himself bound to the ship-mast, 
where he "waved his sword to dieer on 
the combatants," till he died from loss of 
blood. 

Whirled by the cannons' rage, in shivers torn, 
His thighs far scattered o'er the waves are borne ; 
Bound to the mast the godlike hero stands. 
Waves his proud sword and cheers his woeful bands : 
Tho' winds and seas their wonted aid deny. 
To yield he knows not ; but he knows to die. 

Camoens : Lusiad, x. (1569). 

\ Similar stories are told of admiral 
Benbow, Cynasgeros brother of the poet 
^Eschylos, Jaafer who carried the sacred 
bmner of "the prophet" in the battle of 
Muta, and of some others. 

Almirods ( The), a rebellious people, 
who refused to submit to prince Pan- 
tag'ruel after his subjugation of Anar- 
chus king of the Dipsodes (2 syl.). It 
was while Pantagruel was marching 
against these rebels that a tremendous 
shower of rain fell, and the prince, putting 
out his tongue "half-way," sheltered his 
whole army. — Rabelais: Pantagruel, ii. 
32 (1533). 

ATnaschar, the dreamer, the "bar- 
ber's fifth brother." He invested all his 
money in a basket of glassware, on which 
he was to gain so much, and then to in- 
vest again and again, till he grew so rich 
that he would marry the vizier's daughter 
and live in grandeur ; but, being angry 
with his supposed wife, he gave a kick 
with his foot and smashed all the ware 
which had given birth to his dream of 
wealth. — The Arabian Nights Entertain- 
ments. 

IT Echep'ron's fable of The Shoemaker 
and a Ha'porth of Milk, in Rabelais ; 
The Milkmaid and her Pail of Milk, 
Dodsley ; and Perrette et le Pot au Lait, 
by La Fontaine, are similar fables. 

The leading ideas of Malvolio, in his humour of state, 
bear a strong resemblance to those of Alnaschar, and 
some of the expressions are very similar, too. — Tyr- 
Tv hit. 

To indulge in Alnaschar-like dreams of compound 
interest ad infinitum. — The Times. 

The Alnaschar of Mode/ n Literature, 
S. Taylor Coleridge, who dreamt his 
Kubla Khan (q.v.), and wrote it out next 
morning from memory (1772-1834). 

V Most likely he had been reading 
Pur< has's Pilgrimage, which recurred to 



ALNECMA. 



30 



ALQUIFE. 



aim in his dreams. None can doubt the 
resemblance of the two poems. 

Alnec'ma or Alnecmacht, ancient 
name of Connaught. 

In Alnecma was the warrior honoured, the first of the 
race of Bolga [the Belgce of South Ireland], — Ossian : 
Teniora, ii. 

Aloa'din (4 syl. ), a sorcerer, who made 
for himself a palace and garden in Arabia 
called "The Earthly Paradise." Thalaba 
slew him with a club, and the scene 
of enchantment disappeared. — Southey : 
Tkalaba the Destroyer, vii. (1797). 

A. L. O. E. (that is, A L[ady] 0[f] 
E[ngland]), Miss Charlotte Tucker (1821- 
1893). 

Alon'so, king of Naples, father of 
Ferdinand and brother of Sebastian, in 
The Tempest, by Shakespeare (1609). 

ALONZO the brave, the name of a 
ballad by M. G. Lewis. The fair Imogen' 
was betrothed to Alonzo, but, during his 
absence in the wars, became the bride of 
another. At the wedding feast Alonzo's 
ghost sat beside the bride, and, after 
rebuking her for her infidelity, carried 
her off to the grave. 

Alonzo the brave was the name of the knight ; 
The maid was the fair Imogen. 

M. G. Lewis (1775-1818). 

Alon'so, a Portuguese gentleman, the 
sworn enemy of the vainglorious Duarte 
(3 s yZ-)> m tne drama called The Custom 
of the Country, by Beaumont and Flet- 
cher (published in 1647). 

Alonzo, the husband of Cora. He is a 
brave Peruvian knight, the friend of Rolla, 
and beloved by king Atali'ba. Alonzo, 
being taken prisoner of war, is set at 
liberty by Rolla, who changes clothes 
with him. At the end he fights with 
Pizarroandkillshim. — Sheridan: Pizarro 
(altered from Kotzebue) (1799). 

Alonzo (Don), "the conqueror of 
Afric," friend of don Canos, and husband 
of Leonora. (For the plot, see Zanga.) — 
Young: The Revenge (1721). 

Alonzo Fernandez de Avella- 
neda, author of a spurious Don Quixote, 
who makes a third sally. This was pub- 
lished during the lifetime of Cervantes, 
and caused him great annoyance. 

Alp, a Venetian renegade, who was 
. commander of the Turkish army in the 
siege of Corinth. He loved Francrsca, 
daughter of old Minotti, governor of 
Corinth, but she refused to marry a rene- 
gade and apostate. Alp was shot in the 



siege, and Francesca died of la broken 
heart.— Byron : Siege of Corinth (1816). 

Alph, a river in Xanadu, mentioned 
by Coleridge in his Kubla Khan. 

In Xanadu did Kubla Khan 

A stately pleasure-dome decree, 
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran. 
Thro' caverns measureless to man, 
Down to a sunless sea. 

Kubla Khan. 

Alphe'us (3 syl.), a magician and 
prophet in the army of Charlemagne, 
slain in sleep by Clorida'no. — Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Alphe'us (3 syl.), of classic story, being 
passionately in love with Arethu'sa, pur- 
sued her ; but she fled from him in a 
fright, and was changed by Diana into 
a fountain, which bears her name. 

Alphon'so, an irascible old lord in 
The Pilgrim, a comedy by John Fletcher 
(1621). 

Alphon'so, king of Naples, deposed by 
his brother Frederick. Sora'no tried to 
poison him, but did not succeed. Ulti- 
mately, he recovered his crown, and 
Frederick and Sorano were sent to a 
monastery for the rest of their lives. — 
John Fletcher: A -Wife for a Month 
(1624). Beaumont died 1616. 

Alphonso, son of count Pedro of Can- 
tabria, afterwards king of Spain. He was 
plighted to Hermesind, daughter of lord 
Pelayo. 

The young Alphonso was in truth an heii 

Of nature's largest patrimony; rich 

In form and feature, growing strength of limb, 

A gentle heart, a soul affectionate, 

A joyous spirit, filled with generous thoughts. 

And genius heightening and ennobling all. 

Southey: Roderick, etc., viii. (1814). 

Alpleich or Elfenreigen, the weird 
spirit-song, or that music which some 
hear before death. Faber refers to it in 
his '* Pilgrims of the Night " — 

Hark, hark, my soul 1 Angelic songs are swelling. 

And Pope, in The Dying Christian to his 
Soul, when he says — 

Hark ! they whisper, angels say, 
Sister spirit, come away I 

Alps- Vinegar. It is Livy who says 
that Hannibal poured hot vinegar on the 
Alps to facilitate his passage over the 
mountains. Where did he get the vinegar 
from? And as for the fire, Polybius says 
there was no means of heating the vinegar, 
not a tree foi fire-wood. 

Alqtui'fe (3 syl.), a famous enchanter 
in Amddis of Gaul, by Vasco de Lobeira, 
of Oporto, who died 1403. 



AL RAKIM. 



3i 



ALTON. 



La Noue denounces such beneficent enchanters as 
Alquife and Urganda, because they serve "as a vindi- 
cation of those who traffic with the powers of darkness." 
—Francis de la Noue : Discourses, 87 (1587). 

Al Rakiin \rah-keem'\ The meaning 
of this word is very doubtful. Some say 
it is the mountain or valley of the cave 
of the seven sleepers. Others think it is 
the name of the dog shut up in the cave 
with them ; but probably it is a stone or 
metal tablet set up near the cave, con- 
taining the names of the seven sleepers 
and their dog Katmir'.— Sale : Al Koran, 
xviii. note. 

Alrinacli, the demon who causes 
shipwrecks, and presides over storms and 
earthquakes. When visible it is always 
in the form and dress of a woman. — 
Eastern Mythology. 

Alsa'tia, the Whitefriars' sanctuary 
for debtors and law-breakers. The name 
is taken from Alsatia {Alsace, in France), 
a seat of war and lawlessness when king 
James's son-in-law was the prince Pala- 
tine. Sir Walter Scott, in The Fortunes 
of Nigel, has graphically described the 
Kfe and state of this rookery, but he is 
greatly indebted to Shadwell's comedy, 
The Squire of Alsatia (1640-1692). 

Alscrip (Miss), ' ' the heiress, " a vulgar 
parvenue, affected, conceited, ill-natured, 
and ignorant. Having had a fortune left 
her, she assumes the airs of a woman of 
fashion, and exhibits the follies without 
possessing the merits of the upper ten. 

Mr. Alscrip, the vulgar father of "the 
heiress," who finds the grandeur of sud- 
den wealth a great bore, and in his new 
mansion, Berkeley Square, sighs for the 
snug comforts he once enjoyed as scrive- 
ner in Furnival's Inn. — Burgoyne: The 
Heiress (1781). 

Al Sirat', an imaginary bridge be- 
tween earth and the Mahometan paradise, 
not so wide as a spider's thread. Those 
laden with sin fall over into the abyss 
below. 

Al'tamont, a young Genoese lord, who 
marries Calista, daughter of lord Sciol'to 
(3 syl. ). On his wedding day he discovers 
that his bride has been seduced by Lotha'- 
rio, and a duel ensues, in which Lothario 
is killed, whereupon Calista stabs herself. 
— Rowe : 'I he Fa ir Pen it en t ( 1 703 ). 

• . * Rowe makes Sciolto three syllables 
always. 

[John Quick] commenced his career at Fulham, where 
be performed the character of " Altamont," which he 
acted so much to the satisfaction of the manager that 
te desired his wife to set down young Quick a wholo 



share, which, at the close of the performance, amounted 
to three shillings.— Memoir of John Quick (1832). 

Alt amor us, king of Samarcand', who 
joined the Egyptian army against the 
crusaders. He surrendered himself to 
Godfrey ( bk. xx. ). — Tasso : Jerusalem De- 
livered (1575)- 

Althe'a ( The divine), of Richard Love- 
lace, was Lucy Sacheverell, called by the 
poet, Lucretia. 

When love with unconfined wings 

Hovers within my gates, 
And my divine Althea brings 

To whisper at my grates. . . . 

(The "grates" here referred to were 
those of a prison in which Lovelace was 
confined by the Long Parliament, for his 
petition from Kent in favour of the king.) 

Althaea's Brand. The Fates told 
Althaea that her son Melea'ger would live 
just as long as a log of wood then on the 
fire remained unconsumed. Althaea con- 
trived to keep the log unconsumed for 
many years ; but when her son killed her 
two brothers, she threw it angrily into the 
fire, where it was quickly consumed, and 
Meleager expired at the same time. — 
Ovid: Metamorphoses, viii. 4. 

The fatal brand Althaea burned. 
Shakespeare : 2 Henry VI. act i. sc. 1 (1591), 

(Shakespeare says (2 Henry IV. act ii. 
sc. 2), Althaea dreamt "she was delivered 
of a fire-brand." This is a mistake. It 
was Hecuba who so dreamt. The story 
of Althaea and the fire-brand is given 
above. ) 

Altisido'ra, one of the duchess's 
servants, who pretends to be in love with 
don Quixote, and serenades him. The 
don sings his response that he has no 
other love than what he gives to his 
Dulcin'ea, and while he is still singing 
he is assailed by a string of cats, let into 
the room by a rope. As the knight was 
leaving the mansion, Altisidora accused 
him of having stolen her garters, but 
when the knight denied the charge, the 
damsel protested that she said so in her 
distraction, for her garters were not stolen. 
" I am like the man," she said, "looking 
for his mule at the time he was astride its 
back." — Cervantes: Don Quixote, II. iii. 
9, etc. ; iv. 5 (1615). 

Al'ton (Miss), alias Miss Clifford, a 
sweet, modest young lady, the companion 
of Miss Alscrip, " the heiress," a vulgar, 
conceited parvenue. Lord Gayville is 
expected to marry "the heiress," but 
detests her, and loves Miss Alton, her 
humble companion. It turns out that 



ALTON LOCKE. 



32 



AMALTHEA. 



£2000 a year of "the heiress's" fortune 
belongs to Mr. Clifford (Miss Alton's 
brother), and is by him settled on his 
sister. Sir Clement Flint destroys this 
bond, whereby the money returns to Clif- 
ford, who marries lady Emily Gayville, 
and sir Clement settles the same on his 
nephew, lord Gayville, who marries Miss 
Alton. — Burgoyne : The Heiress (1781). 

Al't on Locke, tailor and poet, a 
novel by the Rev. Charles Kings! ey 
(1850). This novel won for the author 
the title of " The Chartist Clergyman." 

Alzir'do, king of Trem'izen, in Africa, 
overthrown by Orlando in his march to 
join the allied army of Ag'ramant. — 
Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Am'adis of Gaul, a love-child of 
king Per'ion and the princess Elize'na. 
He is the hero of a famous prose romance 
of chivalry, the first four books of which 
(in old French) are attributed to Vasco 
de Lobeira of Portugal, who died 1403. 
Three other books were added in the 
same century, and were translated 
into Spanish in 1466 by Montal'vo, who 
added a fifth book. The five were 
rendered into French by Herberay, who 
increased the series to twenty-four books. 
Lastly, Gilbert Saunier added seven more 
volumes, and called the entire series Le 
Roman des Romans. 

'.' Whether Amadis was French or 
British is disputed. Some maintain that 
"Gaul" means Wales, not France; 
that Elizena was princess of Brittany 
(Bretagne), and that Perion was king 
of Gaul ( Wales), not Gaul {France). 

Amadis de Gaul was a tall man, of a fair complexion, 
his aspect something between mild and austere, and 
had a handsome black beard. He was a person of very 
few words, was not easily provoked, and was soon 
appeased.— Cervantes : Don Quixote, II. i. i (1615). 

(William Stewart Rose has a poem in 
three books, called Amadis of Gaul, 
1803.) 

1 As Arthur is the central figure of 
British romance, Charlemagne of French, 
and Diderick of German, so Amadis is 
the central figure of Spanish and Portu- 
guese romance ; but there is this difference 
— the tale of Amadis is a connected whole, 
concluding with the marriage of the hero 
with Oria'na. The intervening parts are 
only the obstacles he encountered and 
overcame in obtaining tin's consummation. 
In the Arthurian romances, and those of the 
Charlemagne series, we have a number of 
adventures of different heroes, but there 
is no unity of purpose, each set of adven- 
tures is complete in itself. 



(Sou they the poet has an admirable 
abridgment of Amadis of Gaul, and alsc 
of Palmerin of England. Bernardo 
Tasso wrote Amadigi di Gaula in 1560.) 

Am'adis of Greece, a supplemental 
part of Amadis of Gaul, by Felicia'no de- 
Silva. There are also several other Ama- 
dises — as Amadis of Colchis, Amadis of 
Trebisond, Amadis of Cathay ; but all 
these are very inferior to the original 
A madis of Gaul. 

The ancient fables, whose relickes doe yet ren'ain, 
namely, Lancelot oj the Lake, Pierceforest, Tristr.xm, 
Giron the Courteoiis, etc., doe beare witnesse of this 
odde vanitie. Herewith were men fed for the space 
of 500 yeeres, untill our language growing more 
polished, and our minds more ticklish, they were 
driven to invent some novelties wherewith to delight 
us. Thus came y° bookes of Amadis into light among 
us in this last age.— Francis de la None: Discourses, 
87 (1587)- 

Amai'mon (3 syl.), one of the prin- 
cipal devils. Asmode'us is one of his 
lieutenants. Shakespeare twice refers to 
him, in 1 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4, and in 
The Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. 
sc. 2. 

Amal'ahta, son of Erill'yab the 
deposed queen of the Hoamen (2 syl.), an 
Indian tribe settled on the south of the 
Missouri. He is described as a brutal 
savage, wily, deceitful, and cruel. Amal- 
ahta wished to marry the princess Goer'- 
vyl, Madoc's sister, and even seized her 
by force, but was killed in his flight. — 
Southey : Madoc, ii. 16(1805). 

Amaltlise'a, the sibyl who offered to 
sell to Tarquin nine books of prophetic 
oracles. When the king refused to give 
her the price demanded, she went away, 
burnt three of them, and returning to the 
king, demanded the same price for the 
remaining six. Again the king declined 
the purchase. The sibyl, after burning 
three more of the volumes, demanded 
the original sum for the remaining three. 
Tarquin paid the money, and Amalthaea 
was never more seen. Aulus Gellius 
says that Amalthsea burnt the books in 
the king's presence. Pliny affirms that 
the original number of volumes was only 
three, two of which the sibyl burnt, and 
the third was purchased by king Tarquin. 

Amalthe'a, mistress of Ammon and 
mother of Bacchus. Ammon hid his 
mistress in the island Nysa (in Africa), 
in order to elude the vigilance and 
jealousy of his wife Rhea. This account 
(given by Diodorus Sic'ulus, bk. hi., 
and by sir Walter Raleigh in his History 
of the World, I. vi. 5) differs from the 
ordinary story, which make Sem'eld the 



AMANDA. 



33 



AMARYLLIS. 



mother of Bacchus, and Rhea his nurse. 
(Ammon is Ham or Cham, the son of 
Noah, founder of the African race.) 

. . . that Nyseian Ue, 
Girt with the river Triton, where old Cham 

GVhom Gentiles Ammon call, and Libyan Jove) 
id Amalthea and her florid son, 
Young Bacchus, from his stepdame Rhea's eye. 
Milton : Paradise Lost, iv. 275 (1665). 

Amanda, wife of Loveless. Lord 
Foppington pays her amorous attentions, 
but she utterly despises the conceited 
coxcomb, and treats him with contumely. 
Colonel Townly, in order to pique his 
lady-love, also pays attention to Love- 
less's wife, but she repels his advances 
with indignation ; and Loveless, who over- 
hears her, conscious of his own short- 
comings, resolves to reform his ways, 
and, "forsaking all other," to remain 
true to Amanda, "so long as they both 
should live." — Sheridan: A Trip to Scar- 
borough (1777). 

Aman'da, in Thomson's Seasons, is 
meant for Miss Young, who married 
admiral Campbell. 

And thou, Amanda, come, pride of my song ! 
Formed by the Graces, loveliness itself. 

"Spring," 480,481 (1738). 

Awakened by the genial year, 
In vain the birds around me sing ; 

In vain the freshening fields appear ; 
Without my love there is no spring. 

Amanda, the victim of Peregrine 
Pickle's seduction, in Smollett's novel 
of Peregrine Pickle (1751). 

Am'ara [Mount), a place where the 
Abyssinian kings kept their younger sons, 
to prevent sedition. It was a perfect 
paradise enclosed with alabaster rocks, 
and containing thirty- four magnificent 
palaces. — Heylin: Microcosmus (1627). 

Where the Abassin kings their issue guard, 
Mount Amara, ... by some supposed 
True paradise under the Ethiop line, 
By Nilus line, enclosed with shining rock 
A whole day's journey high. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iv. 280, etc. (1665). 

("The Ethiop line" means the equi- 
octial line. ) 

Am'arant. There are numerous 
species of this flower, those best known 
are called prince's feather and love lies 
a-bleeding, both crimson flowers. The 
bloody amaranth and the clustered ama- 
ranth also bear red flowers ; but there is 
a species called the melancholy amaranth, 
which has a purple velvety flower. All 
retain their colours pretty well to the last, 
and the flowers endure for a long time. 
Pliny says (xxi. n) that the flowers of the 
amaranth recover their colour by being 
sprinkled with water. 



Immortal amaranth, a flower which once 

In paradise, fast by the Tree of Life, 

Began to bloom. . . . With these ... the spirits elect 

Bind their resplendent locks. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iii. 333, etc {1665). 

Amaran'ta, wife of Bar'tolus, the 
covetous lawyer. She was wantonly 
loved by Leandro, a Spanish gentle- 
man. — John Fletcher: The Spanish 
Curate (1622). Beaumont died in 1616. 

Am'aranth (Greek, amarantos, "ever- 
lasting"), so called because its flowers 
retain their "flaming red" colour to the 
last. Longfellow, by a strange error, 
crowns the angel of death with amaranth, 
with which (as Milton says) "the spirits 
elect bind their resplendent locks," and 
his angel of life he crowns with asphodel, 
the flower of Pluto or the grave. 

He who wore the crown of asphodels . . 
[said] " My errand is not death, but life ' . . . 
[but] The angel with the amaranthine wreath 

Whispered a word, that had a sound like death: 
Longfellow: The Two Angels. 

Am'aranth (Lady), in Wild Oats, by 
John O'Keefe, a famous part of Mrs. 
Pope (1740-1797). 

AmariTlis, a shepherdess in love 
with Per'igot (/ sounded), but Perigot 
loved Am'oret. In order to break off this 
affection, Amarillis induced "the sullen 
shepherd" to dip her in "the magic 
well," whereby she became transformed 
into the perfect resemblance of her rival ; 
and soon effectually disgusted Perigot 
with her bold and wanton conduct. 
When afterwards he met the true 
Amoret, he repulsed her, and even 
wounded her with intent to kill. Ulti- 
mately, the trick was discovered by 
Cor'in, "the faithful shepherdess," and 
Perigot was married to his true love. — 
John Fletcher: The Faithful Shepherd 
(1610). 

Amaryllis, in Spenser's pastoral, 
Colin Clout's Come Home Again, is the 
countess-dowager of Derby. Her name 
was Alice, and she was the youngest of 
the six daughters of sir John Spenser, of 
Althorpe, ancestor of the noble houses 
of Spenser and Marlborough. After the 
death of the earl, the widow married sir 
Thomas Egerton, keeper of the Great 
Seal (afterwards baron of Ellesmere and 
viscount Brackley). It was for this very 
lady, during her widowhood, that Milton 
wrote his Ar'cades (3 syl.). 

No less praiseworthy are the sisters three 
The honour of the noble family 
Of which I meanest boast myself to be . . 
Phyllis, Charyllis, and sweet Amaryllis; 
Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three. 
The next to her is bountiful Charylli6, 
But Amaryllis highest in degree. 
S/enser: Colin Cloufs Come Hotne Again (1594J. 

D 



AMARYLLIS. 



34 



AMBROSE. 



Amaryllis, the name of a rustic 
beauty in the Idylls of Theocrltos, and 
in the Eclogues of Virgil. 

To sport with Amaryllis in the shade. 

Milton. 

Amasis, the ring of Amasis is the 
same as Polycrates' ring (q.v.). 

Am'asis, AmOsis, or Aah'?nes (3 syl.), 
founder of the eighteenth Egyptian 
dynasty (b.C. 1610). Lord Brooke at- 
tributes to him one of the pyramids. The 
three chief pyramids are usually ascribed 
to Suphis (or Cheops), Sen-Suphis (or 
Cephrenes), and Mencheres, all of the 
fourth dynasty. 

Amasis and Cheops how can time forgive. 
Who in their useless pyramids would live ! 

Lord Brooke : Peace. 

Amateur (An). Pierce Egan the 
younger published under this pseudonym 
his Real Life in London, or The Rambles 
and Adventures of Rob Tally-ho, Esq., 
and his Cousin, the Hon. Tom Dashall, 
through the Metropolis (1821-2). 

Amaurite, a bridge in Utopia. Sir 
Thomas More says he could not recollect 
whether Raphael Hythloday told him it 
was 500 paces or only 300 paces long, and 
he requested his friend, Peter Giles, living 
at Antwerp, to question the adventurer 
about it. 

Amaurot, the chief city of " Utopia " 
(q.v.). (Greek, amauros, " shadowy, un- 
known.") 

Amaurots (The), a people whose 
kingdom was invaded by the Dipsodes 
(2 svl. ), but Pantag'ruel, coming to their 
defence, utterly routed the invaders. — 
Rabelais: Pantagruel, ii. (1533). 

Ama'via, the personification of In- 
temperance in grief. Hearing that her 
husband, sir Mordant, had been enticed 
to the Bower of Bliss by the enchantress 
Acra'sia, she went in quest of him, and 
found him so changed in mind and body 
she could scarcely recognize him ; how- 
ever, she managed by tact to bring him 
away ; but he died* on the road, and 
Amavia stabbed herself from excessive 
grief. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, «\ 1 
(1590). 

Amazia. Samuel Pordage wrote a 
poem entitled Azaria and Hushai, in 
reply to Dryden's Absalotn and Achitophel 
(q.v.). Amazia stands for Charles II. In 
this reply we meet with the^e preposterous 
lines — 



All his subjects, who his fate did moan, 
With joyful hearts restored him to his throne; 
Who then his father's murderers destroyed. 
And a long, happy, peaceful reign enjoyed. 
Beloved of all, for merciful was he 
Like God, in the superlative degree J (III) 

Amazo'na, a fairy, who freed a 
certain country from the Ogri and the 
Blue Centaur. When she sounded her 
trumpet, the sick were recovered and be- 
came both young and strong. She gave 
the princess Carpil'lona a bunch of gilli- 
flowers, which enabled her to pass un- 
recognized before those who knew her 
well. — Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales 
(" The Princess Carpillona," 1682). 

Amazo'niaxi Chin, a beardless chin, 
like that of the Amazonian women. 
Especially applied to a beardless young 
soldier. (See Alexander, p. 22.) 

When with his Amazonian chin he drove 
The bristled lips before him. 
Shakespeare: Coriolanus, act ii. sc. a (1609). 

Amber, said to be a concretion of 
birds' tears, but the birds were the sisters 
of Melea'ger, called Meleag'rldes, who 
never ceased weeping for their dead 
brother. — Pliny: Natural History, xxxvii. 
2, 11. 

Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber 
That ever the sorrowing sea-birds have wept. 

Moore: Fire- Worshippers. 

AMBROSE (2 syl. ), a sharper, who 
assumed in the presence of Gil Bias the 
character of a devout. He was in league 
with a fellow who assumed the name of 
don Raphael, and a young woman who 
called herself Camilla, cousin of donna 
Mencia. These three sharpers allure Gil 
Bias to a house which Camilla says is hers, 
fleece him of his ring, his portmanteau, 
and his money, decamp, and leave him to 
find out that the house is only a hired 
lodging. — Lesage : Gil Bias, i. 15, 16 

(1715)- 

(This incident is borrowed from Es- 
pinel's romance entitled Vidade Escudero, 
marcosde Obregon, 1618.) 

Am'brose (2 syl.), a female domestic 
servant waiting on Miss Seraphine and 
.diss Angelica Arthuret. — Sir W, Scott- 
R'dgauntlet (time, George II.). 

Ambrose (Brother), a monk who at- 
tended the prior Aymer, of Jorvaulx 
Abbey. — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I.). 

Ambrose (Father), abbot of Kenna- 
quhair, is Edward Glendinning, brother of 
sir Halbert Glendinning (the knight ol 
Avenel). He appears at Kinross, dis- 
guised as a nobleman's retainer. — Sir IV. 
Scott: The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 



AMBROSIAN CHANT. 



35 



AMERICA. 



*. • Father Ambrose (Edward Glen- 
dinning), abbot of Kennaquhair, and 
subsequently a servant at Kinross. The 
novel is called the "Abbot," but Roland 
Graeme is the real hero and chief character. 

Ambrosian Chant {The), or hymn 
called Ambrosidnum, mentioned by Isi- 
dore, in his De Eccl. Uffic. , bk. i. chap. 6. 
It "was a chant or hymn introduced into 
the Church of Milan in the fourth century, 
and now known as the TeDeum lauddmus. 
It is said to have been the joint work of 
St. Ambrose and St. Augustine. The 
historic fact is disputed. 

Ambrosio, the hero of Lewis's 
romance The Monk. He is abbot of the 
Capuchins of Madrid, and is called ' ' The 
man of holiness ; " but Matilda overcame 
his virtue, and he goes on from bad to 
worse, till he is condemned to death by 
the Inquisition. He now bargains with 
Lucifer for release. He gains his bargain, 
it is true, but only to be dashed to pieces 
on a rock. 

Amelia, a model of conjugal affec- 
tion, in Fielding's novel so called (1751). 
It is said that the character was modelled 
from his own wife. Dr. Johnson read 
this novel from beginning to end without 
once stopping. 

Amelia is perhaps the only book of which, being 
printed off betimes one morning, a new edition was 
called for before night. The character oi Amelia is 
the most pleasing heroine of all the romances.— Dr. 
Johrson. 

(lady Mary Wortley Montague tells us 
that Mr. and Mrs. Booth are faithful pre- 
sentments of Mr. and Mrs. Fielding. ) 

Amelia, in Thomson's Seasons, a beau- 
tiful, innocent young woman, overtaken 
by a storm while walking with her troth- 
plight lover, Cel'adon, " with equal virtue 
formed, and equal grace. Hers the 
mild lustre of the blooming morn, and 
his the radiance of the risen day." 
Amelia grew frightened, but Celadon 
said, "'Tis safety to be near thee, sure ; " 
when a flash of lightning struck her 
dead in his arms. — " Summer " (1727). 

Amelia, in Schiller's tragedy of The 
Robbers. 

Or they will learn how generous worth sublimes 
The robber Moor, and pleads for all his crimes; 
How poor Amelia kissed with many a tear 
His hand, blood-stained, but ever, ever dear. 

Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 

Amelia Sedley, " a dear little 
creature," in love with George Osborne, 
in Thackeray's novel of Vanity Fair. 

Amelot (2 syl.), the page of sir Da- 



mian de Lacy.— Sir IV. Scott: The Be- 
trothed (time, Henry II.). 

America. Names of the United 
States, whence derived — 

Alabama, an Indian word, meaning " Here we rest" 
So named in 1817, from the chief river. 

Annap'olis (Maryland), so named from queen Anne, 
in whose reign it was constituted the seat of local 
government. 

Asto'ria (Oregon), so called from Mr. Astor, mer- 
chant, of New York, who founded here a fur-trading 
station in 18x1. The adventure of this merchant forms 
the subject of Washington Irving's Astoria. 

Baltimore (3 syl.), in Maryland, is so called from 
lord Baltimore, who led a colony to that state in 
1634. 

Boston (Massachusetts), so called from Boston in 
Lincolnshire, whence many of the original founders 
emigrated. 

Carolina (North and South), named originally from 
Charles IX. of France ; but Charles II. granted the 
whole country to eight needy courtiers. 

Carson City (Oregon) commemorates the name of 
Kit Carson, the Rocky Mountain trapper and guide, 
who died in 1871. 

Charlestown (Carolina), founded in 1670, and named 
after Charles II. 

Connecticut (Indian), so called from the chief river. 

Delaware (3 syl.), in Pennsylvania, so named from 
lord De la Ware, who died in the bay (1703). 

Flor'ida, discovered by the Spaniards on Palm 
Sunday, and thence called [Pasoua} Florida. 

Geor'gia, named in honour of George II., in whose 
reign the first settlement there was made. 

Harrisburg (Pennsylvania), named from Mr. Harris, 
by whom it was first settled in X733, under a grant from 
the Penn family. 

Indiana, so named from the number of Indians 
which dwelt there (1801). 

Louisiana, so named by M. de la Sale (1682), in 
honour of Louis XIV. of France. 

Maine, so called (1638) from the French province of 
the same name. 

Maryland, so named by lord Baltimore (r632). In 
compliment to Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I. 
of England. 

Massachusetts (Indian) means " Blue Hills." 

Nevada, so called from the Sierra Nevada mountain- 
chain. 

New Hampshire, previously called Laconia. It 
received its present name from J. Mason, governor 
of Hampshire, to whom it was conceded in 1629. 

New jersey, so called in honour of sir G. Carteret, 
who had defended Jersey against the parliamentary 
forces in 1664. 

New York, previously called New Amsterdam. It 
received its present name (1664) in compliment to 
James duke of York (afterwards James II.). 

Pennsylvania ("the Penn Forest"), so called from 
William Penn, who, in 1681, gave to the state its con- 
stitution. 

Rhode Island, so called, in 1644, in reference to the 
island of Rhodes. It is the smallest of the 13 original 
States of North America, and was colonized by the 
Pilgrim Fathers. 

Texas {i.e. "the place of pro-tection "), so called in 
1817, because general Lallemant gave there "pro- 
tection " to a colony of French refugees. 

Vermont (i.e. "Verts Monts "), so called from the 
Green Mountains, which traverse the state. 

Virginia, so called (1584) by sir Walter Raleigh, in 
compliment to Elizabeth, " the virgin queen." 

' .' Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan 
("a lake"), Minnesota ("laughing waters"), Missis- 
sippi (" sea of waters "), Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, 
Oregon, and Wisconsin, are names of rivers. 

America. Nicknames of the United 
States' inhabitants : Alabama, lizards ; 
Arkansas, tooth-picks; California, gold- 
hunters ; Colora'do, rovers ; Conned ticut, 
wooden nutmegs ; Del'aware, musk-rats ; 
Flor'ida, fly-up- the-creeks ; Geor'gia, 



AMERICAN NOTES. 



AMIEL. 



buzzards ; Illinois, suckers ; Indiana, 
hoosiers ; Iowa, hawk-eyes ; Kansas, 
jay-hawkers ; Kentucky, corn-crackers ; 
Louisiana, Creoles ; Maine, foxes ; 
Maryland, craw-thumpers ; Mich'igan, 
wolverines ; Minnesota, gophers ; Mis- 
sissippi, tadpoles ; Missou'ri, pukes ; 
Nebraska, bug-eaters ; Nevada, sage 
hens ; New Hampshire, granite boys ; 
New yersey, blues or clam-catchers ; 
New York, knickerbockers ; North Caro- 
lina, tar-boilers and tuckoes ; Ohio, 
buck-eyes ; Or'egon, web-feet and hard- 
cases ; Pennsylvania, Pennanites and 
leather-heads ; Rhode Island, gun-flints ; 
South Carolina, weasels ; Tennessee*, 
whelps ; Texas, beef-heads ; Vermont, 
Green Mountain boys ; Virgin' ia, beadies ; 
Wisconsin, badgers. 

American Notes, by Charles 
Dickens (1842). The book was well 
received in England, but gave great 
offence in America. A reply, called 
Change for American Aotes, was 
published by an American lady, cutting 
up the book hip and thigh. 

American States. The eight states, 
Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Kentucky, 
Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, and Wis- 
consin, derive their names from their re- 
spective chief rivers. 

Amethyst is said to dispel drunken- 
ness. (Greek, a, privative ; methusis, 
" drunkenness.") 

Amen'ti, the heaven of Egyptian 
mythology. 

Open the gate of heaven . . . open the gate of the 
starry region ; open the gate of Ameuti 1 — Inscription 
on the mummy opened by Pettigrcw, in 1836. 

Amgiad, son of Camaralzaman and 
Badoura, and ha/f-brother of Assad (son 
of Camaralzaman and Haiatal'nefous). 
Each of the two mothers conceived a base 
passion for the other's son, and when the 
young princes revolted at their advances, 
accused them to their father of designs 
upon their honour. Camaralzaman or- 
dered his emir Giondar to put them both 
to death, but as the young men had saved 
him from a lion, he laid no hand on them, 
but told them not to return to their father's 
dominions. They wandered on for a time, 
and then parted, but both reached the 
same place, which was a city of the Magi. 
Here by a strange adventure Amgiad was 
made vizier, while Assad was thrown into 
a dungeon, where he was designed as a 
sacrifice to the fire-god. Bosta'na, a 
daughter of the old man who imprisoned 
Assad, released him, and Amgiad out of 



gratitude made her his wife. After which 
the king, who was greatly advanced in 
years, appointed him his successor, and 
Amgiad used his best efforts to abolish 
the worship of fire and establish "the 
true faith." — Arabian Nights ("Amgiad 
and Assad "). 

Amhara, the kingdom in which was 
the "happy valley," where the Abys- 
sinian princes were doomed to live. The 
valley was encompassed by mountains, 
and had but one entrance, which was 
under a cavern, concealed by woods and 
closed by iron gates. — Dr. Johnson: 
Rasselas (1759). 

Am'ias, a squire of low degree, beloved 
by ^Emilia. They agreed to meet at a 
given spot, but on their way thither both 
were taken captives — Amias by Corflambo, 
and ^Emilia by a man-monster. ^Emilia 
was released by Belphcebe' (3 syl. ), who 
slew " the caitiff; " and Amias by prince 
Arthur, who slew Corflambo. The two 
lovers were then brought together by the 
prince "in peace and settled rest." — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, iv. 7, 9(1596). 

Am'idas, the younger brother of 
Brac'idas, sons of Mile'sio ; the former 
in love with the dowerless Lucy, and the 
latter with the wealthy Philtra. The two 
brothers had each an island of equal size 
and value left them by their father, but 
the sea daily added to the island of the 
younger brother, and encroached on that 
belonging to Bracidas. When Philtra 
saw that the property of Amidas was 
daily increasing, she forsook the elder 
brother and married the wealthier ; while 
Lucy, seeing herself jilted, threw herself 
into the sea. A floating chest attracted 
her attention ; she clung to it, and was 
drifted to the wasted island. The chest 
was found to contain great riches, and 
Lucy gave its contents and herself to 
Bracidas. Amidas claimed the chest as 
his own by right, and the question in 
dispute was submitted to sir Ar'tegal. 
The wise arbiter decided, that whereas 
Amidas claimed as his owa all the addi- 
tions given to his island by the sea, Lucy 
might claim as her own the chest, because 
the sea had given it to her. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, v. 4 (1596). 

Am'iel, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, is meant for sir Edward Sey- 
mour, Speaker of the House of Commons. 
An anagrnm for ElTam, "the friend 0/ 
God " (2 Sam. xxiii. 34). 



AMIN. 



37 



AMMON'S SON. 



Who can Amiel's praise refuse t 
Of ancient race by birth, but nobler yet 
In his own worth, and without title great. 
The sanhedrim long time as chief he ruled, 
Their reason guided, and their passion cooled. 
Part 1. 899-903. 

A'min {Prince), son of the caliph 
Haroun-al-Raschid; he married Am'ine*, 
sister of Zobeide (3 syl.), the caliph's wife. 
— Arabian Nights Entertainments (" The 
History of Amine "). 

Am'ina, an orphan, who walked in 
her sleep. (For the tale, see Sonnam- 
bula.) — Bellini: La Sonnambula (an 
opera, 1831). 

Am'ine (3 syl.), half-sister of Zobei'de' 
(3 syl.), and wife of Amin, the caliph's 
son. One day she went to purchase a 
robe, and the seller told her he would 
charge nothing if she would suffer him to 
kiss her cheek. Instead of kissing he 
bit it, and Amine, being asked by her 
husband how she came by the wound, 
so shuffled in her answers that he com- 
manded her to be put to death — a sentence 
he afterwards commuted to scourging. 
One day she and her sister told the stories 
of their lives to the caliph Haroun-al- 
Raschid, when Amin became reconciled 
to his wife, and the caliph married her 
half-sister. — Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
ments ( ' ' History of Zobeide and History 
of Amine"). 

Am'ine (3 syl.) or Amines (3 syl.), 
the beautiful wife of Sidi Nouman. In- 
stead of eating her rice with a spoon, she 
used a bodkin for the purpose, and carried 
it to her mouth in infinitesimal portions. 
This went on for some time, till Sidi 
Nouman determined to ascertain on what 
his wife really fed, and to his horror 
discovered that she was a ghoul, who 
went stealthily by night to the cemetery, 
and feasted on the fresh-buried dead. — 
Arabian Nights Entertainments (" His- 
tory of Sidi Nouman "). 

N.B. — Amine was so hard-hearted that 
she led about her three sisters like a leash 
of greyhounds. 

One of the Amine's sort, who pick up their grains of 
food with a bodkin.— O. W. Holmes: Autocrat of tiu 
Brtakfast-TabU. 

Amin 'tor, a young nobleman, the 
troth-plight husband of Aspatia, but by 
the king's command he marries Evad'ne 
(3 syl.). This is the great event of the 
tragedy of which Aniintor is the hero. 
The sad story of Evadne, the heroine, 
gives name to the play. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher: The Maid's Tragedy (16 10). 

(Till the reign of Charles II., the kings 



of England claimed the feudal right of 
disposing in marriage any one who owed 
them feudal allegiance. In All's Well 
that Ends Well, Shakespeare makes the 
king of France exercise a similar right, 
when he commands Bertram, count of 
Rousillon, to marry against his will Hel'- 
ena, the physician's daughter.) 

Amis the Priest, the hero of a 
comic German story, in verse (thirteenth 
century). He was an Englishman, whose 
popularity excited the envy of the higher 
clergy ; so they tried to depose him on 
the score of ignorance. Being brought 
before them, they demand answers to 
such questions as these : ' ' How many 
days is it since Adam was placed in 
paradise ? " but Amis fools them with his 
wit. The poem reminds one of the Abbot 
of Canterbury, and the Abbi de St. Gall. — 
Strieker of Austria (fourteenth century). 

Am'let (Richard), the gamester in 
Vanbrugh's Confederacy (1695). He is 
usually called ' * Dick. " 

I saw Miss Pope for the second time, In the year 
1790, in the character of " Flippanta," John Palmer 
being " Dick Amlet," and Mrs. Jordan " Corinna."— 
James Smith. 

Mrs. Amlet, a rich, vulgar, trades- 
woman, mother of Dick, of whom she is 
very proud, although she calls him a 
"sad scapegrace," and swears "he will 
be hanged." At last she settles on him 
£10,000, and he marries Corinna, daugh- 
ter of Gripe the rich scrivener. 

Ammo'nian Horn [The), the cornu- 
copia. Ammon king of Libya gave to 
his mistress Amalthe'a (mother of Bac- 
chus) a tract of land resembling a ram's 
horn in shape, and hence called the 
" Ammonian horn" (from the giver), the 
" Amalthe'an horn" (from the receiver), 
and the " Hisperian horn" (from its 
locality). Almathea also personifies fer- 
tility. (Ammon is Ham, son of Noah, 
founder of the African race.) (See 
Amalthea.) 

ESere] Amalthea pours, 
e wealth of that Ammonian honi, 
Her dower. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads. 

Amnion's Son. Alexander the Great 
called himself the son of the god Ammon, 
but others call him the son of Philip of 
Macedon. 

Of food I think with Philip's son, or rather 
Ammon's (ill pleased with one world and one father). 
Byron : Don Juan, v. 31. 

(Alluding to the tale that when Alex- 
ander had conquered the whole world, he 
wept that there was no other world to 
conquer. ) 



AMON'S SON. 



38 



AMPHITRYON. 



A'mon's Son is Rinaldo, eldest son 
j>{ Amon or Ayraon marquis d'Este, and 
nephew of Charlemagne. — Ariosto: Or- 
lando Furioso (1516). 

Am'oret, a modest, faithful shep- 
herdess, who plighted her troth to Per'igot 
(/ sounded) at the " Virtuous Well." The 
wanton shepherdess Amarillis assumed 
her appearance and dress, but the decep- 
tion being revealed by Cor 'in, " the faith- 
ful shepherdess," the lovers were happily 
married. — John Fletcher : The Faithful 
Shepherdess (1610). (See AMARILLIS, 
P. 33-) 

Amoret'ta or Am'oret, twin-born 
with Belpbceb£ (3 syl.), their mother 
being Chrysog'one (4 syl.). While the 
mother and her two babes were asleep, 
Diana took one (Belphcebe) to bring up, 
and Venus the other. Venus committed 
Amoretta to the charge of Psyche (2 syl.), 
and Psychg tended her as lovingly as 
she tended her own daughter Pleasure, 
" to whom she became the companion." 
When grown to marriageable estate, 
Amoretta was brought to Fairyland, and 
wounded many a heart, but gave her own 
only to sir Scudamore (bk. iii. 6). Being 
seized by Bu'sirane, an enchanter, she was 
kept in durance by him because she would 
not " her true love deny ; " but Britomart 
delivered her and bound the enchanter 
(bk. iii. ix, 12), after which she became 
the tender, loving wife of sir Scudamore. 

Amoret is the type of female loveliness 
and wifely affection, soft, warm, chaste, 
gentle, and ardent ; not sensual nor yet 
platonic, but that living, breathing, warm- 
hearted love which fits woman for the 
fond mother and faithful wife. — Spenser : 
Faerie Queene, iii. (1590). 

Amonr'y (Sir Giles), the Grand- 
Master of the Knights Templars, who 
conspired with the marquis of Montserrat 
against Richard I. Saladin cut off the 
Templar's head while in the act of drink- 
ing. — Sir W. Scott : The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.). 

Am'persand, a corruption of And-as- 
and, i.e. " &-as-and." The symbol is the 
old Italian monogram et (" and "), made 
thus <5r\ in which the hrst part is the letter 
e and the flourish at the end the letter /. 

State epistles, so dull and so grand, 
Mustn't contain the shortened " and." 

O my nice little amperzand I 

Nothing that Cadmus ever planned 

Equals my elegant amperzand. 

Quoted in Notes and Queries (May 5, 1877). 

(Cadmus invented the original Greek 
alphabet.) 



Am'phibal (St.), confessor of St. 
Alban of Verulam. When Maximia'nus 
Hercu'lius, general of Diocle'tian's army 
in Britain, pulled down the Christian 
churches, burnt the Holy Scriptures, and 
put to death the Christians with unflagging 
zeal, Alban hid his confessor, and offered 
to die for him. 

A thousand other saints whom Amphibal had taught . . . 
Were slain where Lichfield is, whose name doth rightly 

sound 
(There of those Christians slain), "Dead-field" 01 

burying-ground. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Amphi'on is said to have built 
Thebes by the music ot his lute. Tenny- 
son has a poem called Amphion, a skit 
and rhyming/<?« d 'esprit. 

Amphion there the loud creating lyre 
Strikes, and behold a sudden Thebes aspire. 
Pope: Temple 0/ Fame. 

Amphis-brena, a reptile which could 
go head foremost either way, because it 
had a head at each extremity. Milton 
uses the word in Paradise Lost, x. 524. 
(Greek, amphis-baina, a serpent which 
could go either backwards or forwards. ) 

The amphls-baena doubly armed appears, 
At either end a threatening head she rears. 
Rowe: Pharsalia, ix. 696, etc. (by Lucan). 

Amphitryon, a Theban general, 
husband of Alcme'nS. While Amphi- 
tryon was absent at war with Pter'elas 
king of the Tel'eboans, Jupiter assumed 
his form, and visited Alcmene", who in 
due time became the mother of Her'cul£s. 
Next day Amphitryon returned, having 
slain Pterelas, and Alcmene' was surprised 
to see him so soon again. Here a great 
entanglement arose, Alcmene' telling her 
husband he visited her last night, and 
showing him the ring he gave her ; but 
Amphitryon declared he was with the 
army. This confusion was still further 
increased by his slave Sos'ia, who went 
to tell Alcmeng the news of her husband's 
victory, but was stopped by Mercury, who 
had assumed for the nonce Sosia's form ; 
and the slave could not make out whether 
he was himself or not. This plot has been 
made a comedy by Plautus. Moliere, and 
Dryden. 

The scenes which Plautus drew, tonight we show. 
Touched by Moliere, by Dryden taught to glow. 

Prologue to HawksTvorth's version. 
As an Amphitryon chez quil'on dine, no one knows 

better than Ouicla the uses of a recherche" dinner.— 

Yates : Celebrities, xix. 

"Amphitryon:" Le veritable Amphi- 
tryon est I' Amphytrion oil I' on dine (" The 
master of the feast is the master of the 
house "). While the confusion was at 



AMREET. 

Its height between the false and true 
Amphitryon, Socie [Sosia] the slave is 
requested to decide which was which, and 
replied — 

Je ne me trompois pas, messieurs ; ce mot termine 
Toute l'irr^solution ; 
Le veritable Amphitryon 
Est "Amphitryon oil l'on dine. 

Moliere: Amphitryon, iii. 5 (1668). 
Demosthenes and Cicero 

Are doubtless stately names to hear. 
But that of good Amphitryon 
Sounds far more pleasant to my ear. 

M. A. D/saugiers (1772-1827). 

Amree't, the drink which imparts 
immortality, or the Water of Immortality. 
It is obtained by churning the sea, either 
with the mountain Meroo or with the 
mountain Mandar. — Mahabharat. 

" Bring forth the Amreeta-cup I " Kehama cried 

To Yamen, rising sternly in his pride ; 

" It is within the marble sepulchre." . . . 

" Take ! drink ! " with accents dread the spectre said. 

" For thee and Kailgal hath it been assigned. 

Ye only of the children of mankind." 

Southey : Curse of Kehama, xxiv. 13 (1809). 

Am'ri, in Absalom and Achitophel, 
by Dryden and Tate, is Heneage Finch, 
earl of Nottingham and lord chancellor. 
He is called "The Father of Equity" 
(1621-1682). 

To whom the double blessing did belong, 
With Moses' inspiration, Aaron's tongue. 

Part ii. 1023-4 (1682). 

Amun'deville [Lord Henry), one of 
the "British privy council." After the 
sessions of parliament he retired to his 
country seat, where he entertained a 
select and numerous party, amongst which 
were the duchess of Fitz-Fulke, Aurora 
Raby, and don Juan " the Russian 
envoy." His wife was lady Adeline. 
(His character is given in xiv. 70, 71.) — 
Byron : Don Juan, xiii. to end. 

Am'tLrath III., sixth emperor of the 
Turks. He succeeded his father, Selim 
II., and reigned 1574-1595. His first 
act was to invite all his brothers to a 
banquet, and strangle them. Henry IV. 
alludes to this when he says — 

This is the English, not the Turkish court ; 
Not Amurath an Amurath succeeds. 
But Harry, Harry. 
Shakespeare : 2 Henry IV. act v. sc 2 (1598). 

Amusements of Kings. The 

great amusement of Aretas of Arabia Pe- 
traea, was currying horses ; of Artaba'nus 
of Persia, was mole-catching ; of Domitian 
of Rome, was catching flies ; of Ferdinand 
VII. of Spain, was embroidering petti- 
coats ; of Henri III., bilboquet ; of 
Louis XVI., clock and lock making; of 
George IV., the game of patience. 

Amyn'tas, in Colin Clout's Come 
Home Again, by Spenser, is Ferdinando 
earl of Derby, who died 1594. 



39 ANACHRONISMS. 

Amyntas. flower of shepherd's pride forlorn. 
He, whilst he lived, was the noblest swain 
That ever piped on an oaten quill. 
Spenser: Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1591). 

Amyn'tor. (See Amintor.) 
Amy Robsart. (See Robsart.) 

A'mys and Amyl'ion, the Damon 
and Pythias of mediaeval romance. (See 
Ellis's Specimens of Early English Metri- 
cal Romances.) 

Anab'asis, the expedition of the 
younger Cyrus against his brother Arta- 
xerxes, and the retreat of his "ten thou- 
sand " Greeks, described by Xen'ophon 
the Greek historian. 

Your chronicler, in writing this, 
Had in his mind th' Anabasis. 
Longfellow : The Wayside Inn (an interlude). 

Anacharsis. Le voyage du Jeune 
Anacharsis. An historical romance by 
l'abbe Barthelemy (1788). It is a descrip- 
tion of Greece in the time of Pericles and 
Philip, and was a labour of 30 years. 
The introduction is especially admired. 
At one time it was extremely popular, but 
it has not maintained its original high 
reputation. 

• . ' Anacharsis the Scythian, of princely 
rank, left his native country to travel in 
pursuit of knowledge. He reached 
Athens, about B.C. 594, and became 
acquainted with Solon, etc. By his 
talents and acute observations he has 
been reckoned by some one of the 
"Seven Wise Men." Barthelemy's ro- 
mance is not a translation of the Scy- 
thinn's book, but an original work called 
Anacharsis the Younger. 

Anacharsis [Clootz]. Baron Jean 
Baptiste Clootz assumed the prenome of 
Anacharsis, from the Scythian so called, 
who travelled about Greece and other 
countries to gather knowledge and im- 
prove his own countrymen. The baron 
wished by the name to intimate that his 
own object in life was like that of Ana- 
charsis (1755-1794). 

He assumed the name of " Anacharsis " in his travels, 
before Barthelemy had published his book. 

Anachronisms. (See Errors.) 
Chaucek, in his tale of Troylus, at the 

siege of Troy, makes Pandarus refer to 

Robin Hood. 

And to himselfe ful soberly he saied, 
From hasellwood there jolly Robin plaied. 

Book v. 

*.' He also makes Chryseyde talk of 
reading the " lives of the saints," and 
rejoicing that she is not a man. 

In the House of Fame, Orion the giant 
is mistaken lor Arlon the musician. 



ANACHRONISMS. 



40 



ANACREON MOORE. 



Ciceko (Holden's edition, De Officiis, 
p. 15 note). Demosthenes is said to have 
given up oratory at the instigation of 
Socratds. Socrates lived B.C. 460-391; 
Demosthenes, 383-322. 

Giles Fletcher, in Christ s Victory, 
pt. ii., makes the Tempter seem to be "a 
good old hermit or palmer, travelling to 
see some saint, and telling his beads ! I " 

Lodge, in The True Tragedies of 
Marius and Sylla (1594), mentions "the 
razor of Palermo" and "St. Paul's 
steeple," and introduces Frenchmen who 
"for forty crowns" undertake to poison 
the Roman consul. 

Morglay makes Dido tell yEneas that 
she should have been contented with a 
son, even "if he had been a cockney 
dandiprat" (1582). 

Schiller, in his Piccolomini, speaks 
of lightning conductors. This was at 
least 130 years before they were invented. 

Shakespeare, in his Coriolanus (act 
ii. sc. 1), makes Menenius refer to Galen 
above 600 years before he was born. 

Cominius alludes to Roman plays, but 
no .such things were known for 250 years 
after the death of Cominius. — Coriolanus, 
act ii. sc. 2. 

Brutus refers to the " Marcian waters 
brought to Rome by Censormus." This 
was not done till 300 years afterwards. 

In Hamlet, the prince Hamlet was 
educated at Wittemberg School, which 
was not founded till 1502 ; whereas Saxo- 
Germanicus, from whom Shakespeare 
borrowed the tale, died in 1204. Hamlet 
was 30 years old when his mother talks of 
his going back to school (act i. sc. 2) . 

In 1 Henry IV. the carrier complains 
that " the turkeys in his pannier are quite 
starved" (act ii. sc. 5), whereas turkeys 
came from America, and the New World 
was not even discovered for a century 
later. Again in Henry V. Gower is 
made to say to Fluellen, "Here comes 
Pistol, swelling like a turkey-cock" (act 
v. sc. 1). 

In Julius CcBsar, Brutus says to 
Cassius, "Peace, count the clock." To 
which Cassius replies, "The clock has 
stricken three." Clocks were not known 
to the Romans, and striking-clocks were 
not invented till some 1400 years after the 
death of Caesar. 

Virgil places iEneas in the port 
Vellnus, which was made by Curius 
Dentatus. 

This list with very little trouble might 
be greatly multiplied. The hotbed of 
anachronisms is mediaeval romance : 



there nations, times, and places are most 
recklessly disregarded. This may be 
instanced by a few examples from 
Ariosto's great poem Orlando Furioso. 

N.B. — Here we have Charlemagne and 
his paladins joined by Edward king of 
England, Richard earl of Warwick, Henry 
duke of Clarence, and the dukes of York 
and Gloucester (bk. vi. ). We have cannons 
employed by Cymosco king of Friza 
(bk. iv.), and also in the siege of Paris 
(bk. vi.). We have the Moors established 
in Spain, whereas they were not invited 
over by the Saracens for nearly 300 years 
after Charlemagne's death. In bk. xvii. 
we have Prester John, who died in 1202 ; 
and in the last three books we have Con- 
stantine the Great, who died in 337. 

Anachronisms of Artists. This 
would furnish a curious subject. Fra 
Angelico, in his Crucifixion (in the Chapter 
House of San Muro) has, in the fore- 
ground, a man holding up the crucifix, a 
Dominican monk, a bishop with his 
crosier, and a mitred abbot blessing the 
people with one finger extended. 

Anac'reon, the prince of erotic and 
bacchanalian poets, insomuch that songs 
on these subjects are still called anac- 
reon'tic (b.c. 563-478). 

Anacreon of Painters, Francesco Albano 
or Alba'ni (1578-1660). 

Anacreon of the Guillotine, Bertrand 
Barere de Vieuzac (1755-1841). 

Anacreon of the Te?nple, Guillaume 
Amfrye, abbe" de Chaulieu (1639-1720). 

Anacreon of the Twelfth Century, 
Walter Mapes, "The Jovial Toper." 
His famous drinking song, " Meum est 
propositum ..." has been translated by 
Leigh Hunt (1150-1196). 

The French Anacreon. 1. Pontus de 
Thiard, one of the " Pleiad poets " (1521- 
1605). 2. P. Laujon, perpetual president 
of the Caveau Moderne, a Paris club 
noted for its good dinners, but every mem- 
ber was of necessity a poet (1727-1811). 

The Scotch Anacreon, Alexander Scot, 
who flourished in 1550. 

The Persian Anacreon, Mahommed 
Hafiz. The collection of his poems is 
called The Divan (1310-1389). 

The Sicilian Anacreon, Giovanni Meli 
(1740-1815). 

Anacreon Moore, Thomas Moore of 
Dublin (1779-1852), poet. Called "Anac- 
reon," from his translation of that Greek 
poet, and his own original anacreontic 
songs. 

Described by Mahomet and Anacreon Moore. 

Byron : Don yuan, i. 104. 



ANADEMS. 



4i 



ANASTASIUS. 



Anadems, crowns of flowers. (Greek, 
anadema, "ahead-dress.") 

With fingers neat and fine 
Brave anadems they make. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xv. (1612). 

Anagnus, Inchastity personified in 
The Purple Isla?id, by Phineas Fletcher 
(canto vii.). He had four sons by Caro, 
named Msechus (adultery), Pornei'us 
(fornication), Acath'arus, and Asel'ges 
(lasciviousness), ail of whom are fully 
described by the poet. In the battle of 
Mansoul (canto xi.) Anagnus is slain by 
Agnei'a (wifely chastity), the spouse of 
Encra'tes (temperance) and sister of Par- 
theu'ia (maidenly chastity). (Greek, an- 
agnos, "impure.") (1633.) 

Anagrams. Invented by Lycophron, 
a Greek poet, a.d. 280. 

Charles James Stuart (James I.). 
Claims Arthur s Seat. 

Dame Eleanor Davies (prophetess 
in the reign of Charles L). Never so mad 
a ladie. 

Horatio Nelson. Honor est a 
Nilo. By Dr. Burney. 

Marie Touchet (mistress of Charles 
IX.). Je charme tout. Made by Henri 
IV. 

Pilate's question, Quid est Veritas? 
Est Vir qui adest. 

Queen Victoria's Jubile[e] Year. 
Love in a subject I require. 

Radical Reform. Rare mad frolic. 

Revolution Francaise. Un Corse 
la finera. Bonaparte was the Corsican 
who put an end to the Revolution. 

Sir Roger Charles Doughty Tich- 
borne, Baronet. You horrid butcher, 
Orton, biggest rascal here. 

A'nah, granddaughter of Cain and 
sister of Aholiba'mah. Japhet loved her, 
but she had set her heart on the seraph 
Azaz'iel, who carried her off to another 
planet when the Flood came. — Byron : 
Heaven and Earth. 

Anah and Aholibamah are very different characters : 
Anah is soft, gentle, and submissive; her sister is 
proud, imperious, and aspiring ; the one loving in fear, 
the other a, ambition. She fears that her love makes 
her "teart grow impious," and that she worships the 
serapfc rather than the Creator.— Lord Lytton. 

Anak, a giant of Palestine, whose 
descendants were terrible for their gigantic 
stature. The Hebrew spies said that 
they themselves were mere grasshoppers 
compared with the Anakim. 

I felt the thews of Anakim, 
The pulses of a Titan's heart. 

Tennyson : Jn Memoriam, iii. 

(The Titans were giants, who, ac- 



cording to classic fable, made war with 
Jupiter or Zeus, 1 syl. ) 

Anak of Publishers. So John 
Murray was called by lord Byron (1778- 
1843). 

Anamnes'tes (4 syl.), the boy who 
waited on Eumnestes (Memory). Eu- 
mnestes was a very old man, decrepit and 
half blind, a " man of infinite remem- 
brance, who things foregone through many 
ages held." When unable to "fet" what 
he wanted, he was helped by a little boy 
yclept Anamnestes, who sought out for him 
what "was lost or laid amiss." (Greek, 
eumnSstis, " good memory; " anamnestis, 
" research or calling up to mind ") 

And oft when things were lost or laid amiss, 
That boy them sought and unto him did lend; 
Therefore he Anamnestes cleped is, 
And that old man Eumnestes. 

Spenser: Faerie Qutene, IL 9 (1590). 

Anani'as, in The Alchemist, a comedy 
by Ben Jonson (1610). 

Benjamin Johnson (1651-1742) . . . seemed to be 
proud to wear the poet's double name, and was particu- 
larly great in all that author's plays that were usually 
performed, viz. "Wasp," " Corbactio," "Morose, 
and " Ananias." —Chetwood. 

("Wasp " in Bartholomew Fair, " Cor- 
baccio " in The Fox, "Morose" in The 
Silent Woman, all by B. Jonson.) 

Anarchus, king of the Dipsodes 
(2 syl.), defeated by Pantag'ruel, who 
dressed him in a ragged doublet, a cap 
with a cock's feather, and married him to 
" an old lantern-carrying hag." The 
prince gave the wedding breakfast, which 
consisted of garlic and sour cider. His 
wife, being a regular termagant, " did 
beat him like plaster, and the ex-tyrant 
did not dare to call his soul his own." — 
Rabelais: Pantagruel, ii. 31 (1533). 

Anarchy (The Masque of), by Percy 
Bysshe Shelley (18 19). A satirical poem 
on what was called the " Manchester Mas- 
sacres," an exaggerate expression for the 
injuries received by the crowd which had 
met at St. Peter's Field, Manchester, in 
defiance of the magistrates' orders, to 
hear "Orator Hunt" on parliamentary 
reform. About 80,000 persons assembled, 
and the military, being sent for, dispersed 
the mob with the backs of their swords, but 
100 persons were injured either by acci- 
dent or being knocked down by the 
crowd. Shelley 100k the side of the 
mob. (See Peterloo.) 

Anasta'sius, the hero of a novel 
called Memoirs of Anastasius, by Thomas 
Hope (1819), his master-work. It is the 
autobiography of a Greek, who, to escape 



ANASTASIUS GRUN 



43 



ANDROCLUS AND THE LION. 



the consequences of his crimes and vil- 
lainies, becomes a regenade, and passes 
through a long series of adventures. 

Fiction has but few pictures which will bear com- 
parison with that of Anastasius, sitting on the steps of 
the lazaretto of Trieste, with his dying boy in his arms. 
— Encyclopedia Britannica (article " Romance "). 

Anastasius Grim, the pseudonym 
of Anton Alexander von Auersperg, a 
German poet (1806- 1876). 

Anasterax, brother of Niquee [ne.- 
kay], with whom he lived in illicit inter- 
course. The fairy Zorphee, in order to 
withdraw her goddaughter from this 
alliance, enchanted her. — Amadis de Gaul. 

Anaxar'te (4 syL), the Am'adis of 
Greece, a supplemental part of the Por- 
tuguese romance called Amadis of Gaul 
[Wales]. Amadis of Greece was written 
by Feliciano de Silva. 

An'clio, a Spanish brownie, who haunts 
the shepherds' huts, -warms himself at 
their fires, tastes their clotted milk and 
cheese converses with the family, and is 
treated with familiarity mixed with terror. 
The Ancho hates church-bells. 

Anchors. A frigate has six : (1) 
the cock-bill anchor, forward ; (2) the 
kedger, aft ; (3) the food anchor, towards 
the open; (4) the ebb anchor; (5) the 
bower anchor, to starboard ; (6) the sheet 
anchor, to larboard or port. 

Ancient Mariner {The), a poem 
by Coleridge (about 1796). The man, 
having shot an albatross (a bird of good 
omen to seamen), was doomed to wander 
with his crew from land to land. On one 
of his landings he told his tale to a hermit, 
and whenever he rested on terra fir ma, 
he was to repeat it as a warning to others. 

Swinburne says : " For absolute melody and splen- 
dour, it were hardly rash to call it the first poem in the 
language." 

An'cor, a river of Leicestershire, run- 
ning through Harshul, where Michael 
Drayton was born. Hence Wm. Browne 
calls him the shepherd 

Who on the banks of Ancor tuned his pipe. 

Britannia's Pastorals, i. 5 (1613). 

An'derson {Eppie), a servant at the 
inn of St. Ronan's Well, held by Meg 
Dods.— Sir W. Scott : St. Ronan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Andre (2 syL), Petit-Andr6 and Trois 
Echelles are the executioners of Louis XI. 
of France. They are introduced by sir 
W. Scott, both in Quentin Durward and 
in Anne of Geier stein. 

Andre, the hero and title of a novel 



by George Sand (Mde. Dudevant). This 
novel and that called Consuelo (4 syl.) are 
considered her best (1804-1876). 

An'drea Perra'ra, a sword, so 

called from a famous Italian sword-maker 
of the name. Strictly speaking, only a 
broad-sword or claymore should be so 
called. 

There's nae sic thing as standing a Highlander's 
Andrew Ferrara ; they will slaughie aff a fellow's head 
at a dash slap. — G. Macklin : Lovc-a-la-motlt (1779). 

Andre 'OS, Fortitude personified in 
The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
(canto x.). " None fiercer to a stubborn 
enemy, but to the yielding none more 
sweetly kind." (Greek, andria or andreia, 
"manliness.") 

An'drew, gardener at Ellangowan, 
to Godfrey Bertram the laird. — Sir W, 
Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Andrews, a private in the royal army 
of the duke of Monmouth. — Sir W. 
Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Andrews {Joseph), the hero and title 
of a novel by Fielding (1742). He is a 
footman who marries a maidservant. 
Joseph Andrews is a brother of [Richard- 
son's] "Pamela," a handsome, model 
young man. Parson Adams is a delight- 
ful character {q.v.). 

The accounts of Joseph's bravery and good qualities, 
his voice too musical to halloa to the dogs, his bravery 
in riding races for the gentlemen of the county, and 
his constancy in refusing bribes and temptation, have 
something refreshing in their naiveU and freshness, 
and prepossess one in favour of that handsome young 
hero. — Thackeray. 

Androclus and the Lion. An- 

droclus was a runaway Roman slave, who 
took refuge in a cavern. A lion entered, 
and instead of tearing him to pieces, 
lifted up its fore paw that Androclus might 
extract from it a thorn. The fugitive, 
being subsequently captured, was doomed 
to fight with a lion in the Roman arena, 
and it so happened that the very same 
lion was let out against him ; it instantly 
recognized its benefactor, and began to 
fawn upon him with every token of 
gratitude and joy. The story being told 
of this strange behaviour, Androclus was 
forthwith set free. 

1T A somewhat similar anecdote is told 
of sir George Davis, English consul at 
Florence at the beginning of the nine- 
teenth century. One day he went to see 
the lions of the great-duke of Tuscany. 
There was one which the keepers could 
not tame, but no sooner did sir George 
appear, than the beast manifested every 
symptom of joy. Sir George entered the 



ANDROMACHE. 



43 



ANGELICA 



cage, when the creature leaped on his 
shoulder, licked his face, wagged its tail, 
? nd fawned like a dog. Sir George told 
the great-duke that he had brought up 
this lion, but as it grew older it became 
dangerous, and he sold it to a Barbary 
captain. The duke said he bought it of 
Ihe same man, and the mystery was 
cleared up. 

Andromache [Androm'aky], the 
widow of Hector. At the downfall of 
Troy both she and her son Asty'anax 
were allotted to Pyrrhus king of Eplrus, 
and Pyrrhus fell in love with her, but she 
repelled his advances. At length a 
Grecian embassy, led by Orestes, son of 
Agamemnon, arrived, and demanded 
that Astyanax should be given up and 
put to death, lest in manhood he should 
attempt to avenge his father's death. 
Pyrrhus told Andromache that he would 
protect her son in defiance of all Greece 
if she would become his wife, and she 
reluctantly consented thereto. While the 
marriage ceremonies were going on, the 
ambassadors rushed on Pyrrhus and slew 
him, but as he fell he placed the crown 
on the head of Andromache, who thus 
became the queen of Epirus, and the 
ambassadors hastened to their ships in 
flight.— Ambrose Phillips: The Dis- 
tressed Mother ( 1712). 

(This is an English adaptation o' 
Racine's A ndromaque, 1667.) 

* . * " Andromache " was a favourite part 
with Charlotte Clarke, daughter of Colley 
Cibber (1710-1760), and with Mrs. Yates 
(1737-1787). 

Androm'eda, a poem in English 
hexameters, by the Rev. C. Kingsley 
(1858). It is the old classical story of 
Andromeda and Perseus (2 syl. ). 

• . • George Chapman in 16 14 published 
a poem on the Nuptials of Perseus and 
Andromeda. 

Androni'ca, one of Logistilla's hand- 
maids, noted for her beauty. — Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso (15x6). 

Androni'cus ( Titus), a noble Roman 
general against the Goths, father of I.a- 
vin'ia. In the play so called, published 
amongst those of Shakespeare, the word 
all through is called Andron'icus (1593). 

Marcus Andronicus, brother of Titus, 
and tribune of the people. 

Andropn/ilus, Philanthropy per- 
sonified in The Purple Island, by Phineas 
Vletcher (1633). Fully described in 



canto x. (Greek, andro-philos, " a lovei 
of mankind.") 

An'eal (2 syl.), daughter of Maa'ni, 
who loved Djabal, and believed him to be 
"hakeem"' (the incarnate god and 
founder of the Druses) returned to life for 
the restoration of the people and their 
return to Syria from exile in the Spo'- 
rad&s. When, however, she discovered 
his imposture, she died in the bitterness 
of her disappointment. — Robert Brown- 
ing : The Return of the Druses (1848). 

Angel. When the Rev. Mr. Patten, 
vicar of Whitstable, was dying, the arch- 
bishop of Canterbury sent him £xo ; and 
the wit said, "Tell his grace that now I 
own him to be a man of God, for I have 
seen his angels." 

An angel was a gold coin, worth about 5*. 

To write like an Angel, that is like 
Angel [Vergecios], a Greek of the 
fifteenth century, noted for his caligraphy. 
Macklin (1690-1797) said of Goldsmith — 

[He] wrote like an angel, and talked like poor poll. 

LangedeDieu, Isabeau la belle, the "in- 
spired prophet-child " of the Camisards. 

Angels {Orders of). According to 
Dionysius the Areop'agite, the angels are 
divided into nine orders : Seraphim and 
Cherubim, in the first circle ; Thrones 
and Dominions, in the second circle; 
Virtues, Powers, Principalities, Arch- 
angels, and Angels, in the third circle. 

Novem angelorum ordlnes dicimus, quia videlicet 
esse, testante sacro eloquio, scimus Angelos, Arch- 
angelos, Virtutes, Potestates, Principatus, Domina- 
tiones, Thronos, Chenibim, atque Seraphim.— St. 
Gregory (the Great) : Homily 34. 

(See Hymns Ancient and Modern, No. 
421, vers. 2, 3 ; see 306, ver. 2.) 

Angels' Visits. Norn's of Bemerton 
(1637-1711) wrote — those joys which 

Soonest take their flight 
Are the most exquisite and strong, 
Like angels' visits, short and bright. 

Robert Blair, in 1743, wrote in 
poem called The Grave, " in visits," 

Like those of angels, short and far between. 

Campbell, in 1799, appropriated 
simile, but without improving it. 
wrote — 

Like angels' visits, few and far between. 

Of these the only sensible line is that by Blair. 

"Short and brief" Is the same thing. "Few and far 

between" is not equal to "short and far between," 

though more frequently quoted. 

ANGELICA, in Bojardo's Orlando 
lnnamorato (1495), is daughter of Gal'a- 
phron king of Cathay. She goes to Paris, 
and Orlando falls in love with her, forgetful 



his 



the 
Me 



ANGELICA. 



44 



ANGELO. 



of wife, sovereign, country, and glory. 
Angelica, on the other hand, disregards 
Orlando, but passionately loves Rinaldo, 
who positively dislikes her. Angelica 
and Rinaldo drink of certain fountains, 
when the opposite effects are produced in 
their hearts, for then Rinaldo loves Ange- 
lica, while Angelica loses all love for 
Rinaldo. 

Angelica, in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso 
(1516), is the same lady. She was sent to 
sow discord among the Christians. Char- 
lemagne sent her to the duke of Bavaria, 
but she fled from the castle, and, being 
seized, was bound naked to a rock, exposed 
to sea-monsters. Rogero delivered her, 
but again she escaped by the aid of a 
magic ring. Ultimately she married 
Medoro, a young Moor, and returned to 
Cathay, where Medoro succeeded to the 
crown. As for Orlando, he is driven mad 
by jealousy and pride. 

The fairest of her sexr Angelica, 

. . . sought by many prowest knights, 

Both painim and the peers of Charlemagne. 

Milton : Paradise Regained, iii. (1671). 

Angelica ( The princess), called "The 
Lady of the Golden Tower." The loves 
of Parisme'nos and Angelica form an 
important feature of the second part of 
Parismus Prince of Bohemia, by Emanuel 
Foorde (1598). 

Angelica, an heiress, with whom Va- 
lentine Legend is in love. For a time 
he is unwilling to declare himself because 
of his debts ; but Angelica gets possession 
of a bond for ^4000, and tears it. The 
money difficulty being adjusted, the 
marriage is arranged amicably. — Con- 
greve : Love for Love (1695). 

[Mrs. Anne Braccgirdle] equally delighted in melting 
tenderness and playful coquetry, in " Statira " or " Milla- 
mant ; " and even at an advanced age, when she played 
"Angelica."— C. Dibdin. 

Angelica, the troth-plight wife of Va- 
lere, " the gamester." She gives him a 
picture, and enjoins him not to part with 
it on pain of forfeiting her hand. How- 
ever, he loses it in play, and Angelica in 
disguise is the winner of it. After much 
tribulation, Valere is cured of his vice, 
and the two are happily united by 
marriage. —Mrs. Centlivre : The Game- 
stereos). 

Angelic Doctor {The), Thomas 
Aquinas, called the "Angel of the Schools" 
(1224-1274). 

It is said that Thomas Aquinas was called the Angel 
of the Schools from his controversy " Utrum Angelus 
posset moveri in extremo ad extremum non transeundo 
per medium." Aquinas took the negative. 

Angeli'na, daughter of lord Lewis, 



in the comedy called The Elder Brother, 
by J ohn Fletcher (1637). 

Angelina, daughter of don Charino. 
Her father wanted her to marry Clodio, 
a coxcomb, but she preferred his elder 
brother Carlos, a bookworm, with whom 
she eloped. They were taken captives 
and carried to Lisbon. Here in due time 
they met the fathers, who, going in search 
of them, came to the same spot ; and as 
Clodio had engaged himself to Elvira Of 
Lisbon, the testy old gentlemen agreed to 
the marriage of Angelina with Carlos. — 
Cibber : Love makes a Man (1700). 

Angelique (3 jy/.), daughter of Argac 
the malade imaginaire. (For the tale, 
see Argan.) 

Angelique, the aristocratic wife oi 
George Dandin, a French commoner. She 
has a liaison with a M. Clitandre, but 
always contrives to turn the tables on her 
husband. George Dandin first hears of a 
rendezvous from one Lubin, a foolish 
servant of Clitandre, and lays the affair 
before M. and Mde. Sotenville, his wife's 
parents. The baron with George Dandin 
call on the lover, who denies the accu- 
sation, and George Dandin has to beg 
pardon. Subsequently he catches his 
wife and Clitandre together, and sends at 
once for M. and Mde. Sotenville ; but 
Angelique, aware of their presence, pre- 
tends to denounce her lover, and even 
takes up a stick to beat him for the " in- 
sult offered to a virtuous wife ; " so again 
the parents declare their daughter to be 
the very paragon of women. Lastly, 
George Dandin detects his wife and Cli- 
tandre together at night-time, and succeeds 
in shutting his wife out of her room ; but 
Angelique now pretends to kill herself, 
and when George goes for a light to look 
for the body, she rushes into her room 
and shuts him out. At this crisis the 
parents arrive, when Angelique accuses 
her husband of being out all night in a 
debauch ; and he is made to beg her pardon 
on his knees. — Moliere: George Dandin 
(1668). 

An'gelo, in Shakespeare's comedy of 
Measure for Measure, lord-deputy of 
Vienna in the absence of Vincentio the 
duke. His betrothed lady is Maria'na. 
Lord Angelo conceived a base passion for 
Isabella, sister of Claudio ; but his designs 
were foiled by the duke, who compelled 
him to marry Mariana (1603). 

Angelo is the name of a goldsmith in 
Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors. 



ANGELO. 



45 



ANJOU. 



An'gelo, a gentleman, friend to Julio 
In The Captain, a drama by Beaumont 
and Fletcher (1613). 

Anger . . . the Alphabet. It was 

Athenodo'rus the Stoic who advised 
Augustus to repeat the alphabet when he 
felt inclined to give way to anger. 

Un certain Grec disait a l'empereur Auguste, 
Comme une instruction utile autant que juste. 
Que, lorsqu' une aventure en colere nous met, 
Nous devons, avant tout, dire notre alphabet, 
Ann que dans ce temps la bile se tempere, 
Et qu'on ne fasse rifjn que 1'on ne doive faire. 

Moltire : L'HcoU des Femmes, ii. 4 (1662). 

Angioli'na (4 syl.), daughter of 
Loreda'no, and the young wife of Mari'no 
Faliero, the doge of Venice. A patrician 
named Michel Steno, having behaved in- 
decently to some of the women assembled 
at the great civic banquet given by the 
doge, was kicked out of the house by 
order of the doge, and in revenge wrote 
some scurrilous lines against the doga- 
ressa. This insult was referred to "The 
Forty," and Steno was sentenced to two 
months' imprisonment, which the doge 
considered a very inadequate punishment 
for the offence. — Byron : Marino Faliero. 

The character of the calm, pure-spirited Angiolina is 
developed most admirably. The great difference be- 
tween her temper and that of her fiery husband is 
vividly portrayed ; but not less vividly touched is that 
strong bond of union which exists in the common 
nobleness of their deep natures. There is no spark of 
jealousy in the old man's thoughts. He does not 
expect the fervour of youthful passion in his young 
wife; but he finds what is far better — the fearless 
confidence of one so innocent that she can scarcely 
believe in the existence of guilt. . . . She thinks 
Steno's greatest punishment will be the "blushes of 
his privacy." — Lockhart. 

Ang'lan'te's Lord, Orlando, who 
was lord of Anglante" and knight of 
Brava. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Anglesey, i.e. Angles ea-land (the 
island of the English). Edwin king of 
Northumberland, ' ' warred with them that 
dwelt in the Isle of Mona, and they 
became his servants, and the island was 
no longer called Mona, but Anglesey, the 
isle of the English." 

An'glides (3 syl. ), wife of good prince 
Boud'wine (2 syl.), brother to sir Mark 
king of Cornwall ("the falsest traitor 
that ever was born "). When king Mark 
slew her husband, Anglides and her son 
Alisaunder made their escape to Magounce 
(i.e. Arundel), where she lived in peace, 
and brought up her son till he received 
the honour of knighthood. — Sir T. Ma- 
lory : Hist, of Pr. Arthur, ii. 117, 118 
li47o). 

An'glo-ma'nia, generally applied to 
• French or German imitation of the 



manners, customs, etc., of the English. 
It prevailed in France some time before 
the first Revolution, and was often ex- 
tremely ridiculous. 

Anglo-pho'bia (Greek, phobos, 
"fear"), hatred or dread of everything 
English. 

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ( The). 
Said to have been begun at the instigation 
of king Alfred. It begins with Caesar's 
invasion, compiled in a great measure 
from the Venerable Bede, who died in 
901. It ends with the accession of Henry 
II., in 1 154. It was compiled by monks, 
who acted as historiographers. 

An'guisant, king of Erin {Ireland).. 
subdued by king Arthur, fighting in behalf 
of Leod'ogran king of Cam'eliard (3 syl.). 
— Tennyson : Coming of King A rthur. 

Angnle (St. ), bishop of London, put 
to death by Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, 
Roman general in Britain in the reign of 
Diocletian. 

St Angule put to death, one of our holiest men, 
At London, of that see the godly bishop then. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxiv. (162a). 

Angurva'del, Frithiof's sword, in- 
scribed with Runic characters, which 
blazed in time of war, but gleamed dimly 
in time of peace. 

Ani'der for Anyder ("without 
water "), the chief river of sir Thomas 
More's Utopia ("no place"). (Greek, 
ana udor. ) 

Animals admitted to Heaven. 

According to the Moslem's creed, ten 
animals are admitted into paradise besides 
man. i. The dog Kratim, of the seven 
sleepers of Ephesus. 2. Balaam's ass, 
which reproved the self-willed prophet. 
3. Solomon's ant, which reproves the 
sluggard. 4. Jonah's whale. 5. The 
ram of Ishmael, caught by the horns, and 
offered in sacrifice instead of Isiac. 
6. Noah's dove. 7. The camel of Saleh. 
8. The cuckoo of Belkis. 9. The ox of 
Moses. 10. The animal called Al Borak, 
which conveyed Mahomet to heaven. 

The following are sometimes added or 
substituted : The ass on which our 
Saviour rode into Jerusalem ; the ass on 
which the queen of Sheba rode when she 
visited Solomon. 

Anjou ( The Fair Maid of) , lady Edith 
Plants genet, who married David earl of 
Huntingdon (a royal prince of Scotland). 
Edith was a kinswoman of Richard Cceur 
de Lion, and an attendant on queen 
Berengaria. 



ANN. 



ANNIE WINNIE. 



(Sir Walter Scott has introduced her 
In The Talisman, 1825.) 

Ann ( The princess), lady of Beaujeu. 
— Sir W. Scott; Quentin Durward 
(time, Edward IV.). (See Anne.) 

Anna {Donna), the lady beloved by 
don Otta'vio, but seduced by don Gio- 
vanni. — Mozart's opera, Don Giovanni 
(1787). 

Annabel, in Dry den's Absalom and 
Achitophel, is meant for (Anne Scott) the 
duchess of Monmouth, the richest heiress 
of Europe. 

[He] made the charming Annabel his bride. 

Part i. 34. 
'.« Monmouth ill deserved his charming bride, and 
bestowed what little love he had on lady Margaret 
Wentworth. After the execution of Monmouth, his 
widow married again. 

Annals of the Poor, containing 
The Dairyman's Daughter, The Negro 
Servant, and other simple stories, by the 
Rev. Legh Richmond, published in 1814, 
were written in the Isle of Wight. 

An'naple [Bailzou], Erne Deans's 
" monthly " nurse. — Sir W. Scott: Heart 
of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

An'naple, nurse of Hobbie Elliot of 
the Heugh-foot, a young farmer. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Anne {Sister), the sister of Fat'ima 
the seventh and last wife of Blue Beard. 
Fatima, having disobeyed her lord by 
looking into the locked chamber, was 
allowed a short respite before execution. 
Sister Anne ascended the high tower of 
the castle, under the hope of seeing her 
brothers, who were expected to arrive 
every moment. Fatima, in her agony, 
kept asking ' ' sister Anne " if she could 
see them, and Blue Beard kept crying out 
for Fatima to use greater despatch. As 
the patience of both was well-nigh ex- 
hausted, the b. others came, and Fatima 
was rescued from death. — Charles Per- 
rault : La Bar be Bleue. 

Anne, own sister of king Arthur. Her 
father was Uther the pendragon, and her 
mother Ygerna, widow of Gorlois. She 
was given by her brother in marriage to 
Lot, consul of Londonesia, and afterwards 
king of Norway. — Geoffrey: British His- 
tory, viii. 20, 21. 

V In Arthurian romance this Anne 
is called Margawse {History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 2); Tennyson calls her Belli- 
cent {Gareth and Lynette). In Arthurian 
romance Lot is always called king of 
Orkn«y. 



Anne. Queen Anne's Fan, Your 
thumb to your nose, and fingers spread. 

Anne of Geierstein, a novel of the 
fourteenth century, by sir Walter Scott, 
based on the conquest of Charles the 
Bad, duke of Burgundy, by the Swiss, at 
Nancy, and his subsequent death ; after 
which the Swiss were free. The Secret 
Tribunal of Westphalia was, at the time, 
in full power, and the provincial of the 
tribunal, called "The Black Monk," was 
the father of Anne of Geierstein (baroness 
of Arnheim). These were the two op- 
posite poles which the art df the novelist 
had to bring together. To this end, two 
Englishmen, the earl of Oxford and his 
son sir Arthur de Vere, travelling as 
merchants under the name of Philipson, 
are discovered bearing a letter addressed 
to the duke of Burgundy. They are im- 
prisoned, and brought before the Secret 
Tribunal. Now, it so happened that sir 
Arthur and Anne had met before, and 
fallen in love with each other ; so when 
sir Arthur was tried by the Secret Tribunal, 
Anne's father (the Black Monk) acquitted 
him ; and when the duke of Burgundy 
was dead, the two " Philipsons " settled 
in Switzerland ; and here, in due time, 
the "Black Monk" freely consented to 
the marriage of his daughter with sir 
Arthur, the son of the earl of Oxford. 
This novel was published in 1829. 

Annesley, in Mackenzie's novel, called 
The Man of the World (1773), noted for 
his adventures among the Indians. 

Annesley {James), the name of the 
"Wandering Heir" in Charles Reade's 
novel ( 1875). 

Annette, daughter of Mathis and 
Catherine, the bride of Christian, captain 
of the patrol.— J. E. Ware : The Polish 
Jew (1874). 

Annette and Lubin, by Marmontel, 
imitated from the Daphnis and Chloe of 
Longos {a. v.). 

Annie Laurie, eldest of the three 
daughters of sir Robert Laurie, of Max- 
welton. In 1709 she married James Fer- 
gusson, of Craigdarroch, and was the 
mother of Alexander Fergusson, the hero 
of Butns's song The Whistle. The song 
of Annie Laurie was written by William 
Douglas, of Fingland, in the stewardry of 
Kirkcud'bright, hero of the song Willie 
was a Wanton Wag ; the music was by 
lady John Scott. (See Whistle.) 

An'nie Win'nie, one of the old 



ANNTR. 



47 



ANT^OS. 



sibyls at Alice Gray's death ; the other 
was Ailsie Gourlay. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III. ). 

Annir, king of Inis-thona (an island 
of Scandinavia). He had two sons (Argon 
and Rurc) and one daughter. One day 
Cor'malo, a neighbouring chief, came and 
begged the honour of a tournament. 
Argon granted the request, and overthrew 
him, which so vexed Cormalo that during 
a hunt he shot both the brothers secretly 
with his bow. Their dog Runa ran to 
the palace, and howled so as to attract 
attention ; whereupon Annir followed the 
hound, and found both his sons dead, 
and on his return he further found that 
Cormalo had carried off his daughter. 
Oscar, son of Ossian, led an army against 
the villain, and slew him ; then liberating 
the young lady, he took her back to Inis- 
thona, and delivered her to her father. — 
Ossian: The War of Inis-thona. 

An'nophel, daughter of Cas'silane 

(3 syl. ) general of Candy. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher: The Laws of Candy ( 1647). 

Annual Register (The), a sum- 
mary of the chief historic events of the 
past year, first published by John Dodsley, 
in 1758. 

Annus Mirabilis (the wonderful 
year of 1666), a poem of 304 four-line 
stanzas in alternate rhyme, by Dryden. 
The year referred to was noted for our 
victories over the Dutch and for the Great 
Fire of London, which followed the plague 
of 1665. 

In June the English ruined the Dutch 
fleet and drove it out of the seas. In the 
first four days of this month the Dutch 
lost 15 ships, and on the 20th (at the 
mouth of the Thames) 24 ships, 4 ad- 
mirals, and 4000 other officers and sea- 
men. Prince Rupert greatly distinguished 
himself. 

In September the same year occurred 
the Great Fire of London, which in four 
days laid waste 400 streets, burnt down 
13,200 houses, 89 churches, the Royal 
Exchange, the Custom House, Guildhall, 
and many other public buildings. 

Anselm, prior of St. Dominic, the con- 
fessor of king Henry IV. — Sir W. Scott : 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV. ). 

Anselme (2 syl.), father of Valere 
(2 syl.) and Mariane (3 syl.). In reality 
he is don Thomas d'Alburci, of Naples. 
The family were exiled from Naples for 
political reasons, and, being shipwrecked, 



were all parted. Valere was picked up 
by a Spanish captain, who adopted him ; 
Mariane fell into the hands of a corsair, 
who kept her a captive for ten years, when 
she effected her escape ; and Anselme 
wandered from place to place for ten 
years, when he settled in Paris, and 
intended to marry. At the expiration of 
sixteen years they all met in Paris at the 
house of Har'pagon, the miser. Valere 
was in love with Elise (2 syl.), the 
miser's daughter, promised by Harpagon 
in marriage to Anselme ; and Mariane, 
affianced to the miser's son Cleante (2 syl. ), 
was sought in marriage by Harpagon, the 
old father. As soon as Anselme dis- 
covered that Valere and Mariane were 
his own children, matters were amicably 
arranged, the young people married, and 
the old ones retired from the unequal 
contest. — Moliere: L'Avare (1667). 

Anselmo, a noble cavalier of Florence, 
the friend of Lothario. Anselmo married 
Camilla, and induced his friend to try to 
corrupt her, that he might rejoice in her 
incorruptible fidelity. Lothario unwill- 
ingly undertook the task, and succeeded 
but too well. For a time Anselmo was 
deceived, but at length Camilla eloped, 
and the end of the silly affair was that 
Anselmo died of grief, Lothario was slain 
in battle, and Camilla died in a convent. 
— Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. iv. 5, 6 ; 
Fatal Curiosity (1605). 

An'ster [Hob), a constable at Kinross 
village.— Sir W.Scott: The A bbot (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Anster Pair, a mock-heroic by 
W. Tennant (1812). The subject is the 
marriage of Maggie Lauder. Frere's 
Monks and Giants, suggested by Anster 
Fair, suggested in turn Byron's Beppo. . 

Ant ( The). Ants' eggs are an antidote 
to love. 

Ants never sleep. Emerson says this is 
a "recently observed fact." — Nature, iv. 

Ants have mind, etc. " In formica non 
modo sensus, sed etiam mens, ratio, 
memoria. " — Pliny. 

Ant (Solomon's), one of the ten animals 
admitted into paradise, according to the 
Koran, ch. xxvii. (See Animals, p. 45.) 

Ants lay up a store for the winter. 
This is an error in natural history, as 
ants are torpid during the winter. 

Antce'os, a gigantic wrestler of Libya 
(or Irassa). His strength was inex- 
haustible so long as he touched the earth, 
and was renewed every time he did touch 



ANTENOR. 



48 



ANTIOPE. 



ft. Her'cule's killed him by lifting him 
up from the earth and squeezing him to 
death. (See Maleger.) 

As when earth's son Antaeus ... in Irassa strove 
With Jove's Alcides, and oft foiled, still rose, 
Receiving from his mother earth, new strength. 
Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grapple joined, 
Throttled at length i' the air, expired and fell. 

Milton : Paradise Regained, iv. (1671). 

Tf Similarly, when Bernardo del Carpio 
assailed Orlando or Rowland at Ronces- 
valles, as he found his body was not to 
be pierced by any instrument of war, he 
took him up in his arms and squeezed 
him to death. 

N.B. — The only vulnerable part of Or- 
lando was the sole of his foot. 

Ante'nor, a traitorous Trojan prince, 
related to Priam. He advised UlyssSs to 
carry away the palladium from Troy ; and 
when the wooden horse was built, it was 
Antenor who urged the Trojans to make 
a breach in the wall and drag the horse 
into the city. — Shakespeare has introduced 
him in Troilus and Cressida (1602). 

Anthi'a, the lady beloved by Abroc- 
omas in the Greek romance called 
De Amoribus Anthice et Abrocomce, by 
Xenophon of Ephesus, who lived in the 
fourth Christian century. 

This is not Xenophon, the historian, who lived B.C 
444-359- 

An'thony, an English archer in the 
cottage of farmer Dickson, of Douglas- 
dale. — Sir W. Scott: Castle Dangerous 
(time, Henry I.). 

An'thony, the old postillion at Meg 
Dods's, the landlady of the inn at St. 
Ronan's Well.— Sir W. Scott: St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). (See 
Antonio.) 

Antid'ius, bishop of Jaen, martyred 
by the Vandals in 411. One day, seeing 
the devil writing in his pocket-book some 
sin committed by the pope, he jumped 
upon his back and commanded his Satanic 
majesty to carry him to Rome. The devil 
tried to make the bishop pronounce the 
name of Jesus, which would break the 
spell, and then the devil would have tossed 
his unwelcome burden into the sea ; but 
the bishop only cried, " Gee up, devil I " 
and when he reached Rome he was 
covered with Alpine snow. The chronicler 
naively adds, " the hat is still shown at 
Rome in confirmation of this miracle." — 
General Chronicle of King Alphonso the 
Wise. 

Antig'one (4 syl), daughter of 
CE'dipos and Jocas'tS, a noble maiden, 



with a truly heroic attachment to her 
father and brothers. When CEdipos had 
blinded himself, and was obliged to quit 
Thebes, Antigone' accompanied him, and 
remained with him till his death, when 
she returned to Thebes. Creon, the king 
had forbidden any one to bury Polyni'ce^, 
her brother, who had been slain by his 
elder brother in battle ; but Antigong, in 
defiance of this prohibition, buried th 
dead body, and Creon shut her up in a 
vault under ground, where she killed 
herself. Hseman, her lover, killed him- 
self also by her side. Sophocles has a 
Greek tragedy on the subject, and it has 
been dramatized for the English stage. 

Then suddenly — oh 1 . . . what a revelation of beauty ! 
forth stepped, walking in brightness, the most faultiest 
of Grecian marbles, Miss Helen Fauc t as " Antigone. 
What perfection of Athenian sculpture! the noble 
figure, the lovely arms, the fluent drapery 1 What an 
unveiling of the statuesque 1 . . . Perfect in form ; 
perfect in attitude.— De Quincey (1845). 

The Modern Antigone*, Marie Therese 
Charlotte duchesse d'Angouleme, daugh- 
ter of Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette 
(1778-1851). 

Antig'onus, a Sicilian lord, com- 
manded by king Leont£s to take his 
infant daughter to a desert shore and leave 
her to perish. Antigonus was driven by a 
storm to the coast of Bohemia, where he 
left the babe ; but on his way back to 
the ship, he was torn to pieces by a 
bear. — Shakespeare: The Winter's Tale 
(1604). 

N.B. — "The coast of Bohemia." Bohemia is quite 
inland, and has no " coast." It is in the middle of what 
was once called Germany, but is now a part of the 
Austrian empire. 

Ant ig" 'onus (King), an old man with 
a young man's amorous passions. He is 
one of the four kings who succeeded to 
the divided empire of Alexander the 
Great. — Beaumont and Fletcher: The 
Humorous Lieutenant (printed 1647). 

Antin'ous (4 syl.), a page of Ha- 
drian the Roman emperor, noted for his 
beauty. 

Antin'ous (4 syl.), son of Cas'silane 
(3 syl.) general of Candy, and brother of 
An nophel, in The Laws of Candy, Beau- 
mont and Fletcher (printed 1647). 

Anti'oclrus, emperor of Greece, who 
sought the life of Per'icles prince of Tyre, 
but died without effecting his design. — 
Shakespeare: Pericles Prince of Tyre 

(t6o8). 

Anti'ope (4 syl.), daughter of 
Idom'eneus (4 syl.), for whom Telem'achus 
had a tendre. Mentor approved his 



ANTIPHOLU& 



49 



ANTONIAD, 



cnoice, and assured Telemachus that the 
lady was designed for him by the gods. 
Her charms were ' the glowing modesty 
of her countenance, her silent diffidence, 
and her sweet reserve; her constant at- 
tention to tapestry or to some other useful 
and elegant employment; her diligence 
in household affairs, her . contempt of 
finery in dress, and her ignorance of her 
own beauty." Telemachus says, "She 
encourages to industry by her example, 
sweetens labour by the melody of her 
voice, and excels the best of painters in 
the elegance of her embroidery." — 
Finelon: Tilimaque, xxii. (1700). 

He [Paul] fancied he had found in Virginia the 
wisdom of Antiope with the misfortunes and the 
tenderness of Eucharis.— Bernardin de St, Pierre: 
Paul and Virginia (1788). 

Antiph'oltis. The name of two 
brothers, twins, the sons of vEge'on a 
merchant of Syracuse. The two brothers 
were shipwrecked in infancy ; and, being 
picked up by different cruisers, one was 
taken to Syracuse, and the other to 
Ephesus. The Ephesian entered the 
service of the duke ; and, being fortunate 
enough to save the duke's life, became a 
great man and married well. The Syra- 
cusian Antipholus, going in search of 
his brother, came to Ephesus, where a 
series of blunders occur from the won- 
derful likeness of the two brothers and 
their two servants called Dromio. The 
confusion becomes so great that the 
Ephesian is taken up as a mad man. It 
so happened that both brothers appeared 
before the duke at the same time ; and 
the extraordinary likeness being seen by 
all, the cause of the blunders was evident, 
and everything was satisfactorily ex- 
plained. — Shakespeare: Comedy of Errors 
(1593)- 

Antiquary ( The), Jonathan Oldbuck, 
laird of Monkbarns. He exchanged some 
excellent arable land for a worthless plot 
of barren soil, because he fancied it was 
the remains of a Roman camp in the 
time of Julius Caesar. In confirmation of 
this supposition, he discovered an old 
stone with the letters A. D. L. L. scratched 
on it. This he read " Agricola Dicavit 
Libens Lubens." An old beadsman, 
named Edie Ochiltree, here interrupted 
him, and said twenty years ago, at Aiken 
Drum's wedding, one of the masons, for a 
joke, cut on a stone the letters, which stood 
for "Aiken Drum's Lang Ladle." — Sir 
W. Scott: The Antiquary, chap. iv. 

The Antiquary: a novel by sir W. 
Scott (1816). The third of the Waverley 



Novels, the subject is the marriage be* 
tween William Lovel and Miss Wardour. 
Mr. Lovel accidentally meets the Anti 
quary (laird of Monkbarns) at a coach 
office in Edinburgh High Street, pays 
him a visit, and is introduced to sir 
Arthur Wardour and his daughter. Sii 
Arthur, his daughter, and Lovel meet on 
the sands at Halkethead, but being over- 
taken by a spring-tide are hauled up the 
cliffs by ropes. Further intimacy is ob- 
structed by a letter, which compels Lovel 
to leave Monkbarns for Fairport, where 
the Antiquary returns his visit, taking 
with him his kinsman, captain M'Intyre. 
Lovel and the captain quarrel ; and in 
the duel which ensues the captain receives 
a wound supposed to be deadly, so that 
Lovel flees and hides in a cave. Here he 
accidentally overhears Dousterswivel and 
sir Arthur Wardour in the ruins, searching 
for treasure. Sir Arthur receives a lawyer' s 
letter, demanding instant payment of the 
money thus swindled out of him, and 
sheriffs officers take possession of the 
castle. The Antiquary comes to his 
rescue, and the castle is cleared. An 
alarm of an invasion of Fairport causes 
the retainers to muster in its defence. 
Lovel arrives, is recognized as the son of 
the earl of Glenallan, and marries Miss 
Wardour (time of George III.). 

Anton {Sir). Tennyson says that 
Merlin gave Arthur, when an infant, to sir 
Anton and his lady to bring up, and they 
brought him up as their own son. This 
does not correspond with the History of 
Prince Arthur, which states that he was 
committed to the care of sir Ector and 
his lady, whose son, sir Key, is over 
and over again called the prince's foster- 
brother. The History furthermore states 
that Arthur made sir Key his seneschal 
because he was his foster-brother. 

So the child was delivered unto Merlin, and he bare 
him forth unto sir Ector, and made a holy man christen 
him, and named him "Arthur." And so sir Ector's 
wife nourished him with her own breast.— Part i. 3. 

So sir Ector rode to the justs, and with him rode sir 
Key, his son, and young Arthur that was his nourished 
brother.— Ditto. 

" Sir," said sir Ector, " I will ask no more of you but 
that you will make my son,' sir Key, your foster- 
brother, seneschal of all your lands." " That shall be 
done," said Arthur (ch. 4).— Sir 7 Malory, History 
of Prince Arthur (1470). 

Anton, one of Henry Smith's men in 
The Fair Maid of Perth, by sir W. 
Scott (time, Henry IV.). 

Anto'niad, the name of Cleopat'ra's 
ship at the battle of Actium, so named 
in compliment to Mark Antony.— Plu- 
tarch, 



ANTONIO. 



50 ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA. 



ANTONIO, a sea-captain who saved 
Sebastian (the brother of Viola) when 
wrecked off the Illyrian coast. — Shake- 
speare: Twelfth Night (1614). 

Antonio, " the merchant of Venice," 
in Shakespeare's drama so called (1598). 
Antonio borrows of Shylock, a Jew, 
3000 ducats for three months, to lend to 
his friend Bassanio. The conditions of 
the loan were these : if the money was 
paid within the time, only the principal 
should be returned ; but if not, the Jew 
should be allowed to cut from any part he 
chose of Antonio's body " a pound of 
flesh." As the ships were delayed by 
contrary winds, Antonio was unable to 
pay within the three months, and Shylock 
demanded the forfeiture according to the 
bond. Portia, in the dress of a law- 
doctor, conducted the case, and when the 
Jew was about to cut the flesh, stopped 
him, saying— (1) the bond gave him no 
drop of blood; andT(2) he must take 
neither more nor less than an exact 
pound. If he shed one drop of blood, or 
if he cut more or less than an exact 
pound, his life would be forfeited. As it 
was quite impossible to comply with 
these restrictions, the Jew was nonsuited, 
and had to pay a heavy fine for seeking 
the life of a citizen. (See Shylock, for 
similar tales.) 

Antonio, the usurping duke of Milan, 
brother of Prospero the rightful heir, and 
father of Miranda.— Shakespeare : The 
Tempest (1623). 

Antonio, father of Proteus (2 syl.) 
and suitor of Julia. — Shakespeare: The 
Two Gentlemen of Verona (1598). 

Antonio, a Swiss lad in Scott's novel 
called Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Antonio, a stout old gentleman, 
kinsman of Petruccio governor of Bo- 
logna.— Fletcher: The Chances (1620). 

(This comedy was altered first by 
Buckingham, and then by Garrick.) 

Antonio (Don), father of Carlos a 
bookworm, and of Clodis a coxcomb. A 
headstrong testy old man, who wants 
Carlos to sign away his birthright in 
favour of his younger brother, whom he 
designed Angelina to marry. Carlos 
refuses to do so, and elopes with Angelina. 
Clodis (the younger brother) gives his 
troth tc Elvira of Lisbon.— Cibber : Love 
makes a Man ( 1700) . 



Antonio {Don), in love with Louisa, 
daughter of don Jerome of Seville. He 
is a nobleman of ancient family, but 
without estate. — Sheridan: The Duenna 
(1778). 

Antonomas'ia ( The princess), 
daughter of Archipiela king of Candaya, 
and his wife Maguncia. She married 
don Clavijo, but the giant Malambru'no, 
by enchantment, changed the bride into 
a brass monkey, and her spouse into a 
crocodile of some unknown metal. Don 
Quixote mounted the wooden hor* 
Clavileno the Winged, to disenchant tbr 
lady and her husband, and this he 
effected " simply by making the 
attempt." — Cervantes: Don Quixote, 1 [. 
iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

Antony (Mark), the Roman trium- 
vir, in love with Cleopat'ra. By this fatal 
passion he lost his empire, his character 
as a hero, and his life. — Dry den : All for 
Love. (See Antony and Cleopatra.) 

Antony (Saint) lived in a cavern on 
the summit of Cavadonga, in Spain, and 
was perpetually annoyed by devils. 

Old St. Antonius from the hell 
Of his bewildered phantasy saw fiends 
In actual vision, a foul throng grotesque 
Of all horrific shapes and forms obscene, 
Crowd in broad day before his open eyes. 

Southey: Roddick, etc., xvi. (1814). 

An 'tony and Caesar. Macbeth 
says that " under Banquo his own 
genius was rebuked [or snubbed], as it 
is said Mark Antony's was by Caesar" 
(act iii. sc. 1), and in Antony and Cleo- 
patra this passage is elucidated thus — 

Thy daemon, that's thy spirit which keeps thee. Is 
Noble, courageous, high, unmatchable 
Where Caesar's is not ; but near him thy angel 
Becomes a fear, as being o'e.-powered. 

Act il. sc 3. 

Antony and Cleopat'ra, a tragedy 
by Shakespeare (1608): the illicit love 
of Antony (the Roman triumvir) and 
Cleopatra (queen of Egypt). Antony, 
being in Egypt, falls in love with Cleopatra, 
and wholly neglects his duties as one of 
the rulers of the vast Roman empire. 
During the time, his wife Fulvia dies, the 
Roman people become turbulent, and 
Sextus Pompey makes himself master of 
the seas. Octavius Caesar sends to Egypt 
to beg Antony to return to Rome without 
delay. The first interview between the 
triumvirs was very stormy, but Agrippa 
suggests that Antony should marry Octavia 
(Caesar's sister), lately left a widow, and 
urges that the alliance would knit together 
the two triumvirs in mutual interests. 



ANVIL. 



5* 



APICIUS. 



Antony assents to the proposal, and 
marries Octavia. About the same time 
Sextus Pompey was bought over by the 
promise of Sicily and Sardinia, and soon 
after this Lepldus (the third triumvir) was 
deposed by Caesar. Antony, returning to 
Egypt, falls again into the entanglement 
of the queen, and Caesar proclaims war 
against him. Antony, enforced by sixty 
Egyptian ships, prepares to defend him- 
self, but in the midst of the fight the 
sixty Egyptian ships with Cleopatra flee, 
and Antony follows, so that the battle of 
Actium was a complete fiasco. Other 
losses follow, and Antony kills himself by 
falling on his own sword. Caesar hopes 
to make Cleopatra a captive, and deprives 
her of every weapon of offence, but the 
self-wiiled queen sends a slave to procure 
some asps in a basket of figs. She applies 
two of them, and dies. Caesar arrives in 
time to see her in royal robes, and orders 
that Antony and Cleopatra be buried in 
the same tomb. 

For the accent— 

I will o'ertake thee, Cleopat'ra, and 
Weep for thy pardon. 
SKakesptart : Antony and Cleopatra, act iv. sc. 14. 
Proud Cleopat'ra, when she met her Roman. 

Shakespeare : Cymbeline, act ii. sc. 4. 

• . ' Dryden has a tragedy entitled 
All for Love, on the same subject. 

An'vil ( The Literary). Dr. Mayo was 
so called, because he bore the hardest 
blows of Dr. Johnson without flinching. 

Aodh,, last of the Culdees, or primitive 
clergy of Io'na, an island south of 
Staffa. His wife was Reullu'ra. Ulv- 
fa'gre the Dane, having landed on the 
island and put many to the sword, bound 
Aodh in chains of iron ; then, dragging 
him to the church, demanded where the 
"treasures were concealed." A mys- 
terious figure now appeared, which not 
only released the priest, but took the 
Dane by the arm to the statue of St. 
Columb, which fell on him and crushed 
him to death. After this the "saint" 
gathered the remnant of the islanders 
together, and went to Ireland. — Campbell: 
A'eullura. 

Aon'ian Mount [The), in Boeo'tia, 
the haunt of the Muses. Milton says his 
Muse is to soar above "the Aonian 
mount," i.e. above the flight of fable and 
classic themes, because his subject was 
"Jehovah, lord of all." — Paradise Lost, i. 
15(1665). 

Ape (1 syl.), the pseudonym of M. 
Pellegrini, the caricaturist of Vanity 
Fair. Dr. Johnson says "to ape is to 



imitate ludicrously ; " whence the adoption 
of the name. 

Apes. To lead Apes in Hell, to die an 
old maid. Thus Fadladin'ida says to 
Tatlanthe (3 syl.) — 

Pity that you who've served so long and well 
Should die a virgin, and lead apes in hell; 
Choose for yourself, dear girl, our empire round, 
Your portion is twelve hundred thousand pound. 
H. Carey : Chronenhotonthologos. 
Women, dying maids, lead apes in hell. 

The London Prodigal, U a. 

Apelles (3 syl.), a character in Lyly's 
drama of Alexander and Campaspe (3 syl. ), 
noted for the song beginning thus — 

Cupid and my Campaspe played 
At cards for kisses. 

Apelles. When his famous painting 
of Venus rising out of the sea (hung by 
Augustus in the temple of Julius Caesar) 
was greatly injured by time, Nero re- 
placed it by a copy done by Dorotheus 
(4 syl.). This Venus by Apelles is called 
" Venus Anadyom'ene," his model (accord- 
ing to tradition) being CampaspS (after- 
wards his wife). 

Apel'les and the Cobbler. A cobbler 
found fault with the shoe-latchet of one of 
Ap-lles' paintings, and the artist rectified 
the fault. The cobbler, thinking himself 
very wise, next ventured to criticize the 
legs ; but Apelles said, Ne sutor supra 
crepidum ( ' ' Let not the cobbler go beyond 
his last"). 

Within that range of criticism where all are equally 
judges, and where Crispin is entitled to dictate to 
Apelles.— Encyclopedia Britannica (article " Ro- 
mance "). 

Apelles of his Age ( The). Samuel 
Cooper is so called in his epitaph, in old 
St. Pancras' Church (1609-1672). 

Apeman'tus, a churlish Athenian 
philosopher, who snarled at men 
systematically, but showed his cynicism 
to be mere affectation, when Timon 
attacked him with his own weapons. — 
Shakespeare : Timon of A thens (1600). 

Their affected melancholy showed like the cynicism 
of Apemantus, contrasted with the real misanthropy of 
Timon. — Sir IV. Scott. 

Apic'ius, an epicure in the time of 
Tiberius. He wrote a book on the ways 
of provoking an appetite. Having spent 
,£800,000 in supplying the delicacies 
of the table, and having only ^80,000 
left, he hanged himself, not thinking it 
possible to exist on such a wretched 
pittance. Apicia, however, became a 
stock name for certain cakes and sauces, 
and his name is still proverbial in all 
matters of gastronomy. (See Ralph.) 

(There was another of the name in the 



APOCRYPHA. 



52 



APOSTOLIC FATHERS. 



reign of Trajan, who wrote a cooking- 
book and manual of sauces.) 

No Brahmin could abominate your meal more than I 
do. Hirtius and Apicius would have blushed for it. 
Mark Antony, who roasted eight whole boars for 
supper, never massacred more at a meal than you 
have done.— Cumberland : The Fashionable Lover, 
L i (1780). 

Apoc'rypha (The) properly means 
the hidden books. Writings may be so 

called — 

(1) Because the name of the author Is hidden or not 
certainly known. 

(2) Because the book or books have not been ppenly 
admitted into the canon of Scripture. 

(3) Because they are not accepted as divinely in- 
spired, and no doctrine can be proved by them. 

(4) Because they have been issued by heretics to 
justify their errors. 

The fourteen books of the Apocrypha 
(sometimes bound up with our Scriptures) 
are included in the Septuagint version, 
and were accepted at the Council of Trent 
in 1546. In the Church of England much 
was excluded in 1871. 

APOIiIiO, in Homeric mythology, is 
the embodiment of practical wisdom and 
foresight, of swift and far-reaching in- 
telligence, and hence of poetry, music, 
etc. 

The Apollo Belvidere, that is, the Apollo 
preserved in the Belvidere gallery of the 
Vatican, discovered in 1503 amidst the 
ruins of An'tium, and purchased by pope 
Julius II. It is supposed to be the work 
of Cal'amis, a Greek sculptor of the fifth 
century B.C. 

The Apollo of Actium was a gigantic 
statue, which served for a beacon. 

The Apollo of Rhodes, usually called the 
colossus, was a gigantic bronze statue, 150 
feet high, made by Charts, a pupil of 
Lysippus, and set up B.C. 300. 

Animals consecrated to Apollo, the cock, 
the crow, the grasshopper, the hawk, the 
raven, the swan, and the wolf. 

Apollo, the sun. 

Apollo's angry, and the heavens themselves 
Do strike at my injustice. 

Shakespeare: Winter's Tale, act iii. sc. a. 

Apollonius of Tyre, a British 

romance, printed under the care of Ben 

Thorpe. It is a story similar to that of 

" Pericles, prince of Tyre," by Shake- 
speare. 

Apollo'nras Hkodius, author of 
a Greek epic poem in four books, greatly 
admired by the Romans, and translated 
into Latin by Varro. There are several 
English translations. One by Fawkes 
and Meen, in 1780. In verse by Greene, 
in 1750 ; and by Preston, in 1803. (See 
Argonautic Expedition, p. 58.) 



N.B. — Apollonius was born in Alex* 
andria, but he migrated to Rhodes, where 
he was so much admired that they called 
him the Rhodian. He returned to Alex- 
andria, and was made librarian. He 
flourished B.C. 222-181. 

Apoll'yon, king of the bottomless 
pit ; introduced by Bunyan in his 
Pilgrim's Progress. Apollyon encounters 
Christian, by whom, after a severe con- 
test, he is foiled (1678). (Greek, apollumi, 
"to ruin.") 

Apostle or Patron Saint of— 

ABYSSINIANS, St. Frumentlus (died 360). His day 

is October 27. 
ALPS, Felix Neff (1798-1829). 

ANTIOCH, St. Margaret (died 975). Her day Is July 30. 
ARDENNES, St. Hubert (656-730). 
ARMENIANS, Gregory of Armenia (256-331). 
CAGLIARI {Sardinia), St. Efisio. 
CORFU, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day Is 

December 14. 
ENGLISH, St. Augustln (died 607) ; St George (died 

290). 
Ethiopia, St. Frumentlus (died 360). His day is 

October 97. 
FRANCONIA, St. Kllian (died 689). His day Is July & 
FREE TRADE, Richard Cobden (1804-1865). 
French, St. Denis (died 272). His day is October 9. 
FRISIANS, St. Wilbrod (657-738). 
GAULS, St. Irenae'us (130-200) ; St. Martin (316-397). 
GENTILES, St. Paul (died 66). His days are June 99, 

January 25. 
Georgia, St. Nino. 

Germany, St. Boniface (680-755). H,s da f ,s J une 5- 
Highlanders, St. Colomb (521-597). His day is 

June 9. 
Hungarians, St Anastaslus (died 628). His day is 

January 22. 
Indians, Bartolome de Las Casas (1474-1566); Rev. 

John Eliot (1603-1690). 
INDIES, St. Francis Xavier (1506-1552). His day is 

December 3. 
Infidelity, Voltaire (1694-1778). 
Irish, St. Patrick (372-493). His day is March 17. 
Liberty, Thomas Jefferson, third president of the 

U.S. ^743-1826). 
LONDON, St. Paul ; St Michael. Days, January 25 ; 

September 29. 
Netherlands, St. Armand (589-679). 
NORTH, St. Ansgar (801-864) ; Bernard Gilpin (1517- 

1583)- 
Padua, St. Anthony (1195-1231). His day Is June 13. 
PARIS, St. Genevieve (419-512). Her day is January 3. 
PEAK, W. Bagshaw, so called from his missionary 

labours In Derbyshire (1628-1702). 
PlCTS, St. Ninian. 

SCOTTISH REFORMERS, John Knox (1505-J579). 
SICILY (the tutelary deity is) Ceres. 
SLAVES, St. Cyril (died 868). His day is February 14. 
SPAIN, St. James, the Greater (died 44). His day is 

July 24. 
TEMPERANCE, Father Mathew d790-i8=;6). 
VENICE, St. Mark; St. Pantaleon ; St. Andrew 

Tustiniani. St. Mark's day is April 25 ; St. Panta- 
leon 's, July 27. 
Yorkshire, St. Pauli'nus, bishop of York (597-644). 
WALES, St. David (480-544). His day is March 1. 

Apostle of Free Trade, Richard 
Cobden (1804-1865). John Bright was 
also so called (1811-1889). 

Apostolic Fathers ( The Five) : 
Clement of Rome, Barnabas, Hennas, 
Igna'tius, and Polycarp. All contem- 
porary with the apostles. These names 
are not to be depended on. 



APPETISER. S3 

Ap 'petiser . A Scotchman being told 
that the birds called kittiewiaks were ad- 
mirable appetisers, ate six of them, and 
then complained "he was no hungrier 
than he was before." 

Ap'pius, in Pope's Essay on Criticism, 
is intended for John Dennis, the critic 
(1709). 

Appius reddens at each word you speak, 
And stares tremendous, with a threatening eye. 
Like some fierce tyrant in old tapestry. 
Fears most to tax an honourable fool, 
Whose right it is, uncensured to be dulL 

Pope: Estay on Criticism, 585-589. 

Appius and Virginia, one of 

Macaulay's lays. Also a " Morality" by 
R. B. (1574) ; a tragedy by Webster 
(1654) ; a tragedy by Dennis (1705). 

Apple [Prince Ahmed's), a cure for 
every disorder. — Arabian Nights' Enter- 
tainments ("Ahmed and Pari-banou "). 

The Singing Apple, the perfect em- 
bellisher of wit. It would persuade by 
its smell alone, and would enable the 
possessor to write poetry or prose, to 
make people laugh or cry, and discoursed 
such excellent music as to ravish every 
one. — Comtesse D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales 
(" Chery and Fairstar," 1682). 

Apples of Sodom (called by Wit- 
man, oranges) are the yellow fruit of 
the osher or ashey tree. Tacitus (His- 
tory, v. 7) and Josephus both refer to 
these apples. Thevenot says, ' ' The 
fruit is lovely [externally], but within is 
full of ashes." 

The fruit of the osher or ashey tree, called " Apples 
or Oranges of Sodom," resembles a smooth apple ox 
orange, hangs in clusters of three or four on a branch, 
and is of a yellow colour when ripe. Upon being struck 
or pressed, it explodes with a puff, and is reduced to 
the rind and a few fibres, being chiefly filled with air.— 
Galltry of Geography, 811. 

Like to the apples on the Dead Sea shore, 

All ashes to the taste. 

Byron : Child* Harold, lii. 34. 

Apprentice's Wise Choice {An). 

A loving couple of Cantire had one son ; 
but being very poor, the husband came to 
England, and took service with a farmer. 
Years rolled on, and the man resolved to 
return home. His master asked him 
which he would take — his wages or three 
bits of advice ? and he chose the latter. 
The three bits of advice were these: (1) 
Keep in the high-road ; (2) never lodge 
in a house where there is an old man 
with a young wife ; and (3) do nothing 
rashly. On his way home he met a pedlar 
going the same way, who told him he 
would show him a short cut, but the 
Highlander said he would keep the high- 
road. The pedlar, who took the short 



APRIL FOOL. 

cut, fell among thieves, and was robbed 
of everything. They met again, and the 
pedlar advised him to put up for the 
night at a roadside house ; but when he 
found that the old man had lately mar- 
ried a young wife, he passed on. In the 
night the old landlord was murdered, 
and the pedlar was accused of the crime. 
At length the Highlander reached Cantire, 
and saw his wife caressing a young man. 
In his rage he would have killed the 
young man, but, determined to "do 
nothing rashly. " he asked who the young 
man was, and discovered it was his own 
son. To crown all, when the Highlander 
opened the cake given him by his late 
master as a present to his wife, he found 
in it his wages in full. — Cuthbert Bede: 
The White Wife, and other Stories (1864). 

IT The following is a somewhat similar 
tale : A poor man, not long married, 
started for Maremma to earn a livelihood, 
and, after the lapse of some years, 
returned home. On his way he asked 
a publican for alms, and the publican 
replied, "Which shall I give you — three 
scudi or three bits of advice?" The man 
chose the latter, and the publican said to 
him, " (1) Never interfere with what does 
not concern you; (2) never leave the 
high-road for a short cut ; and (3) keep 
your wounded pride under control till the 
following day." On his way home he 
lodged at an inn where a murder was 
committed, but kept a wise tongue in 
his head, and was suffered to depart 
in peace. As he journeyed on he was 
advised by a traveller to take a short 
cut, but declined doing so ; and the 
traveller, who left him, was murdered 
by highwaymen. On reaching home he 
beheld his wife caressing a young priest, 
but he kept his wounded pride under 
control till the day following, and then 
discovered that the young priest was his 
own son. When he opened a cake given 
him by the publican, he found in it 
three scudi. — Nerucci: Sessanta Novelle 
Populari. 

IT Every one will remember Solomon's 
choice. He chose wisdom, and found 
riches were given in to boot. 

Appnl'dur combe (4 syl.), the Isle 
of Wight. The word is a compound of 
apuldre-combe ("valley of apple trees"), 
and not y pul dur y cum (" the lake in 
the valley "J. 

April Fool. One of the most 
favourite London jokes was to send 
greenhorns to the Tower, "to see th* 



54 



APULEIUS. 

lions washed. ' ' (See Dictionary of Phrase 
and Fable, p. 58.) 

IT When asked the origin of this 
custom, send the inquirer to look out 
Matt, xxviii. 22. 

Apule'ius, an African by birth, noted 
for his allegorical romance, in eleven 
books, of The Golden Ass (q.v.). Books 
iv., v., vi. contain the exquisite episode 
of Cupid and Psyche {q.v.). Apuleius 
lived about A.D. 1 14-190. 

Aquarius, Sagittarius. Mrs. 
Browning says that "Aquarius" is a 
symbol of man suffering, and ' ' Sagit- 
tarius " of man combatting — the passive 
and active forms of human labour. 

Eve. Two phantasms of two men. 

Adam. One that sustains, 

And one that strives, so the ends 
Of manhood's curse of labour. 

Mrs. Browning: A Drama of Exile (1851). 

A'quilant, son of Olive'ro and 
Sigismunda ; a knight in Charlemagne's 
army. He was called "black," and his 
brother Gryphon "white," from the colour 
of their armour. — Ariosto: Orlando 
Furioso (15 16). 

A'qniline (3 syl.), Raymond's steed, 
whose sire was the wind. — Tasso : Jeru- 
salem Delivered, vii. (1575). 

(Solinus, Columella, and Varro relate 
how the Lusitanian mares "with open 
mouth against the breezes held, receive the 
gale, with warmth prolific filled, and thus 
inspired, their swelling wombs produce 
the wondrous offspring." See also 
Virgil : Georgics, iii. 266 -283. ) 

Aquin'ian Sage {The). Juvenal is 
so called, because he was born at Aqui'- 
num, in Latium. (He flourished A.D. 
100.) 

Arabella, an heiress left under the 
charge of justice Day, whose son, Abel, 
aspired to her hand and fortune ; but 
Arabella conferred both on captain Manly 
instead. — T. Knight: The Honest Thieves. 

Arabia Felix [Araby the Blest]. 
The name is a blunder made by British 
merchants, who supposed that the precious 
commodities of India, bought of Arabian 
merchants, were the produce of Arabia. 

Arabian Bird {The), the phcenix. 
Metaphorically, a marvellous person ; one 
quite sui generis. 

O Anthony 1 O thou Arabian bird I 
Shakespeare : Anthony and Cleopatra, ifi. a. 

Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
ments (The). (SeeTHOUSAND-AND-ONE 
Nights.) 



A RAN Z A 

Arachne [A-rak'-ny], a spider. Me 
taphoncally, a weaver. "Arachne"? 
labours," spinning and weaving. Arachne 
was a Lydian maiden, who challenged 
Minerva to compete with her in needle 
tapestry, and Minerva metamorphosed 
her into a spider. 

No orifice for a point 
As subtle as Arachne's broken woof 
To enter. 
Shakespeare : Troilus and Cressida, v. a (1602). 

A'raf {Al), a sort of limbo between 
paradise and jehennam, for those whv. 
die without sufficient merit to deserve the 
former, and without sufficient demerit to 
be confined in the latter. Here idiots, 
lunatics, and infants go at death, accord- 
ing to the Koran. 

Ar 'afat {Mount), a granite hill 15 miles 
south-east of Mecca, where Adam (con- 
ducted by Gabriel) met Eve, after a puni- 
tive separation of 200 years. Every 
pilgrim to this mount enjoys the privilege 
of a Hadji. 

•••A Hadji is one who has performed his Hadj, 
or pilgrimage to Mecca. 

Aragnol, the son of Arachne" {q.v.). 
He entertained a secret and deadly hatred 
against prince Clarion, son of Muscarol, 
the fly-king. And, weaving a curious net, 
he soon caught the gay young fiutterer, 
and gave him his death-wound by pierc- 
ing him under the left wing. — Spenser: 
Muiopotmos, or The Butterfly's Fate 
(i59o)- 

Aram {Eugene, 2 syl.), a romance by 
Lytton Bulwer (lord Lytton), founded 
on the story of a Knaresborough school- 
master, who (under very peculiar circum- 
stances) committed a murder. He is 
described as a learned man, of kindly 
disposition, and blameless life. The 
murder so haunted him that he committed 
suicide. 

".* Thomas Hood has told the story in 
verse, and W. G. Wills has dramatized it. 

Aramin'ta, the wife of Moneytrap, 
and friend of Clarissa (wife of Gripe the 
scrivener). — Sir John Vanbrugh : The 
Confederacy (1695). 

Aranza (The duke of). He married 
Juliana, elder daughter of Balthazar. She 
was so haughty, arrogant, and overbear- 
ing, that, after the marriage, Aranza took 
her to a mean hut, which he called his 
home, and pretended that ho was only a 
peasant, who had to work for his living, 
and expected his bride to perform the 
household duties. Juliana chafed for a 
time, but firmness, manliness, and affec- 



ARAPHIL. 



55 ARCHBISHOP OF GRANADA. 



don won the day ; and when the duke 
saw that she really loved him for himself, 
he led her to his castle and revealed to 
her his proper station. — J. Tobin: The 
Honeymoon (1804). 

V Of course, this is only a richauffi of 
Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew. 

Ar'aphil or Ar'aphill, the poetic 
pseudonym of William Habington. His 
lady-love, Miss Lucy Herbert, he calls 
Castara. 

Aras'pes (3 syl.), king of Alexandria, 
who joined the Egyptian armament 
against the crusaders. He was ' ' more 
famed for devices than for courage." — 
Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Arba'ces (3 syl.), king of Iberia, in 
the drama called A King or no King, by 
John Fletcher (1619). 

Arbate (2 syl.), in Racine's drama of 
Mithridate\$ syL, 1673). 

Arbate (2 syl. ), governor of the prince 
of Ithaca, in Moliere's comedy La Prin- 
cesse d Elide (1664). In his speech to 
Euryle (2 syl.) prince of Ithaca, persuad- 
ing him to love, he is supposed to refer to 
Louis XV. , then 26 years of age. 



Je dirai que l'amour sied bien a vos pareil . . . 
Et qu'il est malaise que, sans etre amoreux, 
Un jeune prince soit et grand et genereux 1 



Arbiter El'eg-aiitiae. C. Petronius 
was appointed dictator-in-chief of the 
imperial pleasures at the court of Nero ; 
and nothing was considered comme ilfaut 
till it had received the sanction of this 
Roman "beau Brummel." 

Behold the new Petronius of the day, 
The arbiter of pleasure and of play. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

Arbre Sec, a tree said to have dried 
up and withered when our Lord was 
crucified. — A Mediaeval Christian Tradi- 
tion. 

Arbre Sol foretold, with audible 
voice, the place and manner of Alex- 
ander s death. This tree figures in all 
he fabulous legends of Alexander. 

Arbuthnot {Epistle to Dr.), by Alex- 
ander Pope. The prologue of the Satires. 
It contains the famous description of 
Addison, under the name of "Atticus," 
and is most prolific in lines familiar as 
household words. 

Arc {Joan of), or Jeanne la Pucelle, 
the Maid of Orleans, daughter of a rustic 
of Domr^my, near Vaucouleurs, in 
France. She was servant at an inn when 
she conceived the ? dea of liberating France 



from the English. Having gained ad- 
mission to Charles VII., she was sent by 
him to raise the siege of Orleans, and 
actually succeeded in so doing. Schiller 
(1801) wrote a tragedy on the subject; 
Balfe(i839), an opera ; Casimir Delavigne 
an elegy ; T. Taylor (1870) a tragedy ; 
Southey, an epic poem on her life and 
death ; and Voltaire, a burlesque. 

N.B. — In regard to her death, M. 
Octave Delepiere, in his Doute Historique, 
denies the tradition of her having been 
burnt to death at Rouen ; and Vignier 
discovered in a family muniment chest 
the "contract of marriage between" 
Robert des Armoise, knight, and Jeanne 
d'Arc, surnamed " The NIaid of Orleans." 

Ar' cades Ambo, both fools alike ; 
both "sweet innocents;" both alike 
eccentric. There is nothing in the cha- 
racter of Corydon and Thyrsis (Virgil's 
Eclogue, vii. 4) to justify this disparaging 
application of the phrase. All Virgil 
says is that they were both ' ' in the flower 
of their youth, and both Arcadians, both 
equal in setting a theme for song or cap- 
ping it epi grammatically ; " but as Ar- 
cadia was the least intellectual part of 
Greece, an "Arcadian" came to signify 
dunce, and hence "Arcades ambo" re- 
ceived its present acceptation. 

Arca'dia, a pastoral romance in prose 
by sir Philip Sidney, in imitation of the 
Dian'a of Montemayor (1590). 

Arcala'us (4.9//.), an enchanter who 
bound Am'adis de Gaul to a pillar in his 
courtyard, and administered to him 200 
stripes with his horse's bridle. — Amadis 
de Gaul (fifteenth century). 

Arca'nes (3 syl.), a noble soldier, 
friend of Cas'silane (3 syl. ) general of 
Candy. — Beaumont and Fletcher: The 
Laws of Candy (printed 1 -47). 

Arch.an'g'el. Burroughs, the puritan 
preacher, called Cromwell "the arch- 
angel that did battle with the devil." 

Archas, "the loyal subject" of the 
great-duke of Moscovia, and general of 
the Moscovites. His son is colonel Theo- 
dore. 

Young Archas, son of the general. 
Disguised as a woman, he assumes the 
name of Alinda. — Fletcher: The Loyal 
Subject (1618). Beaumont died 16 16. 

Arclibisli'op of Grana'da told his 
secretary, Gil Bias, when he hired him, 
"Whenever thou shalt perceive my pen 
smack of old age and my genius flag, 



4RCHER. 



ARDVEN. 



don't fail to advertise me of it, for I don't 
trust to my own judgment, which may be 
seduced by self-love." After a fit of 
apoplexy, Gil Bias ventured in the most 
delicate manner to hint to his grace that 
"his last discourse had not altogether 
the energy of his former ones." To this 
the archbishop replied, " You are yet too 
raw to make proper distinctions. Know, 
child, that I never composed a better 
homily than that which you disapprove. 
Go, tell my treasurer to give you ioo 
ducats. Adieu, Mr. Gil Bias ; I wish 
you all manner of prosperity, with a little 
more taste." — Lesage: Gil Bias, vii. 3 
(1715). 

Ar'cher (Francis), friend of Airhwell, 
who joins him in fortune-hunting. These 
are the two "beaux." Thomas viscount 
Aimwell marries Dorinda, the daughter 
of lady Bountiful. Archer hands the 
deeds and property taken from the high- 
waymen to sir Charles Freeman, who 
takes his sister, Mrs. Sullen, under his 
charge again. — George Farquhar: The 
Beaux Stratagem (1707). 

Archibald (John), attendant on the 
duke of Argyle.— Sir W. Scott: Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II. ). 

Archima'go, the reverse of holiness, 
and therefore Satan the father of lies 
and all deception. Assuming the guise 
of the Red Cross Knight, he deceived 
Una ; and under the guise of a hermit, he 
deceived the knight himself. Archimago 
(Greek, arcM magos, "chief magician") is 
introduced in bks. i. and ii. of Spenser's 
Faerie Queene. The poet says — 

... he could take 
As many forms and shapes In seeming wlsa 
As ever Proteus to himself could make : 
Sometimes a fowl, sometimes a fish in lake, 
Now like a fox, now like a dragon fell. 

Spenser : Fairie Queene, I. ii. 10 (1590). 

Archy M'Sarcasxn. (See M'Sar- 

CASM. ) 

Arcliy'tas of Tarentum made a 
wooden pigeon that could fly ; and 
Regiomontanus, a German, made a 
wooden eagle that flew from Koenigsberg 
to meet the emperor ; and, having saluted 
him, returned whence it set out (1436- 
1476). 

Ar'cite (2 syl. ) and Fal'amon, two 

Theban knights, captives of duke Theseus 
(2 syl. ). (For the tale, see Palamon . . . ) 
— Chaucer; Canterdury Tales (1388). 

Ar'den (Enoch), the hero of a poetic 
tale by Tennyson (1864). He is a sea- 
man who had been wrecked on a desert 



island, and, after an absence of severa» 
years, returning home, he found his wife 
married to another. Seeing her both 
happy and prosperous, he resolves not 
to make himself known, so he leaves the 
place, and dies of a broken heart.— 
Tennyson ; Enoch Arden. 

Arden (Forest of), in Shakespeare's 
comedy of As You Like It, is a purely 
imaginary place. 

*.• There is a forest of Arden in 
Staffordshire, but Shakespeare's forest 
cannot possibly be the same. 

Ar'den of Fev'ersham, a noble cha- 
racter, honourable, forgiving, affectionate, 
and modest. His wife Alicia, in her sleep, 
reveals to him her guilty love for Mosby, 
but he pardons her on condition that 
she will never see the seducer again. 
Scarcely has she made the promise 
when she plots with Mosby her hus- 
band's murder. In a planned street- 
scuffle, Mosby pretends to take Arden's 
part, and thus throws him off his guard. 
Arden thinks he has wronged him, and 
invites him to his house, but Mosby 
conspires with two hired ruffians to fall 
on his host during a game of draughts, 
the right moment being signified by 
Mosby's saying, "Now I take you." 
Arden is murdered ; but the whole gang 
is apprehended and brought to justice. 

This drama is based on a murder which #oek place 
In 1551. Ludwig Tieck has translated the play into 
German, as a genuine production of Shakespeare. 
Some ascribe the play to George Lillo, but Charles 
Lamb gives 1592 as the date of its production, and says 
the author Is unknown. 

Ardenne ( Water of\ This water had 
the power of converting love to hate. The 
fountain was made by Merlin to cure sir 
Tristram of his love for Isolt, but sir 
Tristram never drank of it. It is mentioned 
by Bojardo, in his Orlando Innamorato. 

'.• Nepenthe (3 syl.) had the direct 
opposite effect, namely, that of turning 
hatred to love. (See Nepenthe.) 

. . that same water of Ardenne, 
The which Rinaldo drank in happy hour, 
Described by that famous Tuscan pen . . . 
... It had the power to change the hearts of men 
From love to hate. 

Spenser: Falrit Queene, It. 3 (1596). 

Ardennes (The Black d), one of 
Charlemagne's paladins. 

Ardven, west coast of Scotland 
(Argyleshire and its vicinity). 

" Go I " . . . said St.imo ; " go to Ardven s sea- 
surrounded rocks. Tell the king of Selma [Fingal, 
the capital of whose kingdom was Selma] ... I give 
him my daughter, the loveliest maid that ever heaved 
a breast of snow. Her arms are white as the foam ot 
my waves ; her soul Is generous and mild. '— Ossian, 
Fineal, LU. 



AREOPAGITICA. 



57 



ARGENTILE. 



Areopagit'ica, a prose work by 
Milton in favour of "liberty of the press," 
published in 1644. It is powerfully written, 
but very temperate. The title was taken 
from the Areopagos, or Mars' Hill, of 
Athens, a famous court of justice and 
equity. 

Areousti, the Indian war-god ; also 
war, tumult. 

A cry of " Areouski I " broke our sleep. 
Campbell: Gertrude 0/ Wyoming, L 16 (1809). 

Arethu'sa, daughter of king Messina, 
in the drama of Philaster or Love lies 
a-bleeding, by John Fletcher (printed 
1633). One of the very best. 

Areth/u'sa, a nymph pursued by 
Alpheos, the river-god, and changed into 
a fountain in the island of Ortygia ; but 
the river-god pursued her still, and 
mingled his stream with the fountain. 
Ever since, "like friends once parted, 
grown single-hearted," they leap and 
flow and slumber together, "like spirits 
that love, but live no more." 

V This fable has been exquisitely turned into poetry 
by Percy B. Shelley (1830). 

Arethu'se (4 syl.), a Syracusian 
fountain, especially noted because the 
poet Theok'ritos was born on its banks. 
Milton alludes to it in his Lyc'idas, v. 85. 

Argali'a, brother of Angel'ica, slain 
by Ferrau. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Ar'gan, the malade imaginaire and 
father of Angelique. He is introduced tax- 
ing his apothecary's bills, under the con- 
viction that he cannot afford to be sick 
at the prices charged, but then he notices 
that he has already reduced his bills 
daring the current month, and is not so 
well. He first hits upon the plan of 
marrying Angelique to a young doctor, 
but to this the lady objects. His brother 
suggests that Argan himself should be 
his own doctor, and when the invalid 
replies he has not studied either diseases, 
drugs, or Latin, the objection is over- 
ruled by investing the "malade" in a 
doctor's cap and robe. The piece con- 
cludes with the ceremonial in macaronic 
Latin. 

When Argan asks his doctor how many grains of 
salt he ought to eat with an egg, the doctor answers. 
"Six. huit, dix, etc., par les nombres pairs, comme 
dans les medicaments par les nombres Impairs." — 
Moliire: Le Malade Itnaginairt, it 9 (1673). 

Arga'no, leader of the Libicanians, 
and an ally of Agramont. — Ariostu: 
Orlando Furioso (151b). 



Argante (3 syl.), a giantess, called 
"the very monster and miracle of lust.' 
She and her twin-brother Ollyphant 01 
Oliphant were the children of Typhce'us 
and Earth. ArgantS used to carry off 
young men as her captives, and seized 
"the Squire of Dames" as one of her 
victims. The squire, who was in fact 
Britomart (the heroine of chastity), was 
delivered by sir Sat'yrane (3 syl.). — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, iii. 7 (1590). 

Argante' (2 syl. ), father of Octave (a 
syl.) and Zerbinette (3 syl.). He pro- 
mises to give his daughter Zerbinette to 
Leandre (2 syl.), the son of his friend 
Ge'ronte (2 syl. ) ; but during his absence 
abroad the young people fall in love, 
unknown to their respective fathers. 
Both fathers storm, and threaten to break 
off the engagement, but are delighted 
beyond measure when they discover that 
the choice of the young people has un- 
knowingly coincided with their own.— 
Moliere : Les Fourberies de Scapin (1671). 

(Thomas Otway has adapted this play 
to the English stage, and called it The 
Clieats of Scapin. "Argante" he calls 
Thrifty; "Geronte" is Gripe; "Zerbi- 
nette" he calls Lucia ; and "Leandre" 
he Anglicizes into Leander.) 

Argan 'tes (3 syl.), a Circassian of 
high rank and undoubted courage, but 
fierce and a great detester of the Naza- 
renes. Argantfis and Solyman were un- 
doubtedly the bravest heroes of the infidel 
host. Argantes was slain by Rinaldo, 
and Solyman byTancred. — Tasso : Jeru- 
salem Delivered (1575). 

Bonaparte stood before the deputies like the 
Argantes of Italy's heroic poet.— Sir fV. Scott. 

Ar'genis, a political romance in 
Latin, by John Barclay (1621). It has 
been frequently translated into English. 

Ar'genk {The halls of ). Here are 
portrayed all the various creatures that 
inhabited this earth before the creation 
of Adam. — Beckford : Vathek ( 1784). 

Ar'gentile (3 syl.), daughter of king 
Adelbright, and ward of EdeL Curan, a 
Danish prince, in order to woo her, 
became a drudge in. her house, but, being 
obliged to quit her service, became a 
shepherd. Edel, the guardian, forcing 
his suit on Argentile, compelled her to 
flight, and she became a neatherd's maid. 
In this capacity Curan wooed and won 
her. Edel was forced to restore the 
possessions of his ward, and Curan 
became king of Northumberland. As for 



ARGENTIN. 



ARICONIUM. 



Edel, he was put to death. — Warner: 
Albion's England (1586). 

Ar'gentin (Le sieur a"), one of the 
officers of the duke of Burgundy. — Sir 
W. Scott: Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Arge'o, baron of Servia and husband 
of Gabrina. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso 
( 1S i6). 

Arges'tes (3 syl. ), the west wind. 

Winged Argestes, faire Aurora's Sonne, 
Licensed that day to leave his dungeon. 
Meekly attended. 
W. Brown : Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 5 (1613). 

Arges'tes (3 syl.), the north-east wind ; 
Cae'cias, the north-west ; Bo'reas, the full 
north. 

Boreas and Caecias and Argestes loud 
. . . rend the woods, and seas upturn. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, x. 699, etc. (1665). 

N.B. — The exact direction of the winds 
in Greek and Latin it is not possible to 
determine. The west wind is generally 
called "Zephyrus," and the Romans 
called the north-east wind "Vulturnus." 
Perhaps we may reckon Boreas as full 
north ; Auster as south ; Eurus as east ; 
and Zephyrus as west. 

Ar'gillan, a haughty, turbulent 
knight, born on the banks of the Trent. 
He induced the Latians to revolt, was 
arrested, made his escape, but was ulti- 
mately slain in battle by Solyman. — 
Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered, viii., ix. 
(i57S). 

Argon and Hiiro, the two sons of 
Annir king of Inis-thona, an island of 
Scandinavia. Cor'malo, a neighbouring 
chief, came to the island, and asked for 
the honour of a tournament. Argon 
granted the request and overthrew him, 
which so vexed Cormalo, that during a 
hunt he shot both the brothers with his 
bow. Their dog Runo, running to the 
hall, howled so as to attract attention, 
and Annir, following the hound, found 
his two sons both dead. On his return 
he discovered that Cormalo had run off 
with his daughter ; but Oscar, son of 
Ossian, slew Cormalo in fight, and re- 
stored the young lady to her father. — 
Ossian : The War of Inis-thona. 

Argonautic Expedition {The) or 
Argonau'tica, about a generation 
before the Trojan War. A narration in 
Greek hexameters and in four books of 
the expedition of Jason and some fifty 
Greek heroes from Iolcus in Thessaly to 
Colchis, in the Argo, a ship of fifty oars, 



to fetch thence the Golden Fleece, which 
was hung on an oak and guarded by a 
sleepless dragon. After many strange 
adventures the crew reached 1 olchis, and 
the king promised to give Jason the fleece 
if he would yoke to a plough the two fire- 
breathing bulls, and sow the dragons' teeth 
left by Cadmus in Thebes. Jason, by the 
help of Medea, a sorceress, fulfilled these 
conditions, became master of the fleece, 
and, with Medea who had fallen in love 
with him, secretly quitted Colchis. The 
return voyage was as full of adventures as 
the outward one, but ultimately the ship 
arrived at Iolcus, and was dedicated to 
Neptune in Corinth. 

Arg'uri (in Russian Armenia). Here, 
according to tradition, Noah first planted 
the vine. {Argh urri, "he planted the 
vine.") 

Ar'gus, the turf-writer, was Irwin 
Willes, who died in 1871. 

Argyle' {Mac Callum More, duke of), 
in the reign of George I. — Sir W. Scott: 
Rob Roy (1818). 

Mac Callum More, marquis of Argyle, in the reign 
of Charles I., was commander of the parliamentary 
forces, and is called " Gillespie Grumach ; " he disguises 
himself, and assumes the name of Murdoch Campbell. 
— Sir IV. Scott: Legend of Montrose (1819). 

(Duke and duchess of Argyle are intro- 
duced also in The Heart of Midlothian, 
by sir W. Scott, 18 18.) 

Ariad'ne (4 syl. ), daughter of Minos 
king of Crete. She gave Theseus a clew 
of thread to guide him out of the Cretan 
labyrinth. Theseus married his deliverer, 
but when he arrived at Naxos {Did) for- 
sook her, and she hanged herself. 

Surely it is an Ariadne. . . . There is dawning 
womanhood in every line ; but she knows nothing of 
Naxos.— Ouida : Ariadne', i. x. 

Aria'na, an ancient name of Khoras- 
san, in Persia. 

Ar'ibert, king of the Lombards (653- 
661), left "no male pledge behind," but 
only a daughter named Rhodalind, whom 
he wished duke Gondibert to marry, but 
the duke fell in love with Bertha, daugh- 
ter of As'tragon, the sage. The tale 
being unfinished, the sequel is not known. 
— Davenant : Gondibert (died 1668). 

Arico' ilium, Kenchester, in Here- 
ford, on the Ine. Here Offa had a palace. 
In poetry, Ariconium means Hereford- 
shire, noted for its wool. 

I [Herm/s] conduct 
The English merchant, with the buxom fleece 
Of fertile Ariconium, while I clothe 
Sarmatian kings [Poland and Jiussia]. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads, 



ARIDEUS. 



59 



ARISTARCHUS. 



Arideus [A-ree'-de-us), a herald in 
the Christian army. — Tasso: Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

A'riel, in The Tempest, an airy spirit, 
able to assume any shape, or even to be- 
come invisible. He was enslaved to the 
witch Syc'orax, mother of Cal'iban, who 
overtasked the little thing, and in punish- 
ment for not doing what was beyond his 
strength, imprisoned him for twelve years 
in the rift of a pine tree, where Caliban 
delighted to torture him with impish 
cruelty. Prospero, duke of Milan and 
father of Miranda, liberated Ariel from 
the pine-rift, and the grateful spirit 
served the duke for sixteen years, when 
he was set free. 

And like Ariel in the cloven pine tree. 
For its freedom groans and sighs. 

Longfellow : The Golden Milestone. 

A'riel, the sylph in Pope's Rape of the 
Lock. The impersonation of "fine life" 
in the abstract, the nice adjuster of hearts 
and necklaces. When disobedient he is 
punished by being kept hovering over the 
fumes of chocolate, or is transfixed with 
pins, clogged with pomatums, or wedged 
in the eyes of bodkins. 

A'riel, one of the rebel angels. The 
word means " the Lion of God." Abdiel 
encountered him, and overthrew him. — 
Milton : Paradise Lost, vi. 371 (1665). 

Ariman'es (4 syl.), the prince of the 
powers of evil, introduced by Byron in his 
drama called Manfred. The Persians 
recognized a power of good and a power 
of evil : the former Yezad, and the latter 
Ahriman (in Greek, Oroma'zes and Ari- 
man'nes). These two spirits are ever at 
war with each other. Oromazes created 
twenty-four good spirits, and enclosed 
them in an egg to be out of the power of 
Ariman6s ; but Arimanes pierced the 
shell, and thus mixed evil with every 
good. However, a time will come when 
Arimangs shall be subdued, and the earth 
become a perfect paradise. 

Arimas'pians, a one-eyed people of 
Scythia, who adorned their hair with 
gold. As gold-mines were guarded by 
Gryphons, there were perpetual conten- 
tions between the Arimaspians and the 
Gryphons. (See Gryphon.) 

Arimaspi, quos diximus uno oculo in fronte media in- 
signes : quibus assidue bellum esse circa metalla cum 
gryphis, ferarum volucri genere. quale vulgo traditur, 
erucnte ex cunlculis aurum, mire cupiditate et feris 
custodientibus, et Arimaspis rapientibus, multi, sed 
maxime illustres Herodotus et Aristeas Proconncsias 
icribunt.— Pliny, Nat. Hist., vii. 2. 



Ar'ioch [" a fierce lion"], one of the The Liar, . », 



fallen angels overthrown by Abdiel. — 
Milton : Paradise Lost, vi. 371 (1665). 

Ariodantes (5 syl,), the beloved of 
Geneu'ra, a Scotch princess. Geneura 
being accused of incontinence, Ariodantes 
stood forth her champion, vindicated her 
innocence, and married her. — Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 
(Ariodantes was made duke of Albania. ) 
Ari'on. William Falconer, author of 
The Shipwreck, speaks of himself under 
this pseudonym (canto iii.). He was 
sent to sea when a lad, and says he was 
eager to investigate the "antiquities of 
foreign states." He was junior officer in 
the Britannia, which was wrecked against 
the projecting verge of cape Colonna, the 
most southern point of Attica, and was 
the only officer who survived. 

Thy woes, Arion, and thy simple tale 

O'er all the hearts shall triumph and prevail. 

Campbell : Pleasures 0/ Hope, ii. (1799). 

Ari'on, a Greek musician, who, to avoid 
being murdered for his wealth, threw 
himself into the sea, and was carried to 
Tas'naros on the back of a dolphin. 

Ari'on, the wonderful horse which Her- 
cules gave to Adrastos. It had the gift 
of human speech, and the feet on the right 
side were the feet of a man. 

IT The two horses of Achilles possessed 
the power of human speech. Balaam's 
ass had the same gift. (See Speech 
ascribed to dumb animals. ) 

(One of the masquers in sir W. Scott's 
Kenilworth is called "Arion.") 

Ario'sto of the North, sir Walter 
Scott (1771-1832). 

And, like the Ariosto of the North, 
Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth. 
Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 40. 

Arisise'us, protector of vines and 
olives, huntsmen and herdsmen. He in- 
structed man also in the management of 
bees, taught him by his mother Cyreng. 

In such a palace Aristseus found 
CyrenS, when he bore the plaintive tale 
Of his lost bees to her maternal ear. 
Ctrwper: The Ice Palace 0/ Anne of Russia. 

Aristar'chus, any critic. Aristar- 
chus of Samothrace was the greatest critic 
of antiquity. His labours were chiefly 
directed to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer. 
He divided them into twenty-four books 
each, marked every doubtful line with an 
obelos, and every one he considered 
especially beautiful with an asterisk. 
(Fl. B.C. 156 ; died aged 72.) 

The whole region of belles lettres fell under my In- 
spection . . . There, sirs, like another Aristarch, I 
dealt out fame and damnation at pleasure.— 5. Foot* .* 



ARISTE. 



60 



ARMANDE. 



" How, friend 1 " replied the archbishop, " has It \the 
homily] met with any Aristarchus [severe critic\\" — 
Lesage : Gil Bias, vii. 4 (1715). 

Ariste (2 syl.) t brother of Chrysale 
(2 syl.), not a savant, but a practical 
tradesman. He sympathizes with Hen- 
rietta his womanly niece, against his 
sister-in-law Philaminte (3 jy/.) and her 
daughter Armande (2 syl.), who are 
fe?nmes savantes. — Mo Here : Les Femmes 
Savantes (1672). 

Ariste'as, a poet who continued to 
appear and disappear alternately for above 
400 years, and who visited all the mythi- 
cal nations of the earth. When not in 
the human form, he took the form of a 
stag. — Greek Legend. 

Aristi'des {The British), Andrew 
Marvell, an influential member of the 
House of Commons in the reign of Charles 
II. He refused every offer of .promotion, 
and a direct bribe tendered to him by the 
lord treasurer. Dying in great poverty, 
he was buried, like Aristid£s, at the public 
expense (1620-1678). 

Aristip'pos, a Greek philosopher of 
Cyre'nS, who studied under Soc'rates, and 
set up a philosophic school of his own, 
called "he'donism " {h&ovq, " pleasure"). 

• . • C. M. Wieland has an historic novel 
in German, called Aristippus, in which 
he sets forth the philosophical dogmas of 
this Cyrenian (1733-1813). 

An axiom of Aristippos waa, Omnis 
Aristippum decuit color, et status, et res 
(Horace, Epist., i. 17. 23); and his great 
precept was, Mihi res, non me rebus sub- 
jungere (Horace, Epist., i. 1. 18). 

I am a sort of Aristippus, and can equally accommo- 
date myself to company and solitude, to affluence and 
frugality. — Lesage : Gil Bias, v. 12 (1715). 

Aristobu'lus, called by Drajton 
Aristob'ulus {Rom. xvi. 10), and said to 
be the first that brought to England the 
"glad tidings of salvation." He was 
murdered by the Britons. 

The first that ever told Christ crucified to us, 
By Paul and Peter sent, just Aristob'ulus . . . 
By the Britons murdered was. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Aristom'enes (5 syl.), a young Mes- 
senian of the royal line, the "Cid" of 
ancient Messe'nia. On one occasion he 
entered Sparta by night to suspend a 
shield in the temple of Pallas. On the 
shield were inscribed these words : ' ' Aris- 
tomen&s from the Spartan spoils dedi- 
cates this to the goddess." 

H A similar tale is told of Fernando 
Perez del Pulgar, when serving under 
Ferdinand of Castile at the siege of 



Grana'da. With fifteen companions ha 
entered Granada, then in the power of the 
Moors, and nailed to the door of the 
principal mosque with his dagger a tablet 
inscribed, "Ave, Maria 1 " then galloped 
back before the guards recovered from 
their amazement. — Washington Irving: 
Conquest 0/ Granada, 91. 

Aristoph'anes (5 syl.), a Greek 
who wrote fifty-four comedies, eleven of 
which have survived to the present day 
(b. c. 444-380). He is called ' ' The Prince 
of Ancient Comedy," and Menander 
"The Prince of New Comedy" (B.C. 
342-291). 

The English or Modern Aristophanis, 
Samuel Foote (1722-1777). 

The French Aristophanis, J. Baptiste 
Poquelin de Moliere (1622-1673). 

Aristotle. The mistress of this 
philosopher was Hepyllis ; of Plato, 
Archionassa; and of Epicurus, Leontium. 

Aristotle of China, Tehuhe, who died 
A.D. 1200, called " The Prince of Science." 

Aristotle of Christianity, Thos. Aqui'nas, 
who tried to reduce the doctrines of faith 
to syllogistic formulae (1 224-1274). 

Aristotle of the Nineteenth Century, 
George Cuvier, the naturalist (1769-1832). 

Aristotle in Love. Godfrey Gobi- 
lyve told Sir Graunde Amoure that Aris- 
totle the philosopher was once in love, and 
the lady promised to listen to his prayer 
if he would grant her request. The terms 
being readily accepted, she commanded 
him to go on all-fours ; and then, putting 
a bridle into his mouth, mounted on his 
back, and drove him about the room till 
he was so angry, weary, and disgusted, 
that he was quite cured of his foolish 
attachment. — Hawes ; The Pastime of 
Plesure, xxix. (1555). 

Armado {Don Adriano de), a pom- 
pous military bully and braggart, in Shake- 
speare's Love's Labour's Lost. This man 
was chosen by Ferdinand, the king of 
Navarre, when he resolved to spend three 
years in study with three companions, to 
relate in the interim of his studies " in 
high-born words the worth of many a 
knight from tawny Spain lost in the 
world's debate." 

His humour is lofty, his discourse peremptory, his 
tongue filed, his eye ambitious, his gait majestlcal, and 
his general behaviour vain, ridiculous, and thrasonical. 
... lie draweth out the thread of his verbosity finer 
than the staple of his argument.— ShaJtespeare : Love's 
Labour's Lost, act v. sc. i (1594). 

Armande (2 syl. ), daughter of Chry- 
sale (2 syl.) and sister of Henrietta 



ARMIDA. 



61 



ARNOLD. 



Armande Is a femme savante, and Hen- 
riette a "thorough woman." Both love 
Clitandre; but Armande loves him pla- 
tonicly, while Henriette loves him with 
womanly affection. Clitandre prefers the 
younger sister, and, after surmounting the 
usual obstacles, marries her. — Moliere: 
Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 

Armi'&a, in Tasso's Jerusalem De- 
livered. A sorceress, who seduced Rinaldo 
and other crusaders from the siege of 
Jerusalem. Hinaldo was conducted by 
her to her splendid palace, where he for- 
got his vows, and abandoned himself to 
sensual joys. Carlo and Ubaldo were 
sent to bring him back, and he escaped 
from Armida ; but she followed him, and, 
not being able to allure him back again, 
set fire to her palace, went to Egypt, and 
offered to marry any one who would kill 
Rinaldo. She herself discharged an 
arrow at him, and attempted to kill herself, 
but was prevented by Rinaldo, to whom 
she became reconciled. 

• . • Her father was Arbilan of humble 
race, her mother was Chariclea queen of 
Damascus ; both died while Armida was 
a mere child. Her uncle was Hidrastes 
(3 syl.) king of Damascus. 

[Julia's] small hand 
Withdrew itself from his, but left behind 
A little pressure ... but ne'er magician's wand 
Wrought change with all Armida's fairy art, 
Like what this light touch left on Juan s heart. 

Byron : Don yuan, 1. ji. 

N.B. — When the young queen of 
Frederick William of Prussia rode about 
in military costume to incite the Prussians 
to arms against Napoleon, the latter wittily 
said, "She is Armida in her distraction 
setting fire to her own palace." 

(Both Gliick and Rossini have taken 
the story of Armida as the subject of an 
opera.) 

Armida's Girdle. Armida had an en- 
chanted girdle, which, "in price and 
beauty," surpassed all her other orna- 
ments ; even the cestus of Venus was less 
costly. It told her everything; "and 
when she would be loved, she wore the 
same. ' ' — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered 
*575)- 

ARMSTRONG {Archie), court 
jester to James I., introduced in The 
Fortunes of JS/igel, by sir Walter Scott 
(1822). 

Armstrong" (Grace), the bride-elect 
of Hobbie Elliot of the Heugh-foot, a 
young farmer.— Sir W. Scott: The Black 
Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Arm 'strong {John), called "The 



Laird's Jock." He is the laird of Man- 
gerton. This old warrior witnesses a 
national combat in the valley of Liddes- 
dale, between his son (the Scotch chief- 
tain) and Foster (the English champion), 
in which young Armstrong is overthrown. 
— Sir W. Scott: The Laird's Jock (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Armstrong {Johnny), a ballad, the 
tale of which is as follows : James V. 
of Scotland, in an expedition against the 
borderers, in 1529, came in contact with 
Johnny Armstrong, the freebooter, and 
his horsemen. Armstrong craved pardon 
and permission to enter the royal service ; 
but the king replied — 

Thou shalt have no pardon, [but] 
To-morrow morning by ten o' the clock 
Ye all shall hang on the gallows-tree. 

A fight, of course, ensued, " and every 
man was slain." Their graves are still 
pointed out in Carlenrig churchyard. 

Ar'naut, an Albanian mountaineer. 
The word means " a brave man." 

Stained with the best of Arnaut blood. 

Byron : The Giaour, 526. 

Arnheim (2 syl.). The baron Her- 
man von Arnheim, Anne of Geierstein's 
grandfather. 

Sibilla of Arnheim, Anne's mother. 

The baroness of Arnheim, Anne of 
Geierstein. — Sir W. Scott: Anne oj 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Ar'no, the river of Florence, the birth- 
place of both Dantg and Boccaccio. 

At last the Muses rose . . . and scattered ... as 

they flew, 
Their blooming wreaths from fair Valclusa's bowers 

[Petrarch] 
To Amo's myrtle border. 

Akenside : Pleasures of Imagination, ii. 

ARNOLD, the deformed son of 
Bertha, who hates him for his ugliness. 
Weary of life, he is about to make away 
with himself, when a stranger accosts him, 
and promises to transform him into any 
shape he likes best. He chooses that of 
Achillas, and then goes to Rome, where 
he joins the besieging army of Bourbon. 
During the siege, Arnold enters St. Peter's 
of Romejust in time to rescue Olimpia ; but 
the proud beauty, to prevent being taken 
captive by him, flings herself from 
the high altar on to the pavement, and is 
taken up apparently lifeless. As the 
drama was never completed, the sequel 
is not known. — Byron: The Deformed 
Transformed. 

Ar'nold, the torch-bearer at Rother- 
wood. — Sir W. Scott: Ivan hoe (time, 
Richard I.). 



ARNOLD. 



ARSACES. 



Ar'nold of Benthuysen, disguised as a 
beggar, and called " Ginks."— Fletcher: 
The Beggar's Bush (1622). 

Arnold {Matthew). His creed for the 
regeneration of man is contained in the 
three words, " Light, Sweetness, and 
Culturs." Dante speaks of " Light, 
Grace, and Mercy ; " but neither ap- 
proaches St. Paul's triplet, "Faith, Hope, 
and Charity." 

Arnoldo, son of Melchtal, patriot of 
the forest cantons of Switzerland. He 
w.is in love with Mathilde (3 syl.), sister 
of Gessler, the Austrian governor of the 
district. When the tyranny of Gessler 
drove the Swiss into rebellion, Arnoldo 
joined the insurgents ; but after the death 
of Gessler he married Mathilde, whose 
life he had saved when it was imperilled 
by an avalanche. — Rossini: Guglielmo 
Tell(xBzg). 

Amol'do, a gentleman contracted to 
Zeno'cia, a chaste lady, dishonourably 
pursued by the governor, count Clodio. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher: The Custom of 
the Country (printed 1647). 

Ar'nolphe (2 syl.), a man of wealth, 
who has a crotchet about the proper train- 
ing of girls to make good wives, and tries 
his scheme on Agnes, whom he adopts 
from a peasant's hut, and whom he in- 
tends in time to make his wife. She was 
brought up, from the age of four years, 
in a country convent, where difference of 
sex and the conventions of society were 
wholly ignored. But when removed 
from the convent, she treated men like 
school-girls, nodded to them familiarly, 
kissed them, and played with them. 
Being told by her guardian that married 
women have more freedom than maidens, 
she asked him to marry her ; however, a 
young man named Horace fell in love 
with her, and made her his wife, so 
Arnolphe, after all, profited nothing by his 

fiains. — Moliere : L'Ecole des Femmes 
1662). 

Dans un petit couvent loin de toute pratique 
Je le fis clever selon ma politique 
C'est-a-dire, ordonnant quels soins on emploeroit 
Poure le rendre idiote autant qu'il se pourroit. 

Act L x. 

Arnolpho, a German duke slain by 
Rodomont. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso. 

Ar'not {Andrew), one of the yeomen 
of the Balafre [Ludovic Lesly].— Sir IV. 
Scott: Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Arod, in the second part of Absalom 
ind Achitophel, by Tate and Dryden, is 



meant for sir William Waller, who de- 
tected the " Meal-tub Plot." 

In the sacred annals of our plot, 
Industrious Arod never be forgot. 
The labours of this midnight magistrate 
May vie with Corah's [Titus OaUs] to preserve the state. 
Part ii. 533, etc. (1682). 

Aron'teus (4 syl.), an Asiatic king, 
who joined the Egyptian armament 
against the crusaders. — Tasso : Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

Aroundig-ht, the sword of sir Lan- 
celot of the Lake. 

Arpa'sia, the betrothed of Mone'sgs, 
a Greek, but made by constraint the bride 
of Baj'azet sultan of Turkey. Bajazet 
commanded Mones£s to be bow-strung in 
the presence of Arpasia, to frighten her 
into subjection, but she died at the sight. 
— Rowe : Ta merlane { 1 702 ). 

Ar'rant Knave {An), a corruption 
of the Anglo-Saxon nearo-cndpa I ' ' great 
knave"). Similarly, nearo-bregd ("great 
fear ") ; nearo-grdp {" great grip ") ; nearo- 
wrence (" great deceit "), etc. 

Ar'rot {Dame), the weasel in the 
beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Arrow in the Fable ( The). • ' The 
arrow, like that in the fable, has to be 
aimed at a mark which the archer's eye is 
allowed to see only as reflected on some 
other substance." The allusion is to the 
Parthians, who shot behind them when 
in flight. It is said that each Par- 
thian horseman carried on his back a 
"reflecting plate of metal," in which the 
man behind saw reflected those in pur- 
suit. He shot, therefore, over his left 
shoulder, guided by the reflection of the 
foe in the back of the man before him. 

Arrow Festival ( The), instituted by 
Zoroaster to commemorate the flight of 
the arrow shot from the top of the Peak 
of Demavend, in Persia, with such miracu- 
lous prowess as to reach the banks of 
the Oxus, causing the whole intervening 
country to be ceded to Persia. 

Arrow shot a Mile. Robin Hood 
and Little John " frequently shot an 
arrow a measured mile " (1760 yards). 

Tradition informs us that in one of Robin Hood's 
peregrinations, attended by Little John, he went to 
dine at Whitby Abbey with the abbot Richard . . . 
they went to the top of the abbey, and each of them 
shot an arrow, which fell not far from Whitby-laths, 
and a pillar was set up by the abbot where each arrow 
was found . . . both fell more than a measured mile 
from the abbey. — Charlton : History of Whitby, York, 
146. 

Ar'saces (3 syl.), the patronymic 
name of the Persian kings, from Arsaces 



ARSETES. 



63 



ARTFUL DODGER. 



their great monarch. It was generally 
added to some distinctive name or appel- 
lation, as the Roman emperors added the 
name of Caesar to their own. 

Cujus memoriae hunc honorem Parthi tribuerunt ut 
omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine nuncupent.— 
ynstin : Historiarce Philippics, xli. 

Arse'tes (3 syl.), the aged eunuch 
who brought up Clorinda, and attended on 
her. — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered '(1575). 

Ar'taban, the French type of nobi- 
liary pride. 

Ar'tamenes (3 syl.) or I»e Grand 
Cyrus, "a long-winded romance," by 
Mdlle. Scuden (1607-1701). 

Artaxam'inous (5 syl.), king of 
Utopia, married to Griskinissa, whom he 
wishes to divorce for Distaffi'na. But 
Distafhna is betrothed to general Bom- 
bastes, and when the general finds that 
his "fond one" prefers "half a crown" 
to himself, he hates all the world, and 
challenges the whole race of man by 
hanging his boots on a tree, and daring 
any one to displace them. The king, 
coming to the spot, reads the challenge, 
and cuts the boots down, whereupon 
Bombastes falls on his majesty, and 
" kills him," in a theatrical sense, for the 
dead monarch, at the close of the burletta, 
joins in the dance, and promises, if the 
audience likes, " to die again to-morrow." 
— Rhodes : Bombastes Furioso. 

Ar'tchila Mur'tchila, the magic 
words which "Fourteen" was required to 
pronounce when he wished to get any 
specific object "into his sack." — A Basque 
Legend. (See Fourteen.) 

Ar'tegal, a mythic king of Britain 
in the Chronicle of Geoffrey of Mon- 
mouth. Milton introduces him in his 
mythical History of Britain in six books 
(1670). 

Ar'tegal or Arthegal (Sir), son 
of Gorlois prince of Cornwall, stolen in 
infancy by the fairies, and brought up in 
Fairyland. Brit'omart saw him in Venus's 
looking-glass, and fell in love with him. 
.She married him, and became the mother 
of Aurelius Conan, from whom (through 
Cadwallader) the Tudor dynasty derives 
descent. The wanderings of Britomart, 
as a lady knight-errant and the imper- 
sonation of chastity, is the subject of 
book iii. of the Faerie Queene ; and the 
achievements of sir Artegal, as the im- 
personation of justice, is the subject of 
bk. v. 

V Sir Artegal's first exploit was to 



decide to which claimant a living woman 
belonged. This he decided according to 
Solomon's famous judgment respecting 
"the living and dead child" (canto 1). 
His next was to destroy the corrupt 
practice of bribery and toll (canto 2). 
His third was the exposing of Bragga- 
doccio and his follower Trompart (canto 
3). He had then to decide to which 
brother a chest of money found at sea be- 
longed — whether to Bractdas or Am'idas; 
he gave judgment in favour of the former 
(canto 4). He then fell into the hands of 
Rad'igund queen of the Amazons, and 
was released by Britomart (cantos 5 and 
6), who killed Radigund (canto 7). His 
last and greatest achievement was the 
deliverance of Ire'na (Ireland) from 
Grantorto (rebellion), whom he slew 
(canto 12). 

(This rebellion was that called the earl 
of Desmond's, in 1580. Before bk. iv. 6, 
Artegal is spelt Arthegal, but never 
afterwards. ) 

N.B. — " Sir Artegal" is meant for lord 
Gray of Wilton, Spenser's friend. He 
was sent in 1580 into Ireland as lord- 
lieutenant, and the poet was his secretary. 
The marriage of Artegal with Britomart 
means that the justice of lord Gray was 
united to purity of mind or perfect in- 
tegrity of conduct. — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, v. (1596). 

Artemisia, daughter of Lygdamis 
and queen of Caria. With five ships she 
accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of 
Greece, and greatly distinguished herself 
in the battle of Salamis by her prudence 
and courage. (This is not the Artemisia 
who built the Mausoleum.) 

Our statues . . . she 

The foundress of the Babylonian wall [Semirimis]} 

The Carian Artemisia, strong in war. 

Tennyson : The Princess, 1L 

Artemisia, daughter of Hecatomnus 
and sister-wife of Mauso'lus. Arte- 
misia was queen of Caria, and at the 
death of her fraternal husband raised a 
monument to his memory (called a mau- 
soleum), which was one of the "Seven 
Wonders of the World." It was built by 
four different architects : Scopas, Timo- 
theus, Leochar£s, and Bruxis. 

This made the four rare masters which began 
Fair Artemysia's husband's dainty tomb 

(When death took her before the work was done. 
And so bereft them of all hopes to come). 

That they would yet their own work perfect make 

E'en for their workes, and their self-glories sake. 
Lord Brooke: An Inquiry upon Fame, etc. (1554-1628). 

Artful Dodger, the sobriquet of 
John Dawkins, a young thief, up to every 



ARTHGALLO. 



64 



ARTHUR. 



sort ot dodge, and a most marvellous 
adept in villainy. — Dickens: Oliver Twist 
(1837). 

Arthgallo, a mythical British Hng, 
brother of Gorbonian, his predecessor on 
the throne, and son of Mor'vidus, the 
tyrant who was swallowed by a sea- 
monster. Arthgallo was deposed, and 
his brother El'idure was advanced to the 
throne instead. — Geoffrey: British History, 
fii. 17 (1142). 

ARTHUR (King) , parentage of. His 
father was Uther the pendragon, and his 
mother Ygerne (3 syl.), widow of Gorloi's 
duke of Cornwall. Ygerne' had been 
a widow only three hours, knew not 
that the duke was dead (pt. i. 2), and 
her marriage with the pendragon was 
not consummated till thirteen days after- 
wards. When the boy was born Merlin 
took him, and he was brought up as the 
foster-son of sir Ector (Tennyson says 
"sir Anton"), till Merlin thought proper 
to announce him as the lawful successor 
of Uther, and had him crowned. Uther 
lived two years after his marriage with 
YgernS. — Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 2, 6 (1470). 

Wherefore Merlin took the child 
And gave him to sir Anton, an old knight 
And ancient friend of Uther ; and his wife 
Nursed the young prince, and reared him with her own. 
Tennyson: Coming of Arthur. 

Coming of Arthur. Leod'ogran, king 
of Cam'eliard (3 syl. ), appealed to Arthur 
to assist him in clearing his kingdom of 
robbers and wild beasts. This being 
done, Arthur sent three of his knights 
to Leodogran, to beg the hand of his 
daughter Guenever in marriage. To this 
Leodogran, after some little hesitation, 
agreed, and sir Lancelot was sent to 
escort the lady to Arthur's court. 

Arthur not dead. According to tra- 
dition Arthur is not dead, but rests in 
Glastonbury, ' ' till he shall come again, 
full twice as fair, to rule over his people." 
(See Barbarossa.) 

According to tradition, Arthur never died, but was 
converted into a raven by enchantment, and will, in the 
fulness of time, appear again in his original shape, to 
recover his throne and sceptre. For this reason there 
Is never a raven killed in England.— Cet vantes : Don 
Quixote, I. U. s (1605). 

Arthur's Twelve Battles (or victories 
over the Saxons), i. The battle of the 
river Glem (i.e. the glen of Northumber- 
land). 2 to 5. The four battles of the 
Duglas (which falls into the estuary of 
the Ribble). 6. The battle of Bassa, said 
to be Bashall Brook, which joins the 
Ribble near Cli there. 7. The battle of 



Celidon, said to be Tweeddile. 8. The 
battle of Castle Gwenion (i.e. Caer Wen, 
in Wedale, Stow). 9. The battle of 
Caerleon, i.e. ^Carlisle; which Tennyson 
makes to be Caerleon-upon-Usk. 10. The 
battle of Trath Treroit, in Anglesey, some 
say the Solway Frith. 11. The battle of 
Agned Cathregonion (i.e. Edinburgh). 
12. The battle of Badon Hill (i.e. the 
Hill of Bath, now Bannerdown). 

Then bravely chanted they 
The several twelve pitched fields he [Arthur] with tha 
Saxons fought. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, Iv. (1612). 

Arthur, one of the Nine Worthies. 
Three were Gentiles : Hector, Alexander, 
and Julius Caesar ; three were Jews : 
Joshua, David, and Judas Maccabaeus; 
three were Christians : Arthur, Charle* 
magne, and Godfrey of Bouillon. 

Arthur's Body found. In 1189 the 
body of king Arthur was found in 
Glastonbury Abbey, 16 feet under the 
surface. It was found under a stone, 
bearing the inscription, Hicjacit sepultus 
inclitus rex A rthurus in Insula A vallon ia. 
The body had crumbled into dust, but 
a lock of golden-red hair was found, 
supposed to be that of his wife. — Sharon 
Turner: History of the Anglo-Saxons, 
p. 107. 

Arthur's Butler, sir Lucas or Lucan, 
son of duke Corneus ; but sir Grifiet, son 
of Cardol, assisted sir Key and sir Lucas 
"in the rule of the service." — History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 8 (1470). 

Arthur's Dagger, Carnwenhan. 

Arthur's Dog, Caval. 

Arthur's Drinking-Hom. No one 
who was unchaste or unfaithful could 
drink from this horn. Lai du Corn and 
Morte d' Arthur. (See Chastity.) 

Arthur's Foster-Father and Mother, sir 
Ector and his lady. Their son, sir Key 
(his foster-brother), was his seneschal or 
steward. — Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 3, 8 (1470). 

N.B. — Tennyson makes sir Anton the 
foster-father of Arthur. 

Arthur's Lance, Rhomgomyant. 

Arthur's Mare, Llamrei, which means 
"bounding, curvetting, spumador." 

Arthur's Round Table. It contained 
seats for 150 knights. Three were re- 
served, two for honour, and one (called 
the "siege perilous") for sir Galahad 
destined to achieve the quest of the 
sangreal. If any one else attempted to 
sit in it, his death was the certain penalty. 

*.' There is a table so called at Win- 
chester, and Henry VIII. showed it to 



ARTHUR. 



65 



ARTHURIAN ROMANCES. 



Francois I. as the very table made by 
Merlin for Uther the pendragon. 

And for great Arthur's seat, her Winchester prefers, 
Whose old round table yet she vaunteth to be hers. 
Draytvn : Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 

Arthurs Shield, Pridwin. Geoffrey 
calls it Priwen, and says it was adorned 
with the picture of the Virgin Mary. — 
British History, ix. 4 (1142). 

V In the Mabinogion it is called 
Wenebgwrthucher. 

Arthurs Sisters [half-sisters], Mor- 
gause or Margawse (wife of king Lot) ; 
Elain (wife of king Nentres of Carlot) ; 
and Morgan le Fay, the ' ' great dark of 
Nigromancy," who wedded king Vrience, 
of the land of Cord, father of Ewayns le 
Blanchemayne. Only the last had the 
same mother (Ygraine or Ygerne) as the 
king. — Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 2. 

Arthur's Sons — Urien, Llew, and 
Arawn. Borre was his son by Lyonors, 
daughter of the earl Sanam. — History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 15. Mordred was his 
son by Elain, wife of king Nentres of 
Carlot. In some of the romances collated 
by sir T. Malory he is called the son of 
Margause and Arthur; Margause being 
called the wife of king Lot, and sister of 
Arthur. This incest is said to have been 
the cause of Mordred's hatred of Arthur. 
— Pt. i. 17, 36, etc. 

(In the Welsh "Triads," Llew is 
called Llacheu. He is said to have been 
" most valiant and learned.") 

Arthur's Spear, Rone. Geoffrey calls it 
Ron. It was made of ebony. — British 
History, ix. 4 (1142). (See Lance.) 

His spere be nom an honde tha Ron wes ibaten. 
Layamon : Brut, (twelfth century). 

Arthur's Sword, Escal'ibur or Excal'- 
iber. Geoffrey calls it Caliburn, and says 
it was made in the isle of Avallon. — 
British History , ix. 4 (1142). 

The temper of his sword, the tried Escalabour, 
The bigness and the length of Rone, his noble spetr, 
With Pridwin, his great shield. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Arthur {King), in the burlesque opera 
of Tom Thumb, has Dollallolla for his 
queen, and Huncamuncaforhis daughter. 
This dramatic piece, by Henry Fielding, 
the novelist, was produced in 1730, but 
was altered by Kane O'Hara, author of 
Midas, about half a century later. 

Arthur's Harp, a Lyrae, which 
forms a triangle with the Pole-star and 
Arcturus. 

Dost thou know the star 

We call the " Harp ot Arthur " up in heaven! 

Tcnnvson: The Last Tournament. 



Arthur's Seat, the hill which over 
hangs Edinburgh. 

Nor hunt the bloodhounds back to Arthur's seat t 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 

Arthurian Romances. 

King Arthur and the Round Table, a 
romance in verse (1096). 

The Holy Graal (in verse, 1100). 

Titurel or The Guardian of the Holy 
Graal, by Wolfram von Eschenbach. 
Titurel founded the temple of Graalburg 
as a shrine for the holy graal. 

The Romance of Parzival, prince of the 
race of the kings of Graalburg. By 
Wolfram of Eschenbach (in verse). 'I his 
romance was translated into French by 
Chretien de Troyes in 117a It contains 
4018 eight-syllable lines. 

Launcelot of the Lake, by Ulrich of Zazi- 
koven, contemporary with William Rufus. 

Wigalois or The Knight of the Wheel, 
by Wirnd of Graffenberg. This adven- 
turer leaves his mother in Syria, and 
goes in search of his father, a knight of 
the Round Table. 

Twain or The Knight of the Lion, and 
Ereck, by Hartmann von der Aue (thir- 
teenth century). 

Tristan and Yseult (in verse, by Master 
Gottfried of Strasburg (thirteenth cen- 
tury). This is also the subject of Luc du 
Gast's prose romance, which was revised 
by Elie de Borron, and turned into verse 
by Thomas the Rhymer, of Erceldoune, 
under the title of the Romance of Tris- 
tram. 

Merlyn Ambroise, by Robert de Borron. 

Roman des diver sesQuetes de St. Graal, 
by Walter Mapes (prose). 

A Life of Joseph of Arimathea, by 
Robert de Borron. 

La Mort d 'Artur\d 'Arthur], by Walter 
Mapes. 

The Idylls of the King, by Tennyson, in 
blank verse, containing "The Coming of 
Arthur," " Gareth and Lynette,"" Geraint 
and Enid," " Merlin and Vivien," " Lan- 
celot and Elaine," "The Holy Graal," 
" Peleas and Estarre " (2 syl. ), " The Last 
Tournament," "Guinevere" (3 syl.), and 
"The Passing of Arthur," which is the 
" Morte d' Arthur" with an introduction 
added to it. 

(The old Arthurian Romances have 
been collated and rendered into English 
by sir Thomas Malory, in three parts. 
Part i. contains the early history of Arthur 
and the beautiful allegory of Gareth and 
Linet ; part ii. contains the adventures 
of sir Tristram ; and part iii. the adven- 
tures of sir Launcelot, with the death of 



ARTHURET. 



66 



ARVIRAGUS. 



Arthur and his knights. Sir Frederick 
Madden and J. T. K. have also con- 
tributed to the same series of legends. ) 

• . • Sources of the A rthurian Romances. 
The prose series of romances called 
Arthurian owe their origin to : i. The 
legendary chronicles composed in Wales 
or Brittany, such asZte Excidio Britannia 
of Gildas. 2. The chronicles of Nennius 
(ninth century). 3. The Armoric collec- 
tions of Walter [Cale'nius] or Gauliter, 
archdeacon of Oxford. 4. The Chronlcon 
sive Historia Britonum of Geoffrey of 
Monmouth. 5. Floating traditions and 
metrical ballads and romances. (See 
Charlemagne and Mabinogion.) 

The story of king Arthur, of course, has been repre- 
sented in sundry forms. There is an opera by Dryden, 
music by Purcell (1691) ; a play by Hathaway (1598) ; an 
heroic poem entitled Prince Arthur (1695), by sir 
Richard Blackmore, followed in 1697 by King A rthttr ; 
a poem in twelve books by Edward, lord Lytton ; 
Idylls of the King, by Tennyson ; Death of King 
Arthur, a ballad. 

Ar'thuret (Miss Seraphina the papist, 
and Miss Angelica), two sisters in sir W. 
Scott's novel called Redgauntlet (time, 
George III.). 

Arts ( The fine) and Genius. Sir 

Walter Scott was wholly ignorant of 
pictures, and quite indifferent to music. 
Rogers fell no pleasure in paintings, and 
music gave him positive discomfort. Sir 
Robert Peel detested music. Byron and 
Tasso cared nothing for architecture, and 
Bynn had no ear for music. Mde. de 
Stae'l could not appreciate scenery. Pope 
and Dr. Johnson, like Scott and Byron, 
had no ear for music, and could scarcely 
discern one tune from another ; Pope 
preferred a street-organ to Handel's 
Messiah. 

Ar'turo (lord Arthur Talbot), a 
cavalier affianced to Elvi'ra " the puritan," 
daughter of lord Walton. On the day 
appointed for the wedding, Arturo has 
to aid linrichetta (Henrietta, widow of 
Charles I.) in her escape, and Elvira, 
supposing he is eloping with a rival, 
temporarily loses her reason. On his 
return, Arturo explains the circumstances, 
and they vow never more to part. At 
this juncture Arturo is arrested for 
treason, and led away to execution ; but 
a herald announces the defeat of the 
Stuarts, and free pardon of all political 
offenders ; whereupon Arturo is released, 
and marries "the fair puritan." — Bellini's 
opera, / Puritan i (1834). 

Ar'turo [Bucklaw]. So Frank 
Hayslon is called in Donizetti's opera 



of Lucia di Lammermoor (1835). (See 
Hayston.) 

Ar'undel, the steed of sir Bevis of 
Southampton, given him by his wife 
Josian, daughter of the king of Armenia. 
Probably the word is meant for Hiron- 
delle, a swallow. — Drayton: Polyolbion, 
ii. (1612). 

Arundel Castle, called Magounce 
(2 syl.). 

She [Anglides] came to a castle that was called Ma- 
gounce, and now is called Arundell, in Southsea. — Sir 
T. Malory : History of Prince Arthur, ii. 118 (1470). 

Ar'valan, the wicked son of Keha'ma, 
slain by Ladur'lad for attempting to 
dishonour his daughter Kail'yal (2 syl.). 
After this, his spirit became the relent- 
less persecutor of the holy maiden, but 
holiness and chastity triumphed over sin 
and lust. Thus when Kailyal was taken 
to the bower of bliss in paradise, Arvalan 
borrowed the dragon-car of the witch 
Lor'rimite (3 syl.) to carry her off; but 
when the dragons came in sight of the 
holy place they were unable to mount, 
and went perpetually downwards, till 
Arvalan was dropped into an ice-rift of 
perpetual snow. When he presented 
himself before her in the temple of Jaga- 
naut, she set fire to the pagoda. And 
when he caught the maiden waiting for 
her father, who was gone to release v the 
glendoveer from the submerged city of 
Baly, Baly himself came to her rescue. 

" Help, help, Kehama ! help ! " he cried. 
But Baly tarried not to abide 
That mightier power. With irresistible feet 
He stampt and cleft the earth. It opened wide. 
And gave him way to his own judgment-seat. 
Down like a plummet to the world below 
He sank ... to punishment deserved and endless woe. 
Southey : Curse of Kehaina, xvii. 12 (1809). 

Arvi'da (Prince), a noble friend of 
Gustavus Vasa. Both Arvida and Gus- 
tavus are in love with Christi'na, daughter 
of Christian II. king of Scandinavia. 
Christian employs the prince to entrap 
Gustavus ; but when he approaches him 
the better instincts of old friendship and 
the nobleness of Gustavus prevail, — so 
that Arvida not only refuses to betray 
his friend, but even abandons to him all 
further rivalry in the love of Christina. — 
H. Brooke: Gustavus Vasa (1730). 

Arvir'agns, the husband of Do'rigen. 
Aurelius tried to win her love, but Dorigen 
made answer that she would never listen 
to his suit till the rocks that beset the 
coast were removed, "and there n'is no 
stone y-seen." By the aid of magic, 
Aurelius caused all the rocks of the coast 



ARVIRAGUS. 



6 7 



ASELGES. 



to disappear, and D^rigen's husband 
insisted that she should keep her word. 
When Aurelius saw how sad she was, and 
was told that she had come in obedience 
to her husband's wishes, he said he would 
rather die than injure so true a wife and 
noble a gentleman. — Chaucer : Ca?iterbury 
Tales ("The Franklin's Tale," 1388). 

(This is substantially the same as 
Boccaccio's tale of Dianora and Gilberto, 
day x. 5. See DlANoRA.) 

Arvir'agns, younger son of Cym'be- 
line (3 syl.) king of Britain, and brother 
of Guide'rius. The two in early childhood 
were kidnapped by Bela'rius, out of re- 
venue for being unjustly banished, and 
were brought up by him in a cave. When 
they were grown to manhood, Belarius, 
having rescued the king from the Romans, 
was restored to favour. He then intro- 
duced the two young men to Cymbeline, 
and told their story, upon which the king 
was rejoiced to find that his t,vo sons 
whom he thought dead were both living. 
— Shakespeare : Cymbeline (1605). 

Aryan LangTxages {The) 



Sanskrit, 
Zend, 
Greek, 
Latin, 



Keltic, 
Gothic, 



7. Slavonic, 



whence Hindustanee. 
Persian. 
Romaic. 

Italian, French, Span- 
ish, Portuguese, Wal- 
lachian {Romance). 
Welsh, Irish, Gaelic. 
Teutonic, English, 

Scandinavian. 
European Russian, 
and Austrian. 



As You Like It, a comedy by Shake- 
speare, published in 1600. One of the 
French dukes, being driven from his duke- 
dom by his brother, went with certain 
followers to the forest of Arden (a purely 
hypothetical place), where they lived a 
free-and-easy life, chiefly occupied in the 
chase. The deposed duke had one 
daughter, named Rosalind, whom the 
usurper kept at court as the companion 
of his own daughter Celia, and the two 
cousins were very fond of each other. At 
a wrestling match Rosalind fell in love 
with Orlando, who threw his antagonist, 
a giant and professional athlete. The 
usurping duke (Frederick) banished Rosa- 
jind from the court, but her cousin Celia 
resolved to go to Arden with her ; so 
Rosalind in boy's clothes (under the name 
of Ganimed), and Celia as a rustic maiden 
(under the name of Alie'na), started to 
find the deposed duke. Orlando being 
driven from home by his elder brother, 



also went to the forest of Arden, and was 
taken under the duke's protection. Here 
he met the ladies, and a double marriage 
was the result — Orlando married Rosali n d , 
and his elder brother Oliver married Celia. 
The usurper retired to a religious house, 
and the deposed duke was restored to his 
dominions. — (1598. ) 

Asaph. So Tate calls Dryden, in 
Absalom and Achitophel. 

While Judah's throne and Zion's rock stand fast. 
The song of Asaph and his fame shall last. 

Part ii. 1064 (16S2). 

Asaph {St.), a British [i.e. Welsh] 
monk of the sixth century, abbot of Llan- 
Elvy, which changed its name to St. 
Asaph, in honour of him. 

So bishops can she bring, of which her saints shall be • 
As Asaph, who first gave that name unto that see. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Ascal'aphos, son of Acheron, turned 
into an owl for tale-telling and trying to 
make mischief. — Greek Fable. 

Asca'nio, son of don Henrique (2 syl. ), 
in the comedy called The Spanish Curate, 
by John Fletcher (1622). 

Ascapart or As'cupart, an enormous 
giant, thirty feet high, who carried off sir 
Bevis, his wifejos'ian, his sword Morglay, 
and his steed Ar'undel, under his arm. 
Sir Bevis afterwards made Ascapart his 
slave, to run beside his horse. The effigy 
of sir Bevis is on the city gates of South- 
ampton.— Drayton : Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 

He was a man whose huge stature, thews, sinews, 
and bulk . . . would have enabled him to enact 
" Colbrand," " Ascapart," or any other giant of 
romance, without raising himself nearer to heaven 
even by the altitude of a chopin.— Sir IV. Scott. 
Those Ascaparts, men big enough to throw 
Charing Cross for a bar. 

Dr. Donne (1573-1631). 

Thus imitated by Pope (1688-1744)— 

Each man an Ascapart of strength to toss 

For quoits both Temple Bar and Charing Cross. 

Ascrse'an Sage, or Ascr&an Poet, 
Hesiod, who was born at Ascra, in.Bceo'tia. 
Virgil calls him " The Old Ascrasan." 

Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musae 
Ascraeo quos ante seni. 

Bucolic, vil. 70. 

As'ebie (3 syl.), Irreligion personified 
in The Purple Island (1633), by Phineas 
Fletcher (canto vii.). He had four sons : 
Idol'atros {idolatry), Phar'makeus (3 syl.) 
[witchcraft), Haeret'icus, and Hypocrisy ; 
all fully described by the poet. (Greek, 
asebeia, " impiety.") 

Asel'ges (3 syl.), Lasciviousness per- 
sonified. One of the four sons of Anag'- 
nui [inchastity), his three brothers being 
Maechus {adultery), Pornei'us {fornica- 
tion), and Acath'arus. Seeing his brothel 



ASEN. 



ASMODEUS. 



Porneius fall by the spear of Parthen'ia 
{maidenly chastity), Aselges rushes for- 
ward to avenge his death ; but the martial 
maid caught him with her spear, and 
tossed him so high i' the air "that he 
hardly knew whither his course was bent." 
(Greek, aselgis, "intemperate, wanton.") 
— Phineas Fletcher: The Purple Island, 
»• (1633). 

As'en, strictly speaking, are only the 
three gods next in rank to the twelve 
male Asir ; but the word is not unfre- 
quently used for the Scandinavian deities 
generally. 

As'gard, the fortress of the Msvc, 
or Scandinavian deities. It is situate in 
the heavenly hills, between the Earth and 
the Rainbow-bridge (Bifrost). The river 
is Nornor, overshadowed by the famous 
ash tree Ygdrasil'. Above the Rainbow 
dwelt the "Mysterious Three." 

As'gil's Translation. John Asgill 
wrote a book on the possibility of man 
being translated into eternal life without 
dying. The book, in 1707, was condemned 
to be burnt by the common hangman. 

Here's no depending upon old" women in my country, 
. . and a man may as safely trust to Asgil's transla- 
tion as to his great-grandmother not marrying.— Mrs. 
Centlivre : The Busybody, ii. 2 (1709). 

Ash/field {Farmer), a truly John Bull 
farmer, tender-hearted, noble-minded but 
homely, generous but hot-tempered. He 
loves his daughter Susan with the love of 
a woman. His favourite expression is 
" Behave pratty," and he himself always 
tries to do so. His daugh ter Susan marri es 
Robert Handy, the son of sir Abel Handy. 

Dame Ashfield, the farmer's wife, whose 
bite noire is a neighbouring farmer named 
Grundy. What Mrs. Grundy will say, 
or what Mrs. Grundy will think or do, is 
dame Ashfield's decalogue and gospel. 

Susan Ashfield, daughter of farmer and 
dame Ashfield. — Morton : Speed the 
Plough (1798). 

Ash 'ford (Isaac), "a wise, good man, 
contented to be poor." — Crabbe: Parish 
Register (1807). 

Ash'taroth, a general name for all 
Syrian goddesses. (See Astoreth. ) 

[They] had general names 
Of Baalim and Ashtaroth : those male, 
These feminine. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, I. 422 (1665). 

Ash. 'ton (Sir William), the lord 
keeper of Scotland, and fatiier of Lucy 
Ashton. 

Lady Eleanor Ashton, wife of sir Wil- 
liam. 



Colonel Sholto Douglas Ashton, eldest 
son of sir William. 

Lucy Ashton, daughter of sir William, 
betrothed to Edgar (the master of Ravens- 
wood) ; but being compelled to marry 
Frank Hayston (laird of Bucklaw), she 
tries to murder him in the bridal chamber, 
and becomes insane. Lucy dies, but the 
laird recovers. — Sir W. Scott : The Bride 
of Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

(This has been made the subject of an 
opera by Donizetti, called Lucia di Lam- 
mermoor, 1835.) 

Asia, the wife of that Pharaoh who 
brought up Moses. She was the daughter 
of Mozahem. — Sale: A I Kordn, xx. 
notes. 

Asia, wife of that Pharaoh who knew 
not Joseph. Her husband tortured her 
for believing in Moses ; but she was taken 
alive into paradise. — Sale: Al Koran, 
lxvi. note. 

•.* Mahomet says, "Among women 
four have been perfect : Asia, wife of 
Pharaoh ; Mary, daughter of Imran ; 
Khadijah, the prophet's first wife ; and 
Fatima, his own daughter." 

Asir' or rather JEsir, the celestial 
deities of Scandinavian mythology, viz. 
Odin.Thor, Baldr, Tyr, Bragi, Heimdall, 
Vidar, Vali, Ullur, and Forsetti. 

Sometimes the goddesses Frigga (wife 
of Odin), Sif (wife of Thor), and Idu'na 
are ranked among the iEsir ; but Ni'ord, 
with his wife Shado, their son Frey and 
daughter Frega, do not belong to the 
celestials but to the Vanir. 

As'madai (3 syl. ), the same as Asmo- 
de'us (4 syl.), the lustful and destroying 
angel, who robbed Sara of her seven hus- 
bands (Tobit iii. 8). Milton makes him 
one of the rebellious angels overthrown 
by Uriel and Ra'phael. Hume says the 
word means '* the destroyer." — Paradise 
Lost, vi. 365 (1665). 

Asmode'us (4 syl.), the demon of 
vanity and dress, called in the Talmud 
"king of the devils." As "dress" is 
one of the bitterest evils of modern life, 
it is termed " the Asmodeus of domestic 
peace," a phrase employed to express any 
"skeleton" in the house of a private 
family. 

(In the book of Tobit Asmodeus falls in 
love with Sara, daughter of Rag'uel, and 
causes the successive deaths of seven 
husbands each on his bridal night ; but 
when Sara married Tobit, Asmodeus was 
driven into Egypt by a charm made of 



ASMODEUS. 



ASS'S EARS. 



the heart and liver of a fish burnt on per- 
fumed ashes.) 

N.B. — Milton makes it a word of 4 syl. 
with the accent on the penult ; but Tenny- 
son makes the word either Asmo'deus 
(3 syl.), or Asmo'deus (4 syl.), with the 
accent on the second syL 

Better pleased 
Than Asmodeus with the fishy fume. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, It. i63. 
Abaddon and Asmodeus caught at me. 

Tennyson : St. Simeon Stylit/s. 

Asniode'us, a "diable bon-homme," 
with more gaiety than malice ; not the 
least like Mephistophele*s. He is the 
companion of Cle'ofas, whom he carries 
through the air, and shows him the inside 
of houses, where they see what is being 
done in private or secrecy without being 
seen. Although Asmodeus is not malig- 
nant, yet with all his wit, acuteness, and 
playful malice, we never forget the fiend 
even when he is most engaging. 

(Such was the popularity of the Diable 
Boileux, by Lesage, that two young men 
fought a duel in a bookseller's shop over 
the only remaining copy — an incident 
worthy to be recorded by Asmodeus him- 
self.) 

Miss Austen gives us just such a picture of domestic 
life as Asmodeus would present could he remove the 
roof of many an English home. — Encyc. Brit. (art. 
" Romance "). 

(Asmodeus must not be confounded 
with Asmonceus, surnamed " Maccabaeus. " 
See Hammer.) 



)'tus, Prodigality personified in 
The Purple Island (1633), by Phineas 
Fletcher, fully described in canto viii. 
(Greek, asotos, "a profligate.") 

Aspa'sia, a maiden, the very ideal of 
ill-fortune and wretchedness. She is the 
troth-plight wife of Amintor, but Amin- 
tor, at the king's request, marries Evad'ne 
(3 s yl')' Women point with scorn at the 
forsaken Aspasia, but she bears it all 
with patience. The pathos of her speeches 
is most touching, and her death forms 
the tragical event which gives name to 
the drama. — Beaumont and Fletcher : The 
Maids Tragedy (1610). 

Asphal'tic Pool (The), the Dead 
Sea. So called from the asphalt or bitu'- 
men abounding in it. The river Jordan 
empties itself into this "pool." — Milton : 
Paradise Lost, i. 411 (1665). 

As'phodel, in the language of flowers, 
means "regret." It is said that the spirits 
of the dead sustain themselves with the 
roots of this flower. It was planted by 



the ancients on graves, and both Theo- 
philus and Pliny state that the ghosts 
beyond Acheron roam through the mea- 
dows of Asphodel, in order if possible to 
reach the waters of Lethg or Oblivion. 
The asphodel was dedicated to Pluto. 
Longfellow strangely enough crowns his 
angel of death with amaranth, with which 
the "spirits elect bind their resplendent 
locks," and his angel of life with aspho- 
del, the flower of "regret" and emblem 
of the grave. 

He who wore the crown of asphodels . . . 
[said] " My errand is not death, but life "... 
[but] The angel with the amaranthine wreath 

Whispered a word that had a sound like death. 
Longfellow: The Two Angels. 

As'praxnont, a place mentioned by 
Ariosto in his Orlando Furioso, in the 
department of the Meuse (1516). 

Jousted in Aspramont and Mont'alban [Montauban\ 
Milton : Paradise Lost, i. 583 (1665). 

As'pramonte (3 syl.), in sir W. 
Scott's Count Robert of Paris (time, 

Rufus). 

The old knight, father of Brenhilda. 

The lady of Aspramonte, the knight's 
wife. 

Brenhilda of Aspramonte, their daugh- 
ter, wife of count Robert. 

As'rael or Az'rael, an angel of 
death. He is immeasurable in height, 
insomuch that the space between his eyes 
equals a 70,000 days' journey. — Moham- 
medan Mythology. 

Ass (An), emblem of the tribe of 
Issachar. In the old church at Totnes is 
a stone pulpit, divided into compartments, 
containing shields decorated with the 
several emblems of the Jewish tribes, of 
which this is one. 

Issachar is a strong ass, couching down between two 
burdens.— Gen. xlix. 14. 

Ass. Three of these animals are by 
different legends admitted into heaven : 

1. The ass on which Christ rode on His 
journey to Jerusalem on the day of palms. 

2. The ass on which Balaam rode, and 
which reproved the prophet, "speaking 
with the voice of a man." 3. The ass of 
Aaz'is queen of Sheba or Saba, who came 
to visit Solomon. (See Animals, p. 45. ) 

Ass's Ears. Midas was chosen to 
decide a trial of musical skill between 
Apollo and Pan. The Phrygian king 
gave his verdict in favour of Pan, where- 
upon Apollo changed his ears to those of 
an ass. The servant who used to cut the 
king's hair, discovering the deformity, 
was afraid to whisper the secret to any 
one, but, not being able to contain himself, 



ASSAD. 



ASTORETH. 



dug a hole in the earth, and, putting his 
mouth into it, cried out, "King Midas 
has ass's ears. " He then filled up the hole, 
and felt relieved. Tennyson makes the 
barber a woman. 

No livelier than the dame 
That whispered, " Asses' ears " [sic], among the sedge, 
••My sister." 

The Princess, il. 

As'sad, son of Camaral'zaman and 
HaiafaTnefous (5 syl.), and half-brother 
of Amgiad (son of Camaralzaman and 
Badoura). Each of the two mothers 
conceived a base passion for the other's 
son, and, when the young men repulsed 
their advances, accused them to their 
father of gross designs upon their honour. 
Camaralzaman commanded his vizier to 
put them both to death ; but instead of 
doing so, he conducted them out of the 
city, and told them not to return to their 
father's kingdom (the island of Ebony). 
They wandered on for ten days, when 
Assad went to a city in sight to obtain 
provisions. Here he was entrapped by an 
old fire-worshipper, who offered him hos- 
pitality, but cast him into a dungeon, in- 
tending to offer him up a human victim 
on the " mountain of fire." The ship in 
which he was sent being driven on the 
coast of queen Margiana, Assad was sold 
to her as a slave, but being recaptured was 
carried back to his old dungeon. Here 
Bosta'na, one of the old man's daughters, 
took pity on him, and released him ; and 
ere long Assad married queen Margiana, 
while Amgiad, out of gratitude, married 
Bos tana. — A rabian Nights ( * ' Amgiad and 
Assad "). 

As'sidos, a plant in the country of 
Prester John. It not only protects the 
wearer from evil spirits, but forces every 
spirit to tell its business. 

Astag'oras, a female fiend, who has 
the power of raising storms.— Tasso: 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Astar'te (3 syl.), the Phoenician 
moon-goddess, the Astoreth of the 
Syrians. 

With these 
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called 
Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. 
Milton : Paradise Lost, i. 438 (1665). 

As'tarte (2 syl.), an attendant on the 
princess Anna Comne'na. — Sir W. Scott: 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Astarte (2 or 3 syl.), beloved by Man- 
fred. — Byron : Manfred. 

We think of Astarte as young, beautiful, innocent,— 
guilty, lost, murdered, judged, pardoned ; but still, in 
her permitted visit to earth, speaking in a voice of 



sorrow, and with a countenance yet pnle with mortal 
trouble. We had but a glimpse of her in her beauty 
and innocence, but at last she rises before us in all 
the mortal silence of a ghost, with fixed, glazed, and 
passionless eyes, revealing death, judgment, and 
eternity. — Professor Wilson. 

(2 syl.) The lady Astarte his? Hush 1 who comes here? 
(3 syl.) . . . The same Astarte? No. (iii. 4.) [(iii. 4.) 

As'tery, a nymph in the train of 
Venus ; the lightest of foot and most 
active of all. One day the goddess, 
walking abroad with her nymphs, bade 
them go gather flowers. Astery gathered 
most of all ; but Venus, in a fit of 
jealousy, turned her into a butterfly, and 
threw the flowers into the wings. Since 
then all butterflies have borne wings of 
many gay colours. — Spe?iser: Muiopotmos 
or the Butterfly's Fate (1590). 

Ast'olat, Guildford, in Surrey. 
The Lily Maid of Astolat, Elaine, in 
Tennyson's Idylls of the King. 

Astol'pho, the English cousin of 
Orlando ; his father was Otho. He was 
a great boaster, but was generous, cour- 
teous, gay, and singularly handsome. 
Astolpho was carried to Alci'na's isle on the 
back of a whale ; and when Alcina tired 
of him, she changed him into a myrtle 
tree, but Melissa disenchanted him. 
Astolpho descended into the infernal 
regions ; he also went to the moon, to 
cure Orlando of his madness by bringing 
back his lost wits in a phial. — Ariosto : 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Astolpho' s Book. The fairy Log'istilla 
gave him a book, which would direct him 
aright in all his journeyings, and give 
him any other information he required. — 
Ariosto : Orlando Furioso, viii. 

Astolpho 's Horn. The gift of Logistilla. 
Whatever man or beast heard it, was 
seized with instant panic, and became an 
easy captive. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso, 
viii. 

As'ton {Sir Jacob), a cavalier during 
the Commonwealth ; one of the partisans 
of the late king.— Sir W. Scott: Wood- 
stock (period, Commonwealth). 

As'ton {Enrico). So Hemy Ashton 
is called in Donizetti's opera of Lucia di 
Lammermoor (1835). (See Ashton.) 

As'torax, king of Paphos and 
brother of the princess Calis. — John 
Fletcher: The Mad Lover (16 17). 

As'toreth, the moon-goddess of 
Syrian mythology; called by Jeremiah, 
"the Queen of Heaven," and by the 
Phoenicians, "Astar'te." (See Ashta- 
roih, p. 68.) 



ASTR^A. 

With these [the host of heaven] in troop 
Came Astoreth, whom the Phoenicians called 
Astarte, queen of heaven, with crescent horns. 
Milton : Paradise Lost, i. 438 (1665). 

(Milton does not always preserve the 
difference between Ashtaroth and Asto- 
reth ; for he speaks of the " mooned 
Ashtaroth, heaven's queen and mother.") 

Astrse'a, Mrs, Aphra Behn, an 
authoress. She published the story of 
Prince Oroonoka (died 1689). 

The stage how loosely does Astraea tread I 

Pope. 

Hymns of Astraa, a series of twenty- 
six acrostics in honour of queen Eliza- 
beth, by sir John Davies (1570-1626). 

As'tragon, the philosopher and great 
physician, by whom Gondibert and his 
friends were cured of the wounds re- 
ceived in the faction fight stirred up by 
prince Oswald. Astragon had a splendid 
library and museum. One room was 
called " Great Nature's Office," another 
" Nature's Nursery," and the library was 
called "The Monument of Vanished 
Mind." Astragon (the poet says) dis- 
covered the loadstone and its use in 
navigation. He had one child, Bertha, 
who loved duke Gondibert, and to whom 
she was promised in marriage. The tale 
being unfinished, the sequel is not known. 
— Davenant : Gondibert (died 1668). 

Astree (2 syl.), a pastoral romance 
by Honore D'Urfe" (1616), very cele- 
brated for giving birth to the pastoral 
school, which had for a time an over- 
whelming power on literature, dress, and 
amusements. Pastoral romance had re- 
appeared in Portugal fully sixty years 
previously in the pastoral romance of 
Montemayer called Diana (1552); and 
Longos, in the fifteenth century, had pro- 
duced a beautiful prose pastoral called 
The Loves of Daphnis and Chloe, but 
both these pastorals stand alone, while 
that of D'Urf6 is the beginning of a 
long series. 

(The Romance of Astree is very cele- 
brated.) 

Astringer, a falconer. Shakespeare 
introduces an astringer in All's Well that 
Ends Well, act v. sc. 1. (From the French 
austour, Latin austercus, "a goshawk.") 
A "gentle astringer" is a gentleman- 
falconer. 

We usually call a falconer who keeps that kind of 
hawk [the goshawk] an austringer. — Cowell : Law 
Dictionary. 

As'tro-fiamman'te (5 syl), queen 
of the night. The word means " flaming 
star." — Mozart: Die Zauberfote (1791). 



71 ATALA. 

Astronomer [The), in Rasselas, an 
old enthusiast, who believed himself to 
have the control and direction of the 
weather. He leaves Imlac his successor, 
but implores him not to interfere with 
the constituted order. 

" I have possessed," said he to Imlac, " for five years 
the regulation of the weather, and the distribution of 
the seasons : the sun has listened to my dictates, and 
passed from tropic to tropic by my direction ; the 
clouds, at my call, have poured their waters, and the 
Nile has overflowed at my command ; I have restrained 
the rage of the Dog-star, and mitigated the fervour 01 
the Crab. The winds alone . . . have hitherto refused 
my authority. ... I am the first of human beings to 
whom this trust has been imparted."— Dr. Johnson : 
Rasselas, xli.-xliii. (1759/. 

As'trophel, sir Philip Sidney. 
" Phil. Sid." may be a contraction oiphilos 
sidus, and the Latin sidus being changed 
to the Greek dstron, we get astron philos 
("star-lover"). The "star" he loved 
was Peneloj £ Devereux, whom he calls 
Stella ("star"), and to whom he was 
betrothed. Spenser wrote a pastoral elegy 
called Astrophel, to the memory of sir 
Philip Sidney. 

But while as Astrophel did live and reign, 

Amongst all swains was none his paragon. 

Spenser: Colin Clouts Come Home Again (1591). 

Astyn'ome (4 syl.) or Chryseis, 

daughter of Chrys6s priest of Apollo. 
When Lyrnessus was taken, Astynome* 
fell to the share of Agamemnon, but the 
father begged to be allowed to ransom 
her. Agamemnon refused to comply. 
Whereupon the priest invoked the anger 
of his patron god, and Apollo sent a 
plague into the Grecian camp. This was 
the cause of contention between Aga- 
memnon and Achillas, and forms the 
subject of Homer's epic The Iliad. 

As'wad, son of Shedad king of Ad. 
When the angel of death destroyed 
Shedad and all his subjects, Aswad was 
saved alive because he had shown mercy 
tc^a camel which had been bound to a 
tomb to starve to death, that it might 
serve its master on the day of resurrec- 
tion. — Southey : Thalaba the Destroyer 
(i797). 

Asylum Chris'ti. So England was 
called by the Camisards during the 
scandalous religious persecutions of the 
"Grand Monarque" (Louis XIV.). 

Ataba'lipa, the last emperor of Peru, 
subdued by Pizarro, the Spanish general. 
Milton refers to him in Paradise Lost, xi. 
409 (1665). 

At'ala, the name of a novel by 
Francois Rene' Chateaubriand. It was 
published in 1801, and created universal 



ATALANTA. 



7« 



ATHENA. 



admiration. Like his novel called Rent, 
it was designed as an episode to his 
Gdnie du Ch?-istianisme. His wanderings 
through the primaeval woods of North 
America are described in A tala and Reni 
also. 

(This has nothing to do with Aitila, 
king of the Huns (by Corneille) ; nor with 
Athalie, queen of Judah, the subject of 
Racine's great tragedy.) 

Atalanta, of Arcadia, wished to 
remain single, and therefore gave out 
that she would marry no one who could 
not outstrip her in running ; but if any 
challenged her and lost the race, he was 
to lose his life. Hippom'en£s won the 
race by throwing down golden apples, 
which Atalanta kept stopping to pick up. 
William Morris has chosen this for one of 
his tales in the Earthly Paradise (March). 

In short, she thus appeared like another Atalanta. — 
Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 1682). 

Atalanta in Calydon. A dramatic 
poem by Algernon C: Swinburne (1864). 

Atalantis. " Secret Memoirs of 
Persons of Quality" in the court of 1688, 
by Mrs. de la Riviere Manley (1736). It 
is full of party scandal ; not unfrequently 
new minting old lies. 

As long as Atalantis shall be read. 

Pope: Rape of the Lock. 

Atali'ba, the inca of Peru, most 
dearly beloved by his subjects, on whom 
Pizarro made war. An old man says of 
the inca — 

The virtues of our monarch alike secure to him the 
affection of his people and the benign regard of Heaven. 
—Sheridan : Pizarro, ii. 4 (from Kotzebue). (1799). 

Afba'ra or Black River, called the 
"dark mother of Egypt." (See BLACK 
River.) 

Ate (2 syl.), goddess of revenge. 

With him along is come the mother-queen. 
An Ate, stirring him to blood and strife. 
Shakespeare : King John, act ii. sc. 1 (1596). 

Ate (2 syl.), " mother of debate and 
all dissension," the friend of Duessa. 
She squinted, lied with a false tongue, 
and maligned even the best of beings. 
Her abode, "far underground hard by 
the gates of hell," is de-cribed at length 
in bk. iv. i. When sir Blandamour was 
challenged by Braggadoccio (canto 4), 
the terms of the contest were that the 
conqueror should have "Florimel," and 
the other "the old hag Ate," who was 
always to ride beside him till he could 
pass her off to another.— Spenser; Faerie 
Queene, iv. (1596). 



Atell'an Fables {The), in Latin 
Ate I la' nee Fabulce, a species of farce per- 
formed by the ancient Romans, and so 
called from Atella, in Campania. They 
differed from comedy because no magis- 
trates or persons of rank were introduced ; 
they differed from the tabernaries or genre 
drama, because domestic life was not 
represented in them; and they differed 
from the mimes, because there was neither 
buffoonery nor ribaldry. They were not 
performed by professional actors, but by 
Roman citizens of rank ; were written in 
the Oscan language ; and were distin- 
guished for their refined humour. 

They were supposed to be directly derived from the 
ancient tnimi of the Atellaa Fables.— Scott : The 
Drama. 

A'tlia, a country in Connaught, which 
for a time had its own chief, and some- 
times usurped the throne of Ireland. 
Thus Cairbar (lord of Atha) usurped the 
throne, but was disseated by Fingal, who 
restored Conar king of Ulster. The war 
of Fingal with Cairbar is the subject of 
the Ossianic poem Tem'ora, so called 
from the palace of that name where 
Cairbar murdered king Cormac. The 
kings of the Fir-bolg were called "lords 
of Atha." — Ossian. 

Ath/alie (3 syl.), daughter of Ahab 
and Jezebel, and wife of Joram king of 
Judah. She massacred all the remnant 
of the house of David ; but Joash escaped, 
and six years afterwards was proclaimed 
king. Athalie, attracted by the shouts, 
went to the temple, and was killed by the 
mob. This forms the subject and title of 
Racine's chef-d'oeuvre (1691), and was 
Mdlle. Rachel's great part. 

(Racine's tragedy of Athalie, queen of 
Judah, must not be confounded with 
Corneille's tragedy of Attila, king of the 
Huns ; nor with A tala, q.v.) 

Atheist's Tragedy j The), by Cyril 

Tourneur. The "atheist ' is D'Amville, 
who murdered his brother Montferrers for 
his estates (1611). 

Ath'elstane (3 syl.), surnamed " The 
Unready," thane of Coningsburgh. — Sir 
W. Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

V "Unready" does not mean unpre- 
pared, but injudicious (from Anglo-Saxon, 
raid, "wisdom, counsel"). 

Atlie'na [Juno] once meant " the air," 
but in Homer this goddess is the repre- 
sentative of civic prudence and military 
skill. Athena, in Greek mythology, is 
the armed protectress of states and cities. 



ATHENAEUM. 

Athenaeum ( The), "a Magazine of 
Literary aud Miscellaneous Informa- 
tion," edited by John Aikin (1807-1809). 

Re-started by James Silk Buckingham 
in 1829. 

Athe'nian Bee. Plato was so called 
from the honeyed sweetness of his com- 
position. It is said that a bee settled on 
his lips while he was an infant asleep in 
his cradle, and indicated that " honeyed 
words" would fall from his lips, and flow 
from his pen. Sophocles is called "The 
Attic Bee." 

Athenodo'rus, the Stoic, told Augus- 
tus the best way to restrain unruly anger 
is to repeat the alphabet before giving 
way to it. 

The sacred line he did but once repeat, 
And laid the storm, and cooled the raging heat. 
TickeU: The Horn-booh. 

Ath'ens. 

German Athens, Saxe-Weimar. 

Athens of Ireland, Belfast. 

Modern Athens, Edinburgh. So called 
from its resemblance to the Acropoiis, 
when viewed from the sea opposite. — 
Willis. 

Mohammedan Athens, Bagdad in the 
time of Haroun-al-Raschid. 

Athens 0/ the New World, Boston, 
noted for its literature and literary institu- 
tions. 

Athens of the North, Copenhagen, un- 
rivalled (for its size) in the richness of its 
literary and antique stores, the number of 
its societies for the encouragement of arts, 
sciences, and general learning, together 
with the many illustrious names on the 
roll of its citizenship. 

A thens of Switzerland, Zurich. So called 
from the number of protestant refugees 
who resorted thither, and inundated 
Europe with their works on controversial 
divinity. Coverdale's Bible was printed 
at Zurich in 1535; here Zuinglius 
preached, and here Lavater lived. 

A thens of the West. Cor'dova, in Spain, 
was so called in the Middle Ages. 

Ath'liot, the most wretched of all 
women. 

Her comfort Is (if for her any be), 
That none could show more cause of grief than she. 
W. Browne : Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 5 (1613). 

Ath'os. Dinoc'rates, a sculptor, pro- 
posed to Alexander to hew mount Athos 
into a statue representing the great con- 
queror, with a city in his left hand, and a 
basin in his right to receive all the waters 
which flowed from the mountain. Alex- 
ander greatly approved of the suggestion, 
but objected to the locality. 



73 ATOM. 

And hew out a huge monument of pathos. 
As Philip's son proposed to do with Athos. 

Bryon : Von Juan, xii. 86. 

Athos is one of the musketeers in 
Three Musketeers, by Dumas. 

Athun'ree, in Connaught, where was 
fought the great battle between Felim 
O'Connor on the side of the Irish, and 
William de Bourgo on the side of the 
English. The Irish lost 10,000 men, and 
the whole tribe of the O'Connors fell ex- 
cept Fe'lim's brother, who escaped alive. 

Athun'ree (Lord), a libertine with 
broken coffers ; a man of pleasure, who 
owned "no curb of honour, and who 
possessed no single grace but valour." 
— Knowles: Woman's Wit (183&). 

Atimus, Baseness of mind personified 
in The Purple Island (1633), by Phineas 
Fletcher. ' ' A careless, idle swain . . . 
his work to eat, drink, sleep, and purge 
his reins." Fully described in canto viii. 
(Greek, atimos, "one dishonoured.") 

A'tin (Strife), the squire of Pyr'- 
ochles. — Spenser: Faerie Queem, ii. 4, 
5. 6 (1590)- 

Atlante'an Shoulders, shoulders 
broad and strong, like those of Adas, 
which support the world. 

Sage he [Beelzebub] stood, 
With Atlantean shoulders, fit to bear 
The weight of mightiest monarchies. 

Alilton : Paradise Lest, ii. 305 (1665). 

Atlantes (3 syl.), the magician and 
sage who educated Rogero in all manly 
virtues. — Arioslo: Orlando Furioso(i^L6), 

Atlan'tis. Lord Bacon wrote an 
allegorical fiction called Atlantis, or The 
New Atlantis. It is an island in the 
Atlantic, on which the author feigns that 
he was wrecked. There found he every 
model arrangement for the promotion of 
science and the perfection of man as a 
social being. 

A moral country T But I hold my hand — 
For I disdain to write an Atalantis \sic\ 

Byron : Don Juan, xi. 87. 

Atlas'Shoulders.enormousstrength. 
Atlas king of Mauritania is said to sup- 
port the world on his shoulders. 

Change thy shape and shake off age . . . Get thee 
Medea's kettle (q.v.) and be boiled anew, come forth 
with . . . callous hands, a chine of steel, and Atlas' 
shoulders.— Congreve : Love for Love, iv. (1695). 

Atom (The History arid Adventures of 
an), by Smollett (1769). A satire on the 
political parties of England from 1754 to 
the dissolution of lord Chatham's ad- 
ministration. Chatham himself is severely 
handled. 



ATOSSA. 



74 



AUBRI'S DOG. 



Atossa. It is doubtful to whom Pope 
alludes in his Moral Essays, ii. — 

But what are these to great Atossa's mindt 

Atossa, daughter of Cyrus, was the 
wife of Darius Hystaspis, and their son 
was Xerxes. As Xerxes was the son of 
Ahasuerus and Vashti (Old Testament), 
and Vashti was the daughter of Cyrus, 
it would seem that Ahasuerus was the 
same as Darius, and Vashti as Atossa. 

'.' It is supposed that Pope referred 
either to the duchess of Marlborough or 
to the duchess of Buckingham. He calls 
the former Sappho, but Sappho's great 
friend was Atthis, not Atossa. 

At'ropos, one of the Fates, whose 
office it was to cut the thread of life with 
a pair of scissors. 

. . . nor shines the knife, 
Nor shears of Atropos before their vision. 

Byron : Don Juan, ii. 64. 

Attala's Wife, Cerca. 

Attic Bee (The), Sophocles (B.C. 
495-405). Plato is called ' ' The Athe'nian 
Bee." 

Attic Boy [The), referred to by 
Milton in his // PenserosO, is Ceph'alus 
or Kephalos, beloved by Aurora (Morn), 
but married to Pro'cris. He was passion- 
ately fond of hunting. 

Till civil-suited Morn appear, 

Not tricked and flounced, as she was wont 

With the Attic boy to hunt. 

But kerchiefed in a comely cloud. 

II Penseroso (1638). 

Attic Muse (The), Xenophon, the 
historian (b.c. 444-359). 

At'ticus (The English), Joseph Addi- 
son (1672-1719). 

Who but must laugh if such a man there be, 
Who would not weep if Atticus were he ? 

Pope: Prologue to the Satires. 

The Christian Atticus, Reginald Heber, 
bishop of Calcutta (1783-1826). 

The Irish Atticus. George Faulkner 
(1700-1775) is satirized under this name 
in a series of letters by the earl of 
Chesterfield. 

At'tila, one of the tragedies of Pierre 
Corneille (1667). This king of the Huns, 
usually called the "Scourge of God," 
must not be confounded with " Athalie," 
daughter of Jezebel and wife of Jorani, 
the subject and title of Racine's chef- 
d'ceuvre, and Mdlle. Rachel's chief 
character. 

Attreba'tes (4 syl.), Drayton makes 
it 3 syl. The Attrobates inhabited part 



of Hampshire and Berkshire. The primary 
city was Calleba (Silchester). — Richard 
of Cirencester, vi. 10. 

The Attrebates in Bark unto the bank of Thames. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xvi. (1612). 

• .* •' In Bark " means in Berkshire. 

Atys, a Phrygian shepherd, trans- 
formed into a fir tree. Catullus wrote a 
poem in Latin on the subject, and his 
poem has been translated into English 
by Leigh Hunt (1784-1859). 

*.- William Whitehead (1715-1785) 
wrote an heroic poem entitled Atys and 
Adrastus ; but this Atys was quite 
another person. The Phrygian shepherd 
was son of Nana, but Whitehead's Atys 
was son of Croesus. The former was 
metamorphosed by Cybele (3 syl.) into 
a fir tree ; the latter was slain by Adrastos 
(not the king of Argos, but son of 
Gordius), who accidentally killed him 
while hunting, and was so distressed at 
the accident that he put an end to his 
own life. 

Aubert (ThMse), the chief charac- 
ter of a romance by C. Nodier (1819). 
The story contains the adventures of a 
young royalist in the French Revolution, 
who disguised himself in female attire to 
escape discovery. 

Aubrey, a widower for 18 years. 
At the death of his wife he committed 
his infant daughter to the charge of Mr. 
Bridgemore a merchant, and lived abroad. 
He returned to London after an absence 
of 18 years, and found that Bridgemore 
had abused his trust ; and his daughter 
had been obliged to quit the house and 
seek protection with a Mr. Mortimer. 

Augusta Aubrey, daughter of Mr. 
Aubrey, in love with Francis Tyrrel, the 
nephew of Mr. Mortimer. She is snubbed 
and persecuted by the vulgar Lucinda 
Bridgemore, and most wantonly per- 
secuted by lord Abberville ; but after 
passing through many a most painful 
visitation, she is happily married to the 
man of her choice. — Cumberland : The 
Fashionable Lover (1780). 

Au'bri's Dog" showed a most un- 
accountable hatred to Richard de Macaire, 
snarling and flying at him whenever he 
appeared in sight. Now, Aubri had 
been murdered by some one in the forest 
of Bondy, and this animosity of the dog 
directed suspicion towards Richard de 
Macaire. Richard was taken up, and 
condemned to single combat with the 
dog, by whom he was killed. In his 



AUBURN. 



75 



AUGUSTAN AGE. 



dyiny moments he confessed himself to 
be the murderer of Aubri. (See Dog.) 

Le combat entre Macaire et le chien eut lieu a Paris, 
dans l'ile Louviers. On place ce fait merveilleux en 
1371, mais ... il est bien anterieur, car il est nien- 
tionne des le siecle precedent par Alberic des Trois- 
Fontaines.— Bouillet : Diet. Universal, etc. 

Auburn, the name of Goldmith's 
Deserted Village. Supposed to be Lissoy, 
in Kilkenny West, Ireland, where Gold- 
smith's father was the pastor. 

Sweet Auburn, loveliest village of the plain. 

Goldsmith : The Deserted Village (1770). 

Auch'termuch'ty {John), the Kin- 
ross carrier.— Sir W. Scott: The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Audb.um'bla, the cow created by 
Surt to nourish Ymir. She supplied him 
with four rivers of milk, and was herself 
nourished by licking dew from the rocks. 
— Scandinavian Mythology. 

Audley. Is John Audley here ? In 
Richardson's travelling theatrical booth 
this question was asked aloud, to signify 
that the performance was to be brought 
to a close as soon as possible, as the 
platform was crowded with new-comers, 
waiting to be admitted (1766-1836). 

\ The same question was asked by 
Shuter (in 1759), whose travelling com- 
pany preceded Richardson's. 

Au'drey, a country wench, who jilted 
William for Touchstone. She is an ex- 
cellent specimen of a wondering she- 
gawky. She thanks the gods that " she 
is loul," and if to be poetical is not to be 
honest, she thanks the gods also that 
" she is not poetical." — Shakespeare : As 
You Like It ( 1598). 

The character of " Audrey," that of a female fool, 
should not have been assumed [i.e. by Miss Pope, in 
her last appearance in public]; the last line of the 
farewell address was, "And now poor Audrey bids you 
all farewell" (May 26, 1808J.— James Smith : Memoirs, 
etc. (1840). 

Au'gean Stables. AugSas king of 
the EpC-ans, in Elis, kept 3000 oxen for 
thirty years in stalls which were never 
cleansed. It was one of the twelve 
labours of Her'cules to cleanse these 
stables in one day. This he accomplished 
by letting two rivers into them. 

If the Augean stable [of dramatic impurity] was 
not sufficiently cleansed, the stream of public opinion 
was fairly directed agiinst its conglomerated impuri- 
ties.— Sir IV. Scott; The Drama. 

AUGUSTA. London [Trinoban- 
Una'] was so called by the Romans. 

Where full in view Augusta's spires are seen. 
With flowery lawns and waving woods between, 
A humble habitation rose, beside 
Where Thames meandering rolls his ample tide. 
falconer: The Shipwreck, i. 3 (1756). 



Augus'ta, mother of Gustavus Vasa. 
She is a prisoner of Christian II. king of 
Denmark ; but the king promises to set 
her free if she will induce her son (Gusta- 
vus) to submission. Augusta refuses. In 
the war which followed, Gustavus defeated 
Christian, and became king of Sweden. 
— H. Brooke, Gustavus Vasa (1730). 

Augusta, a title conferred by the 
Roman emperors 01. ltnr\> wives, sisters, 
daughters, mothers, and even concubines. 
It had to be conferred ; for even the wife 
of an Augustus was not an Augusta until 
after her coronation. 

1. Empresses. Livia and Julia were 
both Augusta; so were Julia (wife of 
Tiberius), Messalina, Agrippina, Octavia, 
Poppaea, Statilia, Sabina, Domitilla, 
Domitia, and Faustina. In imperials the 
wife of an emperor is spoken of as 
Augusta: Serenissima Augusta conjux 
nostra; Divina Augusta, etc. But the 
title had to be conferred ; hence we read, 
" Domitian uxorem suam Augusta?n 
jussit nuncupari ; " and " Flavia Titiana, 
eadem die, uxor ejus [i.e. Pertinax] 
Augusta est appellata." 

2. Mothers or Grandmothers. An- 
tonia, grandmother of Caligula, was 
created Augusta. Claudius made his 
mother Antonia Augusta after her death. 
Heliogab'alus had coins inscribed with 
"Julia Maesa Augusta," in honour of his 
grandmother ; Mammaea, mother of Alex- 
ander Severus, is styled Augusta on 
coins; and so is Helena, mother of 
Constantine. 

3. Sisters. Honorius speaks of his 
sister as " venerabilis Augusta germana 
nostra." Trajan has coins inscribed with 
" Diva Marciana Augusta." 

4. Daughters. Mallia Scantilla the 
wife, and Didia the daughter of Didius 
Julianus, were both Augusta. Titus in- 
scribed on coins his daughter as "Julia 
Sabina Augusta ;" there are coins of the 
emperor Decius inscribed with ' ' Herennia 
Etruscilla Augusta," and " Sallustia Au- 
gusta," sisters of the emperor Decius. 

5. Others. Matidia, niece of Trajan, 
is called Augusta on coins; Constantine 
Monomachus called his concubine Au- 
gusta. 

Augusta, the lady to whom lord 
byron, in 18 16, addressed several stanzas 
and epistles. She was a relative, and 
married colonel Leigh. 

Augus'tan Age, the golden age of 
a people's literature, so called because, 



AUGUSTINA. 

♦vhile Augustus was emperor, Rome was 
noted for its literary giants. 

The Augustan Age of England, the 
Elizabethan period. That of Anne is 
called the ' ' Silver Age. " 

The Augustan Age of France ; that of 
Louis XIV. (1610-1740). 

The Augustan Age of Germany, nine- 
teenth century. 

The Augustan Age of Portugal, from 
John the Great to John III. (1385-1557). 
In this period Brazil was occupied ; the 
African coast explored ; the sea-route to 
India was traversed ; and Camoens 
flourished. 

August i'na, the Maid of Saragoza. 
She was only 22 when, her lover being 
shot, she mounted the battery in his 
place ; and the French, after a siege of 
two months, were obliged to retreat, 
August 15, 1808. 

Such were the exploits of the Maid of Saragoza, who 
by her valour elevated herself to the highest rank of 
heroines. When the author was at Seville, she walked 
daily on the Prado, decorated with medals and orders, 
by order of the Junta.— Byron. 

Augustine. The Ladder of SU Au- 
gustine, a poem by Longfellow. 

Augustus Dunshunner, W. E. 

Aytoun (18 13-1865). 

Auld Lang Syne. Robert Burns, in 
a letter to Mr. Thomson, dated September, 
1793, says, " One song more, and I have 
done. 'Auld Lang Syne.' The air is 
but mediocre, but . . . the old song . . . 
which has never been in print, nor even 
in MS. until I took it down from an old 
man's singing, is enough to recommend 
any air." 

Auld Robin Gray was written 
(1771) by lady Anne Barnard, to raise a 
little money for an old nurse. Lady 
Anne's maiden name was Lindsay, and 
her father was earl of Balcarras. 

Aullay, a monster horse with an 
elephant's trunk. The creature is as 
much bigger than an elephant as an 
elephant is larger than a sheep. King 
Baly of India rode on an aullay. 

The aullay, hugest of four-footed kind. 

The aullay-horse, that in his force, 
With elephantine trunk, could bind 
And lift the elephant, and on the wind 
Whirl him away, with sway and swing. 
E'en like a pebble from a practised siing. 
Soufhey : Curse of Kehama, xvi. 2 (1S09). 

Aumerle [O-murl'], a French corrup- 
tion of Albemarle (in Normandy). 

Aurelia Darnel, in Smollett's novel 
of Sir Launcelot Greaves. His best 



76 AUSTRIA AND THE LION'S HIDE. 

female character. She is both lady-like 
and womanly. 

Aurelius. (See Arviragus, p. 65. ) 

Aurelius, elder brother of Uther the 
pendragon, and uncie of Arthur ; but he 
died before the hero was born. 

Even sicke of a flixe [ill of the flux] as he was, he 
caused himself to be carried forth on a litter ; with 
whose presence the people were so encouraged, that 
encountering with the Saxons they wan the victorie.— 
Holinshed; History of Scotland, 99. 
. . . once I read 
That stout Pendragon on his litter sick 
Came to the field, and vanquished his foes. 
Shakespeare : 1 Henry VI. act iii. sc 2 (1589). 

Aurora Leigh, a novel in blank 
verse by Elizabeth B. Browning (1856), 
Aurora Leigh is an orphan child sent from 
Italy to the care of an aunt in England. 
She falls in love with Romney Leigh, a 
' ' social reformer, " who proposes marriage, 
but is rejected. Romney then gives him- 
self up to socialistic work, and has a 
child by Marian Erie (a working girl). 
He would have married her, but was pre- 
vented by lady Waldemar. Aurora, in 
the mean time, being left penniless by the 
death of her aunt, supports herself by her 
writings, goes to Italy, and takes charge 
of Marian's child. Romney sets up a 
socialistic establishment, but the house 
is burnt down by the settlers ; Romney 
loses his eyesight, retires to Italy, comes 
upon Marian, and offers her marriage to 
compensate for the evil he has done her. 
His proposal is rejected, and he finally 
marries Aurora Leigh. 

Aurora Raby, a wealthy English 
orphan, a "rose with all its sweetest 
leaves yet unfolded." — Byron : Don Juan, 
canto xv. 

Auro'ra's Tears, the morning dew. 
These tears are shed for the death of her 
son Memnon, slain by Achillas at the 
siege of Troy. 

Auso'nia, Italy, so called from Au- 
son, son of Ulysses. 

. . . romantic Spain, — 
Gay lilied fields of France, or more refined. 
The soft Ausonia's monumental reign. 
Ca?npbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, ii. 15 (1809). 

Austin, the assumed name of the 
lord of Clarinsal, when he renounced the 
world and became a monk of St. Nicholas. 
Theodore, the grandson of Alfonso, was 
his son, and rightful heir to the posses- 
sions and title of the count of Narbonne. 
— Jephson : Count of Narbonne (1782). 

Aas'tria and the Lion's Hide. 

There is an old tale that the archduke of 



AUSTRIAN ARMY. 



77 



AVENEL. 



Austria killed Richard I. , and wore as a 
spoil the lion's hide which belonged to 
our English monarch. Hence Faulcon- 
bridge (the natural son of Richard) says 
jeeringly to the archduke — 

Thou wear a lion's hide ! doff it for shame, 
And hang a calf-skin on those recreant limbs. 
Shakespeare : King- John, act iii. sc. i (1596). 

(The point is better understood when it 
is borne in mind that fools and jesters 
were dressed in calf-skins. ) 

Austrian Army awfully ar- 
rayed (An). (See P, for this and = several 
other alliterative poems.) 

Aus'trian Lip (The), a protruding 
under jaw, with a heavy lip disinclined 
to shut close. It came from kaiser Maxi- 
milian L, son of kaiser Frederick III., and 
was inherited from his grandmother Cim- 
burgis, a Polish princess, duke of Masovia's 
daughter, and hence called the " Cim- 
burgis Under Lip." 

\ A similar peculiarity occurs in the 
family of sir Gideon Murray of Elibank. 
He had taken prisoner a young gentleman 
named Scoto, whom he was about to 
hang ; but his wife persuaded him to com- 
mute the sentence into a marriage with 
their daughter ' ' Meg of the muckle 
mouth." Meg made him a most excellent 
wife, but the "muckle mouth " descended 
to their posterity for many generations. 

Autocrat of the Breakfast-Table 

(The), a series of essays contributed by 
Oliver Wendell Holmes to the first twelve 
numbers of the Atlantic Monthly, and 
republished in 1858. The essays are dis- 
cursive, poetical, philosophical, imagina- 
tive, and amusing. 

It was followed by The Professor at the Breakfast- 
Table (1870), and The Poet at the Breakfast-Table 
(1872). 

Autol'ycos, the craftiest of thieves. 
He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and 
changed their marks. Sis'yphos outwitted 
him by marking his sheep under their feet. 

Autol'ycus, a pedlar and witty rogue, 
in The Winter's Tale, by Shakespeare 
(1604). 

Av'alon or Avallon, Glastonbury, 
generally called the "isle of Avalon." 
The abode of king Arthur, ObSron, 
Morgaine la Fee, and the Fees generally ; 
sometimes called the "island of the 
blest." It is very fully described in the 
French romance of Ogier le Danois. 
Tennyson calls it Avil'ion (q.v.). Dray- 
ton, in his Polyolbion, styles it "the 
ancient isle of Avalon," and the Romans 
"insula Avalonia." 



O three-times famous Isle ! where is that place that 

might 
Be with thyself compared for glory and delight, 
Whilst Glastonbury stood ? 

Drayton : Polyolbion, iii. (1612). 

Avan 't urine or Aven'turine (4 
syl.), a variety of rock-crystal having a 
spangled appearance, caused by scales of 
mica or crystals of copper. The name 
is borrowed from that of the artificial 
gold-spangled glass obtained in the first 
instance par aventure ("by accident "). 

. . . and the bair 
All over glanced with dew-drop or with gem, 
Like sparkles in the stone avanturine. 

Tennyson : Gareth and Lynette. 

Avare (L). The plot of this comedy 
is as follows : Harpagon the miser and 
his son Cldante (2 syl.) both want to 
marry Mariane (3 syl. ), daughter of An- 
selme, alias don Thomas d'Alburci, of 
Naples. Cleante gets possession of a 
casket of gold belonging to the miser, 
and hidden in the garden. When Har- 
pagon discovers his loss, he raves like 
a madman, and Cleante gives him the 
choice of Mariane or the casket. The 
miser chooses the casket, and leaves the 
young lady to his son. The second plot 
is connected with Elise (2 syl. ), the miser's 
daughter, promised in marriage by the 
father to his friend Anselme (2 syl.) ; but 
Elise is herself in love with Valere, who, 
however, turns out to be the son of An- 
selme. As soon as Anselme discovers 
that Valere is his son, who he thought 
had been lost at sea, he resigns to him 
Elise ; and so in both instances the young 
folks marry together, and the old ones 
give up their unnatural rivalry. — Moliere: 
L Avare (1667). 

Avatar', the descent of Brahma to 
this earth. It is said in Hindu mytho- 
logy that Brahma has already descended 
nine times in various forms. He is yet to 
appear once more, when he will assume 
the figure of a warrior upon a white horse, 
and will cut off all incorrigible offenders. 

Nine times have Brahma's wheels of lightning hurled 

His awful presence o'er the alarmed world ; 

Nine times hath Guilt, through all his giant frame, 

Convulsive trembled, as the Mighty came ; 

Nine times hath suffering Mercy spared in vain,— 

But Heaven shall burst her starry gates again. 

He comes 1 dread Brahma shakes the sunless sky . . , 

Heaven's fiery horse, beneath his warrior-form, 

Paws the light clouds, and gallops on the storm. 

Campbell : Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

AVENEL (2 syl.), Julian Avenel, 
the usurper of Avenel Castle. 

Lady Alice Avenel, widow of sir 
Walter. 

Mary Avenel, daughter of lady Alice. 
She marries Halbert Glendinning. — Sir 
IV. Scott: The Monastery (date 1559). 



AVENEL, 



AZRAEU 



Avenel (Sir H albert Glendinning, 
knight of), same as the bridegroom in 
The Monastery. 

The lady Mary of Avenel, same as the 
bride in The Monastery. — Sir W. Scott ; 
The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Avenel ( The White Lady of), a spirit 
mysteriously connected with the Avenel 
family, as the Irish banshee is with true 
Mile'sian families. She announces good 
or ill fortune, and manifests a general 
interest in the family to which she is 
attached, but to others she acts with con- 
siderable caprice ; thus she shows un- 
mitigated malignity to the sacristan and 
the robber. Any truly virtuous mortal 
has commanding power over her. 

Noon gleams on the lake, 

Noon glows on the fell ; 
Awake thee, awake, 

White maid of Avenel 1 
Sir W. Scott: The Monastery (time, h>izabeth). 

Avenel (Dick), in lord Lytton's My 
Novel (1853). A big, blustering, sharp 
Yankee, honest, generous, and warm- 
hearted. 

Aven'ger of Blood, the man who 
had the birthright, according to the 

iewish polity, of taking vengeance on 
lim who had killed one of his relatives. 

. . . the Christless code. 
That must have life for a blow. 

Tennyson : Maud, II. L x. 

Av'icen or Abou-ibn-Sina, an Arabian 
physician and philosopher, born at Shiraz, 
in Persia (980-1037). He composed a 
treatise on logic, and another on meta- 
physics. Avicen is called both the Hippo'- 
cratSs and the Aristotle of the Arabs. 

Of physicke speake for me, king Avicen . . . 
Yet was his glory never set on shelfe, 
Nor never shall, whyles any worlde may stande 
Where men have minde to take good bookes in hande. 
Gascoigne : The Fruits of IVarre, lvii. (died 1557). 

Avil'ion ["the apple island"], near 
the terrestrial paradise. (See Avalon.) 

Where falls not hail, or rain, or any snow, 
Nor ever wind blows loudly ; but it lies 
Deep-meadowed, happy, fair with orchard-lawns 
And bowery hollows crowned with summer sea. 
Where I [Arthur] will heal me of my grievous wound. 
Tennyson : Morte a" A rthur. 

Ayl'mer (Mrs.), a neighbour of sir 
Henry Lee. — Sir W. Scott: Woodstock 
(time, Commonwealth). 

Ay'mer (Prior), a jovial Benedictine 
monk, prior of Jorvaulx Abbey. — Sir W. 
Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Ay mon, duke of Dordona (Dor- 
dogne). He had four sons, Rinaldo, 
Guicciardo, Alardo, and Ricciardetto 
(i.e. Renaud, Guiscard, Alard, and 
Richard), whose adventures are the 
subject of a French romance entitled Les 



Quatrefilz Aymon, by Huon de Villeneuve 
(1165-1223). 

The old legend was modernized in 1504, and Balfo 
wrote an opera on the subject (1843). 

Ayrshire Bard (The), Robert Burns, 

the Scotch poet (1759-1796). 

Az'amat-Bat'uk, pseudonym of M. 
Thiebland, war correspondent of the 
Pall Mall Gazette in 1870. 

Azari'a and Hush'ai, a reply in verse 
to Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, by 
Samuel Pordage. The characters common 
to the two satires are — 

By Pordage. By Drydeo, 

Charles II Antazia .. David 

Cromwell Zabad .. Saul 

Dryden Shimei .. Asaph (in put H.f 

Monmouth (duke of) ..Azaria .. Absalom 

Shaftesbury (earl of) . .Hushai .. Achitophel 

Titus Oates Libni . . Corah 

V Hence "Azaria and' Hushai" are 
Monmouth and Shaftesbury in Pordage s 
reply, but ' ' Absalom and Achitophel " 
represent them in Dryden's satire. 

Aza'zel, one of the ginn or jinn, all of 
whom were made of "smokeless fire," 
that is, the fire of the Simoom. These 
jinn inhabited the earth before man was 
created, but on account of their persistent 
disobedience were driven from it by an 
army of angels. When Adam was 
created, and God commanded all to wor- 
ship him, Azazel insolently made answer, 
"Me hast Thou created of fire, and him 
of earth : why should I worship him ? " 
Whereupon God changed the jinnee into 
a devil, and called him Iblis or Despair. 
In hell he was made the standard-bearer 
of Satan's host. 

Upreared 
His mighty standard ; that proud honour claimed 
Azazel as his right. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, \. 534 (1665). 

Az'la, a suttee, the young widow of 
Ar'valan, son of Keha'ma. — Southey ; 
Curse of Kehama, i. 10 (1809). 

Az'o, husband of Parisi'na. He was 
marquis d'Este, of Ferrara, and had 
already a natural son, Hugo, by Bianca, 
who died of a broken heart because she 
was not made his bride. Hugo was 
betrothed to Parisina before she married 
the marquis, and after she became his 
mother-in-law they loved on still. One 
night Azo heard Parisina in sleep express 
her love for Hugo, and the angry marquis 
condemned his son to death. Although 
he spared his bride, no one ever knew 
what became of her. — Byron ; Parisina. 

Az'rael (3 syl.), the angel of death 
(called Raphael in the Gospel of DarnU' 
bos).— At Koran. 



AZTECAS. 



79 



BABEL. 



Az'tecas, an Indian tribe, which con- 
quered the Hoamen (2 syl. ), seized their 
territory, and established themselves on 
a southern branch of the Missouri, having 
Az'tlan as their imperial city. When 
Madoc conquered the Aztecas in the 
twelfth century, he restored the Hoa- 
men, and the Aztecas migrated to Mexico. 
— Southey : Madoc (1805). 

• . ' Cortez conquered Mexico, and ex- 
tirpated the Aztecs in 1520. 

Az'tlan, the imperial city of the 
Az'tecas, on a southern branch of the 
Missouri. It belonged to the Hoamen (2 
syl.), but this tribe being conquered by 
the Aztecas, the city followed the fate of 
war. When Madoc led his colony to 
North America, he took the part of the 
Hoamen, and,, conquering the Aztecas, 
restored the city and all the territory 
pertaining thereto to the queen Erill'yab, 
and the Aztecas migrated to Mexico. The 
city Aztlan is described as " full of 
palaces, gardens, groves, and houses " (in 
the twelfth century). — Southey: Madoc 
(1805). 

Azuce'na, a gipsy. Manri'co is sup- 
posed to be her son, but is in reality the 
son of Garzia (brother of the conte di 
Luna). — Verdi: II Trovato'ri (1853). 

Azyoru'ca (4 syl. ), queen of the snakes 
and dragons. She resides in Patala, or the 
infernal regions. — Hindu Mythology. 

There Azyoruca veiled her awful form 
In those eternal shadows. There she sat, 
And as the trembling souls who crowd around 
The judgment-seat received the doom of fate. 
Her giant arms, extending from the cloud, 
Dre n them within the darkness. 

So%Uhcy: Curse of Kehama, xxiii. 13 (1809). 



B. 



Baal, plu. Baalim, a general name 
for all the Syrian gods, as Ash'taroth was 
for the goddesses. The general version 
of the legend of Baal is the same as that 
of Adonis, Thammuz, Osiris, and the 
Arabian myth of El Khouder. All alle- 
gorize the sun, six months above and six 
months below the equator. As a title of 
honour, the word Baal, Bal, Bel, etc., 
enters into a large number of Phoenician 
and Carthaginian proper names, as Hanni- 
bal, Hasdru-bal, Bel-shazzar, etc. 

. . . [the] general names 
Of Baalim and Ashtaroth : those male ; 
These female. 

Milton . Paradise Lost, i. 433 (1665). 



Baalbec of Ireland, Kilmallock in 
Limerick, noted for its ruins. 

Bab {Lady), a waiting-maid on a lady 
so called, who assumes the airs with the 
name and address of her mistress. Her 
fellow-servants and other servants address 
her as " lady Bab," or " Your ladyship." 
She is a fine wench, " but by no means 
particular in keeping her teeth clean." 
She says she never reads but one " book, 
which is Shikspur." And she calls 
Lovel and Freeman, two gentlemen of 
fortune, "downright hottenpots." — Rev. 
J. Townley: high Life Below Stairs 
(1763). 

BaToa, chief of the eunuchs in the 
court of the sultana Gulbey'az. — Byron : 
Don Juan, v. 28, etc. (1820). 

Baba [Ali), who relates the story of 
the ' ' Forty Thieves " in the Arabian 
blights' Entertainments. He discovered 
the thieves' cave while hiding in a tree, 
and heard the magic word, "Ses'ame," at 
which the door of the cave opened and 
shut. 

Cassim Baba, brother of Ali Baba, who 
entered the cave of the forty thieves, but 
forgot the pass-word, and stood crying, 
" Open, Wheat ! " " Open, Barley! " to the 
door, which obeyed no sound but " Open, 
Sesame" ! " 

Baba Mns'tapha, a cobbler who 
sewed together the four pieces into which 
Ca -sim's body had been cleft by the forty 
thieves. When the thieves discovered 
that the body had been taken away, they 
sent one of the band into the city, to 
ascertain who had died of late. The man 
happened to enter the cobbler's stall, and 
falling into a gossip, heard about the body 
which the cobbler had sewed together. 
Mustapha pointed out to him the house 
of Cassim Baba's widow, and the thief 
marked it with a piece of white chalk. 
Next day the cobbler pointed out the 
house to another, who marked it with 
red chalk. And the day following he 
pointed it out to the captain of the band, 
who, instead of marking the door, studied 
the house till he felt sure of recognizing 
it. — Arabian Nights ("Ali Baba, or The 
Forty Thieves"). 

Bababalonk, chief of the black 
eunuchs, whose duty it was to wait on the 
sultan, to guard the sultanas, and to 
superintend the harem. — Habesci: State 
of the Ottoman E?npire, 155, 156. 

Ba'bel [' ' confusion "]. There is a town 
in Abyssinia called Habesh, the Arabic 



BABES IN THE WOOD. 



BADGER. 



word for "confusion." This town is so 
called from the great diversity of races 
by which it is inhabited : Christians, 
Jews, and Mohammedans, Ethiopians, 
Arabians, Falashas {exiles), Gallas, and 
Negroes, all consort together there. 

Babes in the Wood, insurrec- 
tionary hordes which infested the moun- 
tains of Wicklow and the woods of 
Enniscarthy towards the close of the 
eighteenth century. (See Children in 
the Wood. ) 

Babie, old Alice Gray's servant-girl. 
— Sir W. Scott : Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

Babie'ca (3 syl. ), the Cid's horse. 

I learnt to prize Babieca from his head unto his hoof. 
The Cid (1128). 

Baboon {Philip), Philippe Bourbon, 
due dAnjou. 

Lewis Baboon, Louis XIV., "a false 
loon of a grandfather to Philip duke of 
Anjou, and one that might justly be called 
a Jack-of-all-trades. " 

Sometimes you would see this Lews Baboon behind 
his counter, selling broad-cloth, sometimes measuring 
linen ; next day he would be dealing in mercery-ware ; 
high heads, ribbons, gloves, fans, and lace, he under- 
stood to a nicety . . . nay, he would descend to the 
selling of tapes, garters, and shoe-buckles. When shop 
was shut up, he would go about the neighbourhood, 
and earn half-crown, by teaching the young men and 
maidens to cuuice. By these means he had acquired 
immense riches, which he used to squander away at 
back-sword [in -war], quarter-staff, and cudgel-play, 
in which he took great pleasure.— Dr. Arbuthnot : 
History 0/ John Bull, ii. (1712). 

Bab'ylon. Cairo in Egypt was so 
called by the crusaders. Rome was so 
called by the puritans ; and London was, 
and still is, so called by some, on account 
of its wealth, luxury, and dissipation. 
The reference is to Rev. xvii. and xviii. 

Babylonian Wall. The foundress 
of this wall (two hundred cubits high, 
and fifty thick) was Semiramis, mythic 
foundress of the Assyrian empire. She 
was the daughter of the fish-goddess 
Der'ceto of Ascalon, and a Syrian youth. 

Our statues . . . she 

The foundress of the Babylonian wall. 

Tennyson : The Princess, ii. 

Bacbuc or Babouc, the oracle of 
the "Holy Bottle of Lanternland. " — 
Rabelais : Pantagruel. 

Bacchan'tes (3 syl.), priestesses of 
Bacchus. 

Round about him [Bacchus] fair Bacchantes, 

Bearing cymbals, flutes, and thyrsc; 
Wild from Naxian proves, or Zante's 



Bearing cymbals, flutes, and thyrscs, 

Naxian gn 
Vineyards, sing delirious verses. 



Longfellow : Drinking Song: 

Bacchus, in the Lusiad, an epic 



poem by Camoens (1569), is the personi. 
fication of the evil principle which acts in 
opposition to Jupiter, the lord of Destiny. 
Mars is made by the poet the guardian 
power of Christianity, and Bacchus of 
Mohammedanism. 

Bacharach [Bach-a-rach], a red 
wine, so called from a town of the same 
name in the Lower Palatinate. Pope Pius 
II. used to import a tun of it to Rome 
yearly, and Nuremberg obtained its free- 
dom at the price of four casks of it a-year. 
The word Bacharach means " the altar of 
Bacchus" {Bacchiara), the altar referred to 
being a rock in the bed of the river, which 
indicated to the vine-growers what sort of 
year they might expect. If the head of 
the rock appeared above water, the season 
would be a dry one, and a fine vintage 
might be looked for ; if not, it would be a 
wet season, and bad for the grapes. 

. . . that ancient town of Bacharach,— 
The beautiful town that gives us wine, 
With the fragrant odour of Muscadine. 

Longfellow The Golden Legend. 

Backbite {Sir Benjamin), nephew of 
Crabtree, very conceited and very cen- 
sorious. His friends called him a great 
poet and wit, but he never published any- 
thing, because "'twas very vulgar to 
print ; " besides, as he said, his little pro- 
ductions circulated more "by giving 
copies in confidence to friends." — Sheri- 
dan : School for Scandal (1777). 

When I first saw Miss Pope she was performing 
"Mrs. Candour," to Miss Farren's "lady Teazle, 
King as "sir Peter,' Parsons "Crabtree," Dodd 
"Backbite," Baddeley "Moses," Smith "Charles," 
and John Palmer "Joseph " [Surface].— James Smith: 
Memoirs, etc. 

Bacon of Theology, bishop Butler, 
author of The Analogy of Religion, 
Natural and Revealed, etc. (1692-1752). 

Bacrack. (See Bacharach.) 

Bactrian Sage {The), Zoroas'ter or 
Zerdusht, a native of Bactria, now Balkh 
(B.C. 589-513)- 

Bade'bec (2 syl.), wife of Gargantua 
and mother of Pan?tagruel'. She died in 
giving him birth, or rather in giving birth 
at the same time to 900 dromedaries laden 
with ham and smoked tongues, 7 camels 
laden with eels, and 25 waggons full of 
leeks, garlic, onions, and shallots. — Ra- 
belais: Pantagruel, ii. 2(1533). 

Badger ( Will), sir Hugh Robsart's 
favourite domestic. — Sir IV. Scott: Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Badger [Mr. Bavham), a medical 
practitioner at Chelsea, under whom 
Richard Carstone pursues his studies. 



BADINGUET. 



Bi 



BAHMAN. 



Mr. Badger was a crisp-looking gentle- 
man, with "surprised eyes ; " very proud 
of being Mrs. Badger's "third," and 
always referring to her former two hus- 
bands, captain Swosser and professor 
Dingo. — C. Dickens : Bleak House (1353). 

Badingnet [Bad '-en-gay], one of the 
many nicknames of Napoleon III. It 
was the name of the mason in whose 
clothes he escaped from the fortress of 
Ham (1808, 1851-1873). Napoleon's 
party was nicknamed Badingueux ; the 
empress's party was nicknamed Monti- 
jocux and Montijocrizses. 

Ba'don, Bath. The twelfth great 
victory of Arthur over the Saxons was at 
Badon Hill (Bannerdown). 

They sang how he himself [king Arthur] at Badon 

Dore that day, 
When at the glorious goal his British sceptre lay. 
Two days together how the battle strongly stood ; 
Pendragon's worthy son [king- Arthur'] . . . 
Three hundred Saxons slew with his own valiant hand. 
Drayt*n ; Pclyolbion, v. (1612). 

Badou'ra, daughter of Gaiour (2 syl. ) 
king of China, the " most beautiful 
woman ever seen upon earth." The em- 
peror Gaiour wished her to marry, but 
she expressed an aversion to wedlock. 
However, one night by fairy influence she 
was shown prince Camaral'zaman asleep, 
fell in love with him, and exchanged 
rings. Next day she inquired for the 
prince, but her inquiry was thought so 
absurd that she was confined as a mad 
woman. At length her foster-brother 
solved the difficulty thus : The emperor 
having proclaimed that whoever cured the 
princess of her [supposed] madness should 
have her for his wife, he sent Camaral- 
zaman to play the magician, and imparted 
the secret to the princess by sending her 
the ring she had left with the sleeping 
prince. The cure was instantly effected, 
and the marriage solemnized with due 
pomp. When the emperor was informed 
that his son-in-law was a prince, whose 
father was sultan of the " Island of the 
Children of Khal'edan, some twenty days' 
sail from the coast of Persia," he was 
delighted with the alliance. — Arabian 
Nights (" Camaralzaman and Badoura "). 

BadroulTjoudotir, daughter of the 
sultan of China, a beautiful brunette. 
" Her eyes were large and sparkling, her 
expression modest, her mouth small, her 
lips vermilion, and her figure per'ect." 
She became the wife of Aladdin, but twice 
nearly caused his death ; once by ex- 
changing "the wonderful lamp" for a 
new copper one, and once by giving 



hospitality to the false Fatima. Aladdin 
killed both these magicians. — Arabian 
Nights ("Aladdin, or The Wonderful 
Lamp"). 

Bae'tica or Bsetic Vale, Grana'da 
and Andalusia, or* Spain in general. So 
callad from the river Baetis or Guadal- 
quivir. 

While o'er the Baetic vale 
Or thro' the towers of Memphis [Egypt\ or the palms 
By sacred Ganges watered, I conduct 
The English merchant. 

Akensidc : Hymn to the Naiads. 

Bagdad. A hermit told the caliph 
Almanzor that one Moclas was destined 
to found a city on the spot where he was 
standing. " I am that man," said the 
caliph, and he then informed the hermit 
how in his boyhood he once stole a brace- 
let, and his nurse ever after called him 
"Moclas," the name of a well-known 
thief. — Marigny, 

Bagshot, one of a gang of thieves 
who conspire to break into the house of 
lady Bountiful. — Farquhar : The Beaux' 
Stratagem (1705). 

Bagstock {Major Joe), an apoplectic 
retired military officer, living in Princess's 
Place, opposite to Miss Tox. The major 
had a covert kindness for Miss Tox, and 
was jealous of Mr. Dombey. He speaks 
of himself as ' ' Old Joe Bagstock, " ■ • Old 
Joev," "Old J.," "Old Josh," "Rough 
and tough Old Jo," "J. B.," "Old J. B.," 
and so on. He is also given to over-eat- 
ing, and to abusing his poor native 
servant. — C. Dickens: Dombey and Son 
(1846). 

Bah'adar, master of the horse to 
the king of the Magi. Prince Am'giad 
was enticed by a collet to enter the 
minister's house, and when Bahadar 
returned, he was not a little surprised at 
the sight of his uninvited guest. The 
prince, however, explained to him in 
private how the matter stood, and Baha- 
dar, entering into the fun of the thing, 
assumed for the nonce the place of a 
slave. The collet would have murdered 
him, but Amgiad, to save the minister, 
cut off her head. Bahadar, being arrested 
for murder, was condemned to death, but 
Amgiad came forward and told the whole 
truth ; whereupon Bahadar was instantly 
released, and Amgiad created vizier. — 
Arabian Nights (" Amgiad and Assad "). 

Baliman (Prince), eldest son of the 
sultan Kh rosso u-sch ah of Persia. In 
infancy he was taken from the palace by 
the sultana's sisters, and set adrift on a 



BAILEY. 



82 



BAKER. 



canal ; but being rescued by the superin- 
tendent of the sultan's gardens, he was 
brought up, and afterwards restored to 
the sultan. It was the "talking bird" 
that told the sultan the tale of the young 
prince's abduction. 

Prince Bahman's K'nife. When prince 
Bahman started on his exploits, he gave 
to his sister Pariza.de' (4 syl.) a knife, 
saying, "As Ibng as you find this knife 
clean and bright, you may feel assured 
that I am alive and well ; but if a drop 
of blood falls from it, you may know that 
I am no longer alive." — Arabian Nights 
(" The Two Sisters," the last tale). 

Bailey, a sharp lad in the service of 
Todger's boarding-house. His ambition 
was to appear quite a full-grown man. 
On leaving Mrs. Todger's,, he became the 
servant of Montague Tigg, manager of 
the " Anglo-Bengalee Company." — C. 
Dickens : Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Bailie {General), a parliamentary 
leader. — Sir W. Scott: Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Bailie {Giles), a gipsy ; father of Ga- 
brael Faa (nephew to Meg Merrilies). — 
Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Bailiffs Daughter of Islington 

(in Norfolk). A squire's son loved the 
bailiff's daughter, but she gave him no 
encouragement, and his friends sent him 
to London, " an apprentice for to binde." 
After the lapse of seven years, the bailiffs 
daughter, "in ragged attire," set out to 
walk to London, "her true love to 
inquire." The young man on horseback 
met her, but knew her not. " One penny, 
one penny, kind sir ! " she said. " Where 
were you born ? " asked the young man. 
"At Islington," she replied. "Then 
prithee, sweetheart, do you know the 
bailiff's daughter there?" " She's dead, 
sir, long ago." On hearing this the young 
man declared he'd live an exile in some 
foreign land. ' ' Stay, oh stay, thou 
goodly youth," the maiden cried ; " she is 
not really dead, for I am she." "Then 
farewell grief and welcome joy, for I have 
found my true love, whom I feared I 
should never see again." — Percy: Reliques 
of English Poetry, ii. 8. 

Baillif {Herry), mine host in the 
Canterbury Tales, by Chaucer (1388). 
When the poet begins the second fit of 
the "Rime of Sir Thopas," mine host 
exclaims — 



No mor of this for Goddes dignitie I 
For thou makest me so wery . . . that 
Mine eeres aken for thy nasty speeche. 

v. 15327. etc. (1388). 

Bailzou {Ann'aple), the nurse oi 
Effie Deans in her confinement. — Sir W. 
Scott: Heart of Midlothian (time, George 

Baiser-Lamourette [Lamourette'j 
Kiss\ a short-lived reconciliation. 

II y avait (20 juin, 1792), scission entre les membres 
de 1 Assemblee. Lamourette les exhorta a se re- 
concilier. Persuades par son discours, ils s'embras- 
rerent les uns les autres. Mais cette reconciliation ne 
dura pas deux jours ; et elle fut bient6t ridiculise sous 
le nom de Baiser-Lamourette.— Bouillet : Diet. eTHist., 
etc. 

Bajar'do, Rinaldo's steed. — Ariosto: 

Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Baj'azet, surnamed "The Thunder- 
bolt " {il derim), sultan of Turkey. 
After subjugating Bulgaria, Macedonia, 
Thessaly, and Asia Minor, he laid siege 
to Constantinople, but was taken captive 
by Tamerlane emperor of Tartary. He 
was fierce as a wolf, reckless, and in- 
domitable. Being asked by Tamerlane 
how he would have treated him had their 
lots been reversed, "Like a dog," he 
cried. " I would have made you my 
footstool when I mounted my saddle, 
and, when your services were not needed, 
would have chained you in a cage like 
a wild beast." Tamerlane replied, "Then 
to show you the difference of my spirit, 
I shall treat you as a king." So saying, 
he ordered his chains to be struck off, 
gave him one of the royal tents, and 
promised to restore him to his throne if 
he would lay aside his hostility. Bajazet 
abused this noble generosity ; plotted the 
assassination of Tamerlane ; and bow- 
strung Mone'ses. Finding clemency of 
no use, Tamerlane commanded him to 
be used "as a dog, and to be chained 
in a cage like a wild beast." — Rowe: 
Tamerlane (a tragedy, 1702). 

• . * This was one of the favourite parts 
of Spranger Barry (1719-1777) and of 
J. Kemble (1757-1823). 

Bajazet, a black page at St. James's 
Palace.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Bajura, Mahomet's standard. 

Baker ( The), and the "Baker's Wife." 
Louis XVI. and Marie Antoinette were 
so called by the revolutionary party, 
because on the oth October, 1789, they 
ordered a supply of bread to be given to 
the mob which surrounded the palace at 
Versailles, clamouring for bread. 



BALAAM. 



83 



BALDRINGHAM. 



Balaam (2 syl.), the earl of Hunt- 
ingdon, one of the rebels in the army of 
the duke of Mom mouth. 

And therefore, in the name of dulness, be 
The well-hung Balaam. 
Dryden : Absalom and Achitophel, pt. i. 11. 573, 574. 

Balaam, a " citizen of sober fame," 
who lived near the monument of London. 
While poor he was " religious, punctual, 
and frugal ; " but when he became rich 
and got knighted, he seldom went to 
church, became a courtier, " took a bribe 
from France," and was hung for treason. 
—Pope : Moral Essays, ill. 

Balaam's Ass. (See Arion, p. 59.) 

Balacla'va, a corruption of bella 
chiare ("beautiful port"), so called by 
the Genoese, who raised the fortress, some 
portions of which still exist. 

Balaclava Charge. (See Charge 
of the Light Brigade.) 

Balafre {Le), alias Ludovic Lesly, an 
old archer of the Scottish Guard at Plessis 
les Tours, one of the castle palaces of 
Louis XI. Le Balafre" is uncle to Quen- 
tin Durward. — Sir W. Scott: Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

•.* Henri, son of Francois second 
duke of Guise, was called Le Balafre" 
("the gashed"), from a frightful scar in 
the face from a sword-cut in the battle of 
Dormans (1575). 

Balak, in the second part of Dry den 
and Tate's Absalom and Achitophel (line 
395, etc.), was meant for Dr. Burnet, author 
of the History of the Reformation . He 
exceedingly disliked Charles II. ( ' ' David "); 
but was made bishop of Salisbury by 
William III. in 1689. He died in 1715, 
in the seventy-second year of his age. 

The Second Part of Absalom and Achitophel (by 
Tate) was published in the autumn of 1682. 

Balam', the ox on which the faithful 
feed in paradise. The fish is call Nun, 
the lobes of whose liver will suffice for 
70,000 men. 

Balan', brother of Balyn or Balin le 
Savage {q.v.), two of the most valiant 
knights that the world ever produced. — 
Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 31 (1470). 

Balan, " the bravest and strongest of 
all the giant race." Am'adis de Gaul 
rescued Gabrioletta from his hands. — 
Vasco de Lobeira: Amadis de Gaul, iv. 
129 (fourteenth century). 

Balance [Justice), the father of Sylvia. 



He had once been in the army, a:.d as he 
had run the gauntlet himself, he could 
make excuses for the wild pranks of 
young men. — G. Farquhar : The Recruit- 
ing Officer (1704). 

B a land of Spain, a man of gigantic 
strength, who called himself " Fierabras." 
— Mediceval Romance. 

Balchris'tie {Jenny), (housekeeper to 
the laird of Dumbiedikes. — Sir W. Scott : 
Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Balclu'tha, a town belonging to the 
Britons on the river Clyde. It fell into 
the hands of Comhal (Fingal's father), 
and was burnt to the ground. 

" I have seen the walls of Balclutha," said Fingal, 
"but they were desolate. The fire had resounded in 
the halls : and the voice of the people is heard no 
more . . . The thistle shook there its lonely head : the 
moss whistled in the wind, and the fox looked out 
from the windows." — Ossian : Carthon. 

Baldassa're (4 syl.), chief of the 
monastery of St. Jacopo di Compostella. 
— Donizetti : La Favorita (1842). 

Bal'der, the god of light, peace, and 
day, was the young and beautiful son of 
Odin and Frigga. His palace, Briedab- 
lik (" wide-shining"), stood in the Milky 
Way. He was slain by Hoder, the blind 
old god of darkness and night, but was 
restored to life at the general request of 
the gods. — Scandinavian Mythology. 

Balder the beautiful 
God of the summer sun. 

Longfelloio : Tegnut's Death. 

(Sydney Dobell has a poem entitled 
Balder, published in 1854.) 

Bal'derstone {Caleb), the favourite 
old butler of the master of Ravenswood, 
at Wolf's Crag Tower. Being told to 
provide supper for the laird of Bucklaw, 
he pretended that there were fat capon 
and good store in plenty, but all he could 
produce was " the hinder end of a 
mutton ham that had been three times 
on the table already, and the heel of a 
ewe-milk kebbuck [cheese]" (ch. vii.). — 
Sir W. Scott: Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

Baldrick, an ancestor of the lady 
Eveline Berenger "the betrothed." He 
was murdered, and lady Eveline assured 
Rose Flammock that she had seen his 
ghost frowning at her. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Bal'dringham {The lady Ermen- 
garde oj), great-aunt of lady Evelina 
Berenger " the betrothed." — Sir W. 
Scott: The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 



BALDWIN. 



BALISARDA. 



BALDWIN, the youngest and 
comeliest of Charlemagne's paladins, 
nephew of sir Roland. 

Baldwin, the restless and ambitious 
duke of Bologna, leader of 1200 horse 
in the allied Christian army. He was 
Godfrey's brother, and very like him, but 
not so tail — Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered 

(1575). 

*.• He is introduced by sir Walter 
Scott in Count Robert of Paris. 

Baldwin. So the Ass is called in the 
beast-epic entitled Reynard the Fox (the 
word means " bold friend"). In pt..iii. he 
is called " Dr." Baldwin (1498). 

Bald'win, tutor of Rollo (" the bloody 
brother ") and Otto, dukes of Normandy, 
and sons of Sophia. Baldwin was put to 
death by Rollo, because Hamond slew 
Gisbert the chancellor with an axe and 
not with a sword. Rollo said that 
Baldwin deserved death "for teaching 
Hamond no better." — Beaumont: The 
Bloody Brother (published 1639). 

Baldwin {.Count), a fatal example of 
paternal self-will. He doted on his elder 
son, Biron, but, because he married against 
his inclination, disinherited him, and 
fixed all his love on Carlos his younger son. 
Biron fell at the siege of Candy, and was 
supposed to be dead. His wife Isabella 
mourned for him seven years, and 
being on the point of starvation, applied 
to the count for aid, but he drove her 
from his house like a dog. Villeroy (2 syl. ) 
married her, but Biron returned the 
following day. Carlos, hearing of his 
brother's return, employed ruffians to 
murder him, and then charged Villeroy 
with the crime; but one of the ruffians 
impeached. Carlos was arrested, and 
Isabella, going mad, killed herself. Thus 
was the wilfulness of Baldwin the source of 
infinite misery. It caused the death of his 
two sons, as well as of his daughter-in-law. 
— Southern : The Fatal Marriage (1692). 

Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury 
(1184-1190), introduced by sir W. Scott 
in 1 he Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Baldwin de Oyley, esquire of sir 
Brian de Bois Guilbert (Preceptor of the 
Knights Templars).— Sir W. Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Balfour {John), of Burley. A leader 
of the Covenanters' army. Disguised for 
a time as Quentin Mackell of Irongray. — 
Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality (time, 
Charles II. I 



Balin {Sir), or " Balin le Savage," 
knight of the two swords. He was a 
Northumberland knight, and being taken 
captive, was imprisoned six months by 
king Arthur. It so happened that a 
damsel girded with a sword came to 
Camelot at the time of sir Balin's release, 
and told the king that no man could 
draw it who was tainted with "shame, 
treachery, or guile." King Arthur and 
all his knights failed in the attempt, but 
sir Balin drew it readily. The damsel 
begged him for the sword, but he refused 
to give it to any one. Whereupon the 
damsel said to him, " That swoid shall 
be thy plague, for with it shall ye slay 
your best friend, and it shall also prove 
your own death." Then the Lady of the 
Lake came to the king, and demanded the 
sword, but sir Balin cut oft her head with 
it, and was banished from the court. 
After various adventures he came to a 
castle where the custom was for every 
guest to joust. He was accommodated 
with a shield, and rode forth to meet his 
antagonist. So fierce was the encounter 
that both the combatants were slain, but 
Balin lived just long enough to learn that 
his antagonist was his dearly beloved 
brother Balan, and both were buried in 
one tomb. — Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 27-44 (1470). 

•. • " The Book of Sir Balin le Savage " 
is part i. ch. 27 to 44 (both inclusive) of 
sir T. Malory's History of Prince Arthur. 

Balinverno, one of the leaders in 
Agramant's allied army. — Ariosto: Or- 
lando Furioso (1516). 

Baliol {Edward), usurper of Scotland, 
introduced in Redgauntlet, a novel by sir 
W. Scott (time, George II.). 

Baliol {Mrs.), friend of Mr. Croft- 
angry, in the introductory chapter of The 
Fair Maid of Perth, a novel by sir W. 
Scott (time, Henry IV.). 

Baliol {Mrs. Arthur Bethune), a lady 
of quality and fortune, who had a house 
called Baliol Lodging, Canongate, Edin- 
burgh. At death she left to her cousin 
Mr. Croftangry two series of tales called 
The Chronicles of Canongate {a. v.), which 
he published. —Sir W. Scott: The High- 
land Widow (introduction, 1827). 

Baliol College, Oxford, was founded 
(in 1263) by John de Baliol, knight, father 
of Baliol king of Scotland. 

Balisar'cla, a sword made in the 
garden of Orgagna by the sorceress 
Faleri'na ; it would cut through even 



BALIVERSO. 

enchanted substances, and was given to 
Roge'ro for the express purpose of ' ' deal- 
ing Orlando's death." — Ariosto: Orlando 
Furioso, xxv. 15 (1516). 

He knew with Balisarda's lightest blows. 
Nor helm, nor shield, nor cuirass could avail, 
Nor strongly tempered plate, nor twisted mail. 

Bk.xxiiL 

Baliverso, the basest knight in the 
Saracen army. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Balk or Balkh [ * ' to embrace "], Omurs, 
surnamed Ghil-Shah ("earth's king"), 
founder of the Paishdadian dynasty. He 
travelled abroad to make himself familiar 
with the laws and customs of other lands. 
On his return he met his brother, and 
built on the spot of meeting a city, which 
he called Balk ; and made it the capital 
of his kingdom. 

Balkis, the Arabian name of the 
queen of Sheba, who went from the South 
to witness the wisdom and splendour of 
Solomon. According to the Koran, she 
was a fire-worshipper. It is said that 
Solomon raised her to his bed and throne. 
She is also called queen of Saba or Aaziz. 
— Al Koran, xxvi. ^Sale's notes). 

She fancied herself already more potent than Balkis 
and pictured to her imagination the genii falling pros 
tiate at the foot of her throne.— IV. Beck/ord : Vathek 

'.' Solomon, being told that her legs 
were covered with hair " like those of an 
ass," had the presence-chamber floored 
with glass laid over running water filled 
with fish. When Balkis approached the 
room, supposing the floor to be water, 
she lifted up her robes and exposed her 
hairy ankles, of which the king had been 
rightly informed. — Jallalo 'dinn. 

Ballendi'no {Don Antonio), in Ben 
Jonson's comedy called The Case is 
Altered (1597). Probably intended to 
ridicule Anthony Munday, the dramatist, 
who lived 1554- 1633, a voluminous writer. 

Ballenkeiroch (Old), a Highland 
chief and old friend of Fergus M'lvor. — 
Sir W. Scott: Waverley (time, Georgell.). 

Balmungf, the sword of Siegfried, 
forged by Wieland the smith of the 
Scandinavian gods. In a trial of merit, 
Wieland cleft Amilias (a brother smith) 
to the waist ; but so fine was the cut that 
Amilias was not even conscious of it till 
he attempted to move, when he fell 
asunder into two pieces. — Aibelungen 
Lied. 

Balni-Barbi, the land of projectors, 
risked by Gulliver. — Swift: Gulliver's 
Travels (1726). 



85 BALTIC 

Balrud'dery ( The laird of), a relation 
of Godfrey Bertram, laird of Ellangowan. 
— Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Balsam of Fierabras. "This 
famous balsam," said don Quixote, "only 
costs three rials [about sixpence] for three 
quarts." It was the balsam with which 
the body of Christ was embalmed, and was 
stolen by sir Fierabras [Fe-d'.ra-brah]. 
Such was its virtue, that one single drop 
of it taken internally would instantly heal 
the most ghastly wound. 

"It is a balsam of balsams; it not only heals all 
wounds, but even defies death itself. If thou should'st 
see my body cut in two, friend Sancho, by some 
unlucky backstroke, you must carefully pick up that 
half of me which falls on the ground, and clap it upon 
the other half before the blood congeals, then give me 
a draught of the balsam of Fierabras, and you will 
presently see me as sound as an oiange."—C*rvantes . 
Don Quixote, 1. 1L a 1605). 

BALTHA'ZAxt, a merchant, in 
Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors (1593). 

Baltha'zar, a name assumed by 
Portia, in Shakespeare's Merchant of 
Venice (1598). 

Baltha'zar, servant to Romeo, in 
Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (1597). 

Baltha'zar, servant to don Pedro, in 
Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing 
(1600). 

Baltha'zar, one of the three " kings " 
shown in Cologne Cathedral as one of the 
" Magi " led to Bethlehem by the guiding 
star. The word means " lord of treasures. " 
The names of the other two are Melchior 
(" king of light "), and Gaspar or Caspar 
("the white one"). Klopstock, in The 
Messiah, makes six "Wise Men," and 
none of the names are like these three. 

Balthazar, father of Juliana, Vo- 
lants, and Zam'ora, A proud, peppery, 
and wealthy gentleman. His daughter 
Juliana married the duke of Aranza ; his 
second daughter, Volante (3 syl.), married 
the count Montalban ; and Zamora mar- 
ried signor Rinaldo. — J. Tobin: The 
Honeymoon (1804). 

Baltic (The Battle of the),*, lyric by 
Thomas Campbell (1809). This battle 
(April 10, 1 801) was in reality the bom- 
bardment of Copenhagen by lord Nelson 
and admiral Parker. In their engage- 
ment with the Danish fleet, 18 out of 23 
ships of the line were taken and destroyed 
by the British. The poem says — 

Of Nelson and the North 
Sing the glorious day's 



BALUE. 



66 



BANDY-LEGGED. 



When to battle fierce came forth 
All the might of Denmark's crown . . . 

It was 10 of April morn . . . 
[When fell the Danes] in Elsinore. 

Balue [Cardinal), in the court of 
Louis XL of France (1420-1491), intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in Quentin Dur- 
ward (time, Edward IV.). 

Balugantes (4 syL), leader of the 
men from Leon, in Spain, and in alliance 
with Agramant. — Ariosto : Orlando Fu- 
rioso (1516). 

Balveny {Lord), kinsman of the earl 
of Douglas.— Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Balwhidder [Bar-wither], a Scotch 
presbyterian pastor, filled with all the 
old-fashioned national prejudices, but 
sincere, kind-hearted, and pious. He is 
garrulous and loves his joke, but is quite 
ignorant of the world, being "in it but 
not of it." — Gait: Annals of the Parish 
(1821). 

The Rev. Micah Balwhidder is a fine representation 
of the primitive Scottish pastor ; diligent, blameless, 
loyal, and exemplary in his life, but without the fiery 
Zealand "kirk-filling- eloquence " of the supporters of 
the Covenant.— R. Chambers : English Literature, ii. 
591- 

Baly, one of the ancient and gigantic 
kings of India, who founded the city 
called by his name. He redressed 
wrongs, upheld justice, was generous and 
truthful, compassionate and charitable, 
so that at death he became one of the 
judges of hell. His city in time got 
overwhelmed with the encroaching ocean, 
but its walls were not overthrown, nor 
were the rooms encumbered with the 
weeds and alluvial of the sea. One day 
a dwarf, named Vamen, asked the mighty 
monarch to allow him to measure three 
of his own paces for a hut to dwell in. 
Baly smiled, and bade him measure out 
what he required. . The first pace of the 
dwarf compassed the whole earth, the 
second the whole heavens, and the third 
the infernal regions. Baly at once per- 
ceived that the dwarf was Vishnu, and 
adored the present deity. Vishnu made 
the king "Governor of Pad'alon " or 
hell, and permitted him once a year to 
revisit the earth, on the first full moon of 
November. 

Baly built 
A ity, like the cities of the gods, 
Being like a god himself. For many an age 
Hath ocean warred against his palaces, 
Till overwhelmed they lie beneath the waves, 
Not overthrown. 

Southey : Curse of Kekama, xv. i (1809). 

Bampton Lectures ( The), founded 
ty John Bampton, canon of Salisbury, 



who died in 1751. These lectures were 
designed to confirm the Catholic faith and 
confute heresies. The first of the series 
was delivered in 1780. 

Ban, king of Benwick [Brittany], 
father of sir Launcelot, and brother of 
Bors king of Gaul. This " shadowy king 
of a still more shadowy kingdom " came 
over with his royal brother to the aid of 
Arthur, when, at the beginning of his 
reign, the eleven kings leagued against 
him (pt. i. 8). 

Yonder I see the most valiant knight of the world, 
and the man of most renown ; for such two brethren as 
are king Ban and king Bors are not living.— Sir T. 
Malory : History of Prince Arthur, L 14 (1470). 

Ban'agher, a town in Ireland, on the 
Shannon (King's County). It formerly 
sent two members to parliament, and was 
a pocket borough. When a member 
spoke of a rotten borough, he could de- 
vise no stronger expression than That 
beats Banagher, which passed into a 
household phrase. 

Banastar {Humfrey), brought up by 
Henry duke of Buckingham, and ad- 
vanced by him to honour and wealth. 
He professed to love the duke as his 
dearest friend ; but when Richard III. 
offered ^tooo reward to any one who 
would deliver up the duke, Banastar 
betrayed him to John Mitton, sheriff of 
Shropshire, and he was conveyed to Salis- 
bury, where he was beheaded. The ghost 
of the duke prayed that Banaster's eldest 
son, "reft of his wits might end his life 
in a pigstye ; " that his second son might 
' ' be drowned in a dyke " containing less 
than ' ' half a foot of water ; " that his 
only daughter might be a leper ; and that 
Banaster himself might "live in death 
and die in life." — Sackville : A Mirrour 
for Magistraytes ("The Complaynt " 
1587). 

Banberg" {The bishop of), introduced 
in Donnerhugel's narrative. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV'.). 

Banbury Cheese. Bardolph calls 
Slender a "Banbury cheese" {Merry 
Wives of Windsor, act i sc. 1) ; and in 
Jack Drums Entertainment we read, 
"You are like a Banbury cheese, nothing 
but paring." The Banbury cheese 
alluded to was a milk cheese, about an 
inch in thickness. 

Bandy - legged, Armand Gouffe" 
(1775-1845), also called Le panard du 
dix-neuvihne siecle. He was one of the 
founders of the " Caveau moderne." 



BANE OF THE LAND. 



87 



BARADAS. 



Bane of the Land [Landschaden], 
the name given to a German robber- 
knight on account of his reckless depre- 
dations on his neighbours' property. He 
was placed under the ban of the empire 
for his offences. 

Bango'rian Controversy, a theo- 
logical paper-war begun by Dr. Hoadly, 
bishop of Bangor, the best reply being by 
Law. The subject of this controversy 
was a sermon preached before George I., 
on the text, " My kingdom is not of this 
world " (1717). 

Banks, a farmer, the great terror of 
old mother Sawyer, the witch of Edmon- 
ton. — The Witch of Edmonton (by Row- 
Uy, Dekker, and Ford, 1658). 

Banks o' Yarrow {The), a 
"Scotch" ballad, describing how two 
brothers-in-law designed to fight a duel 
on the banks of Yarrow, but one of them 
laid an ambush and slew the other. The 
anguish of the widow is the chief charm 
of the ballad. 

Ban'natyne Club, a literary club 
which takes its name from George Ban- 
natyne. It was instituted in 1823 by sir 
Walter Scott, and had for its object the 
publication of rare works illustrative of 
Scottish history, poetry, and general 
literature. The club was dissolved in 
1859. 

Bannockbnrn (in Stirling), famous 
for the great battle between Bruce and 
Edward II., in which the English army 
was totally defeated, and the Scots re- 
gained their freedom (June 24, 1314). 

Departed spirits of the mighty dead ! . . . 
Oh 1 once again to Freedom's cause return 
The patriot Tell, the Bruce of Bannockbum. 

Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

Banquo, a Scotch general of royal 
extraction, in the time of Edward the 
Confessor. He was murdered at the in- 
stigation of king Macbeth, but his son 
Fleance escaped, and from this Fleance 
descended a race ot kings who filled the 
throne of Scotland, ending with James I. 
of England, in whom were united the 
two crowns. It was the ghost of Banquo 
which haunted Macbeth. The witches 
on the blasted heath hailed Banquo as — 

!t) Lesser than Macbeth, and greater. 
3) Not so happy, yet much happier. 
3) Thou shaft get kings, though thou be none. 
Shakespeare: Macbeth, act i. sc. 3 (1606). 

(Historically, no such person as Banquo 
ever existed, and therefore Fleance was 
not the ancestor of the house of Stuart.) 



Ban'shee. (See Benshee.) 
Bantam (Angelo Cyrus), grand-master 
of the ceremonies at " Ba-ath," and a 
very mighty personage in the opinion of 
the ilite of Bath.— C. Dickens: The Pick- 
wick Papers (1836). 

Banting. Doing Banting means living 
by regimen for the sake of reducing 
superfluous fat. William Banting, an 
undertaker, was at one time a very fat 
man, but he resolved to abstain from 
beer, farinaceous foods, and all vege- 
tables, his chief diet being meat (1796- 
1878). 

Bap, a contraction of Bap' hornet, i.e. 
Mahomet. An imaginary idol or symbol 
which the Templars were accused of em- 
ploying in their mysterious religious 
rites. It was a small human figure cut 
in stone, with two heads, one male and 
the other female, but all the rest of the 
figure was female. Specimens still exist. 

Bap'tes (2 syL), priests of the god- 
dess Cotytto, whose midnight orgies 
were so obscene as to disgust even the 
very goddess of obscenity. (Greek, bapto, 
"to baptize," because these priests bathed 
themselves in the most effeminate man- 
ner.) — Juvenal: Satires, ii. 91. 

Baptis'ta, a rich gentleman of 
Padua, father of Kathari'na "the shrew" 
and Bianca. — Shakespeare: Taming of the 
Shrew (\$<)\). 

Baptisti Bamiotti, a Paduan quack, 
who shows in the enchanted mirror a 
picture representing the clandestine mar- 
riage and infidelity of sir Philip Forester. 
— Sir W. Scott : Aunt Margaret' s Mirror 
(time, William III.). 

Bar of Gold. A bar of gold above 
the instep is a mark of sovereign rank in 
the women of the families of the deys, 
and is worn as a " crest " by their female 
relatives. 

Around, as princess of her father's land, 
A like gold bar, above her instep rolled. 
Announced her rank. 

Byron : Don yuan, iii. 72 (1820). 

Bar'abas, the faithful servant of 
Ralph de Lascours, captain of the Uran Ha. 
His favourite expression is " I am afraid; " 
but he always acts most bravely when he 
is afraid. (See Barrabas.)— E. Stirling. 
The Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Bar'adas (Count), the king's fa- 
vourite, first gentleman of the chamber, 
and one of the conspirators to dethrone 
Louis XIII. , kill Richelieu, and place the 



BARAK EL HADGI. 



BARD OF AVON. 



due d'Orleans on the throne of France. 
Baradas loved Julie, but Julie married the 
chevalier Adrien de Mauprat. When 
Richelieu fell into disgrace, the king 
made count Baradas his chief minister ; 
but scarcely had he done so when a 
despatch was put into his hand, reveal- 
ing the conspiracy, and Richelieu ordered 
the instant arrest of the conspirator. — 
l/)rd Lytion : Richelieu (1839). 

Barak el Hadgi, the fakir', an 
emissary from the court of Hyder Ali. — 
Sir W. Scott; The Surgeon's Daughter 
(time, George II.). 

Barata'ria, the island-city over which 
Sancho Panza was appointed governor. 
The table was presided over by Dr. Pedro 
Rezio de Ague'ro, who caused every dish 
set before the governor to be whisked 
away without being tasted, — some be- 
cause they heated the blood, and others 
because they chilled it, some for one evil 
effect, and some for another, so that 
Sancho was allowed to eat nothing. 

Sancho then arrived at a town containing about a 
thousand inhabitants. They gave him to understand 
that it was called the Island of Barataria, either because 
Barataria was really the name of the place, or because 
he obtained the government barato, i.e. "at a cheap 
rate." On his arrival near the gates of the town, the 
municipal officers came out to receive him. Presently 
after, with certain ridiculous ceremonies, they pre- 
sented him with the keys of the town, and constituted 
him perpetual governor of the island of Barataria. — 
Cervantes: Don Quixote, II. iii. 7, etc (1615). 

Barbara Allan, a ballad by Allan 
Ramsay (1724) ; inserted in Percy's 
Reliques. The tale is that sir John 
Grehme was dying out of love to Barbara 
Allan. Barbara went to see him, and, 
drawing aside the curtain, said, " Young 
man, I think ye're dyan'." She then left 
him ; but had not gone above a mile or 
so when she heard the death-bell toll. 

O mither, mither, mak' my bed . . . 
Since my love died for me to-day, 
Ise die for him to-morrow. 

Barbarossa ["red oeard"], surname 
of Frederick I. of Germany (1121-1190). 
It is said that he never died, but is still 
sleeping in Kyff hauserberg in Thuringia. 
There he sits at a stone table with his six 
knights, waiting the " fulness of time," 
when he will come from his cave to 
rescue Germany from bondage, and give 
her the foremost place of all the world. 
His beard has already grown through the 
table-slab, but must wind itself thrice 
round the table before his; second advent. 
(See Mansur, Charlemagne, Arthur, 
Desmond, Sebastian I., to whom 
similar legends are attributed.) 



Like Barbarossa, who sits in a cave, 
Taciturn, sombre, sedate, and grave. 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend. 

1" Ogier the Dane, one of Charle- 
magne's paladins, was immured with his 
crown in a vault at Cronenberg Castle, 
till his beard grew through a stone table, 
which was burst in two when he raised 
his head upon the spell being dissolved. — 
Torfcens: History of Norway, voL i. bk. 8. 

Barbarossa, a tragedy by John 
Brown. This is not Frederick Barbarossa, 
the emperor of Germany (1121-1190), but 
Home Barbarossa, the corsair (1475- 
151 9). He was a regenade Greek, of 
MitylenS, who made himself master of 
Algeria, which was for a time subject to 
Turkey. He killed the Moorish king; 
tried to cut off Selim the son, but without 
success ; and wanted to marry Zaphi'ra, 
the king's widow, who rejected his suit 
with scorn, and was kept in confinement 
for seven years. Selim returned unex- 
pectedly to Algiers, and a general rising 
took place ; Barbarossa was slain by the 
insurgents ; Zaphira was restored to the 
throne , and Selim her son married Irene 
the daughter of Barbarossa (1742). 

Bar*bary {St.), the patron saint of 
arsenals. When her father was about to 
strike off her head, she was killed by a 
flash of lightning. 

Bar'bary (Roan), the favourite horse 
of Richard II. 

Bolingbroke rode on roan Barbary, 
That horse that thou so often hast bestrid! 
Shakespeare: Richard II. act v. sc. 5 (1597). 

Bar'bason, the name of a demon 
mentioned in The Merry Wives of Wind- 
sor, act ii. sc. 2 (1596). 

I am not Barbason; you cannot conjure me. —Sha&e- 
If tare: Henry V. act u. sc. 1 (1599). 

Barco'cliebah, an antichrist. 

Shared the fall of the antichrist Barcochebah.— Pro- 
fessor Sel-win : Ecce Homo. 

Bard ( The), a Pindaric ode bv Gray 
(1757), founded on a tradition that Edward 
I., having conquered Wales, ordered all 
its bards to be put to death. A bard is 
supposed to denounce the king, and pre- 
dict the evil which would befall his race, 
which would be superseded by the Tudors, 
"the genuine kings" of Britain; when 
Wales will give us Elizabeth, " the glory " 
of the world ; and a future dazzling to 
"his aching sight." 

Bard of Avon, Shakespeare, born and 
buried at Stratford-upon-Avon(i564-i6i6). 
Also called the Bard of all Times. 

N.B. — Beaumont also died in 1616. 



BARDS. 



BARICONDO. 



Bard of Ayrshire, Robert Burns, a 

native of Ayrshire (1759-1796). 

Bard of Hope, Thomas Campbell, 
author of The Pleasures of Hope (1777- 
1844). 

Bard of the Imagination, Mark Aken- 
side, author of The Pleasures of the Im- 
agination (1721-1770). 

Bard of Me?nory, S. Roger*, author of 
The Pleasures of Memory (1762-1855). 

Bard of Olney, W. Cowper [Coo'-prj, 
who lived for many years at Olney, in 
Bucks. (1731-1800). 

Bard of Prose, Boccaccio (1313-1375). 

He of the hundred tales of love. 

Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 56 (1818). 

Bard of Rydal Mount, William Words- 
worth, who lived at Rydal Mount ; also 
called the Poet of the Excursion, from his 
principal poem (1770-1850). 

Bard of Twickenham, Alexander Pope, 
who lived at Twickenham (1688-1744). 

Bards. The ancient Gaels thought 
that the soul of a dead hero could never 
be happy till a bard had sung an elegy 
over the deceased. Hence when Cairbar, 
the usurper of the throne of Ireland, fell, 
though he was a rebel, a murderer, and a 
coward, his brother Cathmor could not 
endure the thought of his soul being 
unsung to rest. So he goes to Ossian, and 
gets him to send a bard " to give the soul 
of the king to the wind, to open to it the 
airy hall, and to give joy to the darkened 
ghost." — Ossian : Temora, ii. 

Bar dell {Mrs.), landlady of "apart- 
ments for single gentlemen" in Goswell 
Street. Here Mr. Pickwick lodged for 
a time. She persuaded herself that he 
would make her a good second husband, 
and on one occasion was seen in his arms 
by his three friends. Mrs. Bardell put 
herself in the hands of Messrs. Dodson 
and Fogg (two unprincipled lawyers), 
who vamped up a case against Mr. Pick- 
wick of ' ' breach of promise, " and obtained 
a verdict against the defendant. Subse- 
quently Messrs. Dodson and Fogg arrested 
their own client, and lodged her in the 
Fleet. — Dickens: The Pickwick Papers 
(X836). 

Barde'sanist (4 syl), a follower of 
Barde'san, founder of a Gnostic sect in 
the second century. 

Bar'dolpli, corporal of captain sir 
John Falstaff in 1 and 2 Henry IV. and 
In The Merry Wives of Windsor. In 
Henry V. he is promoted to lieutenant, 
and Nym is corporal. Both are hanged. 



Bardolph is a bravo, but great humorist ; 
he is a low-bred, drunken swaggerer, 
wholly without principle, and always 
poor. His red, pimply nose is an ever- 
lasting joke with sir John and others. 
Sir John in allusion thereto calls Bardolph 
"The Knight of the Burning Lamp." 
He says to him, "Thou art our admiral, 
and bearest the lantern in the poop." 
Elsewhere he tells the corporal he had 
saved him a "thousand marks in links 
and torches, walking with him in the night 
betwixt tavern and tavern." — Shakespeare. 

We are much of the mind of FalstafTs tailor. We 
must have better assurance for sir John than Bardolph 's . 
— Macaulay. 

(The reference is to 2 Henry IV. act i. 
sc. 2. When Falstaff asks Page, "What 
said Master Dumbleton about the satin 
for my short cloak and slops ? " Page 
replies, " He said, sir, you should pro- 
cure him better assurance than Bardolph. 
He . . . liked not the security.") 

Bar don {Hugh), the scout-master in 
the troop of lieutenant Fitzurse. — Sir W. 
Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Barere (2 syl. ), an advocate of Tou- 
louse, called " The Anacreon of the 
Guillotine." He was president of the Con- 
vention, a member of the Constitutional 
Committee, and chief agent in the con- 
demnation to death of Louis XVI. As 
member of the Committee of Public 
Safety, he decreed that " Terror must be 
the order of the day." In the first em- 
pire Barere bore no public part, but at the 
restoration he was banished from France, 
and retired to Brussels (1755-1841). 

The filthiest and most spiteful Yahoo was a noble 
creature compared with Barriere [sic] of history. — 
Macaulay. 

Bar'guest, a goblin armed with teeth 
and claws. It would sometimes set up 
in the streets a most fearful scream in the 
"dead waste and middle of the night." 
The faculty of seeing this monster was 
limited to a few, but those who possessed 
it could by the touch communicate the 
"gift" to others. — Fairy Mythology, 
North of England. 

Bar'gfulus, an Illyrian robber or 
pirate. 

Baxgulus, Illyrius latro, de quo est apud Theopompum 
magnas opes habuit.— Cicero: De OJZciis, U. n. 

Baricondo, one of the leaders of the 
Moorish army. He was slain by the 
of Clarence. — Ariosto: Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 



BARKER. 90 

Barker {Mr.), friend to Sowerberry. 
Mrs. Barker, his wife. — W. B rough: 
A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock. 

Bar'kis, the carrier who courted 
[Clara] Peggot'ty, by telling David Cop- 
perfield when he wrote home to say to 
his nurse, " Barkis is willin'." Clara took 
the hint and became Mrs. Barkis. 

He dies when the tide goes out, confirming the super- 
stition that people can't die till the tide goes out, or be 
born till it is In. The last words he utters are " Barkis 
s wiliin'."— Dickens: David Copperfield, xxx. (1849). 

(Mrs. Quickly says of sir John Falstaff, 
" 'A parted even just between twelve and 
one, e'en at the turning o' the tide." — 
Henry V. act ii. sc. 3, 1599.) 

Barlaham and Josapliat, the 
heroes and title of a minnesong, the 
object of which was to show the triumph 
of Christian doctrines over paganism. 
Barlaham is a hermit who converts Josa- 
phat, an Indian prince. This "lay " was 
immensely popular in the Middle Ages, 
and has been translated into every Euro- 
pean language. — Rudolf of Ems (a min- 
nesinger, thirteenth century). 

("Barlaham," frequently spelt " Bar- 
laam." The romance was originally in 
Greek, ninth century, and erroneously 
ascribed to John Damascene. There was 
a Latin version in the thirteenth century, 
to which Rudolf was indebted. For plot, 
see JOSAPHAT. ) 

Barley (Bill), Clara's father. Chiefly 
remarkable for drinking rum, and thump- 
ing on the floor. He lived at Chink's 
Barn, Mill-pond Bank. 

His dinner consisted of two mutton-chops, three 
potatoes, some split peas, a little flour, 2 ozs. of butter, 
a pinch of salt, and a lot of black pepper, all stewed 
together, and eaten hot. 

Clara Barley, daughter of the above. 
A "pretty, gentle, dark-eyed girl," who 
marries Herbert Pocket. — Dickens: Great 
Expectations (1861). 

Barleycorn (Sir John), Malt-liquor 
personified. His neighbours vowed that 
sir John should die, so they hired ruffians 
to " plough him with ploughs and bury 
him ; " this they did, and afterwards 
" combed him with harrows and thrust 
clods on his head," but did not kill him. 
Then with hooks and sickles they "cut 
his legs off at the knees," bound him like 
a thief, and left him " to wither with the 
wind," but he died not. They now " rent 
him to the heart," and having " mowed 
him in a mow," sent two bravos to beat 
him with clubs, and they beat him so sore 
that "all his flesh fell from his bones." 



BARNABY. 

but yet he died not. To a kiln they next 
hauled him, and burnt him like a 
martyr, but he survived the burning. 
They crushed him between two stones, 
but killed him not. Sir John bore no 
malice for this ill usage, but did his best 
to cheer the flagging spirits even of his 
worst persecutors. 

'.* This song, from the English 
Dancing-Master (1651), is generally as- 
cribed to Robert Burns, but all that the 
Scotch poet did was slightly to alter 
parts of it. The same may be said of 
" Auld Lang Syne " (see p. 76), " Ca' the 
Yowes," "My Heart is Sair for Some- 
body," "Green grow the Rashes, O!" 
and several other songs, set down to the 
credit of Burns. 

Barlow, the favourite archer of 
Henry VIII. He was jocosely created 
by the merry monarch " duke of Shore 
ditch," and his two companions "marquis 
of Islington " and "earl of Pancras." 

Barlow (Billy), a jester, who fancied 
himself a "mighty potentate." He was 
well known in the east of London, and 
died in Whitechapel workhouse. Some 
of his sayings were really witty, and some 
of his attitudes truly farcical. 

Bar'mecide Feast, a mere dream- 
feast ; an illusion ; a castle in the air. 
Schacabac " the hare-lipped," a man in 
the greatest distress, one day called on the 
rich Barmecide, who in merry jest asked 
him to dine with him. Barmecide first 
washed in hypothetical water, Schacabac 
followed his example. Barmecide then 
pretended to eat of various dainties, 
Schacabac did the same, and praised them 
highly, and so the " feast " went on to the 
close. The story says Barmecide was so 
pleased that Schacabac had the good 
sense and good temper to enter into the 
spirit of the joke without resentment, 
that he ordered in a real banquet, at 
which Schacabac was a welcome guest. — 
Arabian Nights ("The Barber's Sixth 
Brother"). 

Bar'nabas (St. ), a disciple of Gama- 
liel, cousin of St. Mark, and fellow-la- 
bourer with St. Paul. He was martyred 
at Salamis, A.D. 63. St. Barnabas' Day 
is June n. — Acts iv. 36, 37. 

Bar'naby ( Widow), the title and chief 
character of a novel by Mrs. Trollope 
(1830). The widow is a vulgar, pre- 
tentious husband-hunter, wholly without 
principle. Widow Barnaby has a sequel 
called The Barnabvs in Ametica, or Tht 



BARNABY. 



9i 



BARRABAS. 



Widow Married, a satire on America and 
the Americans (1840). 

Barnaby, an old dance with a quick 
movement. 

" Bounce ! " cries the port-hole ; out they fly, 
And make the world dance " Barnaby." 

Cotton : Virgil Travestie. 

Barnaby Rudg'e, a half-witted lad, 
whose companion was a raven. He was 
allured into joining the Gordon rioters, and 
was condemned to death, but reprieved. 
—Dickens : Barnaby Rudge (1841). (See 

RUDGE.) 

Barnacle, brother of old Nicholas 
Cockney, and guardian of Priscilla 
Tomboy of the West Indies. Barnacle is 
a tradesman of the old school, who thinks 
the foppery and extravagance of the 
" Cockney " school inconsistent with pros- 
perous shop-keeping. Though brusque 
and even ill-mannered, he has good sense 
and good discernment of character. — The 
Romp (altered from Bickerstaff s Love in 
the City). 

Barn-burners, ultra-radicals or de- 
structives, who burnt the barns in order 
to reform social and political abuses. 
These wiseacres were about as sapient 
as the Dutchman who burnt down his 
barns to get rid of the rats which infested 
them. 

Barnardine, introduced in the last 
scene of Measure for Measure, but only 
to be reproved by the duke. 

Sirrah, thou art said to have a stubborn soul, 
That apprehends no further than this world. 
And squar'st thy life according. 
Shakespeare : Measure for Measure, act v. sc I. 

Barae Bishop {A), a boy-bishop. 
Barne = a child. 

Barnes (1 syl.), servant to colonel 
Mannering, at Woodburne.— Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George II. ). 

"Barnevelt (Esdras) Apoh," the 
pseudonym assumed by Pope, when, in 
X715, he published a Key to his Rape of the 
Lock. 

Barney, a repulsive Jew, who waited 
on the customers at the low public-house 
frequented by Fagin and his associates. 
Barney always spoke through his nose. — 
Dickens : Oliver Twist (1837). 

Barn'stable {Lieutenant), in the 
British navy, in love with Kate Plowden. 
niece of colonel Howard of New York. 
The alliance not being approved ot, Kate 
is removed from England to America, 



but Barnstable goes to America to dis- 
cover her retreat. In this he succeeds, 
but, being seized as a spy, is commanded 
by colonel Howard to be hung to the 
yardarm of an American frigate called the 
Alacrity. Scarcely is the young man led 
off, when the colonel is informed that 
Barnstable is his own son, and he arrives 
at the scene of execution just in time to 
save him. Of course after this he marries 
the lady of his affection. — E. Fitzball : 
The Pilot (a burletta). 

Barnwell {George), the chief character 
and title of a tragedy by George Lillo. 
George Barnwell is a London apprentice, 
who falls in love with Sarah Millwood of 
Shored itch, who leads him astray. He 
first robs his master of f'zoo. He next 
robs his uncle, a rich grazier at Ludlow, 
and murders him. Having spent all the 
money of his iniquity, Sarah Millwood 
turns him off and informs against him. 
Both are executed (1732). 

\ • For many years this play was acted 
on boxing-night, as a useful lesson to 
London apprentices. 

A gendeman . . . called one day on David Ross (1728- 
1790) the actor, and told him his father, who lay at the 
point of death, greatly desired to see him. When the 
actor was at the bed-side, the dying man said, "Mr. 
Ross, some forty years ago, like 'George Barnwell,' 
I wronged my master to supply the unbounded 
extravagance of a ' Millwood.' I took her to see 
your performance, which so shocked me that I vowed 
to break the connection and return to the path of 
virtue. I kept my resolution, replaced the money I 
had stolen, and found a ' Maria ' in my master's daughter. 
I soon succeeded to my master's business, and have 
bequeathed you ,£1000 in my will." — Pelham: Chro- 
nicles 0/ Crime. 

Baron {The old English), a romance 
by Clara Reeve (1777). 

Barons ( The Last of the), an historical 
novel by lord Lytton (1843). Supposed 
to be during the time of the " Wars of 
the Roses." The hero is Richard Neville 
earl of Warwick, called the " King- 
Maker," whose downfall is the main gist 
of the story. It is an excellent romance. 

Barons ( Wars of the), an insurrection 
of the barons against Henry III. It 
broke out in 1262, and terminated in 
1265, when Simon de Montfort was slain 
n the battle of Evesham. 

• . • Sometimes the uprising of the barons 
(i2r5-i2i6) to compel king John to sign 
Magna Charta, is called "The Barons' 
War," or "The War of the Barons." 

Bar'rabas, the rich "Jew of Malta." 
He is simply a human monster, who kills 
in sport, poisons whole nunneries, and 
invents infernal machines. Shakespeare's 



BARRABAS. 

' ' Shylock " has a humanity in the very 
whirlwind of his resentment, but Mar- 
lowe's "Barrabas" is a mere ideal of 
that "thing" which Christian prejudice 
once deemed a Jew. (See Barabas, 
p. 87.) — Marlowe: The Jew of Malta 
(1586). 

Bar'rabas, the famous robber and 
murderer set free instead of Christ by 
desire of the Jews. Called in the New 
Testament Barab'bas. Marlowe calls the 
word ' ' Barrabas " in his Jew of Malta ; 
and Shakespeare says — 

Would any of the stock of Bar'rabas 
Had been her husband, rather than a Christian I 
Merchant of Venice, act iv. sc. 1 (1598). 

Barry Cornwall, the pseudonym 
of Bryan Waller Procter. It is an im- 
perfect anagram of his name (1788- 
1874). 

Bar sad {John), alias Solomon Pross, 
a spy. 

He had an aquiline nose, but not straight, having a 
peculiar inclination towards the left cheek ; expression, 
therefore, sinister.— Dickens: A Tale of Two Citie 
ii. 16 (1859). 

Barsis'a (Santon), in The Guardian, 
the basis of the story called The Monk, by 
M. G. Lewis (1796). 

Barston, alias captain Fenwicke, a 
Jesuit and secret correspondent of the 
countess of Derby. — Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Bartholomew [Brother), guide of 
the two Philipsons on their way to Stras- 
burg. — Sir IV. Scott: Anne of Geier stein 
(time, Edward IV.), 

Bartholomew (St.). His day is 
August 24, and his symbol a knife, in 
allusion to the knife with which he is 
said to have been flayed alive. 

Bartholomew Pair, a comedy by 
Ben Jonson (1614). It gives a good 
picture of the manners and amusements 
of the times. 

Bartholomew Massacre. The 

great slaughter of the French huguenots 
[protestanfs] in the reign of Charles IX., 
begun on St. Bartholomew's Eve, 1572, 
In this persecution we are told some 
30,000 persons were massacred in cool 
blood. Some say more than double that 
number. 

Bartholomew Pig's. Nares says 
these pigs were real animals roasted and 
sold piping hot in the Smithfield fair. 
Dr. Johnson thinks they were the '* tidy 



93 BARUCH. 

boar-pigs " made of flour with currants 
for their eyes. Falstaff calls himself 

A little tidy Bartholomew boar-pig. 
Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV. act ii. sc 4(1598). 

Bartoldo, a rich old miser, who died 
of fear and want of sustenance. Fazio 
rifled his treasures, and, at the accusation 
of his own wife, was tried and executed. — 
Dean Milman : Fazio (1815). 

Bartole (2 syl.), a French lawyer of 
the fourteenth century, whose authority 
amongst French barristers is equal to that 
of Blackstone in our own courts. Hence 
the French proverb, He knows his " Bar- 
tole " as well as a cordelier his " Dormi." 
The Dormi is an anonymous compilation 
of sermons, for the use of the cordeliers, or 
preaching monks. 

Bartole, or Bartolus of Sasso-Ferrato, In Umbria 
(1313-1356), practised law in Pisa and Perouse. His 
great book was Commentaries on the Corpus Juris 
Civilis. Bartole was called " The Coryphaeus of the 
Interpreters of Law." 

Bartole or Bartoldo, a man who 

sees nothing in anything, quite used up. 
This is not the lawyer referred to above, 
but Bartoldo or Bartole, the hero of an 
Italian tale by Croce\ and very popular in 
the early part of the seventeenth century. 
This Bartoldo was a comedian by profes- 
sion, and replies to everything, "I see 
nothing in it." He treats kings and 
princes with no more ceremony than he 
does beggars and sweeps. From this 
character comes the French phrase, Ri- 
solu comme Bartole, " qui veut dire, un 
homme qui rien ne d£concerte. " — Hilaire 
de Gai. 

Bar'tolns, a covetous lawyer, husband 
of Amaran'ta. — Fletcher: The Spanish 
Curate (1622). 

Barton (Sir Andrew), a Scotch sea- 
officer, who had obtained in 1511 letters 
of marque for himself and his two sons, 
to make reprisals upon the subjects of 
Portugal. The council-board of England, 
at which the earl of Surrey presided, was 
daily pestered by complaints from British 
merchants and sailors against Barton, and 
at last it was decided to put him down. 
Two ships were therefore placed under 
the commands of sir Thomas and sir 
Edward Howard — an engagement took 
place, and sir Andrew Barton was slain, 
bravely fighting. A ballad in two parts, 
called " Sir Andrew Barton," is inserted 
in Percy's Reliques, II. ii. 12. 

Bartich. Dites, done, avex-vous lu 
Baruch f Said when a person puts an 
unexpected question, or makes a startling 



BARZILLAI. 



93 



BASILISK. 



proposal. It arose thus : Lafontaine 
went one day with Racine to tenebrce, and 
was given a Bible, He turned at random 
to the " Prayer of the Jews," in Baruch, 
and was so struck with it that he said 
aloud to Racine, " Dites, done, who was 
this Baruch ? Why, do you know, man, 
he was a fine genius ; " and for some days 
afterwards the first question he asked his 
friends was, Dites, done, Mons. , avez-vous 
lu Baruch f 

Barzillai (3 syl.), the duke of 
Ormond, a friend and firm adherent of 
Charles II. As Barzillai assisted David 
when he was expelled by Absalom from 
his kingdom, so Ormond assisted Charles 
II. when he was in exile. 

Barzillai, crowned with honours and with years, . . . 
In exile with his god-like prince he mourned, 
For him he suffered, and with him returned. 

Dry den : AbsaUnt and Achitophel, i. 756-762. 

Bas Bleu [Bah . . J. A Bas Bleu is 
a book-wise woman. In 1786 Hannah 
More published a poem called " The 
Bas Bleu, or Conversation," in praise of 
the Bas Bleu Club, which met at the 
house of Mrs. Montagu, its foundress. 
The following couplet is memorable — 

In men this blunder still you find. 
All think their little set " Mankind." 

Basa-Andre, the wild woman, a 
sorceress, married to Basa-Jaun, a sort of 
vampire. Basa-Andre sometimes is a 
sort of land mermaid (a beautiful lady 
who sits in a cave combing her locks with 
a golden comb). (See below. ) 

Basa-Jaun, a wood-sprite, married to 
Basa-Andre, a sorceress. Both hated the 
sound of church-bells. Three brothers 
and their sister agreed to serve him, but 
the wood-sprite used to suck blood from 
the finger of the girl ; and the brothers 
resolved to kill him. This they accom- 
plished. The Basa-Andre induced the 
girl to put a tooth into each of the foot- 
baths of her brothers, and, lo ! they be- 
came oxen. The girl, crossing a bridge, 
saw Basa-Andre, and said if she did not 
restore her brothers she would put her 
into a red-hot oven ; so Basa-Andre told 
the girl to give each brother three blows 
on the back with a hazel wand, and on so 
doing they were restored to their proper 
forms. — Rev. W. Webster: Basque Le- 
gends, 49 (1877). 

Bashful Man ( The), a comic drama 

by W. T. Moncrieff. Edward Blushing- 
ton, a young man just come into a large 
fortune, was so bashful and shy that life 
was a misery to him. He dined at 



Friendly Hall, and made all sorts of 
ridiculous blunders. His college chum, 
Frank Friendly, sent word to say that he 
and his sister Dinah, with sir Thomas 
and lady Friendly, would dine with him 
at Blushington House. After a few glasses 
of wine, Edward lost his shyness, made 
a long speech, and became the accepted 
suitor of Dinah Friendly. 

Basil, the blacksmith of Grand Pre\ 
in Acadia (now Nova Scotia) , and father 
of Gabriel the betrothed of Evangeline. 
When the colony was driven into exile 
in 1713 by George II., Basil settled in 
Louisiana, and greatly prospered ; but 
his son led a wandering life, looking for 
Evangeline, and died in Pennsylvania of 
the plague. — Longfellow : Evangeline 
(1849). 

Basil (Count), a drama by Joanna 
Baillie (1802). One of her series on the 
Passions. 

Ba'sile (a syl), a calumniating, nig- 
gardly bigot in Le Mariage de Figaro, 
and again in Le Barbier de Seville, both 
by Beaumarchais. " Basile" and " Tar- 
tuffe " are the two French incarnations of 
religious hypocrisy. The former is the 
clerical humbug, and the latter the lay 
religious hypocrite. Both deal largely 
in calumny, and trade in slander. 

Basil'ia, an hypothetical island in the 
northern ocean, famous for its amber. 
Mannert says it is the southern extremity 
of Sweden, erroneously called an island. 
It is an historical fact that the ancients 
drew their chief supply of amber from the 
shores of the Baltic. 

Basii'ikon Doron, a collection of 
precepts on the art of government. It 
was composed by James I. of England 
for the benefit of his eldest son, Henry, 
and published in 1599. 

Basilis'co, a bully and a braggart, in 
Soli/nan and Perseda (1592). Shake- 
speare has made "Pistol" the counter- 
part of " Basil isco." 

Knight, knight, good mother, Basilisco-like. 
Shakespeare: King John, act i. sc. i (1596). 

(That is, " my boasting like Basilisco 
has made me a knight, good mother.") 

Bas'ilisk, supposed to kill with its 
gaze the person who looked on it. Thus 
Henry VI. says to Suffolk, "Come, 
basilisk, and kill the innocent gazer with 
thy sight." 

Natus in ardente Lydlse basiliscus arena 
Vulnerat aspectu, luminibusque nocet. 

Mantuanut 



BASILIUS. 



94 



BATAVIA. 



Basilius, a neighbour of Quiteria, 
whom he loved from childhood ; but 
when grown up, the father of the lady 
forbade him the house, and promised 
Quiteria in marriage to Camacho the 
richest man of the vicinity. On their 
way to church they passed Basilius, 
who had fallen on his sword, and all 
thought he was at the point of death. 
He prayed Quiteria to marry him, " for 
his soul's peace," and as it was deemed a 
mere ceremony, they were married in due 
form. Up then started the wounded man, 
and showed that the stabbing was only a 
ruse, and the blood that of a sheep from 
the slaughter-house. Camacho gracefully 
accepted the defeat, and allowed the pre- 
parations for the general feast to proceed. 

Basilius is strong and active, pitches the bar ad- 
mirably, wrestles with amazing dexterity, and is an 
excellent cricketer. He runs like a buck, leaps like a 
wild goat, and plays at skittles like a wizard. Then he 
has a fine voice for singing, he touches the guitar so as 
to make it speak, and handles a foil as well as any 
fencer in Spain.— Cervantes : Don Quixote, II. ii. 4 
(1615). 

Baskerville {A), an edition of the 
New Testament and Latin classics, 
brought out by John Baskerville, a famous 
printer (1706-1775). 

Basket. Paul escaped from Damascus 
by being "let down over the wall in a 
basket" {Acts ix. 25). Caroloscadt, the 
image-breaker, in 1524, escaped his per- 
secutors at Rotenburg, by "being let 
down over the wall in a basket." — Mil- 
man : Ecclesiastical History, iv. p. 266. 

Basrig or Bagsecg, a Scandinavian 
king, who with Halden or Halfdene 
(2 syl. ) king of Denmark, in 871, made a 
descent on Wessex. In this year Ethel- 
red fought nine pitched battles with the 
Danes. The first was the battle of Engle- 
field, in Berkshire, lost by the Danes ; the 
next was the battle of Reading, won by 
the Danes ; the third was the famous 
battle of i-Escesdun or Ashdune (now 
Ashton), lost by the Danes, and in which 
king Bagsecg was slain. 

And Ethelred with them [the Danes] nine sundry fields 

that fought . . . 
Then Reading ye regained, led by that valiant lord. 
Where Basrig ye outbraved, and Halden sword to 

sword. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 
Next year (871) the Danes for the first time entered 
Wessex. . . . The first place they came to was Reading. 
'. . . Nine great battles, besides smaller skirmishes, were 
fought this year, in some of which the English won, and 
in others the Danes. First, alderman y^thelwulf fought 
the Danes at En^lefield, and beat them. Four days after 
that there was another battle at Reading . . . where the 
Danes had the better of it, and iCthelwulf was killed. 
Four davs afterwards there was another more famous 
battle ■■<■■ iCscesdun . . . and king .ditheldred fought 
against the two kings, and slew Bagsecg with his own 
hand.— E. A. Freeman : Old English History (1869). 
See Asser : Lifeof Atfred (ninth century). 



t/nio, the lover of Portia, suc- 
cessful in his choice of the three caskets, 
which awarded her to him as wife. It 
was for Bassanio that his friend Antonio 
borrowed 3000 ducats of the Jew Shylock, 
on the strange condition that if he re- 
turned the loan within three months no 
interest should be required, but if not, 
the Jew might claim a pound of Antonio's 
flesh for forfeiture. — Shakespeare: Mer- 
chant of Venice (1598). 

Bas'set {Count), a swindler and forger, 
who assumed the title of "count" to 
further his dishonest practices. — C. Cib- 
ber : The Provoked Husband (1728). 

Bassia'nus, brother of Satur'nius 
emperor of Rome, in love with Lavin'ia 
daughter of Titus Andron'icus (properly 
Andronicus). He is stabbed by Deme'- 
trius and Chiron, sons of Tam'ora queen 
of the Goths.— (?)Shakespeare : Titus An- 
dronicus (1593). 

Bassi'no [Count), the "perjured hus- 
band" of Aurelia, slain byAlonzo. — Mrs. 
Centlivre : The Perjured Husband ( 1700) . 

Bastard. Homer was probably a 
bastard. Virgil was certainly one. 
Neoptol'emos was the bastard son of 
Achilles by Deidamla (5 syl.). Romulus 
and Remus, if they ever existed, were the 
love-sons of a vestal. Brutus the regicide 
was a bastard. Ulysses was probably so, 
Teucer certainly, and Darius gloried in 
the surname of Nothos. 

Bastard [The), in English history is 
William I. , natural son of Robert le Diable. 
His mother was a peasant-girl of Falaise. 

Bastard of Orleans, Jean Dunois, 
a natural son of Louis due d'Orldans 
(brother of Charles VI.), and one of the 
most brilliant soldiers France ever pro- 
duced (1403- 1 468). Beranger mentions 
him in his Charles Sept. 

Bastille. The prisoner who had 
been confined in the Bastille for sixty-one 
years was A. M. Dussault, who was in- 
carcerated by cardinal Richelieu. 

Bat. In South Staffordshire that 
slaty coal which will not burn, but which 
lies in the fire till it becomes red hot, is 
called " bat ; " hence the expression, 
Warm as a bat. 

Bata'via, Holland or the Nether- 
lands. So called from the Bata'vians, a 
Celtic tribe, which dwelt there. 

. . . void of care, 
Batavia rushes forth ; and as they sweep 
On sounding skates, a thousand different ways. 
The then gay land is maddened all with joy. 

Thomson : Seasons (" Winter, ' 1726). 



BATES. 



95 



BATTLE OF WARTBURG. 



Bates (i syl.), a soldier in the army of 
Henry V., under sir Thomas Erpingham. 
He is introduced with Court and 
Williams as sentinels before the English 
camp at Agincourt, and the king un- 
known comes to them during the watch, 
and holds with them a conversation re- 
specting the impending battle. — Shake- 
speare: Henry V. act iv. sc. i (1599)- 

Bates {Charley), generally called 
" Master Bates," one of Fagin's " pupils," 
training to be a pickpocket. He is always 
laughing uproariously, and is almost equal 
in artifice and adroitness to " The Artful 
Dodger" himself.— C. Dickens: Oliver 
Twist (1837). 

Bates [Frank), the friend of Whittle. 
A man of good plain sense, who tries to 
laugh the old beau out of his folly. — 
Garrick: The Irish Widow (17 57). 

BATH, called by the Romans Aqua 
Soils (" waters of the sun "), and by the 
Anglo-Saxons Achamunnum ("city of the 
sick "). (See Badon, p. 81.) 

Bath. [Major), a poor but high-minded 
gentleman, who tries to conceal his poverty 
under a bold bearing and independent 
speech. — Fielding : Amelia (1751). 

*.* G. Colman the Younger has made 
major Bath his model for lieutenant 
Worthington, in his comedy entitled The 
Poor Gentleman (1802). 

Bath [King of), Richard Nash, -gene- 
rally called Beau Nash [q.v., p. 100). 

Bath [The Maid of), Miss Linley, a 
beautiful and accomplished singer, who 
married Richard B. Sheridan, the states- 
man and dramatist. 

Bath [The Wife of), one of the 
pilgrims travelling from Southwark to 
Canterbury, in Chaucer's Canterbury 
Tales. She tells her tale in turn, and 
chooses " Midas" for her subject (1388). 
Modernized by Dry den. 

Bathos, or " The Art of Sinking," by 
Pope, contributed to The Proceedings of 
the Scriblerius Club. 

Bath'sheba, duchess of Portsmouth, 
a favourite court lady of Charles II. As 
Bathsheba, the wife of Uri'ah, was 
criminally loved by David, so Louisa P. 
Keroual (duchess of Portsmouth) was 
criminally loved by Charles II. 

My fother[CAarUs //.], whom with reverence I name. . . 
1$ grown in Bathsheba's embraces old. 

Drydtn : Absalom and Achilophcl, IL 708-711. 



Batra-choxnyo-machia, or "The 

Battle of the Frogs and Mice," by Pigres. 
A Greek skit on Homer's Iliad. The 
tale is this : A Mouse having escaped 
from a weasel, stopped on the bank of a 
pond to drink, when a Frog invited the 
Mouse to pay him a visit. The Mouse 
consented, and mounted on the Frog's 
back to get to Frog Castle. When in the 
middle of the pond an otter appeared, 
and so terrified Mr. Froggie that he dived 
under water, leaving his friend Mousie 
to struggle in the water till he was 
drowned. A comrade, who witnessed the 
scene, went and told the Mouse-king, 
who instantly declared war against the 
Frogs. When arrayed for battle, a band 
of gnats sounded the attack, and after a 
bloody battle the Frogs were defeated ; 
but an army of land-crabs coming up 
saved the race from extermination, and 
the victorious Mice made the best of their 
way in terrible disorder. The name of 
the Mouse-king was Troxartes (3 syl.), 
probably a pun on Tros, a Trojan. 
Translated into English verse by T. 
Parnel (1679-1718). (See BATTLE OF THE 
Frogs and Mice, p. 96.) 

The Mice were the Trojans, the Frogs the Greeks, 
who came across the sea to the siege. They won the 
*' battle," but immediately returned in terrible disorder. 

Battar [Al), i.e. tlie trenchant, one of 
Mahomet's swords. 

Battle of Bar net, 14th April, 147 1, 
was certainly one of the most decisive 
ever fought, although it finds no place 
amongst professor Creasy's list of " de- 
cisive battles." It closed for ever the 
Age of Force, the potentiality of the 
barons, and opened the new era of trade, 
literature, and public opinion. Here fell 
Warwick, the " king-maker," "last of the 
barons ; " and thenceforth the king had 
no peer, but king was king, lords were 
lords, and commons the people. 

Battle of Life ( The), a love-story by 
Dickens (1847). (See Jeddler.) 

Battle of Pragne, a piece of de- 
scriptive music, very popular in the first 
quarter of the nineteenth century. It 
was composed by Franz Kotzwara of 
Prague, born 1791. 

Battle of Wartbnrg' (The), the 

annual contest of the minnesingers for 
the prize offered by Hermann, margraf 
o! Wartburg, near Gotha, in Germany, 
in the twelfth century. There is a minne- 
song so called, celebrating the fa mors 
contests of Walter von Vogelweide and 



BATTLE OF THE BRITISH. 



BATTLES. 



Wolfram von Esc.henbach with Heinrich 
von Ofterdingen. Heinrich lost the former 
and won the latter. 

Battle of the British Soldier 

{The), Inkerman, November 5, 1854. 

Battle of the Frog's and Mice 

{The), a skit by G. Rollenhagen, a 
master-singer (fourteenth century). No 
doubt suggested by the Batra-chomyo- 
machia (q.v., p. 95), sometimes absurdly 
attributed to Homer. The German tale 
runs thus : King Mouse's son, on a visit 
to king Frog, recounted all the news of 
Mouse-land, and in return king Frog told 
his guest all the news of Frog-moor, and 
then proposed a visit to Frog Park. As 
they were crossing a pool, prince Mouse 
slipped from the Frog's back into the 
water and was drowned. Whereupon 
king Mouse declared a war of extermina- 
tion against king Frog. 

Battle of the- Giants, Marignano, 
September, 1515. Francois I. won this 
battle over the Swiss and the duke of 
Milan. The French numbered 26,000 
men, the Swiss 20,000. The loss of the 
former was 6coo, and of the latter 10,000. 
It is called " the Battle of the Giants " be- 
cause the combatants on both sides were 
' ' mighty men of war," and strove for 
victory like giants. 

Battle of the Nations, or of the 
Peoples {The), the terrible conflict at 
Leipsig, 16th, 18th, 19th October, 1813, 
between Napoleon and the allied armies 
of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden, 
numbering 240,000 men. The French 
army consisted of 180,000 men. In the 
heat of the battle, the German battalions 
(10,000 men strong) in alliance with the 
French deserted, and Napoleon was 
utterly defeated. Each side lost about 
40,000 men. 

The bridge over the Elster, blown up by a mine, was 
he most disastrous part of this sanguinary war. 

Battle of the Three Emperors, 

Austerlitz, 2nd December, 1805. So 
called because the emperor Napoleon, the 
emperor of Russia, and the emperor of 
Austria were all present. Napoleon won 
the fight. 

Battle of the West [Great), the 
battle between king Arthur and Mordred. 
Here the king received his death-wound. 

For battle of the books, of the herrings, 
of the moat, of the standard, of the 
spurs, etc., see Dictionary of Phrase and 
Fabfa 



Battles ( The Fifteen Decisive), accord- 
ing to professor Creasy, are — 

(1) Mar'athon (B.C. 490), in which the 
Greeks under Milti'ades defeated Darius 
the Persian, and turned the tide of Asiatic 
invasion. 

(2) Syracuse (B.C. 413), in which the 
Athenian power was broken and the ex- 
tension of Greek domination prevented. 

(3) ArbeHa (B.C. 331), by which Alex- 
ander overthrew Darius and introduced 
European habits into Asia. 

(4) Metauh-us (B.C. 207), in which the 
Romans defeated Hannibal, and Carthage 
came to ruin. 

(5) Armin'ius (a.d. 9), in which the 
Gauls overthrew the Romans under Varus, 
and Gaul became independent. 

(6) Chalons (a.d. 451), in which Attila, 
"The Scourge of God," was defeated 
by Actius, and Europe saved from utter 
devastation. 

(7) Tours (a.d. 732), in which Charles 
Martel overthrew the Saracens, and broke 
from Europe the Mohammedan yoke. 

(S) Hastings (a.d. 1066), by which 
William the Norman became possessed of 
the English crown. 

(9) Orlians (a.d. 1429), by which Joan 
of Arc raised the siege of the city and 
secured the independence of France. 

(10) Armada (The) (A.D. 1588), which 
crushed the hopes of Spain and of the 
papacy in England. 

(n) Blenheim (a.d. 1704), in which 
Marlborough, by the defeat of Tallard, 
broke off the ambitious schemes of Louis 
XIV. 

(12) Pultowa (A.D. 1709), in which 
Charles XII. of Sweden was defeated by 
Peter the Great of Russia, and the sta- 
bility of the Muscovite empire was estab- 
lished. 

(13) Sarato'ga (A.D. 1777), in which 
general Gates defeated Burgoyne, and 
decided the fate of the American Revolu- 
tion, by making France their ally. 

(14) Valmy (a.d. 1792), in which the 
allied armies under the duke of Bruns- 
wick were defeated by the French Revo- 
lutionists, and the revolution was suffered 
to go on. 

(15) Waterloo (a.d. 1815), in which 
Wellington defeated Napoleon and saved 
Europe from becoming a French pro- 
vince. 

(See Battle of Barnet, p. 95.) 

Battles. J. B. Martin, of Paris, painter 
of battle-scenes, was called by the French 
M. des Batailles (1659-1735). 



BATTLE. 



97 



BAYARD. 



Battle for Battle-axe. 

The word battle . . . seems to be used for battle-axe 
In this unnoticed passage of the Psalms : " There brake 
He the arrows of the bow, the shield, the sword, and 
the battle [axe]."— Rev. T. Whitaker : Gibbon's His- 
tory Reviewed (1791). 

Battle-Bridge, King's Cross, Lon- 
don. Called "Battle" from being the 
site of a battle between Alfred and the 
Danes ; and called ' ' King's Cross " from 
a wretched statue of George IV., taken 
down in 1842. The historic name of 
" Battle Bridge" was changed in 1871, by 
the Metropolitan Board, for that of "York 
Road." Miserabile dtctu / 

Battus, a shepherd of Arcadia. Hav- 
ing witnessed Mercury's theft of Apollo's 
oxen, he received a cow from the thief 
to ensure his secrecy ; but, in order to 
test his fidelity, Mercury reappeared soon 
afterwards, and offered him an ox and 
a cow if he would blab. Battus fell into 
the trap, and was instantly changed into 
a touchstone. 

When Tantalus in hell sees store and staves ; 
And senseless Battus for a touchstone serves. 

Lord Brooke : Treatise on Monarchie, iv. 

Bau'cis and Pliile'mon, an aged 
Phrygian woman and her husband, who 
received Jupiter and Mercury hospitably 
when every one else in the place had 
refused to entertain them. For this 
courtesy the gods changed the Phrygians' 
cottage into a magnificent temple, and 
appointed the pious couple over it. They 
both died at the same time, according to 
their wish, and were converted into two 
trees before the temple. — Greek and Ro- 
man Mythology. 

Baul'die (2 syl), stable-boy of 
Joshua Geddes the quaker.— Sir W.Scott: 
Redgaunt 'let (time, George III.). 

Baul'die (2 syl.), the old shepherd in 
the introduction of The Black Dwarf, by 
sir W. Scott (time, Anne). 

Bav'iad ( The), a satire by W. Gifford 
on the Delia Cruscan school of poetry 
(1794). It was followed in 1800 by The 
Marviad. The words " Baviad " and 
" Maeviad " were suggested by Virgil, 
Eclogue, iii. 90, 91. 

He may with foxes plough, and milk he-goats, 
Who praises Bavius or on Msevius dotes. 

E. C. B. 

Bavian Pool (The), one of the 

characters in the old morris-dance. He 
wore a red cap faced with yellow, a 
yellow " slabbering-bib," a blue doublet, 
red hose, and black shoes. He represented 
an overgrown baby, but was a tumbler, 
and mimicked the barking of a dog. The 



word " Bavian " is derived from bavon, a 
"bib for a slabbering child" (see Cot- 
grave's French Dictionary). In modern 
French have means "drivel," "slabbering," 
and the verb baver " to slabber," but the 
bib is now called bavette. 

Bavie'ca, the Cid's horse. He sur- 
vived his master two years and a half, 
and was buried at Valencia. No one was 
ever allowed to mount him after the 
death of the Cid. 

The duke of Wellington's horse, Copenhagen, was 
pensioned off after the battle of Waterloo. 

Bavie'ca [i.e. "Booby"]. When Rodri- 
go was taken in his boyhood to choose a 
horse, he passed over the best steeds, and 
selected a scrubby-looking colt. His 
godfather called the boy a booby [bavie- 
ca] for making such a silly choice, and 
the name was given to the horse. 

Ba'vius, any vile poet (See 

MSEVIUS. ) 

Qui Bavium non odit, araet tua carmina, Maevi, 
Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos. 

Virgil: Eclogue, iii. 90, 91. 
May some choice patron bless each grey goose-quill : 
May every Bavius have his Bufo still I 

Pope: Prologue to the Satires. 

Bawtry. Like the saddler of Bawtry, 
who was hanged for leaving his liquor 
(Yorkshire Proverb). It was customary 
for criminals on their way to execution 
to stop at a certain tavern in York for a 
" parting draught." The saddler of Baw- 
try refused to accept the liquor, and was 
hanged. If, however, he had stopped a 
few minutes at the tavern, his reprieve, 
which was on the road, would have arrived 
in time to save him. 

Ba'yard, Le chevalier sans peur et 
sans reproche (1476-1524). 

The British Bayard, sir Philip Sidney 
(1554-1584). 

The Polish Bayard, prince Joseph Poni- 
atowski (1763-1814). 

The Bayard of India, sir James Outram 
(1803-1863). So called by sir C. Napier. 

The Bayard of the Netherlands, Louis 
of Nassau (seventeenth century), brother 
of William of Orange, and founder of the 
Dutch Republic. 

Ba'yard, a horse of incredible speed, 
belonging to the four sons of Aymon. 
If only one mounted, the horse was of 
the ordinary size, but increased in pro- 
portion as two or more mounted. (The 
word means "bright bay colour.") — 
Villeneuve : Les Quatre-Filz- Ay?non. 

Bayard, the steed of Fitz-James. — 
Sir W. Scott: Lady oj the Lake, v. 18(1810). 



BAYARDO. 



98 



BEAN LEAN. 



Bayar'do, the famous steed of 
Rinaldo, which once belonged to Amadis 
of Gaul. It was found in a grotto by 
the wizard Malagigi, along with the 
sword Fusberta, both of which he gave 
to his cousin Rinaldo. 

His colour bay, and hence his name he drew— 
Bayardo called. A star of silver hue 
Emblazed his front. 

Tasso : Rinaldo, ii. 220 (1562). 

Bayes (i syl.), the chief character of 
The Rehearsal, a farce by George Villiers, 
duke of Buckingham (1671). Bayes is 
represented as greedy of applause, im- 
patient of censure, meanly obsequious, 
regardless of plot, and only anxious for 
claptrap. The character is meant for 
John Dryden, and several passages of 
his plays are well parodied. 

'.' C. Dibdin, in his History of the 
Stage, states that Mrs. Mountford played 
"Bayes" "with more variety than had 
ever been thrown into the part before." 

No species of novel- writing exposes itself to a severer 
trial, since it not only resigns all Bayes' pretensions "to 
elevate the imagination," . . . but places its productions 
within the range of [general] criticism.— Encyc. Brit. 
(article "Romance"). 

Dead men may rise again, like Bayes' 
troops, or the savages in the Fantocini. In 
the farce above referred to, a battle is 
fought between foot-soldiers and great 
hobby-horses. At last Drawcansir kills 
all on both sides. Smith then asks Bayes 
"How are they to go off?" "As they 
came on," says Bayes, " upon their legs." 
Whereupon the dead men all jump up alive 
again. 

•.•This revival of life is imitated by 
Rhodes, in the last scene of his Bombastes 
Furioso. 

Bayeux Tapestry, said to be the 
work of English damsels retained in the 
court of Matilda, the Conqueror's wife. 
When Napoleon contemplated the invasion 
of England in 1803, he caused this record 
to be removed to Paris, where it was ex- 
hibited in the National Museum. Having 
served its purpose, it was returned to 
Bayeux. Facsimiles by Stothard were 
published in the Vetusta Monumenta, at 
the expense of the Society of Antiquaries. 
The original is preserved in the H6tel oi 
the Prefecture of Bayeux (Normandy) 
and is called Toile de St. Jean. It is coi lei i 
round a windlass, and consists of linen 
worked with wools. It is 20 inches 
broad, 214 feet long, and contains 72 
compartments. 

1st compartment, Edwardus Rex: the 
Confessor is giving audience to two per- 
one of whom is Harold. 2nd, 



Harold, with a hawk in his hand (a mark 
of nobility) and his hounds, on his way 
to Bosham. 3rd, Ecclesia : a Saxon 
church, with two figures about to enter. 
4th, Harold embarking. 5th, the voyage 
to Normandy. 6th, disembarking on the 
coast of Normandy. 7th and 8th, seizure 
of Harold by the count of Ponthieu. 9th, 
Harold remonstrating with Guy, the 
count, upon his unjust seizure. 10th to 
20th, scenes connected with the sojourn 
of Harold at the court of William. 26th, 
Harold swearing fidelity to William, with 
each hand on a shrine of relics. 27th, 
Harold's return. -28th, his landing. 29th, 
presents himself to king Edward. 30th 
to 32nd, the sickness of the Confessor, 
his death, and his funeral procession to 
Westminster Abbey. 33rd, the crown 
offered to Harold. 34th, Harold on the 
throne, and Stigant the archbishop. 35th, 
the comet. 36th, William orders a fleet 
to be built. 55th, orders the camp at 
Hastings to be constructed. 71st, death 
of Harold. 72nd, duke William triumph- 
ant. Although 530 figures are repre- 
sented in this tapestry, only three of 
them are women. 

Baynard (Mr.), introduced in an 
episode in the novel called Humphry 
Clinker, by Smollett (1771). 

Bayswater (London), that is, 
Bayards Watering, a string of pools and 
ponds which now form the Serpentine. 

Bea'con (Tom), groom to Master 
Chiffinch (private emissary of Charles II.). 
— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Beadle. The running banquet of two 
beadles, a public whipping. (See Henry 
VIII. act v. sc. 3.) 

Bea'gle {Sir Harry), a horsy country 
gentleman, who can talk of nothing but 
horses and dogs. He is wofully rustic 
and commonplace. Sir Harry makes a 
bargain with lord Trinket to give up 
Harriet to him in exchange for his horse. 
(See Goldfinch. )—Colman: The Jealous 
Wife (1761). 

Beak. Sir John Fielding was called 
' The Blind Beak " (died 1780). 

Bean Lean (Donald), alias Will 
Ruthven, a Highland robber-chief. He 
also appears disguised as a pedlar on the 
road-side leading to Stirling. Waverley 
is rowed to the robber's cave, and remains 
there all night. 

Alice Bean, daughter of Donald, who 



BEAR. 

attended on WaveHey during a fever. — 
Sir W. Scott: Waverley (time, George 
II.). 

BEAR {The), emblem of ancient 
Persia. The golden lion was the emblem 
■>{ ancient Assyria. 

Where is th' Ass5'rian lion's golden hide, 
That all the East once grasped in lordly paw I 

Where that great Persian bear, whose swelling pride 
The lion's self tore out with ravenous jaw? 

/ P. Fletcher : The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 

Bear {The), Russia, its cognizance 
being a bear. 

France turns from her abandoned friends afresh, 

And soothes the Bear that prowls for patriot flesh. 

Campbell: Poland. 

Bear ( The Brave). Warwick is so called 
from his cognizance, which was a bear 
and ragged staff. 

Bear {The Great), called "HelliceV* 

Night on the earth poured darkness; on the sea 
The wakeful sailor to Orion's star 
And Hellice turned heedful. 

Apollonius Rhodius : Argonautics. 

BearcliiF {Deacon), at the Gordon 
Arms or Kippletringam inn, where 
colonel Mannering stops on his return to 
England, and hears of Bertram's illness 
and distress. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Man- 
nering (time, George II.). 

Bearded {The), (i) Geoffrey the 
crusader. (2) Bouchard of the house of 
Montmorency. (3) Constantine IV. 
(648-' 85). (4) Master George Killing- 
worthe of the court of Ivan the Terrible 
of Russia, whose beard (says Hakluyt) 
was five feet two inches long, yellow, 
thick, and broad. Sir Hugh Willoughby 
was allowed to take it in his hand. 

The Bearded Master. Soc'rates was so 
called by Persius (B.C. 468-399). 

Handsome Beard, Baldwin IV. earl of 
Flanders (1160-1186). 

John the Bearded, John Mayo, the 
German painter, whose beard touched the 
ground when he stood upright. — Memorial 
Portatif (1829). 

Bearnais {Le), Henri IV. of France, 
so called from his native province, Le 
B6arn (1553-1610). 

BEATRICE, wife of Ludov'ico 
Sforza. 

Beatrice, daughter of Ferdinando 
king of Naples, sister of Leonora duchess 
of Ferrara, and wife of Mathias Corvi'nus 
of Hungary. 

Beatrice, niece of Leonato governor of 
Messi'na, lively and light-hearted, affec- 
tionate and impulsive. Though wilful, 
she was not wayward; though volatile, 



99 BEAU HEWITT. 

not unfeeling ; teeming with wit and 
gaiety, she was affectionate and energetic. 
At first she disliked Benedick, and thought 
him a flippant conceited coxcomb ; but 
overhearing a conversation between her 
cousin Hero and her gentlewoman, in 
which Hero bewails that Beatrice should 
trifle with such deep love as that of Bene- 
dick, and should scorn so true and good 
a gentleman, she said, "Sits the wind 
thus ? then farewell contempt. Benedick, 
love on ; I will requite you." This con- 
versation of Hero's was a mere ruse, but 
Benedick had been caught by a similar 
trick played by Claudio. The result was 
they sincerely loved each other, and were 
married. — Shakespeare: Much Ado about 
Nothing (1600). 

Miss Helen Faucit's impersonations are nature itself. 
"Juliet," "Rosalind," divine "Imogen," "Beatrice," 
all crowd upon our fancy.— Dublin University Maga- 
zine (1846). 

Beatrice Cenci, the Beautiful Par- 
ricide {q.v., p. 100). 

Beatrice d'Este, canonized at 

Rome. 

Be'atrice Portina'ri, a child eight 
years old, to whom Dante at the age of 
nine was ardently attached. She was the 
daughter of Folco Portina'ri, a rich citizen 
of Florence. Beatrice married Simoni de 
Bardi, and died before she was 24 years 
old ( r266-i29o). Dante 4 married Gem- 
ma Donati, and his marriage was a most 
unhappy one. His love for Beatrice re- 
mained after her decease. She was the 
fountain of his poetic inspiration, and in 
his Divina Commedia he makes her his 
guide through paradise. 

Dante's Beatrice and Milton's Eve 
Were not drawn from their spouses you conceive. 
Byron : Don Jzian, iii. 10 (1820). 

(Milton, whose first wife was Mary 
Powell, of Oxfordshire, was as unfortunate 
in his choice as Dantg. ) 

Beau Brummel, George Bryan 
Brummel (1778-1840). 

Beau Clark, a billiard-marker at the 
beginning of the nineteenth century. 
He was called " The Beau," assumed the 
name of Beauclerc, and paid his addresses 
to a protegie of lord Fife. 

Beau Clincher, in Farquhars 
comedy called The Constant Couple 
(1700). 

Beau Fielding 1 , called "Handsome 
Fielding" by Charles II., by a play on 
his name, which was Hendrome Fielding. 
He died in Scotland Yard. 

Beau Hewitt was the original of sir 



OFC. 



BEAU NASH. 



TOO 



BEAUTY. 



George Etherege's " sir Fopling Flutter," 
in the comedy called The Man of Mode, 
or Sir Fopling Flutter (1676). 

Beau Nash, Richard Nash, called 
also ' ' King of Bath ; " a Wel-h gentleman, 
who for many years managed the bath- 
rooms of Bith, and conducted the balls 
with unparalleled splendour and decorum. 
In his old age he sank into poverty (1674- 
1761). Appointed master of the cere- 
monies in 1704. 

Beau d'Orsay (Le), father of count 
d'Orsay, whom Byron calls "Jeune Cu- 
pidon. " 

Beau Seant, the Templars' banner, 
half white and half black ; the white 
signified that the Templars were good to 
Christians, the black that they were evil 
to infidels. 

Beau Tifobs, in Goldsmith's Citizen 
of the World, a dandy noted for his 
finery, vanity, and poverty (1760). 

Beauclerk, Henry I. king of Eng- 
land (1068, 1100-1135). 

Beaufort, the lover of Maria Wilding, 
whom he ultimately married. — A. Mur- 
phy: The Citizen (a farce, 1761). 

Beaufort {Cardinal), bishop of Win- 
chester, great-uncle to Henry VI. His 
death-raving is quite harrowing; and 

Warwick says — 

So bad a death argfues a monstrous life. 

Shakespeare : a Henry VI. act iii. sc 2. 

Beaufort [Robert), in lord Lytton's 
Night and Morning, a. novel (1841). 

Beaujeu (Mons. le chevalier de), 
keeper of a gambling-house to which 
Dalgarno took Nigel. — Sir W. Scott: 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Beaujeu {Mons. le comte de), a French 

officer in the army of the Chevalier Charles 
Edward, the Pretender. — Sir W. Scott: 
Waver ley (time, George II.). 

Beaumains [''big hands"], a nick- 
name which sir Kay (Arthur's steward) 
gave to Gareth when he was kitchen 
drudge in the palace. "He had the 
largest hands that ever man saw." Gareth 
was the son of king Lot and Margawse 
(king Arthur's sister). His brothers were 
sir Gaw'ain, sir Agravain, and sir Gaheris. 
Mordred was his half-brother. — Sir T. 
Malory: History of Prince Arthur, i. 120 
(1470). 

(His achievements are given under the 
word " Gareth," a. v.) 

Tennyson, in his Gareth and Lynette, 



makes sir Kay tauntingly address Lance- 
lot thus, referring to Gareth — 

Fair and fine, forsooth ! 
Sir Fine-face, sir Fair-hands ? But see thou to it 
That thine own fineness, Lancelot, some fine day. 
Undo thee not. 

Be it remembered that Kay himself 
called Gareth " Beaumains" from the ex- 
traordinary size of the lad's hands ; but 
the taunt put into the mouth of Kay by 
the poet indicates that the lad prided him- 
self on his "fine " face and " fair " hands, 
which is not the case. If " fair hands " 
is a translation of this nickname, it 
should be " fine hands," which bears the 
equivocal sense of big and beautiful. 

Beau'manoir [Sir Lucas), grand- 
master of the Knights Templars. — Sir 
W. Scott : Ivanhoe • (time, Richard 1.). 

Beaupre [Bo-pray'], son of judge 
Vertaigne (2 syl.) and brother of Lami'ra. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher: The Little 
French Lawyer (printed 1647). 

Beauseant, in The Lady of Lyons, by 
Bulwer Lytton [lord Lytton] (1838). 

Beaute (2 syl.). La dame de Beauti. 
Agnes Sorel, so called from the chateau 
de Beaute, on the banks of the Marne, 
given to her by Charles VII. (1409-1450). 

Beautiful {The) or La Bella. So 
Florence is called. France is spoken of 
by Frenchmen as La Belle France. 

Beautiful Corisande (3 syl.), Diane 
comtesse de Guiche et de Grammont. 
She was the daughter of Paul d'Andouins, 
and married Philibert de Gramont, who 
died in 1580. The widow outlived her 
husband twenty-six years. Henri IV., 
before he was king of Navarre, was des- 
perately smitten by La belle Corisande ; 
and when he was at war with the League, 
she sold her diamonds to raise for him a 
levy of 20,000 Gascons (15 -4-1620). 

(The letters of Henri to Corisande aie 
still preserved in the Bibliothe'que de 
V Arsenal, and were published in 1769.) 

Beautiful Parricide (The), Bea 
trice Cenci, daughter of a Roman noble- 
man, who plotted the death of her father 
because he violently defiled her. She was 
executed in 1605. Shelley has a tragedy 
on the subject, entitled The Cenci. Guido 
Reni's " The Execution of the Cenci," is 
one of the most interesting paintings in 
Rome. 

Beauty {Queen of). So the daughter 
of Schems'eddin Mohammed, vizier of 
Egypt, was called. She married her 



BEAUTY AND THE BEAST. iox 



BEDLAM BEGGARS. 



cousin, Bed'reddin Hassan (a.v.), son of 
Nour'eddin Ali, vizier of Basora.— Ara- 
bian Nights (" Noureddin Ali," etc.). 

Beauty and the Beast (La Belle 
et la Bete), from Les Contes Marines of 
Mde. Villeneuvre (1740), the most beau- 
tiful of all nursery tales. A young and 
lovely woman saved her father by putting 
herself in the power of a frightful but 
kind-hearted monster, whose respectful 
affection and melancholy overcame her 
aversion to his ugliness, and she consented 
to become his bride. Being thus freed 
from enchantment, the monster assumed 
his proper form and became a young and 
handsome prince. Well known in Italy. 
Modernized by Miss Thackeray, in her 
Two Old Friends, etc. (1868). 

*.- The moral is that love gives beauty 
to the eyes of the lover. 

Beauty of Buttermere (3 syl.), 
Mary Robinson, who married John Hat- 
field, a heartless impostor executed for 
forgery at Carlisle, in 1803. 

Beaux' Stratagem ( The), by Geo. 
Farquhar. Thomas viscount Aimwell 
and his friend Archer (the two beaux), 
having' run through all their money, set 
out fortune-hunting, and come to Lich- 
field as "master and man." Aimwell 
pretends to be very unwell, and as lady 
Bountiful's hobby is tending the sick and 
playing the leech, she orders him to be 
removed to her mansion. Here he and 
Dorinda (daughter of lady Bountiful) fall 
in love with each other, and finally marry. 
Archer falls in love with Mrs. Sullen, the 
wife of squire Sullen, who had been mar- 
ried fourteen months but agreed to a 
divorce on the score of incompatibility of 
tastes and temper. This marriage forms 
no part of the play ; all we are told is 
that she returns to the roof of her brother, 
sir Charles Freeman (1707). 

Bed of Ware, a large bed, capable of 
holding twelve persons. Tradition assigns 
it to Warwick, the "king-maker." It 
was 12 feet square ; but in 1895 it was 
shortened 3 feet. It is now (1897) at Rye 
House, where it is exhibited at 2d. a 
head. Alluded to by Shakespeare in 
Twelfth Ni^ht, act iii. sc. 2. 

H The bed of Og, king of Bashan, was 
9 cubits by 4. If a cubit was 18 inches, it 
was 13^ feet by 6. It was made of iron. 

It seems Incredible thnt the cubit was 23 inches. 
(See under GIANTS (Goliath).) 

IT In the Great Exhibition of 1851 
(London), a state bed from Vienna was 



exhibited, 11 feet by 9. It was 13 feet 

high, and made of zebra wood. 

if There is a huge bed at the White 
Hart inn, Scole, Norfolk. (See Notes 
and Queries, August 8, 1896, p. 113.) 

Bede (Adam), an excellent novel by 
George Eliot (Mrs. T. W. Cross, ne'e 

Evans) (1859). 

Bede (Cuthbert), the Rev. Edward 
Bradley, author of The Adventures of 
Mr. Verdant Green, an Oxford Freshman 
(1857). 

Bedegrain (Castle of), in Sherwood. 
It was a royal castle, belonging to king 
Arthur. 

Bed'er [" the full moon "], son of Gul- 
na're' (3 syl.), the young king of Persia. 
As his mother was an under-sea princess, 
he was enabled to live under water as 
well as on land. Beder was a young man 
of handsome person, quick parts, agree- 
able manners, and amiable disposition, 
who fell in love with Giauha'rS. (For 
the rest of the tale, see Giauhare.) — 
Arabian Nights ("Beder and Giau- 
har6"). 

Bed'er or Bedr, a valley noted for 
the victory gained by Mahomet, in which 
" he was assisted by 3000 angels led by 
Gabriel mounted on his horse Haiz'um." 
— Sale : A I Koran. 

Bed'ivere (Sir) or Bed'iver, king 
Arthur's butler and a knight of the Round 
Table. He was the last of Arthur's 
knights, and was sent by the dying king 
to throw his sword Excalibur into the 
mere. Being cast in, it was caught by 
an arm "clothed in white samite," and 
drawn into the stream. — Tennyson : Mortt 
d Arthur. 

Tennyson's Morte <£ Arthur is a very 
close and in many parts a verbal render- 
ing of the same tale in Sir Thomas 
Malory's Morte d Arthur, iii. 168 (1470). 

Bedlam Beggars, lunatics or mad 
men belonging to Bethlehem Hospital. 
This institution was designed for six 
lunatics, but in 1641 the number admitted 
was forty-four, and applications were so 
numerous that many were dismissed half 
cured. These " ticket-of-leave " men 
used to wander about as vagrants, singing 
" mad songs " and dressed in the oddest 
manner, to excite compassion. 

He swears he has been In Bedlam, and wffl talk fran- 
tikcly of purpose. You see pinnes stuck In sundry 
places in his naked flesh, especially In Ms amies, which 
paine he gladly puts hiniselfe to only to make you 
believe he is out of his wits. Ho calls himsolfe . . 



BEDOUINS. 



103 



BEES. 



"Poore Tom," and coming near anybody calls out 
"Poore Tom Is a-cold." . . . Some do nothing but 
sing- songs fashioned out of their owne braines ; some 
will dance ; others will doe nothing but either laugh or 
weepe ; others are dogged . . . and spying but a 
small company in a house . . . will compel the servants 
through feare to give them what they demand.— 
Decker: Bellman of London. 

Bed'ouins [#<?</ '-«>*«*], nomadic tribes 
of Arabia. In common parlance, " the 
homeless street poor." Gutter-children 
are called " Bedouins " or " street Arabs." 

Bed'reddin' Has'san of Baso'ra, 
son of Nour'eddin Ali grand vizier of 
Basora, and nephew to Schems'eddin 
Mohammed vizier of Egypt. His beauty 
was transcendent and his talents of the 
first order. When twenty years old his 
father died, and the sultan, angry with 
him for keeping from court, confiscated 
all his goods, and would have seized 
him if he had not made his escape. 
During sleep he was conveyed by fairies 
to Cairo, and substituted for an ugly 
groom (Hunchback) to whom his cousin, 
the Queen of Beauty, was tohave been mar- 
ried. Next day he was carried off by the 
same means to Damascus, where he lived 
for ten years as a pastry-cook. Search 
was made for him, and the search-party, 
halting outside the city of Damascus, 
sent for some cheese-cakes. When the 
cheese-cakes arrived, the widow of Nour- 
eddin declared that they must have been 
made by her son, for no one else knew 
the secret of making them, and that she 
herself had taught it him. On hearing 
this, the vizier ordered Bedreddin to be 
seized " for making cheese-cakes with- 
out pepper," and the joke was carried on 
till the party arrived at Cairo, when the 
pastry-cook prince was reunited to his 
wife, the Queen of Beauty. — Arabian 
Nights (" Noureddin Ali," etc.). 

Bedver, king Arthur's butler. — Geof- 
frey: British History, ix. 13. (See Bedi- 
vere.) 

Bedwin {Mrs.), housekeeper to Mr. 
Brownlow. A kind, motherly soul, who 
loved Oliver Twist most dearly. — C. 
Dickens: Oliver Twist (1837). 

Bee. The ancient Egyptians sym- 
bolized their kings under this emblem. 
The honey indicated the reward they gave 
to the meritorious, and the sting the 
punishment awarded to the unworthy. 

As the Egyptians used by bees 
To express their ancient Ptolemies. 

5. Butler: Hudibras, HL a. 

V In the empire of France the royal 
mantle and standard were thickly sown 



with golden bees instead of "Louis 
flowers." In the tomb of Child'eric more 
than 300 golden bees were discovered in 
1653. Hence the emblem of the French 
empire. 

Bee, an American word introduced in 
the latter half of the nineteenth century, 
to signify a voluntary competitive exami- 
nation : thus — 

A Spelling Bee meant a competition in 
spelling. 

A Husking Bee, a competition in strip- 
ping husks from the ears of maize. 

A Musical Bee, a competition in singing 
or playing music "at sight," etc., etc. 

These "Bees," immensely popular at 
first, rapidly subsided. 

Bee-line, the straightest or shortest 
distance between two points. This is an 
American expression, equivalent to "As 
the crow flies ; " but crows do not always 
fly in a direct line, as bees do when they 
seek their home. 

Sinners, you are making a bee-line from time to 
eternity, and what you have once passed over you will 
never pass over again.— Dow: Lay Sermons. 

Bee of Attica, Soph'oclSs the dra- 
matist (B.C. 495-405). 

The Bee of Attica rivalled ^schylus when in posses- 
sion of the stage. — Sir W. Scott : The Drama. 

The Athenian Bee, Plato the philoso- 
pher (B.C. 428-347). It is said that when 
Plato was in his cradle a swarm of bees 
lighted on his mouth. 

IT A similar tale is told of St. Ambrose ; 
but, not to be outdone by a pagan, the 
Christian biographer says that the bees 
flew in and out of his mouth, and that the 
event prognosticated his great eloquence. 
The same is said of St. Dominick. 

Bee Fainted (A) by Quintin Matsys 
on the outstretched leg of a fallen angel 
painted by Mandyn. It was so life-like 
that when the old artist returned to his 
studio he tried to irighten it away with 
his pocket-handkerchief. (See Fly 
Painted.) 

If Hans Holbein, journeying to England, and finding 
himself at Strasburg without money, dashed off a pic- 
ture, and on a conspicuous part thereof painted a bee. 
He sold his picture to a native dealer, who was both 
surprised and delighted on discovering the conceit. 

Bees {The Fable of the), or "The 
Grumbling Hive." First published in 
octo-syllabic rhyme, running to the length 
of -;oo lines, and afterwards produced in 
prose. The object of the fable is to show 
that opposition and difference of opinion 
tends to elicit good results. A dead calm 
is certainly undesirable. — Bernard <U 
Mandeville (1714). 



BEEFINGTON. 

Beefington {Milor), in Canning's 
burlesque called The Rovers. Casimir is 
a Polish emigrant, and Beefington an 
English nobleman exiled by the tyranny 
of king John. — Anti- Jacobin. 

"Wil without power," said the sagacious Casimir to 
Milor Beefington, "is like children playing at soldiers." 
— Macaulay. 

Beelzebub (4 syl.), called "prince 
of the devils" {Matt. xii. 24), worshipped 
at Ekron, a city of the Philistines (2 
Kings i. 2), and made by Milton second 
to Satan. 

One next himself in power and next In crime- 
Beelzebub. 

Paradise Lost, i. 80 (1665). 



'nie (2 syl.), chambermaid at Old 
St. Ronan's inn, held by Meg Dods. — 
Sir IV. Scott: St. Ronan's Well (time, 
George III.). 

Befa'na, the good fairy of Italian 
children. She is supposed to fill their 
shoes and socks with toys when they go 
to bed on Twelfth Night. Some one 
enters the bedroom for the purpose, and 
the wakeful youngsters cry out, ' ' Ecco la 
Be/anal" According to legend, Befana 
was too busy with house affairs to take 
heed of the Magi when they went to offer 
their gifts, and said she would stop for 
their return; but they returned by 
another way, and Befana every Twelfth 
Night watches to see them. The name is 
a corruption of Epiphania. 

Beg ["lord"], a title generally given to 
lieutenants of provinces under the grand 
signior, but rarely to supreme princes. 
Occasionally, however, the Persian em- 
perors have added the title to their names, 
as Hagmet beg, Alman beg, Morad beg, 
etc. — Selden : Titles of Honour, vi. 70 
(1672). 

Beg (Callum), page to Fergus M'lvor, 
in Waverley, a novel by sir W. Scott 
(time, George II.). 

Beg ( foshach), MacGillie Chattanach's 
second at the combat. — Sir W. Scott: 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Beggar of Bethnal Green ( The), 
a drama by S. Knowles (recast and pro- 
duced, 1834). Bess, daughter of Albert, 
"the blind beggar of Bethnal Green," 
was intensely loved by Wilford, who first 
saw her in the streets of London, and 
subsequently, after diligent search, dis- 
covered her in the Queen's Arms inn at 
Romford. It turned out that her father 
Albert was brother to lord Woodvill.-, 
and Wilford was his truant son, so that 



103 BEHRAM. 

Bess was his cousin. Queen Elizabeth 
sanctioned their nuptials, and took them 
under her own conduct. (See Blind.) 

This play is founded on the ballad The Beggar's 
Daughter (q.v.). 

Beggars (King of the), Bampfylde 
Moore Carew, who succeeded Clause 
Patch (1693, 1730-1770). 

Beggar's Bush (1 he), a comedy 
by John Fletcher (1622). 

Beggar's Daughter (The). " Bessee 
the beggar's daughter of Bethnal Green " 
was very beautiful, and was courted by 
four suitors at once — a knight, a country 
squire, a rich merchant, and the son of 
an innkeeper at Romford. She told them 
all they must first obtain the consent of 
her poor blind father, the beggar of 
Bethnal Green, and all slunk off except 
the knight, who went and asked leave to 
marry "the pretty Bessee." The beggar 
gave her for a "dot" ^3000, and ^100 
for her trousseau, and informed the 
knight that he (the beggar) was Henry, 
son and heir of sir Simon de Montfort, 
and that he had disguised himself as a 
beggar to escape the vigilance of spies, 
who were in quest of all those engaged 
on the barons' side in the battle of 
Evesham. — Percy: Reliques, II. ii. 10. 

As the value of money was about 
twelve times what it now is, this " dot " 
would equal ^36,000. (See BEGGAR OF 
Bethnal Grekn.) 

Beggar's Opera (The), by Gay 
J 1727). The beggar is captain Macheath. 
(For plot, see Macheath.) 

Beggar's Petition (The), a poem 
by the Rev. Thomas Moss (1769). It 
begins — 

Pity the sorrows of a poor old man, 

Whose trembling limbs have borne him to your door ; 
Whose days are dwindled to the shortest span ; 

Oh, give relief, and Heaven will ble;>s your store 1 
Stanza i. 

Beguines [Ba-gweens' or beg-eens 1 ], 
the earliest of all lay societies of women 
united for religious purposes. Brabant 
says the order received its name from St. 
Begga, daughter of Pepin, who founded 
it at Namur', in 696 ; but it is more likely 
to be derived from their beguins, or linen 
caps. 

Ben/ram, captain of the ship which 
was to convey prince Assad to the 
" mountain of fire," where he was to be 
offered up in sacrifice. The ship being 
driven on the shores of queen Margia'na's 
kingdom, Assad became her slave, but 



BELARIUS. 



104 



BELFIELD. 



was recaptured by Behram's crew, and 
carried back to the ship. The queen 
next day gave the ship chase. Assad 
was thrown overboard, and swam to the 
city whence he started. Behram also 
was drifted to the same place. Here the 
captain fell in with the prince, and re- 
conducted him to the original dungeon. 
Bosta'na, a daughter of the old fire- 
worshipper, taking pity on the prince, 
released him ; and, at the end, Assad 
married queen Margiana, Bostana married 
prince Amgiad (half-brother of Assad), 
and Behram, renouncing his religion, 
became a Mussulman, and entered the 
service of Amgiad, who became king of 
the city. — Arabian Nights ("Amgiad 
and Assad "). 

Bela'rius, a nobleman and soldier in 
the army of Cym'beline (3 syl.) king of 
Britain. Two villains having sworn to 
the king that Belarius was " confederate 
with the Romans," he was banished, and 
for twenty years lived in a cave ; but he 
stole away, out of revenge, the king's two 
infant sons, Guide 'rius and Arvir'agus. 
When these two princes were grown to 
manhood, a battle was fought between the 
Romans and Britons, in which Cymbeline 
was made prisoner ; but Belarius coming 
to the rescue, the king was liberated and 
the Roman general in turn was made 
captive. Belarius was now reconciled to 
Cymbeline, and, presenting to him the 
two young men, told their story ; where- 
upon they were publicly acknowledged 
to be the sons of Cymbeline and princes 
of the realm. — Shakespeare: Cymbeline 
(1605). 

Belch {Sir Toby), uncle of Olivia 
the rich countess of Illyria. He is a 
reckless roisterer of the old school, and 
a friend of sir Andrew Ague-cheek. — 
Shakespeare: Twelfth Night (1614). 

Belcour, a foundling adopted by Mr. 
Beleour, a rich Jamaica merchant, who 
at death left him all his property. He 
was in truth the son of Mr. Stockwell, 
the clerk of Belcour, senior, who clan- 
destinely married his master's daughter, 
and afterwards became a wealthy mer- 
chant. On the death of old Belcour, the 
young man came to England as the guest 
of his unknown father, and falling in love 
with Miss Dudley, married her. He was 
hot-blooded, impulsive, high-spirited, and 
generous, his very faults serving as a 
foil to his noble qualities ; ever erring and 
repenting, offending and atoning for his 



offences. — Cumberland: The West Indian 
(i77i). 

Beled, one of the six Wise Men ol 
the East, lead by the guiding star to 
Jesus. He was a king, who gave to his 
enemy, who sought to dethrone him, half 
of his kingdom, and thus turned a foe 
into a fast friend. — Klopstock : The Mes- 
siah, v. (1747). 

Belen, the mont St. Michael, in 

Normandy. Here nine druidesses used 
to sell arrows to sailors " to charm away 
storms." These arrows had to be dis- 
charged by a young man 25 years old. 

Belerma, the lady whom Durandarte* 
served for seven years as a knight-errant 
and peer of France. When, at length, 
he died at Roncesvalles, he prayed his 
cousin Montesi'nos to carry his heart to 
Belerma. 

I saw a procession of beautiful damsels in mourning, 
and white turbans on their heads. In the rear came a 
lady with a veil so long that it reached the ground : her 
turban was twice as large as the largest of the others; 
her eyebrows were joined, her nose was rather flat, 
her mouth wide, but her lips of a vermilion colour. 
Her teeth were thin-set and irregular, though very 
white ; and she carried in her hand a fine linen cloth, 
containing a heart. Montesinos informed me that this 
lady was Belerma. — Cervantes : Don Quixote, II. ii. 6 
(1615). 

Bele'ses (3 syl.), a Chaldean sooth- 
sayer and Assyrian satrap, who told 
Arba'ces (3 syl.) governor of Me'dia that 
he would one day sit on the throne of 
Nineveh and Assyria. His prophecy 
came true, and Belesis was rewarded 
with the government of Babylon. — Byron: 
Sardanapdlus (1819). 

Belfab'orac, the palace of the em- 
peror of Lilliput, in the middle of Mil- 
dendo, the metropolis of the empire. — 
Swift: Gullivers Travels ("Voyage to 
Lilliput," 1726). 

Belfleld {Andrew), the elder of two 
brothers, who married Violetta (an English 
lady born in Lisbon), and deserted her. 
He then promised marriage to Lucy 
Waters, the daughter of one of his 
tenants, but had no intention of making 
her his wife. At the same time, he en- 
gaged himself to Sophia, the daughter of 
sir Benjamin Dove. The day of the 
wedding arrived, and it was then dis- 
covered that he was married already, 
and that Violetta his wife was actually 
present. 

Robert Belfield, the younger of the 
two brothers, in love with Sophia Dove. 
He went to sea in a privateer under 
captain Ironside, his uncle, and changed 
his name to Lewson. The vessel was 






BELFORD. 



*o5 



BELINE. 



wrecked on the Cornwall coast, and he 
renewed his acquaintance with Sophia, 
but heard that she was engaged in mar- 
riage to his brother. As, however, it was 
proved that his brother was already mar- 
ried, the young lady willingly abandoned 
the elder for the younger brother. — R. 
Cumberland: The Brothers (1769). 

Bel 'ford, a friend of Lovelace (2 syl.). 
They made a covenant to pardon every 
sort of liberty which they took with each 
other. — Richardson: Clarissa Harlowe 
(5749)- 

Belford, in The Clandestine Mar- 
riage, by George Colman and Garrick 
(1760). Hazlitt says of this play, "it is 
nearly without a fault." 

Belford {Major), the friend of colonel 
Tamper, and the plighted husband of 
Mdlle. Florival. — G. Colman the Elder: 
The Deuce is in Hi?n (1762). 

Belfry of Bruges [The), a poem 
by Longfellow. It begins thus — 

In the market-place of Bruges (2 syl.) stands the belfry 

old and brown, 
Thrice consumed and thrice rebuUded, still it watches 

o'er the town. 

Beige (2 syl. ), the mother of seventeen 
sons. She applied to queen Mercilla for 
aid against Geryon'eo, who had deprived 
her of all her offspring except five.— * 
Spenser: Faerie Qucene, v. 10 (1596). 

'." "Beige" is Holland; the "seven- 
teen sons " are the seventeen provinces 
which once belonged to her ; " Geryoneo" 
is Philip II. of Spain ; and " Mercilla" is 
queen Elizabeth. 

Belgrade' (2 syl.), the camp-suttler. 
So called because she commenced her 
career at the siege of Belgrade. Her 
dog's name was Clumsey. 

Belial, last or lowest in the hierarchy 
of hell. (See Rimmon.) Moloch was the 
fiercest of the infernal spirits, and Belial 
the most timorous and slothful. The 
lewd and profligate, disobedient and re- 
bellious, are called in Scripture "sons of 
BeliaL" 

Belial came last, than whom a spirit more lewd 
Fell not from heaven, or more gross to love 
Vice for itself (i. 490, etc) . . . though his tongu« 
Dropt manna, and could make the worse appear 
The better reason . . . but to nobler deeds 
T iinorous and slothful. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, ii. 112 (1665). 

*.* Belial means "the lawless one," 
that is, one who puts no restraint on his 
evil propensities. 

Belia'nis of Greece {Don), the hero 
rf an old romance of chivalry on the 



model of Am'adis de Gaul. It was one 
of the books in don Quixote's library ; but 
was not one of those burnt by the cur6 as 
pernicious and worthless. 

" Don Belianis," said the cure, "with Its two, three, 
and four parts, hath need of a dose of rhubarb to purge 
off that mass of bile with which he is inflamed. His 
Castle of Fame and other impertinences should be 
totally obliterated. This done, we would show him 
lenity in proportion as we found him capable of reform. 
Take don Belianis home with you, and keep him in 
close confinement .' —Ctrvantes ; Don Quixote, I. i. 6 
(1605). 

(An English abridgment of this ro- 
mance was published in 1673. ) 

BELINDA, niece and companion of 
lady John Brute. Young, pretty, full of 
fun, and possessed of ^io.ooo. Heart- 
free married her. — Vanbrugh: The Pro- 
voked Wife (1697). 

Belin'da, the heroine of Pope's Rape 
of the Lock. This mock heroic is founded 
on the following incident : Lord Petre 
cut a lock of hair from the head of Miss 
Arabella Fermor, and the young lady 
resented the liberty as an unpardonable 
affront. The poet says Belinda wore on 
her neck two curls, one of which the 
baron cut off with a pair of scissors 
borrowed of Clarissa ; and when Belinda 
demanded that it should be delivered up, 
it had flown to the skies and become a 
meteor there. (See Berenice, p. 112.) 

Belinda, daughter of Mr. Blandford, 
in love with Beverley the brother of 
Clarissa. Her father promised sir Wil- 
liam Bellmont that she should marry 
his son George, but George was already 
engaged to Clarissa. Belinda was very 
handsome, very independent, most irre- 
proachable, and devotedly attached to 
Beverley. When he hinted suspicions of 
infidelity, she was too proud to deny 
it ; but her pure and ardent love instantly 
rebuked her for giving her lover cause- 
less pain. — Murphy: All in the Wrong 
(1761). 

Belin'da, the heroine of Miss Edge- 
worth's novel of the same name. The 
object of the tale is to make the reader 
feel what is good, and pursue it (1803). 

Belin'da, a lodging-house servant- 
girl, very poor, very dirty, very kind- 
hearted, and shrewd in observation. 
When married, Mr. Middlewick the 
butter-man set her husband up in busi- 
ness in the butter line.—//. J. Byron : 
Our Boys (1875). 

Beline (2 syl.), second wife of Argan 
the malade imagtnaire, and stepmother 
of Angelique, whom she hates. Leline 



BELISARIUS. 



106 



BELLS 



pretends to love Argan devotedly, 
humours him in all his whims, calls him 
"raon fils," and makes him believe that 
if he- were to die it would be the death of 
her. Toinette induced Argan to put these 
protestations to the test by pretending to 
be dead. He did so, and when Beline 
entered the room, instead of deploring 
her loss, she cried in ecstasy — 

•* Le del en soit loue I Me voila ddlivree d'un grande 
tardeau 1 . . . de quoi servait-il sur la terre ? Un 
homrae incommode a tout le monde, malpropre, de- 
goutant . . . mouchant, toussant, crachant toujours, 
sans esprit, ennuyeux, de mauvaise humeur, fatiguant 
sans cesse les gens, et grondant jour et nuit servantes 
et valets " (iii. 18). 

She then proceeded to ransack the room 
for bonds, leases, and money; but Argan, 
starting up, told her she had taught him 
one useful lesson for life, at any rate. — 
Moliere : La Malade Imaginaire (1673). 

Belisa'rius, the greatest of Justi- 
nian's generals. Being accused of treason, 
he was deprived of all his property, and 
his eyes were put out. In this state he 
retired to Constantinople, where he lived 
by begging. The story says he fastened 
a label to his hat, containing these words, 
" Give an obolus to poor old Belisarius." 
Marmontel has written a tale called 
Belisaire, which has helped to perpetuate 
these fables, originally invented by 
Tzetzes or Caesios, a Greek poet, born at 
Constantinople in 1120. 

Belise (2 syl.), sister of Philaminte 
(3 syl')* an d> hke her, a femme savante. 
She imagined that every one was in love 
with her. — Moliere: LesFetnmes Savantes 
(1672). 

BELL {Adam), a wild, north-country 
outlaw, noted, like Robin Hood, for his 
skill in archery. His place of residence 
was Englewood Forest, near Carlisle; 
and his two comrades were Clym of the 
Clough [Clement of the Cliff] and William 
of Cloudesly (3 syl.). William was 
married, but the other two were not. 
When William was captured at Carlisle 
and was led to execution, Adam and 
Clym rescued him, and all three went to 
London to crave pardon of the king, 
which, at the queen's intercession, was 
granted them. They then showed the 
king specimens of their skill in archery, 
and the king was so well pleased that he 
made William a "gentleman of fe," and 
the two others yeomen of the bed- 
chamber. — Percy : Reliques ( ' ' Adam 
Bell," etc.), I. ii. 1. 

Bell [Bessy). Bessy Bell and Mary 
Gray were the daughters of two country 



gentlemen near Perth. When the plague 
broke out in 1666 they built for them- 
selves a bower in a very romantic spot 
called Burn Braes, to which they retired, 
and were supplied with food, etc., by a 
young man who was in love with both of 
them. The young man caught the plague, 
communicated it to the two young ladies, 
and all three died. — Allan Ramsay : 
Bessy Bell and Mary Gray (a ballad). 

Bell. Anne, Charlotte, and Emily 
Bronte 1 assumed the names of Acton, 
Currer, and Ellis Bell (first half of the 
nineteenth century). Currer Bell, who 
married the Rev. Arthur Bell Nicholls, 
was the author of Jane Eyre. 

It will be observed that the initial 
letter of both names is in every case pre- 
served throughout — Acton (Anne), Currer 
(Charlotte), Ellis (Emily), and Bell 
(Bront6). 

Bell {Peter), the subject of a "tale in 
verse" by Wordsworth (1798). Shelley 
wrote a burlesque upon it, entitled Peter 
Bell the Third. 

Bell Battle {The). The easfts belli 
was this : Have the local magistrates 
power to allow parish bells to be rung at 
their discretion, or is the right vested in 
the parish clergyman? This squabble 
was carried on with great animosity in 
the parish of Paisley in 1832. The 
clergyman, John Macnaughton, brought 
the question before the local council, 
which gave it in favour of the magis- 
trates ; but the court of sessions gave it 
the other way, and when the magistrates 
granted a permit for the bells to be rung, 
the court issued an interdict against them. 

For nearly two years the Paisley bell battle was 
fought with the fiercest zeal. It was the subject of 
every political meeting, the theme of every board, the 
gossip at tea-tables and dinner-parties, and the children 
delighted in chalking on the walls, " Please to ring the 
bell " (May 14, 1832, to September ro, 1834).— News- 
paper paragraph. 

Bell-the-Cat, sobriquet of Archibald 
Douglas, great earl of Angus, who died 
in 1514. 

The mice, being much annoyed by the persecutions 
of a cat, resolved that a bell should be hung about her 
neck to give notice of her approach. The measure 
was agreed to in full council, but one of the sager mice 
inquired, " Who would undertake to bell the cat?" 
When Lauder told this fable to a council of Scotch 
nobles, met to declaim against one Cochran, Archibald 
Douglas started up, and exclaimed in thunder, " I will ; " 
and hence the sobriquet referred to.— Sir W. Scott: 
Tales 0/ a Grandfather, xxiL 

Bells. Those Evening Bells, a poem 
by T. Moore. The bells referred to 
were those of Ashbourne parish church 
Derbyshire. — National Airs, z. 



BELLS TOLLED BACKWARDS. 107 



BELLEFONTAINE. 



To shake one s bells, to defy, to resist, 
to set up one's back. The allusion is to 
the little bells tied to the feet of hawks. 
Immediately the hawks were tossed, they 
were alarmed at the sound of the bells, 
and took to flight. 

Neither the king, nor he that loves him best . . . 
Dare stir a wing if Warwick shake his bells. 

Shakespeare : 3 Henry VI. act i. sc. 1 (1593). 

Seven bells (half-past 7), breakfast-time; 
eight bells (noon), dinner-time ; three 
bells (half-past 5), supper-time. 

Eight bells (the highest number) are 
rung at noon and every fourth hour after- 
wards. Thus they are sounded at 12, 4, 
and 8 o'clock. For all other parts of the 
day an Even number of bells announce 
the hours, and an Odd number the half- 
hours. Thus 12^ is 1 bell ; 1 o'clock is 
2 bells ; \\ is 3 bells ; 2 o'clock is 4 bells ; 
o\ is 5 bells ; 3 o'clock is 6 bells ; 3? is 
7 bells. Again, 4^ is 1 bell ; 5 o'clock is 
2 bells ; si is 3 bells ; 6 o'clock is 4 bells ; 
b\ is 5 bells ; 7 o'clock is 6 bells ; 7^ is 
7 bells. Again, 8£ is 1 bell ; 9 o'clock is 
2 bells ; 95 is 3 bells ; 10 o'clock is 4 bells ; 
io£ is s bells ; 11 o'clock is 6 bells ; 11A is 

7 bells. Or, 1 bell sounds at 12^, 4^, 8£ ; 
2 bells sound at i, 5, 9 ; 3 bells sound at 
at \\, 5^, 9^ ; 4 bells sound at 2, 6, 10 ; 
5 bells sound at 2%, 6£, io£ ; 6 bells sound 
at 3, 7, 11 ; 7 bells sound at 3^, 7^, n£ ; 

8 bells sound at 4, 8, 12 o'clock. 
Bells tolled Backwards. Tins 

was the tocsin of the French, first used 
as an alarm of fire, and subsequently for 
any uprising of the people. In the reign 
of Charles IX. it was the signal given by 
the court for the Bartholomew slaughter. 
In the French Revolution it was the call 
to the people for some united attack 
against the royalists. 

Old French, toquer, "to strike," seing 
or sing, " a church-bell." 

Bella Wilfer, a lovely, wilful, lively, 
spoilt darling, who loved every one, and 
whom every one loved. She married 
John Rokesmiih (i.e. John Harmon). — 
C. Dickens: Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

Bellair, in Etherege's comedy of The 
Man of Mode (1676). Supposed to repre- 
sent the author himself. 

Bellamy, a steady young man, look- 
ing out for a wife " capable of friendship, 
love, and tenderness; with good sense 
enough to be easy, and good nature 
enough to like him." He found his beau- 
idial in Jacintha, who had besides a 
fortune of ^30,000. — Ben Hoadly, M.D. : 
The Suspicious Husband (1761). 



Bella'rio, the assumed name of 
Euphrasia, when she put on boy's ap- 
parel that she might enter the service of 
prince Philaster, whom she greatly loved. 
— Fletcher: Philaster, or Love Lies a-bleed- 
ing ( 1622). An excellent tragedy. 

Bel'laston (Lady), a profligate, from 
whom Tom Jones accepts support. Her 
conduct and conversation may be con- 
sidered a fair photograph of the "beau- 
ties " of the court of Louis XV. — Fielding: 
History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1750) . 

The character of Jones, otherwise a model of gene- 
rosity, openness, and manly spirit, mingled with 
thoughtless dissipation, is unnecessarily degraded by 
the nature of his intercourse with lady Bellaston.— 
Encyclopedia Britannica (article " Fielding "). 

Belle Cordiere (La), Louise Labe\ 
who married Ennemond Perrin, a wealthy 
rope-maker (1526-1566). 

Belle Corisan.de (La), Diane com- 
tesse de Guiche et de Grammont (1554- 
1620). 

Belle France (La), a pet way of 
alluding to France, similar to our Merry 
England. 

Belle the Giant. It is said that the 
giant Belle mounted on his sorrel horse 
at a place since called mount Sorrel. He 
leaped one mile, and the spot on which 
he lighted was called Wanlip (one-leap) ; 
thence he leaped a second mile, but in so 
doing " burst all " his girths, whence the 
spot was called Burstall ; in the third leap 
he was killed, and the spot received the 
name of Bellegrave. 

Belle's Stratagem (The). The 
"belle" is Letitia Hardy, and her stra- 
tagem was for the sake of winning the 
love of Doricourt, to whom she had been 
betrothed. The very fact of being be- 
trothed to Letitia set Doricourt against 
her, so she went unknown to him to a 
masquerade, where Doricourt fell in love 
with " the beautiful stranger." In order 
to consummate the marriage of his 
daughter, Mr. Hardy pretends to be "sick 
unto death," and beseeches Doricourt to 
wed Letitia before he dies. Letitia meets 
her betrothed in her masquerade dress, 
and unbounded is the joy of the young 
man to find that "the beautiful stranger" 
is the lady to whom he has been be- 
trothed. — Mrs. Cowley: The Belle's 
Stratagem. (See Beaux' Stratagem.) 

Bellefontaine (Benedict), thewealthy 
Farmer of Grand Pre [Nova Scotia] and 
father of Evangeline. When the inhabit" 
ants of his village were driven into exiic, 
Benedict died of a broken heart as he 



BELLENDEN. 



108 



BELLINGHAM. 



was about to embark, and was buried on 
the seashore. — Longfellow : Evangeline 
(1849). 

Bellenden [Lady Margaret) , an old 
lady, mistress of the Tower of Tillietud- 
lem, and devoted to the house of Stuart. 

Old major Miles Bellenden, brother of 
lady Margaret. 

Miss Edith Bellenden, granddaughter 
of lady Margaret, betrothed to lord 
Evendale, of the king's army, but in love 
with Morton (a leader of the Covenanters, 
and the hero of the novel). After the 
death of lord Evendale, who is shot by 
Balfour, Edith marries Morton, and this 
terminates the tale.— Sir W. Scott: Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

B«ller'oplion, son of Glaucos. A 
kind of Joseph, who refused the amorous 
solicitations of Antea, wife of Prcetos (2 
syl. ) king of Argos. Antea accused him 
of attempting to dishonour her, and 
Prcetos sent him into Lycia with letters 
desiring his destruction. Accordingly, 
he was set several enterprises full of 
hazard, which, however, he surmounted. 
In later life he tried to mount up to 
heaven on the winged horse Pegasus, but 
fell, and wandered about the Alei'an 
plains till he died. — Homer: Iliad, vi. 

As once 
Bellerophon . . . dismounted in the Aleian field . . 
Erroneous there to wander and forlorn. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, vii. 17, etc. (1665). 

Letters of Bellerophon, a treacherous 
letter, pretending to recommend the 
bearer, but in reality denouncing him ; 
like the letter sent by Prcetos to the king 
of Lycia, requesting him to kill the bearer 
(Bellerophon). 

IT Pausa'nias the Spartan, in his 
treasonable correspondence with Xerxes, 
sent several such letters. At last the bearer 
bethought that none of the persons sent 
ever returned ; and, opening the letter, 
found it contained directions for his own 
death. It was shown to the ephors, and 
Pausanias in alarm fled to a temple, 
where he was starved to death. 

IT De Lacy, being sent by king John 
against De Courcy, was informed by two 
of the servants that their master always 
laid aside his armour on Good Friday. 
De Lacy made his attack on that day, 
and sent De Courcy prisoner to London. 
The two servants now asked De Lacy for 
passports from Ireland and England, and 
De Lacy gave them Letters of Bellerophon, 
exhorting "all to whom these presents 
come to spit on the faces of the bearers, 
drive them forth as hounds, and use them 



as it behoved the betrayers of their masters 
to be treated." — Cameos of English His* 
tory (" Conquest of Ireland "). 

IT The Letter of Uriah (2 Sam. xi. 14) 
was of a similar character. It pretended 
to be one of friendship, but was in reality 
a death-warrant. 

Seller 'ophon (4 syl.), the English 
man-of-war under the command of captain 
Maitland. After the battle of Waterloo, 
Bonaparte set out for Rocheford, intend- 
ing to seek refuge in America ; but the 
Bellerophon being in sight and escape 
impossible, he made a virtue of necessity 
by surrendering himself, and was forth- 
with conveyed to England. 

Belle'rus, a Cornish giant, whence 
the Land's End is called Bellerium. 
Milton in his Lycidas suggests the pos- 
sibility that Edward King, who was 
drowned at sea, might be sleeping near 
Bellerium or the Land's End, on mount 
St. Michael, where an archangel ordered 
a church to be built. 

Sleepst {thou] by the fable of Bellerus old, 
Where the great vision of the guarded mount 
Looks towards Namancos {old Castile]. 

Milton : Lycidas, 160, etc. (1638). 

Belleur', companion of Pinac and 
Mirabel ("the wild goose"), of stout 
blunt temper ; in love with Rosalu'ra, 
a daughter of Nantolet.— Fletcher: The 
Wild Goose Chase (1619, printed 1652). 

Bellicent, daughter of Gorloi's lord ol 
Tintag'il and his wife Ygerne' or Igerna. 
As the widow married Uther the pen- 
dragon, and was then the mother of king 
Arthur, it follows that Bellicent was half- 
sister of Arthur. Tennyson in Gareth 
and Lynette says that Bellicent was the 
wife of Lot king of Orkney, and mother 
of Gaw'ain and Mordred, but this is not 
in accordance either with the chronicle or 
the history ; for Geoffrey in his Chronicle 
says that Lot's wife was Anne, the sister 
(not half-sister) of Arthur (viii. 20, 21), 
and sir T. Malory, in his History of 
Prince Arthur, says — 

King Lot of Lothan and Orkney wedded Margawse ; 
Nentres, of the land of Carlot, wedded Elain ; and that 
Morgan le Fay was {Arthur's] third sister. — Pt. i. 2, 
35. 36. 

Bellin, the ram, in the beast-epic of 
Reynard the Fox. The word means 
"gentleness" (1498). 

Bellingham, a man about town. — 
Boucicault: After Dark (1868). 

I was engaged for two years at St. James's Theatre, 
acting " Charles Surface' eighty nights, "Bellingham" 
a couple of hundred nights, and had two special engage" 
ments for " Mercuti* at the Lyceum.— tValUr Lory. 



BELLISANT. 

Bel'lisant, sister of king Pepin of 
France, and wife of Alexander emperor 
of Constantinople. Being accused of 
infidelity, the emperor banished her, and 
she took refuge in a vast forest, where 
she became the mother of Valentine and 
Orson. — Valentine and Orson. 

Bellmont (Sir William), father of 
George Bellmont ; tyrannical, positive, 
and headstrong. He imagined it is the 
duty of a son to submit to his father's will, 
even in the matter of matrimony. 

George Bellmont, son of sir William, in 
love with Clarissa, his friend Beverley's 
sister ; but his father demands of him to 
marry Belinda Blandford, the troth-plight 
wife of Beverley. Ultimately all comes 
right — Murphy : All in the Wrong 
(1761). 

Bello'na's Handmaids, Blood, 
Fire, and Famine. 

The goddesse of warre, called Bellona, had these thre 
handmaids ever attendynge on her: BLOOD, FIRE, 
and Famine, which thre damosels be of that force 
and strength that every one of them alone is able and 
sufficient to torment and afflict a proud prince ; and 
they aU joyned together are of puissance to destroy 
the most populous country and most richest region of 
the world.— Hall: Chronicle (1530). 

Bellum (Master), war. 

A difference [is] 'twixt broyles and bloudie warres,— 
Yet have I shot at Maister Bellum's butte. 
And thrown his ball, although I toucht no tutte \benefii\. 
Gascoigne : The Fruites of Warre, 94 (died 1577). 

Belmont (Sir Robert), a proud, testy, 
mercenary country gentleman ; friend of 
his neighbour sir Charles Raymond. 

Charles Belmont, son of sir Robert, a 
young rake. He rescued Fidelia, at the 
age of 12, from the hands of Villard, a 
villain who wanted to abuse her ; and, 
taking her to his own home, fell in love 
with her, and in due time married her. 
She turns out to be the daughter of sir 
Charles Raymond. 

Rosetta Belmont, daughter of sir 
Robert, high-spirited, witty, and affec- 
tionate. She was in love with colonel 
Raymond, whom she delighted in tor- 
menting. — Ed. Moore: The Foundling 
(1748). 

Belmour (Edward), a gay young 
man about town. — Congreve: The Old 
Bachelor (1693). 

Belmour (Mrs.), a widow of " agree- 
able vivacity, entertaining manners, 
quickness of transition from one thing to 
another, a feeling heart, and a generosity 
of sentiment." She it is who shows Mrs. 
Lovemore the way to keep her husband 
at home, and to make him treat her with 
that deference which is her just due. — 
Murphy; The Way to Keep Him (1760). 



109 BELTENEBROS. 

Beloved Disciple (The), John, to 
whom the Fourth Gospel is attributed.— - 
John xiii. 23, etc. 

Beloved Physician ( The), supposed 
to be Luke the evangelist. — Col. iv. 14. 

Bel-phegor, a Moabitish deity, whose 
orgies were celebrated on mount Phegor, 
and were noted for their obscenity. 

Belphcebe (3 syl. ). " All the Graces 
rocked her cradle when she was born." 
Her mother was Chrysog'one (4 syl.), 
daughter of Amphisa of fairy lineage, 
and her twin-sister was Amoretta. While 
the mother and her babes were asleep, 
Diana took one (Belphcebe) to bring up, 
and Venus took the other. 

'.' BelphoebS is the "Diana" among 
women, cold, passionless, correct, and 
strong-minded. Amoret is the ' ' Venus, " 
but without the licentiousness of that 
goddess, — warm, loving, motherly, and 
wifely. Belphoebe was a lily ; Amoret a 
rose. Belphcebe' a moonbeam, light with- 
out heat ; Amoret a sunbeam, bright and 
warm and life-giving. Belphoebe would 
go to the battle-field, and make a most 
admirable nurse or lady-conductor of an 
ambulance ; but Amoret would prefer to 
look after her husband and family, whose 
comfort would be her first care, and 
whose love she would seek and largely 
reciprocate. — See Spenser: Faerie Queene, 
iii., iv. (1590). 

'.' "Belphoebe" is queen Elizabeth. 
As queen she is Gloriana, but as woman 
she is Belphoebe the beautiful and chaste. 

Either Glorianalet her choose. 
Or in Belphcebe fashioned to be ; 
In one her rule ; in the other her rare chastitie. 
Spenser: Faerie Queene J(vs\\xo&. to bk. iiL). 

Belshazzar, a drama by Milman 
( 1822) ; a drama by Hannah More (Sacred 
Dramas) (1782); Byron (The Vision of 
Belshazzar). 

Belted Will, lord William Howard, 
warden of the western marches (1563- 
1640). 

His Bilboa blade, by Marchmen felt. 
Hung in a broad and studded belt; 
Hence in rude phrase the Borderers still 
Called noble Howard "Belted WilL" 

Sir W. Scott. 

Belten'ebros (4 syl.). Amadis of 
Gaul assumes the name when he retires 
to the Poor Rock, after receiving a cruel 
letter from Oria'na his lady-love. — Vasco 
de Lobeira : Amadis de Gaul, ii. 6 (before 
1400). 

One of the most distinguishing testimonies which that 
hero gave of his fortitude, constancy, ami love, was his 
retiring to the Poor Rock when in disgrace with hia 



BELVAWNEY. 



1X0 



BENEDICK. 



mistress Orlana, to do penance under the name of Bel- 
tenebros, or the Lovely Obscure. — Cervantes: Don 
Quixote, I. Hi. n (1605). 

Belvawney [Miss), of the Portsmouth 
Theatre. She always took the part of 
page, and wore tights and silk stockings. 
— Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Bel vide 'ra, daughter of Priuli a 
senator of Venice. She was saved from 
the sea by Jafher, eloped with him, and 
married him. Her father then discarded 
her, and her husband joined the con- 
spiracy of Pierre to murder the senators. 
He told Belvidera of the plot, and 
Belvidera, in order to save her father, 
persuaded Jaffier to reveal the plot to 
Priuli, if he would promise a general free 
pardon. Priuli gave the required promise, 
but notwithstanding, all the conspirators, 
except Jaffier, were condemned to death 
by torture. Jaffier stabbed Pierre to save 
him from the dishonour of the wheel, and 
then killed himself. Belvidera goes mad 
and dies. — Otway : Venice Preserved 
(1682). 

We have to check our tears, although well aware that 
the " Belvidera " with whose sorrows we sympathize is 
no other than our own inimitable Mrs. Siddons.— Sir 
W. Scott: The Drama. 

(The actor Booth used to speak in 
rapture of Mrs. Porter's " Belvidera." It 
obtained for Mrs. Barry the title of 
famous; Miss O'Neill and Miss Helen 
Faucit were both great in the same part.) 

Ben [Legend], sir Sampson Legend's 
younger son, a sailor and a "sea-wit," in 
whose composition there enters no part 
of the conventional generosity and open 
frankness of a British tar. His slang 
phrase is *' D'ye see," and his pet oath 
" Mess 1 " — W. Congreve : Love for Love 
(1695). I cannot agree with the follow- 
ing sketch : — 

Wh at is Ben— the pleasant sailor which Bannister gives 
vs— but a piece of satire ... a dreamy combination of 
all the accidents of a sailor's character, his contempt of 
money, his credulity to women, with that necessary 
estrangement from home? . . . We never think the 
worse of Ben for it, or feel it as a stain upon his charac- 
ter. — C. Lamb, 

C. Dibdin says, " If the description of Thorn. Doggett's 
performance of this character be correct, the part has 
certainly never been performed since to any degree of 
perfection." 

Ben Israel {Nathan) or Nathan 
ben Samuel, the physician and friend 
of Isaac the Jew. — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Ben Joc'hanan, in the satire of 
Absalom and Achitophel, by Dry den and 
Tate, is meant for the Rev. Samuel John- 
son, who, it is said, suffered a scandalous 
amour under his own roof. 



Let Hebron, nay, let hell produce 1 man 
So made for mischief as Ben Jochanan. 
A Jew of humble parentage was he, 
By trade a Levite, though of low degree. 

Dryden and Tate: pt. ii. 351-354 (1689). 

Benai'ah (3 syl.), in Absalom and 
Achitophel, is meant for general George 
Edward Sackville. As Benaiah, captain 
of David's guard, adhered to Solomon 
against Adonijah, so general Sackville 
adhered to the duke of York against the 
prince of Orange (1590-1652). 

Nor can Benaiah 's worth forgotten He, 

Of steady soul when public storms were high. 

Dryden and Tate : pt. ii. 819, 820 (1682). 

Benas'kar or Bennaskar, a 

wealthy merchant and magician of Delhi. 
— James Ridley: Tales of the Genii 
(" History of Mahoud," tale vii., 1751). 

Benbow (Admiral). In an engage- 
ment with the French near St. Martha on 
the Spanish coast in 170 r, admiral Ben- 
bow had his legs and thighs shivered 
into splinters by chain-shot ; but, sup- 
ported in a wooden frame, he remained 
on the quarter-deck till morning, when 
Du Casse sheered off. 

*|f Similar acts of heroism are recorded 
of Almeyda the Portuguese governor of 
India ; of Cynaegeros brother of the poet 
^Eschylos ; of Jaafer the standard-bearer 
of "the prophet " in the battle of Muta ; 
of Widdrington (a.v.); and of some 
others. (See Jaafer. ) 

Benbow, an idle, generous, free-and- 
easy sot, who spent a good inheritance in 
dissipation, and ended life in the work- 
house. 

3enbow, a boon companion, long approved 
By jovial sets, and (as he thought) beloved, 
Vas judged as one to joy and friendship pron«. 
And deemed injurious to himself alone. 

Crabbe: Borough, xvi. (18x0). 

Ben'demeer', a river that flows near 
the ruins of Chil'minar' or Istachar', in 
the province of Chusistan in Persia. 

Bend-the-Bow, an English archer 
at Dickson's cottage. — Sir W. Scott: 
Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Benedick, a wild, witty, and light- 
hearted young lord of Padua, who vowed 
celibacy, but fell in love with Beatrice 
and married her. It fell out thus : He 
went on a visit to Leonato governor ot 
Messina ; here he saw Beatrice, the 
governor's niece, as wild and witty as 
himself, but he disliked her, thought her 
pert, forward, and somewhat ill-mannered 
withal. However, he heard Claudio 
speaking to Leonato about Beatrice, 
saying how deeply she loved Benedick, 
and bewailing that so nice a girl should 



BENEFIT-PLAY. 



BEPPO. 



break her heart with unrequited love. 
This conversation was a mere ruse, but 
Benedick believed it to be true, and 
resolved to reward the love of Beatrice 
with love and marriage. It so happened 
that Beatrice had been entrapped by a 
similar conversation which she had over- 
heard from her cousin Hero. The end 
was they sincerely loved each other, and 
became man and wife. — Shakespeare: 
Much Ado about Nothing (1600). 

A married man is called a Benedick. 

Benefit-Flay. The first actress in- 
dulged with a benefit-play was Mrs. 
Elizabeth Barry (1682-1733). 

Ben'eng-el'i (Cid Hamet), the hypo- 
thetical Moorish chronicler from whom 
Cervantes pretends he derived the ac- 
count of the adventures of don Quixote. 

The Spanish commentators . . . have discovered that 
cid Hamet Beneng-tfiis after all no more than an Arabic 
version of the name of Cervantes himself. Hamet is 
a Moorish prefix, and Benengeli signifies "son of a stag," 
In Spanish Cervanteno.—Lockhart. 

Benengeli {Cid Hamet), Thomas 
Babington lord Macaulay. His signa- 
ture in his Fragment of an Ancient 
Romance (1826). 

Benev'olus, in Cowper's Task, is 
John Courtney Throckmorton, of Weston 
Underwood. 

Benjie (Little), or Benjamin Col- 
thred, a spy employed by Cristal Nixon, 
the agent of Redgauntlet. — Sir W. Scott : 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Ben'net (Brother), a monk at St. 
Mary's convent. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Ben'net (Mrs.), a demure, intriguing 
woman in Amelia, a novel by Fielding 
(i7Si)- 

Ben'oiton (Madame), 2l woman who 
has been the ruin of the family by neglect. 
In the "famille Benoiton" the constant 
question was, " Oil est Madame f" and the 
invariable answer, " Elle est sortie." At the 
denouement the question was asked again, 
and the answer was varied thus : ' ' Madam 
has been at home, but is gone out again." 
— La Famille Benoiton. 

Ben'shee or Banshee, the domestic 
spirit of certain Irish families. The 
benshee takes an interest in the prosperity 
of the family to which it is attached, and 
intimates to it approaching disaster or 
death by wailings or shrieks. The Scotch 
Bodach Glay, or "grey spectre," is a 
similar spirit. (See White Lady.) 



How oft has the Benshee cried 1 
How oft has death untied 
Bright links that glory wove, 
Sweet bonds entwined by love ! 

T. Moore : Irish Melodies, ii. 

Bentinck Street (London), named 
after William Bentinck, second duke of 
Portland, who married Margaret, only 
child of Edward second earl of Oxford 
and Mortimer. 

Benvolio, nephew to Montague, and 
Romeo's friend. A testy, litigious fellow, 
who would quarrel about goat's wool or 
pigeon's milk. Mercutio says to him, 
" Thou hast quarrelled with a man for 
coughing in the street, because he hath 
wakened thy dog that hath lain asleep 
in the sun" (act hi. sc. i). — Shakespeare : 
Romeo and Juliet (1598). 

Ben'wicke (2 syl.), the kingdom ot 
king Ban, father of sir Launcelot. It 
was situated in that extremely shadowy 
locality "beyond seas;" but whether it 
was Brittany or Utopia, " non nostrum 
tantas componere lites." 

Probably it was Brittany, because it 
was across the channel, and was in 
France. Ban king of Benwicke was 
brother of Bors king of Gaul. — Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 8 (1470). 

Beowulf, the name of an Anglo- 
Saxon epic poem of the sixth century. It 
received its name from Beowulf, who 
delivered Hrothgar king of Denmark from 
the monster Grendel. This Grendel was 
half monster and half man, and night 
after night stole into the king's palace 
called Heorot, and slew sometimes as 
many as thirty of the sleepers at a time. 
Beowulf put himself at the head of a 
mixed band of warriors, went against the 
monster and slew it. This epic is very 
Ossianic in style, is full of beauties, and 
is most interesting. — Kemble's Transla- 
tion. 

(A. D. Wackerbarth published in 1849 
a metrical translation of this Anglo- 
Saxon poem, of considerable merit ; and 
T. Arnold, in 1876, published an edition 
of the fragment, consisting of 6337 lines.) 

Beppo. Byron's Beppo is the husband 
of Laura, a Venetian lady. He was taken 
captive in Troy, turned Turk, joined a 
band of pirates, grew rich, and after 
several years returned to his native land. 
He found his wife at a carnival ball with 
a cavaliero, made himself known to her, 
and they lived together again as man and 
wife. (Beppo is a contraction of Guiseppe, 
as Bill is of William. 1818.) 



BEPPO. 



BERINTHIA. 



Beppo, In Fra Diavolo, an opera by 
Auber (1B36). 

Be 'r aide (2 syl.), brother of Argan the 
malacle imaginaire. He tells Argan that 
his doctors will confess this much, that 
the cure of a patient is a very minor con- 
sideration with them, " toute V excellence 
de leur art consiste en un pompeux gali- 
matias, en un sp'ecieux babil, qui vous 
donne des mots pour des raisons, et des 
fromesses pour des effets." Again he says, 
' ' presque tons les homines meurent de leur 
remedes et non pas de leurs maladies." He 
then proves that Argan's wife is a mere 
hypocrite, while his daugher is a true- 
hearted, loving girl ; and he makes the 
invalid join in the dancing and singing 
provided for his .cure. — Moliere : Le 
Malade Imaginaire (1673). 

Berch 'ta [ " the white lady "], a fairy of 
Southern Germany, answering to Hulda 
(" the gracious lady") of Northern Ger- 
many. After the introduction of Chris- 
tianity, Berchta lost her first estate and 
lapsed into a bogie. 

Berecyn'thian Goddess ( The). 
Cybele' is so called from mount Berecyn'- 
tus, in Phrygia, where she was held in 
especial adoration. She is represented as 
crowned with turrets, and holding keys 
in her hand. 

Her helmed head 
Rose like the Berecynthian goddess crowned 
With towers. 

Southey: Roderick, etc., ii. (1814). 

N.B. — Virgil gives the word both 
Cybele and Cybele — 

Hinc mater cultrix Cybele Corybantiaque aera. 
jEiieid, iii. in. 
Occurrit comitum : Nymphae, quas alma Cybele. 
jUniid, x. 22a 

Berecyn'thian Hero {The), Midas 
king of Phrygia, so called from mount 
Berecyn'tus (4 syl.), in Phrygia. 

Berenga'ria, queen - consort of 
Richard Cceur de Lion, introduced in The 
Talisman, a novel by sir W. Scott 
( 1 825). Berengaria died 1230. 

Berenger (Sir Raymond), an old 
Norman warrior, living at the castle of 
Garde Doloureuse. 

The lady Eveline Berenger, sir Ray- 
mond's daughter, betrothed to sir Hugo 
de Lacy. Sir Hugo cancels his own 
betrothal in favour of his nephew (sir 
Damian de Lacy), who marries the lady 
Eveline " the betrothed."—^'/- W. Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Bereni'ce ( \ syl. ), sister-wife of 



Ptolemy III. She vowed to sacrifice her 
hair to the gods if her husband returned 
home the vanquisher of Asia. On his 
return, she suspended her hair in the 
temple of the war-god, bxit it was stolen 
the first night, and Conon of Samos told 
the king that the winds had carried it to 
heaven, where it still forms the seven 
stars near the tail of Leo, called Coma 
Berenices. 

Pope, in his Rape of the Lock, has 
borrowed this fable to account for the 
lock of hair cut from Belinda's head, the 
restoration of which the young lad} 
insisted upon. (See Belinda, p. 105. ) 

Bereni'ce (4 syl.), a Jewish princess, 
daughter of Agrippa. She married Herod 
king of Chalcis, then Polemon king of 
Cilicia, and then went to live with 
Agrippa II. her brother. Titus fell in 
love with her and would have married 
her, but the Romans compelled him to 
renounce the idea, and a separation took 
place. Otway (1672) made this the 
subject of a tragedy called Titus and 
Berenici ; and Jean Racine ( 1670), in his 
tragedy of Birinice, has made her a sort 
of Henriette d'Orldans. 

(Henriette d' Origans, daughter 
Charles I. of England, married Philipp 
due d'Ork4ans, brother of Louis XIV. 
She was brilliant in talent and beautiful 
in person, but being neglected by her 
husband, she died suddenly after drinking 
a cup of chocolate, probably poisoned.) 

Beresi'na (4 syl.). Every streamlet 
shall prove a new Beresina (Russian) : 
meaning " every streamlet shall prove 
their destruction and overthrow." The 
allusion is to the disastrous passage of the 
French army in November, 1812, during 
their retreat from Moscow. It is said 
that 12,000 of the fugitives were drowned 
in the stream, and 16,000 were taken 
prisoners by the Russians. 

Beril. (See Beryl.) 

Bering-hen (The Sieur de), an old 
gourmand, who preferred patties to trea- 
son ; but cardinal Richelieu banished him 
from France, saying — 

Sleep not another night in Paris, 

Or else your precious life may be in danger. 

Lord Lytton: Richelieu (1839). 

Berin'thia, cousin of Amanda ; a 
beautiful young widow attached to colonel 
Townly. In order to win him she plays 
upon his jealousy by coquetting with 
Loveless. — Sheridan: A Trip to Scar- 
borough (1777)' 



mpe 



BERKELEY. 

Berkeley (The Old Woman of), a 
woman whose life had been very wicked. 
On her death-bed she sent for her son 
who was a monk, and for her daughter 
who was a nun, and bade them put her 
in a strong stone coffin, and to fasten the 
coffin to the ground with strong bands of 
iron. Fifty priests and fifty choristers 
were to pray and sing over her for three 
days, and the bell was to toll without 
ceasing. The first night passed without 
much disturbance. The second night the 
candles burnt blue, and dreadful yells 
were heard outside the church. But the 
third night the devil broke into the church 
and carried off the old woman on his 
black horse. — Sou they : The Old Woman 
of Berkeley (a ballad from Olaus Magnus). 

Dr. Sayers pointed out to us in conversation a story 
related by Olaus Magnus of a witch whose coffin was 
confined by three chains, but nevertheless was carried 
off by demons. Dr. Sayers had made a ballad on the 
subject ; so had I ; but after seeing The Old Woman 
of Berkeley, we awarded it the preference.— W. Taylor. 

Berkeley Square (London), so 
called in compliment to John lord 
Berkeley of Stratton. 

Berke'ly ( The lady Augusta), plighted 
to sir John de Walton governor of 
Douglas Casde. She first appears under 
the name of Augustine, disguised as the 
son of Bertram the minstrel, and the 
novel concludes with her marriage to De 
Walton, to whom Douglas Castle had 
been surrendered. — Sir W. Scott : Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Berkley (Mr.), an English bachelor 
of fortune, somewhat advanced in age, 
" good humoured, humane, remarkable 
for good common sense, but very eccen- 
tric." — Longfellow : Hyperion (1839). 

Berkshire ljady ( The), Miss Frances 
Kendrick, daughter of Sir' William Ken- 
drick, second baronet ; his father was 
created baronet by Charles II. The line, 
"Faint heart never won fair lady," was 
the ad\ice of a friend to Mr. Child, the 
son of a brewer, who sought the hand of 
the lady. — Quarterly Review, cvi. 205- 
245- 

Berme'ja, the Insula de la Torri, 
from which Am'adis of Gaul starts when 
he goes in quest of the enchantress- 
damsel, daughter of Finetor, the necro- 
mancer. 

Bermudas, a cant name for one of 
the purlieus of the Strand, at one time 
frequented by vagabonds, thieves, and 
all evil-doers who sought to lie perdu. 

Bernard. Solomon Bernard, engrave- 



"3 



BERTHA. 



of Lions (sixteenth century), called Le 
petit Bernard. Claude Bernard of Dijon, 
the philanthropist (1588-1641), is called 
Poor Bernard. Pierre Joseph Bernard, 
the French poet (1710-1775), is called Le 
gentil Bernard. 

Bernard, an ass ; in Italian, Bernardo. 
In the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox, 
the sheep is called "Bernard," and the 
ass is " Bernard l'archipretre " (1498). 

Bernar'do, an officer in Denmark, to 
whom the ghost of the murdered king 
appeared during the night-watch at the 
royal castle. — Shakespeare: Hamlet 
(1596). 

Bernardo del Carpio, one of the 
most favourite subjects of the old Spanish 
minstrels. The other two were The Cid 
and Lara's Seven Infants. Bernardo del 
Carpio was the person who assailed 
Orlando (or Rowland) at Roncesvalles, 
and, finding him invulnerable, took him 
up in his arms and squeezed him to death, 
as Hercules did Antae'os. — Cervantes: 
Don Quixote, II. ii. 13 (1615). 

• . ' The only vulnerable part of Orlando 
was the sole of the foot. 

Mrs. H emails wrote a ballad so called. 

Bernesque Poetry, like lord By- 
ron's Don yuan, is a mixture of satire, 
tragedy, comedy, serious thought, wit, 
and ridicule. L. Pulci was the father of 
this class of rhyme (143 2-1487) ; but 
Francesco Berni of Tuscany (1490-1537) 
so greatly excelled in it, that it is called 
Bernesque, from his name. 

Bernit'ia with Dei'ra constituted 
Northumbria. Bernitia included West- 
moreland, Durham, and part of Cumber- 
land. Deira contained the other part 
of Cumberland, with Yorkshire and 
Lancashire. 

Two kingdoms which had been with several throne* 

enstalled. 
Bernitia hight the one, Diera [sic] th' other called. 

Drayton: Polyolbion, xvi. (1613;. 

Ber'rathon, an island of Scandinavia. 

Berser'ker, grandson of the: eignt- 
handed Starka'der and the beautiful 
Alfhil'de. He was so called because he 
wore "no shirt of mail," but went to 
battle unharnessed. He married the 
daughter of Swaf'urlam, and had twelve 
sons. (B&r-syrce, Anglo-Saxon, "bare 
of shirt ;" Scotch, " bare-sark. " ) 

Y ou say that I am a Berserker, and . . . bare-sark I 
go to-morrow to the war, and bare-sark I win that war 
or die.— Rev. C. Kingsley: Hereward the Wake,'\.z\T. 

BERTHA, the supposed daughter of 
Vandunke (zsyl.) burgomaster of Bruges, 



BERTHA. 



114 



BERTRAM. 



and mistress of Goswin a- rich. merchant 
of the same city. In reality, Bertha is 
the duke of Brabant's daughter Gertrude, 
and Goswin is Florez, son of Gerrard 
king of the beggars. — Fletcher: The 
Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Ber'tha, daughter of Burkhard duke 
of the Alemanni, and wife of Rudolf II. 
king of Burgundy beyond Jura. She is 
represented on monuments of the time as 
sitting on her throne spinning. 

You are the beautiful Bertha the Spinner, the queen of 

Helvetia; . . . 
Who as she rode on her palfrey, o'er valley and meadow 

and mountain, 
Ever was spinning her thread from the distaff fixed to 

her saddle. 
She was so thrifty and good, that her name passed into 

a proverb. 
Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, viiL 

Bertha, alias Agatha, the betrothed 
of Hereward (3 syl.) one of the emperor's 
Varangian guards. The novel concludes 
with Hereward enlisting under the banner 
of count Robert, and marrying Bertha. — 
Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Ber 'tlia, the betrothed of John of Ley- 
den. When she went with her mother to 
ask count Oberthal's permission to marry, 
the count resolved to make his pretty 
vassal his mistress, and confined her in 
his castle. She made her escape and 
went to Munster, intending to set fire to 
the palace of "the prophet," who, she 
thought, had caused the death of her 
lover. Being seized and brought before 
the prophet, she recognized in him her 
lover, and exclaiming, "I loved thee 
once, but now my love is turned to hate," 
stabbed herself and died. —Meyerbeer : Le 
Prophete (an opera, 1849). 

Bertha, the blind daughter of Caleb 
Plummer, in Dickens's Christmas story 
The Cricket on the Hearth (1845). 

Berthe au Grrand-Pied, mother of 

Charlemagne, so called from a club-foot. 

Bertold (St.), the first prior-general 
of Carmel (1073-1188). We are told in 
the Briviare des Carmes that the good- 
ness of this saint so spiritualized his face 
that it seemed actually luminous: "son 
§me se refldtait sur sa figure qui paraissait 
comme environnee des rayons de soleil." 

T\2 oft converse with heavenly habitants 
Begin to cast a beam on th' outward shape . . . 
And tum it by degrees to the soul's essence. 

Milton : Cotnus. 

Bertoldo [Prince), a knight of Malta, 
and brother of Roberto king of the Two 
Sicilies. He is in love with Cami'ola 



"the maid of honour," but could not 
marry without a dispensation from the 
pope. While matters were at this crisis, 
Bertoldo laid siege to Sienna, and was 
taken prisoner. CamiSla paid his ransom, 
but before he was released the duchess 
Aurelia requested him to be brought 
before her. Immediately the duchess saw 
him, she fell in love with him, and offered 
him marriage ; and Bertoldo, forgetful of 
Camiola, accepted the offer. The be- 
trothed then presented themselves before 
the king. Here Camiola exposed the 
conduct of the knight ; Roberto was in- 
dignant ; Aurelia rejected her fiance" with 
scorn ; and Camiola took the veil. — Mas- 
singer: The Maid of Honour (1637). 

BertoTdo, the chief character of a 
comic romance called Vita di Bertoldo, by 
Julio Cesare CrocS, who flourished in the 
sixteenth century. It recounts the suc- 
cessful exploits of a clever but ugly 
peasant whom nothing astonishes. Hence 
the phrase, Impe?-turbable as Bertolde 
(never disconcerted). This jeu desprit 
was for two centuries as popular in Italy 
as Robinson Crusoe is in England. 

Bertoldo's Son, Rinaldo.— Tasso: 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

BERTH AM (Baron), one of Charle- 
magne's paladins. 

Ber'tram, count of Rousillon. While 
on a visit to the king of France, Hel'ena, 
a physician's daughter, cured the king of 
a disorder which had baffled the court 
physicians. For this service the king 
promised her for husband any one she 
chose to select, and her choice fell on 
Bertram. The haughty count married 
her, it is true, but deserted her at once, 
and left for Florence, where he joined 
the duke's army. It so happened that 
Helena also stopped at Florence while on 
a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Jacques 
le Grand. In Florence she lodged with a 
widow whose daughter Diana was wan- 
tonly loved by Bertram. Helena ob- 
tained permission to receive his visits in 
lieu of Diana, and in one of these visits 
exchanged rings with him. Soon after 
this the count went on a visit to his 
mother, where he saw the king, and the 
king observing on his finger the ring he 
had given to Helena, had him arrested on 
the suspicion of murder. Helena now 
came forward to explain matters, and all 
was well, for all ended well. — Shake- 
speare: All's Well that Ends Well 
(1598). 



BERTRAM. 



"5 



BERTULPHE. 



I cannot reconcile my heart to "Bertram," a man 
noble without generosity, and young without truth; who 
marries Helena as a coward, and leaves her as a pro- 
fligate. Wnen she is dead by his unkindness he sneaks 
home to a second marriage, is accused by a woman 
whom he has wronged, defends himself by falsehood, 
and is dismissed to happiness. — Dr. Johnson. 

Bertram (Sir Stephen), an austere 
merchant, very just but not generous. 
Fearing lest his son should marry the 
sister of his clerk (Charles Ratcliffe), he 
dismissed Ratcliffe from his service, and 
being then informed that the marriage 
had been already consummated, he dis- 
inherited his son. Sheva the Jew assured 
him that the lady had ^10,000 for her 
fortune, so he relented. At the last all 
parties were satisfied. 

Frederick Bertram, only son of sir 
Stephen ; he marries Miss Ratcliffe clan- 
destinely, and incurs thereby his father's 
displeasure, but the noble benevolence of 
Sheva the Jew brings about a reconcilia- 
tion, and opens sir Bertram's eyes to 
"see ten thousand merits," a grace for 
every pound. — Cumberland: The Jew 
(1776). 

Bertram {Count), an outlaw, who be- 
comes the leader of a band of robbers. 
Being wrecked on the coast of Sicily, he 
is conveyed to the castle of lady Imogine, 
and in her he recognizes an old sweetheart 
to whom in his prosperous days he was 
greatly attached. Her husband {St. Aldo- 
brand), who was away at first, returning 
unexpectedly, is murdered by Bertram ; 
Imogine goes mad and dies ; and Bertram 
puts an end to his own life. — C. Maturin : 
Bertra?n (a tragedy, 18 16). 

Bertram {Mr. Godfrey), the laird of 
Ellangowan. 

Mrs. Bertram, his wife. 

Harry Bertram, alias captain Van- 
beest Brown, alias Dawson, alias Dudley, 
son of the laird, and heir to Ellangowan. 
Harry Bertram is in love with Julia 
Mannering, and the novel concludes with 
his taking possession of the old house at 
Ellangowan and marrying Julia. 

Lucy Berti am, sister of Harry Bertram. 
She marries Charles Hazlewood, son of 
sir Robert Hazlewood, of Hazlewood. 

Sir Allen Bertram, of Ellangowan, an 
ancestor of Mr. Godfrey Bertram. 

Denis Bertram, Donohoe Bertram, and 
I^eivis Bertram, ancestors of Mr. Godfrey 
Bertram. 

Captain Andrew Bertram, a relative of 
the family. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Man- 
nering (time, George II.). 

Bertram, the English minstrel, and 



guide of lady Augusta Berkely. When in 
disguise, the lady Augusta calls herself 
Augustine, the minstrel's son. — Sir W. 
Scott: Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I. ). 

Bertram, one of the conspirators 
against the republic of Venice. Having 
"a hesitating softness, fatal to a great 
enterprise," he betrayed the conspiracy 
to the senate. — Byron : Marino Faliero 
(1819). 

Bertra'mo, the fiend-father of Robert 
le Diable. After alluring his son to 
gamble away all his property, he met 
him near St. Ire'ne, and Hel'ena seduced 
him to join in " the Dance of Love." 
When at last Bertramo came to claim 
his victim, he was resisted by Alice (the 
duke's foster-sister), who read to Robert 
his mother's will. Being thus reclaimed, 
angels celebrated the triumph of good 
over evil. — Meyerbeer : Roberto il Diavolo 
(an opera, 1831). 

Bertrand, a simpleton and a villain. 
He is the accomplice of Robert Macaire, 
a libertine of unblushing impudence, who 
sins without compunction. — Daumier : 
L'Auberge des Adrets. 

Bertrand du Gueslin, a romance 
of chivalry, reciting the adventures of 
this conneteble de France, in the reign of 
Charles V. 

Bertrand du Gueslin in prison. The 
prince of Wales went to visit his captive 
Bertrand ; and, asking him how he fared, 
the Frenchman replied, "Sir, I have 
heard the mice and the rats this many a 
day, but it is long since I heard the song 
of birds," i.e. I have been long a captive 
and have not breathed the fresh air. 

% The reply of Bertrand du Gueslin 
brings to mind that of Douglas, called 
"The Good sir James," the companion 
of Robert Bruce, "It is better, 1 ween, 
to hear the lark sing than the mouse 
cheep," i.e. It is better to keep the open 
field than to be shut up in a castle. 

Bertulphe (2 syl. ), provost of Bruges, 
the son of a serf. By his genius and 
energy he became the richest, most 
honoured, and most powerful man in 
Bruges. His arm was strong in fight, his 
wisdom swayed the council, his step was 
proud, and his eye untamed. Bertulphe 
had one child, the bride of sir Bouchard, 
a knight of noble descent. Now, Charles 
" the Good," earl of Flanders, had made 
a law (1127) that whoever married a 
serf should become a serf, and that serfs 
were serfs till manumission. By these 



BERWINE. 



xi6 



BETROTHED. 



absurd decrees Bertulphe the provost, his 
daughter Constance, and his knightly son- 
in-law were all serfs. The result was that 
the provost slew the earl and then himself ; 
his daughter went mad and died ; and 
Bouchard was slain in fight— Knowles: 
The Provost of Bruges (1836). 

Ber'wine (2 syl.), the favourite at- 
tendant of lady Er'mengarde (3 syl.) of 
Baldringham, great-aunt of lady Eveline 
"the betrothed."— Sir IV. Scott: The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Be'ryl, a kind of crystal, much used at 
one time by fortune-tellers, who looked 
into the beryl and then uttered their pre- 
dictions. 

. . . and, like a prophet, 
Looks in a glass that shews what future evils . . . 
Are now to have no successive degree, 
But where they live, to end. 
Shakespeare: Measure for Measure, act i. sc. 2 (1603). 

Ber'yl Mol'ozane (3 syl.), the lady- 
love of George Geith. All beauty, love, 
and sunshine. She has a heart for every 
one, is ready to help every one, and is by 
every one beloved ; yet her lot is most 
painfully unhappy, and ends in an early 
death.—/ 5 '. G. Trafford [Mrs. Riddell] : 
George Geith (1864). 

Besieger ( The) , Demetrius Polic'rates 
(4 syl.), king of Macedon (died B.C. 522). 

Since the days of Demetrius Policrat£s, no man had 
besieged so many cities.— Motley : The Dutch Re- 
public, pt. iii. 1. 

Beso'nian {A), a scoundrel. From 
the Italian, bisognoso, "a. needy person, a 
beggar." 

Proud lords do tumble from the towers of their high 
descents; and be trod under feet of every inferior 
besonian. — Thomas Nash: Pierce Pennylesse, his 
Supplication, etc. (1592). 

Bess {Good queen), Elizabeth (1533, 
1558-1603). 

Bess, the daughter of the "blind 
beggar of Bethnal Green," a lady by 
birth, a sylph for beauty, an angel for 
constancy and sweetness. She was loved 
to distraction by Wilford, who turns out 
to be the son of lord Woodville ; and as 
Bess was the daughter of lord Wood- 
ville's brother, they were cousins. Queen 
Elizabeth sanctioned their nuptials, and 
took them under her own especial conduct. 
— S. Knowles : The Beggar of Bethnal 
Green (1834). 

Bess o' Bedlam, a female lunatic 
vagrant ; the male lunatic vagrant being 
called a Tom 0' Bedlam. 

Bessus, governor of Bactria, who 
seized Dari'us (after the battle of Arbe'la) 



and put him to death. Arrian says, Alex- 
ander caused the nostrils of the regicide 
to be slit, and the tips of his ears to be 
cut off. The offender, being then sent to 
Ecbat'ana in chains, was put to death. 

Lo ! Bessus, he that armde with murderer's knyfe 

And traytrous hart agaynst his royal king, 
With bluddy hands bereft his master's life . . . 

What booted him his false usurped raygne • . . 
When like a wretche led in an iron chayne, 
He was presented by his chiefest friende 
Unto the foes of him whom he had slayne T 

Sackville: A Mirrour Jor Magistraytes 
("The Complaynt," 1587). 

Bes'siiS, a cowardly bragging captain, 
a sort of Bobadil or Vincent de la Rosa. 
Captain Bessus, having received a chal- 
lenge, wrote word back that he could not 
accept the honour for thirteen weeks, as 
he had already 212 duels on hand, but he 
was much grieved he could not appoint 
an earlier day. — Fletcher: King or No 
King (a tragedy, 1619). 

Rochester I despise for want of wit . . , 
So often does he aim, so seldom hit . . . 
Mean in each action, leud in every limb, 
Manners themselves are mischievous in him . . . 
[Oh] what a Bessus has he always lived 1 

Dryden : Essay upon Satire. 

Bessy Bell. (See Bell, p. 106.) 
Bestiaries, a class of books im- 
mensely popular in the eleventh, twelfth, 
and thirteenth centuries, when symbolism 
was much in vogue, and sundry animals 
were made symbols, not only of moral 
qualities, but of religious doctrines. Thus 
the unicorn with its one horn symbolized 
Christ (the one Saviour), the gospel (or 
one way of salvation) ; and the legend 
that it could be caught only by a virgin 
symbolized " God made man " being born 
of the virgin Mary. 

Beth Gelert. (See Dictionary oj 
Phrase and Fable, p. 128. ) 

Betique (2 syl.) or Bee'tica (Gra- 
na'da and Andalusia), so called from the 
river Bretis [Guadalquiver). Ado'am de- 
scribes this part of Spain to Telem'achus 
as a veritable Utopia. — Finelon : Aven- 
tures des TdUmaque, viii. (1700). 

Betrothed [The), one of the Tales 
of the Crusaders, by sir W. Scott (1825) ; 
time, Henry II. of England. The lady 
Eveline, daughter of sir Raymond, was 
for three years " betrothed " to sir Hugo 
de Lacy (the crusader), but ultimately 
married his nephew, sir Damian de Lacy. 
The tale is as follows : Gwenwin, a 
Welsh prince, living in PowysCastle, asked 
the hand of lady Eveline in marriage, but 
the alliance was declined by her father. 
Whereupon Gwenwyn besieged sir Ray- 
mond's castle, and lady Eveline saw her 



BETTER TO REIGN IN HELL. 117 



BEVERLEY. 



father fall, slain by the Welsh prince. 
Sir Hugo de Lacy came to the rescue, 
dispersed the Welsh army, proposed 
marriage, and being accepted, lady 
Eveline was placed in a convent under 
charge of her aunt till the marriage 
could be consummated. Sir Hugo was 
now ordered to the Holy Land for three 
years on a crusade, and lady Eveline had 
to wait for his return. On one occasion 
she was treacherously induced to join a 
hawking party ; and, being seized by 
emissaries of the Welsh prince, was con- 
fined in a "cavern." Sir Damian de 
Lacy rescued her, but, being severely 
wounded, was confined to his bed and 
nursed by the lady. When sir Hugo re- 
turned, he soon found out how the land 
lay, and magnanimously cancelled his 
own betrothal in favour of his nephew. 
Sir Damian married the betrothed, and 
so the novel ends. 

Better to Reign in Hell than 
Serve in Heaven. — Milton : Paradise 
Lost, i. 263 (1665). 

^f Julius Caesar used to say he would 
rather be the first man in a country village 
than the second at Rome. (See Cesar, 
p. 165.) 

Betty Dozy. Captain Macheath 
says to her, "Do you drink as hard as 
ever? You had better stick to good 
wholesome beer ; for, in troth, Betty, 
strong waters will in time ruin your con- 
stitution. You should leave those to your 
betters." — Gay : The Beggar's Opera, ii. 1 
(*727)- 

Betty Poy, " the idiot mother of 
an idiot boy." — Wordsworth (1770-1850). 

Betty [Hint], servant in the family 
of sir Pertinax and lady McSycophant. 
She is a sly, prying tale-bearer, who 
hates Constantia (the beloved of Egerton 
McSycophant), simply because every one 
else loves her. — Macklin: The Man of the 
World (a comedy, 1764). 

Betu'bium, Dumsby or the Cape of 

St Andrew, in Scotland. 

The north-inflated tempest foams 
O'er Orlca's or Betubium's highest peak. 
Thomson : Tlu Seasons {" Autumn," 1730). 

Betula Alba, common birch. The 
Roman lictors made fasces of its branches, 
and also employed it for scourging chil- 
dren, etc. (Latin, batulo, "to beat.") 

The college porter brought in a huge quantity of that 
betulineous tree, a native of Britain, called Betula alba, 
which furnished rods for the school.— Lord IV. R. 
Lennox : Celebrities, etc., i. 43. 

Beulak, that land of rest which a 



Christian enjoys when his faith is so 
strong that he no longer fears or doubts. 
Sunday is sometimes so called. In 
Bunyan's allegory (T/ie Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress) the pilgrims tarry in the land of 
Beulah after their pilgrimage is over, till 
they are summoned to cross the stream 
of Death and enter into the Celestial 
City. 

After this, I beheld until they came unto the land of 
Beulah, where the sun shineth night and day. Here, 
because they were weary, they betook themselves 
awhile to rest ; but a little while soon refreshed them 
here, for the bells did so ring, and the trumpets sounded 
so melodiously that they could not sleep. ... In this 
land they heard nothing, saw nothing, smelt nothing, 
tasted nothing that was offensive.— Bunyan : The 
Pilgrim's Progress, i. (1678). 

Beuves (i syl.) or Bno'vo of 
Ay'gremont, father of Malagigi, and 
uncle of Rinaldo. Treacherously slain by 
Gano. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Benves de Hantone, the French 
form for Bevis of Southampton (o.v. ). 

Bev'an (Mr.), an American physician, 
who befriends Martin Chuzzlewit and 
Mark Tapley in many ways during their 
stay in the New World. — Dickens: Martin 
Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Bev'erley, "the gamester," naturally 
a good man, but led astray by Stukely, 
till at last he loses everything by gambling, 
and dies a miserable death. 

Mrs. Beverley, the gamester's wife. She 
loves her husband fondly, and clings to 
him in all his troubles. 

Charlotte Beverley, in love with Lewson, 
but Stukely wishes to marry her. She 
loses all her fortune through her brother 
"the gamester," but Lewson notwith- 
standing marries her. — Edw. Moore: The 
Gamester (1753). 

Mr. Young was acting " Beverley" with Mrs. Siddons. 
. . . In the 4th act " Beverley " swallows poison; and 
when " Bates " comes in and says to the dying man, 
"Jarvis found you quarrelling with Lawson in the 
streets last night," " Mrs. Beverley " replies, " No, I 
am sure he did not." To this "Jarvis" adds, "And if 

I did " when " Mrs. Beverley " interrupts him with, 

" 'Tis false, old man ; they had no quarrel. ..." In 
uttering these words, Mrs. Siddons gave such a 
piercing shriek of grief that Young was unable to utter 
a word from a swelling in his throat. — Campbell : Life 
of Siddons. 

Beverley, brother of Clarissa, and 
the lover of Belinda Blandford. He is 
extremely jealous, and catches at trifles 
light as air to confirm his fears ; but his 
love is most sincere, and his penitence 
most humble when he finds out how 
causeless his suspicions are. Belinda is 
too proud to deny his insinuations, but 
her love is so deep that she repents of 
giving him a moment's pain. — Murphy: 
All in the Wrong (a comedy, 1761). 



BEVIL. 



118 



BIBLE IN SPAIN. 



Young's countenance was equally well adapted for 
the expression of pathos or of pride; thus in such 
parts as " Hamlet," " Beverley," " The Stranger" . . . 
he looked the men he represented.— New Monthly 
(1822). 

Bev'il, a model gentleman, in Steele's 
Conscious Lovers. 

Whate'er can deck mankind 
Or charm the heart, in generous Bevil shewed. 
Thomson : The Seasons (" Winter," 1726). 

Bevil (Francis, Harry, and George), 
three brothers — one an M. P. , another in 
the law, and the third in the Guards — who, 
unknown to each other, wished to obtain 
in marriage the hand of Miss Grubb, the 
daughter of a rich stock-broker. The 
M.P. paid his court to the father, and 
obtained his consent ; the lawyer paid his 
court to the mother, and obtained her 
consent ; the officer paid his court to the 
young lady, and, having obtained her 
consent, the other two brothers retired 
from the field. — O'Brien: Cross Purposes. 

Be'vis, the horse of lord Marmion. — 
Sir W. Scott: Marmion (1808). 

Be'vis [Sir) of Southampton. Having, 
while still a lad, reproved his mother for 
murdering his father, she employed Saber 
to kill him ; but Saber only left him on a 
desert land as a waif, and he was brought 
up as a shepherd. Hearing that his 
mother had married Mor'dure (2 syl.), 
the adulterer, he forced his way into the 
marriage hall and struck at Mordure ; but 
Mordure slipped aside, and escaped the 
blow. Bevis was now sent out of the 
country, and being sold to an Armenian, 
was presented to the king. Jos'ian, the 
king's daughter, fell in love with him ; 
they were duly married, and Bevis was 
knighted. Having slain the boar which 
made holes in the earth as big as that 
into which Curtius leapt, he was ap- 
pointed general of the Armenian forces, 
subdued Brandamond of Damascus, and 
made Damascus tributary to Armenia. 
Being sent, on a future occasion, as am- 
bassador to Damascus, he was thrust into 
a prison, where were two huge serpents ; 
these he slew, and then effected his 
escape. His next encounter was with 
Ascupart, the giant, whom he made his 
slave. Lastly, he slew the great dragon 
of Colein, and then returned to England, 
where he was restored to his lands and 
titles. The French call him Beuves de 
Hantone. — Drayton: Polyolbion, ii. (16 12). 
The Sword of Bevis of Southampton 
was Morglay, and his steed Ar'undel. 
Both were given him by his wife Josian, 
daughter of the king of Armenia. 



Beza'liel, in the satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, is meant for the marquis 
of Worcester, afterwards duke of Beau- 
fort. Bezaliel, the famous artificer, "was 
filled with the Spirit of God to devise 
excellent works in every kind of workman- 
ship ; " and of the marquis of Worcester, 
Tate says — 

... so largely Nature heaped her store, 
There scarce remained for arts to give him more. 
Dryden and Tate : Part ii. read from 941 to 966 (1682). 

Bezo'nian, a beggar, a rustic. 
(Italian, bisognoso, "necessitous.") Pistol 
(in 2 Henry IV. act v. sc. 3) so calls Justice 
Shallow. 

The ordinary tillers of the earth, such as we call 

husbandmen ; in France, pesants ; in Spaine, beson- 
yans ; and generally cloutshoe.—Markham : English 
Husbandman, 4. 

Bian'ca, the younger daughter of 
Baptista of Pad'ua, as gentle and meek 
as her sister Katherine was violent and 
irritable. As it was not likely any one 
would marry Katherine " the shrew," the 
father resolved that Bianca should not 
marry before her sister. Petruchio mar- 
ried "the shrew," and then Lucentio 
married Bianca. — Shakespeare: Taming 
of the Shrew (1594). 

Bian'ca, a courtezan, the "almost" 
wife of Cassio. Iago, speaking of the 
lieutenant, says — 

And what was he ? 
Forsooth, a great arithmetician. 
One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, 
A fellow almost damn'd in a fair wife. 

Shakespeare: Othello, act i. sc I (1611). 

Bian'ca, wife of Fazio. When her 
husband wantons with the marchioness 
Aldabella, Bianca, out of jealousy, ac- 
cuses him to the duke of Florence of 
being privy to the death of Bartol'do, 
an old miser. Fazio being condemned 
to death, Bianca repents of her rashness, 
and tries to save her husband, but not 
succeeding, goes mad and dies. — Dean 
Milman : Fazio (1815). 

Bibbet (Master), secretary to major- 
general Harrison, one of the parliamentary 
commissioners. — Sir IV. Scott: Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

"Bible" Butler, alias Stephen 
Butler, grandfather of Reuben Butler the 
presbyterian minister (married to Jeanie 
Deans).— Sir W. Scott: Heart of Midlo- 
thian (time, George II.). 

Bible in Spain (The), a prose 
work by George Borrow (1844), giving 
graphic pictures of high, middle, and low 
life in Spain. 



BIBLIA SAUFERUM. 



"9 



BIGOT. 



Biblia Sauperum. (See Diction- 
ary of Phrase and Fable, p. 13a.) 

Bib'lis, a woman who fell in love 
with her brother Caunus, and was 
changed into a fountain near Mile'tus. — 
Ovid: Metamorphoses, ix. 662. 

Not thatl/buntatfi] where Biblis dropt, too fondly light. 
Her tears and self may dare compare with this. 

P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, v. (1633}. 

Bib'nlus, a colleague of Julius Cassar, 
but a mere cipher in office ; hence his 
name became a household word for a 
nonentity. 

Bicker staff (Isaac), a pseudonym as- 
sumed by dean Swift, in the paper-war 
with Partridge the almanac-maker (1709). 

Richard Steele, editor of The Tatler, entitled his 
periodical " The lucubrations of Isaac Bickerstaff, esq., 
astrologer " (1709-1711). 

Bickerton (Mrs.), landlady of the 
Seven Stars inn of York, where Jeanie 
Deans stops on her way to London, 
whither she is going to plead for her 
sister's pardon. — Sir W. Scott: Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Bid'denden Maids (The), two 
sisters named Mary and Elizabeth Chulk- 
hurst, born at Biddenden in 1100. They 
were joined together by the shoulders 
and hips, and lived to the age of 34. 
Some say that it was Mary and Elizabeth 
Chulkhurst who left twenty acres of land 
to the poor of Biddenden. This tene- 
ment is called " Bread and Cheese Land," 
because the rent derived from it is dis- 
tributed on Easter Sunday in doles of 
bread and cheese. Halstead says, in his 
History of Kent, that it was the gift of 
two maidens named Preston, and not of 
the Biddenden Maids. 

Biddy, servant to Wopsle's great-aunt, 
who kept an "educational institution." 
A good, honest girl, who falls in love 
with Pip, was loved by Dolge Orlick, but 
married Joe Gargery. — Dickens: Great 
Expectations (i860). 

Biddy [Bellair] (Miss), "Miss in 
her teens," in love with captain Loveit. 
She was promised in marriage by her 
aunt and guardian to an elderly man 
whom she detested ; and during the 
absence of captain Loveit in the Flanders 
war, she coquetted with Mr. Fribble and 
captain Flash. On the return of her 
"Strephon," she set Fribble and Flash 
together by the ears ; and while they 
stood menacing each other but afraid to 
fight, captain Loveit entered and sent 
them both to the right-about.— Garrick : 
Miss in Her Teens (1753). 



Bide-th,e-Bent (Mr. Peter), minis- 
ter of Wolfs Hope village.— S ir W. 
Scott: Bride oj Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Bid 'more (Lord), patron of the rev. 
Josiah Cargill, minister of St. Ronan's. 

The Hon. Augustus Bidmore, son of 
lord Bidmore, and pupil of the rev, 
Josiah Cargill, 

Miss Augusta Bidmore, daughter of 
lord Bidmore ; beloved by the rev. 
Josiah Cargill.— Sir W. Scott: St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Bie'derman (Arnold), alias count 
Arnold of Geierstein [Gi'-er-stine], lan- 
damman of Unterwalden. Anne of Geier- 
stein, his brother's daughter, is under his 
charge. 

Bertha Biederman, Arnold's late wife. 

Ru'diger Biederman, Arnold Bieder 
man's son. 

Ernest Biederman, brother of Rudiger. 

Sigismund Biederman, nicknamed 
" The Simple," another brother. 

Ulrick Biederman, youngest of the 
four brothers. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV. ). 

Bi-forked Letter of the Greeks, 

T (capital U), which resembles a bird 
flying. 

[The birds] flying, write upon the sky 
The bi-forked letter of the Greeks. 

Longfellow : The IVayside Inn (prelude). 

Bi'frost, the bridge which , spans 
heaven and earth. The rainbow is this 
bridge, and its colours are attributed to 
the precious stones which bestud it. — 
Scandinavian Myth, 

Big"-en'dians (The), a hypothetical 
religious party of Lilliput, who made it a 
matter of ' ' faith " to break their eggs at 
the "big end." Those who broke them 
at the other end were considered heretics, 
and called Little-endians. — Dean Swift : 
Gullivers Travels (ij 26). 

Big'low Papers (The), a series of 
satirical poems in " Yankee dialect," by 
Hosea Biglow (James Russell Lowell, of 
Boston, U.S.). First series, 1848 ; second 
series, 1864. 

Tiig'ot(De), seneschal of prince John. — 
Sir IV. Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

"We will not forget it," said prince John ... " De 
Bigot," he added to his seneschal, "thou wilt word 
this . . . summons so courteously as to gratify the 
pride of these Saxons . . . although, by the bones 
of Becket, courtesy to them is casting pearls before 
swine." — Chap. xiiL 

Big'ot, in C. Lamb's Essays, is John 
Fenwick, editor of the Albion newspaper 



BIG-SEA-WATER. 



BINKS. 



Big-Sea-Water, lake Superior, also 
called Gitche Gu'mee. 

Forth upon the Gitche Gumee, 
On the shining Big-Sea-Water . . . 
All alone went Hiawatha. 

Longfellow : Hiawatha, viii. 

Bilander, a boat used in coast navi- 
gation [By-land-er~\. 

Why choose we then like bilanders to creep 
Along the coast, and land in view to keep, 
When safely we may launch into the deepT 

Dryden : Hind and the Panther (1687). 

Bil'bilis, a river in Spain. The high 
temper of the best Spanish blades is due 
to their being dipped into this river, the 
water of which is extremely cold. 

Help me, I pray you, to a Spanish sword, 
The trustiest blade that e'er in Bilbilis 
Was dipt. 

Southey : Roderick, etc., xxv. (1814). 

Bilbo, a Spanish blade noted for its 
flexibility, and so called from Bilba'o, 
where at one time the best blades were 
made. 

Bilboes (2 syl.), a bar of iron with 
fetters annexed to it, by which mutinous 
sailors were at one time linked together. 
Some of the bilboes taken from the 
Spanish Armada are preserved in the 
British Museum. They are so called, not 
because they were first made at Bilba'o, in 
Spain, but from the entanglements of the 
river on which Bilbao stands. These 
" entanglements " are called The Bilboes. 
Beaumont and Fletcher compare the mar- 
riage knot to bilboes. 

Bil'dai (2 syl.), a seraph and the 
tutelar guardian of Matthew the apostle, 
the son of wealthy parents and brought 
up in great luxury. — Klopstock: The 
Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Billee' {Little), a comic ballad by 
Thackeray, telling how three sailors of 
Bristol city went to sea, and, having eaten 
all their food, resolved to make a meal of 
Little Billee ; but the lad eluded his fate. 

There was gorging Jack, and guzzling Jimmy, 
And the youngest he was little Billee. 

Now, when they got as far 's th' equator. 
They'd nothing left but one split pea. 

To gorging Jack says guzzling Jemmy, 
" We've nothing left, us must eat we." 

Billings (Josh.). A. W. Shaw so 
signs His Book of Sayings (1866). 

Billingsgate (3 syl.). Beling was 
a friend of " Brennus" the Gaul, who 
owned a wharf called Beling's-gate. 
Geoffrey of Monmouth derives the word 
from Belin, a mythical king of the 
ancient Britons, who " built a gate there, 
B.C. 400 " (1142). 



Billy Barlow, a merry Andrew, so 
called from a semi-idiot, who fancied 
himself "a great potentate." He was 
well known in the east of London, and 
died in Whitechapel workhouse. Some 
of his sayings were really witty, and 
some of his attitudes truly farcical. 

Billy Black, the conundrum-maker. 
— The Hundred-pound Note. 

When Keeley was playing " Billy Black" at Chelms- 
ford, he advanced to the lights at the close of tha 
piece, and said, " I've one more, and this is a good 'un. 
Why is Chelmsford Theatre like a half-moon? D'ye 
give it up? Because it is never full." — Records of a 
Stage Veteran. 

Bimater [" two-mother "\ Bacchus 
was so called because at the death of his 
mother during gestation, Jupiter put the 
fcetus into his own thigh for the rest of 
the time, when the infant Bacchus was 
duly brought forth. 

Bimbister (Margery), the old Ran- 
zel man's spouse. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Pirate (time, William III.). 

Bimini [Be'-me-nee], a fabulous island, 
said to belong to the Baha'ma group, 
and containing a fountain possessed of 
the power of restoring youth. This 
island was an object of long search by 
the Spanish navigator Juan Ponce de 
Leon (1460-1521). 

Bind loose (John), sheriffs clerk and 
banker at Marchthorn. — Sir W. Scott: 
St. Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Bing'en (Bishop of), generally called 
bishop Hatto. The tale is that during 
the famine of 970, he invited the poor to 
his barn on a certain day, under the plea 
of distributing corn to them ; but when 
the barn was crowded he locked the door 
and set fire to the building ; for which 
iniquity he was himself devoured by an 
army of mice or rats. His castle is the 
Mouse-tower on the Rhine. Of course, 
this is a mere fable, suggested by the 
word "Mouse-tower," which means the 
tower where tolls are collected. The 
toll on corn was very unpopular. 

They almost devour me with kisses, 
Their arms about me entwine, 

Till I think of the bishop of Bingen, 
In his Mouse-tower on the Rhine. 

Longfellow : Birds of Passage. 

Binks (Sir Bingo), a fox-hunting 
baronet, and visitor at the Spa. 

Lady Binks, wife of sir Bingo, but 
before maniage Miss Rachael Bonny- 
rigg. Visitor at the Spa with her hus- 
band.— Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's Well 
(time, George III.). 



BION. i 

Bi'on, the rhetorician, noted for his 
acrimonious and sharp sayings. 

Bionis sermonibus et sale nigTO. 

Horace : 2 Epistles, ii. 60. 

Biondel'lo, one of the servants -of 
Lucentio the future husband of Bianca 
(sister of "the shrew"). His fellow- 
servant isTra'nio.— Shakespeare: Taming 
of the Shrew (1594). 

• Birch.. "Dr. Birch and his Young 
Friends." A "Christmas Tale" by 
Thackeray (1849). 

Birch {Harvey), a prominent cha- 
racter in The Spy, a novel by J. F. 
Cooper (1821). 

Birch 'over Lane (London), so 
called from Birchover, the builder, who 
owned the houses there. 

Bird {The Little Green), of the frozen 
regions, which could reveal every secret 
and impart information of events past, 
present, or to come. Prince Chery went 
in search of it, so did his two cousins, 
Brightsun and Felix ; last of all went 
Fairstar, who succeeded in obtaining it, 
and liberated the princes who had failed 
in their attempts. — Comtesse D'Aulnoy: 
Fairy Tales (" Princess Chery," 1682). 

This tale is a mere reproduction of 
" The Two Sisters," the last tale of the 
Arabian Nights, in which the bird is 
called " Bulbul-hezar, the talking bird." 

Bird Singing to a Monk. The 

monk was Felix. — Longfellow : Golden 
Legend, ii. 

Archbishop Trench has written a version of this 
legend in verse ; bishop Ken tells the same story in 
verse ; and cardinal Newman repeats it in his Gram- 
mar of Assent. 

Bird Told Me {A Little). "A bird 
of the air shall carry the voice, and that 
which hath wings shall tell the matter " 
(Lccles. x. 20). In the old Basque legends 
a " hide bird" is introduced " which tells 
the truth." The sisters had deceived the 
king by assuring him that his first child 
was a cat, his second a dog, and his third 
a bear; but the "little bird" told him 
the truth— the first two were daughters 
and the third a son. This little truth- 
telling bird appears in sundry tales of 
great antiquity ; it is introduced in the 
tale of "Princess Fairstar" (Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy) as a "little green bird who 
tells everything;" also in the Arabian 
Nights (the last tale, called "The Two 
Sisters "). 

I think I hear a little bird who sings, 

"The people by-and-by will be tlic- stronger." 

Byron : Don Juan, viii. 50 (1821). 



i BIRNAM WOOD. 

\ When Kenelm or Cenhelm was mur- 
dered by the order of his sister Cwen- 
thryth, "at the very same hour a white 
dove flew to Rome, and, lighting on the 
high altar of St. Peter's, deposited there 
a letter containing a full account of the 
murder." So the pope sent men to ex- 
amine into the matter, and a chapel was 
built over the dead body, called "St. 
Kenelm's Chapel to this day" (Shrop- 
shire). 

Bire'no, the lover and subsequent 
husband of Olympia queen of Holland. 
He was taken prisoner by Cymosco king 
of Friza, but was released by Orlando. 
Bireno, having forsaken Olympia, was 
put to d& \? by Oberto king of Ireland, 
who married the young widow. — Ariotto: 
Orlando Furioso, iv., v. (1516). 

Bire'no {Duke), heir to the crown of 
Lombardy. It was the king's wish he 
should marry Sophia, his only child, but 
the princess loved Pal'adore (3 syl.), a 
Briton. Bireno had a mistress named 
Alin'da, whom he induced to personate 
the princess, and in Paladore's presence 
she cast down a rope-ladder for the duke 
to climb up by. Bireno has Alinda 
murdered to prevent the deception being 
known, and accuses the princess of in- 
chastity — a crime in Lombardy punished 
by death. As the princess is led to exe- 
cution, Paladore challenges the duke, 
and kills him. The villainy is fully re- 
vealed, and the princess is married to the 
man of her choice, who had twice saved 
her life. — Jephson : The Law of Lombardy 
(i779)- 

Birmingham of Belgium, Liege. 

Birmingham of Russia, Tula, 
south of Moscow. 

Birmingham Poet {The), John 
Freeth, the wit, poet, and publican, who 
wrote his own songs, set them to music, 
and sang them (1730-1808). 

Birnam Wood. Macbeth said he 
was told — 

..." Fear not, till Birnam wood 
Do come to Dunsinane ; " and now a wood 
Comes towards Dunsinane. 

Shakespeare : Macbeth, act v. sc. 5. 

This has been often repeated in history, 
as by Alexander, the Spanish mutineers, 
Hassan, and others. 

^[ When Alexander marched against 
Darius, he commanded hir soldiers " ut 
inciderent ramos arborum . . . easque 
inferent equorum pedibus . . . quos 
videntes Perses ab excelsis montibus 



BIRON. 



BISHOPS. 



stupebant." — Historia Alexandri Magni 
(1490). 

\ At the siege of Antwerp, 1576, the 
Spanish mutineers wore green branches 
when they came from Alost, and looked 
like a moving wood approaching the 
citadel.— Motley: The Dutch Republic, 
iv. 5. 

For Hassan's incident, see Notes and Queries 
(March 13, 1880). 

BIl&ON, a merry mad-cap young 
lord, in attendance on Ferdinand king of 
Navarre. Biron promised to spend three 
years with the king in study, during which 
time no woman was to approach his 
court ; but no sooner has he signed the 
compact than he falls in love with 
Rosaline. Rosaline defers his suit for 
twelve months and a day, saying, " If 
you my favour mean to get, for twelve 
months seek the weary beds of people 
sick." 

A merrier man, 
Within the limit of becoming mirth, 
I never spent an hour's talk withal. 
His eye begets occasion for his wit : 
For every object that the one doth catch. 
The other turns to a mirth-moving jest ; 
Which his fair tongue (conceit's expositor) 
Delivers in such apt and gracious words, 
That aged ears play truant at his tales, 
And younger hearings are quite ravished. 
Shakespeare: Love's Labour's Lost, act ii. sc. 1 (1594) 

Biron {Charles de Gontaut due de), 
greatly beloved by Henri IV. of France. 
He won immortal laurels at the battles 
of Arques and Ivry, and at the sieges of 
Paris and Rouen. The king loaded him 
with honours : he was admiral of France, 
marshal, governor of Bourgoyne, duke 
and peer of France. This too-much 
honour made him forget himself, and he 
entered into a league with Spain and 
Savoy against his country. The plot 
was discovered by Lafin; and although 
Henri wished to pardon him, he was 
executed (1602, aged 40). George Chap- 
man has made him the subject of two 
tragedies, entitled Biron s Conspiracy and 
Biron' s Tragedy (1557-1634). 

Biron, eldest son of count Baldwin, 
who disinherited him for marrying Isa- 
bella, a nun. (For the rest of the tale, 
see Isabella.)— Southern: Isabella, or 
the Fatal Marriage. 

During the absence of the elder Macready, his son 
took the part of " Biron " in Isabella. The father was 
shocked, because he desired his son for the Church ; 
but Mrs. Siddons remarked to him, "In the Church 
your son will live and die a curate on^so a year, but if 
successful, the stage will bring him in a thousand."— 
Donaldson : Recollections. 

Biron {Harriet), the object of sir 
Charles Grandison's affections. 



One would prefer Dulcinea del Tobosc to Miss Biron 
as soon as Grandison becomes acquainted with the 
amiable, delicate, virtuous, unfortunate Clementina.— 
Epilogue of the Editor on the Story 0/ Habib and 
Dorathilgoase. 

Birth. It was lord Thurlow who 
called high birth "the accident of an 
accident." 

Birtha, the motherless daughter and 
only child of As'tragon the Lombard 
philosopher. In spring she gathered 
blossoms for her father's still, in autumn 
berries, and in summer flowers. She fell 
in love with duke Gondibert, whose 
wounds she assisted her father to heal. 
Birtha, *' in love unpractised and unread," 
is the beau-ideal of innocence and purity 
of mind. Gondibert had just plighted 
his love to her when he was summoned to 
court, for king Aribert had proclaimed 
him his successor and future son-in-law. 
Gondibert assured Birtha he would remain 
true to her, and gave her an emerald ring 
which he told her would lose its lustre if 
he proved untrue. Here the tale breaks 
off, and as it was never finished the sequel 
is not known. — Sir W. Davenant: Gon- 
dibert (an heroic poem, 1651). 

Bise, a wind prevalent in those valleys 
of Savoy which open to the sea. It especi- 
ally affects the nervous system. 

Biser'ta, formerly called U'tica, in 
Africa. The Saracens passed from Biserta 
to Spain, and Charlemagne in 800 under- 
took a war against the Spanish Saracens. 
The Spanish historians assert that he was 
routed at Fontarabia (a strong town in 
Biscay) ; but the French maintain that 
he was victorious, although they allow that 
the rear of his army was cut to pieces. 

Or whom Biserta sent from Afric shore. 
When Charlemain with all his peerage fell 
By Fontarabia. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, i. 585 (1665). 

Bishop. Burnt milk is called by 
Tusser "milk that the bishop doth ban." 
Tyndale says when milk or porridge is 
burnt "we saye the bishope hath put his 
fote in the potte," and explains it thus, 
"the bishopes burn whom they lust." 

Bishops. The seven who refused 
to read the declaration of indulgence 
published by James II. and were by 
him imprisoned for recusancy, were arch- 
bishop Sancroft {Canterbury), bishops 
Llovd {St. Asaph), Turner {Ely), Kew 
{Bath and Wells), White {Peterborough), 
Lake {Chichester), Trelawney {Bristol). 
Being tried, they were all acquitted (June, 
1688). 



BISHOP MIDDLEHAM. 



i«3 



BLACK DWARF. 



Bishop Middleham, who was al- 
ways declaiming against ardent drinks, 
and advocating water as a beverage, 
killed himself by secret intoxication. 

Bisto'nians, the Thracians ; so called 
from Biston (son of Mars), who built 
Bisto'nia on lake Bis'tonis. 

So the Bistonian race, a maddening- train. 
Exult and revel on the Thracian plain. 

Pitt's Statins. 1L 

Bit'elas (3 syl.), sister of Fairlimb, 
and daughter of Rukenaw the ape, in 
the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
(1498). 

Bi'ting Remark {A). Near'chos 
ordered Ze'no the philosopher to be 
pounded to death in a mortar. When he 
had been pounded some time, he told 
Nearchos he had an important com- 
munication to make to him, but as the 
tyrant bent over the mortar to hear what 
he had to say, Zeno bit off his ear. 
Hence the proverb, A remark more biting 
than Zeno's. 

Bit'tlebrains (Lord), friend of sir 
William Ashton, lord-keeper of Scotland. 

Lady Bittlebrains, wife of the above 
lord. — Sir W. Scott: Bride of Lammer- 
moor (time, William III.). 

Bit'zer, light porter in Bounderby's 
bank at Coketown. He was educated at 
M'Choakumchild's " practical school," 
and became a general spy and informer. 
Bitzer finds out the robbery of the bank, 
and discovers the perpetrator to be Tom 
Gradgrind (son of Thomas Gradgrind, 
Esq., M. P.), informs against him, and 
gets promoted to his place. — Dickens: 
Hard Times (1854). 

Bizarre [Be-zar r ], the friend of Orian'a, 
for ever coquetting and sparring with 
Duretete [Dure-tait], and placing him in 
awkward predicaments. — Farquhar : The 
Inconstant (1702). 

Miss Farren's last performances were " Bizarre," 
March 26, X797, and "lady Teazle' on the 28th. — 
Memoirs 0/ Elizabeth Countess of Derby (1829). 

Black Ag'nes, the countess of 
March, noted for her defence of Dunbar 
during the war which Edward III. main- 
tained in Scotland (1333-1338). 

She kept a stir in tower and ti ;nch, 

That brawling, boist'rous Scottish wench. 

Came I early, came I late, 

I found Black Agnes at the gate. 

Sir Walter Scott says, "The countess was called 

•Black Agnes' from her complexion. She was the 

daughter of Thomas Randolph, earl of Murray."— 

Tales of a Grandfather, i. 14. (See BLACK PRINCE.) 

Black Agnes, the palfrey. (See 
Agnes, p. 15.) 



Black Bartholomew, the day 

when 2000 presbyterian pastors were 
ejected. They had no alternative but to 
subscribe to the articles of uniformity or 
renounce their livings. Amongst their 
number were Calamy, Baxter, and Rey- 
nolds, who were offered bishoprics, but 
refused the offer. 

Black Bess, the famous mare of 
Dick Turpin, which, according to tradi- 
tion, carried him from London to York. 

Black Charlie, sir Charles Napier 
(1786-1860). 

Black Clergy ( The) , monks, in con- 
tradistinction to The White Clergy, or 
parish priests, in Russia. 

Black Colin Campbell, general 
Campbell, in the army of George III., 
introduced by sir W. Scott in Redgauntlet. 

Black Death, fully described by 
Hecker, a German physician. It was a 
putrid typhus, and was called Black 
Death because the bodies turned black 
with rapid putrefaction. (See Cornhill, 
May, 1865.) 

In 1348-9 at least half of the entire 
population of England died. Thus 57,000 
out of 60,000 died in Norwich ; 7000 
out of 10,000 died in Yarmouth ; 17 out 
of 21 of the clergy of York; 2,500,000 
out of 5,000,000 of the entire population. 

Between 1347 and 1350 one-fourth of 
all the population of the world was 
carried off by this pestilence. Not less 
than 25,000,000 perished in Europe 
alone, while in Asia and Africa the 
mortality was even greater. It came from 
China, where fifteen years previously it 
carried off 5,000,000. In Venice the 
aristocratic, died 100,000; in Florence 
the refined, 60,000 ; in Paris the gay, 
50,000 ; in London the wealthy, 100,000 ; 
in Avignon, a number wholly beyond 
calculation. 

N.B. — This form of pestilence has never 
occurred a second time. 

Black Douglas, William Douglas, 
lord of Nithsdale, who died 1390. 

He was tall, strong, and well made, of a swarthy 
complexion, with dark hair, from which he was called 
"The Black Douglas."— Sir IV. Scott: Tales of a 
Grandfather, xi. 

Black Dwarf {The), a romance by 
sir Walter Scott (1816). The "Black 
Dwarf" is called " El.^hander the Re- 
cluse," or " Cannie Elshie, the Wise 
Wight of Mucklestane Moor," but is 
in reality sir Edward Manley. The tale 
runs thus: Isabella Vere, daughter oi 



BLACK-EYED SUSAN 



124 



BLACK THURSDAY. 



Richard Vere (laird of Ellieslaw, and 
head of a Jacobite conspiracy) tried to 
compel his daughter to marry sir Frederick 
Langley, one of his chief followers. She 
resisted and was carried off to Westburn- 
flat, but was rescued by Patrick Earnscliff 
(laird of Earnscliff). Being persuaded 
to consult the Black Dwarf, she goes to 
his hut, and he promises to prevent the 
obnoxious marriage. When the wedding 
preparations of sir F. Langley were all 
completed, the Black Dwarf suddenly 
appeared on the scene, declared himself 
to be sir Edward Manley, and forbade 
the marriage. Miss Vere ultimately 
married Patrick Earnscliff, and all went 
merry as a marriage-bell. 

It is said that the " Black Dwarf" is meant for David 
Ritchie, whose cottage was and still is on Manor Water, 
in the county of Peebles. 

Black-eyed Susan, a ballad by 
John Gay. Also a drama by Douglas 
Jerrold (1822). 

The ballad begins — « 

All in the Downs the fleet was moored, 
The streamers waving in the wind, 
When Black-eyed Susan came on board. 

Black Flag {A) was displayed by 
Tamerlane when a besieged city refused 
to surrender, meaning that " mercy is 
now past, and the cito is devoted to utter 
destruction." 

Black George, the gamekeeper in 
Fielding's novel called The History of 
Tom Jones, a Foundling (1750). 

Black George, George Petrowitsch 
of Servia, a brigand ; called by the Turks 
Kara George, from the terror he in- 
spired. 

Black Horse ( The), the 7th Dragoon 
Guards {not the 7th Dragoons). So 
called because their facings (or collar and 
cuffs) are black velvet. Their plumes are 
black and white ; and at one time their 
horses were black, or at any rate dark 
bay. 

Black Jack, a large flagon. 

But oh, oh, oh 1 his nose doth show 
How oft Black Jack to his lips doth go. 

Simon the Cellarer. 

Black Knight of the Black 

Lands {The), sir Peread. Called by 
Tennyson " Night " or " Nox." He was 
one of the four brothers who kept the 
passages of Castle Dangerous, and was 
overthrown by sir Gareth. — Sir T. Ma- 
lory : History of Prince Arthur, i. 126 
(1470); Tennyson: Idylls ("Gareth and 
Lynette"). 

Black lord Clifford, John ninth 



lord Clifford, son of Thomas lord Clifford 
Also called " The Butcher " (died 1461). 

Black Prince, Edward prince, of 
Wales, son of Edward III. Froissart 
says he was styled black ' ' by terror of his 
arms" (c. 169). Similarly, lord Clifford 
was called " The Black Lord Clifford " for 
his cruelties (died 1461). George Petro- 
witsch was called by the Turks ' ' Black 
George " from the terror of his name. 
The countess of March was called ' ' Black 
Agnes " from the terror of her deeds, and 
not (as sir W. Scott says) from her dark 
complexion. Similarly, ' ' The Black Sea " 
{q.v.), or Axinus, as the Greeks once called 
it, received its name from the inhospitable 
character of the Scythians. The " Black 
Wind," or Sherki, is an easterly wind, so 
called by the Kurds, from its being such a 
terrible scourge. 

N.B.— Fulc was called Black, or Nerra, for his ill 
deeds. He burnt his wife at the stake; waged the 
bitterest war against his son ; despatched twelve as- 
sassins to murder the minister of the French king.; and 
revolted even the rude barbarians of the times in which 
he lived by his treason, rapine, and bloodshed. 

Shirley falls into the general error — 

Our great third Edward . . . and his brave son . . 
In his black armour. 

Edward the Black Prince, iv. i (1640). 

He wore gilt or " gold " armour.) 

Black River or Atba'ra, of Africa, 
so called from the quantity of black earth 
brought down by it during the rains. 
This earth is deposited on the surface of 
the country in the overflow of the Nile, 
and hence the Atbara is regarded as the 
11 dark mother of Egypt." 

Black Sea ( The), once called by the 
Greeks Axinus ("inhospitable"), either 
because the Scythians on its coast were 
inhospitable, or because its waters were 
dangerous to navigation. It was after- 
wards called Euxinus ("hospitable") 
when the Greeks themselves became 
masters of it. The Turks called it The 
Black Sea, either a return to its former 
name, or from its black rock. 

Black Thursday, the name given 
in the colony of Victoria, Australia, 
to Thursday, February 6, 1851, when 
the most terrible bush fire known in the 
annals of the colony occurred. It raged 
over an immense area. One writer in the 
newspapers of the time said that he rode at 
headlong speed for fifty miles, with fire 
raging on either side of his route. The 
heat was felt far out at sea, and many 
birds fell dead on the decks of coasting 
vessels. The destruction of animal life 
and farming stock in this conflagration 
was enormous. 



BLACKS. 



"5 



Blacks ( The), an Italian faction of the 
fourteenth century. The Guelphs of 
Florence were divided into the Blacks 
who wished to open their gates to Charles 
de Valois, and the Whites who opposed 
him. Dantd the poet was a " White," 
and as the "Blacks" were the pre- 
dominant party, he was exiled in 1302, 
and during his exile wrote his immortal 
poem, the Divina Commedia. 

Black'acre [Widow), a masculine, 
litigious, pettifogging, headstrong wo- 
man.— Wye her ly : The Plain Dealer 
(1677). 

Blackchester {The countess of), 
sister of lord Dalgarno. — Sir W. Scott: 
Fortunes of Nigel '(time, James I.). 

Blackfriar's Bridge (London) was 
once called "Pitt's Bridge." This was 
the bridge built by R. Mylne in 1780, but 
the name never found favour with the 
general public. 

Blackguards (Victor Hugo says), 
soldiers condemned for some offence in 
discipline to wear their red coats (which 
were lined with black) inside out. The 
French equivalent, he says, is Blaquers. 
— L Homme qui Rit, II. iii. 1. 

It is quite impossible to believe this to 
be the true derivation of the word. 
Other suggestions will be found in the 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 141. 

Blackless (Tomalin), a soldier in 
the guard of Richard Coeur de Lion. 
— Sir W. Scott: The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.}. 

Blackmantle (Bernard), Charles 
MollovWestmacott, author of The English 
Spy (1826). 

Black'pool (Stephen), a power-loom 
weaver in Bounderby's mill at Coketown. 
He had a knitted brow and pondering 
expression of face, was a man of the 
strictest integrity, refused to join the 
strike, and was turned out of the mill. 
When Tom Gradgrind robbed the bank 
°f £ I 5°> ne threw suspicion on Stephen 
Blackpool, and while Stephen was hasten- 
ing to Cokeburn to vindicate himself, he 
fell into a shaft known as "the Hell 
Shaft," and, although rescued, died on a 
litter. Stephen Blackpool loved Rachel, 
one of the hands, but had already a 
drunken, worthless wife. — Dickens: Hard 
Times (1854). 

Blacksmith (The Flemish), Quintin 
Matsys, the Dutch painter (1460 1529). 



BLAIZE. 

Blacksmith (The Learned), Elihu 
Burritt, United States (1811-1879). 
Blacksmith's Daughter ( The), 

lock and key. 

Place it under the care of the blacksmith's daughter. 
—Dickens : Tale of Two Cities (1859). 

Blackwood's Magazine. The 

vignette on the wrapper of this magazine 
is meant for George Buchanan, the Scotch 
historian and poet (1506-1582). He is 
the representative of Scottish literature 
generally. 

The magazine originated in 1817 with 
William Blackwood of Edinburgh, pub- 
lisher. 

Bladamonr, the friend of Paridel 
the libertine. — Spenser : Faerie Queene. 

Blad'derskate (Lord) and lord 
Kaimes, the two judges in Peter Peeble's 
lawsuit. — Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Bla'dud, father of king Lear. Geof- 
frey of Monmouth says that Bladud, 
attempting to fly, fell on the temple of 
Apollo, and was dashed in pieces. Hence 
when Lear swears "By Apollo" he is 
reminded that Apollo was no friend of 
the kings (act i. sc. 1). Bladud, says the 
story, built Bath (once called Badon), 
and dedicated to Minerva the medicinal 
spring which is called " Bladud's Well." 

Blair (Adam), the hero of a novel by 
J. G. Lockhart, entitled Adam Blair, a 
Story of Scottish Life (1822). It is the 
story of a Scotch minister who " fell from 
grace," but after a season of penitence 
was restored to his pastorate. 

Blair (Father Clement), a. Carthusian 
monk, confessor of Catherine Glover 
" the fair maid of Perth."— Sir W. Scott: 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV. ). 

Blair (Rev. David), sir Richard 
Philips, author of The Universal Pre- 
ceptor (1816), Mother s Question Book, etc. 
Philips issued books under a legion of 
false names. 

Blaise, a hermit, who baptized Merlin 
the enchanter. 

Blaise (St.), patron saint of wool- 
combers, because he was torn to pieces 
with iron wool-combs. 

Blaize (Mrs, Mary), an hypothetical 
comic elegy full of puns, by Oliver Gold- 
smith (1765). The character of thisy>« 
d esprit maybe gleaned from the two lines 
following — 

The king himself has followed her— 
When she has gone before. 



BLANCHE. 



126 



BLEAK HOUSE. 



BLANCHE (1 syl.), niece of king 
John, in Shakespeare's historic tragedy 
of King John (1623). 

Blanche, one of the domestics of lady 
Eveline " the betrothed." — Sir W. Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Blanche {La reine), the queen of 
France during the first six weeks of her 
widowhood. During this period of 
mourning she spent her time in a closed 
room, lit only by a wax taper, and was 
dressed wholly in white. Mary, the 
widow of Louis XII. , was called La reine 
Blanche during her days of mourning, 
and is sometimes (but erroneously) so 
called afterwards. 

Blanche [Lady] makes a vow with 
lady Anne to die an old maid, and of 
course falls over head and ears in love 
with Thomas Blount, a jeweller's son, 
who enters the army and becomes a 
colonel. She is very_ handsome, ardent, 
brilliant; ano fearless. — Knowles : Old 
Maids (1841). 

Blanche'fleur (2 syl.), the heroine 
of Boccaccio's prose romance called // 
Filocopo. Her lover " Flores " is Boccaccio 
himself, and " Blanch efleur " was the 
daughter of king Robert. The story of 
Blanchefleur and Floras is substantially 
the same as that of Dor'igen andAurelius, 
by Chaucer, and that of " Diano'ra and 
Ansaldo," in the Decameron. 

Eland/amour {Sir), a man of '* mickle 
might," who "bore great sway in arms 
and chivalry," but was both vainglorious 
and insolent. He attacked Brit'omart, 
but was discomfited by her enchanted 
spear ; he next attacked sir Ferraugh, 
and having overcome him, took from him 
the lady who accompanied him, " the 
False Florimel. " — Spenser: Faerie Queene, 
iv. 1 (1596). 

Blande'ville {Lady Emily), a neigh- 
bour of the Waverley family, afterwards 
married to colonel Talbot. — Sir W. Scott: 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Bland/ford, the father of Belin'da, 
who he promised sir William Bellmont 
should marry his son George. But Belinda 
was in love with Beverley, and George 
Bellmont with Clarissa (Beverley's sister). 
Ultimately matters arranged themselves, 
so that the lovers married according to 
their inclinations. — Murphy: All in the 
Wrong (1761). 

Blan'diman, the faithful man-servant 



of the fair Bellisant, and her attendant 
after her divorce. — Valentine and Orson. 

Blandi'na, wife of the churlish knight 
Turpi n, who refused hospitality to sir 
Calepine and his lady Sere'na (canto 3). 
She had "the art of a suasive tongue," 
and most engaging manners; but "her 
words were only words, and all her tears 
were water" (canto 7). — Spenser : Faerie 
Queene, iv. (1596). 

Blandish, a "practised parasite." 
His sister says to him, "May you find 
but half your own vanity in those you 
have to work on ! " (act i. 1). 

Miss Letitia Blandish, sister of the 
above, a fawning timeserver, who sponges 
on the wealthy. She especially toadies 
Miss Alscrip "the heiress," flattering 
her vanity, fostering her conceit, and 
encouraging her vulgar affectations. — 
Burgoyne: The Heiress (1781). 

Blane {Niell), town piper and pub- 
lican. 

Jenny Blane, his daughter. — Sir W. 
Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Bla'ney, a wealthy heir, ruined by 
dissipation. — Crabbe : Borough (1810). 

Blarney {Lady), one of the flash 
women introduced by squire Thornhill to 
the Primrose family. — Goldsmith: Vicar 
of Wakefield (1765). 

Blas'phemous Balfour. Sir James 
Balfour, the Scottish judge, was so called 
from his apostasy (died 1583). 

Bla'tant Beast {The), the personi- 
fication of slander or public opinion. The 
beast had 100 tongues and a sting. Sir 
Artegal muzzled the monster, and dragged 
it to Faery-land, but it broke loose and 
regained its liberty. Subsequently sir 
Cal'idore (3 syl.) went in quest of it. — 
Spenser : Faerie Queene, v. and vi. (1596). 

• . * " Mrs. Grundy " is the modern 
name of Spenser's " Blatant Beast." 

Blath'ers and Duff, detectives who 
investigate the burglary in which Bill 
Sikes had a hand. Blathers relates the 
tale of Conkey Chickweed, who robbed 
himself of 327 guineas. — Dickens: Oliver 
Twist (1837). 

Blat'tergrowl {The Rev. Mr.), 
minister of Trotcosey, near Monkbarns. 
— Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Bleak House, a novel by C. Dickens 
(1852). The main story is the intermin- 
able law-suit of Jarndycezz. Jarndyce(f . v. ). 



BLEEDING-HEART YARD. 127 BLIND BARD ON THE CH .AN. 



Bleeding-heart Yard (London). 
So called because it was the place where 
the devil cast the bleeding heart of lady 
Hatton (wife of the dancing chancellor), 
after he had torn it out of her body with 
his claws. — Dr. Mackay : Extraordinary 
Popular Delusions. 

Blefus'cu, an island inhabited by- 
pigmies. It was situated north-east of 
Lilliput, from which it was parted by a 
channel 800 yards wide. — Dean Swift: 
Gulliver s Travels (1726). 

"Bletuscu ' is France, and the Inhabitants of th« 
Lilliputian court, which forced Gulliver to take shelter 
there rather than have his eyes put out, is an indirect 
reproach upon that \_sic\ of England, and a vindication 
of the flight of Onnond and Bolingbroke to Paris.— 
Sir IV. Scott. 

Bleise (1 syl.) of Northumberland, 
the historian of king Arthur's court. 

Merlin told Bleise how king Arthur had sped at the 
great battle, and how the battle ended ; and told him 
the names of every king and knight of worship that 
was there. And Bleise wrote the battle word for word 
as Merlin told him, how it began and by whom, and 
how it ended, and who had the worst. All the battles 
that were done in king Arthur's days, Merlin caused 
Bleise to write them. Also he caused him to write all 
the battles that every worthy knight did of king 
Arthur's court.— Sir T. Malory : History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 15 (1470). 

Blem'myes (3 syl.), a people of 
Africa, fabled to have no head, but having 
eyes and mouth in the breast. (See 
Gaora. ) 

Blemmyis traduntur capita abes9e, ore et oculis 
pectori afhxis. — Pliny. 

% Ctesias speaks of a people of India 
near the Ganges, sine cervlce, oculos in 
humeris habentes. Mela also refers to a 
people quibus capita et vultus in pectore 
sunt. 

Blenheim [The battle of), a poem 
by John Dennis, to whom the duke of 
Marlborough gave ^100 (1705). 

Another by Southey (1798), supposed 
to be told by Kasper — 

It was a summer's evening, 
Old Rasper's work was done; 

And he before his cottage door 
Was sitting in the sun. . . . 

The ballad goes on to tell all the horrors 
of the war, and the burden is nevertheless 
"It was a famous victory." 

Blenheim Spaniels. The Oxford 
electors are so called, because for many 
ye;irs they obediently supported any can- 
didate which the duke of Marlborough 
commanded them to return. Lockhart 
broke through this custom by telling the 
people the fable of the Dog and the Wolf. 
The dog, it will be remembered, had on 
his neck the marks of his collar, and the 
wolf said he preferred liberty. 



(The race of the little dog called the 
Blenheim spaniel has been preserved ever 
since Blenheim House was built for the 
duke of Marlborough in 1704. ) 

Blet'son [Master Joshua), one of the 
three parliamentary commissioners sent 
by Cromwell with a warrant to leave the 
royal lodge to the Lee family. — Sir W. 
Scott : Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Bleys, called Merlin's master, but he 

. . . taught him naught . . . the scholar ran 
Before his master ; and so far that Bleys 
• Laid magic by ; and sat him down and wrote 
All things and whatsoever Merlin did 
In one great annal book. 

Tennyson : Idylls of the ATinpl" The 
Coming of Arthur ). 

Bli'fil, a noted character in Fielding's 
novel called The History of Tom Jones, 
a Foundling (1750). 

■,• Blifil is the original of Sheridan's 
" Joseph Surface," in the School for 
Scandal ( 1777). 

Bligh ( William), captain of the 
Bounty, so well known for the mutiny, 
headed by Fletcher Christian, the mate 
(1790). 

Blimber [Dr.), head of a school for 
the sons of gentlemen, at Brighton. It 
was a select school for ten pupils only ; 
but there was learning enough for ten 
times ten. "Mental green peas were 
produced at Christmas, and intellectual 
asparagus all the year round." The 
doctor was really a ripe scholar, and truly 
kind-hearted ; but his great fault was 
over-tasking his boys, and not seeing 
when the bow was too much stretched. 
Paul Dombey, a delicate lad, succumbed 
to this strong mental pressure. 

Mrs. Blimber, wife of the doctor, not 
learned, but wishing to be thought so. 
Her pride was to see the boys in the 
largest possible collars and stiffest pos- 
sible cravats, which she deemed highly 
classical. 

Cornelia Blimber, the doctor's daughter, 
a slim young lady, who kept her hair 
short and wore spectacles. Miss Blimber 
"had no nonsense about her," but had 
grown " dry and sandy with working in 
the graves of dead languages." She 
married Mr. Feeder, B.A., Dr. Blimber's 
usher. — Dickens : Dombey and Son (1846). 

Blind Author [A). Robert Wau- 
chope, appointed archbishop of Armagh 
by Paul III., in 1543, was blind from his 
birth, and died 1551. 

Blind Bard on the Chian Strand 

[The). So Coleridge calls Homer. Byron 



BLIND BEGGAR. 



123 



BLOOD-BATH. 



calls him ''* The blind old man of Scio's 
rocky isle," in his Bride of Abydos. Also 
called "The man of Chios," Melesigen£s, 
MaeontdSs, etc. (See these words.) 

Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green, 

Henry, son and heir of sir Simon de 
Montfort. At the battle of Evesham the 
barons were routed, Montfort slain, and 
his son Henry left on the field for dead. 
A baron's daughter discovered the young 
man, nursed him with care, and married 
him. The fruit of the marriage was 
"pretty Bessee, the beggar's daughter." 
Henry de Montfort assumed the garb 
and semblance of a blind beggar, to 
escape the vigilance of king Henry's spies. 
N.B. — Day produced, in 1659, a drama 
called The Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green ; 
and S. Knowles, in 1834, produced his 
amended drama on the same subject. 
There is [or was], in the Whitechapel 
Road, a public-house sign called the 
Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green. — History 
of Sign-boards. (See Blinde.) 

Blind Chapel Court (Mark Lane, 
London) is a corruption of Blanch Apple- 
\tori\. In the reign of Richard II. it was 
part of the manor of a knight named 
Appleton. 

Blind Emperor (The), Ludovig 
III. of Germany (83o, 890-934). 

Blind Harper {The), John Parry, 
who died 1739. 

% J. Stanley, musician and composer, 
was blind from his birth (1713-1786). 

Blind Harry, a Scotch minstrel 
of the fifteenth century, blind from in- 
fancy. His epic of Sir William Wallace 
runs to 11,86 r lines. He was minstrel in 
the court of James IV. 

Blind Mechanician (The). John 
Strong, a great mechanical genius, was 
blind from his birth. He died at Carlisle, 
aged 66 (1732-1798). 

Blind Men's Dinner. (See Diction- 
ary of Phrase and Fable, p. 116. ) The joke 
forms the subject of one of Sacchetti's 
tales. It is also told by Sozzini ; but is 
of Indian origin. 

Blind Naturalist (The), F. Huber 
(1750-1830). 

Blind Poet (The), Luigi Groto, an 
Italian poet, called // Cieco (1541-1585). 
John Milton (1608-1674). 

Homer is called The Blind Old Bard 
(fl. B.C. 960). 

Blind Traveller (The), lieutenant 



James Holman. He became blind at the 
age of 25 ; nevertheless he travelled round 
the world, and published an account of 
his travels (1787-1857). 

Blinde Beggar of Alexandria 

(The), a drama by George Chapman 
(1598). 

Blin'kinsop, a smuggler in Red 
gauntlet, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, 
George III.). 

Blister, the apothecary, who says, 
" Without physicians, no one could know 
whether he was well or ill." He courts 
Lucy by talking shop to her. — Fielding: 
The Virgin Unmasked (a farce, 1740). 

Blithe-Heart King (The). David 
is so called by Caidmon. 

Those lovely lyrics written by his hand 
Whom Saxon Caedmon calls "The Blithe-heart King." 
Longfellow : The Poets Tale (ret. is to Ps. cxlviii. 9). 

Block (Martin). One of the com- 
mittee of the Estates of Burgundy, who 
refused supplies to Charles the Bold, duke 
of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geier stein (time, Edward IV. ). 

Blok (Nikkei), the butcher, one of the 
insurgents at Liege. — Sir W. Scott: 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Blondel de Nesle [Neel], the 
favourite minstrel of Richard Cceur de 
Lion. He chanted the Bloody Vest in 
presence of queen Berengaria, the lovely 
Edith Plantagenet.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Blon'dina, the mother of Fairstar 
and two boys at one birth. She was the 
wife of a king ; but the queen-mother 
hated her, and, taking away the three 
babes, substituted three puppies. Ulti- 
mately her children were restored to her, ' 
and the queen-mother was duly pun- 
ished, with her accomplices. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales (" Princess Fair- 
star," 1682). 

Blood (Colonel Thomas), emissary of 
the duke of Buckingham (1628-1680), 
introduced by sir W. Scott in Pcveril of 
the Peak, a novel (time, Charles II.). 

Blood (The Court of) "The twelve 
judges of the Tumult," established in the 
Netherlands bv the duke of Alva, in 1557. 
—Motley : The Dutch Republic. 

Blood (General), Zisca, the Hannibal 
of Bohemia, who was totally blind. 

Blood-Bath (1520), a massacre of 
the Swedish nobles and leaders, which 
occurred three days after the coronation 



BLOODS. 



129 



BLOUNT. 



of Christian II. king of Denmark, 
Sweden, and Norway. The victims were 
invited to attend the coronation, and 
were put to the sword, under the plea of 
being enemies of the true Church. In 
this massacre fell both the father and 
brother-in-law of Gustavus Vasa. The 
former was named Eric Johansson, and 
the latter Brahe (2 syl. ). 

IF This massacre reminds us of the 
" Bloody Wedding " {q.v.) cr slaughter of 
huguenots during the marriage cere- 
monies of Henri of Navarre and Mar- 
guerite of France, in 1572. 

Bloods (The Five) : (1) The O'Neils 
of Ulster ; (2) the O'Connors of Con- 
naught ; (3) the O'Briens of Thomond ; 
(4) the O'Lachlans of Meath ; and (5) 
the M'Murroughs of Leinster. These are 
the five principal septs or families of 
Ireland, and all not belonging to one of 
these five septs were (even down to the 
reign of Elizabeth) accounted aliens or 
enemies, and could " neither sue nor be 
sued." 

IT William Fitz-Roger, being arraigned 
(4th Edward II.) for the murder of 
Roger de Cantilon, pleads that he was 
not guilty of felony, because his victim 
was not of "free blood," i.e. one of the 
"five bloods of Ireland; " and the plea 
was admitted by the jury to be good. 

Robertus de Waley, tried at Waterford for slaying 
John M'Gillimorry, in the time of Edward II., confessed 
the fact, but pleaded that he could not thereby have 
committed felony, " because the deceased was a mere 
Irishman, and not one of the five bloods."— Sir John 
Davits. 

Bloody (The), Otho IL emperor of 
Germany (955, 973-983). 

Bloody-Bones, a bogie. 

As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford [i.e. sir Thomas 
Lunsford, governor of the Tower, the dread of every 
one].— 6". Butler: Hudibras. 

Bloody Brother {The), a tragedy 
by Beaumont (printed 1639). The 
" bloody brother " is Rollo duke of N r- 
mandy, who killed his brother Otto and 
several other persons. Rollo was himself 
killed ultimately by Hamond captain of 
the guard. (See Appendix, Fletcher.) 

Bloody Butcher ( The). The duke 
of Cumberland, second son of George II., 
was so called from his barbarities in the 
suppression of the rebellion in favour of 
Charles Edward, the young preten ler. 
"Black Clifford" was also called "The 
Butcher" for his cruelties (died 1461). 

Bloody Hand, Cathal, an ancestor 
Of the O'Connors of Ireland. 



Bloody Mary, queen Mary of Eng- 
land, daughter of Henry VIII. and elder 
half-sister of queen Elizabeth. So called 
on account of the sanguinary persecutions 
carried on by her against the protestants. 
It is said that 200 persons were burnt to 
death in her short reign (1553-1558). 

Bloody Wedding (The), that ot 

Henri of Navarre with Marguerite, sister 
of Charles IX. of France. Catharine de 
Medici invited all the chief protectant 
nobles to this wedding, but on the eve of 
the festival of St. Bartholomew (August 
24, 1572), a general onslaught was made 
on all the protestants of Paris, and next 
day the same massacre was extended to 
the provinces. The number which fell 
in this wholesale slaughter has been esti- 
mated at between 30,000 and 70,000 per- 
sons of both sexes. 

Bloomfield (Louisa), a young lady 
engaged to lord Totterly the beau of 60, 
but in love with Charles Danvers the 
embryo barrister. — C. Selby : The Un- 
finished Gentleman (1841). 

Blougram's Apology (Bishop), a 
poem by Robert Browning on the 
question whether a clergyman "who 
doubts the articles of the Christian faith 
is justified in retaining his living." The 
answer given is that "disbelief is only 
doubt, and in all charges the criminal is 
allowed the benefit of a doubt" 

No Christian doctrine is capable of mathematical, 
scientific, or experimental proof. 

Blount (Nicholas), afterwards knight- 
ed ; master of the horse to the earl of 
Sussex. — Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Blount (Sir Frederick), a distant rela- 
tive of sir John Vesey. He had a great 
objection to the letter r, which he con- 
sidered "wough and wasping." He 
dressed to perfection, and, thorgh not 
" wich," prided himself on having the 
" best opewa-box, the best dogs, the best 
horses, and the best house " of any one. 
He liked Georgina Vesey, and as she had 
^10,000, he thought he should do himself 
no harm by " mawywing the girl." — Lord 
Lytton; Money (1840). 

Blonnt (Master), a wealthy jeweller 
of Ludgate Hill, London. An old- 
fashioned tradesman, not ashamed of his 
calling. He had two sons, John and 
Thomas ; the former was his favourite. 

Mistress Blount, his wife. A shrewd. 



BLOUZELINDA. 130 

discerning woman, who loved her son 
Thomas, and saw in him the elements of 
a rising man. 

John Blount, eldest son of the Ludgate 
jeweller. Being left successor to his 
father, he sold the goods and set up for a 
man of fashion and fortune. His vanity 
and snobbism were most gross. He had 
good-nature, but more cunning than dis- 
cretion ; he thought himself far-seeing, 
but was most easily duped. ' ' The phaeton 
was built after my design, my lord," he 
says, ' ' mayhap your lordship has seen it." 
" My taste is driving, my lord, mayhap 
your lordship has seen me handle the 
ribbons. " ' ' My horses are all bloods, my 
lord, mayhap your lordship has noticed 
my team." " I pride myself on my seat 
in the saddle, mayhap your lordship has 
seen me ride." "If 1 am superlative in 
anything, 'tis in my wines." "So please 
your ladyship, 'tis dress I most excel in. 
. . . 'tis walking I pride myself in." 
No matter what is mentioned, 'tis the one 
thing he did or had better than any one 
else. This conceited fool was duped into 
believing a parcel of men-servants to be 
lords and dukes, and made love to a 
lady's maid, supposing her to be a 
countess. (See Boroughcliff, p. 138.) 

Thomas Blount, John's brother, and one 
of nature's gentlemen. He entered the 
army, became a colonel, and married 
lady Blanche. He is described as having 
"a lofty forehead for princely thought to 
dwell in, eyes for love or war, a nose of 
Grecian mould with touch of Rome, a 
mouth like Cupid's bow, ambitious chin 
dimpled and knobbed." — Knowles ; Old 
Maids (1841). 

Blouzelin'da or Blowzelinda, a 
shepherdess in love with Lobbin Clout, 
in The Shepherds Week. 

My Blouzelinda is the blithest lass. 
Than primrose sweeter, or the clover-grass . • . 
My Blouzelind's than gilliflower more fair, 
Than daisie, marygold, or kingcup rare. 

Gay : Pastoral, i. (17x4). 
Sweet is my toil when Blowzelind is near, 
Of her bereft 'tis winter all the year . . . 
Come, Blowzelinda, ease thy swain's desire, 
My summer's shadow, and my winter's fire. 

Ditto. 

Blower (Mrs. Margaret), the ship- 
owner's widow at the Spa. She married 
Dr. Quackleben, " the man of medicine " 
(one of the managing committee at the 
Spa). — Sir W. Scott: St. Ronans Well 
(time, George III.). 

Blucher was nicknamed " Marshal 
Forwards " for his dash and readiness in 
the campaign of 1813. 



BLUE BEARD. 

BLUB (Dark), the Oxford boat crew 
(see Boat Colours) ; Eton, in cricket. 

Blue (Light), the Cambridge boat 
crew (see Boat Colours); Harrow, 
in cricket. 

Blue ( True). When it is said that any- 
thing or person is True blue or True as 
Coventry blue, the reference is to a blue 
cloth and blue thread made in Coventry, 
noted for its fast colour. Lincoln was no 
less famous tor its green cloth and dye. 

True blue has also reference to un- 
tainted aristocratic descent. This is de- 
rived from the Spanish notion that the 
really high-bred have bluer blood than 
those of meaner race. Hence the French 
phrases, Sang bleu ("aristocratic blood"), 
Sang noir ( " plebeian blood "), etc. 

As a very general rule, " blue " is, in parliamentary 
elections, the badge colour of the tory party. 

Blue Beard (La Barbe Bleue), from 
the contes of Charles Perrault (1697). 
The chevalier Raoul is a merciless tyrant, 
with a blue beard. His young wife is 
entrusted with all the keys of the castle, 
with strict injunctions on pain of death 
not to open one special room. During 
the absence of her lord the "forbidden 
fruit " is too tempting to be resisted, the 
door is opened, and the young wife finds 
the floor covered with the dead bodies of 
her husband's former wives. She drops 
the key in her terror, and can by no 
means obliterate from it the stain of 
blood. Blue Beard, on his return, com- 
mands her to prepare for death, but by 
the timely arr'ral of her brothers her life 
is saved and Blue Beard put to death. 

N.B.— Dr. C. Taylor thinks Blue Beard 
is a type of the castle-lords in the days of 
knight-errantry. Some say Henry VIII. 
(the noted wife-killer) was the "academy 
figure." Others think it was Giles de 
Retz, marquis de Laval, marshal of 
France in 1429, who (according to M6ze- 
ray) murdered six of his seven wives, 
and was ultimately strangled in 1440. 

Another solution is that Blue Beard 
was count Conomar', and the young wife 
Triphy'na, daughter of count Guerech. 
Count Conomar was lieutenant of Brit- 
tany in the reign of Childebert. M. 
Hippolyte Violeau assures us that in 1850, 
during the repairs of the chapel of St. 
Nicolas de Bieuzy, some ancient frescoes 
were discovered with scenes from the life 
of St. Triphyna : (r) The marriage; (2) 
the husband taking leave of his young 
wife and entrusting to her a key ; (3) a 
room with an open door, through which 



BLUE FLAG. 



*3* 



BLUNDER. 



ire seen the corpses of seven women 
hanging ; (4) the husband threatening his 
wife, while another female [sister Anne] 
is looking out of a window above; (5) 
the husband has placed a halter round 
the neck of his victim, but the friends, 
accompanied by St. Gildas, abbot of 
Rhuys in Brittany, arrive just in time 
to rescue the future saint. — Pilerinages de 
Bretagne. 

(Ludwig Tieck brought out a drama in 
Berlin, on the story of Blue Beard. The 
incident about the keys and the doors is 
similar to that mentioned by "The Third 
Calender" in the Arabian Nights. The 
forty princesses were absent for forty 
days, and gave king Agib the keys of the 
palace during their absence. He had 
leave to enter every room but one. His 
curiosity led him to open the forbidden 
chamber and mount a horse which he saw 
there. The horse carried him through the 
air far from the palace, and with a whisk 
of its tail knocked out his right eye. 
The same misfortune had befallen ten 
other princes, who warned him of the 
danger before he started. ) 

\ Campbell has a " Blue Beard " story 
in his Tales of the Western Highlands, 
called "The Widow and her Daughters." 

IT A similar one is No. 3 of Bernoni's, 
and No. 39 of Visentini's collection of 
Italian stories. 

Blue Flag (A) in the Roman empire 
was a warning of danger. Livy speaks 
of it in his Annals. 

Blue-Gowns. King^s bedesmen, or 
privileged Scotch mendicants, were so 
called from their dress. On the king's 
birthday each of these bedesmen had 
given to him a cloak of blue cloth, a 
penny for every year of the king's life, 
a loaf of bread, and a bottle of ale. No 
new member has been added since 1833. 

Blue Hen, a nickname for the state 
of Delaware, United States. The term 
arose thus : Captain Caldwell, an officer 
of the 1 st Delaware Regiment in the 
American War for Independence, was very 
fond of game-cocks, but maintained that 
no cock was truly game unless its mother 
was a "blue hen." As he was exceed- 
ingly popular, his regiment was called 
" I*he Blue Hens," and the term was 
afterwards transferred to the state and 
its inhabitants. 

Your mother was a blue hen, no doubt ; 
a reproof to a braggart, especially to one 
who boasts ot his ancestry. 



Blue Knight {The), sir Persannt 
of India, called by Tennyson "Morning 
Star'' or " Phosph6rus." He was one 
of the four brothers who kept the pas- 
sages of Castle Perilous, and was over- 
thrown by sir Gareth. — Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthiir, i. 131 (1470) ; 
Tennyson: Idylls ("Gareth and Ly- 
nette"). 

(It is evidently a blunder in Tennyson 
to call the Blue Knight "Morning Star," 
and the Green Knight "Evening Star." 
The reverse is correct, and in the old 
romance the combat with the Green 
Knight was at day-break, and with the 
Blue Knight at sunset.) 

Blue Moon. Once in a blue moon, 
very rarely indeed. The expression is a 
modification of "the Greek Kalends," 
which means "never," because there were 
no Greek Kalends. 

Blue Roses, unattainable luxuries 
or indulgences, There are no such 
things as blue roses. 

. The blue rose of German romance represented the 
ideal and unattainable. 

Blue-Skin. Joseph Blake, an Eng- 
lish burglar, was so called from his com- 
plexion. He was executed in 1723. 

Blue-Stocking 1 (A). (See Dictionary 
of Phrase and Fable, p. 152.) 

Bluff {Captain Noll), a swaggering 
bully and boaster. He says, "I think 
that fighting for fighting's sake is suffi- 
cient cause for fighting. Fighting, to 
me, is religion and the laws." 

"You must know, sir, I was resident in Flanders the 
last campaign . . . there was scarce anything of 
moment done, but a humble servant of yours . . . had 
the ^ro.itest share in't. . . . Well, woufd you think it, 
in all this time . . . that rascally Gazette never so much 
as once mentioned me? Not once, by the wars ! Took 
no more notice of Noll Bluff than if he had not been in 
the land of the living." — Congreve : The Old Bachelor 
(1693). 

Bluff Hal or Bluff Harry, Henrv 
VIII. (1491, 1509-1547). 

Ere yet in scorn of Peter's pence. 

And numbered bead and shrift. 
Bluff Hall he broke into the spence [a lardtr\ 

And turned the cowls adrift. 

Tennyson. 

Blumine, a young hazel-eyed, 
beautiful, and high-born maiden, with 
whom Teufelsdrockh falls in love. — 
Carlyle : Sartor Resartus (1838). 

Blunder. The bold but disastrous 
charge of the British Light Brigade at 
Balada'va is attributed to a blunder; 
even Tennyson says of it, " Some one 



BEUNDERbORE. 



132 



BOATING COEOURS. 



hath blundered ; " but Thomas Woolner, 
with less reserve, says — 

A general 
May blunder troops to death, yea, and receive 
His senate's vote of thanks. 

My Beautiful Lady. 

Blun'derbore (3 syl.), the giant 
who was drowned because Jack scuttled 
his boat. — Jack the Giant-killer. 

Blunt {Colonel), a brusque royalist, 
who vows "he'd woo no woman," but 
falls in love with Arbella an heiress, 
woos and wins her. T. Knight, who 
has converted this comedy- into a farce, 
with the title of Honest Thieves, calls 
colonel Blunt "captain Manly." — Hon. 
Sir R. Howard: The Committee (1670). 

Blunt {Major-general), an old cavalry 
officer, rough in speech, but brave, 
honest, and a true patriot. — Shadwell: 
The Volunteers (1690). 

Blushington {Edward), a bashful 
young gentleman of 25, sent as a poor 
scholar to Cambridge, without any 
expectations ; but by the death of his 
father and uncle left all at once as " rich- 
as a nabob." At college he was called 
"the sensitive plant of Brasenose," be- 
cause he was always blushing, He dines 
by invitation at Friendly Hall, and com- 
mits ceaseless blunders. Next day his 
college chum, Frank Friendly, writes 
word that he and his sister Dinah, with 
sir Thomas and lady Friendly, will dine 
with him. After a few glasses of wine, 
he loses his bashful modesty, makes a 
long speech, and becomes the accepted 
suitor of the pretty Miss Dinah Friendly. 
— Moncrieff: The Bashful Man. 

Bo or Boh, says Warton, was a fierce 
Gothic chief, whose name was used to 
frighten children. This needs confirma- 
tion. 

Boadice'a, wife of Praesu'tagus king 
of the Ice'ni. For the better security of 
his family, Prsesutagus made the emperor 
of Rome coheir with his daughters ; 
whereupon the Roman officers took pos- 
session of his palace, gave up the prin- 
cesses to the licentious brutality of the 
Roman soldiers, and scourged the queen 
in public. Boadicea, roused to ven- 
geance, assembled an army, burnt the 
Roman colonies of London, Colchester 
[Camalodunum], Verulam, etc., and slew 
above 80,000 Romans. Subsequently, 
Sueto'nius Paullnus defeated the Britons, 
and Boadicea poisoned herself, A.D. 61. 

(J. Fletcher wrote a tragedy called 



Boadicea in 161 1 ; and Glover one in 

1758.) 

Boaner'g'es (4 syl.), a declamatory 
pet parson, who anathematizes all except 
his own "elect." "He preaches real 
rousing-up discourses, but sits down 
pleasantly to his tea, and makes himself 
friendly." — Mrs. Oliphant: Salem Chapel. 

A protestant Boanerges, visiting Birmingham, sent 
an invitation to Dr. Newman to dispute publicly with 
him in the Town Hall.— E. Yates : Celebrities, xxiL 

*.* Boanerges or " sons of thunder" is 
the name given by Jesus Christ to James 
and John, because they wanted to call 
down fire from heaven to consume the 
Samaritans. — Luke ix. 54. 

Boar {The), Richard III., so called 
from his cognizance. 

The bristled boar, in infant gore. 
Wallows beneath the thorny shade. 

Gray : The Bard (1757). 

In contempt Richard III. is called The 
Hog, hence the popular distich — 

The Cat, the Rat, and Lovell the dog, 
Rule all England under the Hog. 

(" The Cat " is Catesby, and " the Rat " 

Ratcliffe.) 

Boar ( The Blue). This public-house 
sign (Westminster) is the badge of the 
Veres earls of Oxford. 

The Blue Boar Lane (St Nicholas, 
Leicester) is so named from the cog- 
nizance of Richard III., because he slept 
there the night before the battle of Bos- 
worth Field. 

Boar of Ardennes ( The Wild), in 
French Le Sang Her des Ardennes 
{2 syl.), was Guillaume comte de la 
Marck, so called because he was as fierce 
as the wild boar he delighted to hunt. 
The character is introduced by sir W. 
Scott in Quentin Durward, under the 
name of " William count of la Marck." 

Boar's Head {The). This tavern, 
immortalized by Shakespeare, stood in 
Eastcheap (London), on the site of the 
present statue of William IV. It was 
the cognizance of the Gordons, who 
adopted it because one of their progenitors 
slew, in the forest of Huntley, a wild boar, 
the terror of all the Merse (1093). 

Boating 1 Colours. College Clubs: 
Cambridge: Caius, black and light 
blue ; St. Catherine's, claret and yellow ; 
Christ's, blue and white ; Clare, black 
and gold ; Corpus, white and cherry ; 
Downing, magenta and black; Emmanuel, 
cherry and blue ; Fitzwilliam Hall, red 
and green ; Jesus, red and black ; King's, 



BOAZ AND JACHIN. 



133 



BOFFIN. 



purple and white ; Lady Margaret (St. 
John's)., scarlet and white ; Magdalene, 
French grey and indigo ; Pembroke, dark 
blue and light blue ; Peterhouse, blue and 
white; Queens, green and white ; Sidney 
Sussex, blue and magenta ; 1st Selwyn, 
red and gold ; 1st Trinity, dark blue ; 
3rd Trinity, dark blue and white ; 
Trinity Hall, black and white. 

Oxford: Balliol, red and white; 
Brasenose, black and yellow ; Christ 
Church, dark blue and white; Corpus 
Christi, blue and red ; Exeter, magenta 
and black ; Hertford, red and white ; 
Jesus, green and white ; Keble, red, white, 
and blue ; Lincoln, dark and light blue ; 
Magdalen, scarlet ; Merton, blue and 
magenta ; New College, violet and 
orange; Oriel, white and dark blue; 
Pembroke, cerise, white, and dark blue ; 
Queen's, blue and white, three red eagles 
on breast pocket ; St. John's, blue and 
white ; Trinity, blue and white ; Univer- 
sity, dark blue and yellow ; Wadham, 
light blue; Worcester, black, pink, and 
white ; St. Catherine s (unattached 
students), French grey and magenta. 

Boaz and Jachin, two brazen 
pillars which were set up by Solomon 
at the entrance of the temple built by 
him. Boaz, which means "strength," 
was on the left hand, and Jachin, which 
means " stability," on the right. — 1 Kings 
vii. 21. 

(The names of these two pillars are 
adopted in the craft called ' ' Free 
Masonry.") 

Bob'adil {Captain), an ignorant, 
clever, shallow bully, thoroughly cow- 
ardly, but thought by his dupes to be an 
amazing hero. He lodged with Cob (the 
water-carrier) and his wife Tib. Master 
Stephen was greatly struck with his 
"dainty oaths," such as "By the foot of 
Pharaoh!" " Body of Caesar ! " "As I 
am a gentleman and a soldier ! " His 
device to save the expense of a standing 
army is inimitable for its conceit and 
absurdity — 

" I would select 19 more to myself throughout the 

I.md ; gentlemen they should be, of a good spirit and 

able constitution. I would choose them by an instinct, 

. . . and I would teach thein the special rules . . . till 

rimy could play [_/ence] very near as well as myself. 

This done, say the enemy were 40,000 strong, we 20 

. ch.ill.rnge 20 of the enemy ; . . . kill tlx-m ; 

20 more, kill them; 20 more, kill them too; 

. . . every man his 10 a day, that's 10 score . . . 200 a 

day: five days, a thousand; 40,000, 40 times 5, 200 

fclD them alL "—Ben Jonsot%i Every Man in 

His Humour, iv. 7 (1598). 

Since his \Henry JVood-ward, 1717-1777] time the 
part of "BobadQ has never been justly performed. 
It m iv be said to have died with him.— Dr. Doran. 



' .' The name was probably suggested 
by Bobadilla first governor of Cuba, who 
superseded Columbus sent home in 
chains on a most frivolous charge. 
Similar characters are "Metamore" and 
" Scaramouch " (Moliere) ; " Parolles " 
and "Pistol" (Shakespeare); " Bessus " 
(Beaumont and Fletcher). (See also 
Basilisco, Boroughcliff, Captain 
Brazen, Captain Noll Bluff, Sir 
Petronel Flash, Sacripant, Vincent 
de la Rose, etc. ) 

Bodach, Grlay or "Grey Spectre. 
A house-demon of the Scotch, similar to 
the Irish benshee. 

Bodkin. Hamlet says a man may 
"his quietus make with a bare bodkin." 
Chaucer uses "bodkin" for a dagger 
(p. 165); but the nut-brown maid killed 
her rival with a "bodkin from her head- 
gear." (See Lord Thomas.) 

Bodleian Library (The), Oxford, 
founded by sir Thomas Bodley in 1597. 

Bce'mond, the Christian king of 
Antioch, who tried to teach his subjects 
arts, law, and religion, He was of the 
Norman race, Roge'ro's brother, and son 
of Roberto Guiscar'do. — Tasso: Jerusa- 
lem Delivered (1575). 

Bceo'tian Ears, ears unable to ap- 
preciate music and rhetoric. Bceotia was 
laughed at by the Athenians for the dul- 
ness and stupidity of its inhabitants. 

" This is having taste and sentiment. Well, friend, 
I assure thee thou hast not got Boeotian ears" (because 
he praised certain extracts read to him by an author]. 
— Lesage : Gil Bias, vii. 3 (1715). 

Boeuf (Front de), a gigantic ferocious 
follower of prince John. — Sir W. Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Boffin (Nicodemus), "the golden 
dustman," foreman of old John Harmon, 
dustman and miser. He was "a broad, 
round-shouldered, one-sided old fellow, 
whose face was of the rhinoceros build, 
with over-lapping ears." A kind, shrewd 
man was Mr. Boffin, devoted to his wife, 
whom he greatly admired. Being re- 
siduary legatee of John Harmon, dust- 
man, he came in for ^roo.ooo. After- 
wards, John Harmon, the son, being dis- 
covered, Mr. Boffin surrendered the pro- 
perty to him, and lived with him. 

Mrs. Boffin, wife of Mr. N. Boffin, and 
daughter of a cat's-meat man. She was 
a fat, smiling, good-tempered creature. 
the servant of old John Harmon, dust- 
man and miser, and very kind to the 
miser's son (young John Harmon). After 



BOGIO. 



134 BOLD STROKE FOR A WIFE. 



Mr. Boffin came into his fortune she 
became "a high flyer at fashion," wore 
black velvet and sable, but retained her 
kindness of heart and love for her hus- 
band. She was devoted to Bella Wilfer, 
who ultimately became the wife of young 
John Harmon, alias Rokesmith. — C. 
Dickens: Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

Bo'glo, one of the allies of Charle- 
magne. He promised his wife to return 
within six months, but was slain by 
Dardinello. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Bogle Swindle {The), a gigantic 
swindling scheme, concocted at Paris by 
fourteen sharpers, who expected to clear 
by it at least a million sterling. This 
swindle was exposed by O'Reilly in the 
Times newspaper, and the corporation of 
London thanked the proprietors of that 
journal for their public services. 

Bo f g"US, sham, forged, fraudulent, as 
bogus currency, bogus transactions ; said 
to be a corruption of Borghese, a swindler, 
who, in 1837, flooded the North American 
States with counterfeit bills, bills on 
fictitious banks, and sham mortgages. — 
Boston Daily Courier. 

(Some think the word a corruption of 
bogie \ Lowell suggests the French word 
bagasse. The corresponding French term 
is Passe muscade.) 

Bohe'mia, any locality frequented by 

journalists, artists, actors, opera-singers, 
spouters, and other similar characters. 

Bohemian (^4), a gipsy, from the 
French notion that the first gipsies came 
from Bohemia. 

A Literary Bohemian, an author of 
desultory works and irregular life. 

Never was there an editor with less about him of the 
literary Bohemian.— Fortnightly Review ("Paston 
Letters "). 

Bohemian Literature, desultory read- 
ing. 

A Bohemian Life, an irregular, wan- 
dering, restless way of living, like that of 
a gipsy. 

Boliemond, prince of Antioch, a 
crusader. — Sir W. Scott: Count Robert 
of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Bois'gelin {The young countess de), 
introduced in the ball given by king Rene" 
at Aix. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Bois-G-uilbert {Sir Brian de), a 
preceptor of the Knights Templars. 



He offers insult to Rebecca, and she 
threatens to cast herself from the battle- 
ments if he touches her. When the castle 
is set on fire by the sibyl, sir Brian carries 
off Rebecca from the flames. The Grand- 
Master of the Knights Templars charges 
Rebecca with sorcery, and she demands a 
trial by combat. Sir Brian de Bois-Guil- 
bert is appointed to sustain the charge 
against her, and Ivanhoe is her champion. 
Sir Brian being found dead in the lists, 
Rebecca is declared innocent. — Sir W. 
Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Boisterer, one of the seven attendants 
of Fortu'nio. His gift was that he could 
overturn a windmill with his breath, and 
even wreck a man-of-war. 

Fortunio asked him what he was doing. " I am blow- 
ing a little, sir," answered he, " to set those mills at 
work." "But," said the knight, "you seem too far 
Off." "On the contrary," replied the blower, " I am 
too near, for if I did not restrain my breath I should 
blow the mills over, and perhaps the hill too on which 
they stand."— Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tain 
("Fortunio," 1682). 

Bold Beanchamp [Beech' -urn], a 
proverbial phrase, similar to " an Achilles," 
"a Hector," etc. The reference is to 
Thomas de Beaucbamp, earl of Warwick, 
who, with one squire and six archers, 
overthrew a hundred armed men at 
Hogges, in Normandy, in 1346. 

So had we still of ours, in France th3t famous were, 
Warwick, of England then high-constable that was* 
... So hardy, great and strong. 
That after of that name it to an adage grew, 
If any man himself adventurous happed to shew, 
" Bold Beauchamp " men him termed, if none so bold 
as he. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xviiL (1613). 

IT A similar story is told of the captal 
de Buch, who, with forty followers, cleared 
Meaux of La Jacquerie, 7000 of whom were 
either slain or trampled to death (1358). 

Bold Stroke for a Husband, a 

comedy by Mrs. Cowley. There are two 
plots : one a bold stroke to get the man 
of one's choice for a husband, and the 
other a bold stroke to keep a husband. 
Olivia de Zuniga fixed her heart on Tulio 
de Melesina, and refused or disgusted all 
suitors till he came forward. Donna 
Victoria, in order to keep a husband, 
disguised herself in man's apparel, as- 
sumed the name of Florio, and made love 
as a man to her husband's mistress. She 
contrived by an artifice to get back an 
estate which don Carlos had made over 
to his mistress, and thus saved her hus- 
band from ruin (1782). 

Bold Stroke for a Wife. Old 

Lovely, at death, left his daughter Anne 
,£30,000, but with this proviso, that she 



BOLGA. 



135 



BONEY. 



was to forfeit the money if she married 
without the consent of her guardians. 
Now, her guardians were four in number, 
and their characters so widely different 
that ' ' they never agreed on any one 
thing." 1 hey were sir Philip Modelove, 
an old beau ; Mr. Periwinkle, a silly 
virtuoso ; Mr. Tradelove, a broker on 
'Change ; and Mr. Obadiah Prim, a hypo- 
critical quaker. Colonel Feignwell con- 
trived to flatter all the guardians to the 
top of their bent, and won the heiress. 
— Mrs. Centlivre (1717). 

Bol'gu, the southern parts of Ireland, 
so called from the Fir-bolg or Belgae of 
Britain, who settled there. Bolg means a 
"quiver," and Fir-bolg means ' ' bowmen." 

The chiefs of Bolga crowd round the shield of 
generous Cathmor. — Ossian : Temora, iL 

Bolster, a famous Wrath, who com- 
pelled St. Agnes to gather up the boulders 
which infested his territory. She carried 
three apronfuls to the top of a hill, hence 
called St Agnes' Beacon. (See Wrath's 
Hole. ) 

Bol'ton (Stawarth), an English officer 
in The Monastery, a novel by sir W. 
Scott (time, Elizabeth). 

Bolton Ass. This creature is said 
to have chewed tobacco and taken snuff. 
— Dr. Doran. 

Bomba [King), a nickname given to 
Ferdinand II. of Naples, in consequence 
of his cruel bombardment of Messi'na in 
1848. His son, who bombarded Palermo 
in i860, is called BombaWno ("Little 
Bomba "). 

A young Sicilian, too, was there . . . 
[IVho] being rebellious to his liege. 
After Palermo's fatal siege, 
Across the western seas he fled 
In good king Bomba 's happy reign. 
Longj'ellow : The Wayside Inn (prelude). 

Bombardin'ian, the general of the 
forces of king Chrononhotonthologos. 
He invites the king to his tent, and gives 
him hashed pork. The king strikes him, 
and calls him traitor. "Traitor, in thy 
teeth ! " replies the general. They fight, 
and the king is killed. — H. Carey : Chro- 
nonhotonthologos (a burlesque, 1734). 

Bombastes Purioso, general of 
Artaxam'inous (king of Utopia). He 
is plighted to Distaffi'na, but Artax- 
aminous promises her " half-a-crown " if 
she will forsake the general for himself. 
"This bright reward of ever-daring 
minds" is irresistible. When Bombastes 
sees himself flouted, he goes mad, and 



hangs his boots on a tree, with this label 
duly displayed — 

Who dares this pair of boots displace, 
Must meet Bombastes face to face. 

The king, coming up, cuts down the boots, 
and Bombastes "kills him." Fusbos, 
seeing the king fallen, " kills " the gene- 
ral ; but at the close of the farce the 
dead men rise one by one, and join the 
dance, promising, if the audience likes, 
"to die again to-morrow." — Rhodes: 
Bombastes Furioso (1790). 

*.* This farce is a travesty of Orlando 
Furioso, and "Distaffina" is Angelica, be- 
loved by Orlando, whom she flouted for 
Medoro a young Moor. On this Orlando 
went mad, and hung up his armour on a 
tree, with this distich attached thereto — 

Orlando's arms let none displace. 
But such who'll meet him face to face. 

IT In The Rehearsal, by the duke of 
Buckingham, Bayes' troops are killed, 
every man of them, by Drawcansir, but 
revive, and "go off on their legs." 

See the translation of Don Quixote, by C H. Wilmot 
esq., ii. 363 (1764). 

Bombastes Purioso {The French), 
capitaine Fracasse. — Thiophile Gautier. 

Bombas'tus, the family name of Pa- 
racelsus. He is said to have kept a small 
devil prisoner in the pommel 01 his sword. 

Bombastus kept a devil's bird 
Shut in the pommel of his sword, 
That taught him all the cunning pranks 
Of past and future mountebanks. 

5. Butler: Hudibras, H. 3. 

Bon Ganltier Ballads, parodies 
of modern poets, by W. E. Aytoun and 
[sirj Theodore Martin (1854). 

Bo'naparte's Cancer. Napoleon 
I. and III. suffered from an internal 

cancer. 

I . . . would much rather have a sound digestion 
Than Buonaparte's cancer 

Byron : Don yuan, ix. 14 (1821). 

Bonas'sus, an imaginary wild beast, 
which the Ettrick shepherd encountered. 
(The Ettrick shepherd was James Hogg, 
the Scotch poet.) — Nodes Ambrosiana 
(No. xlviii., April, 1830). 

Bondman (The), a. tragedy by 
Massinger (i- 24). The hero is Pisander, 
and the heroine Cleora. 

Bone-setter (The), Sarah Mapp 
(died 1736). 

Bo'ney, a familiar contradiction of 
Bo'naparte (3 syl.), used by the English 
in the early part of the nineteenth cen- 
tury by way of depreciation. Thus 
Thorn. Moore speaks of "the infidel 
Boney.** 



BON HOMME. 



136 



Sonhomme (Jacques), a peasant who 
interferes with politics ; hence the peasants' 
rebellion of 1358 was called La Jacquerie. 
The words may be rendered "Jimmy" or 
"Johnny Goodfellow." 

BONIFACE (St.), an Anglo-Saxon 
whose name was Winifrid or Winfrith, 
born in Devonshire. He was made arch- 
bishop of Mayence by pope Gregory III., 
and is called ' TheApostle of the Germans. " 
St. Boniface was murdered in Friesland 
by some peasants, and his day is June 5 
(680-755). 

... in Friesland first St. Boniface our best. 
Who of the see of Mentz, while there he sat possessed, 
At Dockum had his death, by faithless Frisians slain. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Boniface (Father), ex-abbot of 
Kennaquhair. He first appears under 
the name of Blinkhoodie in the character 
of gardener at Kinross, and afterwards 
as the old gardener at Dundrennan. 
(Kennaquhair, that is, "I know not 
where.") — Sir W. Scott: The Abb* 
(time, Elizabeth). ^ 

Bon'iface (The abbot), successor of 
the abbot Ingelram, as Superior of St. 
Mary's Convent.— Sir W. Scott, The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Bon'iface, landlord of the inn at Lich- 
field, in league with the highwaymen. 
This sleek, jolly publican is fond of the 
cant phrase, "as the saying is." Thus : 
' ' Does your master stay in town, as the 
saying is?" " So well, as the saying is, 
I could wish we had more of them." 
' • I'm old Will Boniface ; pretty well 
known upon this road, as the saying is." 
He had lived at Lichfield " man and boy 
above eight and fifty years, and not con- 
sumed eight and fifty ounces of meat." 
He says — 

" I have fed purely upon ale. I have eat my ale, 
drank my ale, and T always sleep upon my ale." — 
Farquhar : The Beaux' Stratagem, i. I (1707). 

• . • Hence Boniface has become a 
common term for a publican. 

Bonne Reine, Claude de France, 
daughter of Louis XII. and wife of 
Francois I. (1499-1524). 

Bonnet (Je parte d mon), " I am 
talking to myself." 

Harpagon. A qui tu parle? 

La Flece. Je parle a mon bonnet. 

Moliire: L'Avare, I. 3 (1667). 

Bonnet Rouge, a red republican, 
so called from the red cap of liberty 
which he wore. 

Bonnivard (Francois de), the 
prisoner of Chillon, in Byron's poem. He 



BOOBY. 

was one of six brothers, five of whom 
died violent deaths. The father and two 
sons died on the battle-field ; one was 
burnt at the stake ; three were imprisoned 
in the dungeon of Chillon, near the lake 
of Geneva. Two of the three died, and 
Francois was set at liberty by Henri the 
Bearnais. They were incarcerated by 
the duke-bishop of Savoy for republican 
principles (1496-1570). 

Bonstet'tin (Nicholas), the old 
deputy of Schwitz, and one of the depu- 
ties of the Swiss confederacy to Charles 
duke of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott: Anne 
of Geierstein (time, Edward IV. ). 

Bon'temps (Roger), the personi- 
fication of that buoyant spirit which is 
always "inclined to hope rather than 
fear," and in the very midnight of dis- 
tress is ready to exclaim, "There's a good 
time coming : wait a little longer." The 
character is the creation of Be"ranger. 

Vous, pauvres pleins d'envie, 

Vous, riches desireux ; 
Vous, dont-le char devie 

Apres un cours heureux; 
Vous, qui perdrez peut-6tre 

Des titres ^clatans, 
Eh gai ! prenez pour maitre 

Le gros Roger Bontemps. 

Beranger (1814). 

Bon'thron (Anthony), one of Ra« 
morny's followers ; employed to murder 
Smith, the lover of Catherine Glover 
("the fair maid of Perth "), but he mur- 
dered Oliver instead, by mistake. When 
charged with the crime, he demanded a 
trial by combat, and being defeated by 
Smith, confessed his guilt and was hanged. 
He was restored to life, but being again 
apprehended, was executed. — Sir IV, 
Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Bon Ton, a farce by Garrick. Its 

design is to show the evil effects of the 
introduction of foreign morals and foreign 
manners. Lord Minikin neglects his wife, 
and flirts with Miss Tittup. Lady Mini- 
kin hates her husband, and flirts with 
colonel Tivy. Miss Tittup is engaged to 
the colonel. Sir John Trotley, who does 
not understand ban ton, thinks this sort 
of flirtation very objectionable. "You'll 
excuse me, for such old-fashioned notions, 
I am sure" (1760). 

BooTiy (Lady), a. vulgar upstart, who 
tries to seduce her footman, Joseph 
Andrews. Parson Adams reproves her 
for laughing in church. Lady Booby is 
a caricature of Richardson's " Pamela." 
— Fielding: Joseph Andrews (1742). 



BOOK OF MARTYRS. 



»37 



BORE. 



Book of Martyrs (The), by John 
Fox (1562). Also called the Acts and 
Monuments. 

Books ( The Battle of the). (See Dic- 
tionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 103.) 

Books (Enormous prices given for 
rare). The highest price ever given was 
^3990 for a copy in vellum of the 
Mazarine Bible. Another copy was 
bought by Lord Ashburnham, at Parker's 
sale, in 1873, for ^3400. Mr. Quaritch, 
the bookseller, gave £2000 for one on 
paper in 1887 ; and one, slightly damaged, 
fetched ^2000 in 1889. 

At the auction of the duke of Roxburgh, 
Caxton's first book, called Recuyell of the 
Historyes of Troye, fetched ^"1000 ; and 
a first edition of Boccaccio's Decameron 
fetched £2200. 

Boone (1 syl.), colonel [afterwards 
"general"] Daniel Boone, in the United 
States service, was one of the earliest 
settlers in Kentucky, where he signalized 
himself by many daring exploits against 
the Red Indians (1735-1820). 

Of all men, saving- Sylla the man-slayer . . . 

The general Boone, the back- woodsman of Kentucky, 

Was happiest amongst mortals anywhere, etc. 

Byron : Don Juan, viii. 61-65 (1821). 

Booshal'loch (Neil), cowherd to 
Ian Eachin M'lan, chief of the clan 
Quhele.— Sir IV. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Boo'tes (3 syl. ), Areas son of Jupiter 
and Calisto. One day his mother, in the 
semblance of a bear, met him, and Areas 
was on the point of killing it, when 
Jupiter, to prevent the murder, converted 
him into a constellation, either Booth or 
Ursa Major. — Pausanias : Itinerary of 
Greece, viii. 4. 



Doth not Orion worthily < 
A higher place . . . 

Than frail Bootes, who was placed above 
Only because the gods did else foresee 
He should the murderer of his mother bet 
Lord Brooke : Of Nobility. 

Booth, husband of Amelia. Said to 
be a drawing of the author's own character 
and experiences. He has all the vices of 
Tom Jones, with an additional share of 
meanness. — Fielding: Amelia (1751). 

Boots of the Holly-tree Inn. 

(See Cobb.) 

Borach'io, a follower of don John 
of Aragon. He is a great villain, en- 
gaged to Margaret, the waiting-woman of 
Hero. — Shakespeare: Much Ado about 
Nothing (1600). 



Borach'io, a drunkard. (Spanish, 
borracho, "drunk;" borrachuilo, "a 
tippler.") 

" Why, you stink of wine .' D'ye think my niece will 
ever endure such a borachio? You are an absolute 
borachio." — Congreve: The Way of the World (1700). 

Borachio (Joseph), landlord of the 
Eagle hotel, in Salamanca. — Jephson : 
Two Strings to your Bow (1792). 

Bor'ak (A I), the animal brought by 
Gabriel to convey Mahomet to the seventh 
heaven. The word means "lightning." 
Al Borak had the face of a man, but the 
cheeks of a horse ; its eyes were like 
jacinths, but brilliant as the stars ; it had 
eagle's wings, glistened all over with 
radiant light, and spoke with a human 
voice. This was one of the ten animals 
(not of the race of man) received into 
paradise. (See Animals, p. 45.) 

Borak was a fine-limbed, high-standing horse, strong 
in frame, and with a coat as glossy as marble. His 
colour was saffron, with one hair of gold for every 
three of tawny; his ears were restless and pointed like 
a reed ; his eyes large and full of fire ; his nostrils wide 
and steaming ; he had a white star on his forehead, a 
neck gracefully arched, a mane soft and silky, and a 
thick tail that swept the ground.— Croquemitaine, ii. 9. 

Borax, Nosa, or Crapon'dinus, 

a stone extracted from a toad. It is the 
antidote of poison. — Mirror of Stones, 

. . . the toad, ugly and venomous, 
Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. 
Shakespeare : As You Like It, act ii. sc i (1600). 

Border Minstrel ( The), sir Walter 
Scott (1771-1832). 

My steps the Border Minstrel led. 

Wordsworth : Yarrow Revisited. 

Border Stages (of North America) : 
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Ken- 
tucky, and Missouri. So called because 
they bordered upon the line of Free States 
and Slave-holding States. The term is 
now an anachronism. 

Border-thief School (The), a 

term applied by Thomas Carlyle, in his 
Sartor Resartus, to sir W. Scott and 
others, who celebrated the achievements 
of free-booters, etc., like Rob Roy. Defoe 
and Ainsworth made Jack Sheppard 
such a hero. Dick Turpin and Cartouche 
belong to the same school, as also Robin 
Hood and other outlaws. (See Pic aresco 
School. ) 

Bore (1 syl.), a tidal wave. The 
largest are those of the Ganges (espe- 
cially the Hooghly branch), Brahmaputra, 
and Indus. In Great Britain, the Severn, 
the Trent, the Wye, the Sol way, the Dee 
in Cheshire, the Clyde, Dornoch Frith, 
and the Lune. That of the Trent is 
called the " heygre." 






BOREAS. 



13* 



BORS. 



Bo'reas, the north wind. He lived in 
a cave on mount Haemus, in Thrace. 

Cease, rude Boreas, blustering railer. 

G. A. Stephens : The Shipwreck. 

Bor'gia (Lucrezia di), duchess of Fer- 
ra'ra, wife of don Alfonso. Her natural 
son Genna'ro was brought up by a fisher- 
man in Naples ; but when he grew to 
manhood a stranger gave him a paper 
from his mother, announcing to him that 
he was of noble blood, but concealing his 
name and family. He saved the life of 
Orsi'ni in the battle of Rim'ini, and they 
became sworn friends. In Venice he was 
introduced to a party of nobles, all of whom 
had some tale to tell against Lucrezia : 
Orsini told him she had murdered her 
own brother ; Vitelli, that she had caused 
his uncle to be slain ; Liverotto, that she 
had poisoned his uncle Appia'no ; Gazella, 
that she had caused one of his relatives 
to be drowned in the Tiber. Indignant at 
these acts of wickedness, Gennaro struck 
off the " B " from the escutcheon of the 
duke's palace at JFerrara, changing the 
name Borgia into Orgia. Lucrezia prayed 
the duke to put to death the man who had 
thus insulted their noble house, and Gen- 
naro was condemned to death by poison. 
Lucrezia, to save him, gave him an anti- 
dote, and let him out of prison by a secret 
door. Soon after his liberation the princess 
Negroni, a friend of the Borgias, gave a 
grand supper, to which Gennaro and his 
companions were invited. At the close of 
the banquet they were all arrested by 
Lucrezia, after having drunk poisoned 
wine. Gennaro was told he was the son 
of Lucrezia, and died. Lucrezia no sooner 
saw hiia die than she died also. — Doni- 
zetti: lucrezia di Borgia (an opera, 1835). 

Bom at Sea. All persons born at 
sea are registered in the parish of Stepney, 
a borp«igh of the Tower Hamlets. 

Borough. {The), in ten-syllable verse 
with -rhymes, in twenty-four letters, by 
George Crabbe (1810). 

Bor'oug'licliff {Captain), a vulgar 
Yankee, boastful, conceited, and slangy. 
"I guess," " I- reckon," "I calculate," 
are used indifferently by him, and he 
perpetually appeals to sergeant Drill to 
confirm his boastful assertions : as, " I'm 
a pretty considerable favourite with the 
ladies; aren't 1, sergeant Drill?" "My 
character for valour is pretty well known ; 
isn't it, sergeant Drill?' "If you once 
saw me in battle, you'd never forget it ; 
would he, sergeant Drill?" " I'm a sort of 
a kind of a nonentity ; aren't I, sergeant 



Drill?" etc. He is made the butt ot 
Long Tom Coffin. Colonel Howard 
wishes him to marry his niece Katharine, 
but the young lady has given her heart to 
lieutenant Barnstaple, who turns out to 
be the colonel's son. — E. Fitzball: The 
Pilot. (See John Blount, p. 130.) 

Borre (1 syl.), natural son of king 
Arthur, and one of the knights of the 
Round Table. His mother was Lyo- 
nors, an earl's daughter, who came to 
do homage to the young king. — Sir T. 
Malory: History of Prince Arthur, i. 15 
(1470). 

• . * Sir Bors de Ganis is quite another 
person, and so is king Bors of Gaul. 

Borrioboo'la Gha, in Africa. (See 
Jellyby, Mrs.) 

Borro'meo {Charles), cardinal and 
archbishop of Milan. Immortalized by 
his self-devotion in ministering at Mil'an 
to the plague-stricken (1538-1584). 

IT St. Roche, who died 1327, devoted 
himself in a similar manner to those 
stricken with the plague at Piacenza ; and 
Mompesson to the people of Eyam. In 
1720-22 H. Francis Xavier de Belsunce 
was indefatigable in ministering to the 
plague-stricken of Marseilles. 

Borrowing. Who goeth a-borrowing, 
goeth a-sorrowing. — Tusser: Five Hun- 
dred Points of Good Husbandry, xv. 8 
and again xlii. 6 (1557). 

Bors {King) of Gaul, brother of king 
Ban of Benwicke [ ? BrittanyJ. They 
went to the aid of prince Arthur when 
he was first established on the British 
throne, and Arthur promised in return to 
aid them against king Claudas, " a mighty 
man of men," who warred against them. 
— Sir T. Malory : History of Prince 
Arthur (1470). 

There are two brethren beyond the sea, and they 
kings both . . . the one hight king Ban of Benwicke, 
and the other hight king Bors of Gaul, that is, France. 
— Pt. i. 8. 

(Sir Bors was of Ganis, that is, Wales, 
and was a knight of the Round Table. 
So also was Borre (natural son of prince 
Arthur), sometimes called sir Bors.) 

Bors (Sir), called sir Bors de Ganrs, 
brother of sir Lionell and nephew of sir 
Launcelot. " For all women was he a 
virgin, save for one, the daughter of 
king Brandeg'oris, on whom he had a 
child, hight Elaine ; save for her, sir 
Bors was a clean maid " (ch. iv.). When 
he went to Corbin, and saw Galahad the 
son of sir Launcelot and Elaine (daughter 
of king Pelles), he prayed that the child 



BORTELU 



*39 



might prove as good a knight as his 
father, and instantly a vision of the holy 
greal was vouchsafed him ; for — 

There came a white dove, bearing a little censer of 
gold in her bill . . . and a maiden that bear the 
Sancgreall, and she said, '* Wit ye well, sir Bors, that 
this child . . . shall achieve the Sancgreall "... then 
they kneeled down . . . and there was such a savour 
as all the spicery in the world had been there. And 
when the dove took her flight, the maiden vanished 
away with the Sancgreall.— Pt. iii. 4. 

".* Sir Bors was with sir Galahad and 
sir Percival when the consecrated wafer 
assumed the visible and bodily appearance 
of the Saviour. And this is what is 
meant by " achieving the holy greal ; " for 
when they partook of the wafer their 
eyes saw the Saviour enter it. — Sir T. 
Malory: History 0/ Prince Arthur, iii. 
101, 102 (1470). 

N.B. — This sir Bors must not be con- 
founded with sir Borre, a natural son of 
king Arthur and Lyonors (daughter of 
the earl Sanam, pt. i. 15), nor yet with 
king Bors of Gaul, *.«. France (pt. 18). 

Bortell, the bull, in the beast-epic 
called Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Bos'can-[Almoga'va], a Spanish 
poet of Barcelona (1500-1543). His 
poems are generally bound up with those 
of Garcilasso. They introduced the Italian 
style into Castilian poetry. 

Sometimes lie turned to gaze upon his book, 
Boscan, or Oarcilasso. 

Bryon : Don yuan, L 95 (1819). 

Boscobel, or the preservation and 
escape of Charles II. alter the battle of 
Worcester. J. Blount (?) professes his 
account to be a truthful narrative. Ains- 
worth wrote a novel called Boscobel, or 
The Royal Oak (1872). 

Sir W. Scott's Woodstock contains an 
account of the escape of Charles II. after 
the battle of Worcester, and carries on 
the romance to the death of Cromwell, 
the return of the king, and his death. 

Boscobel Tracts {The), relative to 
the hairbreadth escapes of Charles II. in 
the forty days between the battle of Wor- 
cester and his escape to France. Dr. 
Copleston, bishop of Llandaff, wrote the 
Introduction (1827). 

Bosmi'na, daughter of Fingal king 
of Morven (north-west coast of Scotland). 
— Ossian. 

Boss, of Arthurian legend, is Bo^castle, 
in Cornwall, on the Bristol Channel. 
Bude is also in Cornwall, on the Bristol 
Channel. 

When the long wave broke 
All down the thund':rinij shores of Bude and Ho**, 
Tennyson : Jdylis o/ Che King, 



BOTHWELL 

Bossu (Re"nS le), French scholar and 
critic (1631-1680). 

And for the epic poem your lordship bade me look 
at, upon taking the length, breadth, height, and depth 
of it, and trying them at home upon an exact scale of 
Bossu's, 'tis out, my lord, in every one of its dimensions. 
—Sterne (1768). 

(I think Sterne means the Abb6 Bcssut, 
the mathematician. His critic tried the 
book on its "length, breadth, height, and 
depth ; " or perhaps he wishes to confound 
the two authors.) 

Bossnt [Abbe" Charles), a celebrated 

mathematician (1730-1814). 

(Sir Richard Phillips assumed a host 
of popular names, amongst others that of 
M. lAbbi Bossut in several educational 
works in French. ) 

Bosta'na, one of the two daughters 
of the old man who entrapped prince 
Assad in order to offer him in sacrifice 
on "the fiery mountain." His other 
daughter was named Cava'ma. The old 
man enjoined these two daughters to 
scourge the prince daily with the bas- 
tinado, and feed him with bread and 
water till the day of sacrifice arrived. 
After a time, the heart of Bostana soft- 
ened towards her captive, and she re- 
leased him. Whereupon his brother 
Amgiad, out of gratitude, made her his 
wife, and became in time king of the city 
in which he was already vizier. — Arabian 
Nights ("Amgiad and Assad "). 

Bostock, a coxcomb, cracked on the 
point of aristocracy and family birth. 
His one and only inquiry is, " How many 
quarterings has a person got?" Descent 
from the nobility with him covers a 
multitude of sins, and a man is no one, 
whatever his personal merit, who "is 
not a sprig of the nobility." — J. Shirley : 
The Ball {1642). 

Bosworth Field, an historical poem 
in heroic couplets, by sir J. Beaumont 
(16,9). 

Botanic Garden (The), a poem in 
two parts, by Dr. Erasmus Darwin, with 
scientific and other notes (1791). 

Botany (Father of F.nglish), W. 
Turner, M.D. (1520-1568). 

J. P. deTournefort is called The Father 
of Bota?iy ( 1 656-1 708). 

(Anthony de Jussieu lived 1686-1758, 
and his brother Bernard 1699-1777.) 

Botany-Bay Eclogues, by Southey 
(i794)- 

Bothwell (Sergeant), alias Francis 



BUT H WELL. 



140 



BOUSTRAPA. 



Stewart, in the rcyal army. — Sir W. 
Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Bothwell {Lady), sister of lady 
Forester. 
Sir Geoffrey Bothwell, the husband of 

lady Bothwell. 

Mrs. Margaret Bothwell, in the intro- 
duction of the story. Aunt Margaret pro- 
posed to use Mrs. Margaret's tombstone 
for het own. — Si? W. Scott: Aunt Mar- 
garet's Mirror (time, William III. ). 

BotTrwelX, a novel by James Grant 
(1851); an historic tale in' verse by Ay- 
toun (1856); a tragedy by Swinburne 
(1874). Of. course, all these are of the 
days of Mary queen of Scots. 

Bottled Beer, Alexander Nowell, 
author of a celebrated Latin catechism 
which first appeared in 1570, under the 
title ot Christiana pietatis prima Insti- 
tutio, ad usum Scholarum Latine Scripta. 
in 1560 he was promoted to the deanery 
of St. Paul's (J507-1602). — Fuller: 
Worthies of England (" Lancashire "). 

Bottom (Nick), an Athenian weaver, 
a compound of profound ignorance and 
unbounded conceit, not without good 
nature and a fair dash of mother-wit. 
When the play of Piramus and Thisbe 
is cast, Bottom covets every part ; the 
lion, Thisbe\ Pyramus, all have charms 
for him. In order to punish Titan 'ia, the 
fairy-king made her dote on Master 
Bottom, on whom Puck had placed an 
ass's head. — Shakespeare: Midsummer 
Night's Dream (1592). 

When Goldsmith, jealous of the attention which a 
dancing monkey attracted in a coffee-house, said, "I 
can do that as well," and was about to attempt it, he 
was but playing " Bottom."—^. G. White. 

Bottomless Pit [The), a ludicrous 
sobriquet of William Pitt, who was re- 
markably thin (1759-1806). 

Boubekir' Muez'in, of Bagdad, " a 
vain, proud, and envious iman, who hated 
the rich because he himself was poor." 
When prince Zeyn Alasnam came to the 
city, he told the people to beware of him, 
for probably he was " some thief who had 
made himself rich by plunder." The 
prince's attendant called on him, put into 
his hand a purse of gold, and requested 
the honour of his acquaintance. Next 
day, after morning prayers, the iman said 
to the people, " I find, my brethren, that 
the stranger who is come to Bagdad is 
a young prince possessed of a thousand 
virtues, and worthy the love of all men. 
Let us protect him, and rejoice that he 



has come among us." — Arabian Nights 
(" Prince Zeyn Alasnam "). 

Bouchard (Sir). (See Bertulphe. ) 

Bouillon (Godfrey duke of), a 
crusader ( 1 058-1100), introduced in Cotmt 
Robert of Paris, a novel by sir W. Scott 
(time, Rufus). 

Bounce (Mr. T.), a nickname given 
in 1837 to T. Barnes, editor of the Times 
(or the Turnabout, as it was called). 

Pope's dog was called " Bounce." (See DOG.) 

Bound'erby (Josiah), of Coketown, 
banker and mill-owner, the " Bully of 
Humility," a big, loud man, with an iron 
stare and metallic laugh. Mr. Bounderby 
is the son of Mrs. Pegler, an old woman 
to whom he pays ^30 a year to keep out 
of sight, and in a boasting way he pre- 
tends that " he was dragged up from the 
gutter to become a millionaire." Mr. 
Bounderby marries Louisa, daughter of 
his neighbour and friend, Thomas Grad- 
grind, Esq., M.P. — Dickens: Hard 
Times (1854). 

Bountiful (Lady), widow of sir 
Charles Bountiful. Her delight was 
curing the parish sick and relieving the 
indigent. 

My lady Bountiful is one of the best of women. Her 
late husband, sir Charles Bountiful, left her with ,£1000 
a year ; and I believe she lays out one-half on't in 
charitable uses for the good of her neighbours. In 
short, she has cured more people in and about Lichfield 
within ten years than the doctors have killed in 
twenty ; and that's a bold word. — Farquhar: The 
Beanjc' Stratagem, i. 1 (1705). 

Bounty (Mutiny of the), in 1790, 
headed by Fletcher Christian. The 
mutineers finally settled in Pitcairn 
Island (Polynesian Archipelago). In 
1808 all the mutineers were dead except 
one (Alexander Smith), who had changed 
his name to John Adams, and became a 
model patriarch of the colony, which was 
taken under the protection of the British 
Government in 1839. [Adams died 1829, 
aged 65.] Lord Byron, in The Island, 
has made the " mutiny of the Bounty " 
the basis of his tale, but the facts are 
greatly distorted. 

In Notes and Queries, January 10, 1880, is given a 
list, etc., of all the crew. Corrected, etc., January 31. 

Bous'trapa, a nickname given to 
Napoleon III. It is compounded of the 
first syllables of Zftw[logne], Strasbourg], 
Pa[vis] ; and alludes to his escapades in 
1840, 1836, 1851 (coup ddiat). 

(No man ever lived who was dis- 
tinguished by more nicknames than Louis 
Napoleon. Beside the one above men- 
tioned, he was called Badinguet, Alan of 



BOW CHURCH. 



141 



BOY CRUCIFIED. 



December, Man of Sedan, Ratipol, Man 
of Sile?ice, Verhuel, etc. ; and after his 
escape from the fortress of Ham he called 
himself le count Arenenberg. ) 

Bow Church (London). Stow gives 
two derivations: (1) He says it was so 
called because it was the first church in 
London built on arches. This is the 
derivation most usually accepted. (2) He 
says also it took its name from certain 
stone arches supporting a lantern on the 
top of the tower. 

Bower of Bliss, a garden belonging 
to the enchantress Armi'da. It abounded 
in everything that could contribute to 
earthly pleasure. Here Rinal'do spent 
some time in love-passages with Armi'da, 
but he ultimately broke from the enchan- 
tress and rejoined the war. — Tasso: Je- 
rusalem Delivered (1575). 

Bower of Bliss, the residence of the 
witch Acras'ia, a beautiful and most fasci- 
nating woman. This lovely garden was 
situated on a floating island filled with 
everything which could conduce to enchant 
the senses, and "wrap the spirit in for- 
getfulness." — Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii. 
12(1590). 

Bowkit, in The Son-in-Law. 

In the scene where Cranky declines to accept Bowkit 
as son-in-law on account of his ugliness, John Edwin, 
who was playing " Bowkit " at the Haymarket, uttered 
In a tone of surprise, " Ugly t" and then advancing- to 
the lamps, said with infinite impertinence, "I submit 
to the decision of the British public which is the ugliest 
of us three : I, old Cranky, or that gentleman there 
In the front row of the balcony box t "— Cornhill 
Magazine (1867). 

Bowley (Sir Joseph), M.P., who face- 
tiously called himself "the poor man's 
friend. " His secretary is Fish. — Dickens : 
The Chimes (1844). 

Bowling (Lieutenant Tom), an ad- 
miral >le naval character in Smollett's 
Roderick Random. Uibdin wrote a naval 
song in memoriam of Tom Bowling, be- 
ginning thus — 

Here a sheer hulk lies poor Tom Bowling, 
The darling of the crew . . . 

Bowyer (Master), usher of the black 
rod in the court of queen Elizabeth. — Sir 
W. Scott: Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Bowzybe'tlS (4 syl.), the drunkard, 
noted for his songs in Gay's pastorals, 
called The Shepherds Week. He sang of 
"Nature's Laws," of "Fairs and Shows," 
•'The ChiMren in the Wood," "Chevy 
Chase," "Taffey Welsh," "Rosamond's 
Bower," " Lilly-bullcro," etc. The 6th 
pastoral is in imitation of Virgil's 6th 



Bucolic, and Bowzybe'us is a vulgarizea 

Silenus. 

That Bowzybeus, who with jocund tongue, 
Ballads, and roundelays, and catches sung. 

Gay : Pastoral, vi. (1714). 

Box and Cox, a farce by J. M. 
Morton, the principal characters of which 
are Box and Cox. 

Boy and the Mantle ( The), a ballad 
in Percy's Reliques. It tells us how a boy 
entered the court of king Arthur while 
he was keeping his Christmas feast at 
" Carieile," and, producing a mantle, said 
no lady who was not leal and chaste 
could put it on. Queen Guenever tried, 
but utterly failed, and only Cradock's 
wife succeeded. He then drew his wand 
across a head of brawn, and said no 
cuckold knight could cut it. Sir Cradock 
only succeeded. Lastly, he drew forth 
a gold cup, and said no cuckold could 
drink therefrom. Here again sir Cradock 
alone of all the company contrived to 
drink from that cup. So sir Cradock 
became possessed of the mantle, the 
brawn's head, and the golden drink 
ing-cup. 

Boy Archbishop (The). A child of 
only five years old was made archbishop of 
Rheims. The see of Narbonne was pur- 
chased for a boy of ten. Pope Benedict 
IX. is said to have been only twelve when 
he was raised to St. Peter's chair. — 
Hallam, vol. ii. p. 24^. 

Boy Bachelor (The), William Wot- 
ton, D.D., admitted at St. Catherine's 
Hall, Cambridge, before he was ten, and 
to his degree of B.A. when he was twelve 
and a half (1666-1726). 

This was by no means a unique instance- 
Henry Philpotts, C.CC, matriculated at the age of 13 

James lord Abinget, at the age of 13^. 
John Kelle, C.CC, at the age of 14, in 1808. 
Richard Bethell, Wadham, Oxford, aged 14, 1R14. 
Lord Westbury, Oxford, at the age of 14, 1818. 
Edward Copleston, C.C.C., at the age of 15, 1791. 

Boy Bishop (The), St. Nicholas, the 
patron saint of boys (fourth century). 

(There was also an ancient custom of 
choosing a boy from the cathedral choir 
on St. Nicholas' Day (December 6) as a 
mock bishop. This boy possessed certain 
privileges, and if he died during the year 
was buried in pontificoibus. The custom 
was abolished by Henry VIII. In Salis- 
bury Cathedral visitors are shown a small 
sarcophagus, which the verger says was 
made for a boy bishop. ) 

Boy Crucified. It is said that some 
time during' the dark ages, a boy named 



BO YET. 



14a 



BR AD AM A NT. 



Werner was impiously crucified at Bacha- 
rach on the Rhine, by the Jews. A little 
chapel erected to the memory of this boy 
stands on the walls of the town, close to 
the river. Hugh of Lincoln and William 
of Norwich are instances of a similar 
story. 

See how its currents gleam and shine . . . 
As if the gTapes were stained with the blood 
Of the innocent boy who, some years back. 
Was taken and crucified by the Jews 
In that ancient town of Bacharach. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend. 

Boyet', one of the lords attending on 
the princess of France. — Shakespeare: 
Love's Labours Lost (1594). 

Boyle's Lectures, founded by the 
hon. Robert Boyle, for any " minister " 
who shall preach eight sermons in a year 
in defence of the Christian religion, as 
opposed to atheism, deism, paganism, or 
Mohammedanism, or the Jewish faith. 
The first course was preached in 1692, by 
Richard Bentley. All the lectures up to 
1739 have been printed in 3 vols, folio. In 
1846 the course of lectures by the Rev. 
F. D. Maurice were published under the 
title of The Religions of the World. 
Many courses since then have been de- 
livered. 

"Boyth.OT7i{Laurence), a robust gentle- 
man with the voice of a Stentor, a friend 
of Mr. Jarndyce. He would utter the 
most ferocious sentiments, while at the 
same time he fondled a pet canary on his 
finger. Once on a time he had been in 
love with Miss Barbary, lady Dedlock's 
sister ; but ' ' the good old times — all times 
when old are good — were gone." — 
Dickens : Bleak House (1853). 

(" Laurence Boy thorn " is a photograph 
of W. S. Landor; as "Harold Skim- 
pole," in the same story, is drawn from 
Leigh Hunt.) 

Boz, Charles Dickens. It was the 
nickname of a pet child dubbed Moses, 
in honour of " Moses Primrose" in the 
Vicar, of Wakefield. Children called the 
name Bozes, which got shortened into Box 
(1812-1870). 

Who the dickens "Boz" could be 

Puzzled manv a learned elf; 
But time revealed the mystery, 

And " Boz" appeared as Dickens' self. 

Epigram on the Carthusian. 

{Sketches by Boz, by Charles Dickens, 
(1836), two series. The first sketch is 
called Mr. Minns and his Cousin. ) 

Bozzy, James Boswell, the gossipy 
biographer ot Dr. Johnson (1740-1795). 

Braban'tio, a senator of Venice, 



father of Desdemo'na ; most proud, arro- 
gant, and overbearing. He thought the 
"insolence" of Othello in marrying his 
daughter unpardonable, and that Desde- 
mona must have been drugged with love- 
potions so to demean herself. — Shake- 
speare : Othello (161 1 ). 

Brac'cio, commissary of the republic 
of Florence, employed in picking up every 
item of scandal he could find against 
Lu'ria the noble Moor, who commanded 
the army of Florence against the Pisans. 
The Florentines hoped to find sufficient 
cause of blame to lessen or wholly cancel 
their obligations to the Moor, but even 
Braccio was obliged to confess "This 
Moor hath borne his faculties so meek, 
hath been so clear in his great office, that 
his virtues would plead like angels, 
trumpet-tongued," against the council 
which should censure him. — R. Brown- 
ing: Luria (a poetical drama, 1879). 

Brac'idas and Am'idas, the two 

sons of Mile'sio, the former in love with 
the wealthy Philtra, and the latter with 
the dowerless Lucy. Their father at 
death left each of his sons an island of 
equal size and value, but the sea daily 
encroached on that of the elder brother 
and added to the island of Amidas. The 
rich Philtra now forsook Bracidas for the 
richer brother, and Lucy, seeing herself 
forsaken, jumped into the sea. A floating 
chest attracted her attention, she clung to 
it, and was drifted to the wasted island, 
where Bracidas received her kindly. The 
chest was found to contain property of 
great value, and Lucy gave it to Bracidas, 
together with herself, "the better of them 
both." Amidas and Philtra claimed the 
chest as their right, and the dispute was 
submitted to sir Ar'tegal. Sir Artegal 
decided that whereas Amidas claimed as 
his own all the additions which the sea 
had given to his island, so Lucy might 
claim as her own the chest which the 
sea had given into her hands. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, v. 4 (1596). 

Bracy (Sir Maurice de), a follower 
of prince John. He sues the lady Rowen'a 
to become his bride, and threatens to kill 
both Cedric and Ivanhoe if she refuses. 
The interview is intercepted, and at the 
close of the novel Rowena marries 
Ivanhoe. — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I. ). 

Brad'amant, daughter of Amon and 
Beatrice, sister of Rinaldo, and niece of 
Charlemagne. She was called the Virgin 






BRADBOURNE. 143 

Knight. Her armour was white, and her 
plume white. She loved Roge'ro the 
Moor, but refused to marry him till he 
was baptized. Her marriage with great 
pomp and Rogero's victory over Rodo- 
mont, form the subject of the last book of 
Orlando Furioso. Bradamant possessed 
an irresistible spear, which unhorsed any 
knight with a touch. Britomart had a 
similar spear. — Bojardo: Orlando Inna- 
moraio (1495) ; Ariosto: Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Brad/bourne {Mistress Lilias), wait- 
ing-woman of lady Avenel (2 syl.), at 
Avenel Castle.— Sir W. Scott: The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Bradwardine (Como Cosmyne), baron 
of Bradwardine and of Tully Veolan. 
He is very pedantic, but brave and 
gallant. 

Rose Bradwardine, his daughter, the 
heroine of the novel, which concludes 
with her marriage with Waverley, and' 
the restoration of the manor-house of 
Tully Veolan. 

Malcolm Bradwardine of Inchgrabbit, 
a relation of the old baron. — Sir W. 
Scott: Waverley (time, George II.). 

Brady (Martha), a young " Irish 
widow," 23 years of age, and in love with 
William Whittle. She was the daughter 
of sir Patrick O'Neale. Old Thomas 
Whittle, the uncle, a man of 63, wanted 
to oust his nephew in her affections, for 
he thought her "so modest, so mild, so 
tender-hearted, so reserved, so domestic. 
Her voice was so sweet, with just a 
soupcon of the brogue to make it enchant- 
ing." In' order to break off this detestable 
passion of the old man, the widow assumed 
the airs and manners of a boisterous, 
loud, flaunting, extravagant, low Irish- 
woman, deeply in debt, and abandoned 
to pleasure. Old Whittle, thoroughly 
frightened, induced his nephew to take 
the widow off his hands, and gave him 
£5000 as a douceur for so doing. — 
Garrick: The Irish Widow (1757). 

Braes of Yarrow (The), an old 
Scotch ballad. W. Hamilton wrote an 
imitation of it in 1760. Scott and Hogg 
have celebrated this stream and its le- 
gends ; and Wordsworth wrote a poem 
called Yarrow Revisited, in 1835. 

Brag" ("Jack), a vulgar boaster, who 
gets into good society, where his vulgarity 
stands out in strong relief. — Theodore 
Hook': Jack Brag (a novel). 



BRAGMARDO. 

Brag* (Sir Jack), general John Bur- 
goyne (died 1792). A ballad. 

Braganza ( The), the largest diamond 
in existence, its weight being 1680 carats. 
It is uncut, and its value is ^58, 350,000. 
It is now among the crown jewels of 
Portugal. 

•«■ It is thought that this diamond, 
which is the size of a hen's egg, is in 
reality a white topaz. 

Braganza (Juan duke of). In 1580 
Philip II. of Spain claimed the crown of 
Portugal, and governed it by a regent. 
In 1640 Margaret was regent, and Velas- 
quez her chief minister, a man exceed- 
ingly obnoxious to the Portuguese. Don 
Juan and his wife Louisa of Braganza 
being very popular, a conspiracy was 
formed to shake off the Spanish yoke. 
Velasquez was torn to death by the 
populace, and don Juan of Braganza was 
proclaimed king. 

Louisa duchess of Braganza. Her cha- 
racter is thus described — 

Bright Louisa, 

To all the softness of her tender sex, 

Unites the noblest qualities of man : 

A genius to embrace the amplest schemes . . . 

Judgment most sound, persuasive eloquence . . . 

Pure piety without religious dross, 

And fortitude that shrinks at no disaster. 

Jephson : Braganza, i. (1775). 

Mrs. Bellamy took her leave of the stage May 24, 
1785. On this occasion Mrs. Yates sustained the Dart 
of the "duchess of Braganza," and Miss Farren spoke 
the address.— .F. Reynolds 

Bragela, daughter of Sorglan, and 
wife of Cuthullin (general of the Irish 
army, and regent during the minority of 
king Cormac). — Ossian : Fingal. 

Braggudo'chio, personification of 
the intemperance of the tongue. For a 
time his boasting serves him with some 
profit, but being found out he is stripped 
of his borrowed plumes. His shield is 
claimed by Mar'mel ; his horse by Guyon ; 
Talus shaves off his beard ; and his lady 
is shown to be a sham FloiKmel. - 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, iii. 8 and 10, 
with v. 3. 

(It is thought that Philip of Spain was 
the academy figure of " BraggadochiO.") 

Braggadochid s Sword, San'glamore (3 
syl.). 

Bragh, \braw\ Go bragh / ( I rish ) * ' for 
ever ! " 

One dying wish iny bosom can draw; 
Erin ! an exile bequeaths thee his blessing. 
Land of my forefathers, Erin go bragh ! 

Campbell: Exile of Erin. 

Bragmar'do (Jano'tus de), the so- 
phister sent by the Parisians to Gargantua, 
to remonstrate with him for carrying off 



BRAINWORM. 



144 



BRAN DAN 



the bells of Notre-Dame to suspend round 
the neck ot his mare tor jingles. — 
Rabelais; Gargantua and Pantag rueV ', 
»• (1533)- 

Brain'worm, the servant of Kno'- 
well, a man of infinite shifts, and a regular 
Proteus (2 syl.) in his metamorphoses. 
He appears first as Brainworm ; after- 
wards as Fitz-Sword ; then as a reformed 
soldier whom Knowell takes into his 
service ; then as justice Clement's man ; 
and lastly as valet to the courts of law, 
by which devices he plays upon the same 
clique of some half-dozen men of average 
intelligence. — Ben Jonson: Every Man in 
His Humour (1598). 

Brakel {Adrian), the gipsy mounte- 
bank, formerly master, of Fenella, the 
deaf-and-dumb girl. — Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 11.). 

Bramble {Matthew), an "odd kind 
of humourist," "always on the fret," 
dyspeptic, and afflicted with the gout, but 
benevolent, generous, and kind-hearted. 

Miss Tabitha Bramble, an old maiden 
sister of Matthew Bramble, of some 45 
years of age, noted for her bad spelling. 
She is starch, vain, prim, and ridiculous ; 
soured in temper, proud, imperious, pry- 
ing, mean, malicious, and uncharitable. 
She contrives at last to marry captain 
Lismaha'go, who is content to take " the 
maiden " for the sake of her ^4000. 

"She is tall, raw-boned, awkward, flat-chested, and 
stooping ; her complexion is sallow and freckled ; her 
eyes are not grey, but greenish, like those of a cat, and 
generally inflamed ; her hair is of a sandy or rather of a 
dusty hue ; her torehead low ; her nose long, sharp, 
and towards the extremity always red in cold weather ; 
tier lips skinny; her mouth extensive; her teeth 
straggling and loose, of various colours and conforma- 
tions; and her long neck shrivelled into a thousand 
wrinkles."— Smollett: The Expedition of Humphry 
Clinker ^771). 

*. ' " Matthew Bramble " is " Roderick 
Random" grown old, somewhat cynical 
by experience of the world, but vastly 
improved in taste. 

simollett took some of the incidents of the family 
tour from " Anstey's New Bath Guide." — Chambers: 
English Literature, ii. 

Bramble {Sir Robert), a baronet living 
at Blackberry Hall, Kent. Blunt and 
testy, but kind-hearted; "charitable as 
a Christian, and rich as a Jew ; " fond 
of argument and contradiction, but de- 
testing flattery ; very proud, but most 
considerate to his poorer neighbours. In 
his fiist interview with lieutenant Wor- 
thington " the poor gentleman," the 
lieutenant mistook him lor a bailiff come 
to arrest him, but sir Robert nobly paid 
the bill for ,£500 when it was presented 



to him for signature as sheriff of trie 

county. 

' • "Sir Robert Bramble " is the same 
type of character as Sheridan's ' ' sir An- 
thony Absolute." 

Frederick Bramble, nephew of sir 
Robert, and son of Joseph Bramble a 
Russian merchant. His father having 
tailed in business, Frederick was adopted 
by his rich uncle. He is full of life and- 
noble instincts, but thoughtless and im- 
pulsive. Frederick falls in love with Emily 
Worthington, whom he marries. — Col- 
man : The Poor Gentleman (1802). 

Bra'mine (2 syl.) and Bra'min 
( The), Mrs. Elizabeth Draper and Laurence 
Sterne. Sterne being a clergyman, and 
Mrs. Draper being born in India, sug- 
gested the names. Ten of Sterne's letters 
to Mrs. Draper are published, and called 
Letters to Eliza. 

Bran, the dog of Lamderg the lover 
of Gelchossa (daughter of Tuathal). — 
Ossian : Fingal, v. 

V Fingal king of Morven had a dog 
of the same name, and another named 
Luath. (See Dog.) 

Call White-breasted Bran and the surly strength of 
Luath.— Ossian : Fingal, vi. 

It is not Bran, but Brans brother. It 
is not Simon Pure, but only somewhat 
like him. 

Brand {Alice), wife of lord Richard. 
(See Urgan.) 

Brand {Sir Denys), a county magnate, 
who apes humility. He rides a sorry 
brown nag "not worthy," but mounts 
his groom on a race-horse " twice victor 
for a plate." — Crabbe : Borough (1810). 

Bran'damond of Damascus, whom 
sir Bevis of Southampton defeated. 

That dreadful battle where with Brandamond he fought, 
And with his sword and steed such earthly wonders 

wrought 
As e'en among his foes him admiration won. 

Drayton: Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 

Bran'dan {Island of St) or Island 
OF SAN Boran'dan, a flying island, so 
late as 1755 set down in geographical 
charts west of the Canary group. In 
1721 an expedition was sent by Spain in 
quest thereof. The Spaniards say their 
king Rodii'go has retreated there, and 
the Portuguese affirm that it is the retreat 
of their don Sebastian. It was called St. 
Brandan from a navigator of the sixth 
century, who went in search of the 
" Islands of Paradise." 

Its reality was for a long time a matter of firm belief 
. , the garden of Arnii'da, where Rinaldo was 



BRAN DAN. 



145 



BRAYMORE. 



detained, and which Tasso places in one of the Canary 
Isles, has been identified with San Borandan.— 
Washington Irving. 

(If there is any truth at all in the legend, 
the island must be ascribed to the Fata 
Morgana. ) 

Brandan {St), a poem by Matthew 
Arnold. It relates that Judas did an act 
of charity to a leper at Joppa, and there- 
fore was let out of hell for a day. 

Eran'deum, plu. Brandea, a piece 
of cloth enclosed in a box with relics, 
which thus acquired the same miraculous 
powers as the relics themselves. 

Pope Leo proved this fact beyond a doubt, for when 
some Greeks ventured to question it, he cut a brandeum 
through with a pair of scissors, and it was instantly 
covered with blood. — Brady : Clavis CaUndaria, 182. 

Bran'dimart, brother-in-law of Or- 
lando, son of Monodantgs, and husband 
of For'delis. This "king of the Distant 
Islands " was one of the bravest knights 
in Charlemagne's army, and was slain by 
Gradasso. — Bojardo: Orlando Innamorato 
(1495); Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Brandley [Mrs. ) of Richmond , Surrey. 
The lady who undertakes to introduce 
Estella (q. v. ) into society. — Dickens: Great 
Expectations (1861). 

Brandons, lighted torches. St. Valen- 
tine's day was called Dominica de bran- 
dontbus, because boys, at one time, used 
to carry about lighted torches on that 
day, i.e. " Cupid's lighted torches." 

Brandt, the leader of the Indians 
who destroyed the village of Wyoming, 
Pennsylvania, in 1788. Campbell repre- 
sents him as a monster ef cruelty. — Ger- 
trude of Wyoming (1809). 

Brandy Nan, queen Anne, who was 
very fond of brandy (1664, 1702-1714). 

Brandy Nan, brandy Nan, left [all] in the lurch, 
Her face to the tfin-shop, her back to the church. 
Written on the statue of queen Anne in St. Pants 
\Jialant. 

Brangtons (The), vulgar, jealous, 
malicious gossips in Evelina, a novel by 
Miss Burney (1778). 

Branno, an Irishman, father of 
Evirallin. Evirallin was the wife of 
Ossian and mother of Oscar. — Ossian. 

Brass, the roguish confederate of 
Dick Amlet, and acting as his servant. 

" I am your valet, 'tis true ; your footman sometimes 
. . . but you have always had the ascendant, I confess. 
When we were school-fellows, you made me carry your 
books, make your exercise, own your rogueries, and 
sometimes take a whipping for you. When we were 
fellow-'prentices, though I was your senior, you mada 
me open the shop, clean my master's boots, cut last at 
dinner, and eat all the crusts. In your sius, too, I 



must own you still kept me under; you soared up to 
the mistress, while I was content with the maid.'' — Sit 
J. Vanbrugh : The Confederacy, ill. I (1695). 

Brass (Sampson), a knavish, servile 
attorney, affecting great sympathy with 
his clients, but in reality fleecing them 
without mercy. 

Sally Brass, Sampson's sister, and an 
exaggerated edition of her brother. — 
Dickens: Old Curiosity Shop (1840). 

Bravassa (Miss), of the Portsmouth 
Theatre. Supposed to be a great beauty. 
— Dickens : Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Brave ( The), Alfonzo IV. of Portugal 
(1290-1357). 

The Brave Fleming, John Andrew van 
der Mersch (1734-1792). 

The Bravest of the Brave, Marshal Ney . 
Le Brave des Braves (1769-1815). 

Brawn. One day a little boy came 
into king Arthur's court, and, drawing his 
wand over a boar's head, exclaimed, 
" There's never a cuckold's knife can cut 
this head of brawn ! " and, lo ! no knight 
except sir Cradock was able to carve it. 
— Percy : Reliques, III. iii. 8. (See Boy 
and the Mantle, p. 141.) 

Bray (Mr.), a selfish, miserly old man, 
who dies suddenly of heart-disease, just 
in time to save his daughter being sacri- 
ficed to Arthur Gride, a rich old miser. 

Madeline Bray, daughter of Mr. Bray, 
a loving, domestic, beautiful girl, who 
marries Nicholas Nickleby. — Dickens : 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Bray ( Vicar of), supposed by some to 
be Simon Aleyn, who lived (says Fuller) 
"in the reigns of Henry VIII., Edward 
VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. In the first 
two reigns he was a protestant, in Mary's 
reign a catholic, and in Elizabeth's a 
protestant again." No matter who was 
king, Simon Aleyn resolved to live and 
die " the vicar of Bray " (1540-1588). 

Others think the vicar was Simon 
Symonds, who (according to Ray) was 
an independent in the protectorate, a high 
churchman in the reign of Charles II., a 
papist under James II., and a moderate 
churchman in the reign of William III. 

Others again give the cap to one Pen- 
dleton. 

'.' Th^ well-known song was written 
by an officer in colonel Fuller's regiment, 
in the reign of George I., and seems to 
refer to some clergyman of no very distant 
date. 

Bray'more (Lady Caroline), daughter 
L 



BRAYWICK. 146 

of lord Fitz- Balaam. She was to have 

married Frank Rochdale, but hearing that 
her " intended " loved Mary Thornberry, 
she married the hon. Tom Shuffleton. — 
Colman: John Bull {1805). 

Braywick, the town of asses. An 
alderman of Braywick, having lost his 
donkey, went fourteen days in search of 
it ; then meeting a brother alderman, they 
agreed to retire to the two opposite sides 
of a mountain and bray, in hopes that the 
donkey would answer, and thus reveal 
its place of concealment. This led to 
a public scandal, insomuch that the 
people of Braywick had to take up arms 
in order to avenge themselves on those 
who jeered at them. — Cervantes: Don 
Quixote, II. ii. 7 (1615)^ 

Brazen {Captain), a kind of Bobadil. 
A boastful, tongue-doughty warrior, who 
pretends to know everybody ; to have a 
liaison with very wealthy, pretty, or dis- 
tinguished woman ; and to have achieved 
in war the most amazing prodigies. 

He knows everybody at first sight ; his impudence 
were a prodigy, were not his ignorance proportionable. 
He has the most universal acquaintance of any man 
living, for he won't be alone, and nobody will keep him 
company twice. Then he's a Csesar among the women ; 
Vent, vidi, vici, that's all. If he has but talked with 
the maid, he swears he has [corrzipted] the mistress ; 
but the most surprising part of his character is his 
memory, which is the most prodigious and the most 
trifling in the world.— Farquhar : The Recruiting 
Officer, iii. i (1705). 

Brazen Age, the age of war and 

violence. The age of innocence was the 
golden age ; then followed the silver age ; 
then the brazen age ; and the present is 
the iron age, or the age of hardware and 
railroads. 

Brazen Head. The first on record 
is one which Silvester II. {Gerbert) pos- 
sessed. It told him he would be pope, 
and not die till he had sung mass at Jeru- 
salem. When pope he was stricken with 
his death-sickness while performing mass 
in a church called Jerusalem (999-1003). 

The next we hear of was made by Rob. 
Grosseteste (1 175-1253). 

The third was the famous brazen head 

of Albertus Magnus, which cost him 

. thirty years' labour, and was broken to 

oieces by his disciple Thomas Aqui'nas 

(1193-1280). 

The fourth was that of friar Bacon. 
It spoke thrice. If Bacon heard it speak, 
ne would succeed, if not, he would fail. 
While Bacon slept, Milis was set to 
watch, and the head spoke twice : "Time 
was," it said, and half an hour later, 
" Time is." Still Bacon slept, and another 



BRECHAN. 

half-hour transpired, when the head ex- 
claimed, " Time's past," fell to the ground 
and was broken to pieces. Byron refers 
to it, not quite correctly, in the lines — 

Like friar Bacon's brazen head, I've spoken, 
" Time is, time was, time's past [?] " 

Don yuan, i. 217 (1819). 

Another was made by the marquis of 
Vilena of Spain ( 1384-1434). And a sixth 
by a Polander, a disciple of Escotillo an 
Italian. 

Brazen Head {The), a gigantic head 
kept in the castle of the giant Fer'ragus 
of Portugal. It was omniscient, and 
told those who consulted it whatever they 
desired to know, past, present, or future. 
— Valentine and Orson. 

Bread Street (London) was the 
bread-market in the time of Edward I. 
Here Milton was born. 

Breaking* a Stick is part of the 
marriage ceremony of the American 
Indians, as breaking a glass is still part 
of the marriage ceremony of the Jews. — 
Lady Augusta Hamilton: Marriage 
Rites, etc., 292, 298. 

In one of Raphael's pictures we see an 
unsuccessful suitor of the Virgin Mary 
breaking his stick, and this alludes to the 
legend that the several suitors of the 
' * virgin " were each to bring an almond 
stick which was to be laid up in the sanc- 
tuary over night, and the owner of the 
stick which budded was to be accounted 
the suitor God ordained, and thus Joseph 
became her husband. — B. H. Cowper : 
Apocryphal Gospel ("Pseudo-Matthew's 
Gospel," 40, 41). 

In Florence is a picture in which the 
rejected suitors break their sticks on the 
back of Joseph. 

Brec'an, a mythical king of Wales. 
He had twenty-four daughters by one 
wife. These daughters, for their beauty 
and purity, were changed into rivers, all 
of which flow into the Severn. Breck- 
nockshire, according to fable, is called 
after this king. (See next art.) 

Brecan was a prince once fortunate and great 
(Who dying lent his name to that his noble seat), 
With twice twelve daughters blest, by one and only 

wife. 
They, for their beauties rare and sanctity of life. 
To rivers were transformed ; whose pureness doth 

declare 
How excellent they were by being what they are . . , 
. . . [they] to Severn shape their course. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, r. (1612). 

Brec'han {Prince), father of St. 
Cadock and St. Canock, the former a 
martyr and the latter a confessor. 



BRECK. 



147 



BRIBOCI. 



rhen Cadock, next to whom comes Canock, both 
which were 

Prince Brechan's sons, who grave the name to Breck- 
nockshire ; 

The first a martyr made, a confessor the other. 

Drayton ; Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Breck {Alison), an old fishwife, friend 
of the Mucklebackits.— Sir W. Scott: 
The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Breck {Angus), a follower of Rob Roy 
M'Gregor the outlaw. — Sir W. Scott: 
Rob Roy (time, George I. ). 

Breeches Bible ( The), 1557. It was 
printed by Whittingham, Gilby, and 
Sampson. So called, because Gen. iii. 7 
runs thus : "The eyes of them bothe were 
opened, . . . and they sewed figge-tree 
leaves together and made themselves 
breeches." 

Breeches Review {The). The 
Westminster Review was so called, 
because Francis Place, an important 
shareholder, was a breeches-maker. 

Bren'da [Troil], daughter of Magnus 
Troil and sister of Minna. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Breng'wain, the confidante of Is'olde 
(2 syl.) wife of sir Mark king of Corn- 
walk Isolde was criminally attached to 
her nephew sir Tristram, and Brengwain 
assisted the queen in her intrigues. 

Breng'wain, wife of Gwenwyn prince 
of Powys-land —Sir IV. Scott: The Be- 
trothed (time, Henry II.). 

Brenta'no {A), one of inconceivable 
folly. The Brentanos (Clemens and 
Bettina) are wild erratic Germans, in 
whom no absurdity is inconsistent. 
Bettina's book, Goethe's Con-espondence 
with a Child (1835), is a pure fabrication. 

At the point where the folly of others ceases, that of 
the Brentanos begins.— Gcrtnan Proverb. 

Brentford {The two kings of). In 
the duke of Buckingham's farce called 
The Rehearsal (1671), the two kings of 
Brentford enter hand-in-hand, dance to- 
gether, sing together, walk arm-in-arm, 
and to heighten the absurdity, the actors 
represent them "as smelling at the same 
nosegay (act ii. 2). 

Some say this was a skit on Charles II. and James 
( afterw ards James II.). Others think the persons 
meant were Boabdelin and Abdalla, the two contend- 
ing kings of Granada. 

Bres'an, a small island upon the very 
point of Cornwall. 

Upon the upmost end of Cornwall's furrowing beak. 
Where Besan from the land the tilting waves doth 
break. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, i. (1612). 

Breton. Entile" comme le Breton. 
French proverbial expression. 



Breton {Captain), "a spirited and 
enterprising soldier of fortune," the lover 
of Clara. — Mrs, Centlivre : The Wonder 
(a comedy, 1713). 

Bretwalda, the over-king of the 
Saxon rulers, established in England 
during the heptarchy. In Germany the 
over-king was called emperor. The 
bretwalda had no power in the civil 
affairs of the under-kings, but in times of 
war or danger formed an important centre. 
(" Walda " is Anglo-Saxon for "ruler.") 

Brewer of Ghent {The), James 
van Artevelde, a great patriot His son 
Philip fell in the battle of Rosbecq 
(fourteenth century). 

Brian de Bois Guilbert {Sir), pre- 
ceptor of the Knights Templars. He 
offers insult to Rebecca, the Jew's daugh- 
ter, but she repels him with scorn, and, 
rushing to the battlement, threatens to 
cast herself over if he touches her. — Sir 
W. Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Bria'na, the lady of a castle who 
demanded for toll "the locks of every 
lady and the beard of every knight that 
passed." This toll was established be- 
cause sir Crudor, with whom she was in 
love, refused to marry her till she had 
provided him with human hair sufficient 
to " purfle a mantle" with. Sir Crudor, 
having been overthrown in knightly com- 
bat by sir Calidore, who refused to give 
"the passage pay," is made to release 
Briana from the condition imposed on 
her, and Briana swears to discontinue 
the discourteous toll. — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, vi. 1 (1596). 

Bri'anor {Sir), a knight overthrown 
by sir Artegal, the "Salvage Knight." — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, iv. 5 (1596), 

Briar'eos (4 syl.), usually called 
Briareus [Bri'-a-ruce], the giant with a 
hundred hands. Hence Dryden says, 
"And Briareus, with all his hundred 
hands" {Virgil, vi.) ; but Milton write.s 
the name Briargos {Paradise Lost, i. 199). 

Then, called by thee, the monster Titan came, 
Whom gods Briareos, men JEgeon name. 

Pope : Iliad, i. 

Bri'areus {Bold), Handel (1 685-1757). 

Bri'areus of Langnag-es, cardinal 
Mezzofanti, who was familiar with fifty- 
eight different languages. Byron calls 
him " a walking polyglot" (1774-1849). 

Bribo'ci, inhabitants of Berkshire 
and the adjacent counties. — Ccesar : Com- 
mentaries. 



BRICK. 



148 



BRIDGENORTH. 



Brick [Jefferson), a very weak, pale 
young man, the war correspondent of 
the New York Rowdy yournal, of which 
colonel Diver was editor. — Dickens: Mar- 
tin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Bride-catching'. It is a common 
Asiatic custom for the bridegroom to 
give chase to the bride, either on foot, 
on horseback, or in a canoe. If the bride- 
groom catches the fugitive, he claims her 
as his bride, otherwise the match is broken 
off. The classical tales of Hippom'enes 
and Atalanta will instantly recur to the 
reader's memory. 

IT In mythical times the savage was 
wont to waylay and hunt his bride ; and 
having, as the poet says, seized her by 
the hair, " to nuptials rude he bore her." 

A girl is first mounted, and rides off at full speed. 
Her lover pursues, and if he overtakes her she becomes 
his wife. No Kalmuck girl is ever caught unless she 
chooses to be so.— Dr. Clarke. 

In Turcomania the maiden carries a lamb and kid, 
which must be taken from her in the chase. In Singa- 
pore the chase is made in canoes.— Cameron. 

Bride of Aby'dos (The), Zulei'ka 
(3 tyl')> daughter of Giaffer (2 syl.) 
pacha of Abydos. She is the troth- 
plight bride of Selim ; but Giaffer shoots 
the lover, and Zuleika dies of a broken 
heart. — Byron: Bride of Abydos (18 13). 

Bride of Lammermoor ( The) , Lucy 
Ashton, in love with Edgar master of 
Ravenswood, but compelled to marry 
Frank Hayston laird of Bucklaw. She 
tries to murder him on the bridal night, 
and dies insane the day following. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

( The Bride of Lammermoor is one of 
the most finished of Scott's novels, pre- 
senting a unity of plot and action from 
beginning to end. The old butler, Caleb 
Balderston, is exaggerated and far too 
prominent, but he serves as a foil to the 
tragic scenes. ) 

In The Bride of Lammermoor we see embodied the 
dark spirit of fatalism— that spirit which breathes on 
the writings of the Greek tragedians when they traced 
the persecuting vengeance of destiny against the 
houses of Laius and Atreus. From the time that we 
hear the prophetic rhymes the spell begins, and the 
clouds blacken round us, till they close the tale in a 
night of horror.— Macau lay. 

Bride of the Sea. Venice is so called 
from the ancient ceremony of the doge 
marrying the city to the Adriatic by 
throwing a ring into it, pronouncing these 
words, " We wed thee, O sea, in token of 
perpetual dominion. " 

Bridewell was a king's palace before 
the Conquest. Henry I. gave the stone 
for rebuilding it. Its name is from St. 



Bride (or Bridget), and her holy well. 
The well is now represented by an iron 
pump in Bride Lane. 

Bridge. The imaginary bridge be- 
tween earth and the Mohammedan para- 
dise is called " All Sirat'." 

IT The rainbow bridge which spans 
heaven and earth in Scandinavian mytho- 
logy is called " Bif'rost." 

Bridge of Gold. According to 
German tradition, Charlemagne's spirit 
crosses the Rhine on a golden bridge, at 
Bingen, in seasons of plenty, and blesses 
both corn-fields and vineyards. 

Thou standest, like imperial Charlemagne, 
Upon thy bridge of gold. 

Longfellow: Autumn. 

Bridge of Sighs, the covered pas. 
sage- way which connects the palace of 
the doge in Venice with the State prisons. 
Called " the Bridge of Sighs " because the 
condemned passed over it from the judg- 
ment-hall to the place of execution. 
Hood has a poem called The Bridge oj 
Sighs. 

The bridge in St. John's College, Cambridge, has 
been facetiously called "The Bridge of Grunts," the 
Johnians being nicknamed "pigs" or "hogs" — at least 
they were so in my time. 

Bridges of Cane, in many parts 
of Spanish America, are thrown over 
narrow streams. 

Wild-cant arch high flung o'er gulf profound. 
Campbell : Gertrude of Wyoming, ii. 16 (1809). 

Bridgemore (Mr.), of Fish Street 
Hill, London. A dishonest merchant, 
wealthy, vulgar, and purse-proud. He is 
invited to a soire'e given by lord Abber- 
ville, "and counts the servants, gapes 
at the lustres, and never enters the 
drawing-room at all, but stays below, 
chatting with the travelling tutor." 

Mrs. Bridgemore, wife of Mr. Bridge- 
more, equally vulgar, but with more pre- 
tension to gentility. 

Miss Lucinda Bridgemore, the spiteful, 
purse-proud, malicious daughter of Mr. 
and Mrs. Bridgemore, of Fish Street 
Hill. She was engaged to lord Abber- 
ville, but her money would not out- 
balance her vulgarity and ill-temper, so 
the young "fashionable lover" made 
his bow and retired. — Cumberland : The 
Fxshionable Lover (1780). 

Bridgenorth (Major Ralph), a 
roundhead and conspirator ; neighbour of 
sir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak, a staunch 
cavalier. 

Mrs. Bridgenorth, the major's wife. 

Alice Bridgenorth, the major's daughter 
and heroine of the novel, who marries 



BRIDGET. 



149 



iulian Peveril, a cavalier. — Sir W. Scott: 
"*everil of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

BRIDGET [Miss), the mother of 

Tom Jones, in Fielding's novel called 
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling 
(i75°)- 

It has been wondered why Fielding should have 
chosen to leave the stain of illegitimacy on the birth of 
his hero . . . but had Miss Bridget been privately 
married . . . there could have been no adequate 
motive assigned for keeping- the birth of the child a 
secret from a man so reasonable and compassionate as 
Allworthy. — Encyc. Britannica (article "Fielding"). 

Bridget (Mrs.), in Sterne's novel 
called The Life and OpinioTis of Tristram 
Shandy, Gent. (1759). 

Bridget (Mother), aunt of Catherine 
Seyton, and abbess of St. Catherine. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Bridget (May), the milkwoman at 
Falkland Castle.— Sir W. Scott; Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Bridge'ward (Peter), the bridge-. 
keeper of Kennaquhair ("I know not 
where ").— Sir IV. Scott; The Abbot (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Bridgeware) (Peter), warder of the 
bridge near St. Mary's Convent. He 
refuses a passage to father Philip, who is 
carrying off the Bible of lady Alice. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Monastery (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Bridge-water Treatises (TJie), 
founded by the right hon. and Rev. F. H. 
Egerton, eighth earl of Bridgeuater. The 
subject of these treatises is to show the 
41 power, wisdom, and goodness of (jod 
in creation." There have been eight 
treatises published (1833-1836). A ninth 
(by Babbage) was published in 1837, 

Palev's Evidences was for many years a standard 
book in the University of Cambridge; but it will not 
bear the test of modern criticism. 

Bridle. John Gower says that Rosi- 
phele princess of Armenia, insensible to 
love, saw in a vision a troop of ladies 
splendidly mounted, but one of them rode 
a wretched steed, wretchedly accoutred 
except as to the bridle. On asking the 
reason, the princess was informed that 
the lady on the wretched horse was dis- 
graced for cruelty to her lovers, but that 
the bridle had been recently given her 
because she had for the last month shown 
symptoms of true love. Moral : Hence 
let ladies warning take — 

Of love that they be not idle. 
And bid them think of my bridle. 
Cenftstio Amantis (" Episode of Rosiphele," 
1325-1402). 



BRILLIANT. 

Bridlegoose (Judge), a judge who 
decided the causes brought before him, 
not by weighing the merits of the case, 
but by the more simple process of throw- 
ing dice. — Rabelais; Pantag'rueF, iii. 39 

(1545). . . 

*.• Beaumarchais, m his Marriage of 
Figaro (1784), has introduced this judge 
under the name of " Brid'oison." The 
person satirized by Rabelais is the chan- 
cellor Poyet. 

Bri'dlesly (Joe), a horse-dealer at 
Liverpool, of whom Julian Peveril bought 
a horse. — Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Brid'oison [Bree-dwoy-zong*], a stupid 
judge in the Mariage de Figaro, a comedy 
in French, by Beaumarchais (1784). 

Bridoon (Corporal), in lieutenant 
Nosebag's regiment. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Waver ley (time, George II.). 

Brien'nius (Nicephorus), the Caesar 
of the Grecian empire, and husband of 
Anna Comne'na (daughter of Alexius 
Comnenus, emperor of Greece). — Sir IV. 
Scott: Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Rufus). 

Brigado're (4 syl), sir Guyon's 
horse. The word means " Golden-bridle." 
—Spenser : Faerie Queene, v. 3 (1596). 

Brigan'tes (3 syl. ), called by Drayton 
Brig' ants, the people of Yorkshire, Lan- 
casnire, Westmoreland, Cumberland, and 
Durham. 

Where in the Britons' rule of yore the Brigants swayed. 
The powerful English established . . . Northumberland 
[North umb ria\ 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xvL (16x3). 

Briggs, one of the ten young gentle- 
men in the school of Dr. Blimber when 
Paul Dombey was a pupil there. Briggs 
was nicknamed the " Stoney," because his 
brains were petrified by the constant drop- 
ping of wisdom upon them. — Dickens: 
Dombey and Son (1846). 

Brigliadoro [Bril'-ye-dor'-ro'], Or- 
lando's steed. The word means ' ' Golden- 
bridle." — Ariosto: ! rlandoFurioso(i$i6). 

Sir Guyon's horse, in Spenser's Faerie 
Queene, is called by the same name (1596). 
(See Brigadore.) 

Brigs of Ayr ( The), a poetical chat 
between the Old and New Bridge across 
the river Doon, at Ayr, by Burns. 

Brilliant (Sir Philip), a great fop, 
but brave soldier, like the famous Murat. 
He would dress with all the finery of a 
rain girl, but would share watching, toil, 



BRILLIANT MADMAN. 



150 



BRITANNIA. 



and peril with the meanest soldier. "A 
butterfly in the drawing-room, but a lion 
on the battle-field." Sir Philip was a 
" blade of proof ; you might laugh at the 
scabbard, but you wouldn't at the blade." 
He falls in love with lady Anne, reforms 
his vanities, and marries. — Knowles: Old 
Maids (1841). 

Brilliant Madman {The), Charles 
XII. of Sweden (1682, 1697-1718). 

Brillianta (The lady), a great wit in 
the ancient romance entitled Tirante le 
Blanc, author unknown. 

Here [in Tirante le Blanc] we shall find the famous 
knight don Kyrie Elyson of Montalban, his brother 
Thomas, the knight Fonseca, . . . the stratagems of 
the widow Tranquil . . . and the witticisms of lady 
Brillianta. This is one of the most amusing books ever 
written.— Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605). 

Bris (// conte di SanJ, governor of the 
Louvre. He is father of Valenti'na and 
leader of the St. Bartholomew massacre. 
— Meyerbeer: Les Huguenots (1836). 

Brisac' (Justice), brother of Mira- 
mont. 

Charles Brisac, a scholar, son of justice 
Brisac. 

Eustace Brisac, a courtier, brother of 
Charles. —Fletcher : The Elder Brother (a 
comedy, printed in 1637). 

Brise'is (3 syl. ), whose real name was 
Hippodaml'a, was the daughter of Brisks, 
brother of the priest Chryses. She was 
the concubine of Achilles ; but when 
Achillas bullied Agamemnon for not 
giving Chryse'is to her father, who offered 
a ransom for her, Agamemnon turned 
upon him and said he would let Chryseis 
go, but should take Briseis instead. — 
Homer: Iliad, i. 

Ovid n his Heroides, 4 syl.) has a letter in hexameter 
and pentameter verses, supposed to be addressed by 
Briseis to Achilles, and imploring him to take her 
back, as Agamemnon has consented to give her up, \i 
he (Achilles) will return to the war. 

Brisk, a good-natured conceited cox- 
comb, with a most voluble tongue. Fond 
of saying "good things," and pointing 
them out with such expressions as "There 
1 had you, eh?" " That was pretty well, 
egad, eh ? " "I hit you in the teeth there, 
egad ! " His ordinary oath was " Let me 
perish ! " He makes love to lady Froth. — 
Congreve: The Double Dealer (1694). 

Bris'kie (2 syl.), disguised under the 
name of Putskie. A captain in the Mos- 
covite army, and brother of general 
Archas " the loyal subject" of the great- 
duke of Moscovia. — Fletcher: The Loyal 
Subject (1618). 

Bris'sotin, one of the followers of 



Jean Pierre Brissot, an advanced revolu 
tionist. The Brissotins were subsequently 
merged in the Girondists, and the word 
dropped out of use. 

Bristol Boy ( The), Thomas Chatter- 
ton the poet, born at Bristol. Also called 
" The Marvellous Boy." Byron calls him 
"the wondrous boy who perished in his 
pride" (1752-1770). 

Bristol Man's Gift, a present ot 
something which the giver pronounces to 
be of no use or no value to himself. 

Britain, according to the British 
triads, was called first ' ' The green water- 
fort" (Clas Merddyn) ; this was before it 
was populated. Its next name was "The 
honey isle" (F VU Ynys). But after it 
was brought under one head by Prydain 
son of Aedd, it was called " Prydain' s 
isle " ( Ynys Prydain). 

It has also been called " Hyperbo'rea," 
" Atlan'tica," " Cassit'eris," " Roma'na," 
.and "Thule." Also " Yr Ynys Wen" 
("the white island "), and some will have 
that the word Albion is derived from the 
Latin, albus, " white," and that the island 
was so called from " its white cliffs " — an 
etymology only suited to fable. 

Bochart says Baratanic ("country ot 
tin"), a Phoenician word, contracted into 
Brat an ', is the true derivation. 

N.B. — Britain, in Arthurian romance, 
always means Brittany. England is called 
Logris or Logria. 

Britain (Benjamin), in Dickens's 

Battle of Life (1846). 

Britan'nia. The Romans represented 
the island of Great Britain by the figure 
of a woman seated on a rock, from a 
fanciful resemblance thereto in the general 
outline of the island. The idea is less 
poetically expressed by "An old witch on 
a broomstick." 

(The effigy ot Britannia on our coppei 
coin dates from the reign of Charles II. 
(1672), and was engraved by Roetier from 
a drawing by Evelyn. ) 

It is not known for certainty which of the court 
favourites of Charles II. is meant to be represented by 
the effigy. Some say Frances Theresa Stuart, duchess 
of Richmond; others think it is intended for Barbara 
Villiers, duchess of Cleveland ; but as the effigy was 
first struck on the coin in 1672, and Louise de Qucrouaille 
was created duchess of Portsmouth in 1673, probably 
the French favourite was honoured by bemg selected 
for the academy figure. 

Britannia, the name of the ship 
under the command of captain Albert, in 
Falconer's poem called The Shipwrtca. 
It was dashed to pieces on the projecting 



BRITANNIA REDIVIVUS. 



151 



BROADSIDE. 



verge of cape Colonna, the most southern 
point of Attica (1756). 

Britannia RediviVus, a poem on 
the birth of James [II.] by Dryden. 

Britannia's Pastorals, by W. 
Browne. Book i. published in 1613 ; book 
ii., in 1616 ; and book hi., in 1652. 

British Apollo {The), containing 
answers to 2000 questions on arts and 
sciences, some serious and some hu- 
morous (1740), by a " Society of Gentle- 
men." 

British History of Geoffrey of 
Monmouth, is a translation of a Welsh 
Chronicle. It is in nine books, and con- 
tains a "history" of the Britons and 
Welsh from Brutus, great-grandson of the 
Trojan tineas to the death of Cadwallo 
or Cadwallader in 688. This Geoffrey was 
first archdeacon of Monmouth, and then 
bishop of St. Asaph. The general outline 
of the work is the same as that given 
by Nennius three centuries previously. 
Geoffrey's Chronicle, publ ished about 1 143, 
formed a basis for many subsequent 
' ' historical " works. A compendium by 
Diceto is published in Gale's Chronicles. 

N.B. — It has its value as an ancient chronicle, but is 
wholly worthless as a history of facts. 

British Lion {The), the spirit or 
pugnacity of the British nation, as op- 
posed to John Bull, which symbolizes the 
substantiality, obstinacy, and solidity of 
the British nation, with all its prejudices 
and national peculiarities. To rouse 
John Bull is to tread on his corns, to 
rouse the British Lion is to blow the war- 
trumpet in his ears. The British Lion 
also means the most popular celebrity of 
the British nation for the time being. 

Our glorious constitution is owing to the habit which 
the British Lion observes of sitting over his wine after 
dinner. — W. Jerdan. 

British Fansanias {The), W. 
Camden, the antiquary (1551-1623). 

British Soldiers' Battle ( The), the 
battle of Inkerman, November 5, 1854. 

For stubborn valour, for true old English resolution 
to fight it out to the last, amid every disadvantage and 
against almost overwhelming odds, men will for ages 
point to Inkerman, " The British Soldiers' Battle." — 
Sir E. Creasy : The Fifteen Decisive Battles (preface). 

Brit'omart, the representative of 
chastity. She was the daughter and 
heiress of king Ryence of Wales, and her 
legend forms the third book of the Faerie 
Qucene. One day, looking into Venus's 
looking-glass, given by Merlin to her 
father, she saw therein sir Artegal, and 
fell in love with him. Her nurse Glauce 



(2 syl.) tried by charms "to undo her 
love," but "love that is in gentle heart 
begun no idle charm can remove.' ' 
Glauce, finding her " charms " ineffectual, 
took her to Merlin's cave in Carmarthen, 
and the magician told her she would be 
the mother of a line of kings {the Tudors), 
and after twice 400 years one of her off- 
spring, " a royal virgin," would shake the 
power of Spain. Glauc& now suggested 
that they should start in quest of sir 
Artegal, and Britomart donned the armour 
of An'gela (queen of the Angles), which 
she found in ber father's armoury, and 
taking a magic spear which "nothing 
could resist," she sallied forth. Her 
adventures allegorize the triumph of 
chastity over impurity : Thus in Castle 
Joyous, Malacasta {lust), not knowing her 
sex, tried to seduce her, " but she flees 
youthful lust, which wars against the 
soul." She next overthrew Marinel, son 
of Cym'oent. Then made her appearance 
as the Squire of Dames. Her last achieve- 
ment was the deliverance of Am'oret 
{wifely love) from the enchanter Busirane. 
Her marriage is deferred to bk. v. 6, 
when she tilted with sir Artegal, who 
" shares away the ventail of her helmet 
with his sword," and was about to strike 
again when he became so amazed at her 
beauty that he thought she must be a 
goddess. She bade the knight remove 
his helmet, at once recognized him, con- 
sented "to be his love, and to take him 
for her lord." — Spenser: Faerie Queene, 
iii. (1590). 

She charmed at once and tamed the heart. 
Incomparable Britomart. 

Sir W. Scott 

Briton {Colonel), a Scotch officer, who 
sees donna Isabella jump from a window 
in order to escape from a marriage she 
dislikes. The colonel catches her, and 
takes her to the house of donna Violante, 
her friend. Here he calls upon her, but 
don Felix, the lover of Violante, sup- 
posing Violante to be the object of his 
visits, becomes jealous, till at the end 
the mystery is cleared up, and a double 
marriage is the result. — Mrs. Centlivre : 
TJie Wonder (1714). 

Broad Grins, a series of farcical tales 
in verse by G. Colman the. younger (1797). 

Broadside {A). To constitute a 
broadside, the matter should be printed 
on the entire sheet, on one side of the 
paper only, not in columns, but in one 
measure. It matters not which way of 
tl.e paper the printing is displayed, or 



BROBDINGNAG. 



152 



BROTHERS. 



what the size of type, provided the whole 
is presented to the eye in one view. 
Although the entire matter of a broadside 
must be contained on one side of a sheet 
of paper, an endorsement may be allowed. 

Br ob' ding-nag", a country of enor- 
mous giants, to whom Gulliver was a 
tiny dwarf. They were as tall "as an 
ordinary church steeple," and all their 
surroundings were in proportion. 

Yon high church steeple, yon gawky stag, 
Your husband must come from Brobdingnag. 

Kane O'Hara ; Midas (1764). 

Brock (Adam), in Charles XII., an 
historical drama by Planche (1828). 

Broken Feather. A broken feather 
in his wing, a scandal connected with 
one's name, a blot on one's 'scutcheon. 

If an angel were to walk about, Mrs. Sam Hurst 
would never rest till she had found out where he came 
from. 

And perhaps whether he had a broken feather in his 
wing.— Mrs. Oliphant: Phoebe, j'un., ii. 6. 

"Bvoken-Grivtih-Flow (Laird of), one 
of the Jacobite conspirators in The Black 
Dwarf, a novel by sir W. Scott (time, 
Anne). 

Broken Heart (The), a tragedy by 
John Ford (1633). (See Calantha.) 

Broker of the Empire (The). 
Dari'us, son of Hystaspes, was so called 
by the Persians from his great care of the 
financial condition of his empire. 

Bro'mia, wife of Sosia (slave of 
Amphitryon), in the service of Alcme'n a. 
A nagging termagant, who keeps her 
husband in petticoat subjection. She is 
not one of the characters in Moliere's 
comedy of Amphitryon. — Dry den: Am- 
phitryon (1690). 

Bromton's Chronicle (time, Ed- 
ward III.), that i^, "The Chronicle of 
John Bromton," printed among the Decern 
Scriptores, under the titles of " Chronicon 
Johannis Bromton," and " Johanensis 
Historia a Johanne Bromton," abbot of 
Jerevaux, in Yorkshire. It commences 
with ihe conversion of the Saxons by St. 
Augustin, and closes with the death of 
Richard I. in 1199. Selden has proved 
that the chronicle was not written by 
Bromton, but was merely brought to the 
iibbey while he vfas abbot. 

Bronte (2 syl.). (See Bell.) 

Bron'tes (2 syl.), one of the Cyclops, 
hence a blacksmith generally. Called 
Bronteus (2 syl.) by Spenser, Faerie 
Queenefxv. 5 (1596). 



Not with such weight, to frame the forky brand. 
The ponderous hammer falls from Brontes' hand. 
Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (Hool's translation). 

Bronze ( 1 syl. ). The Age of Bronze. A 
poem in heroic verse on Napoleon, his 
victories, his fall, and the effects produced 
by liberating the spirit of Liberty. Clause 
iii. contains some excellent lines — 

But where is he, the modern, mightier far, 

Who, bom no king, made monarchs draw his cart . . . 

Bronzely (2 syl.), a mere rake, whose 
vanity was to be thought " a general 
seducer. " — Mrs. Inchbald : Wives as they 
Were, and Maids as they Are (1797). 

Bron'zomarte (3 syl.), the sorrel 
steed of sir Launcelot Greaves. The 
word means a "mettlesome sorrel." — 
Smollett ; Sir Launcelot Greaves (1756). 

Brook (Master), the name assumed 
by Ford when sir John Falstaff makes 
love to his wife. Sir John, not knowing 
him, confides to him every item of his 
amour, and tells him how cleverly he has 
duped Ford by being carried out in a 
buck -basket before his very face. — 
Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor 
(1601). 

Brook Street (Grosvenor Square, 
London) is so called from a brook or 
stream which at one time ran down that 
locality. 

Broo'ker, the man who stole the son 
of Ralph Nickleby out of revenge, called 
him "Smike," and put him to school at 
Dotheboys Hall, Yorkshire. His tale is 
told pp. 594-5 (original edit.). — Dickens : 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Brother Jon'athan. When Wash- 
ington was in want of ammunition, he 
called a council of officers ; but no prac- 
tical suggestion being offered, he said, 
"We must consult brother Jonathan," 
meaning his excellency Jonathan Trum- 
bull, the elder governor of the state of 
Connecticut. This was done, and the 
difficulty surmounted. " To consult brother 
Jonathan " then became a set phrase, and 
" Brother Jonathan " became the "John 
Bull" of the United States. — Bartlett: 
Dictionary of Americanisms. 

Brother Sam, the brother of lord 
Dundreary, the hero of a comedy based 
on a German drama, by John Oxenford, 
with additions and alterations by E. A. 
Sothern and T. B. Buckstone. — Supplied 
by T. B. Buckstone, esq. 

Brothers ( The), a comedy by Richard 
Cumberland (1769). (For the plot, see 
Belfield, Brothers.) 



BROUGHAM'S PLAID TROUSERS. 153 BRUCE AND THE SPIDER. 



'." Wordsworth has a poem with the 
same title, written in 1800. 

Brougham's Plaid Trousers. 

The story goes that lord Brougham 
[Broom] once paid a visit to a great cloth 
factory in the north, and was so pleased 
with one of the patterns that he requested 
to be supplied with ' ' a dozen pieces for his 
own use," meaning, of course, enough for 
a dozen pairs of trousers. The clothier 
sent him "a dozen pieces," containing 
several hundred yards, so that his lord- 
ship was not only set up for life in plaid 
for trousers, but had enough to supply a 
whole clan. 

Browdie {John), a. brawny, big-made 
Yorkshire corn-factor, bluff, brusque, 
honest, and kind-hearted. He befriends 
poor Smike, and is much attached to 
Nicholas Nickleby. John Browdie marries 
Matilda Price, a miller's daughter. — 
Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

BROWN {Vanbeest), lieutenant of 
Dirk Hatteraick.— Sir W. Scott: Guy 
Manner ing (time, George II.). 

Brown {Jonathan), landlord of the 
Black Bear at Darlington. Here Frank 
Osbaldistone meets Rob Roy at dinner. — 
Sir W. Scott: Rob iPoy (time, George I.). 

Brown (Mrs.), the widow of the 
brother-in-law of the hon. Mrs. Skewton. 
She had one daughter, Alice Marwood, 
who was first cousin to Edith (Mr. Dom- 
bey's second wife). Mrs. Brown lived in 
great poverty, her only known vocation 
being " to strip children of their clothes, 
which she sold or pawned." — Dickens: 
Dombey and Son (1846). 

Brown (Mrs.), a "Mrs. John Bull," 
with all the practical sense, kind-hearted- 
ness, absence of conventionality, and the 
prejudices of a well-to-do but half-educated 
Englishwoman of the middle shop class. 
She passes her opinions on all current 
events, and travels about, taking with her 
all her prejudices, and despising every- 
thing which is not English. — Arthur 
Sketch ley [Rev. George Rose]. 

Brown ( Yellowish). (See Isabella.) 

Brown the Younger ( Thomas), the 
nom de plu?ne of Thomas Moore, in 7 he 
Two-penny Post-bag, a series of witty and 
very popular satires on the prince regent 
(afterwards George IV.), his ministers, 
and his boon companions. Also in 77/^ 
Fudge Family in Paris, and in The 
Fudges in England (1835). 



Brown, Jones, and Robinson, 

three Englishmen who travel together. 
Their adventures, by Richard Doyle, were 
published in Punch. In them is held up 
to ridicule the gaucherie, the contracted 
notions, the vulgarity, the conceit, and 
the general snobbism of the middle-class 
English abroad. 

Browne ( General) paid a visit to lord 
Woodville. His bedroom for the night 
was the "tapestried chamber," where he 
saw the apparition of "the lady in the 
sacque ; " and next morning he relates his 
adventure.— Sir W. Scott: Tlie Tapes- 
tried Chamber (time, George III.). 

Browne (Hablot Knight) illustrated 
some of Dickens's novels, and took the 
pseudonym of " Phiz " (1812-1882). 

Brown's School Days (Tom), a 

story by T. Hughes (1856). 

Browns. To astonish the Browns, to 
do or say something regardless of the 
annoyance it may cause or the shock it 
may give to Mrs. Grundy. Anne Boleyn 
had a whole clan of Browns, or " country 
cousins," who were welcomed at court in 
the reign of Elizabeth. The queen, how- 
ever, was quick to see what was gauche, 
and did not scruple to reprove them for 
uncourtly manners. Her plainness of 
speech used quite to "astonish the 
Browns." 

Brownists. (See Dictionary of Phrase 

and Fable, p. 181.) 

Brownlow, a most benevolent old 
gentleman, who rescued Oliver Twist from 
his vile associates. He refused to believe 
in Oliver's guilt of theft, although appear- 
ances were certainly against him, and he 
even took the boy into his service. — 
Dickens: Oliver Twist (1837). 

Brox'mouth (John), a neighbour ot 
Happer the miller.— Sir W. Scott: The 

Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Bruce ( The), an epic poem by John 
Barbour (1376). There was published an 
edition in 1869. It is in octo-syllabic 
verse, and runs to about 14,000 lines. 
The subject is the adventures of Robert I. 
of Scotland. 

Bruce and the Spider. The 

popular tradition is that in the spring of 
1305, Robert Bruce was crowned at Scone 
king of Scotland ; but, being attacked by 
the English, he retreated first to the wild* 
of Athole, and then to the little island or 
Rathlin, off the north coast of Ireland, 



BRUEL. 



154 



BRUNELLO. 



and all supposed him to be dead. While 
lying perdu in Rathlin, he one day 
noticed a spider near his bed try six 
times to fix its web on a beam in the 
ceiling. "Now shall this spider (said 
Bruce) teach me what I am to do, for I 
also have failed six times." The spider 
made a seventh effort, and succeeded ; 
whereupon Bruce left the island (in the 
spring of 1307), and collecting together 300 
followers, landed at Carrick, and at mid- 
night surprised the English garrison in 
Turnberry Castle ; he next overthrew the 
earl of Gloucester, and in two years 
made himself master of well-nigh all 
Scotland, which Edward III. declared 
in 1328 to be an independent kingdom. 
Sir Walter Scott tells us, in his Tales of a 
Grandfather (p. 26, col._2), that in re- 
membrance of this incident, it has always 
been deemed a foul crime in Scotland for 
any of the name of Bruce to injure a 
spider. 

"I will grant you, my father, that this valiant 
burgess of Perth is one of the best-hearted men that 
draws breath . . . He would be as loth, in wantonness, 
to kill a spider, as if he were a kinsman to king 
Robert of happy memory."— Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth, ch. u. (1828). 

If Frederick the Great and the Spider. 
While Frederick II. was at Sans Souci, 
he one day went into his ante-room, as 
usual, to drink a cup of chocolate, but 
set his cup down to fetch his handker- 
chief from his bedroom. On his return 
he found a great spider had fallen from 
the ceiling into his cup. He called for 
fresh chocolate, and next moment heard 
the report of a pistol. The cook had 
been suborned to poison the chocolate, 
and, supposing his treachery had been 
found out, shot himself. On the ceiling 
of the room in Sans Souci a spider has 
been painted (according to tradition) in 
remembrance of this story. 

^f Mahotnet and the Spider. When 
Mahomet fled from Mecca, he hid in a 
certain cave, and the Koreishites were 
close upon him. Suddenly an acacia in 
full leaf sprang up at the mouth of the 
cave, a wood-pigeon had its nest in the 
branches, and a spider had woven its net 
between the tree and the cave. When 
the Koreishites saw this, they felt per- 
suaded that no one could have recently 
passed that way, and went on. 

1T A kindred story is told of David, 
who was saved from the hand of Saul in 
pursuit of him, by the web of a spider 
over the mouth of a cave in the desert of 
Ziph. 

Bru'el, the name of the goose, in the 



tale of Reynard the Fox. The word 
means the " Little roarer " (1498). 

Bruin, the name of the bear, in the 
best-epic called Reynard the Fox. Hence 
a bear in general. The word means the 
" Brown one " (1498). 

Bru'in, one of the leaders arrayed 
against Hudibras. He is meant for one 
Talgol, a Newgate butcher, who obtained 
a captain's commission for valour at 
Naseby. He marched next to Orsin 
[Joshua Gosling, landlord of the bear- 
gardens at South wark]. — S. Butler: 
Hudibras, i. 3 (1663). 

Bruin {Mrs. and Mr.), daughter and 
son-in-law to sir Jacob Jollup. Mr. 
Bruin is a huge bear of a fellow, and rules 
his wife with scant courtesy. — Foote : The 
Mayor of Garratt (1763). 

Brulgrud'dery {Dennis), landlord of 
the Red Cow, on Muckslush Heath. He 
calls himself " an Irish gintleman bred 
and born." He was " brought up to the 
church," i.e. to be a church beadle, but lost 
his place for snoring at sermon-time. He 
is a sot, with a very kind heart, and is 
honest in great matters, although in 
business he will palm off an old cock for 
a young capon. 

Mrs. Brulgruddery, wife of Dennis, and 
widow of Mr. Skinnygauge, former land- 
lord of the Red Cow. Unprincipled, self- 
willed, ill-tempered, and over-reaching. 
Money is the only thing that moves her, 
and when she has taken a bribe she will 
whittle down the service to the finest 
point. — Colman: John Bull (1805). 

Brumo, a place of worship in Craca 
(one of the Shetland Isles). 

Far from his friends they placed him in the horrid 
circle of Brumo, where the ghosts of the dead howl 
round the stone of their fear.— Ossian : Fingal, vi. 

Brun'ciievai "the Bold," a paynim 
knight, who tilted with sir Satyrane ; 
both were thrown to the ground together 
at the first encounter. — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, iv. 4 (1596). 

Brunell'o, a deformed dwarf, who at 
the siege of Albracca stole Sacripan'te's 
charger from between his legs without his 
knowing it. He also stole Angelica's 
magic ring, by means of which he re- 
leased Roge'ro from the castle in which 
he was imprisoned. Ariosto says that 
Agramant gave the dwarf a ring which 
had the power of resisting magic. — 
Bojardo: Orlando Innamorato (1495); 
and Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 



155 



BRUNENBURG. 

**I,"says Sancho, "slept so soundly upon Dapple, 
that the thief had time enough to clap four stakes 
under the four comers of my paimcl, and to lead away 
the beast from under my legs without waking me." — 
Cervantes : Don Quixote, II. i. 4 (1615). 

Branenbnrg {Battle of), referred to 
in Tennyson's King Harold, is the victory 
obtained in 938 by king Athelstan over 
the Danes. 

Brnnetta, mother of Chery (who 
married his cousin Fairstar). — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales ( " Princess Fair- 
•t*r," 1682). 

Brnnetta, the rival beauty of Phyllis. 
On one occasion Phyllis procured a most 
marvellous fabric of gold brocade in 
order to eclipse her rival ; but Brunetta 
arrayed her train-bearer in a dress of the 
same material, and cut in the same 
fashion. Phyllis was so annoyed that 
she went home and died. — The Spectator. 

Brunhild, queen of Issland, who 
made a vow that none should win her 
who could not surpass her in three trials 
of skill and strength: (1) hurling a spear; 
(2) throwing a stone; and (3) jumping. 
Giinther king of Burgundy undertook 
the three contests, and by the aid of 
Siegfried succeeded in winning the 
martial queen. First, hurling a spear 
that three men could scarcely lift : the 
queen hurled it towards Giinther, but 
Siegfried, in his invisible cloak, reversed 
its direction, causing it to strike the queen 
and knock her down. Next, throwing a 
stone so huge that twelve brawny men 
were employed to carry it : Brunhild 
lifted it on high, flung it twelve fathoms, 
and jumped beyond it. Again Siegfried 
helped his friend to throw it further, and 
in leaping beyond the stone. The queen, 
being fairly beaten, exclaimed to her liege- 
men, "I am no longer your queen and 
mistress ; henceforth are ye the liegemen 
of Giinther " (lied vii.). After marriage 
Brunhild was so obstreperous that the 
king again applied to Siegfried, who suc- 
ceeded in depriving her of her ring and 
girdle, after which she became a very 
submissive wife. — The Nibelu?igen Lied. 

Brn'no (Bishop), bishop of Herbi- 
polita'num. Sailing one day on the 
Danube with Henry III. emperor of 
Germany, they came to Ben Strudel 
("the devouring gulf"), near Grinon 
Castle, in Austria. Here the voice of a 
spirit clamoured aloud, "Ho! ho! Bishop 
Bruno, whither art thou travelling? But 
go thy ways, bishop Bruno, for thou shalt 
travel with me to-night." At night, while 



BRUTE. 

feasting with the emperor, a rafter fell on 
his head and killed him. Southey has a 
ballad called Bishop Bruno, but it deviates 
from the original legend given by Hey- 
wood in several particulars : It makes 
bishop Bruno hear the voice first on his 
way to the emperor, who had invited him 
to dinner ; next, at the beginning of 
dinner ; and thirdly, when the guests had 
well feasted. At the last warning an ice- 
cold hand touched him, and Bruno fell 
dead in the banquet-hall. 

Brash, the impertinent English valet 
of lord Ogleby. If his lordship calls, he 
never hears unless he chooses ; if his bell 
rings, he never answers it till it suits his 
pleasure. He helps himself freely to all 
his master's things, and makes love to all 
the pretty chambermaids he comes into 
contact with. — Colman and Garrick : 
The Clandestine Marriage (1766). 

Brass (Robert the), an historical poem 
by Barbour, father of the Scotch verna- 
cular poets. This Robert was Robert I. of 
Scotland (1276, 1306-1329). John Bar- 
bour lived 1316-1395. The full title of 
his poem is Tlie Gestes of king Robert 
Bruce ; it consists of 14,030 lines, and 
may be divided into twenty books. The 
verses are octosyllabic like Scott's Mar- 
mion, etc 

Brat (Le), a metrical chronicle et 

Maitre Wace, canon of Caen, in Nor- 
mandy. It contains the earliest history 
of England, and other historical legends 
(twelfth century). 

Brate (1 syl.), the first king of Britain 
(in mythical history). He was the son of 
/Eneas Silvius (grandson of Ascanius 
a'd great-grandson of /Eneas of Troy). 
Brute called London (the capital of his 
adopted country) Troynovant (New Troy). 
The legend is this : An oracle declared 
that Brute should be the death of both 
his parents ; his mother died in child- 
birth; and at the age of 15 Brute shot his 
father accidentally in a deer-hunt. Being 
driven from Alba Longa, he collected a 
band of old Trojans and landed at Tot- 
ness, in Devonshire. His wife was 
Innogen, daughter of Pandra'sus king ol 
Greece. His tale is told at length in the 
Chronicles of Geoffrey of Monmouth, in 
the first song of Drayton's Folyolbion % 
and in Spenser's Faerie Queene, ii. 

Brate (Sir John), a coarse, surly, ill- 
mannered brute, whose delight was to 
"provoke" his young wife, who he tells 



BRUT E GREEN-SHIELD. 



156 



BRUTUS AND CICERO. 



as " is a young lady, a fine lady, a witty 
lady, and a virtuous lady, but yet I hate 
her." In a drunken frolic he intercepts a 
tailor taking home a new dress to lady 
Brute ; he insists on arraying himself 
therein, is arrested for a street row, and 
taken before the justice of the peace. 
Being asked his name, he gives it as 
" lady John Brute," and is dismissed. 

Lady Brute, wife of sir John. She is 
subjected to divers indignities, and in- 
sulted morn, noon, and night, by her 
surly, drunken husband. Lady Brute 
intrigues with Constant, a former lover ; 
but her intrigues are more mischievous 
than vicious. — Vanbrugh: The Provoked 
Wife (1697), 

The coarse pot-house valour of "sir John Brute" 
(Garrick's famous part) is well contrasted with the fine- 
lady airs and affectation of his wife. [Surely this must 
be an error. It applies to " lady Fanciful," but not to 
"lady Brute."}— R. Chambers: English Literature, 

Brute Green-Shield, the successor 
of Ebranc king of Britain. The mythical 
line is : (1) Brute,, great-great-grandson 
of ^Eneas ; (2) Locrin, his son ; ( 3" 
Guendolen, the widow of Locrin ; (4/ 
Ebranc ; (5) Brute Green-Shield. Then 
follow in order Leil, Hudibras, Bladud, 
Leir [Shakespeare's "Lear"], etc. 

... of her courageous kings, 
Brute Green-Shield, to whose name we providence 

impute 
Divinely to revive the land's first conqueror, Brute. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Brute's City, London, called Troy- 
novant or Trinovant {New Troy). 

The goodly Thames near which Brute's city stands, 
Drayton ; Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

(Of course Trinovant is so called from 
the Trinovant&s or Trinobantes, a Celtic 
tribe settled in Essex and Middlesex 
when Caesar invaded the island. ) 

Bru'ton Street (London), so called 
from Bruton, in Somersetshire, the seat 
of John lord Berkeley of Stratton. 

Brutus [Lucius Junius), first consul 
of Rome, who condemned his own two 
sons to death for joining a conspiracy to 
restore' Tarquin to the throne from which 
he had been banished. This subject was 
dramatized by N. Lee (1679) and John H. 
Payne, under the title of Brutus, or The 
Fall of Tarquin (1820). Alfieri, in 1783, 
wrote an Italian tragedy on the same sub- 
ject. In French we have the tragedies of 
Arnault (1792) and Ponsard (1843). (See 

LUCRETIA.) 

The elder Kean on one occasion consented to appear 
at the Glasgow Theatre for his son's benefit. The play 
chosen was Payne's Brutus, in which the father took 
the part of "Brutus" and Charles Kean that of 



"Titus." The audience sat suffused in tears during 
the pathetic interview, till " Brutus " falls on the neck 
of " Titus," exclaiming, in a burst of agony, " hmbrace 
thy wretched father ! " when the whole house broke 
forth into peals of approbation. Edmund Kean then 
whispered in his son's ear, " Charlie, we are doing the 
trick."— W. C. Russell: Representative Actors, 476. 

If Junius Brutus. So James Lynch Fitz- 
Stephen has been called, because (like 
the first consul of Rome) he condemned 
his own son to death for murder ; and, 
to prevent a rescue, caused him to be 
executed from the window of his own 
house in Galway (1493). 

The Spanish Brutus, Alfonso Perez de 
Guzman, governor of Tarifa in 1293. 
Here he was besieged by the infant don 
Juan, who had revolted against his 
brother, king Sancho IV. ; and, having 
Guzman's son in his power, threatened to 
kill him unless Tarifa was given up to 
him. Guzman replied, " Sooner than be 
guilty of such treason, I will lend Juan a 
dagger to slay my son ; " and so saying 
tossed his dagger over the wall. Sad to 
say, Juan took the dagger, and assas- 
sinated the young man there and then 
(1258-1309). 

Brutus {Marcus), said to be the son 
of Julius Caesar by Servilia. 

Brutus' bastard hand 

Stabb'd Julius Caesar. 
Shakespeare : Henry VI. act Iv. sc. r (1591). 

This Brutus is introduced by Shake- 
speare in his tragedy of Julius Ccesar, 
and the poet endows him with every 
quality of a true patriot. He loved 
Caesar much, but he loved Rome more. 

John P. Kemble seems to me always to play best 
those characters in which there is a predominating 
tinge of some over-mastering passion. . . . The patrician 
pride of "Coriolanus," the stoicism of "Brutus," the 
vehemence of " Hotspur," mark the class of characters 
I mean.— Sir W. Scott. 

In the life of C. M. Young, we are told that Edmund 
Kean in " Hamlet," " Coriolanus," " Brutus "... never 
approached within any measurable distance of the 
learned and majestic Kemble. 

Brutus. Et tu, Brute! Shakespeare, 
on the authority of Suetonius, puts these 
words into the mouth of Caesar when 
Brutus stabbed him. Shakespeare's 
drama was written in 1607, and probably 
he had seen The True Tragedy of 
Richard duke of York (1600), where these 
words occur ; but even before that date 
H. Stephens had said — 

Jule Cesar, quand il vit que Brutus aussi estoit de 
ceux qui luy tiricnt des coups d'espee, luy dit, Kai sy 
tecnon ? e'est a dire. . . . Et toy mon fils, en es tu 
aussi.— Deux Dial, du Noveau Lang. Franc (1583). 

Brutus and Cicero. Cicero says, 
"Caesare interfecto, statim, cruentum 
alte extollens M. Brutus pugionem Cice- 
ronem nominatim exclamavit, atque ei 



BRYCE'S DAY. 

recuperatam libertatem est gratulatus." — 
Philippics, ii. 12. 

When Brutus rose, 
Refulgent from the stroke of Caesar's fate, 
. . . [he] called aloud 

On Tully's name, and shook his crimson steel, 
And bade the " father of his country" haiL 

AkensicU : Pleasures of Imagination, L 

Bryce's Day {St.), November 13. 
On St. Bryce's Day, 1002, Ethelred caused 
all the Danes in the kingdom to be 
secretly murdered in one night. 

In one night the throats of all the Danish cut. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 

Ery'done (Elspeth) or Glendinning, 
widow of Simon Glendinning, of the 
Tower of Glendearg. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Bubas'tis, the Dian'a of Egyptian 
mythology. She was the daughter of 
Isis and sister of Horus. 

Bubenburg- (Sir Adrian de), a veteran 
knight of Berne. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Bucca, goblin of the wind in Celtic 
mythology, and supposed by the ancient 
inhabitants of Cornwall to foretell ship- 
wrecks. 

Bucen'taur, the Venetian State 
galley used by the doge when he went 
"to wed the Adriatic." In classic 
mythology the bucentaur was half man 
and half ox. 

Buceph'alos [" bull-headed "'], the 
name of Alexander's horse, which cost 
^3500. It knelt down when Alexander 
mounted, and was 30 years old at its 
death. Alexander built a city called 
Bucephala in its memory. 

The Persian Bucephalos, Shibdiz, the 
famous charger of Chosroes Parviz. 

Buck'et (Mr.), a shrewd detective 
officer, who cleverly discovers that Hor- 
tense, the French maidservant of lady 
Dedlock, was the murderer of Mr. Tul- 
kinghorn, and not lady Dedlock who was 
charged with the deed by Hortense. — 
Dickens : Bleak House (1853). 

BUCKINGHAM (George Villi lers, 
first duke of), the profligate favourite of 
James I., who called him " Steenie" from 
his beauty, a pet corruption of Stephen, 
whose face at martyrdom was "as the 
face of an angel." This was the duke 
who was assassinated by Fenton (1592- 
1628). He is introduced by sir W. Scott 
in The Fortune' of Nigel. (See Dumas, 
The Three Musketeers.) 



157 BUCK LAW. 

Buckingham (G-orge Vi liters, second 
duke of), son of the preceding, and 
favourite of Charles II. He made the 
"whole body of vice his study." His 
name furnishes the third letter of the 
famous anagram " Cabal " This was 
the duke who wrote The Rehearsal. 
He is introduced by sir W. Scott in 
Peveril of the Peak, and by Dryden in his 
Absalom and Achitophel, who called him 
Zimri (q.v.). He died in very reduced 
circumstances in the house of one of his 
tenants in Yorkshire (1627-1688). Pope 
says the house was a sordid inn. 

In the worst inn's worst room, with mat half-hung, 
The floor of plaister, and the walls of dung-, 
On once a flock-bed, but repaired with straw, 
With tape-tied curtains, never meant to draw . . . 
Great Villiers lies— alas ! how changed from him,— 
That life of pleasure, and that soul of whim ! 

Pope : Moral Essays, iii. 

Bucking-ham (Henry duke of) was 
Henry Stafford, son and heir of Humphrey 
Stafford duke of Buckingham. He was 
made hereditary lord high constable in 
1483. Shakespeare says (in Richard III. ) 
that Bucking! am, alarmed at the execution 
of Hastings, fled to Brecknock, in Wales, 
where he had a castle. Here he collected 
together a levy, which was easily dispersed ; 
and Buckingham, being taken prisoner, 
was brought to Salisbury, and beheaded 
in 1521 (Richard III. act v. sc. 1). 

Sackville, in A Mirrour for MagistrayUs (1587), 
gives a slightly different account- 
Then first came Henry, duke of Buckingham, 
His cloke of blacke al pilde and quite forworn. 

Mirrour for Magi stray tes. 

The ghost of Buckingham tells Thomas Sackville 
that he and king Richard III. had so plotted together, 
and were so privy to each other's guilt, that each 
sought to kill the other. Richard having discovered 
the treasonable designs of Buckingham, he [the duke] 
fled to John Banastar, a man who had received great 
favours of the duke, and professed himself his fast 
friend; but, for the sake of £1000 blood-money 
Banastar betrayed the duke to John Mitton, sheriff of" 
Shropshire, and Mitton delivered up the duke to the 
king. 

Bucking-ham (Mary duchess of), 
introduced by sir W. Scott in Peveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Bucklaw (The laird of), afterwards 
laird of Giruington. His name was 
Frank Hayston. Lucy Ashton plights 
her troth to Edgar master of Ravens- 
wood, and they exchange love-tokens at 
the Mermaid's Fountain ; but her father, 
sir William Ashton, for mercenary motives, 
promises her in marriage to the laird of 
Bucklaw, and as she signs the articles 
Edgar suddenly appears at the castle. 
They return to each other their love- 
tokens, and Lucy is marred to the laird ; 
but on the wedding night the bridegroom 
is found dangerously wounded in the 



BUCKLE. 



E5 8 



BULL. 



bridal chamber, and the bride hidden in 
the chimney-corner, insane. Lucy dies 
fn convulsions, but Bucklaw recovers and 
goes abroad. — Sir W. Scott: The Bride 
of Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

Buckle [Put into), put into pawn at 
the rate of 40 per cent, interest. 

To talk buckle, to talk about marriage. 

1 took a girl to dinner who talked buckle to me, and 
the girl on the other side talked balls.— Vera, 134. 

Bucklers-bury (London), so called 
from one Buckle, a grocer {Old and New 
London). In the reign of Elizabeth and 
long afterwards Bucklersbury was chiefly 
inhabited by druggists, who sold green 
and dried herbs. Hence Falstaff says to 
Mrs. Ford, he could not assume the ways 
of those "lisping hawthorn buds [i.e. 
young fops], who smell like Bucklers-bury 
in simple-time." — Shakespeare : Merry 
Wives of Windsor \ act iii. sc 3 (1601). 

Bude Light, a light devised by Mr. 
Gurney of Bude, in Cornwall. Intense 
light is obtained by supplying the burner 
with an abundant stream of oxygen. 
The principle of the Argand lamp is also 
a free supply of oxygen. Gurney's in- 
vention is too expensive to be of general 
service, but an intense light is obtained 
by reflectors and refractors called Bude 
lights, although they wholly differ in 
principle from Gurney's invention. 

Buffoon ( The Pulpit). Hugh Peters 
is so called by Dugdale (1599-1660). 

Bug Bible [The), 1551. Matthew's 
Bible is so called, because Psa. xci. 5 
reads, "Thou shalt not be afraid of the 
bugges [bogies] by night. " 

Bug Jargal, a negro, passionately in 
love with a white woman, but tempering 
the wildest passion with the deepest re- 
spect. — Hugo: Bug Jargal (a novel). 

Bulbul, a nightingale, any singer of 
ditties. When, in The Princess (by 
Tennyson), the prince, disguised as a 
woman, enters with his two friends 
(similarly disguised} into the college to 
which no man was admitted, he sings ; 
and the princess, suspecting the fraud, 
says to him, " Not for thee, O bulbul, any 
rose of Gulistan shall burst her veil," i.e. 
' ' O singer, do not suppose that any woman 
will be taken in by such a flimsy deceit." 
The bulbul loved the rose, and Gulistan 
means the "garden of roses." The prince 
was the bulbul, the college was Gulistan, 
and the princess the rose sought. — Tenny- 
son : The Princess, iv. 



Bulbul-He'zar, the talking bird, 
which was joined in singing by all the 
song-birds in the neighbourhood. (See 
Talking Bird.) — Arabian Nights ("The 
Two Sisters," the last story). 

Bulis, mother of Egyp'ius of Thessaly. 
Egypius entertained a criminal love for 
Timandra, the mother of Neoph'ron, and 
Neophron was guilty of a similar passion 
for Bulis. Jupiter changed Egypius and 
Neophron into vultures, Bulis into a duck, 
and Timandra into a sparrow-hawk. — 
Classic Mythology. 

Bull (A ), a species of inadvertent wit, 
arising either from a blunder of facts or 
analogies, or from an irreconcilable con- 
nection of the close of a sentence with its 
commencement. The well-known quota- 
tion of sir Boyle Roche, M.P., will serve 
for an example: "Mr. Speaker, how 
could I have been in two places at the 
same time, unless I were a bird?" (See 
Roche.) 

(Maria Edgeworth, in 1802, wrote an 
essay on Irish Bulls. ) 

Bull (John), the English nation per- 
sonified, and hence any typical English- 



Bull in the main was an honest, plain-dealing fellow, 
choleric, bold, and of a very inconstant temper. He 
dreaded not old Lewis [Louis XIV.], either at back- 
sword, single falchion, or cudgel-play ; but then he was 
very apt to quarrel with his best friends, especially if 
they pretended to govern him. If you nattered him, 
you might lead him as a child. John's temper depended 
very much upon the air; his spirits rose and fell with 
the weather-glass. He was quick, and understood 
business well ; but no man alive was more careless in 
looking into his accompts, nor more cheated by part- 
ners, apprentices, and servants. ... No man kept a 
better house, nor spent his money more generously. — 
Chap. 5. 

( The subject of Dr. Arbuthnot's History 
of John Bull is the "Spanish Succession" 
in the reigns of Louis XIV. and queen 
Anne.) 

Mrs. Bull, queen Anne, "very apt to be 
choleric. " On hearing that Philip Baboon 
(Philippe due d'Anjou) was to succeed to 
lord Strutt's estates (i.e. the Spanish 
throne), she said to John Bull — 

" You sot, you loiter about ale-houses and taverns, 
spend your time at billiards, ninepins, or puppet-shows, 
never minding me nor my numerous family. Don't you 
hear how lord Strutt [the king of 'Spam] has bespoke 
his liveries at Lewis Baboon's shop [France]) . . . Fie 
upon it 1 Up, man I ... I'll sell my shift before 111 be 
so used." — Chap. 4. 

John Bulls Mother, the Church of 

England. 

John had a mother, whom he loved and honoured 
extremely ; a discreet, grave, sober, good-conditioned, 
cleanly old gentlewoman as ever lived. She was none 
of your cross-grained, termagant, scolding jades . . . 
always censuring your conduct ... on the contrary, 
she was of a meek spirit . . . and put the best con- 



BULL-DOG. 



159 



BUNCH. 



•twcrion upon the words and actions of her neighbours. 
. . . She neither wore a ruff, forehead cloth, nor high- 
crowned hat. . . . She scorned to patch and paint, yet 
she loved cleanliness. . . . She was no less genteel in 
her behaviour ... in the due mean between one of 

Sour affected curtsying pieces of formality, and your 
l-mannered creatures which have no regard to the 
common rules of civility. — Part ii. i. 

John Bulfs Sister Peg, the Scotch, in 
love with Jack {Calvin). 

John had a sister, a poor girl that had been reared 
... on oatmeal and water . . . and lodged in a garret 
exposed to the north wind. . . . However, this usage 
. . . gave her a hardy constitution. . . . Peg had, in- 
deed, some odd humours and comical antipathies, . . . 
she would faint at the sound of an organ, and yet dance 
and frisk at the noise of a bagpipe.— Dr. Arbuthnot : 
History of John Bull, ii. 2 (1712). 

'." George Colman the younger pro- 
duced a comedy called John Bull, in 
1805. 

Bull-dog', rough iron. 

A man was putting some bull-dog into the rolls, when 
bis spade caught between the rolls.— Times. 

Bull-dog's, the two menservants of a 
university proctor, who follow him in his 
rounds to assist him in apprehending 
students who are violating the university 
statutes, such as appearing in the streets 
after dinner without cap and gown, etc. 

Bull amy, porter of the "Anglo- 
Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life 
Insurance Company." An imposing 
personage, whose dignity resided chiefly 
in the great expanse of his red waistcoat. 
Respectability and well-to-doedness were 
expressed in that garment. — Dickens : 
Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Bullcalf (Peter), of the Green, who 
was pricked for a recruit in the army of 
sir John Falstaff. He promised Bardolph 
" four Harry ten-shillings in French 
crowns" if he would stand his friend, 
and when sir John was informed thereof, 
he said to Bullcalf, " I will none of you." 
Justice Shallow remonstrated, but Falstaff 
exclaimed, "Will you tell me, Master 
Shallow, how to choose a man ? Care I 
for the limb, the thews, the stature? . . . 
Give me the spirit, Master Shallow." — 
Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV. act iii. sc. 2 
(1598). 

Bullen (Anne), maid of honour to 
queen Katharine, and afterwards queen- 
consort. — Shakespeare : Henry VIII. 

Bullet-head (The Great), George 
Cadoudal, leader of the Chouans (1769- 
1804). 

Bull'segg" (Mr.), laird of Killan- 
cureit, a friend of the baron of Bradwar- 
dine. — Sir W. Scott: Waver ley (time, 
George II.). 



Bulmer (Valentine), titular earl of 

Etherington, married to Clara Mowbray. 
Mrs. Ann Buimer, mother of Valen- 
tine, married to the earl of Etherington 
during the lifetime of his countess ; 
hence his wife in bigamy. — Sir W. Scott: 
St. Ronans Well (time, George III.). 

Bum'ble, beadle of the workhouse 
where Oliver Twist was born and brought 
up. A stout, consequential, hard-hearted, 
fussy official, with mighty ideas of his 
own importance. This character has 
given to the language the word bumble- 
dom, the officious arrogance and bump- 
tious conceit of a parish authority or 
petty dignitary. After marriage with 
Mrs. Corney, the high and mighty beadle 
was sadly hen-pecked and reduced to a 
Jerry Sneak. — Dickens: Oliver Twist 
(1837). 

Bumbledom, parish-dom, the pride 
of parish dignity, the arrogance of parish 
authority, the mightiness of parish 
officers. From Bumble, the beadle, in 
Dickens's Oliver Twist (1837). 

Bum'kir.et, a shepherd. He pro- 
poses to Grub'binol that they should 
repair to a certain hut and sing "Gillian 
of Croydon," " Patient Grissel," "Cast 
away Care," "Over the Hills," and so on ; 
but being told that Blouzelinda was dead, 
he sings a dirge, and Grubbinol joins 
him. 

Thus wailed the louts in melancholy strain. 
Till bonny Susan sped across the plain ; 
They seized the lass in apron clean arrayed. 
And to the ale-house forced the willing maid ; 
In ale and kisses they forgot their cares, 
And Susan Blouzelinda's loss repairs. 

Cay : Pastoral, v. (1714)- 

(An imitation of Virgil's Bucolic, v., 
" Daphnis. ' ) 

Bumper (Sir Harry), a convivial 
friend of Charles Surface. He sings the 
popular song beginning — 

Here's to the maiden of bashful fifteen. 
Here's to the widow of fifty, etc. 

Sheridan : School for Scandal (1777). 

Buuce (Jack), alias Frederick Alta- 
mont, a ci-devant actor, one of the crew 
of the pirate vessel.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Pirate (time, William III.). 

Bunch (Mother), an alewife, men- 
tioned by Dekker in his drama called 
Satiromastix (1602). In 1604 was pub- 
lished PasquiFs Jests, mixed with Mother 
Bunch 's Merriments. 

There are a series of "Fairy Tales" 
called Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales. 

Bunch (Mother), the supposed pos- 



BUNCLE. 



160 



BURBON. 



sessor of a *' cabinet broken open " and 
revealing " rare secrets of Art and 
Nature," such as love-spells (1760). 

Bun'cle, messenger to the earl of 
Douglas. — Sir IV. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Bun'cle [John), " a prodigious hand 
at matrimony, divinity, a song, and a 
peck." He married seven wives, and 
lost all in the flower of their age. For 
two or three days after the death of a 
wife he was inconsolable, but soon became 
resigned to his loss, which he repaired by 
marrying again. — T. Amory : The Life, 
etc., of John Buncle, Esq. 

Bundalinda, the beau-ideal of ob- 
scurity. 

Transformed from a princess to a peasant, from 
beauty to ugliness, from polish to rusticity, from light 
to darkness, from an angel of light to an imp of hell, 
from fragrance to ill-savour, from elegance to rudeness, 
from Aurora in full brilliancy to Bundalinda in deep 
obscurity.— Cervantes : Don Quixote, II. ii. 13 (1615). 

Bundle, the gardener, father of 
Wilelmi'na, and friend of Tom Tug the 
waterman. He is a plain, honest man, 
but greatly in awe of his wife, who nags 
at him from morning till night. . 

Mrs. Bundle, a vulgar Mrs. Malaprop, 
and a termagant. ' ' Everything must be 
her way, or there':: no getting any peace." 
She greatly frequented the minor the- 
atres, and acquired notions of sentimental 
romance. She told Wilelmina, if she 
refused to marry Robin — 

" I'll disinherit you from any share in the blood of 
my family, the Grograns, and you may creep through 
life with the dirty, pitiful, mean, paltry, low, ill-bred 
notions which you have gathered from \ your father's] 
family, the Bundles." — Dibdin: The Waterman (1774). 

Bungay, in Thackeray's Pendennis, 
bookseller and publisher of the Pall Mall 
Gazette, edited by captain Shannon (1849). 
The real Pall Mall Gazette was started in 
1865. 

" Why Pall Mall Gazette ? " asks Wagg. " Because 
the editor was born in Dublin, the sub-editor in Cork, 
. . . the proprietor lives in Paternoster Row, and the 
paper is published in Catherine Street, Strand." 

Bun'gay or Bongay (Frier), one of 
the friars in a comedy by Robert Green, 
entitled Frier Bacon and Frier Bongay. 
Both the friars are conjurers, and the piece 
concludes with one of their pupils being 
carried off to the infernal regions on the 
back of one of friar Bacon's demons 
(i59l). 

Bungen [Bung-'n], the street in 
Ham'elin down which the pied piper 
Bunting led the rats into the river Weser 
and the children into a cave in the moun- 



tain Koppenberg. No music of any kind 
is permitted to be played in this street. 

Bungey (Friar), personification of 
the charlatan of science in the fifteenth 
century. 

' . • In The Last of the Barons, by lord 
Lytton, friar Bungey is an historical 
character, and is said to have "raised 
mists and vapours," which befriended 
Edward IV. at the battle of Barnet. 

Buns'by (Captain John or Jack), 
owner of the Cautious Clara. Captain 
Cuttle considered him " a philosopher, 
and quite an oracle." Captain Bunsby 
had one "stationary and one revolving 
eye," a very red face, and was extremely 
taciturn. The captain was entrapped by 
Mrs. McStinger (the termagant landlady 
of his friend captain Cuttle) into marry- 
ing her. — Dickens ; Dombey and Son 
(1846). 

Bunting, the pied piper of Ham'elin. 

He was so called from his dress. 

To blow the pipe his lips he wrinkled, 
And green and blue his sharp eyes twinkled . . . 
And ere three notes his pipe had uttered . . . 
Out of the houses rats came tumbling — 
Great rats, small rats, lean rats, brawny rats. 
Brown rats, black rats, grey rats, tawny rats, • ■ 
And step by step they followed him dancing. 
Till they came to the river Weser. 

R. Browning. 

Buonaventu'ra (Father), a disguise 
assumed for the nonce by the chevalier 
Charles Edward, the pretender. — Sir W. 
Scott : Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Bur (John), the servant of Job Thorn- 
berry, the brazier of Penzance. Brusque 
in his manners, but most devotedly 
attached to his master, by whom he was 
taken from the workhouse. John Bur 
kept his master's "books" for twenty- 
two years with the utmost fidelity. — Col- 
man : John Bull (1805). 

Bur'bon (i.e. Henri IV. of France). 
He is betrothed to Fordelis (France), 
who has been enticed from him by Gran- 
torto (rebellion). Being assailed on all 
sides by a rabble rout, Fordelis is carried 
off by "hellrake hounds." The rabble 
batter Burbon's shield (protestantism), 
and compel him to throw it away. Sir 
Ar'tegal (right or justice) rescues the 
"recreant knight" from the mob, but 
blames him for his unknightly folly in 
throwing away his shield (of faith). 
Talus (the executive) beats off the hell- 
hounds, gets possession of the lady, and 
though she flouts Burbo,,, he catches her 
up upon his steed and rides off with her. 
— Spenser: Fiiric Queene, v. 2 (1596). 



BURCHELL. 



161 



BUSINESS TO-MORROW. 



Burchell (Mr.), alias sir William 
Thornhill, about 30 years of age. When 
Dr. Primrose, the vicar of Wakefield, 
loses ^1400, Mr. Burchell presents him- 
self as a broken-down gentleman, and the 
doctor offers him his purse. He turned 
his back on the two flash ladies who 
talked of their high -life doings, and cried 
"Fudge!" after all their boastings and 
remarks. Mr. Burchell twice rescued 
Sophia Primrose, and ultimately married 
her. — Goldsmith: Vicar of Wakefield 
(1765). 

Burgundy (Charles the Bold, duke 
of), introduced by sir W. Scott in Quentin 
Durward and in Anne of Geierstein. The 
latter novel contains the duke's defeat at 
Nancy*, and his death (time, Edward IV.). 

Eu'ridan's Ass. A man of inde- 
cision is so called from the hypothetical 
ass of Buridan, the Greek sophist. Bu- 
ridan maintained that "if an ass could 
be placed between two hay-stacks in such 
a way that its choice was evenly balanced, 
it would starve to death, for there would 
be no motive why he should choose the 
one in preference to the other." 

Burleigh ( William Cecil, lord), lord 
treasurer to queen Elizabeth (1520-1598), 
introduced by sir W. Scott in his his- 
torical novel called Kenilworth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

(Lord Burleigh is one of the principal 
characters in The Earl of Essex, a tragedy 
by Henry Jones, 1745.) 

Burleigh (Lord), a parliamentary 
leader, in The Legend of Montrose, a 
novel by sir W. Scott (time, Charles I.). 

A lord Burleigh shake of the head, a 
great deal meant by a look or movement, 
though little or nothing is said. Puff, in 
his tragedy of The Spanish Armada, 
introduces lord Burleigh, " who has the 
affairs of the whole nation in his head, 
and has no time to talk ; " but his lord- 
ship comes on the stage and shakes his 
head, by which he means far more than 
words could utter. Puff says — 

Why, by that shake of the head he gave you to 
understand that even though they had more justice in 
their cause and wisdom in their measures, yet, if there 
was not a greater spirit shown on the part of the 
people, the country would at last fall a sacrifice to the 
hostile ambition of the Spanish monarchy. 

Sneer. Did he mean all that by shaking his head? 

Puff. Every word of it.— Sheridan : The Critic, ii. x 
(i779>- 

The original "lord Burleigh " was Irish Moody [1728- 
1813I.— Cornhill Magazine (1867). 

Burlesque Poetry (Father of), Hip- 
po'nax of Ephesus (sixth century B.C.). 



Burley (John), " poor, honest, ne'er- 
do-well, never sober, never solvent, but 
always genial and witty. On his death, 
like Falstaff, babbling of green fields."— 
Lord Lytion : My Novel (1853). 

Bur long", a giant, whose legs sii 
Try 'amour cut off. — Romance of Sir Try- 
amour. 

Burn Daylight ( We), we waste 
time (in talk instead of action). — Shake- 
speare: Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. 
sc. 1 (1601). 

Burnbill, Henry de Londres, arch 
bishop of Dublin and lord justice ol 
Ireland, in the reign of Henry III. It 
is said that he fraudulently burnt all the 
"bills" or instruments by which his 
tenants of the archbishopric held theii 
estates. 

Burnett Prize {The), once in forty 
years, for the best two essays on "the 
evidence of an all-powerful and all-wise 
God." The first was awarded in 1815. 

Burning Crown. Regicides were 
at one time punished by having a crown 
of red-hot iron placed on their head. 
(See Damiens.) 

He was adjudged 
To have his head seared with a burning crown. 
Author unknown, Tragedy of Hoffman (1631;. 

Burns (Helen), in Charlotte Bronte's 
novel of Jane Eyre (1847). 

Burns of France (The), Jasmin, a 
barber of Gascony. Louis Philippe pre- 
sented to him a gold watch and Dhain, 
and the duke of Orleans an emerald ring. 

Bur'ris, an honest lord, favourite 
of the great-duke of Moscovia. — John 
Fletcher; The Loyal Subject (1618). 

Busby (A ), a tail fur cap, with a bag 
hanging from the top over che right side. 
Worn by British hussars, artillerymen, 
and engineers. Probably "Busby" is a 
proper name. 

Busby Wig (A), a punning syno- 
nym of a "buzzwig," the joke being 1 
reference to Dr. Busby of Westminster 
School, who never wore a wig, but only 
a skull-cap. 

Business To-morrow is what 
Archias, one of the Spartan polemarchs 
in Athens, said, when a letter was handed 
to him respecting the insurrection of 
Pelopldas. He was at a banquet at the 
time, and thrust the letter under his 
cushion ; but Pelopidas, with his 400 
insurgents, rushed into the room during 



BUSIRANE. 



162 



BUTLER. 



the feast, and slew both Archias and the 
rest of the Spartan officers. 

Bu'sirane (3 syl.), an enchanter who 
bound Am'oret by the waist to a brazen 
pillar, and, piercing her with a dart, 
wrote magic characters with the dropping 
blood, "all for to make her love him." 
When Brit'omart approached, the en- 
chanter started up, and, running to 
Amoret, was about to plunge a knife 
into her heart ; but Britomart intercepted 
the blow, overpowered the enchanter, 
compelled him to " reverse his charms," 
and then bound him fast with his own 
chain. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, iii. u, 
12 (1590). 

Busi'ris, king of Egypt, was told by 
a foreigner that the long drought of nine 
years would cease when the gods of the 
country were mollified by human sacri- 
fice. "So be it," said the king, and 
ordered the man himself to be offered as 
the victim. — Herod., ii. 59-61. 

"lis said that Egypt for nine years was dry ; 

Nor Nile did floods nor heaven did rain supply. 

A foreigner at length informed the king 

That slaughtered guests would kindly moisture briny. 

The king replied, " On thee the lot shall fall ; 

Be thou, my guest, the sacrifice for all." 

Ovid: Art of Love, L 

(Young wrote a tragedy on this king, 
Called Busiris King of Egypt, 1719. ) 

Busi'ris, supposed by Milton to be 
the Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea. 

Hath vexed the Red Sea coast, whose waves o'erthrew 
Busiris and his Memphian chivalry. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, i. 306 (1665). 

Bus'ne (2 syl.). So the gipsies call 
all who do not belong to their race. 

The gold of the Busne : give me her gold. 

Longfellow: The Spanish Student, 

Busqueue (Lord), plaintiff in the 
great Pantagruelian lawsuit known as 
" lord Busqueue v. lord Suckfist," in 
which the parties concerned pleaded for 
themselves. Lord Busqueue stated his 
grievance and spoke so learnedly and at 
such length that no one understood one 
word about the matter; then lord Suckfist 
replied, and the bench declared, "We 
have not understood one iota of the 
defence." Pantag'ruel, however, gave 
judgment, and as both plaintiff and 
defendant considered he had got the 
verdict, both were fully satisfied — " a 
thing without parallel in all the annals 
of the court." — Rabelais : Pantagruel, ii. 
(1533)- 

Busy Body (The), a comedy by Mrs. 
Centlivre (1709). Sir Francis Gripe 
(guardian of Miranda an heiress, and 



father of Charles), a man 65 years old, 
wishes to marry his ward for the sake 
of her money, but Miranda loves and is 
beloved by sir George Airy, a man of 
24. She pretends to love " Gardy," and 
dupes him into yielding up her money 
and giving his consent to her marriage 
with "the man of her choice," believ- 
ing himself to be the person. Charles 
is in love with Isabinda, daughter of sir 
Jealous Traffick, who has made up his 
mind that she shall marry a Spaniard 
named don Diego Babinetto, expected to 
arrive forthwith. Charles dresses in a 
Spanish costume, passes himself off as 
the expected don, and is married to the 
lady of his choice ; so both the old men 
are duped, and all the young people wed 
according to their wishes.- 

But are Ye sure the News is 
True? This exquisite lyric is generally 
attributed to William Mickle, but Sarah 
Tyler, in Good Woods, March, 1869, 
ascribes it to Jean Adam of Crawfurd's 
Dyke. She says, "Colin and Jean" are 
Colin and Jean Campbell of Crawfurd's 
Dyke — the Jean being the poetess and 
writer of the poem. 

Butcher {The), Achmet pasha, who 
struck off the heads of seven of his wives 
at once. He defended Acre against 
Napoleon I. 

John ninth lord Clifford, called "The 
Black Clifford " (died 1461). 

Oliver de Clisson, constable of France 
(1320-1407). 

Butcher ( The Bloody). (See Blood 
Butcher, p. 129.) 

Butcher of England, John Tiptoft, 

earl of Worcester, a man of great learning 
and a patron of learning (died 1470). 

On one occasion in the reign of Edward IV. he 
ordered Clapham (a squire to lord Warwick; and nine- 
teen others, all gentlemen, to be impaled. — Stow : 
JVarkworth Chronicle (" Cont. Crcyl."). 

Yet so barbarous was the age, that this same learned 
man impaled forty Lancastrian prisoners at South- 
ampton, put to death the infant children of the Irish 
chief Desmond, and acquired the name of "The 
Butcher of England."— Old and New London, ii. ax. 

Butler {The Rev. Mr.), military 
chaplain at Madras. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Surgeon s Daughter (time, George II.). 

Butler {Reuben), a presbyterian min- 
ister, married to Jean ie Deans. 

Benjamin Butler, father of Reuben. 

Stephen Butler, generally called "Bible 
Butler," grandfather of Reuben and 
father of Benjamin. 

Widow Judith Butler, Reuben's grand- 
mother and Stephen's wife. 



BUTTERCUP. 



163 



CACURGUS. 



Euphemia or Femie Butler, Reuben's 
daughter. 

David and Reuben Butler, Reuben's 
sons.— Sir W. Scott: Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

Buttercup {John), a milkman. — W. 
Brough: A Phenomenon in a Smock Frock. 

Buxo'ma, a shepherdess with whom 
Cuddy was in love. 

My brown Buxoma is the featest maid 
That e'er at wake delightsome gambol played . . . 
And neither lamb, nor kid, nor calf, nor Tray, 
Dance like Buxoma on the first of May. 

Gay : Pastoral, L (1714). 

Buz'fuz {Serjeant), the pleader re- 
tained by Dodson and Fogg for the 
plaintiff in the celebrated case of " Bar- 
dell v. Pickwick." Serjeant Buzfuz is a 
driving, chaffing, masculine bar orator, 
who proved that Mr. Pickwick's note 
about "chops and tomato sauce " was a 
declaration of love ; and that his reminder 
" not to forget the warming-pan " was 
only a flimsy cover to express the ardour 
of his affection. Of course, the defendant 
was found guilty by the enlightened jury. 
(His junior was Skimpin.) — Dickens: 
The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Buz'zard {The), in The Hind and the 
Panther, by Dryden (pt. iii.), is meant 
for Dr. Gilbert Burnet, whose figure was 
lusty (1643-1715). 

Bycorn, a fat cow, so fat that its sides 
were nigh to bursting, but this is no 
wonder, for its food was " good and 
enduring husbands," of which there is 
good store. (See Chichi-Vache. ) 

BYRON {Lord). His life has been 
often written ; for example, by T. Moore 
(the poet) in 1830 ; also by Dallas, Gait, 
Lake, Brydges, Armstrong, etc. 

Byron ( The French), Alfred de Mus- 
set ( 1 810-1857). 

Paul de Musset has gone to rejoin his brother the 
French Byron.— Ed-w. About: To the Athenceum 
(July 3, 1880). 

The Polish Byron, Adam Mickiewicz 
(1798-1855). 

The Russian Byron, Alexander Ser- 
geivitch Puschkin (1799-1837). 

Byron {Miss Harriet), a beautiful and 
accomplished woman of high rank, de- 
votedly attached to sir Charles Grandison, 
whom ultimately she marries. — Richard- 
ton: Sir Charles Grandison (1753). 

Byron and Mary. The " Mary " of 
Bryon's song is Miss Chaworth. Both 
Miss Chaworth and lord Byron were 



wards of Mr. White. Miss Chaworth 
married John Musters, and lord Byron 
married Miss Milbanke of Durham ; both 
equally unhappy. 

I have a passion for the name of " Mary," 
For once it was a magic name to me. 

Byron : Don yuan, v. 4 (1820). 

Byron and Teresa Guiccioli. 

This lady was the wife of count Guiccioli, 
an old man, but very rich. Moore says 
that Bryon " never loved but once, till he 
loved Teresa." 

Byron and the Edinburgh Re- 
view. It was Jeffrey and not Brougham 
who wrote the article which provoked the 
poet's reply. 



C. (See P for alliterative poems In this 
letter, and in some others.) 

C (in fSIotes and Queries), the right 
hon. John Wilson Croker. 

Caa'ba {A I), the shrine of Mecca, 
said by the Arabs to be built by Abra- 
ham on the exact spot of the tabernacle 
let down from heaven at the prayer of 
repentant Adam. Adam had been a 
wanderer for 200 years, and here received 
pardon. 

The black stone, according to one tra- 
dition, was once white, but was turned 
black by the kisses of sinners. It is "a 
petrified angel." 

According to another tradition, this 
stone was given to Ishmael by the angel 
Gabriel ; and Abraham assisted his son 
to insert it in the wall of the shrine. 

Cabal, an anagram of a ministry 
formed by Charles II. in 1670, and con- 
sisting of Clifford], A[shley], Bucking- 
ham], Arlington], L[auderdale]. 

Cacafo'go, a rich, drunken usurer, 
stumpy and fat, choleric, a coward, and 
a bully. He fancies money will buy 
everything and every one. — Fletcher: 
Rule a Wife and Have a Wife (1624). 

Cacur'gus, the fool or domestic jester 
of Misog'onus. Cacurgus is a rustic 
simpleton and cunning mischief-maker,— 
T. Rychardes; Misogonus (the third 
English comedy, 1560). 



CACUS. 

Ca'cns, a giant who lived in a cave on 
mount Av'entine (3 syl.). When Her- 
cules came to Italy with the oxen which 
he had taken from Ger'yon of Spain, 
Cacus stole part of the herd, but dragged 
the animals by their tails into his cave, 
j that it might be supposed they had come 
out of it 

If he falls into slips, it is equally clear they were 
Introduced by him ;iv purpose to confuse, like Cacus, 
the traces of his retreat.— Encyc. Brit, (article " Ro- 
mance "). 

Cad, a low-born, vulgar fellow. A 
cadie in Scotland was a carrier of a 
sedan-chair. A cadie is one who carries 
your clubs, etc., in golf. 

All Edinburgh men and boys know that when sedan- 
chairs were discontinued, the old cadies sank into 
ruinous poverty, and became synonymous with roughs. 
The word was brought to London by James Hannay, 
who frequently used it.— At. Pringle. 

(M. Pringle assures us that the word 
came from Turkey.) 

Cade'nus (3 syl.), dean Swift. The 
word is simply de-cd-nus ("a dean") 
with the first two syllables transposed 
{ca-de-nus). "Vanessa" is Miss Esther 
Vanhomrigh, a young lady who fell in 
love with Swift, and proposed marriage. 
The dean's reply is given in the poem 
entitled Cadenus and Vanessa [i.e. Van- 
Esther]. 

Cadu'cens, the wand of Mercury. 
The " post of Mercury" means the office 
of a pimp, and to "bear the caduceus" 
means to exercise the functions of a 
pimp. 

I did not think the post of Mercury-in-chief quite so 
honourable as it was called . . . and I resolved to 
abandon the Caduceus for ever.— Lesage : Gil Bias, 
»i. 3. 4 (1715)- 

Cadur'ci, the people of Aquita'nia. 

Cad'wal. Arvir'agus, son of Cym'- 
beline, was so called while he lived in 
the woods with Bela'rius, who called 
himself Morgan, and whom Cadwal sup- 
posed to be his father. — Shakespeare: 
Cymbeline (1605). 

Cadwallader, called by Bede (1 syl.) 

Elidwalda, son of Cadwalla king of Wales. 
. Being compelled by pestilence and famine 
to leave Britain, he went to Armorica. 
After the plague ceased he went to Rome, 
where, in 689, he was baptized, and 
received the name of Peter, but died very 
soon afterwards. 

Cadwallader that drave [sailed] to the Armoric shore. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 

Cadwallader, the misanthrope in 
Smollett's Peregrine Pickle (1751). 



KS4 



CAESAR. 



Cadwallader {Mrs.), the rector*! 

wife in the novel called Middlcmarch, by 
George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross), (1872). 

Cadwall'on, son of the blinded 
Cyne'tha. 3oth father and son accom- 
panied prince Madoc to North An e ica 
in the twelfth century. — Sout/iey ; Madoc 
(1805). 

Cadwallon, the favourite bard of 
prince Gwenwyn, He entered the ser- 
vice of sir Hugo de Lacy, disguised, 
under the assumed name of Renault 
Vidal.— Sir W. Scott- The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

Cse'cias, the north-west wind. Ar- 
gestgs is the north-east, and Bo'reas the 
full north. 

Boreas and Cascias and Argestes loud 
• . . rend the woods, and seas upturn. 

Milton ; Paradise Lost, x. 699, etc. (1665). 

Cselesti'na, the bride of sir Walter 
Terill. The king commanded sir Walter 
to bring his bride to court on the night of 
her marriage. Her father, to save her 
honour, gave her a mixture supposed to 
be poison, but in reality it was only a 
sleeping-draught. In due time the bride 
recovered, to the amusement of the king 
and the delight of her husband. — Dekker: 
Satiro-mastix (1602). 

Cse'neus [Se.nuce] was born of the 
female sex, and was originally called 
Csenis. Vain of her beauty, she rejected 
all lovers ; but was one day surprised by 
Neptune, who offered her violence, 
changed her sex, converted her name to 
Ceneus, and gave her (or rather him) the 
gift of being invulnerable. In the wars 
of the Lap'ithas, Ceneus offended Jupiter, 
and was overwhelmed under a pile of 
wood, but came forth converted into a 
yellow bird. ^Eneas found Ceneus in the 
infernal regions restored to the feminine 
sex. The order is inverted by sir John 
Davies — 

And how was Caeneus made at first a mam. 
And then a woman, then a man again. 

Orchestra, etc. (1615). 

C2ESAR, said to be a Punic word 
meaning "an elephant," " Quod avus 
ejus in Africa manu propria occldit ele- 
phantem " (Plin. Hist. viii. 7). There 
are old coins stamped on the one side 
with DIVUS JULIUS, the reverse hav- 
ing S.P.Q.R. with an elephant, in allu- 
sion to the African original. (See below.) 

In Targum Jonathanis Cesira extat, notione affine, 
pro scuto vel clypeo ; et fortasse inde est quod, Punica 
lingua, elephas " C.fsar " dicebatur, quasi tutamen 
et pr 1 . idiu-ii legionum. — Cassauoon : Anunadv. in 
Tranquiil, i. 



CESAR. 



165 



CAERLEON. 



{Caius Julius). 

Somewhere I've read, but where I forget, he could 
dictate 

Seven letters at once, at the same time writing his 
memoirs . . . 

Better be first, he said, in a little Iberian village 

Than be second in Rome, and I think he was right 
when he said it. 

Twice was he married before he was 20, and many 
times after ; 

Battles 50c he fought, and a thousand cities he con- 
quered ; 

But was finally stabbed by his friend the orator Brutus. 
Longfellow : Courtship of Miles Standish, ii. 

(Longfellow refers to Pliny, vii. 25, 
where he says that Caesar "could employ, 
at one and the same time, his ears to 
listen, his eyes to read, his hands to 
write, and his tongue to dictate." He is 
said to have conquered 300 nations, to 
have taken 800 cities, to have slain in 
battle a million men, and to have defeated 
three millions. See below, Casals 
Wars.) 

Ccssar and his Fortune. Plutarch says 
that Caesar told the captain of the vessel 
in which he sailed that no harm could 
come to his ship, for that he had " Caesar 
and his fortune with him." 

Now am I like that proud insulting ship, 
Which Caesar and his fortune bare at once. 
Shakespeare : 1 Henry VI. act L sc 2 (1589). 

Ccesar saves his Commentaries. Once, 
when Julius Caesar was in danger of 
being upset into the sea by the overload- 
ing of a boat, he swam to the nearest 
ship, with his book of Commentaries in 
his hand. — Suetonius. 

Cesar's Death. Both Chaucer and 
Shakespeare say that Julius Caesar was 
killed in the capitol. Thus Polonius says 
to Hamlet, " I did enact Julius Caesar; I 
was killed i' the capitol " {Hamlet, act iii. 
sc. 2) . And Chaucer says — 

This Julius to the capitole wente . . . 
And in the capitole anon him hente 
This false Brutus, and his other soon, 
And sticked him with bodekins anon. 
Canterbury Tales (" The Monk's Tale," 1388). 

*.* Plutarch expressly tells us he was 
killed in Pompey's Porch or Piazza ; and 
in Julius Caaar Shakespeare says he fell 
"e'en at the base of Pompey's statue" 
(act iii. sc. 2). 

C&sar's Famous Despatch, " Veni, vidi, 
vici," written to the senate to announce 
his overthrow of PharnacSs king of Pon- 
tus This " hop, skip, and a jump" was, 
however, the work of three days. 

CasaSs Likeness. That by Aurelius 
is the most celebrated. 

Caesar's Wars. The carnage occa- 
sioned by the wars of Caesar is usually 
estimated at a million fighting men. He 
won 320 triumphs, and fought 500 battles. 
(See above, Cesar [Caius Julius).) 



Caesar, the Mephistoph'eles of Byron's 
unfinished drama called The Deformed 
Transformed. This Caesar changes Ar- 
nold (the hunchback) into the form of 
Achilles, and assumes himself the de- 
formity and ugliness which Arnold casts 
off. The drama being incomplete, all 
that can be said is that "Caesar," in 
cynicism, effrontery, and snarling bitter- 
ness of spirit, is the exact counterpart of 
his prototype, Mephistopheles (1823). 

Csesar {Don), an old man of 63, the 
father of Olivia. In order to induce his 
daughter to marry, he makes love to 
Marcella, a girl of 16. — Mrs. Cowley : A 
Bold Stroke for a Husband (1782). 

Cse'sarism, the absolute rule of man 
over man, with the recognition of no law 
divine or human beyond that of the ruler's 
will. Caesar must be summus pontifex 
as well as imperator. — Dr. Manning; 
On C&sarism (1873). (See Chauvinism.) 

Cael, a Highlander of the western 
coast of Scotland. The Cael had 
colonized, in very remote times, the 
northern parts of Ireland, as the Fir-bolg 
or Belgae of Britain had colonized the 
southern parts. The two colonies had 
each a separate king. When Crothar was 
king of the Fir-bolg (or " lord of Atha"), 
he carried off Conla'ma, daughter of the 
king of Ulster {i.e. " chief of the Cael "), 
and a general war ensued between the 
two races. The Cael, being reduced to the 
last extremity, sent to Trathal (Fingal's 
grandfather) for help, and Trathal sent 
over Con'ar, who was chosen "king of 
the Cael" immediately he landed in 
Ulster ; and having reduced the Fir-bolg to 
submission, he assumed the title of "king 
of Ireland." The Fir-bolg, though con- 
quered, often rose in rebellion, and made 
many efforts to expel the race of Conar, 
but never succeeded in so doing. — 
Ossian. 

Caer Ery'ri, Snowdon. {Eryri means 
"an eyrie" or "eagle's nest.") 

. . . once the wondering forester at dawn . . . 
On Caer Eryri's highest found the king. 

Ten fiy son : Gareth and Lynette. 

Caer Gwent, Venta, that is, Gwent- 
ceaster, Wintan-ceaster (or Winchester). 
The word Gwent is Celtic, and means "a 
fair open region." 

Caer 'le on or Caerle x on, on the Usk, 
in Wales, the chief royal residence 
king Arthur. It was here that he kept at 
Pentecost " him i&sad Table," in great 



CAERLEON. 



x66 



CAIRBAR. 



splendour. Occasionally these •' courts " 
were held at Camelot — 

Where as at Caer'leon oft, he kept the Table Round, 
Most famous for the sports at Pentecost. 

Drayton: Polyeliion, iil. (1612). 
For Arthur on the Whitsuntide before 
Held court at old Caerle'on-upon-Usk. 

Tennyson : Enid. 

Caerleon ( The Battle of), one of the 
twelve great victories of prince Arthur 
over the Saxons. The battle was not 
fought, as Tennyson says, at Caerleon- 
upon-Usk, in the South of Wales, but at 
Caerleon, now called Carlisle. 

Cages for Men. Alexander the 
Great had the philosopher Callisthengs 
chained for seven months in an iron cage, 
for refusing to pay him divine honours. 

Catherine II. of Russia kept her perru- 
quier for more than three years in an iron 
cage in her bed-chamber, to prevent his 
telling people that she wore a wig. — Mons. 
De Masson : Mimoires Secrets sur la 
Russie. 

Edward I. confined the countess of 
Buchan in an iron cage, for placing 
the crown of Scotland on the head of 
Bruce. This cage was erected on one 
of the towers of Berwick Castle, where 
the countess was exposed to the rigour of 
the elements and the gaze of passers-by. 
One of the sisters of Bruce was similarly 
dealt with. 

Louis XI. confined cardinal Balue 
(grand-almoner of France) for ten years 
in an iron cage in the castle of Loches 
[Losh], 

Tamerlane enclosed the sultan Bajazet 
in an iron cage, and made him a public 
show. So says D'Herbelot. (See Calis- 
thenes, p. 170.) 

An iron cage was made by Timour's command, com- 
posed on every side of iron gratings, through which the 
captive sultan [Bajazet] could be seen in any direction. 
He travelled in this den slung between two horses.— 
Lennclavius. 

Caglios'tro {Count de), Giuseppe 
Balsamo, the prince of literary thieves 
and impostors (1743- -i795)« ( See under 
Forgers and Forgeries.) 

€fSb ira, one of the most popular 
revolutionary songs, composed for the 
Fete de la Federation, in ^ 1789, to the 
tune of Le Carillon National. Marie 
Antoinette was for ever strumming this 
air on her harpsicord. " Ca ira ! " was the 
rallying cry borrowed by the Federalists 
from Dr. Franklin, who used to say, in 
reference to the American Revolution, Ah! 
ah / ca ira / ca ira I ("It will speed ! "). 

Twas all the same to him— God save the King I 
Or Ca ira I 

Byron : Don yuan, iil 84 (1820). 



Cain, "a Mystery," by lord Byron 

(1821). Cain's wife he calls Adah, and 
Abel's wife he calls Zillah. The poet 
assumes (with Cuvier) that the world had 
been destroyed several times before man 
was created. Certainly there were several 
races of animals extinct before the sup- 
posed creation of Adam, the most noted 
being the Saurian period. Cain, in many 
respects, is a replica of Manfred, pub- 
lished in 1817. 

Coleridge wrote a prose poem called The Wander- 
ings of Cain (1798). 

Cain and Abel are called in the 
Koran " Kabil andHabil." The tradition 
is that Cain was commanded to marry 
Abel's sister, and Abel to marry Cain's ; 
but Cain demurred because his own sister 
was the more beautiful, and so the matter 
was referred to God, who answered " No" 
by rejecting Cain's sacrifice. 

N.B. — The Mohammedans say that 
Cain carried about with him the dead 
body of Abel, till he saw a raven scratch 
a hole in the ground to bury a dead bird. 
The hint was taken, and Abel was buried 
under ground. — Sale: Al Koran, v. , notes. 

Cain-coloured Beard. Cain and 
Judas, in old tapestries and paintings, are 
always represented with yellow beards. 

He hath a little wee face, with a little yellow beard ; 
a Cain-coloured beard.— Shakespeare : Merry Wives 
of Windsor, act i. sc. 4 (1601). 

Cain's Kill. Maundrel tells us that 
"some four miles from Damascus is a 
high hill, reported to be that on which 
Cain slew his brother Abel." — Travels, 
131- 

In that place where Damascus was founded, Kayn 
sloughe Abel his brother.— Maundeville : Travels, 148. 

Caina [Ka-i'-nak], the place to which 
murderers are doomed. 

Caina waits 
The soul who spills man's life. 

Dante : Inferno, r. (1300). 

CairTbar, son of Borbar-Duthul, "lord 
of Atha" (Connaught), the most potent 
of the race of the Fir-bolg. He rose in 
rebellion against Cormac, "king of Ire- 
land," murdered him (Temora, i.), and 
usurped the throne ; but Fingal (who was 
distantly related to Cormac) went to Ire- 
land with an army, to restore the ancient 
dynasty. Cairbar invited Oscar (Fingal's 
grandson) to a feast, and Oscar accepted 
the invitation ; but Cairbar having pro- 
voked a quarrel with his guest, the two 
fought, and both were slain. 

" Thy heart is a rock. Thy thoughts are dark and 
bloody. Thou art the brother of Cathmor . . . but my 
soul is not like thine, thou feeble hand in fight. The 
light of my bosom is stained by thy deeds. "—Ostian • 
Temora, i. 



CAIRBRE. 

Cair"bre (2 syl), sometimes called 
"Cair'bar," third king of Ireland, of the 
Caledonian line. (There was also a Cair- 
bar, "lord of Atha," a Fir-bolg, quite a 
different person. ) 

The Caledonian line ran thus : (1) 
Conar, first " kizg of Ireland ; " (2) Cor- 
mac I. , his son ; (3* Cairbre, his son ; (4) 
Artho, his son ; [5) Cormac II., his son ; 
(6) Ferad-Artho, his cousin. — Ossian. 

Cai'us (2 syl.), the assumed name of 
the earl of Kent when he attended on 
king Lear, after Goneril and Re'gan re- 
fused to entertain their aged father with 
his suite. — Shakespeare : King Lear 
(160s). 

Cai'us (Dr.), a French physician, 
whose servants are Rugby and Mrs. 
Quickly. — Shakespeare : Merry Wives of 
Windsor (1601). 
The dipped English of Dr. Caius.— Macaulay. 

Cai'us College (Cambridge), origin- 
ally Gonville Hall. In 1557 it was 
erected into a college by Dr. John Key, of 
Norwich, and called after him Caius or 
Key's College. 

Cakes (Land of), Scotland, famous 
for its oatmeal-cakes. 

Calais. When Calais was lost, queen 
Mary said they would find at her death 
the word Calais written on her heart 

If Montpensier said, if his body were 
opened, the name of Felipe [II. of 
Spain] would be found imprinted on his 
heart (1552- 1596). — Motley: Dutch Re- 
public, part ii. 5. 

Calandri'no, a character in the De- 
cameron, whose " misfortunes have made 
all Europe merry for four centuries." 
—Boccaccio: Decameron, viii. 9 (1350). 

Calan'tlia, princess of Sparta, loved 
by Ith'ocles. Ithocles induces his sister 
Penthe'a to break the matter to the prin- 
cess. This she does.; the princess is won 
to requite his love, and the king consents 
to the union. During a great court cere- 
mony Calantha is informed of the sudden 
death of her father, another announces to 
her that Penthea had starved herself to 
death from hatred to Bass'anes, and a 
third follows to tell her that IthoclSs, her 
betrothed husband, has been murdered. 
Calantha bates no jot of the ceremony, 
but continues the dance even to the 
bitter end. The coronation ensues, but 
scarcely is the ceremony over than she 
can support the strain no longer, and, 



167 



CALED. 



broken-hearted, she falls dead.— John 
Ford: The Broken Heart (1633). 

Calantha and Ordella (q.v.) are the most perfect 
of women in all the range of fiction. 

Calan'the (3 syl.), the betrothed wife 
of Pyth'ias the Syracusian. — Banim : 
Damon and Pythias (1825). 

Cala'ya, the third paradise of the 
Hindus. 

Cal'culator (The). Alfragan the 
Arabian astronomer was so called (died 
A.D. 820). Jedediah Buxton, of Elmeton, 
in Derbyshire, was also called " The Cal- 
culator" (1705-1775). George Bidder 
(1806-1878), Zerah Colburn, and a girl 
named Heywood (whose father was a 
Mile End weaver), all exhibited their 
calculating powers in public. (See 
Percy: Anecdotes.) 

N.B. — Pascal, in 1642, made a calcu- 
lating machine, which was improved by 
Leibnitz. C. Babbage also invented a 
calculating machine (1790-1871). 

Calcut'ta is Kali-cuttah (" temple of 
the goddess Kali "). 

Cal'deron (Don Pedro), a Spanish 
poet born at Madrid (1600-1681). At 
the age of 52 he became an ecclesiastic, 
and composed religious poetry only. Al- 
together he wrote about 1000 dramatic 
pieces. 

Her memory was a mine. She knew by heart 
All Cal'deron and greater part of Lope. 

Byron : Don yuan, . n (1819). 

("Lope," that is, Lope de Vega, the 
Spanish poet, 1562-1635.) 

Caleb, the enchantress who carried 
off St. George in infancy. 

Caleb, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, is meant for lord Grey of 
Wark, in Northumberland, an adherent 
of the duke of Monmouth. 

And, therefore in the name of dulness be 
The well-hung Balaam and cold Caleb free. 

Part L 573. 574. 

Balaam " is the earl of Hunting* 



don. 

Caleb Williams. (See Williams.) 

Caled, commander-in-chief of the 
Arabs in the siege of Damascus. He is 
brave, fierce, and revengeful. War is his 
delight. When Pho'cyas, the Syrian, 
deserts Eu'menes, Caled asks him to 
point out the governor's tent ; he refuses— 
they fight, and Caled falls.— 7. Hugh**: 
Siege of Damascus (1720). 



CALEDONIA. 



168 



CALTANAX. 



Caledo'nia, Scotland. Also called 
Cal'edon. 

O Caledonia, stern and wild, 
Meet nurse for a poetic child ! 

~ Sir W.Scott. 
Not thus in ancient days of Caledon 
Was thy voice mute amid the festal crowd. 

Sir IV. Scott. 

Caledo'nians, Gauls from France 
who colonized South Britain, whence they 
journeyed to Inverness and Ross. The 
word is compounded of two Celtic words, 
Cael ("Gaul" or "Celt"), and don or 
dun ("a hill"), so that Cael-don means 
"Celts of the highlands." 

The Highlanders to this day call themselves " Cael" 
and their language " Caelic ' or " Gaelic," and their 
country " Caeldock," which the Romans softened into 
" Caledonia." — Dissertation on the Poems ofOssian. 

Calendar (The French) was devised 
by Fabre d'Eglantine and Romme (1792). 

Calenders, a class of Mohammedans 
who abandoned father and mother, wife 
and children, relations and possessions, 
to wander through the world as religious 
devotees, living on the bounty of those 
whom they made their dupes. — D'Herbe- 
lot : Supplement, 204. 

He diverted himself with the multitude of calenders, 
santons, and dervises, who had travelled from the 
heart of India, and halted on their way with the emir. 
— W. Beck/ord: Vathek (1786). 

The Three Calenders, three royal 
princes, disguised as begging dervishes, 
each of whom had lost his right eye. 
Their adventures form three tales in the 
Arabian Nights' Entertainments. 

Tale of the First Calender. No names 
are given. This calender was the son of 
a king, and nephew of another king. 
While on a visit to his uncle, his father 
died, and the vizier usurped the throne. 
When the prince returned, he was seized, 
and the usurper pulled out his right eye. 
The uncle died, and the usurping vizier 
made himself master of this kingdom also. 
So the hapless young prince assumed the 
garb of a calender, wandered to Bagdad, 
and being received into the house of "the 
three sisters," told his tale in the hearing 
of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid. — The 
Arabian Nights. 

Tale of the Second Calender. No names 
given. This calender, like the first, was 
the son of a king. On his way to India 
he was attacked by robbers, and though 
he contrived to escape, he lost all his 
ir - ?^?.:-*. In his flight he came to a large 
iei/, where he encountered a tailor, 
who gave him food and lodging. In 
order to earn a living, he turned wood- 
man for the nonce, and accidentally dis- 
covered an under-ground palace, in which 



lived a beautiful lady, confined there by 
an evil genius. With a view of liberating 
her, he kicked down the talisman ; the 
genius killed the lady and turned the 
prince into an ape. As an ape he was 
taken on board ship, and transported to 
a large commercial city, where his pen- 
manship recommended him to the sultan, 
who made him his vizier. The sultan's 
daughter undertook to disenchant him 
and restore him to his proper form ; but 
to accomplish this she had to fight with 
the malignant genius. She succeeded in 
killing the genius, and restoring the en- 
chanted prince ; but received such severe 
injuries in the struggle that she died, and 
a spark of fire which flew into the right 
eye of the prince, perished it. The sultan 
was so heart-broken at the death of his 
only child, that he insisted on the prince 
quitting the kingdom without delay. So 
he assumed the garb of a calender, and 
being received into the hospitable house 
of " the three sisters," told his tale in the 
hearing of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid. 
— The Arabian Nights. 

Tale of the Third Calender. This tale 
is given under the word Agib, p. 14. 

"Iam called Agib," he says, " and am the son of a 
king whose name was Cassib."— Arabian Nights. 

Calepine (Sir), the knight attached 
to Sere'na (canto 3). Seeing a bear 
carrying off a child, he attacked it, and 
squeezed it to death, then committed the 
babe to the care of Matilde, wife of sir 
Bruin. As Matilde had no child of her 
own, she adopted it (canto 4). — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, vi. (1596). 

(Upton says, "the child" in this in- 
cident is meant for M'Mahon, of Ireland, 
and that "Mac Mahon" means the "son 
of a bear." He furthermore says that 
the M'Mahons were descended from the 
Fitz-Ursulas, a noble English family.) 

Cales (2 syL). So gipsies call them- 
selves. 

Beltran Cruzado, count of the Cales. 

Longfellow: The Spanish Student. 

Calf-skin. Fools and jesters used to 
wear a calf-skin coat buttoned down the 
back, and hence Faulconbridge says inso- 
lently to the archduke of Austria, who 
had acted very basely towards Richard 
Lion-heart — 

Thou wear a lion's hide 1 doff it for shame, 
And hang a calf-skin on those recreant limbs. 
Shakespeare : King John, act iii. sc 1 (1596}. 

Cal'ianax, a humorous old lord, 
father of Aspatia the troth-plight wife of 
Amin'tor. It is the death of Aspatia 



CALIBAN. 



169 



CALISTO AND ARGAa 



which gives name to the drama. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher : The Maid's Tragedy 
(1610). 

Caliban, a savage, deformed slave 
of Prospero (the rightful duke of Milan 
and father of Miranda). Caliban is the 
•' freckled whelp" of the witch Syc'orax. 
Mrs. Shelley's monster, in Frankenstein, 
is a sort of Caliban. — Shakespeare; The 
Tempest (1-09). 

"Caliban" ... is all earth ... he has the dawn- 
togs of understanding without reason or the moral 
sense . . . this advance to the intellectual faculties 
without the moral sense is marked by the appearance 
of vice. — Coleridge. 

Cai'iburn, same as Excalibar, the 
famous sword of king Arthur. 

Onward Arthur paced, with hand 

On Calibum's resistless brand. 

Sir W. Scott : Bridal of Triermain (1813). 
Arthur . . . drew out his Calibum, and . . . rushed 
forward with great fury into the thickest of the enemy's 
ranks . . . nor did he give over the fury of his assault 
till he had, with his Caliburn, killed 470 men.— Geoffrey : 
British History, ix. 4 (1142). 

Cal'idore {Sir), the type of courtesy, 
and tli e hero of the sixth book of Spenser's 
Faerie Qucene. The model of this cha- 
racter was sir Philip Sydney. Sir Calidore 
(3 syl.) starts in quest of the Blatant Beast, 
which had escaped from sir Artegal (bk. 
T. 12). He first compels the lady Bria'na 
to discontinue her discourteous toll of 
"the locks of ladies and the beards of 
knights" (canto i). Sir Calidore falls in 
love with Pastorella, a shepherdess, dresses 
like a shepherd, and assists his lady-love 
in keeping sheep. Pastorella being taken 
captive by brigands, sir Calidore rescues 
her, and leaves her at Belgard Castle to 
be taken care of, while he goes in quest of 
the Blatant Beast. He finds the monster 
after a time, by the havoc it had made 
with religious houses, and after an obsti- 
nate fight succeeds in muzzling it, and 
dragging it in chains after him ; but it got 
loose again, as it did before (canto 12). — 
Spenser : Faerie Queene, vi. (1596). 

Sir Gawain was the " Calidore " of the Round Table. 
— -Southey. 

'.• "Pastorella" is Frances Walsing- 
haro (daughter of sir Francis), whom sir 
Philip Sydney married. After the death 
of sir Philip she married the earl of Essex. 
The "Blatant Beast" is whit we now 
call " Mrs. Grundy." 

V " Calidore " is the name of a poeti- 
cal fragment by Keats (1790-1821). 

Calig"'orant, an Egyptian giant and 
Cannibal, who used to entrap travellers 
with an invisible net. It was the very 
same net that Vulcan made to catch Mars 
and Venus with. Mercury stole it tor the 



purpose of entrapping Chloris, and left it 
in the temp'e of Anu'bis, whence it was 
stolen by Caligorant. One day Astolpho, 
by a blast of his magic horn, so frightened 
the giant that he got entangled in his own 
net, and being made captive was despoiled 
of it. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Cali'no, a famous French utterer of 
bulls. 

Caliph means "vicar" or representa- 
tive of Mahomet. Scaliger says, "Calipha 
est vicarius " {Isagoge of Chronology, 3). 
The dignity of sultan is superior to that 
of caliph, although many sultans called 
themselves caliphs. That passage which 
in our version of the New Testament is 
rendered " Archelaus reigned in his stead" 
{i.e. in the place of Herod), is translated 
in the Syriac version Chealaph Herodes, 
that is, " Archelaus was Herod's caliph " 
or vicar. Similarly, the pope calls him- 
self "St. Peter's v\ca.v."—Selden; Titles 
of Honour, v. 68, 69 (1672). 

Calip'olis, in The Battle of Alcazar, 
a drama by George Peele (1582). Pistol 
says to Mistress Quickly — 

Then feed and be fat, myfair Calipolis.— SJtaJte- 
speare : 2 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4 (1598L 

Cal'is {1 he princess), sister of As'- 
torax king of Paphos, in love with Poly- 
dore, brother of general Memnon, but 
loved greatly by Siphax.— John Fletcher: 
The A/ad Lover (1617). 

Calis'ta, the fierce and haughty 
daughter of Sciol'to (3 syl.), a proud 
Genoese nobleman. She yielded to the 
seduction of Lotha'ric, but engaged to 
marry Al'tamont, a young lord who loved 
her dearly. On tie wedding day a letter 
was picked up which proved her guilt, 
and she was subsequently seen by Alta- 
mont conversing with Lothario. A duel 
ensued , in which Lothario fell. In a street- 
row Sciolto received his death-wound, 
and Calista stabbed herself. The charac- 
ter of " Calista" was one of the parts of 
Mrs. Siddons, and also of Miss Brunton. 
— Rowe : The Fair Penitent (1703). 

Richardson has given a purity and a sanctity to the 
sorrows of his " Clarissa " which leave " Clarissa " im- 
measurably behind.—/:. Chambers; English Litera- 
ture, i. 59a 

Twelve years after Norris's death, Mrs. Barry was 

actii g the character of "Calista." In the last act, 

where "Calista " lays her hand upon a skull, she [Mrs. 

Barry] was suddenly seized with a shuddering, and 

Next day she asked whence the skull had 

■ .ined. and was told it was "the skull of Mr. 

11 actor." This Norris was her former hus- 

1 so great was the shock that she died wiiiiin 

six weeks.— Oxberry. 

Calisto and Ar'cas. Calisto, an 
Arcadian nymph, was changed into % 



CALLAGHAN O'BRALLAGHAN. 170 



CALUMET OF PEACE. 



she-bear. Her son Areas, supposing the 
bear to be an ordinary beast, was about 
to shoot it, when Jupiter metamorphosed 
him into a he-bear. Both were taken to 
heaven by Jupiter, and became the con- 
stellations Ursa Minor and Ursa Major. 

Cairaghan O'Brall'aghan {Sir), 
"a wild Irish soldier in the Prussian 
army. His military humour makes one 
fancy he was not only born in a siege, 
but that Bellona had been his nurse, 
Mars his schoolmaster, and the Furies 
his playfellows" (act i. sc. 1). He is the 
successful suitor of Charlotte Goodchild. 
— Macklin : Love d-la-mode (1779). 

In the records of the stage, no actor ever approached 
Jack Johnstone in Irish characters : " sir Lucas O'Trig- 
ger," "Callaghan O'Braltaghan," " major O'Flaherty," 
"Teague," " Tully " (the Irish gardener), and " Dennis 
Brulgruddery " were portrayed by hiin in most ex- 
quisite colours.— New Monthly Magazine (1829). 

("Lucius O'Trigger," in The Rivals 
(Sheridan) ; " major O'Flaherty," in The 
West Indian (Cumberland) ; "Teague," 
in The Committee (Howard); "Dennis 
Brulgruddery," in John Bull (Colman).) 

Callet, a fille publique. Brantdme 
says a calle or calotte is " a cap ; " hence 
the phrase, Plattes comme des calles. 
Ben Jonson, in his Magnetick Lady, 
speaks of " wearing the callet, the politic 
hood." 

Des filles du peuple et de la campagne s'appellant 
calles, a cause de la " cale " qui leur servait de coiffure. 
—Francisque Michel. 

En sa tete avoit un gros bonnet blanc, qui Ton appelle 
une calle, et nous autres appelons calotte, ou bonnette 
blanche de lagne, nouee ou bridee par dessoubz le 
menton.— BraniS/ne : Vies des Dames Illustres. 
A beggar in his drink 
Could not have laid such terms upon his callet. 
Shakespeare : Othello, act iv. sc. 2 (1611). 

Callim'achus (The Italian), Filippo 
Buonaccorsi (1437-1496). 

Callir'rhoe (4 syl.), the lady-love of 
Chae'reas, in a Greek romance entitled 
The Loves of Chcereas and Callirrhod, by 
Char'iton (eighth century). (Chae=Af.) 

Callis'thenes (4 syl.), a philosopher 
who accompanied Alexander the Great 
on his Oriental expedition. He refused 
to pay Alexander divine honours, for 
which he was accused of treason ; and, 
being mutilated, he was chained in a 
cage for seven months like a wild beast. 
Lysimachus put an end to his tortures by 
poison. (See Cages for Men, p. 166.) 

Oh, let me roll in Macedonian rays, 
Or, like Callisthenes, be caged for life, 
Rather than shine in fashions of the East. 

Lee : Alexander the Great, iv. i (1678). 

Cal'mar, son of Matha, lord of Lara 
(in Connaught). He is represented as 



presumptuous, rash, and overbearing, 
but gallant and generous. The very 
opposite of the temperate Connal, who 
advises caution and forethought. Calmar 
hurries Cuthullin into action, which ends 
in defeat. Connal comforts the general 
in his distress. — Ossian ; Fingal, i. 

Cal'pe (2 syl.), Gibraltar. The two 
pillars of Hercules are Calpe" and Ab'yla. 

She her thundering navy leads 
To Calpe. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads. 

Cftl'thon, brother of Col'mar, sons of 
Rathmor chief of Clutha (the Clyde). 
The father was murdered in his halls by 
Dunthalmo lord of Teutha (the Tweed), 
and the two boys were brought up by the 
murderer in his own house, and accom 
panied him in his wars. As they grew in 
years, Dunthalmo fancied he perceived 
in their looks a something which excited 
his suspicions, so he shut them up in two 
separate dark caves on. the banks of the 
Tweed. Colmal, daughter of Dunthalmo, 
dressed as a young warrior, liberated 
Calthon, and fled with him to Morven, 
to crave aid in behalf of the captive Col- 
mar. Accordingly, Fingal sent his son 
Ossian with 300 men to effect his libera- 
tion. When Dunthalmo heard of the 
approach of this army, he put Colmar to 
death. Calthon, mourning for his brother, 
was captured, and bound to an oak ; but 
at daybreak Ossian slew Dunthalmo, cut 
the thongs o! Calthon, gave him to Col- 
mal, and they lived happily in the halls of 
Teutha. — Ossian : Calthon and Colmal. 

Calumet of Peace. The bowl of 
this pipe is made of a soft red stone 
easily hollowed out, the stem of cane or 
some light wood, painted with divers 
colours, and decorated with the heads, 
tails, and feathers of birds. When 
Indians enter into an alliance or solemn 
engagement, they smoke the calumet 
together. When war is the subject, the 
whole pipe and all its ornaments are 
deep red. — Major Rogers: Account oj 
North America. (See Red Pipe.) 

A-calumeting, a-courting. In the day- 
time any act of gallantry would be deemed 
indecorous by the American Indians ; 
but after sunset, the young lover goes 
a-calumeting. He, in fact, lights his 
pipe, and, entering the cabin of his well- 
beloved, presents it to her. If the lady 
extinguishes it, she accepts his addresses ; 
but if she suffers it to burn on, she rejects 
them, and the gentleman retires.- -Ashe: 
Travels. 



CALYDON. 



171 CAMBRIDGE ON THE CHARLES. 



Cal'ydon {Prince of), Melea'ger, 
famed for killing the Calydonian boar. — 
Apollodorus, i. 8. (See Meleager.) 

As did the fatal brand Althaea bum'd. 
Unto the prince's heart of Calydon. 
Shakespeare : 2 Henry VI. act L sc. x (1591). 

Cal'ydon, a town of ^Eto'lia, founded 
by Calydon. In Arthurian romance 
Calydon is a forest in the north of our 
island Probably it is what Richard of 
Cirencester calls the " Caledonian Wood," 
westward of the Varar or Murray Frith. 

Calydonian Hunt. Artemis, to 
punish CEneus [E'.nuce] king of Cal'ydon, 
in iEtolia, for neglect, sent a monster 
boar to ravage his vineyards. His son 
Melea'ger collected together a large com- 
pany to hunt it. The boar being killed, 
a dispute arose respecting the head, and 
this led to a war between the Curet&s and 
Calydo'nians. 

IT A similar tale is told of Theseus 
(2 syl.), who vanquished and killed the 
gigantic sow which ravaged the territory 
of Krommyon, near Corinth. (See Krom- 

MYONIAN SOW.) 

Calyp'so, in Tilimaqiu, a prose epic 
oy Fenelon, is meant for Mde. de Mon- 
tespan. In mythology she was queen of 
the island Ogyg'ia, on which Ulysses was 
wrecked, and where he was detained for 
seven years. 

Calypso's Isle, Ogygia, a mythical 
island "in the navel of the sea." Some 
consider it to be Gozo, near Malta. 
Ogygia (not the island) is Boeo'tia, in 
Greece. 

Cama'cho. (See Basilius, p. 94.) 

Camalodu'num, Colchester. 

Gin by half the tribes of Britain, near the colony Camu- 
lodine. 

Tennyson : Boadicea. 

Caman 'ch.es (^syl.) or Coman'ches, 
an Indian tribe of the Texas (United 
States). 

It is a caravan, whitening the desert where dwell the 
Camanches. 

Longfellow : To the Driving Cloud. 

Camaral'zaman. (See Badoura, 
p. 81.) 

Cam'ballo, the second son of Cam- 
buscan' king of Tartary, brother of 
Al'garsife (3 syl.) and Can'ace (3 syl.). 
He fought with two knights who asked 
the lady Canacfi to wife, the terms being 
that none should have her till he had 
succeeded in worsting Camballo in com- 
bat. Chaucer does not give us the sequel 
of this tale, but Spenser says that three 



brothers, named Priamond, Diamond, 
and Triamond were suitors, and that 
Triamond won her. The mother of 
these three (all born at one birth) was 
Ag'ape, who dwelt in Faery-land (bk. 
iv. 2). 

N. B. — Spensermakes Cambi'na (daugh- 
ter of Agape) the lady-love of Camballo. 
Camballo is also called Camballus and 
Cambel. 

Camballo's Ring, given him by his 
sister Canace, "had power to stanch all 
wounds that mortally did bleed." 

Well mote ye wonder how that noble knight^ 
After he had so often wounded been, 

Could stand on foot now to renew the fight . . . 

All was thro' virtue of the ring he wore ; 
The which not only did not from him let 

One drop of blood to fall, but did restore 
His weakened powers and his dulled spirits whet. 
Spenser : Fairie Queene, iv. 2 (1596). 

Cam'bala, the royal residence of the 
cham of Cathay (a province of Tartary). 
Milton speaks of " Cambalu, seat of 
Cathayan Can." — Paradise Lost, xi. 388 
(1665). 

CamTDalnc, spoken of by Marco Polo, 
is Pekin. 

Cambel. (See Canace, p. 174.) 

Cambi'na, daughter of the fairy 
Ag'ape (3 syl.). (See Canace, p. 174.) 

Cam'bria, Wales. According to 
legend, it is so called from Camber, the 
son of Brute. This legendary king divided 
his dominions at death between his three 
sons : Locrin had the southern part, hence 
called Loegria (England) ; Camber the 
west ( Wales) ; and Albanaot the north, 
called Albania (Scotland). 

From Cambria's curse, from Cambria's tears. 
Gray: The Bard (1757). 



Cam'brian, Welsh, 
Cambria or Wales. 



pertaining to 



Cambridge. Cam is a modern 
corrupt form of Granta, as the river Cam 
was anciently called. The transition is 
Granta, turned by the Normans into 
Caunter, whence Canter, Can or Cam. 

V Our "count " is the French comle. 

Cambridge University Boat 
Crew. Colours : light blue. 

Cambridg-e on the Charles, con- 
tains Harvard University, founded 1636 
at Cambridge on the river Charles 
(Massachusetts), and endowed in 1639 
by the Rev. John Harvard. 

A theologian from the school 
Of Cambridge on the Charles, was there. 
Long/elloiu : The IVayside Inn (prelude). 



CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY. 17a 



CAMILLA. 



Cambridge University, said to 
have been founded by Sebert or Segbert 
king of Essex, the reputed founder of 
St. Peter's, Westminster (604). 

Wise Segbert, worthy praise, preparing us the seat 
Of famous Cambridge first, then with endowments 

great, 
The Muses to maintain, those sisters thither brought 
Drayton • Polyolbion, ». (1613). 

Cambuscan', king of Sarra, in the 
land of Tartary the model of all royal 
virtues. His wife was El'feta ; his two sons 
Al'garsife (3 syl. ) and Cam'ballo ; and his 
daughter Can 'ace (3 syl. ). Chaucer accents 
the last syllable, but Milton erroneously 
throws the accent on the middle syllable. 
Thus Chaucer says — 

And so befell that when this Cambuscan' ... 
And again — 

This Cambuscan', of which I have you told . . . 
Squire's Tall. 

But Milton, in // Penseroso, says — 

Him who left half-told 

The story of Cambus'can bold. 

The accent might be preserved by a 
slight change, thus — 

Him who left of old 

The tale of Cambuscan' half-told. 

Cambuscan had three presents sent him 
by the king of Araby and Ind : (1) a 
horse of brass, which would within a 
single day transport its rider to the most 
distant region of the world , (2) a tren- 
chant sword, which would cut through the 
stoutest armour, and heal a sword-wound 
by simply striking it with the flat of the 
blade ; (3) a mirror, which would reveal 
conspiracies, tell who were faithful and 
loyal, and in whom trust might be con- 
fided. He also sent Canace (daughter of 
Cambuscan) a ring that she might know 
the virtues of all plants, and by aid of 
which she would be able to understand 
the language of birds, and even to con- 
verse with them. — Chaucer: Canterbury 
Tales ("The Squire's Tale," 1388). 

Camby'ses (3 syl.), a pompous, 
ranting character in Preston's tragedy of 
that name (1569). 

I must speak in passion, and I will do it in king 
Cambyses" vein.— Shakespeare : i Henry IV. act ii. SC. 
4 (1597)- 

Camby'ses and Smerdis. Cam- 
byses king of Persia killed his brother 
Smerdis from the wild suspicion of a 
mad man, and it is only charity to think 
that he was really non compos mentis. 

Behold Cambises and his fatal daye . . . 
While he his brother Mergus cast to slaye, 
A dreadful tiling, his wittes were him bereft. 

SacJtville: A Mirrour for Magistraytts 
(" The Complaynt," 1587). 



Camden Society {The), established, 
in 1838, for the republication of British 
historical documents. So named in 
honour of William Camden, the historian 
(1551 1623). 

Camel. The pelican is called the 
" river camel ; " in French cka?jteau deau; 
and in Arabic jim?nel el bahar. 

We saw abundance of camels [i.e. pelicans], but they 
did not come near enough for us to shoot them.— 
Norden: Voyage. 

Cameliard (3 syl.), the realm of 
Leod'ogran or Leod'ogrance, father of 
Guinevere ( Guin-e'-ver) wife of Arthur. 

Leodogran, the king of Cameliard 

Had one fair daughter and none other child . . . 

Guinevere, and in her his one delight. 

Tennyson : Coming of Arthur. 

Cam'elot (3 syl.). There are two 
places so called. The place referred to in 
King Lear is in Cornwall, but that of 
Arthurian renown was in Winchester. In 
regard to the first Kent says to Cornwall, 
"Goose, if I had you upon Sarum Plain, 
I'd drive ye cackling home to Camelot," 
i.e. to Tintag'il or Camelford, the "home" 
of the duke of Cornwall. But the Came- 
lot of Arthur was in Winchester, where 
visitors are still shown certain large en- 
trenchments once pertaining to "king 
Arthur's palace." 

Sir Balin's sword was put into marble stone, standing 
It upright as a great millstone, and it swam down the 
stream to the city of Camelot, that is, in English, 
Winchester. — Sir T. Malory ; History of Prince 
Arthur, I 44 (1470). 

•.'In some places, even in Arthurian 
romance, Camelot seems the city on the 
Camel, in Cornwall. Thus, when sir 
Tristram left Tintagil to go to Ireland, a 
tempest "drove him back to Camelot" 
(pt. ii. 19). 

Camilla, the virgin queen of the 
Volscians, famous for her fleetness of 
foot. She aided Turnus against ^Eneas. 

Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, 
Flies o'er th' unbending corn, or skims along the main. 

Pope. 

Camilla, wife of Anselmo of Florence. 
Anselmo, in order to rejoice in her incor- 
ruptible fidelity, induced his friend Lo- 
thario to try to corrupt her. This he did, 
and Camilla was not trial-proof, but fell. 
Anselmo for a time was kept in the dark, 
but at the end Camilla eloped with Lo- 
thario. Anselmo died of grief, Lothario 
was slain in battle, and Camilla died in a 
convent. — Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. iv. 
5, 6 (" Fatal Curiosity," 1605). 

Camilla, a novel by Mde. D'Arblay, 
authoress of Evelina, etc.. published 

1796. 



CAMILLE. 



*73 



Camille' (2 syl. ), in Corneille's tragedy 
of Les Horaces (1639). When her brother 
meets her, and bids her congratulate him 
for his victory over the three Cunatii, she 
gives utterance to her grief for the death 
of her lover. Horace says, "What ! can 
you prefer a man to the interests of 
Rome?" Whereupon Camille denounces 
Rome, and concludes with the^e words : 
■■ Oh that it were my lot ! " When Mdlle. 
Rachel first appeared in the character of 
"Camille," she took Paris by storm (1838). 

Voir le dernier Romain a son dernier soupir, 
Moi seule en etre cause, et mourir de plaisir. 

(Whitehead has dramatized the subject, 
and called it The Raman Father, 1741.) 

Camillo, a lord in the Sicilian court, 
and a very good man. Being commanded 
by king LeontSs to poison Polixen£s, 
instead of doing so he gave him warning, 
and fled with him to Bohemia. When 
Polixenes ordered his son Florlzel to 
abandon Perdlta, Camillo persuaded the 
young lovers to seek refuge in Sicily, 
and induced Leontes, the king thereof, 
to protect them. As soon as Polixenes 
discovered that Perdita was Leontes' 
daughter, he readily consented to the 
union which before he had forbidden. — 
Shakespeare; The Winters 1 "ale (1604). 

Cami'ola, " the maid of honour," a 
lady of great wealth, noble spirit, and 
great beauty. She loved Bertoldo 
(brother of Roberto king of the two 
Sicilies), and, when Bertoldo was taken 
prisoner at Sienna, paid his ransom. 
Bertoldo before his release was taken 
before Aurelia, the duchess of Sienna. 
Aurelia fell in love with him, and 
proposed marriage, an offer which 
Bertoldo accepted. The betrothed then 
went to Palermo to be introduced to the 
king, when Camilla exposed the conduct 
of the base young prince. Roberto was 
disgust) d at his brother, Aurelia rejected 
him with scorn, and Camiola retired to 
a nunnery. — Massinger : The Maid of 
Honour (1637). 

Caxnlan (in Cornwall), now the river 
Alan or Camel, a contraction of Cam-alan 
("the crooked river"), so called from its 
continuous windings. Here Arthur re- 
ceived his death-wound from the hand of 
his nephew Mordred or Modred, A.D. 542. 

Camel . . . 

Frantic ever since her British Arthur's blood, 

By Mordred's murtherous hand, was mingled with her 

flood, 
For as that river best might boast that conqueror's 

bre.ith [birth]. 
So sadly she bemoans his too untimely death. 

Drayton : Ptlyolbion, L (161a). 



CAMPBELL. 

Cam'lotte (2 syl.), shoddy, fustian, 
rubbish, as C'est de la camlotU ce qui vous 
dites-la. 

Camoens, one of the five great 

European epic poets : Homer, Virgil, 
Dante, Camoens, and Milton. (See 

LUSIAD.) 

There are numerous poetical romances of an epic 
character, which do not rise to the dignity of the true 
epic 

Cam'omile (3 syl.), says Falstaff, 
" the more it is trodden on the faster it 
grows." — Shakespeare : 1 Henry IV. act 
ii. sc. 4 (1597). 

Though the camomile, the more it is trodden and 
pressed downe, the more it spreadeth ; yet the violet, 
the oftener it is handled and touched, the sooner it 
withereth and decayeth.— Lily : Ettphnes. 

Campaign [The), a poem by Addi- 
son, to celebrate the victories of the duke 
of Marlborough. Published in 1704. It 
contains the two noted lines — 

Pleased the Almighty's orders to perform, 
Rides on the whirlwind and directs the storm. 

Campaigner (The old), Mrs. Mac- 
kenzie, mother of Rosa, in Thackeray's 
novel called The Newcomes (1855). 

Campa'nia, the plain country about 
Cap'ua, the terra di Lavo'ro of Italy. 

Campas'pe (3 syl.), mistress of Alex- 
ander. He gave her up to Apelles, who 
had fallen in love with her while painting 
her likeness. — Pliny .• Hist. xxxv. 10. 

John Lyly produced, in 1583, a drama 
entitled Cupid and Campaspe, in which is 
the well-known lyric — 

Cupid and my Campaspe played 
At cards for kisses; Cupid paid. 

CAMPBELL (Captain), called 
" Green Colin Campbell," or Bar'caldine 
{S syl.).— Sir W. Scott: The Highland 
Widow (time, George II.). 

Campbell (General), called " Black 
Colin Campbell," in the king's service. 
He suffers the papist conspirators to 
depart unpunished. — Sir W. Scott: Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Campbell (Sir Duncan), knight ol 
Ardenvohr, in the marquis of Argyll's 
army. He was sent as ambassador to 
the earl of Montrose. 

Lady Mary Campbell, sir Duncan's 
wife. 

Sir Duncan Campbell of Auchenbreck, 
an officer in the army of the marquis of 
Argyll. 

Murdoch Campbell, a name assumed by 
the marquis of Argyll. Disguised as a 
servant, he visited Dalgetty and M'Eagh 



CAMPBELL. 



'74 



CANTABRIAN SURGE. 



in the dungeon ; but the prisoners over- 
mastered him, bound him fast, locked 
him in the dungeon, and escaped. — Sir 
W. Scott: Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I. ). 

Campbell ( The lady Mary), daughter 
of the duke of Argyll. 

The lady Caroline Campbell, sister of 
lady Mary.— Sir W. Scott: Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Campo-Easso {The count of), an 
officer in the duke of Burgundy's army, 
introduced by sir W. Scott in two novels, 
Quentin Durward and Anne of Geierstein, 
both laid in the time of Edward IV. 

Caxnpeador \Kam-pay'-dor\, the Cid, 
who was called Mio Cid el Campeador 
(" my lord the champion "). " Cid " is a 
corruption of said (" lord '). 

Can 'a, a kind of grass plentiful in the 
heathy morasses of the north. 

It on the heath she moved, her breast was whiter 
than the down of cana ; if on the sea-beat shore, than 
the foam of the rolling ocean.— Os sian : Cath-Loda, ii. 

Can 'ace (3 syl.), daughter of Cam- 
buscan', and the paragon of women. 
Chaucer left the tale half-told, but 
Spenser makes a crowd of suitors woo 
her. Her brother Cambel or Cam'ballo 
resolved that none should win his sister 
who did not first overthrow him in fight. 
At length Tri'amond sought her hand, and 
was so nearly matched in fight with Cam- 
ballo, that both would have been killed, 
if Cambi'na, daughter of the fairy Ag'ape" 
(3 tyl-)* na0 ^ not interfered. Cambina 
gave the wounded combatants nepenthe^ 
which had the power of converting enmity 
to love ; so the combatants ceased from 
fight, Camballo took the fair Cambina to 
wife, and Triamond married Canacg.— 
Chaucer : Squire s Tale; Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, iv. 3 (1596). 

Canaci's Mirror, a mirror which told 
the inspectors if the persons on whom 
they set their affections would prove true 
or false. 

Canacis Ring, (See CAMBUSCAN, 
p. 172.) 

Candanles (3 syl.), king of Lydia, 
who exposed the charms of his wife to 
Gy'gSs. The queen was so indignant 
that she employed Gyges to murder her 
husband. She then married the assassin, 
who became king of Lydia, and reigned 
twenty-eight years (B.C. 716-688). 

Great men are as Jealous of their thoughts as the 
wife of king Candaules was of her charms.— Sir W. 
Scott: The Abbot, xviii. 

Canday'a ( The kingdom of), situated 



between the great Trapoba'na and the 
South Sea, a couple of leagues beyond 
cape Com'orin. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, 
II. iii. 4 (1615). 

Candide' (2 syl.), the hero of Vol- 
taire's novel of the same name. All 
conceivable misfortunes are piled on his 
head, but he bears them with cynical 
indifference. 

Voltaire says " No." He tells you that Candida 
Found life most tolerable after meals. 

Byron : Don yuan, v. 31 (1820). 

Candour (Mrs.), the beau-ideal of 
female backbiters. — Sheridan: The School 
for Scandal ( 1777). 

The name of " Mrs. Candour " has become one of 
those formidable by-words which have more power In 
putting folly and ill-nature out of countenance than 
whole volumes of the wisest remonstrance and reason- 
ing. — T. Moore. 

Since the days of Miss Pope, It may De questioned 
whether "Mrs. Candour" has ever found a more 
admirable representative than Mrs. Stirling.— Dra- 
matic Memoirs. 

Can'idia, a Neapolitan, beloved by 
the poet Horace. "When she deserted 
him, he held her up to contempt as an old 
sorceress who could by a rhomb unsphere 
the moon. — Horace: Epodes v. and xvii. 

Such a charm were right 
Canidian. 
Mrs. Browning: Hector in the Garden, br. 

Canmore or Great-Head. Mal- 
colm III. of Scotland (*, 1057-1093). — 
Sir W. Scott: Tales of a Grandfather, 
i. 4. 

Canning (George), statesman (1770- 
1827). Charles Lamb calls him — 

St. Stephen's fool, the zany of debate. 

Sonnet in " The Champion? 

Cano'pos, Menelaos's pilot, killed 
in the return voyage from Troy by the 
bite of a serpent. The town Canopos 
(Latin, Canopus) was built on the site 
where the pilot was buried. 

Canossa. When, in November, 1887, 
the czar went to Berlin to visit the em- 
peror of Germany, the Standard asked 
in a leader, " Has the czar gone to 
Canossa ? " i.e. has he gone to eat humble- 
pie? Canossa, in the duchy of ModSna, 
is where (in the winter of 1076-7), the 
kaiser Henry IV. went to humble himself 
before pope Gregory VII. [Hildebrand]. 

Can 'tab, a member of the University 
of Cambridge. The word is a contraction 
of the Latin CantabrigHa. 

Canta'brian Surge ( The), Bay of 
Biscay. 

She her thundering navy leads 
To Calpe [Gibraltar] ... or the rough 
Cantabrian surge. 

Akcnside : Hymn U the Naimdt. 



CANTABRIC OCEAN. 



175 



CANYNGE. 



Cantab 'ric Ocean, the sea which 
washes the south of Ireland. — Richard of 
Cirencester : Ancient State of Britain, i. 8. 

Can'tacuzene' (4 syl.), a noble 
Greek family, which has furnished Con- 
stantinople with two emperors, and Mol- 
davia and Wallachia with several princes. 
The family still survives. 

We mean to show that the Cantacuzenes are not the 
only princely family in the world.— D? Israeli : Lo- 
thair. 

There are other members of the Cantacucene family 
besides myself.— Ditto. 

Can'tacuzene' {Michael), the grand 
sewer (butler) of Alexius Comne'nus, 
emperor of Greece. — Sir W. Scott: 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Canterbury, according to mythical 
story, was built by Rudhudibras. 

Bjr Radhudibras Kent's famous town . . . arose. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, viiL (1612). 

Canterbury Tales. Twenty-three 
tales told byacompanyof pilgrims going to 
visit the shrine of ' ' St. Thomas a Becket " 
at Canterbury. The party first assembled 
at the Tabard, an inn in Southwark, and 
there agreed to tell one tale each both 
going and returning, and the person who 
told the best tale was to be treated by the 
rest to a supper at the Tabard on the 
homeward journey. The party consisted 
of twenty-nine pilgrims, so that the 
whole budget of tales should have been 
fifty-eight, but only twenty-three of the 
number were told, not one being on the 
homeward route. (1388.) 

The tales are as follows :— 

Chunoun's yemen's tale, the Transmutation 01 
Metals. 

Clerk's tale. Patient Grisildes. 

Cook's tale, Gamelyon (*' As You Like It "). 

Doctor of Physic's tale, Virginius. 

Franklin's tale, Dorigen and A rviragus. 

Friar's tale, a Compact -with the Devil. 

Host's tale, Melibius (or the forgiveness of In- 
juries). 

Knight's tale, PaUmon and Arcite (or king The- 
Will). 

Man of Law's tale, king Alia and Constance. 

Manciple's tale, the Tell-tale Crow turned Black. 

Merchant's tale, January and May. 

Miller's tale, Nicholas and Alison. 

Monk's tale, Mutability of Fortune (examples). 

Nun's tale (second). Valerian and Tiburce. 

Nun's Priest's tale, Chanticleer and the Fox. 

Pardoner's tale, the Devil and the Proctor. 

Prioress's tale, similar to " Hugh of Lincoln," 

Reeve's tale, Symon and the Miller. 

Sbipman's tale, the Merchant and the Monk. 

Squire's tale, Cambuscan. 

Sumpnor's tale, the Begging- Friar. 

Thopus' (Sir) tale (cut short by mine holt), * 
Fight -with a Three-headed Giant. 

Wife of Bath's tnle, IVhat a Woman likes But (to 
have her own sweet will). 

Canton, tba Swiss valet of lord 
Ogleby. He has to skim the morning 
papers and serve out the cream of them 
to his lordship at breakfast, " with good 



emphasis and good discretion. " He 
laughs at all his master's jokes, flatters 
him to the top of his bent, and speaks of 
him as a mere chicken compared to 
himself, though his lordship is 70 and 
Canton about 50. Lord Ogleby call* 
him his " cephalic snuff, and no bad 
medicine against megrims, vertigoes, and 
profound thinkings." — Colman and Gar- 
rick : The Clandestine Marriage (1766). 

Can'trips {Mrs.), a quondam friend 
of Nanty Ewart the smuggler-captain. 

Jessie Cantrips, her daughter. — Sir IV. 
Scott : Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Cant'well {Dr.), the hypocrite, the 
English representative of Moliere's ' ' Tar> 
tuffe." He makes religious cant the 
instrument of gain, luxurious living, and 
sensual indulgence. His overreaching 
and dishonourable conduct towards lady 
Lambert and her daughter gets thoroughly 
exposed, and at last he is arrested as a 
swindler.— ~Bickerstajf : The Hypocrite 
(1768). 

(This is Cibber's Nonjuror (1717) 
modernized.) 

Dr. Cantwell ... the meek and saintly hypocrite. 

Hunt. 

Canute' or Cnut and Edmund 
Ironside. William of Malmesbury 
says : When Cnut and Edmund were 
ready for their sixth battle in Gloucester- 
shire, it was arranged between them to 
decide their respective claims by single 
combat. Cnut was a small man, and 
Edmund both tall and strong ; so Cnut 
said to his adversary, ' ' We both lay 
claim to the kingdom in right of our 
fathers ; let us, therefore, divide it and 
make peace ; " and they did so. 

Canutus of the two that furthest was from hope . . . 
Cries, " Noble Edmund, hold 1 Let us the land divide.'* 
. . . and all aloud do cry, 

" Courageous kings, divide I 'Twere pity such should 
die. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 

Canute's Bird, the knot, a corruption of 
"Knut," the Cinclus bellonii, of which 
king Canute was extremely fond. 

The knot, that called was Canutus' bird of old, 

Of that great king of Danes, his name that still doth 

hold. 
His appetite to please . . . from Denmark hither 

brought. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxv. (1623). 

N.B. — There are thirty " songs " in the 
Polyolbion, from 19 to 30 being of the 
date 1622. 

Can'yng-e {Sir William) is repre- 
sented in the Rowley Romance as a 
rich, God-fearing merchant, devoting 
much money to the Church, and much 



LAORA. 



176 



CAPTAIN SWING. 



to literature. He was, in fact, a 
Maece'nas, of princely hospitality, living 
in the Red House. The priest Rowley 
was his "Horace." — Chatterton (1752- 
1770). 

Ca'ora, inhabited by men "whose 
heads do grow beneath their shoulders." 
(See Blemmyes, p. 127.) 

On that branch which is called Caora are [sic] a 
nation of people whose heades appeare not above their 
shoulders. They are reported to have their eyes in 
their shoulders, and their mouthes in the middle of 
their breasts.— Hackluyt: Voyage (1598). ■ 

\ • Raleigh, in his Description of Guiana 
(1596), also gives an account of men 
whose " heads do grow beneath their 
shoulders." 

Capability Brown, Launcelot 
Brown, the English landscape gardener 
(1715-1783). 

Cap'aneus (3 syl.), a man of gigantic 
stature, enormous strength, and headlong 
valour. He was impious to the gods, but 
faithful to his friends. Capaneus was 
one of the seven heroes who marched 
against Thebes (1 syl.), and was struck 
dead by a thunderbolt for declaring that 
not Jupiter himself should prevent his 
scaling the city walls. 

1[ The "Mezentius" of Virgil and 
Tasso's ' ' Argantd " are similar characters ; 
but the Greek Capaneus exceeds Mezen- 
tius in physical daring and Argante" in 
impiety. 

Cape of Storms, now called the 
Cape of Good Hope. It was Bartholomew 
Diaz who called it Cabo Tormentoso (i486), 
and king Juan II. who changed the 
name. (See Black Sea, p. 124.) 

Capitan, a boastful, swaggering 
coward, in several French farces and 
comedies prior to the time of Moliere. 

Caponsac'chi [Giuseppe), the young 
priest under whose protection Pompilia 
fled from her husband to Rome. The 
husband and his friends said the 
elopement was criminal ; but Pompilia, 
Caponsacchi, and their friends main- 
tained that the young canon simply acted 
the part of a chivalrous protector of a 
young woman who was married at 15, and 
who fled from a brutal husband who ill- 
treated her. — R. Browning: The Ring 
and the Book (1868). 

Capstern [Captain), captain of an 
East Indiaman, at Madras. — Sir W.Scott : 
The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Captain, Manuel Comne'nus of 
Treb'izond (1120, 1143-1180). 



Captain of Kent. So Jack Cade called 
himself (died 1450). 

The Black Captain, lieutenant-colonel 
Dennis Davidoff, of the Russian army. 
In the French invasion he was called by 
the French Le Capitaine Noir. 

The Great Captain [el Gran Capitano), 
Gonzalvo di Cor'dovo (1453-1515). 

The People's Captain [el Capitano del 
Popolo), Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882). 

A Copper Captain, a poor captain, 
whose swans are all geese, his jewellery 
paste, his guineas counters, his achieve- 
ments tongue-doughtiness, and his whole 
man Brummagem. 

To this copper captain was confided the command 
of the troops.—^. Irving 

Let all the world view here the captain's treasure . . . 
Here's a goodly jewel . . . 
See how it sparkles, like an old lady's eyes . . . 
And here's a chain of whitings' eyes for pearls . . , 
Your clothes are parallels to these, all counterfeits. 
Put these and them on, you're a man of copper ; 
A kind of candlestick/ a copoer, copper captain. 
Fletcher: Rule a Wife and Have a Wife (1640). 

A Led Captain, a poor obsequious 
captain, who is led about as a cavalier 
servanteby those who find him hospitality 
and pay nunky for him. He is not the 
leader of others, as a captain ought to be, 
but is by others led. 



When you quarrel with the family of Blandish, you 
only leave refined cookery to be fed upon scraps by a 
poor cousin or a led captain.— Burgoyne : The Heiress, 
v. 3 (1781). 

Captain Loys [Lo-is]. Louise Labe" 
was so called, because in early life she 
embraced the profession of arms, and 
gave repeated proofs of great valour. 
She was also called La Belle CordUre. 
Louise Labe" was a poetess, and has left 
several sonnets full of passion, and some 
good elegies (1526-1566). 

Captain Sight, a fictitious com- 
mander, the ideal of the rights due to 
Ireland. In the last century the peasants 
of Ireland were sworn to captain Right, 
as chartists were sworn to their articles 
of demand called their charter. 

Captain Rock, a fictitious name 
assumed by the leader of certain Irish 
insurgents in 1822, etc. All notices, 
summonses, and so on, were signed by 
this name. 

Captain Swing", a fictitious cha- 
racter, in whose name threats were issued 
and attacks made by the barn-burners and 
machinery-destroyers early in the nine- 
teenth century. 

Captain is a Bold Man [The), a 
popular phrase at one time. Peachum 
applies the expression to captain Mac- 
heath. — Gay; The Beggar's Opera (1727). 



CAPUCINADE. 177 

Capu'cinade (4 syl.). "A capu- 
cinade" is twaddling composition, or 
wishy-washy literature. The term is 
derived from the sermons of the Capu- 
chins, which were notoriously incorrect 
in doctrine and debased in style. 

It was a vague discourse, the rhetoric of an old pro- 
fessor, a mere capucinade.— Ltsage : Gil Bias, viL 4 
<i7iS)- 

Cap'ulet, head of a noble house of 
Verona, in feudal enmity with the house 
of Mon'tague (3 syl.). Lord Capulet is 
a jovial, testy old man, self-willed, pre- 
judiced, and tyrannical. 

Lady Capulet, wife of lord Capulet, 
and mother of Juliet. — Shakespeare: 
Romeo and Juliet (1598). 

Then lady Capulet comes sweeping by with her train 
of velvet, her black hood, her fan, and her rosary, the 
very beau-ideal of a proud Italian matron of the 
fifteenth century, whose offer to poison Romeo in 
revenge for the death of Tybalt stamps her with one 
very characteristic trait of the age and country. Yet 
she loves her daughter, and there is a touch of re- 
morseful tenderness in her lamentation over her.— Mrs. 
Jameson. 

(Lord Capulet was about 60. He had 
" left off masking " for above thirty years 
(act i. sc. 5). Lady Capulet was only 28 
— at least she tells the nurse so, although 
her daughter Juliet was a marriageable 
woman. ) 

The tomb of all the Capulets. Burke, 
in a letter to Matthew Smith, says, "I 
would rather sleep in the corner of a 
little country churchyard than in the 
tomb of all the Capulets." It does not 
occur in Shakespeare. 

Capys, a blind old seer, who pro- 
phesied to Romulus the military triumphs 
of Rome from its foundation to the de- 
struction of Carthage. 

In the hall-gate sat Capys, 
Capys the sightless seer ; 
From head to foot he trembled 

As Romulus drew near. 
And up stood stiff his thin white hair. 
And his blind eyes flashed fire. 
Macaulay : Lays 0/ A ncient Rome (" The Pro- 
phecy of Capys," xi.). 

Car 'abas (Le marquis de), an hypo- 
thetical title to express a fossilized old 
aristocrat, who supposed the whole world 
made for his behoof. The "king owes 
his throne to him;" he can " trace his 
pedigree to Pepin ; " his youngest son is 
"sure of a mitre ;" he is too noble "to 
pay taxes ; " the very priests share their 
tithes with him ; the country was made 
for his "hunting-ground;" and, there 
fore, as BeYanger says — 

Chapeau bas 1 chapeau bas ! 
Gloire au marquis de Carabas ! 

(The name occurs in Perrault's tale of 
Puss in Boots, and in Disraeli's novel of 



CARADOC. 

Vivian Grey (1820) ; but it is Be'ranger's 
song (1816) which has given the word its 
present meaning.) 

Carac'ci of Prance, Jean Jouvenet, 
who was paralyzed on the right side, and 
painted with his left hand (1647-1707). 

Carac'tacus or Caradoc, king of 
the Sil'ur&s {Monmouthshire, etc.). For 
nine years he withstood the Roman anus, 
but being defeated by Osto'rius Scap'ula, 
the Roman general, he escaped to Bri- 
gantia {Yorkshire, etc.) to crave the aid 
of Carthisman'dua (or Cartimandua), a 
Roman matron married to Venu'tius, chief 
of those parts. Carthismandua betrayed 
him to the Romans, A.D. 47. — Richard 
of Cirencester : Ancient State of Britain, 
i. 6, 23. 

Caradoc was led captive to Rome, A.D. 
51, and, struck with the grandeur of that 
city, exclaimed, "Is it possible that a 
people so wealthy and luxurious can envy 
me a humble cottage in Britain ? " Clau- 
dius the emperor was so charmed with 
his manly spirit and bearing that he re- 
leased him and craved his friendship. 

Drayton says that Caradoc went to 
Rome with body naked, hair to the waist, 
girt with a chain of steel, and his " manly 
breast enchased with sundry shapes of 
beasts. Both his wife and children were 
captives, and walked with him." — Poly- 
olSion, viii. (1612). 

Caracul {i.e. Caracalla), son and suc- 
cessor of SevSrus the Roman emperor. 
In A.D. 210 he made an expedition against 
the Caledo'nians, but was defeated by 
Fingal. Aurelius Antoninus was called 
" Caracalla " because he adopted the 
Gaulish caracalla in preference to the 
Roman toga. — Ossian: Comala. 

The Caracul of Fingal is no other than Caracalla, who 
(as the son of Severus) the emperor of Rome . . . was 
not without reason called " The Son of the King of tho 
World." This was A.D. 21a — Dissertation on the Era 
0/ Ossian. 

Caracul, called Caraculla in Ossian, 
is Antoninus. 

Caraculiam'bo, the hypothetical 
giant of the island of Malindra'ma, 
whom don Quixote imagines he may one 
day conquer and make to kneel at the 
foot of his imaginary lady-love. — Cer- 
vantes: Don Quixote, I. i. 1 (1605). 

Car'adoc or Cradock, a knight of 
the Round Table. He was husband of 
the only lady in the queen's train who 
could wear " the mantle of matrimonial 
fidelity." This mantle fitted only chaste 

N 



CARADOC OF MENWYGENT. 178 



CARE. 



and virtuous wives ; thus, when queen 
Guenever tried it on — 

One while it was too long, another while too short, 
And wrinkled on her shoulders in most unseemly sort. 
Percy: Reliques ("Boy and the Mantle." III. lii. 18). 

Sir Caradoc and the Boars Head. The 
boy who brought the test mantle of 
fidelity to king Arthur's court, drew a 
wand three times across a boar's head, 
and said, "There's never a cuckold who 
can carve that head of brawn." Knight 
after knight made the attempt, but only 
sir Cradock could carve the brawn. 

Sir Caradoc and the Drinking-horn. 
The boy furthermore brought forth a 
drinking-horn, and said, "No cuckold 
can drink from that horn without spilling 
the liquor." Only Cradock succeeded, 
and " he wan the golden can." — Percy: 
Reliques (" Boy and the Mantle," III. 
iii. 18). 

Caradoc of Men'wyg'ent, the 
younger bard of Gwenwyn prince of 
Powys-land. The elder bard of the 
prince was Cadwallon. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Car'atach, or Carac'tacus, a British 
king brought captive before the emperor 
Claudius in A.D. 52. He had been be- 
trayed by Cartimandua. Claudius set 
him at liberty. 

And Beaumont's pilfered Caratach affords 
A tragedy complete except in words* 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

(Byron alludes to the ' ' spectacle " of 
Caractacus produced by Thomas Sheri- 
dan at Drury Lane Theatre. It was 
Beaumont's tragedy of Bonduca, minus 
the dialogue. ) 

Digges [1720-1786] was the very absolute " Cara- 
tach." The solid bulk of his frame, his action, his 
voice, all marked him with identity.— Boaden : Life 0/ 
Siddons. 

Car'athis, mother of the caliph 
Vathek. She was a Greek, and induced 
her son to study necromancy, held in 
abhorrence by all good Mussulmans. 
When her son threatened to put to death 
every one who attempted without success 
to read the inscriptions of certain sabres, 
Carathis wisely said, "Content yourself, 
my son, with commanding their beards 
to be burnt. Beards are less essential to 
a state than men." She was ultimately 
carried by an afrit to the abyss of Eblis, 
in punishment of her many crimes. — 
Beckford: Vathek (178 4). 

Carau'sius, the first British emperor 
(237-294). His full name was Marcus 
Aurelius Valerius Carausius, and as em- 
peror of Britain he was accepted by 



Diocletian and Maxim'ian; but after a 
vigorous reign of seven years, he was 
assassinated by Allectus, who succeeded 
him as " emperor of Britain." (See 
Gibbon : Decline and Fall, etc. , ii. 13. ) 

Cards. It is said that there never 
was a good hand of cards containing four 
clubs. Such a hand is called ' ' The Devil's 
Four-poster." 

Cards of Compliment. When it 
was customary to fold down part of an 
address card, the strict rule was this : 
Right hand bottom corner turned down 
meant a Personal call. Right hand top 
corner turned down meant Condolence. 
Left hand bottom corner turned down 
meant Congratulation. 

Car'dan {JerSmo) of Pa'via (1501- 
1576), a great mathematician and astro- 
loger. He professed to have a demon or 
familiar spirit, who revealed to him the 

secrets of nature. 

What did your Cardan and your Ptolemy tell you I 
Your Messahalah and your Longomontanus [two astro. 
logers\ your harmony of chiromancy with astrology?— 
Congreve : Love/or Love, iv. (1695). 

Carde'nio of Andalusi'a, of opulent 
parents, fell in love with Lucinda, a lady 
of equal family and fortune, to whom he 
was formally engaged. Don Fernando, 
his friend, however, prevailed on Lucin- 
da' s father, by artifice, to break off the 
engagement and promise Lucinda to him- 
self, ' ' contrary to her wish, and in viola- 
tion of every principle of honour." This 
drove Cardenio mad, and he haunted the 
Sierra Morena or Brown Mountain for 
about six months, as a maniac with lucid 
intervals. On the wedding day Lucinda 
swooned, and a letter informed the bride- 
groom that she was married to Cardenio. 
Next day she privately left her father's 
house, and took refuge in a convent ; but 
being abducted by don Fernando, she 
was carried to an inn, where Fernando 
found Dorothea his wife, and Cardenio 
the husband of Lucinda. All parties 
were now reconciled, and the two gentle- 
men paired respectively with their proper 
wives. — Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. iv. 
(1605). 

Car'duel or Kar'tel, Carlisle, the 
place where Merlin prepared the Round 
Table. 

Care, described as a blacksmith, who 
' ' worked all nigh t and day. " His bellows, 
says Spenser, are Pensiveness and Sighs. 
— Faerie Queene, iv. 5 (1596). 



CARELESS. 



179 



CARLOS. 



CAH.EXESS one of the boon com- 
panions of Charles Surface. — Sheridan : 
School for Scandal (1777). 

Careless [Colonel), an officer of high 
spirits and mirthful temper, who seeks 
to win Ruth (the daughter of sir Basil 
Thoroughgood) for his wife. — T. A night : 
The Honest Thieves. 

(This farce is a mere richauffi of The 
Committee, by the hon. sir R. Howard. 
The names "colonel Careless" and 
" Ruth " are the same, but " Ruth " says 
her proper Christian name is "Anne." 
The Committee recast by Knight is called 
The Honest Thieves.) 

Careless, in The Committee, was the 
part for which Joseph Ash bury (1638- 
1720) was celebrated. — Chetwood : History 
of the Stage. 

Careless (Ned) makes love to lady 
Pliant. — Congreve: The Double Dealer 
(1700). 

Careless Husband ( The), a comedy 
by Colley Cibber (1704). The "careless 
husband " is sir Charles Easy, who has 
amours with different persons, but is so 
careless that he leaves his love-letters 
about, and even forgets to lock the door 
when he has made a liaison, so that his 
wife knows all ; yet so sweet is her temper, 
and under such entire control, that she 
never reproaches him, nor shows the 
slightest indication of jealousy. Her con- 
fidence so wins upon her husband that he 
confesses to her his faults, and reforms 
entirely the evil of his ways. 

Car erne (Jean de), chef de cuisine of 
Leo X. This was a name given him by 
the pope for an admirable soupe maigre 
which he invented for Lent. A descend- 
ant of Jean was chef to the prince regent, 
at a salary of ^1000 per annum, but he 
left this situation because the prince had 
only a minage bourgeois, and entered the 
service of baron Rothschild at Paris 
(1784-1833). 

Carey (Patrick), the poet, brother of 
lord Falkland, introduced by sir W. 
Scott in Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Car' gill ( The Rev. Josiah), minister 
of St. Ronan's Well, tutor of the hon. 
Augustus Bidmore (2 syl. ), and the suitor 
of Miss Augusta Bid'more, his pupil's 
sister.— Sir W.Scott: St. Ronan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Car'ibee Islands (London), now 



Chandos Street. It was called the Cari- 
bee Islands from its countless straits and 
intricate thieves' passages. 

Cari'no, father of Zeno'cia the chaste 
troth-plight wife of Arnoldo (the lady dis- 
honourably pursued by the governor count 
Clodio). — Beaumont and Fletcher: The 
Custom of t/ie Country (printed 1647). 

Car'ker (James), manager in the 
house of Mr. Dombey, merchant. Carker 
was a man of 40, of a florid complexion, 
with very glistening white teeth, which 
showed conspicuously when he spoke. 
His smile was like " the snarl of a cat." 
He was the Alas'tor of the house of 
Dombey, for he not only brought the 
firm to bankruptcy, but he seduced Alice 
Marwood (cousin of Edith, Dombey's 
second wife) and also induced Edith to 
elope with him. Edith left the wretch at 
Dijon, and Carker, returning to England, 
was run over by a railway train and 
killed. 

John Carker, the elder brother, a junior 
clerk in the same firm. He twice robbed 
it and was forgiven. 

Harriet Carker, a gentle, beautiful 
young woman, who married Mr. Morfin, 
one of the employe's in the house of Mr. 
Dombey, merchant. When her elder 
brother John fell into disgrace by robbing 
his employer, Harriet left the house of 
her brother James (the manager) to live 
with and cheer her disgraced brother 
John. — C. Dickens: Dombey and Son 
(1846). 

Carle' gion (4 syl. ) or Cair-Li'gion, 
Chester, or the "fortress upon Dee." 

Fair Chester, called of old 
Carlegion. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xL (1613). 

Carle 'ton (Captain), an officer in the 
Guards. — Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the 
Peak(\\mfi, Charles II.). 

Carlisle (Frederick Howard, earl of), 
uncle and guardian of lord Byron (1748- 
1826). His tragedies are The Father's 
Revenge and Bellamere. 

The paralytic puling of Carlisle . . . 
Lord, rhymester, petit-mattre, pamphleteer. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

CARLOS, elder son of don Antonio, 
and the favourite of his paternal uncle 
Lewis. Carlos is a great bookworm, 
but when he falls in love with Angelina, 
he throws off his diffidence and becomes 
bold, resolute, and manly. His younger 
brother is Clodio, a mere coxcomb.— 
Cibber : Love Makes a Man (1694). 



CARLOS. 



180 



CAROCIUM. 



Carlos (under the assumed name of the 
marquis D'Antas) married Ogari'ta, but 
as the marriage was effected under a 
false name, it was not binding, and 
Ogarita left Carlos to marry Horace de 
Brienne. Carlos was a great villain : He 
murdered a man to steal from him the 
plans of some Californian mines.. Then 
embarking in the Urania, he induced the 
crew to rebel in order to obtain mastery 
of the ship. " Gold was the object of his 
desire, and gold he obtained. " Ultimately, 
his villainies being discovered, he was 
given up to the hands of justice. — Stir- 
ling : The Orphan of the Frozen Sea 
(i8 S 6). 

Carlos (Don\ son of Philip I. He and 
Alexis son of Peter the Great were alike 
in many respects. Don Carlos was the 
son of Mary of Portugal, Philip's first 
wife ; and Alexis the son of Eudoxia, the 
first wife of czar Peter. Don Carlos is 
represented as weak, vindictive, and 
spiritless ; and Alexis was the same. 
Philip hated his son Carlos, mistrusted 
him, and finally murdered him ; and czar 
Peter did the same with Alexis. 

Carlos (Don), son of Philip II. of 
Spain ; deformed in person, violent and 
vindictive in disposition. Don Carlos 
was to have married Elizabeth of France, 
but his father supplanted him. Sub- 
sequently he expected to marry the arch- 
duchess Anne, daughter of the emperor 
Maximilian, but her father opposed the 
match. In 1564 Philip II. settled the 
succession on Rodolph and Ernest, his 
nephews, declaring Carlos incapable. 
This drove Carlos into treason, and he 
joined the Netherlanders in a war against 
his father. He was apprehended and 
condemned to death, but was killed in 
prison. 

(This has furnished the subject of 
several tragedies : i.e. Otway's Don 
Carlos (1672) in English ; those of J. G. 
de Campistron (1683) ; J. C. F. Schiller 
(1787) in German ; M. J. de Ch£nier (1789) 
in French ; and Alfieri in Italian, about 
the same time.) 

Carlos [Don), the friend of don Alonzo, 
and the betrothed husband of Leono'ra, 
whom he resigns to Alonzo out of friend- 
ship. After marriage, Zanga induces 
Alonzo to believe that Leonora and don 
Carlos entertain a criminal love for each 
other, whereupon Alonzo out of jealousy 
has Carlos put to death, and Leonora 
kills herself. — Young: The Revenge 
(172 1 ). 



Carlos {Don), husband of donna 
Victoria. He gave the deeds of his wife's 
estate to donna Laura, a courtezan ; and 
Victoria, in order to recover them, assumed 
the disguise of a man, took the name of 
Florio, and made love to Laura. Having 
secured a footing, Florio introduced 
Gaspar as the wealthy uncle of Victoria, 
and Gaspar told Laura the deeds in her 
hand were utterly worthless. Laura, in a 
fit of temper, tore them to atoms, and 
thus Carlos recovered the estate, and was 
rescued from impending ruin. — Mrs. 
Cowley: A Bold Stroke for a Husband 
(1782). 

Carmen Seculare (4 syl.), for the 
year 1700; in which Prior celebrates 
William III. 

Carmen Triumphale (4 syl.), by 
Southey (1815). The year referred to 
was 1 8 14. 

Car'milhan, the "phantom ship." 
The captain of this ship swore he would 
double the Cape, whether God willed it 
or not. For this impious vow he was 
doomed to abide for ever and ever captain 
in the same vessel, which always appears 
near the Cape, but never doubles it. The 
kobold of the phantom ship (named 
Klabot'erman) helps sailors at their work, 
but beats those who are idle. When a 
vessel is doomed, the kobold appears 
smoking a short pipe, dressed in yellow, 
and wearing a night-cap. 

Caro, the Flesh or •• natural man" 
personified. Phineas Fletcher says " this 
dam of sin " is a hag of loathsome shape, 
arrayed in steel, polished externally, but 
rusty within. On her shield is the device 
of a mermaid, with the motto, " Hear, 
Gaze, and Die." — The Purple Island, vii. 
(1633)- 

Carocium, the banner of the Mi- 
lanese, having for device " St. Ambrose," 
the patron saint of Milan. It was 
mounted on an iron tree with iron leaves, 
and the summit of the tree was sur- 
mounted by a large cross. The whole 
was raised on a red car, drawn by four 
red bulls with red harness. Mass was 
always said before the car started, and 
Guinefolle tells us, " tout la c£r£monie 
6tait une imitation de l'arche d'alliance 
des Israelites." 

Le carocium des Milanais etait au milieu, entourre de 
300 jeunes gens, qui s'etaient unis a la vie a lamortpour 
le defendre. II y avait encore pour sa garde un bataillon 
de la mort, compose de 900 cavaliers. — La EatailU at 
Ligytano, 29 Mai, 1176. 



CAROLINE. 



z8z 



CARPIO. 



Caroline, queen-consort of George II. , 
introduced by sir W. Scott in The Heart 
of Midlothian. Jeanie Deans has an 
interview with her in the gardens at Rich- 
mond, and her majesty promises to inter- 
cede with the king for Effie Deans's 
pardon. 

Caroline of Brunswick, wife of George 
IV., was divorced for "infidelity." It 
was Bergami, her chamberlain, with whom 
her name was slanderously connected. 

Caroline Gann, the heroine of 
Thackeray's Shabby Genteel Story (1857), 
continued in i860 in The Adventures of 
Philip. Caroline Gann was meant to be 
a model "Job," deserted by a wicked 
husband, oppressed by wrongs, yet 
patient withal and virtuous. 

Caros or Carausius, a Roman 
captain, native of Belgic Gaul. The 
emperor Maximian employed Caros to 
defend the coast of Gaul against the 
Franks and Saxons. He acquired great 
wealth and power, but fearing to excite 
the jealousy of Maximian, he sailed for 
Britain, where (in A.D. 287) he caused 
himself to be proclaimed emperor. Caros 
resisted all attempts of the Romans to 
dislodge him, so that they ultimately 
acknowledged his independence. He 
repaired Agricola's wall to obstruct the 
incursions of the Caledonians, and while 
he was employed on this work was 
attacked by a party commanded by Oscar, 
son of Ossian and grandson of Fingal. 
"The warriors of Caros fled, and Oscar 
remained like a rock left by the ebbing 
sea." — Ossian : The War of Caros. 

The Caros mentioned ... Is the .- . . noted usurper 
Carausius. who assumed the purple in the year 287, and 
seizing on Britain, defeated the emperor Maximinian 
Herculius in several naval engagements, which give 
propriety to his being called " The King of Ships."— 
Dissertation on the hra 0/ Ossian. 

Car'ove (3 syl.), " a story without an 
end." — Mrs. Austin: Translation. 

I must get on. or my readers will anticipate that my 
story, like Carovd's more celebrated one, will prove a 
"story without an end.' — Thorns: Notes and Queries, 
March 24, 1877. 

Carpathian Wizard (The), Pro- 
teus (2 syl.), who lived in the island of 
Car'pathos, in the Archipelago. He was 
a wizard, who could change his form at 
will. Being the sea-god's shepherd, he 
carried a crook. 

\By\ the Carpathian wizard's hook [crook]. 

Milton : Cotnus, 872 (1634). 

Carpet (Prince Housain's), a magic 
jarpet, to all appearances quite worthless, 



but it would transport any one who sat on 
it to any pan of the world in a moment. 
This carpet is sometimes called "the 
magic carpet of Tangu," because it came 
from Tangu, in Persia. — Arabian Nights 
(" Prince Ahmed "). 

Solomon's Carpet. Solomon had a 
green silk carpet, on which his throne was 
set. This carpet was large enough for all 
his court to stand on ; human beings 
stood on the right side of the throne, and 
spirits on the left When Solomon 
wished to travel he told the wind where 
to set him down, and the carpet with all 
its contents rose into the air and alighted 
at the proper place. In hot weather the 
birds of the air, with outspread wings, 
formed a canopy over the whole party. — 
Sale: A I Koran, xxvii. notes. 

Carpet Knight (A), a civil, not a 

military knight. 

Carpet knights are men who are, by the prince's 
grace and favour, made knights at home, and in the 
time of peace, by the imposition or laying on of the 
king's sword, having, by some special service done to 
the commonwealth, deserved this tide and dignity. 
They are called " Carpet Knights " because they receive 
their honour in the court, and upon carpets [and not in 
the battle-field].— Markham : Booke of Honour (1625). 

Carpil'lona (Princess), the daughter 
of Subli'mus king of the Peaceable 
Islands. Sublimus, being dethroned by 
a usurper, was with his wife, child, and a 
foundling boy, thrown into a dungeon, 
and kept there for three years. The four 
captives then contrived to escape ; but 
the rope that held the basket in which 
Carpillona was let down, snapped 
asunder, and she fell into the lake. 
Sublimus and the other two lived in 
retirement as a shepherd family, and 
Carpillona, being rescued by a fisherman, 
was brought up by him as his daughter. 
When the " Humpbacked " Prince de- 
throned the usurper of the Peaceable 
Islands, Carpillona was one of the cap- 
tives, and the " Humpbacked" Prince 
wanted to make her his wife ; but she fled 
in disguise, and came to the cottage 
home of Sublimus, where she fell in love 
with his foster-son, who proved to behalf- 
brother of the "Humpbacked" Prince. 
Ultimately, Carpillona married the found- 
ling, and each succeeded to a kingdom. — 
Comtcsse D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales (" Prin- 
cess Carpillona," 1682). 

Car'pio (Bernardo del), natural son of 
don Sancho, and dona Ximena, surnamcd 
"The Chaste." It was Bernardo del 
Ca: pio who slew Roland at RoncesvallCs 
(4 syl. ). In Spanish romance he is a very 
conspicuous figure. 



CARRASCO. 



18a 



CARTHON. 



Carras'co (Samson), son of Bartholo- 
mew Carrasco. He is a licentiate, of 
much natural humour, who flatters don 
Quixote, and persuades him to undertake 
a second tour. 

He was about 24 years of age, of a pale complexion, 
and had good talents. His nose was remarkably flat, 
and his mouth remarkably wide. — Cervantes: Don 
Quixote, II. i. 3 (1615). 

He may perhaps boast ... as the bachelor Samson 
Carrasco, of fixing the weather-cock La Giralda of 
Seville, for weeks, months, or years, that is, for as long 
as the wind shall uniformly blow from one quarter.— 
Sir W. Scott. 

(The allusion is to Don Quixote, II. i. 
14.) 

Carric-Thura, in the Orkney Islands, 
the palace of king Cathulla. It is the 
title of one of the Ossian poems, the 
subject being as follows^: — Fingal, going 
on a visit to Cathulla king of the Ork- 
neys, observes a signal of distress on the 
palace, for Frothal (king of Sora) had 
invested it. Whereupon Fingal puts to 
flight the besieging army, and overthrew 
Frothal in single combat ; but just as his 
sword was raised to slay the fallen king, 
Utha, disguised in armour, interposed. 
Her shield and helmet "flying wide," 
revealed her sex, and Fingal not only 
spared Frothal, but invited him and 
Utha to the palace, where they passed 
the night in banquet and in song. — 
Ossian: Carric-Thura. 

Carril, the grey-headed son of Kin- 
fe'na bard of Cuthullin, general of the 
Irish tribes. — Ossian : Fingal. 

Carrillo (Fray) was never to be 
found in his own cell, according to a 
famous Spanish epigram. 

Like Fray Carillo, 
The only place in which one cannot find him 
Is his own cell. 

Longfellow: The Spanish Student, L 5. 

Car'rol, deputy usher at Kenilworth 
Castle. —Sir W. Scott : Kenilworth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Carroll (Lewis), the pseudonym of the 
Rev. C. E. Dodgson (1833- ), attached 
to Alice in Wonderland, Through the 
Looking-glass, Hunting the Snark, etc. 

Car'stone (Richard), cousin of Ada 
Clare, both being wards in chancery, 
interested in the great suit of "Jarndyce 
v„ Jarndyce." Richard Carstone is a 
"handsome youth, about 19, of ingenuous 
face, and with a most engaging laugh." 
He marries his cousin Ada, and lives in 
hope that the suit will soon terminate 
and make him rich. In the mean time, 



he tries to make two ends meet, first by 
the profession of medicine, then by that 
of law, then by the army ; but the rolling 
stone gathers no moss, and the poor 
fellow dies with the sickness of hope 
deferred. — C. Dickens: Bleak House 
(1853). 

Cartaph'ilus. (See Wandering 
Jew.) 

The story of Cartaphilus is taken from the Book of 
the Chronicles of the Abbey of St. Albans, which was 
copied and continued by Matthew Paris, and contains 
the earliest account of the Wandering Jew, a.D. 1228. 
In 1242 Philip Mouskes, afterwards bishop of Tournay, 
wrote the " rhymed chronicle." 

Carter (Mrs. Deborah), housekeeper 
to Surplus the lawyer. — Morton : A 
Regular Fix. 

Car'thage (2 syl.). When Dido 
came to Africa she bought of the natives 
" as much land as could be encompassed 
with a bull's hide." The agreement being 
made, Dido cut the hide into thongs, so 
as to enclose a space sufficiently large for 
a citadel, which she called Bursa, "the 
hide." (Greek, boursa, "a bull's hide.") 

IT The following is a similar story in 
Russian history : — The Yakutsks granted 
to the Russian explorers as much land as 
they could encompass with a cow's hide ; 
but the Russians, cutting the hide into 
strips, obtained land enough for the town 
and fort which they called Yakutsk. 

*[[ A similar legend is connected with 
Doncaster, under the supposition that 
Don =" thong," and that Don-caster = 
"Thong-city." Of course it is the city 
on the river Don. It was the Dona 
Castre of the Anglo-Saxons, and the 
Danwn of the Romans. 

Carthage of the North. Lubeck 
was so called when it was the head of the 
Hanseatic League. 

Car'thon, son of Cless'ammor and 
Moina, born while Clessammor was in 
flight ; his mother died in childbirth. 
When he was three years old, Comhal 
(Fingal's father) took and burnt Balclutha 
(a town belonging to the Britons, on the 
Clyde), but Carthon was carried away 
safely by his nurse. When grown to 
man's estate, Carthon resolved to revenge 
this attack on Balclutha, and accordingly 
invaded Morven, the kingdom of Fingal. 
After overthrowing two of Fingal's heroes, 
Carthon was slain by his own father, who 
knew him not ; but when Clessammor 
learnt that it was his own son whom he 
had slain, he mourned for him three days, 
and on the fourth he died. — Ossian : 
Carthon. 



CARTON. 183 

Car'ton [Sydney), a friend of Charles 
Darnay, whom he personally resembled. 
Sydney Carton loved Lucie Manette, but, 
knowing of her attachment to Darnay, 
never attempted to win her. Her friend- 
ship, however, called out his good 
qualities, and he nobly died instead of 
his friend. — C. Dickens : A Tale of Two 
Cities (1859). 

Cartouche, an eighteenth-century 
highwayman. He is the French Dick 
Turpin. 

Car'tm, a small river of Scotland, now 
called Carron, in the neighbourhood of 
Agricola's walL The word means 4 ' wind- 
ing." 

Ca'rtLS {Slow), in Garth's Dispensary, 
is Dr. Tyson (1649-1703). 

Carvel {Hans), a tale in a verse by 
Prior (1664-1721). 

Caryati'des (5 syl.) or Carya'tes' 
(4 syl.), female figures in Greek costume, 
used in architecture to support entabla- 
tures. Ca'rya, in Arcadia, sided with the 
Persians when they invaded Greece ; so 
after the battle of Thermop'ylag, the vic- 
torious Greeks destroyed the city, slew 
the men, and made the women slaves. 
Praxit'eles, to perpetuate the disgrace, 
employed figures of Caryan women with 
Persian men, for architectural columns. 

Casablanca. A boy set by his father 
on watch. The ship caught fire, and his 
father was burnt to death. As the flames 
spread, the boy called to his father, but 
the ship blew up, and the boy was killed. 
— Mrs. Hentans: A Poem (1794-1835). 

Casauboxx {Mr.), the scholar who 
marries the heroine in George Eliot's 
novel of Middlemarch (1872). 

Casa Wappy, an elegy by D. M. 
Moir, on the death of his infant son, 
called by the pet name of "Casa 
Wappy." 

Casca, a blunt, violent conspirator, in 
the faction of Brutus. When Caesar was 
slain, Antony said, " See what a rent the 
envious Casca made 1 " — Shakespeare : 
Julius Ccesar (1607). 

Casch/casch, a hideous genius, 
"hunchbacked, lame, and blind of one 
eye ; with six horns on his head, and both 
his hands and feet hooked." The fairy 
Maimou'ne" (3 syl.) summoned him to de- 
cide which was the more beautiful, "the 
prince Camaral'zaman or the princess 



CASSANDRA. 



Badou'ra," but he was unable to deter- 
mine the knotty point. — Arabian Nights 
(" Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 

Case is Altered {The), a comedy 
by Ben Jonson (1597). 

C as el la, a musician and friend of the 
poet Dante\ introduced in his Purgatory, 
ii. On arriving at purgatory, the poet 
sees a vessel freighted with souls come to 
be purged of their sins and made fit for 
paradise; among them he recognizes his 
friend Casella, whom he " woos to sing ; " 
whereupon Casella repeats with enchant- 
ing sweetness the words of [Dantd's] 
second canzone. 

DantS shall give Fame leave to set thee higher 
Than his Casella, whom he wooed to sing, 
Met in the milder shades of purgatory. 

Milton : Sonnet, xiii. (To H. Lawes). 

Caser Wine, forbidden fruit. The 
reference is to the ancient Jews after their 
conquest by the Romans. 

A Tew might be seen to drink Caser wine, and 
heard to ask a blessing in his aip.—Hepworth Dixon : 
The Two Queens, chap. ir. 

Cashmere (2 syl.), a Polish emi- 
grant in The Rovers, a parody by Canning 
on Schiller's Robbers. 

Casket Homer, Alexander's edition 
with Aristotle's notes. So called because 
it was kept in a golden casket, studded 
with jewels, part of the spoil which fell 
into the hands of Alexander after the 
battle of Arbe'la. 

Cas'par, master of the horse to the 
baron of Arnheim. Mentioned in Don- 
nerhugel's narrative. — Sir W. Scott; 
Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Cas'par, a man who sold himself to 
Za'miel the Black Huntsman. The night 
before the expiration of his life-lease, he 
bargained for a respite of three years, on 
condition of bringing Max into the power 
of the fiend. On the day appointed for 
the prize-shooting, Max aimed at a dove 
but killed Caspar, and Zamiel carried off 
his victim to " his own place." — Weber's 
opera, Der Freischuts (1822). 

Cassan'dra, daughter of Priam, 
gifted with the power of prophecy ; but 
Apollo, whom she had offended, cursed 
her with the ban "that no one should 
ever believe her predictions." — Shake- 
speare: Troilus and Cressida (1602). 

Mrs. Barry in characters of greatness was graceful, 
noble, and dignified ; no violence of passion was beyond 
the reach of her feeling, and in the most melting distresi 
and tenderness she was exquisitely aliecting. Thusshe 
was equally admirable in "Cassandra," "Cleopatra," 
"Roxana. "Monimia," Of "Belvidera."— Dibdin: 
History of the Stage. 



CASSEL. 



184 



CASSIUS. 



("Cassandra" (Troilus and Cressida, 
Shakespeare) ; "Cleopatra" (Antony 
and Cleopatra, Shakespeare, or All for 
Love, Dryden) ; "Roxana" (Alexander 
the Great, Lee) ; " Monimia " (The 
Orphan, Otway); "Belvidera" (Venice 
Preserved, by Otway). ) 

Cassel (Count), an empty-headed, 
heartless, conceited puppy, who pays 
court to Amelia Wildenhaim, but is too 
insufferable to be endured. He tells her 
he ' ' learnt delicacy in Italy, hauteur in 
Spain, enterprise in France, prudence in 
Russia, sincerity in England, and love 
in the wilds of America," for civilized 
nations have long since substituted in- 
trigue for love. — Mrs. Inchbald: Lovers' 
Vows (1800), altered from Kotzebue. 

Cassi, the inhabitants of Hertford- 
shire or Cassio. — Catsar: Commentaries. 

Cassib'ellaun or Cassib'elan 

(probably " Caswallon"), brother and 
successor of Lud. He was king of 
Britain when Julius Csesar invaded the 
island. Geoffrey of Monmouth says, in 
his British History, that Cassibellaun 
routed Caesar, and drove him back to 
Gaul (bk. iv. 3, 5). In Caesar's second in- 
vasion the British again vanquished him 
(ch. 7), and " sacrificed to their gods as 
a thank-offering, 40,000 cows, 100,000 
sheep, 30,000 wild beasts, and fowls 
without number " (ch. 8). Androg'eus 
(4 syl.) "duke of Trinovantum," with 
5000 men, having joined the Roman forces, 
Cassibellaun was worsted, and agreed " to 
pay 3000 pounds of silver yearly in 
tribute to Rome." Seven years after this 
Cassibellaun died and was buried at York. 

(In Shakespeare's Cymbeline the name 
is called " Cassibelan.") 

N.B. — Polyaenus of Macedon tells us 
that Caesar had a huge elephant armed 
with scales of iron, with a tower on its 
back, filled with archers and slingers. 
When this beast entered the sea, Cassi- 
velaunus and the Britons, who had never 
seen an elephant, were terrified, and their 
horses fled in affright, so that the Romans 
were able to land without molestation. — 
See Drayton's Polyolbion, viii. 

There the hive of Roman liars -worship a gluttonous 

eniperor-idiot. 
Such is Rome . . . hear it, spirit of Cassivelaun. 

Tennyson: Boadtrea. 

Cas'silane (3 syl.), general of Candy 
and father of Annophel. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher: Laws of Candy (printed 1647). 

Cassim. brother of Ali Baba, a 



Persian. He married an heiress and soon 
became one of the richest merchants of 
the place. When he discovered that his 
brother had made himself rich by hoards 
from the robbers' cave, Cassim took ten 
mules charged with panniers to carry away 
partiof the same booty. ' ' Open, Sesamg I " 
he cried, and the door opened. He filled 
his sacks, but forgot the magic word. 
"Open, Barley ! " he cried, but the door 
remained closed. Presently the robber- 
band returned, and cut him down with 
their sabres. They then hacked the 
carcase into four parts, placed them near 
the door, and left the cave. Ali Baba 
carried off the body and had it decently 
interred. — Arabian Nights ("Ali Baba, 
or the Forty Thieves "). 

Cas'sio (Michael), a Florentine, 

lieutenant in the Venetian army under 
the command of Othello. Simple-minded 
but not strong-minded, and therefore 
easily led by others who possessed greater 
power of will. Being overcome with 
wine, he engaged in a street-brawl, for 
which he was suspended by Othello, but 
Desdemona pleaded for his restoration. 
Iago made capital of this intercession to 
rouse the jealousy of the Moor. Cassio's 
" almost " wife was Bianca, his mistress. 
— Shakespeare: Othello (1611). 

" Cassio " is brave, benevolent, and honest, ruined 
only by his want of stubbornness to resist an insidious 
invitation.— Dr. Johnson. 

Cassiodo'rus (Marcus Aurelius), a 
great statesman and learned writer of the 
sixth century, who died at the age of 
100, in A.D. 562. He filled many high 
offices under Theod'oric, but ended his 
days in a convent. 

Listen awhile to a learned pselection 
On Marcus Aurelius Cassiodorus. 

Longfellow: The Goldtn Legtnd. 

Cassiopeia, wife of Ce'pheus 
(2 syl.) king of Ethiopia, and mother of 
Androm'eda. She boasted that her 
daughter's beauty surpassed that of the 
sea-nymphs; and Neptune, to punish 
her, sent a huge sea-serpent to ravage 
her husband's kingdom. At death she 
was made a constellation, consisting of 
thirteen stars, the largest of which form 
a " chair " or imperfect W. 

. . . that starred Ethtop queen, that strove 
To set her beauty's {daughter's'] praise above 
The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended. 

Milton : II Penscroso, 19 (1638). 

Cassins, instigator of the conspiracy 
against Julius Cassar, and friend of 
Brutus. — Shakespeare : Julius C&s&r 
(1607). 



CASTAGNETTE. 

Bt ulus. The last of all the Romans, fare thee well I 
It is impossible that ever Rome 

Should breed thy fellow. Friends, I owe more tears 
To this dead man than you shall see me pay. 
I shall find time, Cassius, I shall find time. 

Act v. sc 3. 

Charles Mayne Young trod the boards with freedom. 
His countenance was equally well adapted for the ex- 
pression of pathos or of pride : thus in such parts as 
"Hamlet," "Beverley," "The Stranger," "Pierre," 
" 2anga," and " Cassius," he looked the men he repre- 
sented.— Rev. J. Yoityig: Life of C. M. Young. 

("Hamlet " (Shakespeare) ; " Bever- 
ley" {The Gamester, Moore); "The 
Stranger" (B. Thompson); "Pierre" 
{Venice Preserved, Otway) ; "Zanga" 
Revenge, by Young).) 

Castagnette {Captain), a hero whose 
stomach was replaced by a leather one 
made by Desgenettes [Da'-ge-nef], but 
his career was soon ended by a bomb- 
shell, which blew him into atoms. — 
Manuel : A French Extravaganxa. 

Casta'lio, son of lord Acasto, and 
Polyaore's twin-brother. Both the 
brothers loved their father's ward, Mo- 
nim'ia " the orphan." The love of Poly- 
dore was dishonourable love, but Castalio 
loved her truly and married her in 
private. On the bridal night Polydore by 
treachery took his brother's place, and 
next day, when Monimia discovered the 
deceit which had been practised on her, 
and Polydore heard that Monimia was 
really married to his brother, the bride 
poisoned herself, the adulterer ran upon 
his brother's sword, and the husband 
stabbed himself. — Otway : The Orphan 
(1680). 

Mr. Wilks's excellence in comedy was never once 
disputed, but the best judges extol him for different 
parts in tragedy, as "Hamlet," "Castalio," "Edgar," 
" Moneses," "J after." — Chttwood. 

!(" Hamlet " (Shakespeare) ; " Edgar " 
King Lear, Shakespeare); "Moneses" 
Tamerlane, Rowe) ; " Jaffier " {Venice 
Preserved, by Otway).) 

Cas'taly, a fountain of Parnassos, 
sacred to the Muses. Its waters had the 
virtue of inspiring those who drank 
thereof with the gift of poetry. 

Casta 'ra, the lady addressed by Wm. 
Habington in his poems. She was Lucy 
Herbert (daughter of Wm. Herbert, rirst 
lord Powis), and became his wife. (Latin, 
casta, " chaste.") 

If then, Castara, I in heaven nor move, 
Nor earth, doi hell, where am I but in lovet 

fV. Habington: To Castara (died 1654). 
The poetry of Habington shows that lie possessed 
... a leal passion for a lady of birth and virtue, the 
"Castara," whom he afterwards married. — //attain. 

Castle Dangerous, a novel by sir 



185 



CASTLE FERILOUS. 



W. Scott, after the wreck of his fortune 
and repeated strokes of paralysis (1831). 
Those who read it must remember they 
are the last notes of a dying swan, and 
forbear to scan its merits too strictly. 

Castle Dangerous, or " The 

Perilous Castle of Douglas." So called 
because it was thrice taken from the 
English between 1306 and 1307. 

1. On Palm Sunday, while the English 
soldiers were at church, Douglas fell on 
them and slew them ; then, entering the 
castle, he put to the sword all he found 
there, and set fire to the castle (March 

19). 

2. The castle being restored was placed 
under the guard of Thirwall, but Douglas 
disguised his soldiers as drovers, and 
Thirwall resolved to " pillage the rogues." 
He set upon them to drive off the herds, 
but the " drovers," being too strong for 
the attacking party, overpowered them, 
and again Douglas made himself master 
of the castle. 

3. Sir John de Walton next volunteered 
to hold the castle for a year and a day, 
but Douglas disguised his soldiers as 
market-men carrying corn and grass to 
Lanark. Sir John, in an attempt to 
plunder the men, set upon them, but was 
overmastered and slain*. This is the 
subject of sir W. Scott's novel called 
Castle Dangerous, but instead of the 
market-men "with corn and grass," the 
novel substitutes lady Augusta, the pri- 
soner of Black Douglas, whom he pro- 
mises to release if the castle is surrendered 
to him. De Walton consents, gives up 
the castle, and marries the lady Augusta. 

Castle Perilous, the habitation of 
lady Lionel (called by Tennyson 
Lyonors). Here she was held captive by 
sir Ironside the Red Knight of the Red 
Lands. Sir Gareth overcame the knight, 
and married the lady. — Sir T, Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 120-153. 

V Tennyson has poetised the tale in 
Gareth and Lynette, but has altered it. 
He has even departed from the old story 
by making sir Gaieth marry Lynette, 
and leaving the lady Lyonors in the cold. 
In the old story Gareth marries Liones 
(or Lyonors), and his brother Ga'heris 
marries Linet (or Lynette). 

Tennyson has quite missed the scope of the Arthurian 
allegory, which is a Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. 
represents the people of this world or the in- 
habitants of the "City of Destruction." " Liones ' 
represents the " bride, ' which says to the Christian, 
" Come ! " and is the bride in heaven of those who fight 
the light of faith. "Castle Perilous" is the Celestial 
City, set on a hill. Lynette scoffs at Gareth after every 



CASTLE RACK RENT. 



186 



CAT. 



conquest, for "the carnal inind is enmity against God ; " 
but Gareth " fights the fight," and wins the bride. 
Tennyson makes the Christian leave the City of 
Destruction, conquer Apollyon and all the giants, 
stand in sight of the Celestial City, see the bride 
inviting him to heaven, and then marry Lynette or the 
personification of the " world, the flesh, and the 
devil."— See Notes and Queries (January 19, February 
16, March 16, 1878). 

Castle Rackrent, an Irish story 
by Maria Edgeworth, to illustrate the 
evils of absenteeism, etc. (1799). 

Castle Spectre {The), a drama 
full of horrors, by M. G. Lewis (author 
of The Monk, 1797.) 

Castle in the Air or Chateau 

d'Espagfne, a splendid thing of fancy 
or hope, but wholly without any real 
existence, called a " castle of Spain," 
because Spain has no castles or chateaux. 
So Greek Kalends means " never," be- 
cause there were no such things as 
•'Greek Kalends." 

Ne semez point vos desirs sur le jardin d'autruy; 
cultivez seulment bien le vostre ; ne ddsirez point de 
n'estre pas ce que vous estes, mais desirez d'estre fort 
bien ce que vous estes. ... De quoy sert-il de bastir 
des chasteaux en Espagne, quisqu'il nous faut habiter 
en France. — St. Francois de Sales (bishop of Geneva), 
Writing to a Lady on the subject of" Contentment," L 
«8S (i567>- 

Castle of Andalusia, an opera by 
John O'Keefe. Don Caesar, the son of 
don Scipio, being ill-treated by his 
father, turns robber-chief, but ultimately 
marries Lorenza, and becomes reconciled 
to his father. 

(The plot is too complicated to be 
understood in a few lines. Don Caesar, 
Spado, Lorenza, Victoria, Pedrillo, and 
Fernando, all assume characters different 
to their real ones. ) 

Castle of Athlin and Dunbayne 

(The), by Mrs. Radcliffe (1789). 

Castle of In'dolence (3 syl.), in 
the land of Drowsiness, where every 
sense is enervated by sensual pleasures. 
The owner of the castle is an enchanter, 
who deprives those who enter it of their 
physical energy and freedom of will.— 
Thomson: Castle of Indolence (1748). 

Castle of Maidens, Edinburgh. 

[Ebraucus] also built the . . . town of mount Agned 
[Edinburgh], called at this time "the Castle of 
Maidens or the Mountain of Sorrow."— Geoffrey: 
British History, ii. 7 (1142). 

Castle of Otranto ( The), a tale in 
prose by Walpole (1765). 

Cas'tlewood {Beatrix), the heroine 
of Esmond, a novel by Thackeray, the 
11 finest picture of splendid lustrous 
physical beauty ever given to the world." 

Lady Rachel Castlewood, mother of 



Beatrix. She is described as "very sweet 

and pure, without ceasing to be human 
and fallible." Lady Rachel marries Harry 

Esmond. 

Cas'tor, of classic fable, is the son of 
Jupiter and Leda, and twin-brother of 
Pollux. The brothers were so attached 
to each other that Jupiter set them among 
the stars, where they form the constella- 
tion Gemini (" the twins"). Castor and 
Pollux are called the Dios'curi or "sons 
of Dios," i.e. Jove. 

Cas'tor {Steph'anos), the wrestler. — 
Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Cas'triot {George), called by the 
Turks ' * Scanderbeg " (1404 - 1467). 
George Cast riot was son of an Albanian 
prince, delivered as a hostage to Amu- 
rath II. He won such favour from the 
sultan that he was put in command of 
5000 men, but abandoned the Turks in 
the battle of Mora'va (1443). 

This is the first dark blot 
On thy name, George Castriot, 
Longfellow : The Wayside Inn (an interlude). 

Castruc'cio Castraca'ni's Sword. 

When Victor Emmanuel II. went to Tus- 
cany, the path from Lucca to Pistoia 
was strewed with roses. At Pistoia the 
orphan heirs of Pucci'ni met him, 
bearing a sword, and said, "This is 
the sword of Castruccio Castracani, the 
great Italian soldier, and head of the 
Ghibelines in the fourteenth century. 
It was committed to our ward and keep- 
ing till some patriot should arise to 
deliver Italy and make it free." Victor 
Emmanuel, seizing the hilt, exclaimed, 
" Questa e per me/" ("This is for 
me.") — Mrs. Browning: The Sword of 
Castruccio Castracani. 

Cas'yapa (3 syl.), father of the 
immortals, who dwells in the mountain 
called Hemacu'ta or Himakoot, under 
the Tree of Life. — S out hey : Curse of 
Kehama (canto vi. is called "Casyapa," 
1809). 

Cat {The) has been from time im- 
memorial the familiar of witches ; thus 
Galinthia was changed by the Fates into 
a cat (Antoninus Liberalis, Metam. 29). 
Hecate also, when Typhon compelled the 
gods and goddesses to hide themselves in 
animals, assumed the form of a cat 
(Pausanias, Bosotics). Ovid says, " Fele 
soror Phoebi latuit." 

The cat i' the adage: that is, Catus 
amat pisces, sed non vult tingere plantai 



CATAIAN. 

('• The cat loves fish, but does not like to 
wet her paws"). 

Letting I dare not wait upon I would, 
Like the poor cat i' the adage. 

Shakespeare : Macbeth, act L sc 7 (1606). 

Not room to swing a cat ; reference is 
to the sport of swinging' a cat to the 
branch of a tree as a mark to be shot at. 
Shakespeare refers to another variety of 
the sport ; the cat being enclosed in a 
leather bottle, was suspended to a tree 
and shot at. " Hang me in a bottle, like a 
cat" (Much Ado about Nothing, act i. sc. i); 
and Steevers tells us of a third variety in 
which the "cat was placed in a soot-bag, 
hung on a line, and the players had to 
beat out the bottom of the bag." He 
who succeeded in thus liberating the cat, 
had the "privilege" of hunting it after- 
wards. 

Kilkenny Cats. A favourite amuse- 
ment of the "good old times" with a 
certain regiment quartered at Kilkenny, 
was to tie two cats together by the tails, 
swing them over a line, and watch their 
ferocious attacks upon each other in their 
struggles to get free. It was determined 
to put down this cruel "sport ; " and one 
day, just as two unfortunate cats were 
swung, the alarm was given that the 
colonel was riding up post haste. An 
officer present cut through their tails 
with his sword and liberated the cats, 
which scampered off before the colonel 
arrived. — From a correspondent, signed, 
R. G. Glenn (4, Rowden Buildings, 
Temple). 

N.B.— Hogarth has a picture of the 
Kilkenny cats in his Four Stages of 
Cruelty. 

The Kilkenny Cats. The story is that 
two cats fought in a saw-pit so ferociously 
that each swallowed the other, leaving 
only the tails behind to tell of the won- 
derful encounter. (See Dictionary of 
Phrase and Fable, for several other re- 
ferences to cats, pp. 223, 224.) 

Catai'an (3 syl.), a. native of Catai'a 
or Cathay, the ancient name of China ; a 
boaster, a liar. Page, speaking of Fal- 
staff, says — 

I will not believe such a Cataian, thouph the priest of 
the town commended him for a true man [i.e. truthful 
tnan\. — Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. i (1601). 

Cateucla'ni, called Catieuchla'ni by 
Ptolemy, and Cassii by Richard of Ciren- 
cester. They occupied Buckinghamshire! 
Bedfordshire, and Hertfordshire. Dray- 
ton refers to them in his Polyolbion, xvi. 

Catgut [Dr.), a caricature of Dr. 



187 



CATHERINE. 



Arne in The Commissary, by Sam. Foote 

(1765). 

Catharick (Anne), "the Woman in 
White," in Wilkie Collins's novel (i860). 

Cath'arine, queen-consort of Charles 
II. ; introduced by sir W. Scott in 
Peveril of the Peak. (See Catherine, 
and also under the letter K.) 

Catharine (St. ) of Alexandria (fourth 
century), patron saint of girls and vir- 
gins generally. Her real name was 
Dorothea ; but St. Jerome says she was 
called Catharine rom the Syriac word 
Kethar or Kalhar, "a crown," because 
she won the triple crown of martyrdom, 
virginity, and wisdom. She was fasten ed 
to a wheel, but was beheaded No- 
vember 25, which is her fete day. 

To braid St. Catharine's hair means ' ' to 
live a virgin. " 

Thou art too fair to be left to braid St. Catharine's 
tresses. 

Longfellow : Evangeline (1848). 

Cathay*, China or rather Tartary, 
a corruption of the Tartar word Khitai' t 
" the country of the Khitai'ans or Khi- 
tans.' The capital was Albracca, ac- 
cording to Ariosto (Orlando Furioso), 

. . . the ship 
From Ceyton, Ind, or fair Cathay unloads. 

Byron : Dan yuan, xii. 9 (1821). 

Cath/ba, son of Torman, beloved by 
Morna, daughter of Cormac king of 
Ireland. He was killed out of jealousy 
by Dach6'mar, and when Duchomar told 
Morna and asked her to marry him, she 
replied, "Thou art dark to me, Ducho- 
mar; cruel is thine arm to Morna. 
Give me that sword, my foe ; " and when 
he gave it, she " pierced his manly 
breast," and he died. 

Cathba, young son of Torman, thou art of the love of 

Morna. Thou art a sunbeam in the day of the gloomy 
Storm. — Ossian: Fingal, i. 

CATHERINE, wife of Mathis, in 
The Polish Jew, by J. R. Ware. 

Catherine [Hayes], by Ikey Solo- 
mon (a pseudonym of Thackeray), 
1839-1840. The object of the novel was 
to discountenance the popular fictions 
of highwaymen, freebooters, pirates, and 
burg.ars. 

V Catherine Hayes was burnt to death at Tyburn, 
In 17J0, lor the murder of her husband. 

Catherine (The countess), usually 
called " The Countess," falls in love with 
Huon, a serf, her secretary and tutor. 
Her pride revolts at the match, but her 
love is masterful. When the duke her 
father is told of it, he insists on Huon'a 



CATHERINE OF NEWPORT. 188 



CATHOS. 



marrying Catherine, a freed serf, on pain 
of death. Huon refuses to do so till the 
countess herself entreats him to comply. 
He then rushes to the wars, where he 
greatly distinguishes himself, is created 
prince, and learns that his bride is not 
Catherine the quondam serf, but Cathe- 
rine the duke's daughter. — Knowles : 
Love (1840). 

Catherine of Newport, the wife 

of Julian Avenel (2 syl.). — Sir W. Scott: 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). (See 
Catharine, and under K.) 

Cath'leen, one of the attendants on 
Flora M'lvor.— Sir W. Scott: Waver ley 
(time, George II.). 

Cathlin of Clu'tha, daughter of 
Cathmol. Duth-Carmor of Cluba had 
slain Cathmol in battle, and carried off 
Cathlin by force, but she contrived to 
make her escape and craved aid of Fingal. 
Ossian and Oscar were selected to espouse 
her cause, and when they reached Rath- 
col (where Duth-Carmor lived), Ossian 
resigned the command of the battle to his 
son Oscar. Oscar and Duth-Carmor met 
in combat, and the latter fell. The victor 
carried the mail and helmet of Duth- 
Carmor to Cathlin, and Cathlin said, 
"Take the mail and place it high in 
Selma's hall, that you may remember the 
helpless in a distant land." — Ossian: 
Cathlin of Clutha. 

Cath-Lo'da. The tale is this : Fingal 
In his youth, making a voyage to the 
Orkneys, was driven by stress of weather 
to Denmark. The king Starno invited 
him to a feast, but Fingal, in distrust, 
declined the invitation. Starno then 
proposed to his son Swaran to surprise 
Fingal in his sleep ; but Swaran replied, 
"I shall not slay in shades. I move 
forth in light ; " and Starno himself re- 
solved to attack the sleeper. He came 
to the place where Fingal lay, but Fingal, 
hearing the step, started up and succeeded 
in binding Starno to an oak. At day- 
break he discovered it to be the king, and 
loosing him from his bonds he said, "I 
have spared thy life for the sake of thy 
daughter, who once warned me of an 
ambuscade." — Ossian: Cath-Loda (in 
three duans). 

Cath'mor, younger brother of Cair'- 
bar ("lord of Atha"), but totally unlike 
him. Cairbar was treacherous and malig- 
nant ; Cathmor high-minded and hospi- 
table. Cairbar murdered Cormacking of 
li eland, and having inveigled Oscar (son 



of Ossian) to a feast, vamped up a quarrel, 
in which both fell. Cathmor scorned 
such treachery. Cathmor is the second 
hero of the poem called Tem'ora, and 
falls by the hand of Fingal (bk. viii.). 

Cathmor, the friend of strangers, the brother of red- 
haired Caibar. Their souls were not the same. The 
light of heaven was in the bosom of Cathmor. His 
towers rose on the banks of Atha ; seven paths led to 
his halls ; seven chiefs stood on the paths and called 
strangers to the feast. But Cathmor dwelt in the wood t 
to shun the voice of praise.— Ossian : Tetnora, i. 

Catholic (The), 

Alfonso I. of Asturias, called by 
Gregory III. His Catholic Majesty (693, 
739-757). 

Ferdinand II. of Ar'agon, husband of 
Isabella. Also called Rusi t "the wily" 
(1452, 1474-1516). 

Isabella wife of Ferdinand II. of 
Aragon, so called for her zeal in establish- 
ing the Inquisition (1450, 1474-1504). 

Catholic Majesty [Catholica Ma- 
gestad\ the special title of the kings of 
Spain. It was first given to king Recared 
(590) in the third Council of Toledo, for 
his zeal in rooting out the "Arian 
heresy." 

Cui a Deo aeternum meritum nisi vero Cathollco Re- 
caredo regi? Cui a Deo aeterna corona nisi vero ortho- 
doxo Recaredo regi 1— Gregory the Great : Magna 
Moralia, 127 and 128. 

But it was not then settled as a fixed 
title to the kings of Spain. In 1500 
Alexander VI. gave the title to Ferdinand 
V. king of Aragon and Castile, and from 
that time it became annexed to the 
Spanish crown. 

Ab Alexandre pontifice Ferdinandus "Catholici 
cognomentum accepit in posteros cum regno trans- 
fusum stabili possessione. Honorum titulos principibus 
dividere pontificibus Romanis datur.— Mariana : De 
Rebus Hesp., xxvi. 12 ; see also vii. 4. 

Ca'tlios, cousin of Madelon, brought 
up by her uncle Gor'gibus, a plain citizen 
in the middle rank of life. These two 
silly girls have had their heads turned by 
novels, and thinking their names common- 
place, Cathos calls herself Aminta, and 
her cousin adopts the name of Polix'ena. 
Two gentlemen wish to marry them, but 
the girls consider their manners too 
unaffected and easy to be "good style," 
so the gentlemen send their valets to 
represent the "marquis of Mascarille" 
and the "viscount of Jodelet." The 
girls are delighted with these " dis- 
tinguished noblemen ; " but when the 
game has gone far enough, the masters 
enter, and lay bare the trick. The girls 
are taught a useful lesson, without being 
involved in any fatal ill consequences. — 
Moliere: Les Prtcieuses Ridicules (1659), 



CATHULLA. 



189 



CAURUS. 



Cathul'la, king of Inistore (the 
Orkneys) and brother of Coma'la (q.v. ). 
Fingal, on coming in sight of the palace, 
observed a beacon-flame on its top as 
signal of distress, for Frothal king of 
Sora had besieged it. Fingal attacked 
Frothal, engaged him in single combat, 
defeated him, and made him prisoner. — 
Ossian : Carrick- Thura. 

Cat'iline {3 syl. ), a Roman patrician, 
who headed a conspiracy to overthrow the 
Government, and obtain for himself and 
his followers all places of power and 
trust. The conspiracy was discovered by 
Cicero. Catiline escaped and put him- 
self at the head of his army, but fell in 
battle after fighting with desperate daring 
(B.C. 62). Voltaire, in his Rome Sauvie, 
has introduced the conspiracy and death 
of Catiline (1752). 

V Cicero has four orations In Catilinum. 

Catilines and Cethegi (The), a 
synonym for conspirators who hope to 
mend their fortunes by rebellion. 

The intrigues of a few impoverished Catilines and 
Cethegi.— Motley : The Dutch Republic. 

Catiline's Conspiracy, a long 
tedious tragedy by Ben Jonson (161 1) 
Full of wearisome speeches. 

V Gosson wrote a tragedy with the same title in the 
sixteenth century. Croly, in 1829, wrote a tragedy 
called Catiline. 

Catins, in Pope's Moral Essays 
(Epistle 1), is meant for Charles Darti- 
neuf, called by Warburton "a glutton." 
Hence the lines — 



He prefers, no doubt, 
A rogue with venison to a rogue without 



Pope. 



Ca'to, the hero and title of a tragedy 
by J. Addison (1713). Disgusted with 
Caesar, Cato retired to U'tica (in Africa), 
where he had a small republic and 
mimic senate ; but Caesar resolved to 
reduce Uttca as he had done the rest of 
Africa ; and Cato, finding resistance 
hopeless, fell on his own sword. 

Tho' stern and awful to the foes of Rome, 
He is all goodness, Lucia, always mild. 
Compassionate, and gentle to his friends; 
Filled with domestic tenderness. 

Act T.I. 
When Barton Booth [17131 first appeared as " Cato," 
Bolingbroke called him into his box and gave him fifty 
guineas for defending the cause of liberty so well 
against a perpetual dictator.— Life of Addison. 

■ .' In his Dt Senectute, Cicero introduces Cato as the 
chief speaker. 

He is a Cato, a man of simple habits, 
severe morals, strict justice, and blunt 
speech, — but of undoubted integrity and 
patriotism ; like the Roman censor of 
thai name, grandfather of the Cato of 



Utica, who resembled him in character 

and manners. 
Cato and Hortensius. Cato of 

Utica's second wife was Martia daughter 
of Philip. He allowed her to live with 
his friend Hortensius, and after the death 
of Hortensius took her back again. 

[Sultans] don't agree at all with the wise Roman, 

Heroic, stoic Cato, the sententious, 

Who lent his lady lo his friend Hortensius. 

Byron : Don yuan, vi. j (1821). 

Catullus. Lord Byron calls Thomas 
Moore the "British Catullus," referring 
to a volume of amatory poems published 
n 1808, under the pseudonym of 
"Thomas Little." 

"Tis Little ! young Catullus of his day, 
As sweet but as immoral as his lay. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

The Oriental Catullus, Saadi or Sadi, 
a Persian poet. He married a rich 
merchant's daughter, but the marriage 
was an unhappy one. His chief works 
are The Gulistan (or " garden of roses ' ), 
and The Bostan (or "garden of fruits"), 
(1176-1291). 

Cau'dine Forks, a narrow pass in 

the mountains near Capua, now called 
" the Valley of Arpaia." Here a Roman 
army under the consuls T. Vetu'rius 
Calvi'nus and Sp. Postu'mius fell into the 
hands of the Sam'nites (2 syl. ), and were 
made to "pass under the yoke." 

Cau'dle (Mrs. Margaret), a curtain 
lecturer, who between eleven o'clock at 
night and seven the next morning, deli- 
vered for thirty years a curtain lecture to 
her husband Job Caudle, generally a most 
gentle listener ; if he replied, she pro- 
nounced him insufferably rude, and if he 
did not, he was insufferably sulky. — 
Douglas Jerrold: Punch ("The Caudle 
Papers "). 

Cau'line (Sir), a knight who serred 
the wine to the king of Ireland. He fell 
in love with Christabelle (3 syl.), the 
king's daughter, and she became his 
troth-plight wife, without her father's 
knowledge. When the king knew of it, 
he banished sir Cauline (2 syl.). After 
a time the soldain asked the lady in 
marriage, but sir Cauline challenged his 
rival and slew him. He himself, howe\ er, 
died of the wounds he had received, and 
the lady Christabelle, out of grief, " burst 
her gentle hearte in twayne." — Percy: 
R cliques, I. i. 4. 

Cau'rus, the stormy west-north-west 
wind; called in Greek, Arges'tis. 

The ground by piercing Caurus seared. 

Thomson: Castle of Indolence, ii. (1748). 



CAUSTIC. 



190 



CAXIONIA. 



Caustic, of the Despatch newspaper, 
was the signature of Mr. Serle. 

Christopher Caustic, the pseudonym 
of Thomas Green Fessenden, author of 
Terrible Tractoration, a Hudibrastic 
poem (1771-1837). 

Caustic {Colonel), a fine gentleman of 
the last century, very severe on the 
degeneracy of the present race. — Henry 
Mackenzie, in The Lounger. 

Ca'va, or Florida, daughter of St. 
Julian. It was the violation of Cava by 
Roderick that brought about the war 
oetween the Goths and the Moors, in 
which Roderick was slain (A.D. 711). 

Cavalier {The), Eon de Beaumont, 
called by the French Le Chevalier 
d' Eon (1728-1810). Charles Breydel, the 
Flemish landscape painter (1677-1744). 
Francisco Cairo, the historian, called 
El Chevaliere del Cairo /i 598-1674). 
Jean le Clerc, Le Chevalier (1 587-1633). 
J. Bapt. Marini, the Italian poet, called 
// Cavaliere { 1569- 1625). Andrew Michael 
Ramsay (1686-1743). 

(James Francis Edward Stuart, the 
"Old Pretender," was styled Le Chevalier 
d€ St. George (1688-1765). Charles 
Edward, the "Young Pretender," was 
styled The Bonnie Chevalier or The 
Young Cavalier, 1720-1788.) 

Cavalier ( The History of a), a tale 
by Defoe (1723). So true to life that 
lord Chatham thought it was "a true 
biography." 

Cavalier Servente, called in 

Spanish cortego and in Italian cicisbeo. 
A young gentleman who plays the 
gallant to a married woman, escorts her 
to places of public amusement, calls her 
coach, hands her to supper, buys her bou- 
quets and opera tickets, etc. 

He may resume his amatory care 
As cavalier servente. 

Byron : Don Juan, HL 24 (1S20). 

Cavall', "king Arthur's hound of 
deepest mouth." — Tennyson : Idylls of the 
King { " Enid "). 

Cave of Adullam, a cave in which 
David took refuge when he fled from 
king Saul ; and thither resorted to him 
"every one that was in distress, and 
every one that was in debt, and every one 
that was discontented" (1 Sam. xxii. 1, 2). 
Mr. John Bright called the seceders of 
tht reform party Adull'amites (4 syl.), 
and said that Lowe and Horsman, like 
David in the cave of Adullam, gathered 



together all the discontented, and all that 
were politically distressed. 

Cave of Makkedah, in which the 
five kings who fought against Joshua hid 
themselves, but were slain by Joshua. — 
Josh, x. 

Cave of Mammon, the abode of the 
god of wealth. The money-god first 
appears as a miser, then becomes a worker 
of metals, and ultimately the god of all 
the treasures of the world. All men bow 
down to his daughter Ambition. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, ii. 7 (1590). 

Cave of Montesi'nos, about sixty 
feet in depth, in the heart of La Mancha. 
So called because Montesinos retired 
thither when he quitted the French court 
on account of some insult offered to him. 
Cervantes visited the cave, and it is now 
often resorted to by shepherds as a 
shelter from the cold or rain. 

Cav'endish, author of Principles of 
Whist, and numerous guide-books on 
games, as Bizique, Picquet, E carte", 
Billiards, etc. Henry Jones, editor of 
" Pastimes " in The Field and The Queen 
newspapers (1831- ). 

Cavendish Square (London), so 
called from Henrietta Cavendish, wife of 
Edward second earl of Oxford and 
Mortimer (built 1718). 

Cawther {At), the lake of paradise, 
the waters of which are sweet as honey, 
cold as snow, and clear as crystal. He 
who once tastes thereof shall never thirst 
again. — A I Koran, cviii. 

The righteous, having surmounted the difficulties of 
life, and having passed the sharp bridge [al Sirdf], will 
be refreshed by drinking at the pond of their prophet, 
the waters of which are supplied from al Cawther. . . . 
This is the first taste which the blessed will have of 
their future but near-approaching felicity. — Sale : Al 
Kordn ("The Preliminary Discourse," iv.). 

Cax'on {Old Jacob), hairdresser of 
Jonathan Oldbuck ("the antiquary") of 

Monkbarns. 

Jenny Caxon, a milliner ; daughter of 
Old Jacob. — Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Caxton {Pisistratus), the hypothetical 
author of My Novel (1853) ; The Caxtons; 
and the essays called Caxtonia. 

Caxton Society {The), (1845-1854), 
for the publication of the chronicles, etc., 
of the Middle Ages. 

Caxtonia, a series of essays supposed 
to be written by Pisistratus Caxton, 
Edward lord Lytton (1863). 



CAXTONS. 

Caxtons {The), a domestic novel by 
Edward lord Lytton (1849). Supposed to 
be written by Pisistratus Caxton. 

Ceca to Mecca {From), from pillar 
to post. To saunter or ramble from Ceca 
to Mecca is a Spanish proverb, meaning to 
roam about purposelessly or idly. Ceca 
and Mecca are two places visited by 
Mohammedan pilgrims. 

** Let us return home," said Sancho, "nor longer 
ramble from Ceca to Mecca."— Cervantes: Don 
Quixote, I. iii. 4 (1605). 

Cecil, or The Adventures of a Coxcomb, 
the hero of a novel so called by Mrs. 
Gore (1841). 

Cecil {Davenant), the pseudonym 
adopted by Coleridge in his contributions 
to the Quarterly Magazine. 

Cecil's Fast, an Act of Parliament 
by W. Cecil, lord Burleigh, to enjoin the 
eating of fish on certain days. The 
object of this Act was to restore the fish 
trade, which had been almost ruined by 
the Reformation. Papists eat fish on 
fast-days, and at the Reformation, the 
eating of fish being looked on as a badge 
of bad faith, no one was willing to lie 
under the suspicion of being a papist, 
and no one would buy fish. 

Cecilia {St.), the patroness of musi- 
cians and " inventor of the organ." The 
legend says that an angel fell in love 
with Cecilia for her musical skill, and 
nightly brought her roses from paradise. 
Her husband saw the angel-visitant, who 
gave to both a crown of martyrdom. 

Thou seem'st to me like the angel 
That brought the immortal roses 
To St. Cecilia's bridal chamber. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend. 

Ce'dric, a thane of Rotherwood, and 
surnamed "the Saxon." — Sir W. Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Cel'adon and Amelia. (See 

Amelia, p. 35.) 

(Celadon, like Chloe, Celia, Lesbia, 
Daphne, etc., may be employed to 
signify a lady-love generally.) 

Celandine (3 syl.), a shepherd of 
"various natural gifts," in love with 
Marina, a neighbouring shepherdess, of 
enchanting beauty. Finding his "suite 
was quhkly got, as moved," he waxed 
cold and indifferent. — W. Browne: 
Britannia s Pastorals (1613). 

Cele'no or Celse'no, chief of the 
harpies. 

There on a craggy stone 
Celeno hung, and made his direful moan. 
Guts Fletcher: Chrufs Triumph [on Earth\ (1610). 



191 CELIDON. 

Celes'tial City {The). Heaven is 
so called by John Bunyan, in his Pilgrim's 
Progress (1678). Pekin, in China, is so 
called also. 

Celes'tial Empire, China, so called 
because the first emperors were all 
" celestial deities : " as Puon-Ku ("high- 
est eternity"), Tien-Hoang ("emperor 
of heaven"), Ti-Hoang ("emperor of 
earth"), Gine-Hoang(" emperor of men"), 
etc., embracing a period of 300,000 years 
previous to To-hi, whose reign is placed 
b.C. 2953-2838. 

CELIA, daughter of Frederick the 

usurping duke, and cousin of Ros'alind 
daughter of the banished duke. When Ro- 
salind was driven from her uncle's court, 
Celia determined to go with her to the 
forest of Arden to seek out the banished 
duke, and for security sake, Rosalind 
dressed in boy's clothes and called her- 
self "Gan'imed," while Celia dressed as 
a peasant - girl and called herself 
"Aliena." When they reached Arden 
they lodged for a time in a shepherd's 
hut, and Oliver de Boys was sent to tell 
them that his brother Orlando was hurt 
and could not come to the hut as usual. 
Oliver and Celia fell in love with each 
other, and their wedding day was fixed. 
Ganimed resumed the dress of Rosalind, 
and the two brothers married at the same 
time. — Shakespeare: As You Like It 
(i598). 

Arden Is an hypothetical place. 

Celia, a girl of 16, in Whitehead's 
comedy of The School for Lovers. It 
was written expressly for Mrs. Cibber, 
daughter of Dr. Arne. 

Mrs. Cibber was at the time more than 50 years old, 
but the uncommon symmetry and exact proportion in 
her form, with her singular vivacity, enabled her to re- 
present the character of "Celia" with all the juvenile 
appearance marked by the author.— Percy : Anecdotes. 

Ce'lia, a poetical name for any lady- 
love : as " Would you know my Celia's 
charms . . . ? " Not unfrequently 
Streph'on is the wooer when Celia is the 
wooed. Thomas Carew calls his "sweet 
sweeting" Celia; her real name is not 
known. 

Celia {Dame), mother of Faith, Hope, 
and Charity. She lived in the hospice 
called Holiness. (Celia is from the Latin, 
calum, "heaven.") — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, i. 10 (1590). 

Cel'idon, the scene of one of Arthur's 
twelve battles, also called " Celidon-the- 
Forest," and said to be Tweeddale. 



CELIMENE. 

Celyddon was a common term for a 
British forest. (See Celadon, p. 191.) 

Cdlimene (3 syl.), a coquette courted 
by Alceste (2 syl.) the "misanthrope" (a 
really good man, both upright and manly, 
but blunt in behaviour, rude in speech, 
and unconventional). Alceste wants C6- 
limene to forsake society and live with 
him in seclusion ; this she refuses to do, 
and he replies, as you cannot find, "tout 
en moi, comme moi tout en vous, allez, 
je vous refuse." He then proposes to her 
cousin Eliante (3 syl.), but Eliante tells 
him she is already engaged to his friend 
Philinte (2 syl.), and so the plays ends. — 
Moliere : Le Misanthrope (1666). 

(" Celimene" in Moliere's Les Pricieuses 
Ridicules is a mere dummy. She is 
brought on the stage occasionally towards 
the end of the play, but never utters one 
word, and seems a supernumerary of no 
importance at all. ) 

Celin 'da, the victim of count Fathom's 
seduction. — Smollett : Count Fathom 
(i754)- 

The count placed an Eolian harp in her bedroom, 
and " the strings no sooner felt the impression of the 



wind than they began to pour forth a stream of melody 
more ravishingly delightful than the song of Philomel, 
the warbling brook, and all the concert ofthe wood."— 
Smollett: Count Fathom. 

Cel'lide (2 syl.), beloved by Valentine 
and his son Francisco. The lady naturally 
prefers the younger man. — Fletcher: Mons. 
Thomas (1619). Beaumont died 1616. 

Celt. Tennyson calls the irritability 
of the Irish and Welsh 

The blind hysterics of the Celt 

In Memoriam, dx. 

Celtic and Ibe'rian Fields ( The), 
France and Spain. 

Roving the Celtic and Iberian fields. 

Milton : Comus, 60 (1634). 

Celtic Homer ( The), Ossian, said to 
be of the third century. 

If Ossian lived at the introduction of Christianity, as 
y all appearances he did, his epoch will be the latter 
end ofthe third and beginning ofthe fourth century. 

The " Caracul" of Fingal, who is no other than Cara- 
calla) son of Seve'rus, emperor of Rome), and the battle 
fought against Caros or Carausius, ... fix the epoch of 
Fingal to the third century, and Irish historians place 
his death in the year 383. Ossian was Fingal 's son.— 
Era 0/ Ossian. 

Celtic Languages. (See Keltic.) 
Cenci. Francesco Cenci was a most 
profligate Roman noble, who had four 
sons and one daughter, all of whom he 
treated with abominable cruelty. It is 
said that he assassinated his two elder 
sons and debauched his daughter Beatrice. 
Beatrice and her two surviving brothers, 
with Lucretia (their mother), conspired 



19a CEPHALUa 

against Francesco and accomplished his 

death ; but all except the youngest brother 
perished on the scaffold, September 11, 
1599. (See Quarterly Review, February, 

1879.) 

It has been doubted whether the famous portrait in 
the Barberini palace of Rome is that of Beatrice Cenci, 
and even whether Guido was the painter thereof. 

Percy B. Shelley wrote a tragedy called 
The Cenci (1819). 

Cenimag'ni, the inhabitants of 
Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge.— 
Ccesar: Commentaries. 

Cennini, the jeweller in Romola, a 
novel by " George Eliot " (Mrs. Lewis or 
J. W. Crosse), (1863). 

Centaur [The Blue), a human form 
from the waist upwards, and a goat 
covered with blue shag from the waist 
downwards. Like the ogri, he fed on 

human flesh. 

"Shepherds," said he, " I am the Blue Centaur. If you 
will give me every third year a young child, I promise to 
bring a hundred of my kinsmen and drive the Ogri 
away." ... He {the Blue Centaur] used to appear on 
the top of a rock, with his club in one hand . . . and 
with a terrible voice cry out to the shepherds, " Leave 
me my prey, and be off with you ! "—Comtesse 
UAulnoy : Fairy Tales (" Princess Carpillona," 1682). 

Centaurs ( The), of classic mythology, 
were half men and half horses. They 
fought with the Lapithse at the marriage 
feast of Pirithous, were expelled from 
their country, and took refuge on Mount 
Pindus. Chiron was the most famous of 
the Centaurs. 

Cen'tnry White, John White, the 
nonconformist lawyer. So called from 
his chief work, entitled The First Century 
of Scandalous, Malignant Priests, etc. 
(1590-1645). 

Ce'phal (Greek, Kephaltt), the Head 
personified, the "acropolis " of The Purple 
Island, fully described in canto v. of that 
poem, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). 

Ceph'alus (in Greek, Kephdlos). One 
day, overcome with heat, Cephalus threw 
himself on the grass, and cried aloud, 
"Come, gentle Aura, and this heat 
allay ! " The words were told to his 
young wife Procris, who, supposing Aura 
to be some rival, became furiously jealous. 
Resolved to discover her rival, she stole 
next day to a covert, and soon saw her 
husband come and throw himself on the 
bank, crying aloud, " Come, gentle 
Zephyr ; come, Aura, come, this heat 
allay ! " Her mistake was evident, and 
she was about to throw herself into the 
arms of her husband, when the young 
man, aroused by the rustling, shot an 



CERASTES. 



X93 



CHAM OF TARTARY. 



arrow into the covert, supposing some 
wild beast was about to spring on him. 
Procris was shot, told her tale, and died. 
— Ovid: Art of Love, hi. 

Cephalus loves Procris, i.e. "the sun kisses the dew. 
Procris is killed by Cephalus, ue. "the dew is de- 
stroyed by the rays of the sun." 

Ceras'tes (3 syl.), the horned snake 
(Greek, keras, "a horn"). Milton uses 
the word in Paradise Lost, x. 525 (1665). 

Cerberus, a dog with three heads, 
which keeps guard in helL Dant£ places 
it in the third circle. 

Cerberus, cruel monster, fierce and strange, 
Through his wide threefold throat barks as a dog. . . 
His eyes glare crimson, black its unctuous beard, 
His belly large, and clawed the hands with which 
He tears the spirits, flays them, and their limbs 
Piecemeal disparts. 

Dante : Hell, vi. (1300, dry's translation). 

Cer'don, the boldest of the rabble 
leaders in the encounter with Hu'dibras 
at the bear-baiting. The original of this 
character was Hewson, a one-eyed 
cobbler and preacher, who was also a 
colonel in the Rump army. — S. Butler: 
Hudibras, i. a (1663). 

Ce'res (a syl.), the Fruits of Harvest 
personified. In classic mythology Cer£s 
means "Mother Earth," the protectress 
of agriculture and fruits. 

Ceres, the planet, is so called because 
it was discovered from the observatory of 
Palermo, and Cergs is the tutelar goddess 
of Sicily. 

Ceret'tick Shore {The), the Car- 
digan coast. 

. . . the other floods from the Cerettick shore 
To the Virginian sea [o.v.], contributing their store. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, vi. (161a). 

Cer'imon, a physician of Ephesus, 
who restored to animation Thaisa, the 
wife of Per'iclgs prince of Tyre, sup- 
posed to be dead. — Shakespeare : Pericles 
Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Certa'men Cathol'icum cum 
Calvinistis, of Hamconius, is a poem 
fn which every word begins with C. 

N. B. — In the Materia more Magistrdlis 
every word begins with M ; and in the 
Pugna Porcorum per P. Porcum poetam 
every word begins with P. 

Chab'ot {Philippe de), admiral of 
France, governor of Bourgoyne and Nor- 
mandy under Francois I. Montmorency 
and the cardinal de Lorraine, out of 
jealousy, accused him of malversation, 
his faithful servant Allegre was put to the 
rack to force evidence against the accused, 
and Chabot was sent to prison because he 



was unable to pay the fine levied upon 
nim. His innocence, however, was estab- 
lished by the confession of his enemies, 
and he was released ; but disgrace had 
made so deep an impression on his mind 
that he sickened and died. This is the 
subject of a tragedy entitled The Tragedy 
of Philip Chabot, etc., by Chapman and 
Shirley (1639). 

Chad'band {The Rev. Mr.), type of 
a canting hypocrite "in the ministry." 
He calls himself " a vessel," is much 
admired by his dupes, and pretends to 
despise the "carnal world," but never- 
theless loves dearly its "good things," 
and is most self-indulgent — C. Dickens : 
Bleak House (1853). 

Cliaffington {Mr. Percy), M.P., a 
stock-broker. — Morton: If I had a Thou- 
sand a Year. 

Chalbrook, a giant, the root of the 
race of giants, including Polypheme 
(3 syl.), Goliath, the Titans, Fierabras, 
Gargantua, and closing with Pantag'ruel. 
He was born in the year known for its 
"week of three Thursdays." — Rabelais: 
Pantagruel, ii. (1533). 

dial'ybes (3 syl.), a people on the 
south shore of the Black Sea, who occu- 
pied themselves in working iron. 

On the left hand dwell 
The Iron-workers called the Chalybes, 
Of whom beware. 
Mrs. Browning- : Prometheus Bound (1850). 

Cham, the pseudonym of comte 
Am6d6e de N06, a peer of France, a great 
wit, and the political caricaturist of 
Charivari (the French Punch). The 
count was one of the founders of the 
French Republic in 1875. As Cham or 
Ham was the second son and scapegrace 
of Noah, so Am6dee was the second son 
and scapegrace of the comte de Noe" 
[Noah]. 

Cham \Kam\ the sovereign prince of 
Tartary, now written Khan. 

The Great Cham of Literature. Dr. 
Johnson (1709- 1784) was so called by 
Smollett. 

Cham of Tartary, a corruption of 
Chan or Khan, i.e. "lord or prince," as 
Hoccota Chan. " Ulu Chan" means 
"great lord," "ulu" being equal to the 
Latin magnus, and " chan " to doininus 
or imperdtor. Sometimes the word is 
joined to the name, as Chan-balu, Cara- 
chan, etc. The Turks have also had 
their "Sultan Murad chan bin Sultan 
Selim chan," i.e. Sultan Murad prince, 



CHAMBERLAIN. 

son of Sultan Selim prince. — Selden : 
Titles of Honour, vi. 66 (1672). 

Cham'berlain {Matthew), a tapster, 
the successor of Old Roger Raine (1 syl.). 
—Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II. J. 

Chambers'* Journal, a weekly 
serial by William and Robert Chambers, 
begun in 1832. 

Chamont, brother of Monimia " the 
orphan," and the troth-plight husband of 
Seri'na (daughter of lord Acasto). He is 
a soldier, so proud and susceptible that 
he is for ever taking offence, and setting 
himself up as censor or champion. He 
fancies his sister Monim'ia has lost her 
honour, and calls her to task, but finds he 
is mistaken. He fancies her guardian, 
old Acasto, has not been sufficiently 
watchful over her, and draws upon him in 
his anger, but sees his folly just in time 
to prevent mischief. He fancies Castalio, 
his sister's husband, has ill-treated her, 
and threatens to kill him, but his 
suspicions are again altogether erroneous. 
In fact, his presence in the house was 
like that of a madman with fire-brands 
in a stack-yard. — Otway ; The Orphan 
(1680). 

There are characters in which he [C. M. Young] b 
unrivalled and almost perfect. His " Pierre " \_Venice 
Preserved, Otway] is more soldierly than Kemble's; 
his "Chamont" is full of brotherly pride, noble im- 
petuosity, and heroic scom.— New Monthly Magazine 
(1822). 

Champagne {Henry earl of), a 
crusader. — Sir W. Scott: The Talisman 
(time, Richard I. ). 

Cham'perner, a lame old gentle- 
man, the husband of Lami'ra, and son- 
in-law of judge Vertaigne (2 syl.). — 
(?) Beaumont and Fletcher: The Little 
French Lawyer (printed 1647). 

Champion and Several!. A 
"champion" is a common, or land in 
allotments without enclosures. A 
"severall" is a private farm, or land 
enclosed for individual use. A "cham- 
pion " also means one who holds an open 
allotment or " champion." 

More profit is quieter found 

(Where pastures in severall be) 
Of one seely acre of gTound, 

Than champion maketh of threat 
Again what a joy it is known 
When men may be bold of their own ! 

Tusstr: Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, liii. 22. 

Again — 

The champion differs from severall much 
For want of partition, closier, and such. 

Tusser (Introduction), (1557). 

Champion of the Virgin. St 



194 CHAONIAN BIRD. 

Cyril of Alexandria is so called from his 
defence of the " Incarnation " or doctrine 
of the "hypostatic union," in the long 
and stormy dispute with Nesto'rius 
bishop of Constantinople. 

Champneys {Sir Geoffry), a fossi- 
lized old country gentleman, who believes 
in "blue blood" and the "British peer- 
age." Father of Talbot, and neighbour 
of Perkyn Middlewick, a retired butter- 
man. The sons of these two magnates 
are fast friends, but are turned adrift by 
their fathers for marrying in opposition 
to their wishes. When reduced to abject 
poverty, the old men go to visit their 
sons, relent, and all ends happily. 

Talbot Champneys, a swell with few 
brains and no energy. His name, which 
was his passport into society, would not 
find him in salt in the battle of life. He 
marries Mary Melrose, a girl without a 
penny, but his father wanted him to 
marry Violet the heiress. 

Miss Champneys, sir Geoffry's sister, 
proud and aristocratic, but quite willing 
to sacrifice both on the altar of Mr. 
Perkyn Middlewick, the butterman, if the 
wealthy plebeian would make her his 
wife, and allow her to spend his money. 
— H. J. Byron: Our Boys (1875). 

Chandos House (Cavendish Square, 
London), so called from being the resi- 
dence of James Brydges, duke of Chan- 
dos, generally called "The Princely 
Chandos." 

Chandos Street. (See Caribee 
Islands, p. 179.) 

Chanounes Yemenes Tale ( The), 

that is, a yemen's tale about a chanoun. 
(A "yemen" is a bailiff.) This is a tale 
in ridicule of alchemy. A chanoun hum- 
bugged a priest by pretending to convert 
rubbish into gold. With a film of wax he 
concealed in a stick a small lot of thin gold. 
The priest stirred the boiling water with 
the stick, and the thin pieces of gold, as 
the wax melted, dropped into the pot. 
The priest gave the chanoun ^40 for the 
recipe; and the crafty alchemist was 
never seen by him afterwards. 

Chan'ticleer (3 syl.), the cock, in 
the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox ^498), 
and also in " The Nonne Prestes Tale," 
told in The Canterbury Tales, by Chaucer 
(1388). 

Chaon'ian Bird {The), the dove; so 
called because doves delivered the oracles 
of Dodona or Chaon'ia. 



CHAONIAN FOOD. 



195 



CHARIVARI. 



But the mild swallow none with toils infest, 
And none the soft Chaonian bird molest. 

Ovid: Art of Lave, H. 

Chaonian Pood, acorns ; so called 
from the oak trees of Dodona, which gave 
out the oracles by means of bells hung 
among the branches. Beech mast is so 
called also, because beech trees abounded 
in the forest of Dodona. 

Chapelle Aventureuse, the place 
where Launcelot had his second vision of 
the ' ' Beatific Cup. " His first was during 
his fit of madness. 

Slumbering, he saw the vision high. 
He might not view with waking eye. 

Sir IV. Scott: Marmion (1808). 

Characters of Vathek's Sabres. 

" Like the characters of Vathek's sabres, 
they never remained two days alike." 
These sabres would deal blows without 
being wielded by man, obedient to his 
wish only. — Bedford : Vathek (1784). 

Charalois, son of the marshal of 
Burgundy. When he was 28 years old, 
his father died in prison at Dijon, lor 
debts contracted by him for the service of 
the State in the wars. According to the 
law which then prevailed in France, the 
body of the marshal was seized by his 
creditors, and refused burial. The son 
of Charalois redeemed his father's body 
by his own, which was shut up in prison 
in lieu of the marshal. — Massinger: The 
Fatal Dowry (1632). 

IF It will be remembered that Milti'ades, 
the Athenian general, died in prison for 
debt, and the creditors claimed the body, 
which they would not suffer to be buried 
till his son Cimon gave up himself as a 
hostage. 

Char'egite (3 syl). The Charegite 
assa-sin, in the disguise of a Turkish 
marabout or enthusiast, comes and dances 
before the tent of Richard Coeur de Lion, 
and suddenly darting forward, is about to 
stab the king, when a Nubian seizes his 
arm, and the king kills the assassin on 
the spot. — Sir IV. Scott: The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Charge of the Light Brigade, 

or " The Death Charge of the coo at 
Balaclava," Sept. 20, 1854. The brigade 
consisted of the 13th Light Dragoons, 
the 17th Lancers, the nth Hussars 
commanded by lord Cardigan, the 8th 
Hussars, and the 4th Light Dragoons. 
The Russians were advancing in great 
strength to intercept the Turkish and 
British forces, when lord Raglan (com- 
mander-in-chief) sent an order to lord 



Lucan to advance, and lord Lucan (not 
understanding what was intended) applied 
to captain Nolan, who brought the message, 
for information. Nolan replied, "There, 
my lord, is your enemy." Lucan then 
gave orders to lord Cardigan to attack, 
and the 600 rode forward into the jaws 
of death. In 20 minutes, 12 officers were 
slain, and 4 others wounded ; 147 men 
were slain, and no wounded. The 
blunder must be shared by lord Lucan, 
general Airey, and captain Nolan. How- 
ever, never was victory more glorious to 
the devoted men than this useless and 
deadly charge. It "was magnificent, 
but it was not war," and when lord 
Cardigan rallied the scattered remains, 
he said, "My men, someone has blun- 
dered." They replied, "Never mind, 
my lord, we are ready to charge again if 
it is your lordship's command. " Tenny- 
son wrote a poem on the fatal charge. 

N. B. — Coincidences. The names of the 
four persons concerned all end in -an; 
Raglan told Nolan, Nolan told Lucan, 
and Lucan told Cardigan. The initials 
of these names make R a C-L a N, very 
near the name R a G-L a N. 

Charicle'ia, the fance"e of Theag'engs, 
in the Greek romance called The Loves of 
Theagenes and Charicleia, by Heliodo'ros 
bishop of Trikka (fourth century). 

Chari'no, father of Angelina. Charino 
wishes Angelina to marry Clodio, a young 
coxcomb ; but the lady prefers his elder 
brother Carlos, a young bookworm. Love 
changes the character of the diffident 
Carlos, and Charino at last accepts him 
for his son-in-law. Charino is a testy, 
obstinate old man, who wants to rule the 
whole world in his own way.— Cibber : 
Love Makes a Man (1694). 

Chariva'ri. In the Middle Ages a 
" charivari " consisted of an assemblage 
of ragamuffins, who, armed with tin 
pots and pans, fire-shovels, and kettles, 
gathered in the dark outside the house of 
any obnoxious person, making the night 
hideous by striking the pots against the 
pins, and howling " Haro ! haro ! " or (in 
the south) " Hari ! hari 1 " In 1563 the 
Council of Trent took the matter up, and 
solemnly interdicted " charivaries" under 
pain of excommunication ; nevertheless, 
the practice long continued in some of 
the French villages, notably in La Rus- 
cade. 

IT In East Lavant, near Chichester, be- 
tween 1869 and 1872, I witnessed three 



CHARLEMAGNE. 



196 



CHARLE& 



such visitations made to different houses. 
In two cases the husband had bullied his 
wife ; and in one the wife had injured her 
husband with a broomstick. The visi- 
tation in all cases was made for three 
successive nights ; and the villagers as- 
sured me confidently that the ' ' law had 
no power to suppress these demonstra- 
tions." 

Charlemagne and his Pala- 
dins. This series of romances is of 
French origin ; as the Arthurian is Welsh 
or British. It began with the legendary 
chronicle in verse, called Historia de Vita 
Caroli Magni et Rolandi, erroneously 
attributed to Turpin archbishop of Rheims 
(a contemporary of Charlemagne). Pro- 
bably they were written 200 or 300 years 
later. The chief of the series are Huon 
of Bordeaux, Guerin de Monglave, Gaylen 
Rhetore" (in which Charlemagne and his 
paladins proceed in mufti to the Holy 
Land), Miles and Ames, Jairdain de 
Blaves, Doolin de Mayence, Ogier U 
Danois, and Maugis the Enchanter. 

Charlemagne was buried at Aix-la-Chapelle in 814. 

Charlemagne's Stature. We are told 
that Charlemagne was " eight feet high," 
and so strong that he could ' ' straighten 
with his hands alone three horse-shoes at 
once." His diet and his dress were both 
as simple as possible. 

Charlemagne 's Nine Wives: (1) Hamil- 
trude, a poor Frenchwoman, who bore 
him several children. (2) Desidera'ta, 
who was divorced. (3) Hildegarde. (4) 
Fastrade, daughter of count Rodolph the 
Saxon. (5) Luitgarde the German. (The 
last three died before him.) (6) Malte- 
garde. (7) Gersuinde the Saxon. (8) 
Reglna. (9) Adalinda. - 

Charlemagne's Sword, La Joyeuse. 

Charlemagne and the Ring. Pasquier 
says that Charles le Grand fell in love 
with a peasant-girl [Agatha], in whose 
society he seemed bewitched, insomuch 
that all matters of State were neglected 
by him ; bxit the girl died, to the great joy 
of all; What, however, was the astonish- 
ment of the court to find that the king 
seemed no less bewitched with the dead 
body than he had been with the living, 
and spent all day and night with it, even 
when its smell was quite offensive. Arch- 
bishop Turpin felt convinced there was 
sorcery in this strange infatuation ; and on 
examining the body, found a ring under 
the tongue, which he removed. Charle- 
magne now lost all regard for the dead 
body ; but followed Turpin, with whom 



he seemed infatuated. The archbishop 
now bethought him of the ring, which he 
threw into a pool at Aix, where Charle- 
magne built a palace and monastery ; and 
no spot in the world had such attractions 
for him as Aix-la-Chapelle, where " the 
ring" was buried. — Recherches de la 
France, vi. 33. 

Charlemagne not dead. According to 
legend, Charlemagne waits crowned and 
armed in Odenberg {Hesse) or Unters- 
berg, near Saltzburg, till the time of anti- 
christ, when he will wake up and deliver 
Christendom. (See Barbarossa, p. 88.) 

Charlemagne and Years of Plenty. 
According to German legend, Charle- 
magne appears in seasons of plenty. He 
crosses the Rhine on a golden bridge, and 
blesses the corn-fields and vineyards. 

Thou standest, like imperial Charlemagne, 
Upon thy bridge of gold. 

Longfellow: Autumn. 

CHARLES I. (See Appendix II. ) 

Charles II. of England, introduced 
by sir W. Scott in two novels, viz. 
Peveril of the Peak and Woodstock. In 
this latter he appears first as a gipsy- 
woman, and afterwards under the name 
of Louis Kerneguy (Albert Lee's page). 

Charles XII. of Sweden. Deter- 
mined to brave the seasons, as he had 
done his enemies, Charles XII. ventured 
to make long marches during the cold 
of the memorable winter of 1709. In one 
of these marches 2000 of his men died 
from the cold. 

Or learn the fate that bleeding thousands bore, 
Marched by their Charles to Dnieper's swampy short; 
Faint in his wounds, and shivering in the blast, 
The Swedish soldier sank, and groaned his last. 

Campbell: The Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 

(Planch 6 has an historical drama, in 
two acts, called Charles XII. ; and the 
Life of Charles XII. , by Voltaire, is con- 
sidered to be one of the best-written his- 
torical works in the French language. ) 

Charles "the Bold," duke of Bur- 
gundy, introduced by sir W. Scott in two 
novels, Quentin Durward and Anne of 
Geierstein. The latter contains an ac- 
count of the battle of Nancy (Nahn-see') 
where Charles was slain. 

Charles, prince of Wales (called 
*' Babie Charles"), son of James I., in- 
troduced by sir W. Scott in The Fortunes 
of Nigel. 

Charles ' ' the Good, " earl of Flanders, 
In 1 127 he passed a law that whoever 
married a serf should become a serf: 
thus if a prince married a serf, the princa 



CHARLES EDWARD [STUART], 197 CHARLOTTE GOODCHILD. 



would become a serf. This absurd law 
caused his death, and the death of the 
best blood in Bruges. — S. Knowles: The 
Provost of Bruges (1836). 

diaries Edward [Stuart], called 
4 ' The Chevalier Prince Charles Edward, 
the Young Pretender," introduced by sir 
W. Scott in Redgauntlet (time, George 
III. ), first as ' ' father Buonaventura," and 
afterwards as " Pretender to the British 
crown." He is again introduced in 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Charles Emmanuel, son of Victor 
Amade'us (4 syl. ) king of Sardinia. In 
1730 his father abdicated, but some- 
what later wanted his son to restore the 
crown again. This the son refused to 
do ; and when Victor plotted against him, 
D'Orme'a was sent to arrest the old man, 
and he died. Charles was brave, patient, 
single-minded, and truthful. — R. Brown- 
ing : King Victor and King Charles, etc. 

Charles's Wain, the constellation 
called The Great Bear. A corruption of 
the Old English ceorles warn ( ' ' the churl's 
or farmer's waggon ") ; sometimes still 
further corrupted into " king Charles's 
wain." 

Heigh hoi An *t be not four by the day. 111 be 
hanged. Charles' wain is over the new chimney.— 
Shakespeare: i Henry IV. act ii. sc i (1597). 
Could he not beg the loan of Charles's wain ! 

Byron : Don Juan, iiL 99. (1820). 

Charley (A), an imperial, or tuft of 
hair on the chin. 

A tuft of hair on his chin, termed grandiloquently 
an "imperial," but familiarly a "Charley." — JZ. M. 
Jephson : The Girl He left behind Him, L 5. 

Charley, plu. Charleys, an old 
watchman or " night guardian," before 
the introduction of the police force by 
sir Robert Peel, in 1829. So called from 
Charles L, who extended and improved 
the police system. 

Chariot, a messenger from Liege 
(Lee-aje) to Louis XL— Sir W. Scott: 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

CHARLOTTE, the faithful sweet- 
heart of young Wilmot, supposed to have 
perished at sea. — Lillo : Fatal Curiosity 
(1736). 

Charlotte, the dumb girl, in love with 
Leander ; but her father, sir Jasper, wants 
her to marry Mr. Dapper. In order to 
avoid this hateful alliance, Charlotte pre- 
tends to be dumb, and only answers, 
•' Han, hi, nan, hon." The " mock 
doctor " employs Leander as his apothe- 



cary, and the young lady is soon cured by 
"pills matrimonial." The jokes in act ii. 
6 are verbally copied from the French. — 
Fielding : The Mock Doctor (1733). 

In Moliere's Le Me'decin Malgrd Lui, Charlotte is 
called " Lucinde " (a syl.). 

Charlotte, daughter of sir John Lam- 
bert, in The Hypocrite, by Bickerstaff 
(1768); in love with Darnley. She is a 
giddy girl, fond of tormenting Darnley ; 
but being promised in marriage to Dr. 
Cantwell, who is 59, and whom she utterly 
detests, she becomes somewhat sobered 
down, and promises Darnley to become his 
loving wife. Her constant exclamation 
is " Lud 1 " In Moliere's comedy of 
Tartuffe, Charlotte is called "Mariane," 
and Darnley is " Valere." 

Charlotte, in Goethe's novel. (See 

LOTTE, p. 627.) 

Charlotte, the pert maidservant of 
the countess Wintersen. Her father was 
"state coachman." Charlotte is jealous 
of Mrs. Haller, and behaves rudely to 
her (see act ii. 3). — B. Thomson : The 
Stranger (1797). 

Charlotte, servant to Sowerberry. A 
dishonest, rough servant-girl, who ill- 
treats Oliver Twist, and robs her master. 
— Dickens: Oliver Twist (1837). 

Charlotte, daughter of George IV. 
Her mother's name was Caroline ; her 
husband was prince Coburg ; she was 
married at Carlton House ; her town 
residence was Camelford House ; her 
country residence was Claremont, after- 
wards the property of lord Clive. Princess 
Charlotte died in childbirth, and the name 
of her accoucheur was Croft 

Charlotte, daughter of general 
Baynes. She marries Philip Firmin, the 
hero of Thackeray's novel The Adventures 
of Philip (i860). 

Charlotte {Lady), the servant of a 
lady so called. She assumes the airs with 
the name and address of her mistress. 
The servants of her own and other house- 
holds address her as " Your ladyship," or 
" lady Charlotte ;" but though so mighty 
grand, she is " noted for a plaguy pair of 
thick legs." — Rev. James Town ley : High 
Life Below Stairs (1759). 

Charlotte Elizabeth, whose sur- 
name was Phelan, afterwards Tonna, 
author of numerous books for children, 
tales, etc. (1825-1862). 

Charlotte Goodchild, a merchant's 



CHARMIAN. 



198 



CHEAP JACK. 



orphan daughter of large fortune. She is 
pestered by many lovers, and her guardian 
gives out that she has lost all her money 
by the bankruptcy of his house. On this 
all her suitors but one fall off, and that 
one is sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan. Sir 
Callaghan declares he loves her now as 
an equal, and one whom he can serve ; 
but before he loved her " with fear and 
trembling, like a man that loves to be a 
soldier, yet is afraid of a gun." — Macklin : 
Love d-la-Mode (1779). 

Char'mian, a kind-hearted, simple- 
minded attendant on Cleopat'ra. After 
the queen's death, she applied one of the 
asps to her own arm ; and when the 
Roman soldiers entered the room, fell 
down dead. — Shakespeare: Antony and 
Cleopatra (1608); zndrDryden : All for 
Love (1678). 

Char'teris (Sir Patrick) of Kinfauns, 
provost of Perth. —Sir W. Scott: Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV. ). 

Chartist Clergyman (The), Rev. 

Charles Kingsley (1809- 1877). 

Chartre (Le billet qu' a la), the 

promise of a candidate to those he can- 
vasses. The promise of a minister or 
prince, which he makes from politeness, 
and forgets as soon. Ah, le bon billet qu' 
a la Chartre. — Ninon de Lenclos. 

Charyllis, in Spenser's pastoral 
Colin Clout's Come Home Again, is lady 
Compton. Her name was Anne, and she 
was the fifth of the six daughters of sir 
John Spenser of Althorpe, ancestor of 
the noble houses of Spenser and Marl- 
borough. Edmund Spenser dedicated to 
her his satirical fable called Mother Hub- 
bard's Tale (1591). Charyllis was thrice 
married ; her first husband was lord Mont- 
eagle, and her third was Robert lord 
Buckhurst (son of the poet Sackville), 
who succeeded his father in 1608 as earl 
of Dorset. 

No less praiseworthy are the sisters three, 
The honour of the noble family 
Of which I meanest boast myself to be, . . , 
Phyllis, Charyllis, and sweet Amaryllis: 
Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three. 
The next to her is bountiful Charyllis. 

Colin Clouts Come Home Again (1594). 

Chase ( The), a poem in four books, 
by Somerville (1735), in blank verse. 
The subject is thus indicated — 

The chase I sing:, hounds and their various breed. 
And no less various use. 

Chaste ( The), Alfonso II. of Asturias 
and Leon (758, 79 I ~ 8 3S abdicated, died 
842). 



Chastelard, a tragedy of Swin- 
burne (1865). A gentleman of Dauphiny, 
who fell in love with Mary queen of 
Scots. He is discovered in the queen's 
bedroom. 

Chastity (Tests of) : Alasnam's 
mirror, Arthur's drinking-horn, the boy's 
mantle, cutting the brawn's head, Flori- 
mel's girdle, the horn of fidelity, la coupe 
enchanted, the mantle of fidelity, the 
grotto of Ephesus, etc. (See Caradoc, 
p. 177, and each article named. ) 

Chateau en Espagne. (See 
Castle in the Air, p. i85.) 

Chatookee, an Indian bird that 
never drinks at a stream, but catches the 
rain-drops in falling. — Period. Account oj 
the Baptist Missionaries, ii. 309. 

Less pure than these is that strange Indian bird, 
Who never dips in earthly stream her bill, 

But, when the sound of coming showers is heard, 
Looks up, and from the clouds receives her filL 
Southey; Curse of Kehama, xxi. 6 (1809). 

Chat'tanach (M' Gillie), chief of the 
clan Chattan. — Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Chat'terley (Rev. Simon), "the man 
of religion " at the Spa, one of the man- 
aging committee. — Sir IV. Scott: St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Chaubert (Mons. ), Master Chiffinch's 
cook.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II. ). 

Chaucer of France, Clement 

Marot (1484-1544). 

Chau'nus. Arrogance personified in 
The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
(1633). "Fondly himself with praising 
he dispraised." Fully described in canto 
viii. (Greek, chaunos, "vain.") 

Chan'vinism, a blind idolatry of 
Napoleon I. Now it is applied to a blind 
idolatry of France and Frenchmen. A 
chauvin is the person who idolizes. The 
word is taken from ' ' Chauvin " in 
Scribe's Soldat Laboureur, a veteran 
soldier of the first empire, whose admira- 
tion of Napoleon was unbounded, and 
who honoured even " the shadow of his 
shoe-tie." 

Such is the theme on which French chauvinism is 
inexhaustible.— Times, 1871. 

Cheap as the Sardinians (Latin). 

The reference is to the vast crowds of 
Sardinian prisoners and slaves brought to 
Rome by Tiberius Gracchus. 

Cheap Jack means market Jack or 



CHEATLY. 199 

Jack the chapman. (Anglo-Saxon, ehepe, 
"a market," hence Cheap-side.) 

Cheatly (2 syl.), a lewd, imprudent 
debauchee of Alsatia (Whitefriars). He 
dares not leave the "refuge " by reason 
of debt; but in the precincts he fleeces 
young heirs of entail, helps them to 
money, and becomes bound for them. — 
Shadwell: Squirt of Alsatia (1688). 

Che'bar, the tutelar angel of Mary 
sister of Martha and Lazarus of Bethany. 
— Klopstock: The Messiah, xii. (1771). 

Ched'eraza'de (5 syl.), mother of 
Hem'junah and wife of Zebene'zer sultan 
of Cassimir'. Her daughter having run 
away to prevent a forced marriage with 
the prince of Georgia, whom she had 
never seen, the sultana pined away and 
died.— Sir C. More 11 [J. Ridley] : Tales 
of the Genii (" Princess of Cassimir," tale 
vii., 1751). 

Chederles (3 syl.), a Moslem hero, 
who, like St. George, saved a virgin 
exposed to the tender mercies of a huge 
dragon. He also drank of the waters of 
immortality, and still lives to render aid 
in war to any who invoke him. 

When Chederles comet 
To aid the Moslem on his deathless horse, 
. . . as [if] he had newly quaffed 
The hidden waters of eternal youth. 

Southey: yoan of Arc, vi. 302, eta (1837). 

Cheerly' {Mrs.), daughter of colonel 
Woodley. After being married three 
years, she was left a widow, young, hand- 
some, rich, lively, and gay. She came 
to London, and was seen in the opera by 
Frank Heartall, an open-hearted, im- 
pulsive young merchant, who fell in love 
with her, and followed her to her lodging. 
Ferret, the villain of the story, misinter- 
preted all the kind actions of Frank, attri- 
buting his gifts to hush-money ; but his 
character was amply vindicated, and " the 
soldier's daughter" became his blooming 
wife. — Cherry : The Soldier's Daughter 
(1804). 

Miss O'Neill, at the age of 10, made her d/but at the 
Theatre Royal, Crow Street, in i8ii, as "The Widow 
Cheerly."—^. Donaldson. 

Cheeryble Brothers {The), brother 
Ned and brother Charles, the incarnations 
of all that is warm-hearted, generous, 
benevolent, and kind. They were once 
homeless boys running about the streets 
barefooted ; and, when they grew to be 
wealthy London merchants, were ever 
ready to stretch forth a helping hand to 
those struggling against the buffets of 
fortune. 



CHERONEAN. 

Frank Cheeryble, nephew of the brothers 
Cheeryble. He married Kate Nickleby. 
— Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Cheese. The "ten topping guests." 
(See Cisley, p. 211.) 

Cheese {Dr.), an English translation 
of the Latin Dr. Caseus, that is, Dr. John 
Chase, a noted quack, who was born in the 
reign of Charles II., and died in that of 
queen Anne. 

Cheese-Cakes. Sir W. Scott, allud- 
ing to the story of " Nour'eddin' Ali and 
Bed'reddin' Hassan," in the Arabian 
Nights' Entertainments, makes in four or 
five lines as many blunders. The quota- 
tion is from The Heart of Midlothian. 

She, i.e. Erne Deans, amused herself with visiting the 
dairy . . . and was near discovering herself to Mary 
Hetley by betraying her acquaintance with the cele- 
brated receipt for Dunlop cheese, that she compared 
herself to Bedreddin Hassan, whom the vizier his 
father-in- law discovered by his superlative skill in 
composing cream-tarts with pepper in them. 

(1) It was not "cream-tarts" but 
cheese-cakes. (2) The charge was that he 
made cheese-cakes without putting pepper 
in them, and not " cream-tarts with 
pepper." (3) It was not "the vizier his 
father-in-law," but the widow of Nour- 
eddin Ali and the mother of Bedreddin, 
who made the discovery. She declared 
that she herself had given the receipt to 
her son, and it was known to no one else. 

Chemistry ( The Father of), Arnaud 
de Villeneuve (1238-1314). 

Che'mos(<rA = k), god of the Moabites ; 
also called Baal-Pe'or; the Pria'pus or 
idol of turpitude and obscenity. Solomon 
built a temple to this obscene idol " in 
the hill that is before Jerusalem " 
(1 Kings xi. 7). In the hierarchy of hell 
Milton gives Chemos the fourth rank : (1) 
Satan, (2) Beelzebub, (3) Moloch, (4) 
Chemos. 

Next Chemos, the ob'scene dread of Moab's tons . . . 
Peflr his other name. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, 406, 41a (1665). 

Cheq'uers, a public-house sign ; the 
arms of Fitz- Warren, the head of which 
house, in the days of the Plantagenets, 
was invested with the power of licensing 
vintners and publicnns. 

The Chequers of Abingdon Street, West- 
minster, the bearings of the earls of 
Arundel, at one time empowered to grant 
licences to public-houses. 

Cherone'an ( The) or The Cherone'- 
AN Sage {ch = k), Plutarch, who was 



CHERRY. 



CHEVY CHASE. 



born at Chaerone'a, in Boeo'tia (a.d. 46- 
120). 

This praise, O Cheronean sage, is thine ! 

Beattie : Minstrel (1773). 

Cher'ry, the lively daughter of Boni- 
face, landlord of the inn at Lichfield. — 
Farquhar : The Beaux' Stratagem (1707). 
(See below, Chery. ) 

Cherry {Andrew), comic actor and 
dramatist (1762-1812), author of The 
Soldier s Daughter, All for Fame, Two 
Strings to your Bow, The Village, Spanish 
Dollars, etc. He was specially noted for 
his excellent wigs. 

Shall sapient managers new scenes produce 
From Cherry, Skeffington, and Mother Goose t 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

{Mother Gofise is a pantomime by C 
Dibdin. ) 

Clier'sett (Anglo-Saxon, chirch-sett, 
or " church-seed," ecclesice semen), a cer- 
tain quota of wheat annually made to the 
Church on St. Martin's Day. 

All that measure of wheat called chersett. — Deed of 
Gift to Boxgrovc Priory (near Chichester). 

Cher'iibim {Don), the "bachelor of 
Salamanca," who is placed in a vast 
number of different situations of life, and 
made to associate with all classes of 
society, that the authors may sprinkle 
his satire and wit in every direction. — 
Lesage : The Bachelor of Salamanca 
(i737)- 

Cher'y, the son of Brunetta (who was 
the wife of a king's brother), married 
his cousin Fairstar, daughter of the king. 
He obtained for his cousin the three 
wonderful things : The dancing water, 
which had the power of imparting 
beauty ; the singing apple, which had the 
power of imparting wit ; and the little green 
bird, which had the power of telling 
secrets. — Comtesse D Aulnoy : Fairy Tales 
(" The Princess Fairstar," 1682). 

Chesse ( The Game and Play of), the 
first book printed by William Caxton, at 
the Westminster Press (1474). The art of 
printing by movable type was known at 
Mayence, Strasburg, and Haarlem some 
20 years before Caxton set up his press in 
England. 

Clies'ter {Sir John), a plausible, 
foppish villain, the sworn enemy of 
Geoffrey Haredale, by whom he is killed 
in a duel. Sir John is the father of Hugh, 
the gigantic servant at the Maypole inn. 

Edward Chester, son of sir John, and 
the lover of Emma Haredale. — Dickens : 
Barnaby Rudge (1841). 



Chester Mysteries, certain miracle- 
plays performed at Chester in the fifteenth 
century, and printed in 1843 for tne 
Shakespeare Society, under the care 
of Thomas Wright. (See Townley 
Mysteries.) 

N.B.— There were 24 dramas, one for 
each city company. Nine were performed 
on Whit-Monday, nine on Whit-Tuesday, 
and the other six on Wednesday. The 
" Fraternity of the Passion " was licensed 
in France, in 1402. 

V Several manuscript copies of the Chester Myrade- 
Plays exist. That of the duke of Devonshire is dated 
1581 ; those in the British Museum are dated 1600 and 
1607. 

Chesterfield {Charles), a young man 
of genius, the hero and title of a novel by 
Mrs. Trollope (1841). The object of this 
novel is to satirize the state of literature 
in England, and to hold up to censure 
authors, editors, and publishers, as pro- 
fligate, selfish, and corrupt. 

Chesterfield House (London), 
built by Isaac Ware for Philip fourth 
earl of Chesterfield, author of Chester- 
fields Letters to his Son (1694-1773). 

Chesterton {Paul), nephew to Mr. 
Percy Chaffington, stock-broker and M.P. 
— Morton : If I had a Thousand a Year 
(1764-1838). 

Chevalier Malfet {Le). So sir 

Launcelot calls himself after he was cured 
of his madness. The meaning of the 
phrase is " The knight who has done ill," 
or "The knight who has trespassed." — 
Sir T. Malory : History of Prince Arthur, 
iii. 20 (1470). 

Cheveril {Hans), the ward of Mor- 
dent, just come of age. Impulsive, 
generous, hot-blooded. He resolves to 
be a rake, but scorns to be a villain. 
However, he accidentally meets with 
Joanna "the deserted daughter," and 
falls in love with her. He rescues her 
from the clutches of Mrs. Enfield the 
crimp, and marries her. — Holcroft: The 
Deserted Daughter (altered into The 
Steward), (1785). 

The part that placed me [frailer Lacy] In the posi- 
tion of a light comedian was " Cheveril," in The 
Steward, altered from \io\cxoit's Deserted Daughter. — 
W. Lacy: Utter to C. W. Russell. 

Chevy Chase is not the battle of 
Otterburn, although the two are mixed 
up together in the ballad so called. Chevy 
Chase is the chase of the earl of Douglas 
among ' ' the Chy viat Hyls " after Percy 
of Northumberland, who had vowed " he 



CHIBIABOa 



aoi 



CHILD. 



would hunt there three days without 
asking the warden's consent." 

The Perse owt of Northombarianda^ 

And a vowe to God mayd he 
That he wolde hunte in the mountaynt 

Off Chyviat within dayes thre. 
In mauger of doughte Dogies 

And all that with him be. 

Percy: Reliques, LLl 

ChibiaTDOS, the Harmony of Nature 
personified ; a musician, the friend of 
Hiawatha, and ruler in the land of spirits. 
When he played on his pipe, the ' ' brooks 
ceased to murmur, the wood-birds to sing, 
the squirrel to chatter, and the rabbit sat 
upright to look and listen." He was 
drowned in lake Superior by the breaking 
of the ice. 

Most beloved by Hiawatha 
Was the gentle Chibiabos; 
He the best of all musicians, 
He the sweetest of all singers. 

Lonzfellcrw : Hiawatha, vi and XT. 

Chicaneau [She'-ka-no r ], a litigious 
tradesman, in Les Plaideurs, by Racine 
(1668). 

Chich'i-Vache (3 syl.), a monster 
that fed only on good women. The word 
means the " sorry cow." It was all skin 
and bone, because its food was so ex- 
tremely scarce. (See Bycorn, p. 163.) 

O noble wyvfa, full of heigh prudence, 
Let noon humilitie your tonges nayle . . . 
Lest Chichi- Vache you swolive in her entrafle. 
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales (" Merchant's Tale," 1388). 

Chick (Mr.), brother-in-law of Mr. 
Dombey; a stout gentleman, with a 
tendency to whistle and hum airs at in- 
opportune moments. Mr. Chick is some- 
what hen-pecked ; but in the matrimonial 
squalls, though apparently beaten, he not 
un frequently rises up the superior, and 
gets his own way. 

Louisa Chick, Mr. Dombey's married 
sister. She is of a snappish temper, but 
dresses in the most juvenile style ; and is 
persuaded that anything can be accom- 
plished if persons will only "make an 
effort." — Dickens : D&mbey and Son (1846). 

Chicken (The), Michael Angelo 
Taylor, barrister, ^o called because in 
his maiden speech, 1785, he said, "I 
deliver this opinion with great deference, 
being but a chicken in the profession of 
the law." 

Chicken ( The Game), a low fellow, to 
be heard of at the bar of the Black Badger. 
Mr. Toots selects this man as his instruc- 
tor in fencing, betting, and self-defence. 
The Chicken has short hair, a low fore- 
head, a broken nose, and " a considerable 
tract of bare and sterile country behind 



each ear." — Dickens: Dombey and Son 

(1846). 

Chickens and the Augurs. 

When the augurs told Publius Claudius 
Pulcher, the Roman consul, who was 
about to engage the Carthaginian fleet, 
that the sacred chickens would not eat, he 
replied, " Then toss them into the sea, 
that they may drink." 

Chick'enstalker (Mrs.), a stout, 
bonny, kind-hearted woman, who keeps a 
general shop. Toby Veck, in his dream, 
imagines her married to Tugby, the 
porter of sir Joseph Bowley. — Dickens: 
The Chimes (1844). 

Chick'weed (Conkey, i.e. Nosey), 
the man who robbed himself. He was a 
licensed victualler on the point of failing, 
and gave out that he had been robbed of 
327 guineas " by a tall man with a black 
patch over his eye." He was much 
pitied, and numerous subscriptions were 
made on his behalf. A detective was 
sent to examine into the "robbery," and 
Chickweed would cry out, "There he is ! " 
and run after the ' ' hypothetical thief " 
for a considerable distance, and then lose 
sight of him. This occurred over and 
over again, and at last the detective said 
to him, " I've found out who done this 
here robbery." "Have you?" said 
Chickweed. "Yes,' says Spyers, "you 
done it yourself." And so he had. — 
Dickens: Oliver Twist, xxxi. (1837). 

Chiffi.il ch (Master Thomas), alias 
Will Smith, a friend of Richard Gau- 
lesse (2 syl.). The private emissary of 
Charles II. He was employed by the 
duke of Buckingham to carry off Alice 
Bridgenorth to Whitehall, but the captive 
escaped and married Julian Peveril. 

Kate Chiffinch, mistress of Thomas Chif- 
finch.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II.). 

Chignon [Shin-yong], the French 
valet of Miss Alscrip ' ' the heiress. " A 
silly, affected, typical French valet-de- 
chambre. — Burgoyne : The Heiress (1718). 

Chi'lax, a merry old soldier, lieu- 
tenant to general Memnon, in Paphos. — 
John Fletcher: The Mad Lover (1617). 

Beaumont died 1616. 

CHILD or Childe, a title given 
to a knight. It is given by Spenser to 
prince Arthur. We have Childe Rolande, 
Byron's Childe Harold, Childe Waters, 
Childe Tristram, Childe Childers, etc. 
The Spanish infanU means a " prince." 



CHILD. 



CHILDREN. 



Child. The notes of this bank bear 
a marigold, because this flower was the 
trade-mark of " Blanchard and Child." 
The original "marigold" is still to be 
seen in the front office, with the motto, 
Ainsi mon ame. — See First London Direc- 
tory (1677). 

Child {The), Bettina, daughter of 
Maximiliane Brentano. So called from 
the title of her book, Goethe's Corre- 
spondence with a Child. 

Child of Elle (1 syl.), a ballad of 
considerable antiquity. The Child of 
Elle loved the fair Emmeline, but the 
two families being severed by a feud, the 
lady's father promised her to another. 
The Child of Elle told Emmeline's page 
that he would set her free that very night, 
but when he came up, the lady's damselle 
betrayed her to her father, who went in 
pursuit with his "merrie men all." The 
Child of Elle slew the first who came 
up, and Emmeline, kneeling at her father's 
feet, obtained her forgiveness and leave 
to marry her true love. He said to the 
knight — 

And as thou love her, and hold her dean. 

Heaven prosper thee and thine ; 
And now my blessing wend wi' thee. 

My lovely Emmeline. 

Child of Nature ( The), a play by 
Mrs. Inchbald. Amantis is the "child of 
Nature." She was the daughter of Al- 
berto, banished " by an unjust sentence," 
and during his exile he left his daughter 
under the charge of the marquis Almanza. 
Amantis was brought up in total ignorance 
of the world and the passion-principles 
which sway it, but felt grateful to her 
guardian, and soon discovered that what 
she called "gratitude" the world calls 
" love." Her father returned home rich, 
his sentence cancelled and his innocence 
allowed, just in time to give his daughter 
: .n marriage to his friend Almanza. 

Child of the Cord. So the defend- 
ant was called by the judges of the 
Vehm-gericht, in Westphalia ; because 
every one condemned by the tribunal was 
hanged to the branch of a tree. 

Child-King". Shakespeare says, 
" Woe to that land that's governed by a 
child ! " {Richard III. act ii. sc. 3). 

Woe to thee, O land, when thy king Is a child 1— 
Eccles. x. 16. 

Childe Harold, a man sated with 
the world, who roams from place to place, 
to kill time and escape from himself. 
The " childe " is, in fact, lord Byron 



himself, who was only 21 when he began 
the poem, which was completed in seven 
years. In canto i. the "childe" visits 
Portugal and Spain (1809) ; in canto ii., 
Turkey in Europe (1810) ; in. canto iii., 
Belgium and Switzerland (18 16) ; and in 
canto iv., Venice, Rome, and Florence 
(1817). 

Childe Waters. The fair Ellen was 
enceinte of Childe Waters, and, when he 
went on his travels, besought that she 
might be his foot-page. She followed 
him in this capacity barefoot through 
"mosse and myre." They came to a 
river, and the knight pushed her in, but 
" our Ladye bare upp her chinne," and 
she came safe ashore. Having treated 
her with other gross indignities, she was 
taken with the throes of childbirth while 
on the knight's steed. The child was 
born, and then Childe Waters relented, 
and married the much-wronged mother. — 
Percy : Reliques (Third Series, No. 9). 

Chil'ders {E. W. B.), one of the 
riders in Sleary's circus, noted for his 
vaulting and reckless riding in the cha- 
racter of the "Wild Huntsman of the 
Prairies." This compound of groom 
and actor marries Josephine, Sleary's 
daughter. 

Kidderminster Childers, son of the 
above, known in the profession as 
"Cupid." He is a diminutive boy, with 
an old face and facetious manner wholly 
beyond his years. — Dickens : Hard Times 
(1854). 

Children ( The Henneberg). It is said 
that the countess of Henneberg railed at a 
beggar for having twins ; and the beggar, 
turning on the countess, who was 42 years 
old, said, " May you have as many 
children as there are days in a year ! " 
Sure enough on Good Friday, 1276, the 
countess brought forth 365 at one birth ; 
all the males were christened John, and 
all the females Elizabeth. They were 
buried at a village near La Hague, and 
the jug is still shown in which they were 
baptized. 

^f A similar story is told of lady Scars- 
dale, who reproved a gipsy-woman who 
applied for alms at Kedleston Hall, be- 
cause she was about to become a mother. 
The beggar, turning on her moralizer, said, 
"When next you are in my condition, 
may you have as many children at a birth 
as there are days in the week 1 " It is 
said that ere long the lady actually was 
delivered of seven children at a b'rth, 



CHILDREN IN THE WOOD. 203 



CHIOS. 



and that " the fact" is set forth in Latin 
in Kedleston Church. 

Children in the Wood, the little 
son (three years old) and younger 
daughter (Jane), left by a Norfolk gentle- 
man on his death-bed to the care of his 
deceased wife's brother. The boy was to 
have ^300 a year on coming of age, and 
the girl ^500 as a wedding portion ; but 
if the children died in their minority the 
money was to go to the uncle. The 
uncle, in order to secure the property, 
hired two ruffians to murder the children, 
but one of them relented and killed his 
companion ; then, instead of murdering 
the babes, left them in Wayland (Wailing) 
Wood, where they gathered blackberries, 
but died at night with cold and terror. 
All things went ill with the uncle, who 
perished in gaol, and the ruffian, after a 
lapse of seven years, confessed the whole 
villainy. — Percy: Reliques, III. ii. 18. 

Children of the Mist, one of the 

branches of the MacGregors, a wild race 
of Scotch Highlanders, who had a skir- 
mish with the soldiers in pursuit of Dal- 
getty and M'Eagh among the rocks 
(ch. 14).— Sir W. Scott: Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Chillip [Dr.), a physician who at- 
tended Mrs. Copperfield at the birth of 
David. 

He was the meekest of his set, the mildest of little 
men.— Dickens: David Copperfield, L (1849). 

Chillon' {Prisoner of), Francois de 
Bonnivard, of Lunes, the Genevise patriot 
(1496-1570) who opposed the enterprises 
of Charles III. (the duke-bishop of 
Savoy) against the independence of 
Geneva, and was cast by him into the 
prison of Chillon, where he was confined 
for six years. Lord Byron makes him 
one of six brothers, all of whom were 
victims of the duke-bishop ; one was 
burnt at the stake, and three were im- 
prisoned at Chillon. Two of the prisoners 
died, but Francois was set at liberty by 
the people of Berne. — Byron : Prisoner 
of Chillon (1816). 

Ch.il 'miliar', the city of "forty pil- 
lars," built by the genii for a lurking- 
place to hide themselves in. Balbec was 
also built by the genii. 

Chimene {La Belle) or Xime'na, 
daughter of count Lozano de Gormaz, 
wife of the Cid. After the Cid's' death 
she defended Valentia from the Moors 
with great bravery, but without success. 



Corneille and Guilhem de Cantro have 
introduced her in their tragedies, but the 
role they represent her to have taken is 

wholly imaginary. 

Chimes {The), a Christmas story by 
Dickens (1844). It is about some bells 
which rang the old year out and the new 
year in. Trotty Veck is a little old 
London ticket-porter and messenger. 
He hears the Christmas chimes, and 
receives from them both comfort and 
encouragement. 

China, a corruption of Tsina, the ter- 
ritory of Tsin. The dynasty of Tsin 
(B.C. 256-202) takes the same position in 
Chinese history as that of the Normans 
(founded by William the Conqueror) does 
in English history. The founder of the 
Tsin dynasty built the Great Wall, divided 
the empire into thirty-six provinces, and 
made roads or canals in every direction, 
so that virtually the empire begins with 
this dynasty. 

Chinaman {John), a man of China. 

Chindasuin'tho (4 syl.), king of 
Spain, father of Theod'ofred, and grand- 
father of Roderick last of the Gothic 
kings. — Southey : Roderick, etc. (1814). 

Chinese Philosopher {A). Oliver 
Goldsmith, in the Citizen of the World, 
calls his book "Letters from a Chinese 
Philosopher residing in London to his 
friends in the East " (1759). 

Chinese Tales, translated into French 
prose by Gueulette, in 1723. The 
French tales have been translated into 
English. 

Chingachcook, the Indian chief, 
called in French Le Gros Serpent. Feni- 
more Cooper has introduced this chief in 
four of his novels, The Last of tht Mo- 
hicans, The Pathfinder, The Deer slayer, 
and The Pioneer. 

Chintz {Mary), Miss Bloomfield's 
maid, the bespoke of Jem Miller. — C. 
Selby : The Unfinished Gentleman. 

Chi'os {The Man of), Homer, who 
lived at Chios \KV-os\ At least Chios 
was one of the seven cities which laid 
claim to the bard, according to the Latin 
hexameter verse — 

Smyrna, Rhodos, Colfiphon, SalAmis, Chios, Argos, 
Athenae. 

Varro. 
Our national feelings are in unison with the bard of 
Chios, and his heroes who live in his verse. — Si*- IV, 
Scott: The Monastery (introduction}. 



CHIRNSIDE. 



004 



CHRISOM CHILD. 



Chirn'side (Luckie), poulterer at 
Wolfs Hope village.— Sir W. Scott: 
Bride of Lammermoor {time, William III. ). 

Chi 'r on, a centaur, renowned for his 
skill in hunting, medicine, music, gymnas- 
tics, and prophecy. He numbered among 
his pupils, Achilles, Peleus, Diomede, 
and indeed all the most noted heroes of 
Grecian story. Jupiter took him to 
heaven, and made him the constellation 
Sagittarius. 

... as Chiron erst had done 
To that proud bane of Troy, her god-resembling son 
\AchilUs\ 

Drayton : Polyolbion, y. (1612). 

Chit ling 1 ( Tom), one of the associates 
of Fagin the Jew. Tom Chitling was 
always most deferential to the "Artful 
Dodger." — Dickens: Oliver Twist (1837). 

Chivalry {The Flower of), William 
Douglas, lord of Liddesdale (fourteenth 
century). 

Chlo'e [A7<?'-2?], the shepherdess be- 
loved by Daphnis, in the pastoral romance 
called Daphnis and Chloe, by Longus. 
St. Pierre's tale of Paul and Virginia is 
based on this pastoral. 

Chloe, in Pope's Moral Essay (epistle 
n), is meant for lady Suffolk, mistress of 
George II. " Placid, good-natured, and 
kind-hearted, but very deaf and of mean 
intelligence." 

Virtue she finds too painful an endeavour. 
Content to dwell on decencies for ever. 

Chlo'e or rather Cloe. So Prior calls 
Mrs. Centlivre (1661-1723). 

Chloe or Cloe is a stock name in pastoral poetry. 
The male name is generally Stephon. 

Chlo'ris, the ancient Greek name of 
Flora. 

Around your haunts 
The laughing- Chloris with profusest hand 
Throws wide her blooms and odours. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads. 

Choas'pes (3 syl.), a river of Susia'na, 
noted for the excellency of its water. 
The Persian kings used to carry a suffi- 
cient quantity of it with them when 
journeying, so that recourse to other 
water might not be required. 

There Susa, by Choaspes' amber stream. 
The drink of none but kingfs. 
Milton : Paradise Regained, iiL 288 (1661). 

Choe'reas (ch=k), the lover of Cal- 
lirrhoe\ in the Greek romance called The 
Loves of Ch&reas and Callirrhoi, by 
Char'iton (eighth century). 

Choice [The), a poem in ten-syllabic 
chymes, by John Pomfret (1699). His 
beau-ideal is a rural literary life. 



Choke (General), a lank Nor»b 
American gentleman, " one of the most 
remarkable men in the century." He 
was editor of The Watertoast Gazette, 
and a member of " The Eden Land 
Corporation." It was general Choke 
who induced Martin Chuzzlewit to stake 
his all in the egregious Eden swindle. — 
Dickens: Martin Chutxlewit (1844). 

Cholmondeley [Chum'-ly], of Vale 
Royal, a friend of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — 
Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Cholmondeley, in Ainsworth's 

Tower of London (1843), is the squire of 
lord Guildford Dudley. 

Cholnla (Pyramid of), the great 
Mexican pyramid, west of Puebla, 
erected in the reign of Montezuma 
emperor of Mexico (1466-1520). Its 
base is 1423 feet each side, or double 
that of the largest Egyptian pyramid, but 
its height does not exceed 164 feet. 

Choppard (Pierre), one of the gang 
of thieves, called "The Ugly Mug." 
When asked a disagreeable question, he 
always answered, " I'll ask my wife, my 
memory's so slippery." — Stirling: The 
Courier of Lyons (1852). 

Choruses. The following are druid- 
ical, and of course Keltic in origin : — 
" Down, down, deny down ! " (for dun / 
dun! daragon, dun I), that is, "To the 
hill ! to the hill ! to the oak, to the hill ! " 
" Fal, lal, la ! " (iox falla la), that is, "The 
circle of day ! " The day or sun has com- 
pleted its circle. " Fal, lero, loo ! " (for 
falla lear lu [aidh]), that is, " The circle 
of the sun praise! ' "Hey, nonnie, non- 
nie!" that is, "Hail to the noon!" 
"High trolollie, lollie lol" (for ai [or 
aibhe\ trah Id, " Hail, early day ! " trah la, 
"early day," Id lee [or Id lo\ "bright 
day!"). ** Lilli burlero" (for Li, li 
beur, Lear-al buille na Id), that is, 
" Light, light on the sea, beyond the 
promontory ! 'Tis the stroke of day 1 " — 
All the Year Round, 316-320, August, 
1873- 

Chrestien de Troyes. The chevalier 
au Lion, chevalier de l'Epee, was the 
Lancelot du Lac of mediaeval French 
romance (twelfth century). 

Chriemhil'da. (See under K.) 

Chrisom Child (A), a child that dies 
within a month of its birth. So called 



CHRIST AND HIS APOSTLES. 905 



CHRISTIAN. 



because it is buried in the white cloth 
anointed with chrism (oil and balm), worn 
at its baptism. 

He's in Arthur's [Abraham's] bosom, if ever man 
went to Arthur's bosom. 'A made a finer end, and 
•went away, an it had been any christom [chrisom] 
child. 'A parted just ... at turning o' the tide. 
(Quickly's description of the death of Falstaff.)— 
Shakespeare : Henry V. act ii. sc 3 (1599)- 

Why, Mike's a child to him ... a chrism child. 
Ingelow : Brothers and a Sermon. 

Christ and His Apostles. Dupuis 
maintained that Christ and His apostles, 
like Hercules and his labours, should be 
considered a mere allegory of the sun and 
the twelve signs of the zodiac. 

Christ's Victory and Triumphs. 

a poem in four parts, by Giles Fletcher 
(1610) : Part L " Christ's Victory in 
Heaven," when He reconciled Justice with 
Mercy, by taking on Himself a body of 
human flesh ; part ii. " Christ's Triumph 
on Earth," when He was led up into the 
wilderness, and was tempted by Pre- 
sumption, Avarice, and Ambition ; part 
hi. " Christ's Triumph over Death," when 
He died on the cross ; part iv. ' * Christ's 
Triumph after Death," in His resurrection 
and ascension. (See Paradise Re- 
gained.) 

Chris'tabel {ch — k), the heroine of 
a fragmentary poem of the same title by 
Coleridge (18 16). 

Christabel, the heroine of an ancient 
romance entitled Sir Eglamourof Artois. 

Christ abelle {Kris' -ta-bef\, daughter 
of "abonnie king of Ireland," beloved 
by sir Cauline (2 syl. ). When the king 
knew of their loves, he banished sir 
Cauline from the kingdom. Then, as 
Christabelle drooped, the king held a 
tournament for her amusement, every 
prize of which was carried off by an 
unknown knight in black. On the last 
day came a giant with two "goggling 
eyes, and mouthe from ear to ear," 
called the Soldain, and defied all comers. 
No one would accept his challenge save 
the knight in black, who succeeded in 
killing his adversary, but died himself of 
the wounds he had received. When it 
was discovered that the knight was sir 
Cauline, the lady " fette a sighe, that 
burst her gentle hearte in twayne." — 
Percy: Reliques { ' ' Sir Cauline," I. i. 4). 

CHRISTIAN, a follower of Christ 
So called first at Antioch. — Acts xi. 26. 

Christian, the hero of Bunyan'f 
allegory called The Pilgrims Progress. 
He flees from the City of Destruction 



and journeys to the Celestial City. At 
starting he has a heavy pack upon his 
shoulders, which falls off immediately he 
reaches the foot of the cross. (The pack, 
of course, is the bundle of sin, which is 
removed by the blood of the cross. 1678. ) 

Christian, captain of the patrol in a 
small German town in which Mathis is 
burgomaster. He marries Annette, the 
burgomaster's daughter. — J. R. Ware ■ 
The Polish Jew. 

Christian, synonym of "Peasant" in 
Russia. This has arisen from the abund- 
ant legislation under czar Alexis and czar 
Peter the Great to prevent Christian serfs 
from entering the service of Mohammedan 
masters. No Christian is allowed to 
belong to a Mohammedan master, and 
no Mohammedan master is allowed to 
employ a Christian on his estate. 

Christian II. (or Christiem), king of 
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. When 
the Dalecarlians rose in rebellion against 
him and chose Gustavus Vasa for their 
leader, a great battle was fought, in which 
the Swedes were victorious ; but Gustavus 
allowed the Danes to return to their 
country. Christian then abdicated, and 
Sweden became an independent kingdom. 
— H. Brooke: Gustavus Vasa (1730). 

Christian {Edward), a conspirator. 
He has two aliases, " Richard Gan'lesse" 
(2 syl.) and " Simon Can'ter." 

Colonel William Christian, Edward's 
brother. Shot for insurrection. 

Fenella, alias Zarah Christian, daughter 
of Edward Christian.— Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Christian {Fletcher), mate of the 
Bounty, under the command of captain 
Bligh, and leader of the mutineers. After 
setting the captain and some others adrift, 
Christian took command of the ship, and, 
according to lord Byron, the mutineers 
took refuge in the island of Toobouai (one 
of the Society Islands). Here Torquil, 
one of the mutineers, married Neulia, a 
native. After a time, a ship was sent 
to capture the mutineers. Torquil and 
Neuha escaped, and lay concealed in a 
cave ; but Christian, Ben Bunting, and 
Skyscrape were shot. This is not accord- 
ing to fact, for Christian merely touched 
at Toobouai, and then, with eighteen of 
the natives and nine of the mutineers, 
sailed for Tahiti, where all soon died 
except Alexander Smith, who changed 
his name to John Adams, and became a 
model patriarch. — Byron: The Island. 



CHRISTIAN DOCTOR. 



206 



CHRONICLERS. 



Christian Doctor {Most), John 
Charlier de Gerson (1363-1429). 

Christian Eloquence ( The Founder 
of), Louis Bourdaloue (1632-1704). 

Christian King {Most). So the 
kings of France were styled. Pepin le 
Bref was so styled by pope Stephen III. 
(714-768). Charles II. le Chauve was 
so styled by the Council of Savonnieres 
(823, 840-877). Louis XL was so styled 
by Paul II. (1423, 1461-1483) ! ! 

Christian Sen'eca {The), J. Hall, 
bishop of Norwich, poet and satirist 
( 1 574-1656). 

Christian Year {The), "Thoughts 
in verse for every Sunday and Holiday 
throughout the Year r " by John Keble 
(1827). 

Christian'a {ch = k), the wife of 

Christian, who started with her children 
and Mercy from the City of Destruction 
long after her husband's flight. She was 
under the guidance of Mr. Greatheart, 
and went, therefore, with silver slippers 
along the thorny road. This forms the 
second part of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress (1684). 

Chris'tie {2 syl.) of the Clint Hill, 
one of the retainers of Julian Avenel (2 
syl.).— Sir W. Scott: The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Christie {John), ship-chandler at 
Paul's Wharf. 

Dame Nelly Christie, his pretty wife, 
carried off by lord Dalgarno. — Sir W. 
Scott: Fortunes of Nigel (time, James L). 

Christina, daughter of Christian II. 
king of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 
She is sought in marriage by prince 
Arvi'da and by Gustavus Vasa ; but the 
prince abandons his claim in favour of 
his friend. After the great battle, in 
which Christian is defeated by Gustavus, 
Christina clings to her father, and pleads 
with Gustavus on his behalf. He "is 
sent back to Denmark, with all his men, 
without ransom, but abdicates, and 
Sweden is erected into a separate king- 
dom. — H. Brooke : Gustavus Vasa (1730). 

Chris 'tine {a syl.), a pretty, saucy 
young woman, in the service of the 
countess Marie, to whom she is devotedly 
attached. After the recapture of Ernest 
("the prisoner of State"), she goes 
boldly to king Frederick II., from whom 
she obtains his pardon. Being set at 



liberty, Ernest marries the countess.-^ 
Stirling : The Prisoner of State (1847). 

Christmas Carol {A), a Christmas 
story in prose by Dickens (1843). The 
subject is the conversion of Scrooge, "a 
grasping old sinner," to generous good 
temper, by a series of dreams. Scrooge's 
clerk is Bob Cratchit. The moral in- 
fluence of this story was excellent. It is 
an admirable Christmas tale. 

Christmas Day, called "the day 
of new clothes," from an old French 
custom of giving those who belonged to 
the court new cloaks on that day. 

On Christmas Eve, 1245, the king [Louis IX. .] bade all 
his court be present at early morning mass. At the 
chapel door each man received his new cloak, put it on, 
and went in . . . As the day rose, each man saw on his 
neighbour's shoulder betokened " the crusading vow." 
—Kitchin : History of France, L 328. 

Chris'topher (St-), a saint of the 
Roman and Greek Churches, said to have 
lived in the third century. His pagan 
name was Offerus, his body was twelve 
ells in height, and he lived in the land of 
Canaan. Offerus made a vow to serve 
only the mightiest ; so, thinking the 
emperor was " the mightiest," he entered 
his service. But one day the emperor 
crossed himself for fear of the devil, and 
the giant perceived that there was one 
mightier than his present master, so he 
quitted his service for that of the devil. 
After a while, Offerus discovered that the 
devil was afraid of the cross, whereupon 
he enlisted tinder Christ, employing him- 
self in carrying pilgrims across a deep 
stream. One day, a very small child was 
carried across by him, but proved so 
heavy that Offerus, though a huge giant, 
was well-nigh borne down by the weight. 
This child was Jesus, who changed the 
giant's name to Christoferus, " bearer of 
Christ." He died three days afterwards, 
and was canonized. 

Like the great giant Christopher, it stands 
Upon the brink of the tempestuous wave. 

Longfellow: The Lighthouse, 

Christopher, the head-waiter in 
Somebody's Luggage, a tale by Dickens 
(1864). 

Chronicle ( The), a relation, in eight- 
syllable verse, of the poet's various sweet- 
hearts. — Cowley (1618-1667). 

Chronicle {The Saxon), an historical 
prose work in Anglo-Saxon, down to the 
reign of Henry II., A.D. 1154. 

Chroniclers {Anglo-Norman), a 
series of writers on British history, in 
verse, of very early date. Geffroy Gaimar 



CHRONICLES. 



207 



CHRYSAOR. 



wrote his Anglo-Norman chronicle before 
1 146. It is a history, in verse, of the 
Anglo-Saxon kings. Robert Wace wrote 
the Brut d ' Angleterre [i.e. Chronicle of 
England} in eight-syllable verse, and pre- 
sented his work to Henry II. It was 
begun in 1160, and finished in 1170. 

Latin Chroniclers, historical writers of 
the eleventh and twelfth centuries. 

Rhyming Chroniclers, a series of 
writers on English history from the 
thirteenth century. The most noted are : 
Layamon (called " the English Ennius ") 
bishop of Ernleye-upon-Severn (1216). 
Robert of Gloucester, who wrote a narra- 
tive of British history, from the landing 
of Brute to the close of the reign of 
Henry III. {* to 1272). No date is 
assigned to the coming of Brute, but he 
was the son of Silvius ^Ene'as (the third 
generation from ^Eneas who escaped from 
Troy, B.C. 1183), so that the date may be 
assumed to be B.C. 1028, thus giving a 
scope of 2300 years to the chronicle. 
(The verse of this chronicle is eight and 
six syllables displayed together, so as to 
form lines of fourteen syllables each.) 
Robert de Brunne, whose chronicle is in 
two parts. The first ends with the death 
of CadWallader, and the second with the 
death of Edward I. The earlier parts are 
similar to the Anglo-Norman chronicle of 
Wace. (The verse is octo-syllabic. ) John 
Harding wrote a chronicle, in rhyme, 
down to the reign of Edward IV. (1470) ; 
it was edited by sir Henry Ellis, in 1812. 

Chronicles. Two books of the Old 
Testament bear this title. The first book 
contains the history of David from the 
death of Saul, and corresponds to the 
Second Book of Samuel. The second 
book devotes the first nine chapters to a 
biography of Solomon, and the rest to an 
epitome of kings of Judah to the time of 
the Captivity. 

The first nine chapters correspond to 1 King s iil.-xL 

Chronicles of Canongate, cer- 
tain stories supposed to have been written 
by Mrs. Martha Bethune Baliol, a lady 
of quality and fortune, who lived, when 
in Edinburgh, at Baliol Lodging, in the 
Canongate. These tales were written at 
the request of her cousin, Mr. Croft- 
angry, by whom, at her death, they were 
published. The first series contains The 
Highland Widow, The Two Drovers, 
and [The Surgeon's Daughter, afterwards 
removed from this series]. The second 
series contains The Fair Maid of Perth. — 
Sir W. Scott: "Chronicles of Canon- 



gate" (introduction of The Highland 

Widow). 

Chronology (The Father of\ J. J. 

Scaliger (1540-1609). 

Chronon-Koton-Thol'ogos(^'^). 

He strikes Bombardin'ean, general of his 
forces, for giving him hashed pork, and 
saying, " Kings as great as Chronon- 
hotonthologos have made a hearty meal 
on worse." The king calls his general a 
traitor. " Traitor in thy teeth ! " retorts 
the general. They fight, and the king 
dies. — Carey : Chrononhotonthologos (a 
burlesque, 1734). 

Chrysale (2 syl.), a simple-minded, 
hen-pecked French tradesman, whose wife 
Philaminte (3 syl. ) neglects her house for 
the learned languages, women's rights, 
and the aristocracy of mind. He is him- 
self a plain practical man, who has no 
sympathy with the pas blue movement. 
Chrysale has two daughters, Armande 
(2 syl. ) and Henriette, both of whom love 
Clitandre ; but Armande, who is a " blue- 
stocking," loves him platonically ; while 
Henriette, who is a "thorough woman," 
loves him with woman's love. Chrysale 
sides with his daughter Henriette, and 
when he falls into money difficulties 
through the "learned proclivities" of his 
wife, Clitandre comes forward like a 
man, and obtains the consent of both 
parents to his marriage with Henriette. — 
Moliere ; Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 

Chrysa'or (ch = k), the sword of 
sir Ar'tegal, which " exceeded all other 
swords." It once belonged to Jove, and 
was used by him against the Titans, but 
it had been laid aside till Astraea gave it 
to the Knight of Justice. 

Of most perfect metal it was made, 

Tempered with adamant ... no substance was so . . . 

hard 
But it would pierce or cleave whereso it came. 

Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. (1596). 

N.B. — The poet tells us it was broken 
to -pieces by Radigund queen of the Ama- 
zons (bk. v. 7), yet it reappears whole 
and sound (canto 12), when it is used with 
good service against Gruntorto (the spirit 
of rebellion). Spenser says it was called 
Chrysaor because " the blade was gar- 
nished all with gold." 

Chrysa'or, son of Neptune and 
Medu'sa. He married Callir'i i;oe (4 syl. ),■ 
one of the sea-nymphs. 

Chrysaor rising out of the sea, 
Snowed thus glorious and thus emulous, 
: -~ the arms of Challirroe. 

Longfcllcnu : Th* Evening Star, 



CHRYSEIS. 



ao8 



CHUZZLEWIT. 



Chryseis [Kri-seJ-iss], daughter of 
Chryses priest of Apollo. She was famed 
for her beauty and her embroidery. 
During the Trojan war Chryseis was 
taken captive and allotted to Agamemnon 
king of Argos, but her father came to 
ransom her. The king would not accept 
the offered ransom, and Chryses prayed 
that a plague might fall on the Grecian 
camp. His prayer was answered ; and 
in order to avert the plague Agamemnon 
sent the lady back to her father, not only 
without ransom, but laden with costly 
gifts. — Homer: Iliad, i. 

Chrysos, a rich Athenian, who called 
himself " a patron of art," but measured 
art as a draper measures tape. — Gilbert: 
Pygmalion and Galatea (1871). (See 
Critic, p.244.) 

Chrysostoxn, a famous scholar, who 
died for love of Marcella, " rich William's 
daughter." 

Unrivalled in learning and wit, he was sincere in 
disposition, generous and magnificent without ostenta- 
tion, prudent and sedate without affectation, modest 
and complaisant without meanness. In a word, one of 
the foremost in goodness of heart, and second to none 
in misfortunes. — Cetvantes : Don Quixote, I. ii. 5 (1605). 

N.B. — The saint (317-407) was called 
Chrysostom, Golden-mouth, for his great 
eloquence. His name was John. (Greek, 
chrusos, " gold ; " stoma, "mouth.") 

Chucks, the boatswain under captain 
Savage. — Marryat : Peter Simple (1833). 

Chuf fey, Anthony Chuzzlewit's old 
clerk, almost in his dotage, but master 
and man love each other with sincerest 
affection. 

Chuflfey fell back into a dark comer on one side oi 
the fire-place, where he always spent his evenings, and 
was neither seen nor heard . . . save once, when a cup 
of tea was given him, in which he was seen to soak his 
bread mechanically. . . . He remained, as it were, 
frozen up, if any term expressive of such a vigorous 
process can be applied to him. — Dickens: Martin 
Chuxzlewit, xi. (1843). 

Chunee (A la), very huge and bulky. 
Chunee was the largest elephant ever 
brought to England. Henry Harris, 
manager of Covent Garden, bought* it 
for ^900 to appear in the pantomime of 
Harlequin Padmenaba, in 1810. It was 
subsequently sold to Cross, the proprietor 
of Exeter 'Change. Chunee at length 
became mad, and was shot by a detach- 
ment of the Guards, receiving 152 wounds. 
The skeleton is preserved in the museum 
of the College of Surgeons. It is 12 feet 
4 inches high. 

Church. I go to church to hear God 
fraised, not the king. This was the wise 



but severe rebuke of George III. to Dr. 
Wilson, of St. Margaret's Church, London. 

Church built by Voltaire. Vol- 
taire the atheist built at Ferney a Christian 
church, and had this inscription affixed 
to it, " Deo erexit Voltaire." Campbeli, 
in the life of Cowper (vol. vii. 358), says 
" he knows not to whom Cowper alludes 
in these lines " — 

Nor his who for the bane of thousands born, 
Built God a church, and laughed His Word to scorn. 
Cowper: Retirement (1782). 

Church - of - Engf landism. Thi s 
word was the coinage of Jeremy Ben- 
tham (1748-1832). 

Churchill [Ethel), a novel by L. E. 
L. (Letitia E. Landon), 1837. Walpole 
and other contemporaries of George I. 
are introduced. 

Chuz'zlewit {Anthony), cousin of 
Martin Chuzzlewit the grandfather. 
Anthony is an avaricious old hunks, 
proud of having brought up his son 
Jonas to be as mean and grasping as 
himself. His two redeeming points are 
his affection for his old servant Chuffey, 
and his forgiveness of Jonas after his 
attempt to poison him. 

The old-established firm of Anthony Chuzriewit and 
Son, Manchester warehousemen . . . had its place of 
business in a very narrow street somewhere behind the 
Post-Office. ... A dim, dirty, smoky, tumble-down, 
rotten old Rouse it was . . . but here the firm . . . 
transacted their business . . . and neither the young 
man nor the old one had any other residence.— Chap. x£ 

Jonas Chuzzlewit, son of Anthony, of 
the "firm of Anthony Chuzzlewit and 
Son, Manchester warehousemen." A 
consummate villain of mean brutality 
and small tyranny. He attempts to 
poison his old father, and murders Mon- 
tague Tigg, who knows his secret. Jonas 
marries Mercy Pecksniff, his cousin, and 
leads her a life of utter misery. His 
education had been conducted on money- 
grubbing principles; the first word he 
was taught to spell was gain, and the 
second money. He poisons himself to 
save his neck from the gallows. 

This fine young man had all the inclination of a 
profligate of the first water, and only lacked the one 
good trait in the common catalogue of debauched 
vices — open-handedness— to be a notable vagabond. 
But there his griping and penurious habits stepped 
in.— Chap. xi. 

Martin Chuzzlewit, sen., grandfather 
to the hero of the same name. A stern 
old man, whose kind heart has been 
turned to gall by the dire selfishness of 
his relations. Being resolved to expose 
Pecksniff, he goes to live in his house, 
and pretends to be weak in intellect, but 



CHYNDONAX. 



809 



CID. 



keeps his eyes sharp open, and is able to 
expose the canting scoundrel in all his 
deformity. 

Martin Chuzzlewit, jun , the hero of 
the tale called Martin Chuzzlewit, grand- 
son to old Martin. His nature has been 
warped by bad training, and at first he 
is both selfish and exacting ; but the 
troubles and hardships he undergoes in 
"Eden" completely transform him, and 
he becomes worthy of Mary Graham, 
whom he marries. — Dickens ; Martin 
Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Cliyndo'nax, a chief druid, whose 
tomb (with a Greek inscription) was 
discovered near Dijon, in 1598. 

Ciacco' (2 syl. ), a glutton, spoken to 
by Dante, in the third circle of hell, the 
place to which gluttons are consigned to 
endless woe. The word means ' ' a pig, " 
and is not a proper name, but only a 
symbolical one. — Dante : Hell, vi. (1300). 

Ciacco, thy dire affliction grieves me much. 

Hell, vt 

Cicero. When the great Roman 
orator was given up by Augustus to the 
revenge of Antony, it was a cobbler who 
conducted the sicarii to Formiae, whither 
Cicero had fled in a litter, intending to 
put to sea. His bearers would have 
fought, but Cicero forbade them, and 
one Herennius has the unenviable noto- 
riety of being his murderer. 

It was a cobbler that set the murderers on Cicero.— 
Quia a : Ariadne', L 6. 

(Some say that Publius Laenas gave 
the fatal blow.) 

Cicero of the British Senate, George 
Canning (1770-1827). 

Cicero of France, Jean Baptiste Mas- 
sillon (1603-1742). 

Cicero of Germany, John elector of 
Brandenberg (1455, 1486-1499). 

Cicero's Mouth, Philippe Pot, prime 
minister of Louis XI. (1428-1494). 

The British Cicero, William Pitt, eari 
of Chatham (1708-1778). 

The Christian Cicero, Lucius Ccelius 
Lactantius (died 330). 

The German Cicero, Johnnn Sturm, 
printer and scholar (1507-1589). 

Cicle'nius. So Chaucer calls Mer- 
cury. He was named Cylle'nius from 
mount Cylle'ne, in Peloponnesus, where 
he was born. 

Ciclealus riding In his chirachee. 
Chaucer : Compl. of Mars and Venus (1391). 

Cid [The) = Seid or Signior, also 
called Campeador [Cam-pa' -dor) or 
"Camp hero," Rodrigue Diaz de Bivar 



was surnamed "the Cid." The great 
hero of Castille was born at Burgos 1030 
and died 1099. He signalized him- 
self by his exploits in the reigns of 
Ferdinand, Sancho II., and Alphonso VI. 
of Leon and Castille, In the wars De- 
tween Sancho II. and his brother (Al- 
phonso VI.), he sided with the former ; 
and on the assassination of Sancho, was 
disgraced, and quitted the court. The Cid 
then assembled his vassals, and marched 
against the Moors, whom he conquered 
in several battles, so that Alphonso was 
necessitated to recall him. 

The Spanish chronicle of the Cid belongs to the 
thirteenth century, and was first printed in 1544; 
another Tersion was by Medina del Campo, in 1532. 

The Spanish poem of the Cid dates from 1207 ; ana 
102 ballads of the Cid in Spanish were published in 
1615. 

Southey published an excellent English Chronicle 0/ 
the Cid in 1808; Lockhart translated into English 
rerse 8 of the ballads ; George Dennis rendered into 

Erose and rerse a connected tale of the great Spanish 
ero in 1845. 

Comeille and GuIIhem de Cantro hare admirable 
tragedies on the subject; Ross Neil has an English 
drama called The Cid; Sanchez, in 1775, wrote along 
poem of 1128 verses called Poema del Cid Campeador. 
(And it was the tragedy of The Cid which gamed for 
CorneiHe (in 1636) the tide of Le grand Comeille.) 

N.B. — The Cid, in Spanish romance, 
occupies the same position as Arthur 
does in English story, Charlemagne in 
French, and Theodorick in German 
romance. 

The Cid"s Father, don Diego Lainez. 

The ad's Mother, dona Teresa Nunez. 

The CicTs Wife, Xime'na, daughter of 
count Lozano de Gormaz. The French 
call her La Belle Chimene, but the r6le 
ascribed to her by Corneille is wholly 
imaginary. 

Never more to thine own castle 

Wilt thou turn Babieca's rein [3 syl.]; 
Never will thy loved Ximena 
See thee at her side again. 

The Cid. 
The CiSs Children. His two daughters 
were Elvi'ra and Sol; his son Diego 
Rodriquez died young. 

The Cids Horse was Babieca [either 
Bad-i-e'-keh or Ba-bee'-keh). It survived 
its master two years and a half, but no 
one was allowed to mount it. Babieca 
was buried before the monastery gates of 
Valencia, and two elms were planted to 
mark the spot. 

Troth it goodly was and pleasant 
To behold him at their head. 

All in mail on Babieca [4 syl. I 
And to list the words he said. 

The CU. 

The ad's Swords, Cola 'da and Tizo'na 
(" terror of the world "). The latter was 
taken by him from king Buscar. 

The Portuguese Cid, Nunez Alva'rea 
Perei'ra (1360-1431). 



CID HAMET BENENGELI. 



CIPANGO. 



Cid Hamet Benengeli, the hy- 
pothetical author of Don Quixote. (See 
Benengeli, p. in.) 

Spanish commentators have discovered 
this pseudonym to be only an Arabian 
version of Signior Cervantes. Cid, i.e. 
"signior;" Hamet, a Moorish prefix; 
and Ben-en-geli, meaning " son of a stag." 
So cervato ( " a young stag") is the basis 
of the name Cervantes. 

Cider, a poem by John Philips 
(1708), in imitation of the Georgics of 
Virgil. 

Cid'li, the daughter of Jairus, re- 
stored to life by Jesus. She was beloved 
by Sem'ida, the young man of Nain, also 
raised by Jesus from the dead. — Klop- 
stock: The Messiah, iv. (1771). 

Cil'laros, the horse of Castor or 
Pollux, so named from Cylla, in Troas. 

Cimmerian Darkness. Homer 
places the Cimmerians beyond Oceanus, 
in a land of never-ending gloom ; and 
immediately after Cimmeria he places 
the empire of HadSs. Pliny (Historia 
Naturalis, vi. 14) places Cimmeria near 
the lake Avernus, in Italy, where "the 
sun never penetrates." Cimmeria is now 
called Kertch, but the Cossacks call it 
Prekla {Hell). 

There under ebon shades and low-browed necks . . . 
In dark Cimmerian deserts ever dwell. 

Milton : L 'Allegro (1638). 
Ye spectre-doubts that roll 
Cimmerian darkness on the parting soul. 

Campbell : Pleasures 0/ Hope, ii. (1799). 

Cincinna'tus of the Americans, 

George Washington (1732-1799). 

Cinderella, the heroine of a fairy 
tale. She was the drudge of the house, 
"put upon" by her two elder sisters. 
While the elder sisters were at a ball, a 
fairy came, and having arrayed the 
" little cinder-girl" in ball costume, sent 
her in a magnificent coach to the palace 
where the ball was given. The prince 
fell in love with her, but knew not who 
she was. This, however, he discovered 
by means of a "glass slipper" which 
she dropped, and which fitted no foot 
but her own. 

"| This tale is substantially the same as 
that of Rhodopis and Psammifichus in 
/Elian ( Var. Hist. , xiii. 32). A similar . 
one is also told in Strabo (Georg. xvii.). 
It is known all over Italy. 

(The glass slipper should be the/«r 
slipper, pantoufle en vair, not en verre ; 
our version being taken from the Contes 
de Fees of C. Perrault, 1697.) 



Thou wilt find 
My fortunes all as fair as hers who lay 
Among the ashes, and wedded a king's son. 

Tennyson ; Gareth and Lynette, p. 76. 

IT The variant of this tale as told of Rho- 
dope (3 syl. ), about B.c. 670, is this : Rho- 
dop& was bathing, when an eagle pounced 
on one of her slippers and carried it off, 
but dropped it at Memphis, where king 
Psammetfcus was, at the time, holding a 
court of justice. Struck with the beauty 
and diminutive size of the shoe, he sent 
forth a proclamation for the owner. In 
due time RhodopS was discovered, and, 
being brought before the king, he married 
her. — Strabo and sElian. 

Cinna, a tragedy by Pierre Corneille 
(1637). Mdlle. Rachel, in 1838, took the 
chief female character, and produced a 
great sensation in Paris. 

Cinq-Mars (H. Coiffier de Ruze, 
marquis de), favourite of Louis XIII. and 
protege" of Richelieu (1620-1642). Irri- 
tated by the cardinal's opposition to his 
marriage with Marie de Gonzague, Cinq- 
Mars tried to overthrow or to assassinate 
him. Gaston, the king's brother, sided 
with the conspirator, but Richelieu dis- 
covered the plot ; and Cinq-Mars, being 
arrested, was condemned to death. 
Alfred de Vigny published, in 1826, a 
novel (in imitation of Scott's historical 
novels) on the subject, under the title of 
Cinq-Mars. 

Cinquecento (4 syl.), the five-hun- 
dred epoch of Italian notables. They 
were Ariosto (1474-1533), Tasso (1544- 
x 595)> an d Giovanni Rucellai (1475- 
1526), poets; Raphael (1483-1520), Titian 
(1480-1576), and Michael Angelo (1474- 
1564), painters. These, with Machiavelli, 
Luigi Alamanni, Bernardo Baldi, etc., 
make up what is termed the " Cinque- 
centesti." The word means the worthies 
of the "500 epoch, and it will be observed 
that they all flourished between 1500 
and the close of that century. (See 
Seicenta.) 

Ouida writes in winter mornings at a Venetian 
writing-table of cinquecento work that would en- 
rapture the souls of the virtuosi who haunt Christie's.— » 
E. Yates : Cflebrities, xix. 

Cipan'go or Zipango, a marvel- 
lous island described in the Voyages 
of Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller. 
He described it as lying some 1500 miles 
from land. This island was an object of 
diligent search with Columbus and other 
early navigators ; but it belongs to that 
wonderful chart which contains the El 
Dorado of sir Walter Raleigh, the Utopi* 



CIPHER. 

of sir Thomas More, the Atlantis of lord 
Bacon, the Laputa of dean Swift, and 
other places better known in story than 
in geography. 

Cipher. The Rev. R. Egerton War- 
burton, being asked for his cipher by 
a lady, in 1845, wrote back— 

A u I thee. 

Oh I no but me ; 

Yet thy my one go. 

Till u d the u so. 
A dpher you sigh -for, I sigh-for thee. 
Oh I sigh-for no cipher, but sigh-for me ; 
Yet thy sigh-for my cipher one ci-for go [on-cel for-gol 
Till you de-cipher the cipher you sigh-for so. 

(Erroneously ascribed to Dr. Whewell.) 
Dr. Whewell' s cipher is as follows : — 

A headless man had a letter [0] to write ; 
He who read it [naught] had lost his sight ; 
The dumb repeated it [naught] word for word ; 
And deaf was the man who listened and heard 
[naught]. 

\ * Not equal to the above is the Epi- 
taph on a Fifer — 

Hie Jacet i 54 (one small Fifer) 
04128 (hate) 

04120 (sigh for) 

o » 8 o 8 
o ■ 4 5 4 

Circe (2 syl. ), a sorceress who meta- 
morphosed the companions of Ulysses 
into swine. Ulysses resisted the en- 
chantment by means of the herb moly, 
given him by Mercury. 

Who knows not Circe, 
The daughter of the sun, whose charmed cop 
Whoever tasted lost his upright shape. 
And downward fell into a grovelling swine t 

Milton : Comus (1634). 

Circuit {Serjeant), in Foote's farce 
called The Lame Lover (1770). 

Circumlocution Office, a term 
applied by Dickens, in Little Dorrit 
(1855), to our public offices, where the 
duty is so divided and subdivided that 
the simplest process has to pass through 
a whole series of officials. The following, 
from baron Stockmar, will illustrate the 
absurdity : — 

In the English palace the lord steward finds the fuel 
and lays the fire, but the lord chamberlain lights it. 
The baron says he was once sent by the queen 
{Victoria] to sir Frederick Watson (master of the 
household), to complain that the drawing-room was 
always cold. Sir Frederick replied, "You see, it is 
not my fault, for the lord steward only lays the fire, it 
is the lord chamberlain who tights it. 

Again he says — 

The lord chamberlain provides the lamps, but the lord 
steward has to see that they are trimmed and lighted. 

Here, therefore, the duty is reversed. 
Again — 

If a pane of glass or the door of a cupboard in the 
kitchen needs mending, the process is as follows : (1) A 
requisition must be prepared and signed by the chief 
cook. (2) This must be countersigned by the clerk of 
the kitchen. (3) It is then taken to the master of the 
household. (4) It must next be authorized at the lord 
chamberlain's office. (5) Being thus authorized, it is 
Uid before the clerk ©if the works under the office of 



an CITY. 



Woods and Forests. So that it would take 

before the pane of glass or cupboard could be 
— Memoirs, ii. 121, 122. 

(Some of this foolery has been recently 
abolished. ) 

Cirrlia, one of the summits of Par« 
nassus, sacred to Apollo. That of Nysa, 
another eminence in the same mountain, 
was dedicated to Bacchus. 

My vows I send, my homage, to the seats 
Of rocky Cirrha. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Cis'ley or Ciss, any dairy-maid. 

Tusser frequently speaks of the "dairy- 
maid Cisley," and in April Husbandry 
tells Ciss she must carefully keep these 
ten guests from her cheeses : Geha'zi, 
Lot's wife, Argus, Tom Piper, Crispin, 
Lazarus, Esau, Mary Maudlin, Gentiles, 
and bishops. (1) Gehazi, because a 
cheese should never be a dead white, 
like Gehazi the leper. (2) Lot's wife, 
because a cheese should not be too salt, 
like Lot's wife. (3) Argus, because a 
cheese should not be full of eyes, like 
Argus. (4) Tom Piper, because a cheese 
should not be "hovenand puffed," like 
the cheeks of a piper. (5) Crispin, 
because a cheese should not be leathery, 
as if for a cobbler's use. (6) Lazarus, 
because a cheese should not be poor, like 
the beggar Lazarus. (7) Esau, because 
a cheese should not be hairy, like Esau. 
(8) Mary Maudlin, because a cheese 
should not be full of whey, as Mary 
Maudlin was full of tears. (9) Gentiles, 
because a cheese should not be full of 
maggots or gentils. (10) Bishops, be- 
cause a cheese should not be made of 
burnt milk, or milk "banned by a 
bishop." — Tusser: Five Hundred Points 
of Good Husbandry (" April," 1557). 

Citizen {The), a farce by Arthur 
Murphy. George Philpot is destined to 
be the husband of Maria Wilding. But as 
Maria Wilding is in love with Beaufort, 
she behaves so sillily to her betrothed 
that he refuses to marry her ; whereupon 
she gives her handto Beaufort (1757). 

Citizen King" {The), Louis Philippe, 
the first elective king of France (1773, 
1830-1849, abdicated and died 1850). 

CITY, plu. Cities. 

City of Churches ( The), Brooklyn, New 
York, which has an unusual number of 
churches. 

City of David {The), Jerusalem. — a 
Sam. v. 7, 9. 

City of Destruction { The), this world, or 
rather the worldly state of the uncon- 
verted. Bunyan makes "Christian" flee 



CITY. 



sza 



CIVILIS. 



from the City of Destruction and journey 
to the Celestial City. By which he alle- 
gorizes the "walk of a Christian" from 
conversion to death (1678). 

City of Enchantments, a magical city 
described in the story of " Beder Prince 
of Persia." — Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
tnents. 

City of God ( The), the Church, or whole 
body of believers. The phrase is used 
by St. Augustine. 

City of Lanterns ( The), an imaginary 
cloud-city somewhere beyond the zodiac. 
— Lucian : Veres Histories. 

City of Legions, Caerleon-on-Usk. 
Newport is the port of this ancient city 
(Monmouthshire and Glamorganshire). 
It was in the City of Legions that Arthur 
held his court. It contained two cathe- 
drals, viz. St. Julius and St. Aaron, built 
in honour of two martyrs who suffered 
death here in the reign of Diocletian. 

City of Masts (The), London. 

City of Monuments (The), Baltimore, in 
Maryland. One of its streets is called 
Monument Street. 

City of Palaces ( The). Three cities are 
so called : (1) Rome from the reign of 
Augustus. Agrippa converted "a city of 
brick huts into a city of marble palaces." 
(2) Calcutta. (3) St. Petersburg is so 
called, from its numerous Imperial and 
Government edifices. 

City of Refuge (The), Medi'na, in 
Arabia, where Mahomet took refuge 
when driven by conspirators from Mecca, 
He entered the city, not as a fugitive, 
but in triumph (a.d. 622). 

Cities of Refuge, Bezer, Ramoth, and 
Golan (east of Jordan); Hebron, She- 
chem, and Kedesh (west of that river). 
— Deut. iv. 43 ; Josh. xx. 1-8. 

City of the Great King (The), Jeru- 
salem. — Psalm xlviii. 2 ; Matt. v. 35. 

Cities of the Plain (The), Sodom and 
Gomorrah. — Gen. xiii. 12. 

City of the Prophet, Medi'na, in Arabia, 
where Mahomet was protected when he 
fled from Mecca (July 16, a.d. 622). 

City oftlie Sun (The), Balbec, called in 
Greek, Heliop'olis (" sun-city "). 

(In Campanula's romance the " City of 
the Sun" is an ideal republic, constructed 
on the model of Plato's republic. It is an 
hypothetical perfect society or theocratic 
communism. Sir T. More in his Utopia, 
and lord Bacon in his Atlantis, devised 
similar cities.) 

City of the Tribes, Galway, in Ireland, 
"the residence of thirteen tribes," which 
settled there in 1235. 



City of the West, Glasgow, in Scotland, 
situate on the Clyde, the principal river 
on the west coast. 

The Cleanest City in the World (The), 
Broek, in Holland, which is "painfully 
neat and clean." 

The Seven Cities, Thebes (in Egypt), 
Jerusalem, Babylon, Athens, Rome, Con- 
stantinople, and London (for commerce) 
or Paris (for beauty). 

(In the Seven Wonders of the World, 
the last of the wonders is doubtful, some 
giving the Pharos of Egypt, and others 
the Palace of Cyrus ; so again in the Seven 
Sages of Greece, the seventh is either 
Periander, Myson, or Epimen r id&s. ) 

City Madam (The), a comedy by 
Philip Massinger (1633). The City 
madam was the daughter of farmer 
Goodman Humble, and married sir John 
Frugal, a merchant, who became im- 
mensely wealthy, and retired from busi- 
ness. By a deed of gift he transferred 
his wealth to his brother Luke, whereby 
madam and her daughter were both made 
dependent on him. During her days of 
wealth the extravagance of lady Frugal 
was unbounded, and her dress costly 
beyond conception; but Luke reduced 
her state to that of a farmer's daughter* 
Luke says to her — 

You were served in plate ; 
Stirred not a foot without a coach, and going 
To church, not for devotion, but to show 
Your pomp. 
The City Madam is an extraordinarily spirited picture 
of actual life, idealized into a semi-comic strain of poetry. 
—Professor Spalding. 

City Mouse and Country Mouse 

(The), a fable by Prior (1689), in ridicule 
of Dryden's Hind and Panther. A city 
mouse invited a country mouse to supper, 
and set before his guest all sorts of 
delicacies ; but, in the midst of the feast, 
a cat rushed in and broke up the banquet. 
Whereupon the country mouse exclaimed 
that she preferred a more frugal fare with 
liberty. 

Civil Wars of England. 

There Dutton Dutton kills ; a Done doth kill a Done ; 

A Booth a Booth, and Leigh by Leigh is overthrown ; 

A Venables against a Venables doth stand ; 

A Troutbeck fighteth with a Troutbeck hand to hand ; 

There Molineux doth make a Molineux to die. 

And Egerton the strength of Egerton doth try. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxii. (162a). 

(S. Daniel, in 1609, published a rhyming 
chronicle of these wars, in eight books.) 

Civi'lis, the great Batavian hero, 
swore to leave his beard and hair uncut 
till he had driven out the Romans (B.C. 69). 

^[ Lumeq (count de la Marck), a de- 
scendant of "The Wild Boar of Ardennes." 



CLACK-DISH. 

swore to do the same till he had liberated 
his country from the Spaniards. — Motley: 
Dutch Republic, partiii. 4. (See Isabella.) 

Clack-Dish, a dish or platter with a 
lid, used at one time by beggars, who 
clacked the lid when persons drew near, 
to arrest attention and thus solicit alms. 

Your beggar of fifty ; and his use was to put a ducat 
In her clack-dish. — Shakespeare : Measure for Mea- 
sure, act iiL sc a (1603). 

Cladpole (Tim), Richard Lower, of 
Chiddingly, author of Tom Cladpole's 
Journey to Lunnun (1831) ; Jan Clad' 
pole's Trip to 'Merricur (1844), etc. 

Claimant (The). William Knollys, 
in The Great Banbury Case, claimed the 
baronetcy, but was non-suited. This 
suit lasted 150 years (1660-1811). 

1T Douglas v. Hamilton, in The Great 
Douglas Case, was settled in favour of the 
claimant, who was at once raised to the 
peerage under the name and title of 
baron Douglas of Douglas Castle; but 
was not restored to the title of duke 
(1767-1769) 

T Tom Provis, a schoolmaster of ill 
repute, who had married a servant of sir 
Hugh Smithes of Ashton Hall, near 
Bristol, claimed the baronetcy and estates. 
He was non-suited and condemned to im- 
prisonment for twenty-one years (1853). 

IT Arthur Orton, who claimed to be sir 
Roger Tichborne (drowned at sea). He 
was non-suited and sentenced to fourteen 
years' imprisonment for perjury (1871- 
1872). 

Clamades (3 syl.) t son of king Cram- 
part, who mounted his father's wooden 
horse, and was conveyed through the 
air at the rate of 100 miles an hour. — 
Alkman : Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Clandestine Marriage ( The). 

Fanny Sterling, the younger daughter of 
Mr. Sterling, a rich city merchant, is 
clandestinely married to Mr. Lovewell, 
an apprentice in the house, of good 
family ; and sir John Melvil is engaged 
to Miss Sterling, the elder sister. Lord 
Ogleby is a guest in the merchant's house. 
Sir John prefers Fanny to her elder sister, 
and not knowing of her marriage, proposes 
to her, but is rejected. Fanny appeals to 
lord Ogleby, who, being a vain old fop, 
fancies she is in love with him, and tells 
Sterling he means to make her a countess. 
Matters being thus involved, Lovewell 
goes to consult with Fanny about de- 
claring their marriage, and the sister, 
convinced that sir John is shut up in her 
sister's room, rouses tne house with a cry 



2x3 CLARA. 

of ' • Thieves ! " Fanny and Lovewell now 
make their appearance. All parties are 
scandalized. But Fanny declares they 
have been married four months, and lord 
Ogleby takes their part. So all ends 
well. — Colman and Garrick (1766). 

(This comedy is a richauffi of The 
False Concord, by Rev. James Townley, 
many of the characters and much of the 
dialogue being preserved.) 

Clang of Shields. To strike the 
shield with the blunt end of a spear was 
in Ossianic times an indication of war to 
the death. A bard, when the shield was 
thus struck, raised the mort-song. 

Cairbar rises in his arms. Darkness gathers on his 
brow. The hundred harps cease at once. The clang 
of shields is heard. Far distant on the heath Olla 
raised the song of woe.— Ossian : Temora, L 

Clapham Academy (Ode on the 
Distant Prospect of), byT. Hood (1847), a 
parody on Gray's Distant Prospect of Eton 
College (1742). 

CLARA, in Otway's comedy called 
The Cheats of Scapin, an English version 
of Les Fourberies de Scapin, by Moliere, 
represents the French character called 
"Hyacinthe." Her father is called by 
Otway "Gripe," and by Moliere "Ge- 
ronte " (2 syl. ) ; her brother is " Leander," 
in French "Leandre;" and her sweet- 
heart "Octavian" son of "Thrifty," in 
French "Octave" son of "Argante." 
The sum of money wrung from Gripe is 
;£2oo, but that squeezed out of Geronte is 
1500 livres. 

Clara [d'Almansa], daughter of 
don Guzman of Seville ; beloved by don 
Ferdinand, but destined by her mother 
for a cloister. She loves Ferdinand ; but 
repulses him from shyness and modesty, 
quits home, and takes refuge in St. 
Catherine's Convent. Ferdinand dis- 
covers her retreat ; and, after a few neces- 
sary blunders, they are married. — 
Sheridan: The Duenna (1773). 

Clara (Donna), the troth-plight wife of 
Octavio. Her affianced husband, having 
killed don Felix in a duel, was obliged to 
lie perdu for a time, and Clara, assuming 
her brother's clothes and name, went in 
search of him. Both came to Salamanca, 
both set up at the Eagle, both hired the 
same servant Lazarillo, and ere long they 
met, recognized each other, and became 
man and wife. — Jephson : Two Strings ta 
your Bow (1792). 

Clara [Douglas], a lovely girl of art- 
less mind, feeling heart, great modesty, 
and well accomplished. She loved Alfred 



CLARCHEN. 



Evelyn, but refused to many him because 
they were both too poor to support a 
house. Evelyn was left an immense for- 
tune, and proposed to Georgina Vesey, 
but Georgina gave her hand to sir Frede- 
rick Blount. Being thus disentangled, 
Evelyn again proposed to Clara, and was 
joyfully accepted. — Lord Lytton: Money 
(1840). 

Clarclien [Kler'-kn], a female cha- 
racter in Goethe's Egmont, noted for her 
constancy and devotion. 

Clare (Ada), cousin of Richard Car- 
stone, both of whom are orphans and 
wards in Chancery. They marry each 
other, but Richard dies young, blighted 
by the law's delay in the great Chancery 
suit of "Jarndyce v. Jarndyce." — C. 
Dickens: Bleak House (1853). 

Clarence (George duke of), intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in Anne of Geier- 
*tein (time, Edward IV.). 

Clarence and the Malmsey- 
Butt. According to tradition, George 
duke of Clarence, having joined Warwick 
to replace Henry VI. on the throne, was 
put to death ; and the choice of the mode 
of death being offered him, he was 
drowned in a butt of malmsey wine 
(i473)- 

Twere better sure to die so, than be shut 
With maudlin Clarence in his malmsey-butt. 

Byron : Don Juan, i. 166 (1819). 

Clarendon ( The earl of), lord chan- 
cellor to Charles II. Introduced by sir 
W. Scott in Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Claribel (Sir), surnamed "The 
Lewd." One of the six knights who con- 
tended for the false Florimel. — Spenser: 
. Faerie Queene, iv. 9 (1596). 

Claribel, the pseudonym of Mrs. 
Barnard, author of numerous popular 
songs (from 1865 to ). 

Clar'ice (3 syl. ), wife of Rinaldo, and 
sister of Huon of Bordeaux. Introduced 
in the romances of Bojardo, Ariosto, 
Tasso, etc. 

Clarin or Clarin'da, the confidential 
maid 01 Radigund queen of the Am'azons. 
When the queen had got sir Ar'tegal into 
her power, and made him change his 
armour for an apron, and his sword for a 
distaff, she fell in love with the captive, 
and sent Clarin to win him over by fair 
promises and indulgences. Clarin per- 
formed the appointed mission, but fell in 
'pve herself wiih the knight, and told the 



SX4 CLARKE. 

queen that sir Artegal was obstinate, and 
rejected her advances with scorn. — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. 5 (1596). 

Clarinda, the heroine of Mrs. Cent- 
livre's drama The Beau's Duel (1703). 

Nothing could be more captivating than Mrs. Prit- 
chard [1711-1768] in "lady^Macbeth, "' 
Hamlet, "Clarinda," 



' The Queen " in 
' Estifania ; " in short, every 
species of strong nature received from her a polish and 
perfection than which nothing could be more truly 
captivating.— Dibdin : History of the Stage, 

(" Estifania," in Rule a Wife and have 
a Wife, by Fletcher (1624).) 

Clarinda, a merry, good-humoured, 
high-spirited lady, in love with Charles 
Frankly. The madcap Ranger is her 
cousin. — Dr. Hoadly ; The Suspicious 
Husband (1747). 

Clarinda of Robert Burns was Mrs. 
Maclehose, who was alive in 1833. 

Clarion, the son and heir of Mus- 
carol. He was the fairest and most 
prosperous of all the race of flies. 
Aragnol, the son of Arachne (the spider), 
entertained a deep and secret hatred of 
the young prince, and set himself to 
destroy him ; so, weaving a most curious 
net, Clarion was soon caught, and Aragnol 
gave him his death-wound by piercing him 
under the left wing. — Spenser: Muiopot 
mos, or The Butterfly's Fate (1590). 

Claris'sa, wife of Gripe the scrivener. 
A lazy, lackadaisical, fine city lady, who 
thinks "a woman must be of mechanic 
mould who is either troubled or pleased 
with anything her husband can do " (act 
i. 3). She has "wit and beauty, with a 
fool to her husband," but though " fooL" 
a hard, grasping, mean old hunks. 

*' I have more subjects for spleen than one. Is It not 

a most horrible thing that I should be a scrivener's wifet 
. . . Don't you think nature designed me for some- 
thing phis elcvde t Why, I dare abuse nobody. I'm 
afraid to affront people, ... or to ruin their reputa- 
tions. ... I dare not raise the lie of a man, though he 
neglects to make love to me ; nor report a woman to 
be a fool, though she is handsomer than I. In short, I 
dare not so much as bid my footman kick people out of 
doors, though they come to dun me for what I owe 
them." — Sir J. Vanbrugh; The Confederacy, L 3 
(1695)- 

Clarissa, sister of Beverley, plighted 
to George Bellmont.— Murphy: All in 
the Wrong (1761). 

Clarissa Harlowe. (See Har- 

LOWE.) 

Clarke (The Rev. T.), the pseudonym 
of John Gall, the novelist (1779-1839). 

Clarke (The Rev. C. C.), one of the 

many pseudonyms of sir Richard Phillips, 
author ot The Hundred Wonders of the 
World (1818), Readings in Natural 
Philosophy, etc. 



CLATHO. 



«5 



CLAVILENO. 



Cla f th.o, the last wife of Fingal and 
mother of Fillan, Fingal's youngest son. 

Claude {The English), Richard Wil- 
son (1714-1782). 

Clau'dine (2 syl. ), wife of the porter 
of the hotel Harancour, and old nurse of 
Julio " the deaf and dumb" count. She 
recognizes the lad, who had been rescued 
by De l'Epee from the streets of Paris, 
and brought up by him under the name 
of Theodore. Ultimately, the guardian 
Darlemont confesses that he had sent him 
adrift under the hope of getting rid of 
him ; but being proved to be the count, 
he is restored to his rank and property. 
—Holcroft: The Deaf and Dumb (1785). 

Clandio {Lord) of Florence, a friend 
of don Pedro prince of Aragon, and 
engaged to Hero (daughter of Leonato 
governor of Messina). — Shakespeare: 
Much Ado about Nothing (1600). 

Clandio, brother of Isabella and the 
suitor of Juliet. He is imprisoned by lord 
Angelo for the seduction of Juliet, and 
his sister Isabella pleads for his release. 
— Shakespeare : Measure for Measure 
(1603). 

Clau'dius, king of Denmark, who 
poisoned his brother, married the widow, 
and usurped the throne. Claudius in- 
duced Laertes to challenge Hamlet to 
play with foils, but persuaded him to 
poison his weapon. In the combat the 
foils got changed, and Hamlet wounded 
Laertes with the poisoned weapon. In 
order still further to secure the death of 
Hamlet, Claudius had a cup of poisoned 
wine prepared, which he intended to give 
Hamlet when he grew thirsty with play- 
ing. The queen, drinking of this cup, 
died of poison ; and Hamlet, rushing on 
Claudius, stabbed him and cried alond, 
" Here, thou incestuous, murderous Dane, 
. . . Follow my mother I " — Shakespeare ; 
Hamlet (1596). 

(In the History of Hamblet, Claudius 
is called " Fengon," a far better name for 
a Dane.) 

Claudius, the instrument of Appius 
the decemvir for entrapping Virginia. He 
pretended that Virginia was his slave, 
who had been stolen from him and sold to 
Virginius. — Knowles : Virginius (1820). 

Claudius {Mathias), a German poet 
born at Rheinfeld, and author of the 
famous song called Rheinweinlied 
(" Rhenish wine-song"), sung at all con- 
rivial feasts of the Germans. 



Claudius, though he sang of flagons. 
And huge tankards filled with Rhenish. 

From the fiery blood of dragons 
Never would his own replenish. 

Longfellow ; Drinking 1 Song. 

Claus {Peter). (See under K.) 

Claus or Klaus {Santa), a familiar 
name for St. Nicholas, the patron saint 
of children. On Christmas Eve German 
children have presents stowed away in 
their socks and shoes while they are 
asleep, and the little credulous ones sup- 
pose that Santa Claus or Klaus placed 
them there. 

St Nicholas Is said to have supplied three destitute 
maidens with marriage portions by secretly leaving 
money with their widowed mother ; and as his day 
occurs just before Christmas, he was selected for the 
gift-giver on Christmas Eve.— Yonge. 

Claverhouse (3 syl), John Graham 
of Claverhouse (viscount Dundee), a re- 
lentless Jacobite, so rapacious and pro- 
fane, so violent in temper and obdurate 
of heart, that every Scotchman hates 
the name. He hunted the covenanters 
with real vindictiveness, and is almost a 
byword for barbarity and cruelty (1650- 
1689). 

Claverhouse, or the marquis of 
Argyll, a kinsman of Ravenswood, intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in The Bride of 
Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

Clavijo {Don), a cavalier who " could 
touch the guitar to admiration, write 
poetry, dance divinely, and had a fine 
genius for making bird-cages." He 
married the princess Antonomasia of 
Candaya, and was metamorphosed by 
Malambru'no into a crocodile of some 
unknown metal. Don Quixote disen- 
chanted him "by simply attempting the 
adventure." — Cervantes: Don Quixote, 
II. iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

Clavile'no, the wooden horse on 
which don Quixote got astride in order 
to disenchant the infanta Antonoma'sia, 
her husband, and the countess Trifaldi 
(called the " Dolori'da duefia"). It was 
" the very horse on which Peter of Pro- 
vence carried off the fair Magalona, and 
was constructed by Merlin." This horse 
was called Clavileno or Wooden Peg, be- 
cause it was governed by a wooden pin 
in the forehead. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, 
II. iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

There Is one peculiar advantage attending this hone; 
he neither eats, drinks, sleeps, nor wants shoeing. . . \ 
His name is not Pegasus, nor Bucephalus; nor is it 
Brilladoro, the name of the steed of Orlando Furioso; 
neither is it Bayarte, which belonged to Reynaldo de 
Montalbon ; nor Bootes, nor Peritoa, the horses of the 
tun ; bet his name is Clavileno the Winged.— Chap. 4. 



CLAYPOLE. 



216 



CLEMENT. 



Claypole {Noah), alias " Morris 
Bolter," an ill-conditioned charity-boy, 
who takes down the shutters of Sower- 
berry's shop and receives broken meats 
from Charlotte (Sowerberry's servant), 
whom he afterwards marries. — Dickens: 
Oliver Twist (1837). 

Cleante (a syl.), brother-in-law of 
Orgon. He is distinguished for his 
genuine piety, and is both high-minded 
and compassionate. — Moliere: La Tar- 
tuffe (1664). 

Cleante (2 syl.), son of Har'pagon 
the miser, in love with Mariane (3 syl.). 
Harpagon, though 60 years old, wished 
to marry the same young lady, but 
Cleante solved the difficulty thus : He 
dug up a casket of gold from the garden, 
hidden under a tree by the miser, and 
while Harpagon was raving about the loss 
of his gold, Cleante told him he might 
take his choice between Mariane and the 
gold. The miser preferred the casket, 
which was restored to him, and Cleante 
married Mariane. — Moliere: L'Avare 
(1667). 

Cleante (2 syl. ), the lover of Ange- 
lique daughter of Argan the malade ima- 
ginaire. As Argan had promised Ange- 
lique in marriage to Thomas Diafoirus a 
young surgeon, Cleante carries on his 
love as a music-master, and though Argao 
is present, the lovers sing to each other 
their plans under the guise of an interlude 
called " Tircis and Philis." Ultimately, 
Argan assents to the marriage of his 
daughter with Cleante. — Molttre: Lt 
Malade Imaginaire (1673). 

Clean 'the (2 syl.), sister of Siphax 
of Paphos.— Beaumont (?) and Fletchers 
The Mad Lover (1617). 

Beaumont died 1616. 

Cleanthe (3 syl.), the lady beloved 
by Ion.— Talfourd: Ion (1835). 

Clean'thes (3 syl.), son of Leon Ides 
and husband of Hippolita, noted for his 
filial piety. The duke of Epire made a 
law that all men who had attained the 
age of 80 should be put to death as use- 
less incumbrances of the commonwealth. 
Simonid£s, a young libertine, admired the 
law, but Clean thes looked on it with 
horror, and determined to sa re his father 
from its operation. Accordingly, he gave 
out that his father was dead, and an osten- 
tatious funeral took place ; but Cleanthgs 
retired to a wood, where he concealed 
Leon'id£s, while he and his wife waited 
on him and administered to his wants. 



— The Old Law (a comedy of Philip 
Massinger, T. Middleton.and W. Rowley, 
1620). 

Clegrg" [Holdfast), a puritan millwright. 
— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

CleishTjotham (Jededi'ah), school- 
master and parish clerk of Gandercleuch, 
who employed his assistant teacher to 
arrange and edit the tales told by the 
landlord of the Wallace inn of the same 
parish. These tales the editor disposed 
in three series, called by the general title 
of The Tales of My Landlord ( q. v. ). (See 
introduction of The Black Dwarf.) Of 
course the real author is sir Walter Scott 
(1771-1832). 

Mrs. Dorothea Cleishbotham, wife of the 
schoolmaster, a perfect Xantippe, and 
"sworn sister of the Eumen'id£s." 

Cle'lia or Clcelia, a Roman maiden, 
one of the hostages given to Por'sina. 
She made her escape from the Etruscan 
camp by swimming across the Tiber. 
Being sent back by the Romans, Porsma 
not only set her at liberty for her gallant 
deed, but allowed her to take with her 
a part of the hostages. Mdlle. Scuden 
has a novel on the subject, entitled 
CUlie, Histoire Romaine. 

Our statues— not of those that men desire- 
Sleek odalisques [Turkish slaves] . . . but 
The Carian Artemisia . . . [See p. 63. j 
Clelia, Cornelia . . . and the Roman brows 
Of Agrippina, 

Tennyson: The Princess, B. 

Clelia, a vain, frivolous female butter- 
fly,- with a smattering of everything. In 
youth she was a coquette ; and when youth 
was passed, tried sundry means to earn 
a living, but without success. — Crabbe; 
The Borough (1810). 

Clelie (2 syl.), the heroine of a novel 
so called by Mdlle. Scuden. (See 
Clelia.) 

Clemanthe, the heroine of Talfourd's 
tragedy of Ion (1835). 

Clement, one of the attendants of 
sir Reginal Front de Boeuf (a follower of 
prince John). — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Clem'ent {Justice), a man quite able 
to discern between fun and crime. 
Although he had the weakness "of 
justices' justice," he had not the weak- 
ness of ignorant vulgarity. 

Kncrwell. They say he will commit a man for taking 
the wall of his horse. 

Wcllbred. Ay, or for wearing his cloak on one 
shoulder, or serving God. Everything, indeed, if it 
comes in the way of his humour.— Ben Vinson : Evert 
Man in His Humour, iii. ■ (159*. 



CLEMENTINA. 



817 



CLEOPATRA. 



Clementi'na ( The lady) , an amiable, 
delicate, beautiful, accomplished, but un- 
fortunate woman, deeply in love with sir 
Charles Grandison. Sir Charles married 
Harriet Biron. — Richardson : The History 
of Sir Charles Grandison (1753). 

Those scenes relating to the history of Clementina 

contain passages ot deep pathos Encyclopedia 

Britannica (article " Fielding ')• 

Shakespeare himself has scarcely drawn a more affect- 
ing or harrowing picture of high-souled suffering and 
blighting calamity than the madness of Clementina. — 
Chambers ; English Literature, ii. i6z. 

Cle'ofas {Don), the hero of a novel 
by Lesage, entitled Le Diable Boiteux 
{The Devil on Two Sticks). A fiery 
young Spaniard, proud, high-spirited, 
and revengeful ; noted for gallantry, but 
not without generous sentiments. Asmo- 
de'us (4 syl.) shows him what is going 
on in private families by unroofing the 
houses (1707). 

Cleombrotus or Ambracio'ta of 
Ambrac'ia (in Epirus). Having read 
Plato's book on the soul's immortality 
and happiness in another life, he was so 
ravished with the description that he 
leaped into the sea that he might die and 
enjoy Plato's elysium. 

He who to enjoy 
Plato's elysium leaped into the sea, 
Cleoiiibrotus. 
Mttton ; paradise Lost, ui. 471, etc. (1665). 

Cleom'enes (4 syl.), the hero and 
title of a drama by Dryden (1692). 

As Dryden came out of the theatre a young fop of 
fashion said to him, " If 1 had been left alone with a 
young beauty, I would not have spent my time like 
your Spartan hero." " Perhaps not," said the poet, 
"but you are not my hero."— IV. C. Russell; Repre- 
sentative Actors. 

Cleom'enes (4 syl.). " The Venus of 
Cleomenes" is now called "The Venus 
di Medici." 

Such a mere moist lump was once . . . the Venus of 
Cleomenes.— Ouida ; AriadnS, i. 8. 

Cle'011, governor of Tarsus, burnt to 
death with his wife Dionys'ia by the 
enraged citizens, to revenge the supposed 
murder of Mari'na, daughter of Per'icl£s 
prince of Tyre. — Shakespeare: Pericles 
Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Cleon, the personification of glory. — 

Spenser : Faerie Queene. 

Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, wife of 
Ptolemy Dionysius her brother. She 
was driven from her throne, but re-estab- 
lished by Julius Caesar, B.C. 47. Antony, 
captivated by her, repudiated his wife, 
Octavia, to live with the fascinating 
Egyptian. After the loss of the battle 
of Actium, Cleopatra killed herself by 
an asp. 

N.B. — Shakespeare calls the word 



Cleopa'tra or Cleopat'ra. Witness the 
following quotations from his play of 
Antony and Cleopatra: — 

Had gone to gaze on Cleopatra, too. li. a. 

Next Cleopatra does confess tny greatness. HL 12. 
Bear me, good friends, where Cleopatra bides, iv. 14. 

The Greek word is KXeonarpa. Yet 
many persons call the word Cleop'atra. 

^[ The tales of Cleopatra and Sopho- 
nisba are very much alike in many points. 
Both were young and fascinating ; both 
were married ; both held their conqueror 
in the bonds of love ; both killed them- 
selves to prevent being made Roman 
captives ; and both are subjects of more 
tragedies than any other woman. 

(E. Jodelle wrote in French a tragedy 
called CUopdtre Captive (1550) ; Jean 
Mairet one called CUopdtre (1630) ; Isaac 
de Benserade (1670), J. F. Marmontel 
(1750), Alfieri (1773), and Mde. de 
Girardin (1847) wrote tragedies in French 
on the same subject. S. Daniel (1599) 
wrote a tragedy in English called Cleo- 
patra, in imitation of the Greek tragedies, 
with a chorus between each act ; Shake- 
speare one called Antony and Cleopatra 
(1608); and Dryden one on the same 
subject called All for Love or The World 
Well Lost (1682).) 

(Mrs. Oldfield (1683 -1730) and Peg 
[Margaret J Woffington (1718-1760) were 
unrivalled in Cleopatra. ) 

Cleopatra and the Pearl. The tale is 
that Cleopatra made a sumptuous ban- 
quet, which excited the surprise of 
Antony ; whereupon the queen took a 
pearl ear-drop, dissolved it in a strong 
acid, and drank the liquor to the health 
of the triumvir, saying, "My draught to 
Antony shall exceed in value the whole 
banquet.' 

If When queen Elizabeth visited the 
Exchange, sir Thomas Gresham pledged 
her health in a cup of wine containing a 
precious stone crushed to atoms, and 
worth ,£15,000. 

Here .£15,000 at one clap goes 
Instead of sugar ; Gresham drinks the pearl 
Unto his queen and mistress. Pledge it, lords. 
Heywood ; 1/ You Knouu not Me, You Know Nobody. 

If A similar tale is referred to by Horace 
(2 Satires, iii. 239-241). Clodius, son of 
vEsop the tragedian, melted a pearl of 
great value in a strong acid, and drank 
the draught off in compliment to Caecilia 
Metella. Horace adds it would have 
been wiser if he had tossed it into the 
sewer. 

This Is referred to by Valerius Maximus, be 1 ; bjp 
Macrobius, iii. 14; and by Pliny, Ix. 35. 

Cleopatra in Hades. Cleopatra, lays 



CLEOPATRA. 



218 



CLIFFORD. 



Rabelais, is " a crier of onions " in the 
shades below. The Latin for a pearl 
and onion is unto, and the pun refers to 
Cleopatra giving her pearl (or onion) to 
Antony in a draught of wine, or, as some 
say, drinking it herself in toasting her lover. 
— Rabelais : Pantagruel, ii. 30 (1533). 

Cleopatra, queen of Syria, daughter 
of Ptolemy Philome'ter king of Egypt. 
She first married Alexander Bala, the 
usurper (b.c. 149) ; next Deme'trius 
Nica'nor. Demetrius, being taken pri- 
soner by the Parthians, married Rodo- 
gune (3 syl.), daughter of Phraa'tes (3 
syl.) the Parthian king, and Cleopatra 
married Antiochus Side't&s, brother of 
Demetrius. She slew her son Seleucus 
(by Demetrius) for treason, and, as this 
produced a revolt, abdicated in favour 
of her second son, Anti'ochus VIII., who 
compelled her to drink poison which she 
had prepared for himself. P. Corneille 
has made this the subject of his tragedy 
called Rodogune (1646). 

N.B.— This is not the Cleopatra of 
Shakespeare's and Dryden's tragedies. 

Clere'mont (2 syl. ), a merry gentle- 
man, the friend of Dinant'. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher: The Little French Lawyer 
(posthumous, 1647). 

Cleriker, head of the agency firm 
in which Herbert Pocket was a partner. 
Herbert introduced Pip, when he lost his 
property, as a clerk ; and after eleven 
years' service he also became a partner. — 
Dickens : Great Expectations (1861). 

Cler'imond, niece ,of the Green 
Knight, sister of Fer'ragus the giant, 
and bride of Valentine the brave. — Valen- 
tine and Orson. 

Clerk's Tale (The), in Chaucer's 
Canterbury Tales. (See Gkisstlda.) 

Clerks (St. Nicholas's), thieves, also 
called "St. Nicholas's Clergymen," in 
allusion to the tradition of " St, Nicholas 
and the thieves." Probably a play on 
the words Nich-olas and Old Nick may 
be designed. — See Shakespeare, 1 Henry 
IV. act ii. sc. 1 (1597). 

Clessammor, son of Thaddu and 
brother of Morna (Fingal's mother). He 
married Moina, daughter of Reuthamir 
(the principal man of Balclutha, on the 
Clyde). It so happened that Moina was 
beloved by a Briton named Reuda, who 
came with an army to carry her off. 
Reuda was slain by Clessammor ; but 
Clessammor, being closely pressed by 
the Britons, fled, and never again saw 



his bride. In due time a son was 
born, called Carthon ; but the mother 
died. While Carthon was still an infant, 
Fingal's father attacked Balclutha, and 
slew Reuthama (Carthon's grandfather). 
When the boy grew to manhood, he 
determined on vengeance ; accordingly 
he invaded Morven, the kingdom of 
Fingal, where Clessammor, not knowing 
who he was, engaged him in single 
combat, and slew him. When he dis- 
covered that it was his son, three days he 
mourned for him, and on the fourth he 
died. — Ossian : Carthon. 

Cleveland (Barbara Villiers, duchess 
of), one of the mistresses of Charles II., 
introduced by sir W. Scott in Peveril of 
the Peak. 

Cleveland (Captain Clement), alias 
Vaughan [Vawn], "the pirate," son of 
Noma of the Fitful Head. He is in love 
with Minna Troil (daughter of Magnus 
Troil, the udaller of Zetland).— Sir W. 
Scott: The. Pirate (time, William III.). 

Clever, the man-servant of Hero 
Sutton " the city maiden." When Hero 
assumed the guise of a quaker, Clever 
called himself Obadiah, and pretended to 
be a rigid quaker also. His constant 
exclamation was " Umph I" — Knowles : 
Woman's Wit, etc. (1838). 

CLIFFORD (Mr.), the heir of sir 

William Charlton in right of his mother, 
and in love with lady Emily Gayville. The 
scrivener Alscrip had fraudulently got 
possession of the deeds of the Charlton 
estates, which he had given to his 
daughter called " the heiress," and which 
amounted to £2000 a year; but Rightly, 
the lawyer, discovered the fraud, and 
"the heiress" was compelled to relin- 
quish this part of her fortune. Clifford 
then proposed to lady Emily, and was 
accepted. — General Burgoyne : The 
Heiress (1781). 

Clifford (Henry lord), a general in the 
English army. — Sir W. Scott: Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Clifford (Paul), a highwayman, re- 
formed by the power of love. — Lord 
Lytton : Paul Clifford, a novel (1830). 

V This novel is on similar lines to Jottathan Wild, 
by Fielding (1754). Ainsworth's yack Sheppard (1839) 
is another novel of similar character. 

Clifford (Rosamond), usually callea 
"The Fair Rosamond," the favourite 
mistress of Henry II. ; daughter of 
Walter lord Clifford. She is introduced 
by sir W. Scott in two novels, The Talis* 
man and H oodstock. Dryden says — 



CLIFFORD. 

$bne Clifford was her name, as books aver, 
"Fair Rosamond " was but her nont de guerre. 
Epilogue to Henry II. 

Clifford [Sir Thomas), betrothed to 
Tulia (daughter of Master Walter " the 
hunchback "). He is wise, honest, truth- 
ful, and well-favoured, kind, valiant, and 
prudent. — Knowles : The Hunchback 
(1831). 

Clifford Street (London), so named 
from Elizabeth Clifford, daughter of the 
last earl of Cumberland, who married 
Richard Boyle, earl of Burlington, (bee 
Savile Row.) 

Clifton {Harry), lieutenant of H.M. 
ship Tiger. A daring, dashing, care-for- 
nobody young English sailor, delighting 
in adventure, and loving a good scrape. 
He and his companion Mat Mizen take 
the side of El Hyder, and help to re- 
establish the Chereddin, prince of Delhi, 
who had been dethroned by Ha met Ab- 
dulerim. — Barrymore: El Hyder, Chief 
of the Ghaut Mountains. 

Clim of the Clough. (See Clym.) 

Clincher {Beau). (See Beau, p. 99.) 

Clink {Jem), the turnkey at New- 
gate.— Sir W. Scott : Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II.). 

Clinker {Humphry), a poor work- 
house lad, put out by the parish as 
apprentice to a blacksmith, and after- 
wards employed as an ostler's assistant 
and extra postilion. Being dismissed 
from the stables, he enters the service 
of Mr. Bramble, a fretful, grumpy, but 
kind-hearted and generous old gentle- 
man, greatly troubled with gout. Here 
he falls in love with Winifred Jenkins, 
Miss Tabitha Bramble's maid, and turns 
out to be a natural son of Mr. Bramble. — 
Smollett: The Expedition of Humphry 
Clinker (1771). 

(Probably this novel suggested to 
Dickens his Adventures of Oliver Twist.) 

Clio, an anagram of C[helsea], 
L[ondon], Islington], 0[fficej, the 
places from which Addison despatched 
nis papers for the Spectator. The papers 
gigned by any of these letters are by 
Addison ; hence called " Clio." 

Whtn panting virtue her last efforts made, 
You brought your Cite to the virgin's aid. 

SomervilU. 

Clip'pnrse {Lawyer), the lawyer 
employed by sir Everaru Waverley to 
make his will. — Sir W. Scott : Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Cliquot [Klee'ko], a nickname given 



ai9 CLOE. 

by Punch to Frederick William IV. of 
Prussia, from his love of champagne 
of the "Cliquot brand" (1795, 1840- 
1861). 

Clitandre, a wealthy bourgeois, in 
love with Henriette, " the thorough 
woman," by whom he is beloved with 
fervent affection. Her elder sister Ar- 
mande (2 syl.) also loves him, but her 
love is of the Platonic hue, and Clitandre 
prefers in a wife the warmth of woman's 
love to the marble of philosophic ideality. 
— Moliere : Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 

_ Cloaci'na, the presiding personifica- 
tion of city sewers. (Latin, cloaca, "a 
sewer.") 

. . . Cloacina, goddess of the tide 

Whose sable streams beneath the city glide. 

Gay : Trivia, u. (171a). 

Clod'dipole (3 syl), " the wisest 
lout of all the neighbouring plain." Ap- 
pointed to decide the contention between 
Cuddy and Lobbin Clout. 

From Cloddipole we learn to read the skies. 

To know when hail will fall, or winds arise. 

He taught us erst the heifer's tail to view, 

When struck aloft that showers would straight ensue. 

He first that useful secret did explain, 

That pricking corns foretell the gathering rain ; 

When swallows fleet soar high and sport in air. 

He told us that the welkin would be clear. 

Gay: Pastoral, I. (1714). 

(Cloddipole is the "Palaemon" of 
Virgil's Bucolic iii.) 

Clo'dio {Count) % a dishonourable 
pursuer of Zeno'cia, the chaste troth- 
plight wife of Arnoldo. — Fletclier : The 
Custom of the Country (1647). 

Clodio, the younger son of don 
Antonio, a coxcomb and braggart. 
Always boasting of his great acquaint- 
ances, his conquests, and his duels. His 
snuff-box he thinks more of than his 
lady-love, he interlards his speech with 
French, and exclaims "Split mel" by 
way of oath. Clodio was to have 
married Angelina, but the lady preferred 
his elder brother Carlos, a bookworm, 
and Clodio engaged himself to Elvira of 
Lisbon. — Cibber : Love Makes a Man 
(1694). 

Clodpole. Ploughshare and Clod pole 
are two adventurers whose absurdities, in 
their " Journcv to London," are described 
in Bumkin's Disaster by J. Strutt (1808). 

Clo'e, in love with the shepherd 
Thenot, but Thenot rejects her suit out of 
admiration of the constancy of Clorinda 
for her dead lover. Cloe is wanton, 
coarse, and immodest, the very reverse ot 
Clorinda, who is a virtuous, chaste, and 



CLORA. 



CLOUT. 



faithful shepherdess. ("Thenot," the 
final / is sounded.) — John Fletcher: The 
Faithful Shepherdess (1610). (See Chloe). 

Clo'ra, sister to Fabrit'io the merry 
soldier, and the sprightly companion of 
Frances (sister to Frederick). — Beaumont 
and Fletcher : The Captain (1613). 

Clorida'no, a humble Moorish youth, 
who joined Medo'ro in seeking the body 
of king Dardinello to bury it. Medoro 
being wounded, Cloridano rushed madly 
into the ranks of the enemy and was 
slain. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Clorin'da, daughter of Sena 'pus of 
Ethiopia (a Christian). Being born white, 
her mother changed her for a black child. 
The eunuch Arse'tes (3 syl. ) was entrusted 
with the infant Clorinda, and as he was 
going through a forest, saw a tiger, 
dropped the child, and sought safety in 
a tree. The tiger took the babe and 
suckled it, after which the eunuch carried 
the child to Egypt. In the siege of Jeru- 
salem by the crusaders, Clorinda was a 
leader of the pagan forces. Tancred fell 
in love with her, but slew her unknowingly 
in a night attack. Before she expired she 
received Christian baptism at the hands 
of Tancred, who greatly mourned her 
death. — Tasso; Jerusalem Delivered, xii. 

(167S). 

(The story of Clorinda is borrowed from 
the Theag"anes and Charicle'a of Helio- 
dorus bishop of Trikka.) 

Clorinda, " the faithful shepherdess," 
called " The Virgin of the Grove," faith- 
ful to her buried love. From this beauti- 
ful character, Milton has drawn his 
"lady" in Comus. Compare the words 
of the "First Brother" about chastity, 
in Milton's Comus, with these lines of 
Clorinda — 

Yet I have heard (my mother told ft ma). 

And now I do believe it, if I keep 

My virgin flower uncropt, pure, chaste, and fair, 

No goblin, wood-god, fairy, elf, or fiend, 

Satyr, or other power that haunts the grove* 

Shall hurt my body, or by vain illusion 

Draw me to wander after idle fires, 

Or voices calling me in dead of night 

To make me follow, and so tole me on 

Through mire and standing pools, to find my ruin. 

. . . Sure there's a power 

In that great name of Virgin that binds fast 

All rude, uncivil bloods. . . . Then strong Chastity, 

Be thou my strongest guard. 

y. Fletcher : The Faithful Shepherdess (1610). 

Gloris, the damsel beloved by prince 
Preti v man. — Duke of Buckingham : The 
Rehearsal (1671). 

Clotaire ( 2 syl, ). The ki n g of I ra nee 
exclaimed on his death-bed, "Oh how 
great must be the King of Heaven, if He 



can kill so mighty a monarch as I am ! " 
— Gregory of Tours, iv. 21. 

Cloten or Cloton, king of Cornwall, 
one of the five kings of Britain after the 
extinction of the line of Brute (1 syl.). — 
Geoffrey : British History, ii. 17 (1142). 

Cloten, a vindictive lout, son of the 
second wife of Cymbeline by a former 
husband. He is noted for ' ' his unmean- 
ing frown, his shuffling gait, his burst 
of voice, his bustling insignificance, his 
fever-and-ague fits of valour, his froward 
tetchiness, his unprincipled malice, and 
occasional gleams of good sense." Cloten 
is the rejected lover of Imogen (the 
daughter of his father-in-law by his first 
wife), and is slain in a duel by Guiderius. 
— Shakespeare: Cymbeline (1605). 

Clotlia'rius or Cloth aire, leader of 
the Franks after the death of Hugo. He 
is shot with an arrow by Clorinda. — 
Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered, xi. (1675). 

Cloud. A dark spot on the forehead 
of a horse between the eyes. It gives the 
creature a sour look indicative of ill 
temper, and is therefore regarded as a 
blemish. 

Agrippa. He [Antony] has a cloud In his face. 
Enobarbus. He were the worse for that were he a 
horse. , 

Shakespeare : A ntony andCUopatra, act ill. sc s (1608). 

Cloud (St.), patron saint of nail- 
smiths. A play on the French word clou 
("a nail") 

Cloudesley ( William of), a famous 
North-country archer, the companion of 
Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough, 
whose feats of robbery were chiefly carried 
on in Englewood Forest, near Carlisle. 
William Cloudesley was taken prisoner at 
Carlisle, and was about to be hanged, but 
was rescued by his two companions. 
The three then went to London to ask 
pardon of the king, which at the queen's 
intercession was granted. The king 
begged to see specimens of their skill in 
archery, and was so delighted therewith, 
that he made William a "gentleman of 
fe," and the other two "yemen of his 
chambre." The feat of William Cloudes- 
ley was very similar to that of William 
Tell (q.v.). — Percy : Reliques, I. ii. 1. 

Clout (Colin), a shepherd loved by 
Marian "the parson's maid," but for 
whom Colin (who loved Cicely) felt no 
affection. (See Colin Clout.) 

Young Colin Clout, a lad of peerless meed. 
Full well could dance, and deftly tune the read ; 
In every wood his carols sweet were known, 
At every wake his nimble feats were shown. 
Gay : Pastoral, ii. 



CLOUT. 



CLYTUS. 



Clout (Lobbin), a shepherd, in love with* 
Blouzelinda. He challenged Cuddy to a 
contest of song in praise of their respec- 
tive sweethearts, and Cloddipole was 
appointed umpire. Cloddipole was unable 
to award the prize, for each merited ' ' an 
oaken staff for his pains." " Have done, 
however, for the herds are weary of the 
songs, and so am I." — Gay: Pastoral, i. 

( I 7 I 4)- 

(An imitation of Virgil's Bucolic iii.) 
N.B. — "Colin Clout" is the name 
under which Spenser describes himself in 
The Shepherd's Calendar. (See Colin 
Clout. ) 

Club-Bearer {The), Periphe'tSs, the 
robber of Ar'golis, who murdered his 
victims with an iron club. — Greek Fable. 

Clumsy (Sir Tunbelly), father of 
Miss Hoyden. A mean, ill-mannered 
squire and justice of the peace, living 
near Scarborough. Most cringing to the 
aristocracy, whom he toadies and courts. 
Sir Tunbelly promised to give his 
daughter in marriage to lord Foppington, 
but Tom Fashion, his lordship's younger 
brother, pretends to be lord Foppington, 
gains admission to the family, and marries 
her. When the real lord Foppington 
arrived, he was treated as an impostor, 
but Tom confessed the ruse. His lord- 
ship treated the knight with such ineffable 
contempt, that sir Tunbelly's temper was 
aroused, and Tom received into high 
favour. — Sheridan: A Trip to Scar- 
borough (1777). 

(This character appears in Vanbrugh's 
Relapse, of which comedy the Trip to 
Scarborough is an abridgment and 
adaptation.) 

Clumsy, Belgrade's dog. (See Dog. ) 

Cluppins (Mrs.), in The Pickwick 
Papers by Dickens. She is the leading 
witness for the plaintiff (Mrs. Bardell) 
in the suit of " Bardell v. Pickwick." 

Clu'ricauue (3 syl.), an Irish elf of 
evil disposition, especially noted for his 
knowledge of hid treasure. He generally 
assumes the appearance of a wrinkled old 
man. 

Clu'tha, the Clyde. 

I came in my bounding ship to Balclutha'i walls of 
towers. The winds had roared behind my sails, and 
Clutha's stream received my dark-bosomed ship.— 
Osstan : Carthon. 

Clutterbuck (Captain), the hypo- 
thetical editor of some of sir Walter 
Scott's novels, as The Monastery and 
The Fortunes of Nigel. Captain Clutter- 
buck is a retired officer, who employs 



himself in antiquarian researches and 
literary idleness. The Abbot is dedicated 
by the "author of Waverley " to "cap- 
tain Clutterbuck," late of his majesty's 
infantry regiment. 

Clym of the Clough ("Clement 
of the Cliff"), a noted outlaw, associated 
with Adam Bell and William of Cloudes- 
ley, in Englewood Forest, near Carlisle. 
When William was taken prisoner at 
Carlisle, and was about to be hanged, 
Adam and Clym shot the magistrates, 
and rescued their companion. The 
mayor with his posse went out against 
them, but they shot the mayor, as they 
had done the sheriff, and fought their 
way out of the town. They then hastened 
to London to beg pardon of the king, 
which was granted them at the queen's 
intercession. The king, wishing to see a 
specimen of their shooting, was so de- 
lighted at their skill that he made Wil- 
liam a "gentleman of fe," and the other 
two "yemen of his chambre." — Percy: 
Reliques ("Adam Bell," etc.), I. ii. 1. 

Cly'tie, a water-nymph, in love with 
Apollo. Meeting with no return, she was 
changed into a sunflower, or rather a 
tournesol, which still turns to the sun, 
following him through his daily course. 

N.B. — The sunflower does not turn to 
the sun. On the same stem may be seen 
flowers in every direction, and not one of 
them shifts the direction in which it has 
first opened. T. Moore (1814) says — 

The sunflower turns on her god when he sets 
The same look which she turned when he rose. 

(This may do in poetry, but it is not 
correct. The sunflower is so called 
simply because the flower resembles a 
picture sun.) 

N.B— Lord Thurlow (1821) adopted 
Tom Moore's error, and enlarged it — 

Behold, my dear, this lofty flower 
That now the golden sun receives; 

No other deity has power, 
But only Phoebus, on her leaves ; 

As he in radiant glory burns. 

From east to west her visage turns. 

The Sunflower. 

Clytus, an old officer in the army of 
Philip of Macedon, and subsequently in 
that of Alexander. At a banquet, when 
both were heated with wine, Clytus said 
to Alexander, " Philip fought men, but 
Alexander women," and after some other 
insults, Alexander in his rage stabbed 
the old soldier ; but instantly repented 
and said — 

What has my vengeance done T 
Who is it thou hast slain T CIvtusT What was net 
The faithfullcst subject, worthiest counsellor. 
The bravest soldier. He who saved my life. 



CNEUS. i 

Fighting bare-headed at the river Granlc. 

For a rash word, spoke in the heat of wine, 
The poor, the honest Clytus thou hast slain,— 
Crytus, thy friend, thy guardian, thy preserver t 
Lee : Alexander the Great, iv. 2 (1678). 

die 'us, the Roman officer in com- 
mand of the guard set to watch the tomb 
of Jesus, lest the disciples should steal 
the body, and then declare that it had 
risen from the dead. — Klopsfock: The 
Messiah, xiii. (1771). 

Coaches, says Stow, in his Chronicle, 
were introduced by Fitz- Allen, earl of 
Arundel, in 1580. 

Before the costly coach and silken stock came in. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Coal Hole ( The), subsequently called 
"The Cyder Cellars," Fountain Court, 
Strand (London), was founded by John 
Rhodes, a burly fellow with a bass voice, 
for the coal-heavers and coal-whippers of 
the adjacent Thames wharves. Rhodes 
died in 1847, and the last manager, before 
the house was demolished, was Charles 
Wilmot. The entertainment was some 
trial which was licentiously perverted. 

Coals. To carry coals, to put up with 
affronts. The boy says in Henry V. 
(act iii. sc. 2), "I knew . . . the men 
would carry coals." So in Romeo and 
Juliet (act i. sc. 1), " Gregory, o' my 
word, we'll not cany coals." Ben Jon- 
son, in Every Man out of His Hu??iour, 
says, " Here comes one that will carry 
coals, ergo, will hold my dog." 

The time hath been when I would 'a scorned to carry 
coals.— Troubles q/Queene Elizabeth (1639). 

{To carry corn is to bear wealth, to 
be rich. He does not carry corn well, 
44 He does not deport himself well in his 
prosperity. ") 

Co'an {The), Hippocrates, the "Father 
of Medicine" (B.C. 460-357). 

. . . the great Coan, him whom Nature made 
To sexve the costliest creature of her tribe [man\ 
Dante: Purgatory, xxix. (1308). 

Co'anocot'zin (5 syl.), king of the 
Az'tecas. Slain in battle by Madoc.— 
Sou they : Madoc (1805). 

Co'atel, daughter of AculTiua, a priest 
of the Az'tecas, and wife of Lincoya. 
Lincoya, being doomed for sacrifice, 
fled for refuge to Madoc, the Welsh 
prince, who had recently landed on the 
North American coast, and was kindly 
treated by him. This gave Coatel 
a sympathetic interest in the White 
strangers, and she was not backward in 
showing it. Thus, when young Hoel 
was kidnapped, and confined in a cavern 
to starve to death, Coatel visited him and 
took him food. Again, when prince 



ta COCK AND PIE. 

Madoc was entrapped, she contrived to 
release him, and assisted the prince to 
carry off young Hoel. After the defeat 
of the Az'tecas by the White strangers, 
the chief priest declared that some one 
had proved a traitor, and resolved to dis- 
cover who it was by handing round a cup, 
which he said would be harmless to the 
innocent, but death to the guilty. When 
it was handed to Coatel, she was so 
frightened that she dropped down dead. 
Her father stabbed himself, and "fell 
upon his child," and when Lincoya heard 
thereof, he flung himself down from a 
steep precipice on to the rocks below. — 
Sou they : Madoc (1805). 

Cob {Oliver) |, a great admirer of 
Bobadil {q.v.) in Ben Jonson's Every 
Man in His Humour (1596). 

Cobb {Ephraim), in Cromwell's troop. 
— Sir IV. Scott: Woodstock (time, Com- 
monwealth). 

Cobb, the "^oots" in the story of 
The Holly-tree inn, by Dickens (1855). 
He tells the story of a boy, eight years 
old, eloping to Gretna Green with a girl 
of seven. 

Cobb {Tom), one of "The Quadri- 
lateral," in the novel of Barnaby Rudge, 
by Dickens (1841). The other three were 
Willet (senior), Phil. Parkes, and Solomon 
Daisy. 

Cobbler-Poet {The), Hans Sachs 
of Nuremberg. (See TWELVE Wise 
Mast rs.) 

Cobham {Eleanor), wife of Hum- 
phrey duke of Gloucester, and aunt of 
king Henry VI., compelled to do penance 
bare-foot in a sheet in London, and after 
that to live in the Isle of Man in banish- 
ment, for "sorcery." In 2 Henry VI. 
Shakespeare makes queen Margaret "box 
her ears;" but this could not be, as 
Eleanor was banished three years before 
Margaret came to England. 

Stand forth, dame Eleanor Cobham, Gloster's wifc ... 
You, madam . . . despoiled of your honour ... 
Shall, after three days' open penance done. 
Live in your country here in banishment, 
With sir John Stanley, in the Isle of Man. 

Shakespeare: a Henry VI. act ii. sc 3 (1591). 

Cocagne ( The Land of), a poem full 
of life and animation, by Hans Sachs, 
the cobbler, called "The prince of meister- 
singers " (1494-1574). (See Cockaigne. ) 

Cock and Pie. Douce explains thus — 

In the days of chivalry It was the practice to make 
solemn vows for the performance of any considerable 
enterprise. This was usually done at some festival, 
when a roasted peacock, being served up In a dish of 
gold or silver, was presented to the knight, who then 
made his vow with great solemnity. 



COCK OF WESTMINSTER. 



223 



COCLES. 



Cock of Westminster {The). 
Castell, a shoemaker, was so called from 
his very early hours. He was one of the 
benefactors of Christ's Hospital (London). 

Cockade. 

The Black Cockade. Badge of the 
house of Hanover, worn at first only by 
the servants of the royal household, the 
diplomatic corps, the army, and navy ; 
but now worn by the servants of justices, 
deputy-lieutenants, and officers both of 
the militia and volunteers. 

The White Cockade. (1) Badge of the 
Stuarts, and hence of the Jacobites. (2) 
Badge ol the Bourbons, and hence of the 
royaiists of France. 

Tht White and Green Cockade. Badge 
worn by the French in the " Seven Years 
War" (1756). 

The Blue and Red Cockade. Badge of 
the city of Paris from 1789. 

The Tricolour was the union of the 
white Bourbon and blue and red of the 
city of Paris. It was adopted by Louis 
XVI. at the H6tel de Ville, July 17, 1789, 
and has ever since been recognized as the 
national symbol, except during the brief 
" restoration," when the Bourbon white 
was for the time restored. 

Royal Cockades are large and circular, 
half the disc projects above the top of 
the hat. 

Naval Cockades hive no fan-shaped 
appendage, and do not project above the 
top of the hat. 

(All other cockades worn for livery are 
fan-shaped.) 

Cockaigne' {The Land of), an imagi- 
nary land of pleasure, wealth, luxury, and 
idleness. London is so called. Boileau 
applies the word to Paris. The Land of 
Cokayne is the subject of a burlesque, 
which, Warton says, "was evidently 
written soon after the Conquest, at least 
before the reign of Henry II." — History 
of English Poetry, i. 12. 

The bouses were made of barley-sugar and cakes, 
the streets were paved with pastry, and the shops 
supplied goods without requiring money in payment. 
— The Land of Coikainne (an old French poem, 
thirteenth century). (See COCAGNE.) 

(This satirical poem is printed at length 
by Ellis, in his Specimens of Early Eng- 
lish Poets, i. 83-95.) 

Cocker {Edward) published a useful 
treatise on arithmetic in the reign of 
Charles II., which had a prodigious suc- 
cess, and has given rise to the proverb, 
"According to Cocker " (1632-1675). 

Cockle {Sir John), the miller of Mans- 



field, and keeper of Sherwood Forest. 
Hearing a gun fired one night, he went 
into the forest, expecting to find poachers, 
and seized the king (Henry VIII), who 
had been hunting and had got separated 
from his courtiers. When the miller dis- 
covered that his captive was not a poacher, 
he offered him a night's lodging. Next 
day the courtiers were brought to Cockle's 
house by under-keepers, to be examined 
as poachers, and it was then discovered 
that the miller's guest was the king. The 
"merry monarch" knighted the miller, 
and settled on him 1000 marks a year.— 
Dodsley: The King and the Miller of 
Mansfield (1737). 

Cockle of Rebellion (The), that 
is the weed called the cockle, not the 
crustacean. 

We nourish 'gainst our senate 
The cockle of rebellion. 
Shakespeare : Coriolanus, act iii. sc. i (1609). 

Cockney (Nicholas), a rich City 
grocer, brother of Barnacle. Priscilla 
Tomboy, of the West Indies, is placed 
under his charge for her education. 

Walter Cockney, son of the grocer, in 
the shop. A conceited young prig, not 
yet out of the quarrelsome age. He 
makes boy-love to Priscilla Tomboy and 
Miss La Blond; but says he will "tell 
papa " if they cross him. 

Penelope Cockney, sister of Walter. — 
The Romp (altered from Bickerstaff s Love 
in the City). 

Cockney School ( The), a name given 
to a coterie of London authors, such as 
Shelley, Keats, Leigh Hunt, Hazlitt, and 
some others. 

Cockpit of Europe. Belgium is so 
called because it has been the site of more 
European battles than any other : e.g. 
Oudenarde, Ramillies, Fontenoy, Fleu- 
rus, Jemmapes, Ligny, Quatre Bra«i 
Waterloo, etc. 

Codes \Coc-leez] defended the Subli- 
cian Bridge, with two comrades, against 
the whole Etruscan army led on by 
Por'sena, till the Romans had broken 
down the bridge. He then sent away his 
two comrades, and when the bridge had 
fallen in, he plunged into the river and 
swam safely to the opposite bank. 

IF In the battle of Cerignola, the 
chevalier Bnyard (with one other knight) 
guarded the bridge of Tormaino against 
200 Spaniards. He sent his companion 
to bring up reinforcements, and he him- 
self guarded the bridge alone till ioo 



COCQCIGRUES. 

men-at-arms arrived and came to his 

assistance. 

Cocqcigrnes (The Coming of the), 
that golden period when all mysteries 
will be cleared up. 

" That is one of the seven things " said the fairy . . . 
"lam forbidden to tell till the coming of the Cocp,- 
cigrues." — C. Kingsley ; The Water-Babies, chap. vi. 

Cocy'tus [ko-ky'-tus], one of the five 
rivers of hell. The word means the 
"river of weeping" (Greek, kdkuo, "I 
lament "), because " into this river fall the 
tears of the wicked." The other four 
rivers are Styx, Ach'eron, Phleg'ethon, 
andLe'the. (See Styx.) 

Cocytus, named of lamentation load, 
Heard on the rueful stream. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, il. 579 (1665). 

Ccelebs' Wife, a ^bachelor's ideal of 
a. model wife. Ccelebs is the hero of a 
novel by Mrs. Hannah More, entitled 
Ccelebs in Search of a Wife (1809). 

In short she was a walking calculation, 

Miss Edgeworth's novels stepping from their covers. 
Or Mrs. Trimmer's books on education, 

Or " Ccelebs' wife " set out in quest of lovers. 

Byron : Don Juan, L 16 (1819). 

Coffin [Long Tom), the best sailor 
character ever drawn. He is introduced 
in The Pilot, a novel by J. Fenimore 
Cooper, of New York. Cooper's novel 
has been dramatized by £. Fitzball, 
under the same name, and Long Tom 
Coffin preserves in the burletta his reck- 
less daring, his unswerving fidelity, his 
simple-minded affection, and his love for 
the sea (1823). 

Cogia Houssain, the captain of 
forty thieves, outwitted by Morgiana, the 
slave. When, in the guise of a mer- 
chant, he was entertained by AH Baba, 
and refused to eat any salt, the suspicions 
of Morgiana were aroused, and she soon 
detected him to be the captain of the forty 
thieves. After supper she amused her 
' master and his guest with dancing ; then 
playing with Cogia's dagger for a time, 
she plunged it suddenly into his heart 
and killed him. — Arabian Nights (" Ali 
Baba, or the Forty Thieves"). 

Coila (2 syl.), Kyle, in Ayrshire. So 
called from Coilus, a Pictish monarch. 
Sometimes all Scotland is so called, as — 

Farewell, old Coila 's hills and dales, 
Her heathy moors and winding vales. 

Burnt. 

Coincidences. The fall of Robes- 
pierre was in 1794. The sum of this date 
ss2I, which added to the date makes 1815 
(the fall of Napoleon). Again, the sum 



824 



COLE. 



of 1815 = 15, which added to the date 
comes to 1830, the fall of Charles IX. 

•.* The next would be 1902. There 
are some remarkable coincidences in the 
history of Napoleon. (See Dictionary of 
Phrase and Fable, p. 877, col. 2.) 

Cola 'da, the sword taken by the Cid 
from Ramon Ber'enger, count of Barce- 
lona. This sword had two hilts of solid 
gold. 

Col'ax, Flattery personified in The 
Purple Island (1633), by Phineas Flet- 
cher. Colax "all his words with sugar 
spices . . . lets his tongue to sin, and 
takes rent of shame . . . His art [was] 
to hide and not to heal a sore." Fully 
described in canto viii. (Greek, kolax, 
" a flatterer or fawner.") 

Colhrand or Colebrond (2 syl.), 

the Danish giant, slain in the presence of 
king Athelstan, by sir Guy of Warwick, 
just returned from a pilgrimage, still " in 
homely russet clad," and in his hand 
"a hermit's staff." The combat is de- 
scribed at length by Drayton, in his 
Po/yolbion, xii. 

One could scarcely bear his axe . . . 

Whose squares were laid with plates, and riveted with 

steel 
And armed down along with pikes, whose hardened 

points 
. . . had power to tear the joints 
Of cuirass or of mail. 

Drayton ; PolyolMon. xii. (1613). 

Colchos, part of Asiatic Scythia, now 
called Mingrelia. The region to which 
the Argonauts directed their course. 

Cold Harbour House, the original 
Heralds' College, founded by Richard II., 
in Poultney Lane. Henry VII. turned 
the heralds out, and gave the house to 
bishop TunstaL 

Coldstream (Sir Charles), the chief 
character in Charles Mathew's play called 
Used Up. He is wholly ennuyi, sees 
nothing to admire in anything ; but is a 
living personification of mental inanity 
and physical imbecility (1845). 

Cole (1 syl.), a legendary British king, 
described as "a merry old soul," fond of 
his pipe, fond of his glass, and fond of his 
"fiddlers three." There were two kings 
so called — Cole (or Coil I.) was the pre- 
decessor of Porrex ; but Coil II. was suc- 
ceeded by Lucius, " the first British king 
who embraced the Christian religion." 
Which of these two mythical kings the 
song refers to is not evident 

Cole (Mrs.). This character is de- 
signed for Mother Douglas, who kept a 



COLEIN. 



225 COLLINGBCURNES RHYME. 



"gentlemen's magazine of frail beauties " 
In a superbly furnished house at the 
north-east corner of Covent Garden. She 
died 1761. — Foote : The Minor (1760). 

Colein (2 syl.), the great dragon slain 
by sir Bevis of Southampton. — Drayton: 
Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 

Colemi'ra (3 syl.), a poetical name 
for a cook. The word is compounded of 
coal and mire. 

" Could I," he cried, "express how bright a grace 
Adorns thy morning' hands and well-washed face. 
Thou wouldst, Colemira, grant what I implore. 
And yield me love, or wash thy face no more." 

Shenstone : Colemira (an eclogue). 

Cole'pepper {Captain) or Captain 
Pepper cull, the Alsatian bully. — Sir 
W. Scott: Fortune* of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

Colin, or in Scotch Cailen, Green 

Colin, the laird of Dunstaffnage, so called 
from the green colour which prevailed in 
his tartan. 

Colin and Lucy, a ballad by 
Tickell -(1720). Gray calls it "the 
prettiest ballad in the world." Lucy, 
being deserted by her sweetheart for 
another, died of a broken heart, and was 
buried on the very day her quondam 
sweetheart married his new love. 

She died. Her corpse was borne 
The bridegroom blithe to meet,— 

He in his wedding trim so gay. 
She in her winding-sheet. 

Colin and Rosalinde, in The Shep- 
hearde's Calendar (1579), by Spenser. 
Rosalinde is the maiden vainly beloved by 
Colin Clout, as her choice was already 
fixed on the shepherd Menalcas. Rosa- 
linde is an anagram of " Rose Danil," a 
lady beloved by Spenser (Colin Clout), 
but Rose Danil had already fixed her 
affections on John Florio the Resolute, 
whom she subsequently married. 

And I to thee will be as kind 

As Colin was to Rosalinde, 

Of courtesie the flower. 

Drayton: Dowsabtl (1593). 

Colin Clout, the pastoral name as- 
sumed by the poet Spenser, in The Shep- 
heardes Calendar, The Ruins of Time, 
Daphnaiaa, and in the pastoral poem 
called Colin Cloufs Coyne Home Again 
(from his visit to sir Walter Raleigh). 
Eclogues i. and xii. are soliloqi »es of 
Colin, being lamentations that Rosalinde 
will not return his love. Eclogue vi. is a 
dialogue between Hobbinol and Colin, in 
which the former tries to comfort the dis- 
appointed lover. Eclogue xi. is a dialogue 
between Thenot and Colin. Thenot begs 



Colin to sing some joyous lay ; but Colin 
pleads grief for the death of the shep- 
herdess Dido, and then sings a monody 
on the great shepherdess deceased. In 
Eclogue vi. we are told that Rosalinde has 
betrothed herself to the shepherd Menal- 
cas (1579). 

N.B.— In the last book of the Faerie 
Queene, we have a reference to "Colin 
and his lassie" (Spenser and his wife), 
supposed to be Elizabeth, and elsewhere 
called " Mirabella." (See Clout, etc.) 

Witness our Colin, whom tho' all the Graces 

And all the Muses nursed . . . 
Yet all his hopes were crossed, all suits denied ; 
Discouraged, scorned, his writings vilified, 
Poorly, poor man, he lived ; poorly, poor man, he died. 
Phineas Fletcher : The Purple Island, L 1 (1633). 

Colin Clout and his Lassie (1596). (See 

above. ) 

Colin Clouts Come Home Again. 
** Colin Clout" is Spenser, who had been 
to London on a visit to " tie Shepherd of 
the Ocean " (sir Walter Raleigh), in 1589. 
On his return to Kilcolman, in Ireland, 
he wrote this poem. "Hobbinol" his 
friend (Gabriel Harvey, LL.D.) tells him 
how all the shepherds have missed him, 
and begs him to relate to him and them 
his adventures while abroad. The pas- 
toral contains a eulogy of British contem- 
porary poets, and of the court beauties of 
queen Elizabeth (1591). (See Colyn.) 

Colin Tampon, the nickname of a 
Swiss, as John Bull is of an Englishman, 
etc. (See Crapaud, p. 242.) 

Colkitto (Young), or"Vich Alister 
More," or "Alister M'Donnell," a High- 
land chief in the army of Montrose. — 
Sir W. Scott : Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I.). 

Collean (May), the heroine of a 
Scotch ballad, which relates how "fause 
sir John " carried her to a rock for the 
purpose of throwing her down into the 
sea ; but May outwitted him, and sub- 
jected him to the same fate as he had 
designed for her. 

Colleen', i.e. " girl ; " Colleen bawn 
(" the blond girl") ; Colleen rhue("the 
red-haired girl"), etc. 

(Dion Boucicault has a drama entitled 
The Colleen Bawn, i860.) 

Collier (Jem), sl smuggler. — Sir W. 
Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Collingbourne's Rhyme. The 

rhyme for which Collingbourne was exe- 
cuted was — 

A cat, a rat, and Lovel the dog. 
Rule all England under the hog. 



COLLINGWOOD AND ACORNS. 226 



COLOSSOS. 



For where I meant the Unjr [Richard III.'] by name of 
hog, 
only alluded to the badge he bore [a boar] ; 



hog, 

, alluaea to tne Daag 

To Lovel's name I added more — our dog 



Because most dogs have borne that name of yore. 

These metaphors I used with other more. 

As cat and rat, the half-names \Catesbye, RatcUffe] of 

the rest. 
To hide the sense that they so wrongly wrest. 

Sackville : A Mirrourfor Magistraytts 
(" Complaynt of Collingbourne "). 

Collingwood and the Acorns. 

Collingwood never saw a vacant place in 
his estate, but he took an acorn out of his 
pocket and popped it in. — Thackeray: 
Vanity Fair (1848). 

Colmal, daughter of Dunthalma 
(See Calthon, p. 170.) 

Colmar, brother of Calthon. (See 
Calthon.) 

Colmes-kill, now called Icolmkfll, 
the famous Iona, one of the Western 
islands. It is I-colm-kill ; " I "= island, 
" colm" = Columb {St.), and "kill" = 
burying-place ("the burying-ground in 
St. Columb's Isle "). 

Rosse. Where is Duncan's body? 

Macduff. Carried to Colmes-kill ; 
The sacred storehouse of his predecessor 
And guardian of their bones. 

Shakespeare ; Macbeth, act U. sc. 4 (1606% 

Colna-Dona ["love of heroes"^ 
daughter of king Car'uL Fingal sent 
Ossian and Toscar to raise a memorial on 
the banks of the Crona, to perpetuate the 
memory of a victory he had obtained 
there. Carul invited the two young men 
to his hall, and Toscar fell in love with 
Colna-Dona, The passion being mutual, 
the father consented to their espousals.— 
Ossian: Colna-Dona. 

Cologne {The three kings of), the 
three Magi, called Gaspar, Melchior, and 
Baltha'zar. Gasper means "the white 
one; " Melchior, "king of light ;" Bal- 
thazar, "lord of treasures." Klopstock, 
in The Messiah, says there were six 
Magi, whom he calls Hadad, Sel'ima, 
Zimri, Mirja, Beled, and Sunith. 

•.'The "three" Magi are variously 
named ; thus one tradition gives them 
as Apellius, Amerus, and Damascus ; 
another calls them Magalath, Galgalath, 
and Sarasin ; a third says they were Ator, 
Sator, and Perat'oras. They are further- 
more said to be descendants of Balaam 
the Mesopotamian prophet. 

Colon, one of the rabble leaders in 
Hudibras, is meant for Noel Perry an or 
Ned Perry, an ostler. He was a rigid 
puritan "of low morals," and very fond 
of bear-baiting (seventeenth century). 

Colonna [The marquis of), a high- 
minded, incorruptible noble of Naples. 



He tells the young king bluntly that his 
oily courtiers are vipers who would suck 
his life's blood, and that Ludov'ico, his 
chief minister and favourite, is a traitor. 
Of course he is not believed, and Ludo- 
vico marks him out for vengeance. His 
scheme is to get Colonna, of his own free 
will, to murder his sister's lover and the 
king. With this view he artfully per- 
suades Vicentio, the lover, that Evadne 
(the sister of Colonna) is the king's 
wanton. Vicentio indignantly discards 
Evadne, is challenged to fight by Colonna, 
and is supposed to be killed. Colonna, 
to revenge his wrongs on the king, invites 
him to a banquet with intent to murder 
him, when the whole scheme of villainy is 
exposed. Ludovlco is slain, and Vicentio 
marries Evadne.— Shiel : Evadne, or the 
Statue (1820). 

Colonna, the most southern cape of 
Attica. Falconer makes it the site of his 
" shipwreck " (canto iii.) ; and Byron says 
the isles of Greece — 

. . . seen from far Colonna's height. 
Make glad the heart that hails the sight, 
And lend to loneliness delight. 

Byron: The Giaour (1813*. 

Col'oplion, the end clause of a book, 
containing the names of the printer and 
publisher, and the place where the book 
was printed ; in former times the date 
and the edition were added also. Colo- 
phon was a city of Iona, the inhabitants 
of which were such excellent horsemen 
that they could turn the scale of battle ; 
hence the Greek proverb to add a colo- 
phon meant to " put a finishing stroke to 
an affair." 

Colossians {The Epistle to the), 
written by "Paul the apostle" to the 
people of Colossce, in Asia Minor, during 
his imprisonment at Rome. The first 
two chapters are doctrinal, and the latter 
two practical. 

It resembles the Epistle to the Ephesians. 

Colossos (Latin, Colossus), a. gigantic 
brazen statue 126 feet high, executed by 
Charts for the Rhodians. Blaise de Vigne- 
nere says it was a striding figure ; but 
comte de Caylus proves that it was not 
so, and did not even stand at the mouth 
of the Rhodian port. Philo tells us that 
it stood on a block of white marble ; and 
Lucius Ampellius asserts that it stood in a 
car. Tickell makes out the statue to be 
so enormous in size that — 

While at one foot the thronging galleys ride, 
A whole hour's sail scarce reached the further sidej 
Betwixt the brazen thighs, in loose array, 
Ten thousand streamers on the billows play. 
TichtU: On the Prospu'o/i 



COLOURS. 



327 



COMEDY OF ERRORS. 



Colours. 

Heraldic 
Symbol 0/ name. 
Black: Prudence Sable Diamond Satume 
Blood [tail 

colour : Fortitude Sanguine Sardonyx Dragon's 
Blue : Loyalty Azure Sapphire Jupiter 
Green: Love Vert Emerald Venus 

Purplt: Temperance Purpure Amethyst Mercury 
Red: MagnanimityGules Ruby Mars [head 
Tenney: Toy Tenney Jacinth Dragon's 

IVhite: Innocence Argent Pearl 



Luna 
Sol 



Yellow: Faith Or Topaz 

Col' tared {Benjamin) or "Little 
Benjie," a spy employed by Nixon 
(Edward Redgauntlet's agent). — Sir IV. 
Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Columb (St.) or St. Columba was of 
the family of the kings of Ulster ; and 
with twelve followers founded amongst 
the Picts and Scots 300 Christian estab- 
lishments of presbyterian character ; that 
in Io'na was founded in 563. 

The Pictish men by St. Columb taught. 

Campbell: Reullura. 

Columbus. His three ships were the 
Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina. 
— W. Irving: History of the Life, etc., of 
Columbus, 183. 

The Voyage of Columbus. In twelve 
short cantos of rhyming ten-syllable 
verse by R ogers ( 1 8 1 2) . Columbus obtai n s 
three ships and starts on his voyage of dis- 
coveries. As he approaches ' ' Columbia," 
he is stopped by a mass of vegetation, but 
continues his voyage. In the mean time 
the deities of the " New World " meet in 
council, and resolve to impede his ap- 
proach. The chief spirit, in the form of 
a condor, stirs up a mutiny; but Columbus 
quells it, and lands on the New World, 
where the crew is hospitably received. 
After a time, an angel tells Columbus 
to return, and tells him that the cross 
of Christ planted by him will make 
America glorious. 

Colyn Clout {The Boke of), a rhym- 
ing six-syllable tirade against the clergy, 
by John Skelton, poet-laureate (1460- 
1529)- 

Comal and Galbi'na. Comal was 
the son of Albion, "chief of a hundred 
hills." He loved Galbi'na (daughter of 
Conlech), who was beloved by Grumal 
also. One day, tired out by the chase, 
Comal and Galbina rested in the cave of 
Ronan ; but ere long a deer appeared, 
and Comal went forth to shoot it. Dur- 
ing his absence, Galbina dressed herself 
in armour " to try his love," and " strode 
from the cave." Comal thought it was 
Grumal, let fly an arrow, and she fell. 
The chief too late discovered his mis*ake, 



rushed to battle, and was slain. — Ossian • 
Fingal, ii. 

Com'ala, daughter of Samo king of 
Inistore {the Orkneys). She fell in love 
with Fingal at a feast to which Sarno 
had invited him after his return from 
Denmark or Lochlin {Fingal, iii.). 
Disguised as a youth, Comala followed 
him, and begged to be employed in his 
wars ; but was detected by Hidallan, son 
of Lamor, whose love she had slighted. 
Fingal was about to marry her, when he 
was called to oppose Caracul, who had 
invaded Caledonia. Comala witnessed 
the battle from a hill, thought she saw 
Fingal slain, and, though he returned 
victorious, the shock on her nerves was 
so great that. she died. — Ossian: Comala. 

Comb {Reynards Wonderful), said to 
be made of Pan'thera's bone, the per- 
fume of which was so fragrant that no 
one could resist following it ; and the 
wearer of the comb was always of a 
merry heart. This comb existed only 
in the brain of Master Fox. — Reynard 
the Fox, xii. (1498). 

Co'me (St.), a physician, and patron 
saint of medical practitioners. 

" By St. Come 1 " said the surgeon, " here's a pretty 
adventure."— Lesage : Gil Bias, viL x (1735) 

Come and Take Them. The re- 
ply of Leon'idas, king of Sparta, to the 
messengers of Xerxes, when commanded 
by the invader to deliver up his arms. 

Com'edy ( The Father of), Aristoph'- 
anes the Athenian (b.c. 444-380). 

The Prince of Ancient Comedy, Aris- 
toph'anes (B.C. 444-380). 

The Prince of New Comedy, Menander 
(B.C. 342-291). 

Comedy of Errors, by Shake- 
speare (1593). ^Emilia wife of JEgeon 
had two sons at a birth, and named both 
of them Antipholus. When grown to 
manhood, each of these sons had a slave 
named Dromio, also twin-brothers. The 
brothers Antipholus had been shipwrecked 
in infancy, and, being picked up by 
different vessels, were carried one to 
Syracuse and the other to Ephesus. The 
play supposes that Antipholus of Syracuse 
goes in search of his brother, and coming 
to Ephesus with his slave Dromio, a series 
of mistakes arises from the extraordinary 
likeness of the two brothers and their 
two slaves. Andriana, the wife of the 
Ephesian, mistakes the Syracusian for 
her husband; but he behaves so strangely 
that her jealousy is aroused, and when 



COMHAL. 



228 



COMUS. 



her true husband arrives he is arrested as 
a mad man. Soon after, the Syracusian 
brother being seen, the wife, supposing it 
to be her mad husband broken loose, 
sends to capture him ; but he flees into a 
convent. Andriana now lays her com- 
plaint before the duke, and the lady 
abbess comes into court. So both 
brothers face each other, the mistakes 
are explained, and the abbess turns out 
to be iEmilia the mother of the twin- 
brothers. Now, it so happened that 
^Egeon, searching for his son, also came 
to Ephesus, and was condemned to pay a 
fine or suffer death, because he, a Syra- 
cusian, had set foot in Ephesus. The 
duke, however, hearing the story, par- 
doned him. Thus ^Egeon found his wife 
in the abbess, the parents their twin-sons, 
and each son his long^lost brother. 

*.* The plot of this comedy is copied 
from the Men&chmi of Plautus. 

Comhal or Combal, son of Tra- 
thal, and father of Fingal. His queen 
was Morna, daughter of Thaddu. Com- 
hal was slain in battle, fighting against 
the tribe of Morni, the very day that 
Fingal was born. — Ossian. 

Fingal said to Aldo, "I was bom in the midst of 
battle." — Ossian : The BattU of Lora. 

Comic Annual (The), from 1830 
to 1842, Hood. 

Comic Blackstone, by Gilbert a 
Beckett (1846). In 1847-8 he published 
a Comic History of England; and in 
1849-50 a Comic History of Rome. 

Comines [Cum'-in]. Philip des Co- 
mines, the favourite minister of Charles 
"the Bold," duke of Burgundy, is intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in Quentin Dur- 
ward (time, Edward IV. ). 

Coming Race [The), a work of 
fiction by lord Lytton (1871). It is the 
supposed manners and customs of a race 
several ages hence, and is a sort of Utopia, 
where the present evils will be redressed. 

Com leach (2 syl. ), a mountain in 
Ulster. The Lubar flows between Com- 
leach and Cromal. — Ossian. 

Commander of the Faithful 

[Emir al Mumenin], a title assumed by 
Omar L, and retained by his successors 
in the caliphate (581, 634-644). 

Commandment ( The Eleventh), 
Thou shalt not be found out. 

After all, that Eleventh Commandment is the only 
one that it is vitally important to keep in these days.— 
B. H. Buxton : Jennie of the Prince's, iii. 314. 



Committee (The), a comedy by the 
hon. sir R. Howard. Mr. Day, aCrom- 
wellite, is the head of a Committee of 
Sequestration, and is a dishonest, canting 
rascal, under the thumb of his wife. He 
gets into his hands the deeds of two 
heiresses, Anne and Arbella. The former 
he calls Ruth, and passes her off as his 
own daughter ; the latter he wants to 
marry to his booby son Abel. Ruth falls 
in love with colonel Careless, and Arbella 
with colonel Blunt. Ruth contrives to 
get into her hands the deeds, which she 
delivers over to the two colonels, and 
when Mr. Day arrives, quiets him by 
reminding him that she knows of certain 
deeds which would prove his ruin if 
divulged (1670). 

T. Knight reproduced this comedy as 
a farce under the title of The Honest 
Thieves. 

Common (Dot), an ally of Subtle the 
alchemist. — Ben Jonson: The Alchemist 
(1610). 

Commoner (The Great), sir John 
Barnard, who in 1737 proposed to reduce 
the interest of the national debt from 
4 per cent, to 3 per cent., any creditor 
being at liberty to receive his principal 
in full if he preferred it. William Pitt, 
the statesman, is so called also (1759- 
1806). Mr. Goschen in 1888 reduced the 
interest to 2f per cent. 

Comne'nus (Alexius), emperor of 
Greece, introduced by sir W. Scott in 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Anna Comne'na, his daughter. 

Compeyson, a would-be gentleman 
and a forger. He duped Abel Magwitch 
and ruined him, keeping him completely 
under his influence. He also jilted Miss 
Havisham. He was drowned near Green- 
wich in attempting to arrest Magwitch 
' q. v. ). — Dickens : Great Expectations 
1861). 

Complaint ( The), or Night Thoughts. 
Nine poems, called "Nights," in blank 
verse, by Edward Young (1742-1745). 

Compleat Angler (The), by Izaac 
Walton (1653). 

Com'rade (2 syl.), the horse given by 
a fairy to Fortunio. 

He has many rare qualities . . first he eats but 
once in eight days ; and then he knows whaf s past, 
present, and to come [and speaks with the voice of a 
man]. — Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales ("For- 
tunio," 1682). 

Comus, the god of revelry. In 
Milton's " masque "so called. The "lady" 






CONA. 



229 



CON LATH. 



Is lady Alice Egerton, the younger 
brother is Mr. Thomas Egerton, and the 
elder brother is lord viscount Brackley 
(eldest son of John earl of Bridgewater, 
president of Wales). The lady, weary 
with long walking, is left in a wood by 
her two brothers, while they go to gather 
"cooling fruit" for her. She sings to 
let them know her whereabouts, and 
Comus, coming up, promises to conduct 
her to a cottage till her brothers could 
be found. The brothers, hearing a noise 
of revelry, become alarmed about their 
sister, when her guardian spirit informs 
them that she has fallen into the hands 
of Comus. They run to her rescue, and 
arrive just as the god is offering his cap- 
tive a potion ; the brothers seize the cup 
and dash it on the ground, while the spirit 
invokes Sabri'na, who breaks the spell 
and releases the lady (1634). 

Co'na or Coe, a river in Scotland, 
falling into Lochleven. It is distin- 
guished for the sublimity of its scenery. 
Glen-coe is the glen held by the M 'Do- 
nalds (the chief of the clan being called 
Maclan). In "Ossian," the bard Ossian 
(son of Fingal) is called "The voice of 
Cona." — Ossian: Songs of Selma. 

They praised the voice of Cona, first among a 
thousand bards Ossian : Songs of Selma. 

Conacli'ar, the Highland apprentice 
of Simon Glover, the old glover of Perth. 
Conachar is in love with his master's 
daughter, Catharine, called "the fair 
maid of Perth ; " but Catharine loves and 
ultimately marries Henry Smith, the 
armourer. Conachar is at a later period 
Ian Eachin [Hector'] M'lan, chief of the 
clan Quhele.— Sir IV. Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Conar, son of Trenmor, and first 
"king of Ireland." When the Fir-bolg 
(or Belgae from Britain settled in the 
south of Ireland) had reduced the Cael 
(or colony of Caledonians settled in the 
north of Ireland) to the last extremity 
by war, the Cael sent to Scotland for 
aid. Trathel (grandfather of Fingal) 
accordingly sent over Conar with an 
army to their aid ; and Conar, having 
reduced the Fir-bolg to submission, as- 
sumed the title of "king of Ireland." 
Conar was succeeded by his son Cormac 
I. ; Cormac I. by his son Cairbre ; Cair- 
bre by his son Artho ; Artho by his son 
Cormac II. (a minor); and Cormac (after 
a slight interregnum) by Ferad-Artho 
(restored by Fingal).— Ossian. 



Confessio Amantis, by Gower 

(1393), above 30,000 verses, in eight books. 
It is a dialogue between a lover and his 
confessor, a priest of Venus named 
Genius. As every vice is unamiable, a 
lover must be free from vice in order to 
be amiable, i.e. beloved ; consequently, 
Genius examines the lover on every vice 
before he will grant him absolution. Tale 
after tale is introduced by the confessor, 
to show the evil effects of particular vices, 
and the lover is taught science, and " the 
Aristotelian philosophy," the better to 
equip him to win the love of his choice. 
The end is very strange : The lover does 
not complain that the lady is obdurate or 
faithless, but that he himself has grown 
old. 

(Gower is indebted a good deal to 
Eusebius's Greek romance of Istnkne and 
Ismenias, translated by Viterbo. Shake- 
speare drew his Pericles Prince of Tyre 
from the same romance.) 

Confession. The emperor Wences- 
las ordered John of Nep'omuc to be cast 
from the Moldau bridge, for refusing to 
reveal the confession of the empress. 
The martyr was canonized as St. John 
Nepomu'cen, and his day is May 14 
(1330-1383). 

Confessions of an English 

Opium-Eater, by Thomas De Quincey 
(1821). It describes the mental and physi- 
cal effects of opium-eating. 

Congreve [The Modem), R. B. 
Sheridan (1751-1816). 

The School for Scandal crowned the reputation of 
the modern CongTeve in 1777. — Craik : Literature and 
Learning' in England, v. 7. 

Coningsby, or The New Generation, 
a novel by Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield), 
(1844). Coningsby is Young England 
personified, in whom is delineated the 
beginning and growth of perfect statesmen. 

The characters are supposed to be as follows: — 
Cro£er\s Rigby ; Menmouth is lord Howard ; Eskdale, 
Lowther ; Urinsby, Irving ; Lucrelia is Mde. Zichy ; 
the countess Colonna is lady Strachan ; Sidonia is 
baron A. de Rothschild ; Henry Sidney is lord John 
Manners ; Belvoir, the duke of Rutland.— Notes and 
Queries, March 6, 1875. 

Conkey Chickweed, the man who 

robbed himself of 327 guineas, in order to 
make his fortune by exciting the sympathy 
of his neighbours and others. The tale 
is told by detective Blathers. — Dickens: 
Oliver Twist (18,7). 

Con'lath, youngest son of Morni, and 
brother of the famous Gaul (a man's 
name). Conlath was betrothed to Cu- 
tho'na, daughter of Ruma, but before the 



CONNAL. 

espousals Toscar came from Ireland to 
Mora, and was hospitably received by 
Morni. Seeing Cuthona out hunting, 
Toscar carried her off in his skiff by 
force, and being overtaken by Conlath, 
they both fell in fight. Three days after- 
wards Cuthona died of grief.— -Ossian : 
Conlath and Cuthona. 

Connal, son of Colgar petty king of 
Togorma, and intimate friend of Cuthullin 
general of the Irish tribes. He is a kind 
of Ulysses, who counsels and comforts 
Cuthullin in his distress ; and is the very 
opposite of the rash, presumptuous, 
though generous Calmar. — Ossian : 
Fingal. 

Con'nell {Father), an aged catholic 
priest, full of gentle affectionate feelings. 
He is the patron of a poor vagrant boy 
called Neddy Fennel, whose adventures 
furnish the incidents of Banim's novel 
called Father Connell (1842). 

father Conneli is not unworthy of association with 
the protestant Vicar of U akefield. — R. CJiatnbers: 
English Literature, ii. 612. 

Conqueror [The). 

Alexander the Great, The Conqueror of the lVorld 
(B.C. 356, 336-323)- 

Alfonso of Portugal (1094, 1137-1185). 

Aurungzebe the Great, called Alemgir (1618, 1659- 
1707)- 

James of Aragon (1206, 1213-1276). 

Othman or Osinan I., founder of the Turkish empire 
(1259, 1299-1326). 

Francisco Pizarro, called Conquistador, because ho 
conquered Peru (1475-1541). 

William duke of Normandy, who obtained England 
by conquest (1027, 1066-1087). 

Conquest of G-rana'da {The), a 

tragedy by Dryden (1672). 

Conrad {Lord), the corsair, after- 
wards called Lara. A proud, ascetic, but 
successful pirate. Hearing that the 
sultan Seyd [Seed] was about to attack 
the pirates, he entered the palace in the 
disguise of a dervise, but being found out 
was seized and imprisoned. He was 
released by Gulnare (2 syl, ), the sultan's 
favourite concubine, and fled with her 
to the Pirates' Isle ; but finding his 
Medo'ra dead, he left the island with 
Gulnare, returned to his native land, 
headed a rebellion, and was shot. — 
. Byron : The Corsair^ continued in Lara 
(1814). 

Conrad, a monk of Murpurg, and 
the pope's commissioner for the suppres- 
sion of heresy. — Kings ley : The Saint's 
Tragedy (a dramatic poem, 1846). 

Con'rade (2 syl.), a follower of don 
John (bastard brother of don Pedro 
prince of Aragon). — Shakespeare: Much 
Ado about Nothing (1600). 



$30 CONSTANCE OF BEVERLEY. 

Conrade (2 syl.), marquis of Mont- 
serrat, who with the Grand- Master of the 
Templars conspired against Richard Cceur 
de Lion. He was unhorsed in combat, 
and murdered in his tent by the Templar. 
— Sir W. Scott; The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.). 

Consenting" Stars, stars forming 
certain configurations for good or evil. 
Thus we read in the book of Judges v. 20, 
" The stars in their courses fought against 
Sisera," i.e. formed configurations which 
were unlucky or malignant. 

. . . scourge the bad revolving stars, 
That have consented unto Henry's death ! 
King Henry the Fifth, too famous to live long 1 

Shakespeare : i Henry VI. act i. sc. i (1589). 

Constance, mother of prince Arthur 
and widow of Geoffrey Plantagenet. — 
Shakespeare : King John (1598). 

Mrs. Bartley's " lady Macbeth," " Constance," and 
" queen Katherine" [Henry V1II.\ were powerful em- 
bodiments, and I question if they have ever since 
been so finely portrayed (1785-1850).— J. Adolphus: 
Recollections. 

Constance, daughter of sir William 
Fondlove, and courted by Wildrake, a 
country squire, fond of field sports. 
" Her beauty rich, richer her grace, her 
mind yet richer still, though richest all." 
She was "the mould express of woman, 
stature, feature, body, limb ; " she danced 
well, sang well, harped well. Wildrake 
was her childhood's playmate, and be- 
came her husband. — Knowles: The Love 
Chase (1837). 

Constance, daughter of Bertulphe 
provost of Bruges, and bride of Bouchard, 
a knight of Flanders. She had ' ' beauty to 
shame young love's most fervent dream, 
virtue to form a saint, with just enough 
of earth to keep her woman." By an 
absurd law of Charles "the Good," earl 
of Flanders, made in 1127, this young 
lady, brought up in the lap of luxury, 
was reduced to serfdom, because her 
grandfather was a serf; her aristocratic 
husband was also a serf because he 
married her (a serf). She went mad at 
the reverse of fortune, and died. — 
Knowles: The Provost of Bruges (1836). 

Constance of Beverley, in sir W 

Scott's Marmion, is a Benedictine nun, 
who fell in love with Marmion, and, 
escaping from the convent, lived with him 
as a page. But Marmion proved faithless ; 
and Coi-stance, falling into the hands of 
the Benedictines, was tried for violating 
her vows. At the same time a monk (who 
had undertaken to remove her rival Clara) 
was tried also. Both were condemned, 



CONSTANS. 231 

and both were immured in niches in the 
convent wall, which were then filled up 
with " hewn stones and cement" — 
Canto ii. 

Constans, a mythical king of Britain. 
He was the eldest of the three sons of 
Constantine, his two brothers being 
Aurelius Ambrosius and Uther Pen- 
dragon. Constans was a monk, but at 
the death of his father he laid aside the 
cowl for the crown. Vortigern caused 
him to be assassinated, and usurped the 
crown. Aurelius Ambrosius succeeded 
Vortigern, and was himself succeeded by 
his younger brother, Uther Pendragon, 
father of king Arthur. Hence it will 
appear that Constans was Arthur's uncle. 

Constant {Ned), the former lover of 
lady Brute, with whom he intrigued after 
her marriage with the surly knight. — 
Vanbrugh: The Provoked Wife (1697). 

Constant {Sir Bashful), a younger 
brother of middle life, who tumbles into 
an estate and title by the death of his 
elder brother. He marries a woman of 
quality. But, finding it cornme ilfaut not 
to let his love be known, treats her with 
indifference and politeness ; and, though 
he dotes on her, tries to make her believe 
he loves her not. He is very soft, carried 
away by the opinions of others, and is 
an example of the truth of what Dr. 
Young said, ' ' What is mere good nature 
but a fool ? " 

Lady Constant, wife of sir Bashful, a 
woman of spirit, taste, sense, wit, and 
beauty. She loves her husband, and 
repels with scorn an attempt to shake her 
fidelity because he treats her with cold 
indifference. — Murphy: The Way to Keep 
Him (1760). 

Constant Couple {The), a comedy 
by Farquhar (1700). 

Constan'tia, sister of Petruccio go- 
vernor of Bologna, and mistress of the 
duke of Ferrara. — Fletcher: The Chances 
(1620). 

Constantia, z.prote'ge'e of lady McSy- 
cophant. An amiable girl, in love with 
Egerton McSycophant, by whom her love 
is amply returned. — Macklin: The Man 
of the World (1764). 

Con'stantine (3 syl.), a king of 
Scotland, who (in 937) joined Anlaf (a 
Danish king) against Athelstan. The 
allied kings were defeated at Brunan- 
burh, in Northumberland; and Constan- 
tine was made prisoner. 



CONTEST. 

Our English Athelstan . • • 
Made all the isle his own . . . 

And Constantine, the king, a prisoner hither brought. 
Drayton: Polyolbu/n, xii. 3 (1634). 

Constantinople {Little). Kertch 
was so called by the Genoese from its 
extent and its prosperity. Demosthenes 
calls it " the granary of Athens." 

Consnelo (4 syl.), the impersonation 
of moral purity in the midst of temp- 
tations. Consuelo is the heroine of a 
novel so called by George Sand {i*. Mdc. 
Dudevant). 

Consul Bib'ulus {A), a cipher in 
office, one joined with others in office but 
without the slightest influence. Bibulus 
was joint consul with Julius Caesar, but so 
insignificant that the wits of Rome called 
it the consulship of Julius and Caesar, not 
of Bibulus and Caesar (B.C. 59). 

Contemporaneous Discoverers. 

Goethe and Vicq d'Azyrs discovered at 
the same time the intermaxillary bone. 
Goethe and Von Baer discovered at the 
same time Morphology. Goethe and 
Oken discovered at the same time the 
vertebral system. The Penny Cyclo- 
pedia and Chambers' s Journal were 
started nearly at the same time. The 
invention of printing is claimed by several 
contemporaries. The process called Talbo- 
type and Daguerreotype were nearly simul- 
taneous discoveries. Leverrier and Adams 
discovered at the same time the planet 
Neptune. 

(This list may be extended to a very 
great length. ) 

Contemporary Review {The), a 

monthly review started in 1866. 

Contes de Fees, by Claude Perrault 
(1697). Fairy tales in French prose. 
They have been translated into English. 

Contest (Sir Adam). Having lost 
his first wife by shipwreck, he married 
again after the lapse of some twelve or 
fourteen years. His second wife was a 
girl of 18, to whom he held up his first 
wife as a pattern and the very paragon 
of women. On the wedding day this first 
wife made her appearance. She had been 
saved from the wreck ; but sir Adam 
wished her in heaven most sincerely. 

Lady Contest, the bride of sir Adam, 
" young, extremely lively, and pro- 
digiously beautiful." She had been 
brought up in the country, and treated as 
a child, so her naivete" was quite capti- 
vating. When she quitted the bride- 
groom's house, she said, " Good-bye, sii 
Adam, good-bye. I did love you a little, 



CONTINENCE. 



232 



COPLEY. 



upon my word, and should be really un- 
happy if I did not know that your hap- 
piness will be infinitely greater with your 
first wife." 

Mr. Cottest, the grown-up son of sir 
Adam b. his first wife. — Mrs. Inchbald: 
The Wedding Day (1790). 

Continence. 

Alexander the Great having 
gained the battle of Issus (B.C. 333), 
the family of king Darius fell into his 
hinds; but he treated the ladies as 
queens, and observed the greatest deco- 
rum towards them. A eunuch, having 
escaped, told Darius that his wife re- 
mained unspotted, for Alexander had 
shown himself the most continent and 
generous of men. — Arrian; Anabasis of 
Alexander, iv. 20. _ 

IT Scipio Afkicanus, after the con- 
quest of Spain, refused to touch a beauti- 
ful princess who had fallen into his hands, 
" lest he should be tempted to forget his 
principles." It is, moreover, said that 
he sent her back to her parents with 
presents, that she might marry the man 
to whom she was betrothed. A silver 
shield, on which this incident was de- 
picted, was found in the river Rhone by 
some fishermen in the seventeenth cen- 
tury. 

E'en Scipio, or a victor yet more cold. 
Might have forgot his virtue at her sight. 

Rtrwe : Tamerlane, iii. 3 (1702). 

IT Anson, when he took the Senhora 
Theresa de Jesus, refused even to see 
the three Spanish ladies who formed 
part of the prize, because he was resolved 
to prevent private scandal. The three 
ladies consisted of a mother and her two 
daughters, the younger of whom was "of 
surpassing beauty." 

Contractions. The following is 

probably the most remarkable : — " U taca- 
mund" is by the English called Ooty 
(India). " Cholmonddey," contracted 
into Chumly, is another remarkable 
example. 

Conven'tual Friars are those who 
live in convents, contrary to the rule of 
St. Francis, who enjoined absolute 
poverty, without land, books, chapel, or 
house. Those who conform to the rule 
of the founder are called "Observant 
Friars." 

Conversation Sharp, Richard 
Sharp, the critic (1759-1835). 

Cook who Killed Himself ( The). 
Vatel killed himself in 1671, because the 



lobster for his turbot sauce did not arrive 
in time to be served up at the banquet at 
Chantilly, given by the prince de Conde" 
to the king. 

Cook's Oracle ( The), by Dr. Kitchener 
(1821). 

Cook's Tale ( The), in Chaucer's Can- 
terbury Tales. (See Gamelyn.) 

Cooks ( Wages received by). In Rome 
as much as ^800 a year was given to a 
chef de cuisine; but Careme received 
j£iooo a year. 

Cooks of Modern Times. Careme, 
called ' ' The Regenerator of Cookery " 
(1784-1833) ; Vatel, cook to the great 
Conde" ; Ude, the most learned of all cooks, 
at Crockford's during the regency ; Weltje, 
cook to the prince regent ; Charles Elm6 
Francatelli, who succeeded Ude at Crock- 
ford's, then in the Royal Household, and 
lastly at the Reform Club (1805- 1876) ; 
Gouffe ; and Alexis Soyer, who died in 
1858, and whose epitaph is Soyer trait- 
quille. (See Trimalchi.) 

Ude, the most learned of cooks, was author of the 
Science de Giteule. It was he who said, " Cooks must 
be born cooks, not made." Another of his sayinsrs is, 
" Music, dancing, fencing, painting, and mechanics 
possess professors under 20 years of age; but pre- 
eminence in cookery is never to be obtained under 
3c." He was chef to Louis XVI., then to lord Sefton, 
then to the duke of York, then to Crockford's Club. 
He left lord Sefton's service because on one occasion 
a guest added more pepper to bis soup. Francatelli 
succeeded Ude at Crockford's. 

Cooper {Anthony Ashly), earl of 
Shaftesbury, introduced by sir W. Scott 
in Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Cooper {Do you want a) ? that is, " Do 
you want to taste the wines ? " This ques- 
tion is addressed to those who have an 
order to visit the London docks. The 
"cooper" bores the casks, and gives the 
visitor the wine to taste. 

Cooper's Hill, a descriptive poem 
by sir John Denham (1642). He says of 
the Thames — 

Though deep, yet clear ; though gentle, yet not dull ; 
Strong without rage ; without o'errtowing full. 

Cophet'ua or Copefhua, a mythi- 
cal king of Africa, of great wealth, who 
fell in love with a beggar-girl, and 
married her. Her name was Penel'ophon, 
but Shakespeare writes it Zenel'ophon in 
Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. sc. 1. Tenny- 
son has versified the tale in The Beggar- 
Maid. — Percy: Reliques, I. ii. 6. 

Cop'ley (Sir Thomas), in attendance 
on the earl of Leicester at Woodstock. — 
Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
beth). 



COPPER CAPTAIN. 

Copper Captain (A), Michael 
Perez, a captain without money, but 
with a plentiiul stock of pretence, who 
seeks to make a market of his person and 
commission by marrying an heiress. He 
is caught in his own trap, for he marries 
Estifania, a woman of intrigue, fancying 
her to be the heiress Margaritta. The 
captain gives the lady " pearls," but they 
are only whitings' eyes. His wife says 
to him — 

Here's a goodly jewel . . . 
Did you not win this at Goletta, captain? . . • 
See how it sparkles, like an old lady's eyes . . . 
And here's a chain of whitings' eyes for pearls . . . 
Your clothes are parallels to these, all counterfeits. 
Put these and them on, you're a man of copper, 
A copper . . . copper captain. 
Fletcher: Rule a Wife and Have a Wife (1624). 

(W. Lewis (1748-1811) was famous in 
this character ; but Robert Wilks (1670- 
1732) was wholly unrivalled.) 

The old stage critics delighted in the " Copper Cap- 
tain ; " it was the test for every comedian. It could be 
worked on like a picture, and new readings given. 
Here it must be admitted that Wilks had no rfvaL — 
Fitzgerald. 

Copperfield {David), the hero of a 
novel so called, by C. Dickens. David 
is Dickens himself, and Micawber is 
Dickens's father. According to the tale, 
David's mother was nursery governess in 
a family where Mr. Copperfield visited. 
At the death of Mr. Copperfield, the 
widow married Edward Murdstone, a 
hard, tyrannical man, who made the 
home of David a dread and terror to 
the boy. When his mother died, Murd- 
stone sent David to lodge with the 
Micawbers, and bound him apprentice to 
Messrs. Murdstone and Grinby, by whom 
he was put into the warehouse, and set to 
paste labels upon wine and spirit bottles. 
David soon became tired of this dreary 
work, and ran away to Dover, where he 
was kindly received by his [great ]-aunt 
Betsey Trotwood, who clothed him, and 
sent him as day-boy to Dr. Strong; but 
placed him to board with Mr. Wickfield, 
a lawyer, father of Agnes, between whom 
and David a mutual attachment sprang 
up. David's first wife was Dora Spen- 
low ; but at the death of this pretty little 
"child-wife," he married Agnes Wick- 
field.— Dickens: David Copperfield (1849). 

Copperheads, members of a faction 
in the north, during the civil war in the 
United States. The copperhead is a 
poisonous serpent, thnt gives no warning 
of its approach, and bence is a type of a 
concealed or secret foe (the Trtgonoce- 
i>halus con'ortrix). 



233 



CORBACCIO. 



Coppernose (3 syl). Henry VIII. 
was so called, because he mixed so much 
copper with the silver coin that it showed 
after a little wear in the parts most pro- 
nounced, as the nose. Hence the sobri- 
quets " Coppernosed Harry," "Old 
Coppernose," etc. 

Copple, the hen killed by Reynard, in 
the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
(1498). 

Cora, the gentle, loving wife of Alonzo, 
and the kind friend of Rolla general of 
the Peruvian army. — Sheridan: Pizarro 
(altered from Kotzebue, 1799). 

Corah, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel (1681), is meant for Dr. 
Titus Oates. As Corah was the political 
calumniator of Moses and Aaron, so Titus 
Oates was the political calumniator of the 
pope and English papists. As Corah 
was punished by " going down alive into 
the pit," so Oates was " condemned to 
imprisonment for life," after being pub- 
licly whipped and exposed in the pillory. 
North describes Titus Oates as a very 
short man, and says, " If his mouth were 
taken for the centre of a circle, his chin, 
forehead, and cheekbones would fall in 
the circumference. H 

Sunk were his eyes, his voice was harsh and loud. 
Sure signs he neither choleric was, nor proud; 
His long chin proved his wit ; his saint-like grace, 
A Church vermilion, and a Moses' face; 
His memory miracuiously great 
Could plots, exceeding man's belief, -'repeat . 
Dryden : Absalom and Achitophel, part L 647-653. 

Corbac'cio {Signior), the dupe of 
Mosca the knavish confederate of Vol'- 
pone (2 syl.). He is an old man, with 
"seeing and hearing faint, and under- 
standing dulled to childishness," yet he 
wishes to live on, and 

Feels not his gout nor palsy ; feigns himself 
Younger by scores of years; natters his age 
With confident belying it ; hopes he may 
With charms, like /Eson, have his youth restored. 
Ben Jonson : Volponc, or the Fox (1605). 
Benjamin Johnson [1665-1742] . . . seemed to be 
proud to wear the poet's double name, and was particu- 
it in all that author's plays that were usually 
performed, viz. " Wasp," in Bartholomew Fair; " Cor- 
baccio ; " " Morose," in The Silent Woman; and " Ana- 
nias," in The Alchetnist. — Chetwood. 

C. Dibdin says none who ever saw W. 
Parsons (1736-1795) in " Corbaccio " 
could forget his effective mode of ex- 
claiming, " Has he made his will? What 
has he given me?" but Parsons himself 
says, "Ah! to see ' Corbaccio ' acted to 
perfection, you should have seen Shuter. 
The public are pleased to think that I act 
that part well, but his acting was as far 
superior to mine as mount Vesuvius is to 
a rushlight." 



CORBANT. 



*34 



Cor'bant, the rook, in the beast-epic 
of Reynard the Fox (1498). (French, 
corbeau, "a rook.") 

Corbrech'tan or Corybrechtan, 

a whirlpool on the west coast of Scot- 
land, near the isle of Jura. Its name 
signifies "Whirlpool of the prince of 
Denmark," from the tradition that a 
Danish prince once wagered to cast anchor 
in it, but perished in his foolhardiness. 
In calm weather the sound of the vortex 
is like that of innumerable chariots driven 
with speed. 

The distant isles that hear the loud Corbrechtan roar. 
Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 5 (1809). 

Corce'ca (3 syl.), mother of Abessa. 
The word means " blindness of heart," or 
Romanism. Una sought shelter under 
her hut, but Corceca shut the door 
against her ; whereupon the lion which 
accompanied Una broke down the door. 
The " lion " means England, " Corceca " 
popery, "Una" protestantism, and 
"breaking down the door" the Refor- 
mation. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, i. 3 
(i59o). 

Cordelia, youngest daughter of king 
Lear. She was disinherited by her royal 
father, because her protestations of love 
were less violent than those of her sisters. 
Cordelia married the king of France, and 
when her two elder sisters refused to 
entertain the old king with his suite, she 
brought an army over to dethrone them. 
She was, however, taken captive, thrown 
into prison, and died there. 

Her voice was ever soft, 
Gentle, and low ; an excellent thing in woman. 
Shakespeare : King Lear, act v. sc. 3 (1605)* 

Corflambo, the personification of 
sensuality, a giant killed by Arthur. 
Corflambo had a daughter named Paea'na, 
who married Placldas, and proved a good 
wife to him. — Spenser; Faerie Queene, 
iv. 8 (1596). 

Coriat [Thomas), Coriate, Coryat, 
Coryate. (See Coryat's Crudities.) 

Besides, 'tis known he could speak Greek, 
As naturally as pigs do squeak. 

Cranfield: Panegyric Verses on T. Coriat. 
But If the meaning were as far to seek 
As Coriat's horse was of his master's Greek, 
When in that tongue he made a speech at length. 
To show the beast the greatness of his strength. 
Wither: Abuses Striptand Whipt (1613). 

Corin, "the faithful shepherdess," 
who, having lost her true love by death, 
retired from the busy world, remained a 
virgin for the rest of her life, and was 
called "The Virgin of the Grove." The 
shepherd Thenot (final / pronounced) fell 
in love with her for her " fidelity," and to 



CORINNA. 

cure him of his attachment she pretended 
to love him in return. This broke the 
charm, and Thenot no longer felt that 
reverence of love he before entertained. 
Corin was skilled " in the dark, hidden 
virtuous use of herbs," and says — 

Ot ah green wounds I know the remedies 
In men and cattle, be they stung by snakes, 
Or charmed with powerful words of wicked art, 
Or be they love-sick. 
'J. Fletcher : The Faithful Shepherdess, i. 1 (16x0). 

Corin, " strongest of mortal men," and 
one of the suite of Brute (the first mythical 
king of Britain). (See Corineus. ) 

From Corin came it first! [i.e. the Cornish hug im 
wrestling}. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, i. (16x2). 

Corineus. Southey calls the word 
Cor'-l-nuse; Spenser sometimes Co-rin'- 
nuse, and sometimes Co-rin '-e-us (4 syl. ) ; 
Drayton calls the word Cor'-i-ne'-us. 
Corineus was one of the suite of 
Brute. He overthrew the giant Goe'm - 
agot, for which achievement he was 
rewarded with the whole western horn of 
England, hence called Corin'ea, and the 
inhabitants Corin'eans. (See Corin.) 

Corineus challenged the giant to wrestle with him. 
At the beginning of the encounter, Corineus and the 
giant standing front to front held each other strongly 
in their arms, and panted aloud for breath ; but Goe- 
magot presently grasping Corineus with all his might 
broke three of his ribs, two on his right side and one 
on his left. At which Corineus, highly enraged, roused 
up his whole strength, and snatching up the giant, ran 
with him on his shoulders to the neighbouring shore 
and getting on to the top of a high rock, hurled the mon- 
ster into the sea. . . . The place where he fell is called 
Lam Goemagot or Goemagot's Leap to this day.— 
Geoffrey : British History, i. 16 (1142). 

When father Brute and Corineus set foot 
On the White Island first. 

Southey: Afadoe, yi. (1805). 

Corin'eus had that province utmost west 
To him assigned. 

Spenser .• Falrie Queene, ii. xo (1590). 

N. B. — Drayton makes the name a word 
of four syllables, and throws the accent 
on the last but one. 

Which to their general then great Corine'us had. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, i. (1612). 

Corinna, a Greek poetess of Bceotia, 
who gained a victory over Pindar at the 
public games (fl. B.C. 490). 

. . . they raised 
A tent ot satin, elaborately wrought 
With fair Corinna's triumph. 

Tennyson ; The Princess, HI. 

Corinna, daughter of Gripe the scri- 
vener. She marries Dick Amlet. — Van- 
brugh : The Confederacy (1695). 

See lively Pope advance in Jig and trip 

" Corinna," " Cherry,' " Honeycomb, and " Snip ; 

Not without art, but yet to nature true, 

She charms the town with humour just yet new. 

Churchill; Rosciad (1761J1 



CORINNE* 

Corinne' {zsyl.), the heroine and title 
of a novel by Mde. de Stael. Her lover 
proved false, and the maiden gradually 
pined away. 

Corinth. ' Tis not every one who can 
afford to go to Corinth, ' ' 'Tis not every one 
who can afford to indulge in very expen- 
sive licentiousness." Aristophanes speaks 
of the unheard-of sums (amounting to 
^200 or more) demanded by the harlots 
of Corinth. — Plutarch : Parallel Lives, 

u 

Non cuivis homlnum contingit adire Corinthum. 
Horace : I. Epistles, xviL 36. 

Corinthian (A), a rake, a "fast 
man." Prince Henry says (1 Henry IV. 
act ii. sc. 4), "[They] tell me I am no 
proud Jack, like Falstaff, but a Corin- 
thian, a lad of mettle." 

Corinthianism, harlotry. 

To Corinthianize, to live an idle, dissi- 
pated life. 

To act the Corinthian, to become a 
fille publigue. Corinth was called the 
nursery of harlots, in consequence of the 
temple of Venus, which was a vast and 
magnificent brothel. Strabo says {Geor- 
gia, vii.), "There were no fewer than a 
thousand harlots in Corinth." 

Corinthians {Epistles to the). Two 
epistles written by Paul (the apostle) to 
the Corinthians. The first may be di- 
vided into three parts: chaps, i.-xiv., in 
which the writer reproves the Corinthians 
for their ill practices ; chap. xv. treats of 
the resurrection ; and the rest of the 
epistle contains practical instructions. 

The second epistle was written from 
Macedonia, and, like the first, may be 
divided into three parts : chaps, i.-vii. , in 
which the writer justifies the charges made 
in the former epistle ; chaps, vii.-ix., in 
which he exhorts the Corinthians to make 
a liberal collection for the poor of Jerusa- 
lem ; the rest being mainly a narrative of 
what he has suffered for Christ's sake. 

Corin'thian Brass, a mixture of 
gold, silver, and brass, which forms the 
best of all mixed metals. When Mum- 
mius set fire to Corinth, the heat of the 
conflagration was so great that it melted 
the metal, which ran down the streets in 
streams. The three mentioned above ran 
together, and obtained the name of 
" Corinthian brass." 

I think It may be of " Corinthian brass," 
Which was a mixture of all metals, but 
The brazen uppermost. 

Byron : Don Juan, vi. 56 (1821). 



235 



CORMAC II. 



Corinthian Tom, "a fast man," 
the sporting rake in Pierce Egan's Life in 
London. The companion of Tom was 
Jerry [Hawthorne] (1824). 

Coriola'nus {Caius Marcius), called 
Coriolanus from his victory at Cori'oli. 
His mother was Vetu'ria (not Volumnia), 
and his wife Volumnia (not Virgilia). 
Shakespeare has a drama so called. La 
Harpe has also a drama entitled Coriolan, 
produced in 1781. — Livy, Annals, ii. 40. 

(Malone places Shakespeare's play of 
Coriolanus under the year 1610. The 
first folio was printed in 1623.) 

I remember her [Mrs. Siddons] coming down the 
stage in the triumphal entry of her son Coriolanus, when 
her dumb-show drew plaudits that shook the house. 
She came alone, marching and beating time to the 
music, rolling . . . from side to side, swelling with the 
triumph of her son. Such was the intoxication of joy 
which flashed from her eye and lit up her whole face, 
that the effect was irresistible. — C. M. Young. 

Corisande {Lady), who by her charms 
wins over a young nobleman from popery 
to become a member of the Church of 
England. — Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield) 
(1871). 

Corita'ni, the people of Lincolnshire, 
Nottinghamshire, Derbyshire, Leicester- 
shire, Rutlandshire, and Northampton- 
shire. Drayton refers to them in his 
Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Cork Street (London). So called 
from the Boyles, earls of Burlington and 
Cork. (See Clifford Street, p. 219.) 

Cormac I., son of Conar. (See 

CONAR, p. 229.) 

Cormac II. (a minor), king of Ire- 
land. On his succeeding his father Artho 
on the throne. Swaran king of Lochlin 
[Scandinavia] invaded Ireland, and de- 
feated the army under the command of 
Cuthullin. Fingal's arrival turned the 
tide of events, for next day Swaran was 
routed and returned to Lochlin. In the 
third year of his reign Torlath rebelled, 
but was utterly discomfited at lake Lego 
by Cuthullin, who, however, was himself 
mortally wounded by a random arrow 
during the pursuit. Not long after this 
Cairbar rose in insurrection, murdered 
the young king, and usurped the govern- 
ment. His success, however, was only of 
short duration, for having invited Oscar 
to a feast, he treacherously slew him, and 
was himself slain at the same time. His 
brother Cathmor succeeded for a few 
days, when he also was slain in battle 
by Fingal, and the Conar dynasty re- 
stored. Conar (first king of Ireland, a 



CORMACK. 



236 



CORN-LAW RHYMER. 



Caledonian) was succeeded by his son 
Cormac I. ; Cormac I. was succeeded by 
his son Cairbre ; Cairbre by his son 
Artho ; Artho by his son Cormac II. ; 
and Cormac II. (after a short interreg- 
num) by his cousin Ferad-Artho. — Ossian s 
Fingal, Dar-Thula, and Temora. 

Cor'mack {Donald), a Highland 
robber-chief.— Sir W. Scoti ; Fair Maid 
of Pe?-th (time, Henry IV.). 

Cor'xnalo, a ' * chief of ten thousand 
spears," who lived near the waters of 
Lano (a Scandinavian lake). He went to 
Inis-Thona (an island of Scandinavia), to 
the court of king Annir, and " sought the 
honour of the spear" (i.e. a tournament). 
Argon, the elder son of Annir, tilted with 
him and overthrew him. This vexed 
Cormalo greatly, and during a hunting 
expedition he drew his bow in secret and 
shot both Argon and his brother Ruro. 
Their father wondered they did not 
return, when their dog Runa came bound- 
ing into the hall, howling so as to attract 
attention. Annir followed the hound, 
and found his sons both dead. In the 
mean time his daughter was carried off by 
Cormalo. When Oscar, son of Ossian, 
heard thereof, he vowed vengeance, went 
with an army to Lano, encountered Cor- 
malo, and slew him. Then rescuing the 
daughter, he took her back to Inis-Thona, 
and delivered her to her father. — Ossian ; 
The War of Inis-Thona. 

Cor'moran' (The Giant), a Cornish 
giant slain by Jack the Giant-killer. 
This was his first exploit, accomplished 
when he was a mere boy. Jack dug a 
deep pit, and so artfully filmed it over 
atop, that the giant fell into it, where- 
upon Jack knocked him on the head and 
killed him. 

The Persian trick of " Ameen and the Ghool " recurs 

in the Scandinavian visit of Thor to Loki, which has 

come down to Germany in The Brave Little Tailor, 

and to us in Jack the Giant-killer. — Yonge. 

This is the valiant Cornish man 

Who killed the giant Cormoran. 

Jack the Giant- killer (nursery tale). 

Cornavii, the inhabitants of Che- 
shire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, War- 
wickshire, and Worcestershire. Drayton 
refers to them in his Polyolbion, xvi. 
(1613). 

Corneille du Boulevard, Guilbert 
de Pix6recourt (1773-1844). 

Corne'lia, wife ol Titus Sempronius 
Gracchus, and mother of the two tribunes 
Tiberius and Caius. She was almost 
idolized by the Romans, who erected a 



statue in her honour, with this inscription 
Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi. 

Clelia, Cornelia, . . . and the Roman brows 
Of Agrippina. 

Tennyson : The Princess, ii. 

Corner (The). So Tattersall's used 
to be called. 

I saw advertised a splendid park hack, and . . . 
immediately proceeded to the Comer.— Lord IV. 
Lennox : Celebrities, etc., ii. 15. 

Cornet, a waiting-woman on lady 
Fanciful. She caused great offence 
because she did not flatter her ladyship. 
She actually said to her, "Your ladyship 
looks very ill this morning," which the 
French waiting-woman contradicted by 
saying, " My opinion be, matam, dat 
your latyship never look so well in 
all your life." Lady Fanciful said to 
Cornet, " Get out of the room; I can't 
endure you ; " and then turning to Mdlle. 
she added, " This wench is insufferably 
ugly. ... Oh, by-the-by, Mdlle., you 
can take these two pair of gloves. The 
French are certainly well-mannered, and 
never flatter. " — Vanbrugh : The Provoked 
Wife (1697). 

If This is of a piece with the archbishop 
of Grana'da and his secretary Gil Bias. 
(See Archbishop of Granada, p. 55.) 

Corney (Mrs. ), matron of the work- 
house where Oliver Twist was born. She 
is a well-to-do widow, who marries Bum- 
ble, and reduces the pompous beadle to a 
hen-pecked husband. — Dickens: Oliver 
Twist, xxxvii. (1837). 

Cornflower (Henry), a farmer, who 
"beneath a rough outside possessed a 
heart which would have done honour to a 
prince." 

Mrs. Cornflower (by birth Emma Bel- 
ton), the farmer's wife, abducted by sir 
Charles Courtly. — Dibdin; The Farmer's 
Wife (1780). 

Cornhill Magazine (The), started 

in i860, Thackeray being its editor. 

Cornhill to G-rand Cairo (From), 

by Thackeray (1845). The "journey" 
was from Lisbon to Athens, Constanti- 
nople, and Jerusalem, in the "Peninsular 
and Oriental Company." 

Corniole (4 syl.), the cognomen 
given to Giovanni Bernardi, the great 
cornelian engraver, in the time of Lorenzo 
di Medici. He was called "Giovanni 
delle Corniole" (1495-1555). 

Corn-Law Rhymer (The), Ebe- 
nezer Elliot (1781-1849). 



CORNUBIA. 237 

Cornu'bia, Cornwall. The rivers of 
Cornwall are more or less tinged with the 
metals which abound in those parts. 

Then from the largest stream unto the lesser brook . . . 
They curl their ivory fronts, . . . and breed such 

courage . . . 
As drew down many a nymph [river] from the Cornu- 

bian shore, 
That paint their goodly breasts [-water] with sundry 

sorts of oar. 

Dray ten : Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Ccrnu"bian Shore ( The), Cornwall, 
famous for its tin-mines. Merchants of 
ancient Tyre and Sidon used to export 
from Cornwall its tin in large quantities. 

. . . from the bleak Cornubian shore, 
Dispense the mineral treasure, which of old 
Sidonian pilots sought. 

Akensidt : Hymn U the Naiads. 

Cornwall {Barry), an imperfect 
anagram of Bryan Waller Proctor, author 
of English Songs (1788-1874). 

Corombona {Vittoria), the White 
Devil, the chief character in a drama by 
John Webster, entitled The White Devil, 
or Vittoria Corombona (1612). 

Coro'nis, daughter of Phoroneus 
(3 syl.) king of Pho'cis, metamorphosed 
by Minerva into a crow. 

Corporal {The Little). General 
Bonaparte was so called after the battle 
of Lodi (1796). 

Corrector {Alexander the). (See 
Alexander, p. 22.) 

Corriv'reckin, an intermittent whirl- 
pool in the Southern Hebrides, so called 
from a Danish prince of that name, who 
perished there. 

Co rr cage' (2 syl.), the sword of sir 
Otuel, a presumptuous Saracen, nephew 
of Farracute (3 syl.). Otuel was in the 
end converted to Christianity. 

Corsair {The), a poem in three 
cantos (heroic couplets) by lord Byron 
(1814). The corsair was lord Conrad, 
afterwards called Lara. Hearing that the 
sultan Seyd [Seed] was about to attack 
the pirates, he assumed the disguise of a 
dervise and entered the palace, while his 
crew set fire to the sultan's fleet Conrad 
was apprehended and cast into a dungeon, 
and being released by Gulnare (queen of 
the harem), he fled with her to the 
Pirates' Isle. Here he found that 
Medo'ra (his heart's darling) had died 
during his absence, so he left the island 
with Gulnare, returned to his native land, 
headed a rebellion, and was shot. 

(This tale is based on the adventures of 
Lafitte, the notorious buccaneer. Lafitte 
was pardoned by general Jackson for 



CORYCIAN CAVE. 

services rendered, to the States in 1815, 
during the attack of the British on New 
Orleans. ) 

Cor'sand, a magistrate at the ex- 
amination of Dirk Hatteraick at Kipple- 
tringan. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

Corsican Brothers {The), a drama 
by Boucicault (1848), an adaptation of 
Dumas's novel. The name of the brothers 
is Dei Franchi. 

Corsican General {The), Napoleon 
I., who was born in Corsica (1769-1821). 

Cor'sina, wife of the corsair who 
found Fairstar and Chery in the boat as 
it drifted on the sea. Being made very 
rich by her foster-children, Corsina 
brought them up as princes. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy: Fairy Talis ("The Princess 
Fairstar," 1682). 

Corte'jo, a cavalier servente, who as 
Byron says in Beppo — 

Coach, servants, gondola, must go to call. 
And carries fan and tippet, gloves and shawl. 
Was it for this that no cortejo ere 
I yet have chosen from the youth of Sev'ille? 

Byron : Don yuan, L 148 (1819J. 

Corti'na [a cauldron]. It stood on 
three feet. The tripod of the Pythoness 
was so called, because she sat in a kind 
of basin standing on three feet. When 
not in use, it was covered with a lid, and 
the basin then looked like a large metal 
ball. 

Cor'via or Cor'vina, a valuable 
stone, which will cause the possessor to 
be both rich and honoured. It is obtained 
thus : Take the eggs from a crow's nest, 
and boil them hard, then replace them in 
the nest, and the mother will go in search 
of the stone, in order to revivify her eggs. 
—Mirror of Stones. 

Corvi'no {Signior), a Venetian mer- 
chant, duped by Mosca into believing 
that he is Vol'pone's heir. — Ben Jonson: 
Volpone, or the Fox (1605). 

Coryat's Crudities, a book of 

travels by Thomas Coryat, who called 
himself the " Odcombian Legstretcher." 
He was the son of the rector of Odcombe 
(1577-1617). (See Coriat, p. 234.) 

Coryc'ian Cave {The), on mount 
Parnassus, so called from the nymph 
Coryc'ia. Sometimes the Muses are callet* 
Cory c' ides (4 syl.). 

The immortal Muse 
To your calm habitations, to the cave 
Corycian, or the Delphic mount will guide 
His footsteps. 

Akcnsid* : Hymn to the Naiad*. 



CORYCIAN NYMPHS. 

Cory clan Nymphs {The), the 
Muses, so called from the cave of 
Corycla on Lycorea, one of the two 
chief summits of mount Parnassus, in 
Greece. 

Cor 'y don, a common name for a 
shepherd. It occurs in the Idylls of 
Theocritos ; the Eclogues of Virgil ; 
The Cantata, v., of Hughes, etc. 

Cor'ydon, the shepherd who lan- 
guished for the fair Pastorella (canto 9). 
Sir Calidore, the successful rival, treated 
him most courteously, and when he 
married the fair shepherdess, gave Cory- 
don both flocks and herds to mitigate 
his disappointment (canto it). — Spenser : 
Faerie Queene, vi. (1596). 

Cor'ydon, the shoemaker, a citizen.— 
Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Coryphaeus of German Litera- 
ture ( The), Goethe. 

The Polish poet called upon . . . the great Cory- 
phaeus of German literature. — W. X. MorftU: Notes 
and Queries, April 27, 1878. 

Coryphe'us (4 syl.), a model man or 
leader, from the Koruphaios or leader of 
the chorus in the Greek drama. Aris- 
tarchos is called The Corypheus of Gram- 
marians. 

I was in love with honour, and reflected with pleasure 
that I should pass for the Corypheus of all domestics.— 
Lesage : Gil Bias, iv. 7 (1724). 

Cosme (St.), patron of surgeons, 
born in Arabia. He practised medicine 
in Cilicia with his brother St. Damien, 
and both suffered martyrdom under Dio- 
cletian in 303 or 310. Their fete day is 
December 27. In the twelfth century 
there was a medical society called Saint 
Cosme. 

Cos'miel (3 syl.), the genius of the 
world. He gave to Theodidactus a boat 
of asbestos, in which he sailed to the sun 
and planets. — Kircher : Ecstatic J ourney 
to Heaven. 

Cosmos, the personification of "the 
world " as the enemy of man. Phineas 
Fletcher calls him ' ' the first son to the 
Dragon red " {the devil). " Mistake," he 
says, "points all his darts ;" or, as the 
Preacher says, "Vanity, vanity, all is 
vanity." Fully described in The Purple 
Island, viii. (1633). (Greek, kosmos, "the 
world.") 

Costard, a clown who apes the court 
wits of queen Elizabeth's time. He uses 
the word " honorificabilitudinitatibus," 



238 



COUNCILS. 



and some of his blunders are very ridi- 
culous, as *'ad dunghill, at the fingers' 
ends, as they say " (act v. 1). — Shake 
speare: Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 

Costigan (Captain), the father of 
Miss Fotheringay, in Thackeray's Pen- 
dennis (1850). 

Cost in (Lord), disguised as a beggar, 
in The Beggar' s Bush, a drama by Fletcher 
(1622). Folio ed. 1647. 

Cote Male-taile (Sir), meaning the 

"knight with the villainous coat." The 
nickname given by sir Key (the seneschal 
of king Arthur) to sir Brewnor le Noyre, 
a young knight who wore his father's 
coat with all its sword-cuts, to keep him 
in remembrance of the vengeance due to 
his father. His first achievement was 
to kill a lion that "had broken loose 
from a tower, and came hurling after the 
queen." He married a damsel called 
Maledisaunt (3 syl.), who loved him, but 
always chided him. After her marriage 
she was called Beauvinant. — Sir T. 
Malory : History of Prince Arthur, ii. 
42-50 (1740). 

Cotta, in Pope's Moral Essays (epistle 
ii.), is said to be intended for the duke of 
Newcastle, who died 1711. 

Cotter's Saturday Night (The), 
a poem by Burns, Spenserian metre 
(1787). 

Cotyt'to, goddess of the Edoni of 
Thrace. Her orgies resembled those of 
the Thracian CyTDelS (3 syl.). 

Hail, goddess of nocturnal sport, 

Dark-veiled Cotytto, to whom the secret flame 

Of midnight torches burns 1 

Milton ; Comus, 139, etc. (1634). 

Cougar, the American tiger. 

Nor foeman then, nor cougar's crouch I feared, 
For I was strong as mountain cataract. 

Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, iii. 14 (1809). 

Coulin, a British giant pursued by 
Debon till he came to a chasm 132 feet 
across, which he leaped ; but slipping on 
the opposite side, he fell backwards into 
the pit and was killed. 

And eke that ample pit yet far renowned 
For the great leap which Debon did compeD 

Coulin to make, being eight lugs of grownd, 
Into the which retourning back he fell. 

Spenser : Faerie Queene, ii. 10 (1590). 

Councils {(Ecumenical). Only six are 
recognized by the Church of England, 
viz. : (1) Nice, 325 ; (2) Constantinople, 
381 ; (3) Ephesus, 431 ; (4) Chalce'don, 
45 1 ; (5) Constantinople, 553 ; (6) ditto, 
680. 



COUNT NOT YOUR CHICKENS. 239 

Count not your Chickens before 
they are Hatched. Generally ascribed 
to Lafontaine, from his fable of the milk- 
maid Perrette. But the substance of this 
fable is very old. For example — 

IT InA-D. 550 Barzuyeh translated for 
the king of Persia a collection of Indian 
fables called the Panka Tantra ( " five 
books "), and one of the stories is that of 
a Brahmin who collected rice by begging; 
but it occurred to him there might be a 
famine, in which case he could sell his 
rice for 100 rupees, and buy two goats. 
The goats would multiply, and he would 
then buy cows ; the cows would calve, 
and he would buy a farm ; with the 
savings of his farm he would buy a 
mansion; then marry some one with a 
rich dowry ; there would be a son in due 
time, who should be named Somo Sala, 
whom he would dandle on his knees. If 
the child ran into danger he would cry 
to the mother, " Take up the baby ! take 
up the baby ! '* In his excitement the 
castle-dreamer kicked over his packet of 
rice, and all his swans took wing. From 
this fable the Persians say of a castle- 
dreamer, " He is like the father of Somo 
Sala." 

IT Another version of the story is given 
in "The History of the Barber's Fifth 
Brother," whose name was Alnaschar 
{g.v.). — Arabian. Nights' Entertainments. 

^ Rabelais has introduced a similar 
story, called "The Shoemaker and a 
Ha'poth of Milk," told by Echephron, in 
PantagrneL (See Echephron.) 

Count of Narbonne, a tragedy by 
Robert Jephson (1782). His father, count 
Raymond, having poisoned Alphonso, 
forged a will barring Godfrey's right, 
and naming Raymond as successor. 
Theodore fell in love with Adelaide, the 
count's daughter, but was reduced to this 
dilemma: if he married Adelaide, he 
could not challenge the count and obtain 
the possessions he had a right to as 
grandson of Alphonso ; if, on the other 
hand, he obtained his rights and killed 
the count in combat, he could not expect 
that Adelaide would marry him. At the 
end the count killed Adelaide, and then 
himself. This drama is copied from 
Walpole: Castle of Otranto. 

Count Robert of Paris, a novel 

by sir W. Scott, after the wreck of his 
fortune and repeated strokes of paralysis 
(1831). The critic can afford to be 
indulgent, and those who read this story 
must remember that the sun of the great 



COUNTRY GIRU 

wizard was hastening to its set. The 
time of the novel is the reign of Rufus. 

Counties. " The clownish blazon of 
each county " (from Drayton's Polyolbion t 
xxiii., towards the close). 

Bedfordshire : Malthorses. 
Berkshire : Let's to't, and toss the ball 
Berwick (to the Ouse) : Snaffle, spur, and spear. 

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE: ^^ 

Bread and beef, 

Where if you beat the bush, tto odds you start a 
thief. 
Cambridgeshire : Hold nets, and let us win, 
CHESHIRE: Chief of men. 
CORNWALL: I «. -, ., , ,„ 

Devonshire: ) Well wrestle for a fcIL 
Derbyshire: Wool and lead. 
DORSETSHIRE: Dorsers. 
ESSEX : Calves and stiles. 
Gloucestershire : Weigh thy wood. 

HANTS: Hampshire hogs. 

Herefordshire : Give me woof and warp. 

HERTS: 

The club and clouted shoon, 

111 rise betimes, and sleep again at noon. 

HUNTINGDONSHIRE : With stilts we'll stalk through 
thick and thin. 

KENT : Long tails and liberty. 

LANCASHIRE : Witches or Fair maids. 

LEICESTERSHIRE : Bean-bellies. 

Lincolnshire : Bags and bagpipes. 

MIDDLESEX: 

Up to London let us go, 

And when our market's done, let's have a pot or two. 
NORFOLK : Many wiles. 
NORTHANTS : Love below the girdle, but little else 

above. 
NOTTINGHAMSHIRE: Ale and bread. 
OXFORDSHIRE: 

The scholars have been here, 

And little though they paid, yet hare they had good 
cheer. 
RUTLANDSHIRE: Raddlemea. 
SHROPSHIRE: 

Shins be ever sharp ; 

Lay wood upon the fire, reach hither me the harp, 

And whilst the black bowl walks, we merrily will 
carp. 
SOMERSETSHIRE : Set the bandog on the bull. 
STAFFORDSHIRE : 

Stay, and I will beet [sic] the fire. 
And nothing will I ask but goodwill for my hire. 
SUFFOLK : Maids and milk. 
SURREY: 
SUSSEX: 

WARWICKSHIRE : I'll bind the sturdy bear. 
WILTSHIRE : Get home and pay for all. 
WORCESTERSHIRE : And I will squirt the pear. 
YORKSHIRE : I'se Yorkshire and Stingo. 

Country (Father of his). Cicero was 
so called by the Roman senate (b.c. 
106-43). Julius Caesar was so called 
after quelling the insurrection in Spain 
(B.C. 100-43). Augustus Caesar was 
called Pater atque Princeps (B.C. 63, 31- 
14). Cosmo de Med'ici (1 389-1464). G. 
Washington, defender and paternal coun- 
sellor of the American States (1732-1799). 
Andrea Dorea is so called on the base 
of his statue in Gen'oa (1468-1560). 
Andronicus Palaeol'ogus II. assumed the 
title (1260-1332). (See 1 Chron. iv. 14. ) 

Country Girl {The), a comedy by 
Garrick, altered from Wycherly. The 
" country girl " is Peggy Thrift, the 
orphan daughter of sir Thomas Thrift, 



COUNTRY PARSON. 



240 



COVERLEY. 



and ward of Moody, who brings her up 
in the country in perfect seclusion. When 
Moody is 50 and Peggy is 19, he wants 
So marry her, but she outwits him and 
marries Belville, a young man of suitable 
age and position. 

Country Parson (A), the name 
under which Dr. Boyd (minister of St. 
Andrew's, Scotland) wrote several books. 

Country Pastor (A). So arch- 
bishop Whately signed his Lectures on 
Sci'ipture Revelations (1825). 

Country Wife {The), a comedy by 
William Wycherly (1675). 

Pope was proud to receive notice from the author of 
The Country Wife— R.Chambers: English Literature* 
1-393. 

Coupee, the dancir>g-master, who 
says "if it were not for dancing-masters, 
men might as well walk on their heads as 
heels." He courts Lucy by promising to 
teach her dancing. — Fielding: The Virgin 
Unmasked. 

Courland Weather, wintry weather 
with pitiless snow-storms. So called 
from the Russian province of that name. 

Course of Time (The), an epic 
poem in blank verse (six books) by 
Pollok (1827). 

Course of True Love never did 
run Smooth (The), a tale by C. 
Reade (1857). 

(T. B. Aldrich wrote a story in verse 
with the same title in 1858. It recounts 
the ups and downs of two lovers, whom 
the caliph tried to keep apart.) 

Court Holy Water, flummery ; the 
meaningless compliments of politesse, . 
called in French Eau benite de cour. 

To flatter, to claw, to give one court holie-water.-^ 
Florio: Italian Dictionary, art. " Mantellizare." 

Cour'tain, one of the swords of 
Ogier the Dane, made by Munifican. 
His other sword was Sauvagine. 

But Ogier gazed upon it [the sea] doubtfully 
One moment, and then, sheathing Couitain, said, 
" What tales are these ? " 

Morris ; The Earthly Paradise (** August "). 

Courtall, a fop and consummate 
libertine, for ever boasting of his love- 
conquests over ladies of the haut monde. 
He tries to corrupt lady Frances Touch- 
wood, but is foiled by Saville. — Mrs. 
Cowley: The Belle's Stratagem (1780). 

Courtenay (Peregrine), the pseu- 
donym of Praed (1 802-1 839). 

Courtly (Sir Charles), a young liber- 
tine, who abducted the beautiful wife of 



farmer Cornflower. — Dibdin: The Faf* 
mer's Wife (1780). 

Courtship of Miles Standish 

(The), a poem in English hexameters 
by Longfellow (1858). 

Cousin Michel or Michael, the 
nickname of a German, as John Bull is 
of an Englishman, Brother Jonathan of 
an American, Colin Tampon a Swiss, 
John Chinaman a Chinese, etc. 

Cousins (The), a novel by Mrs. 
Trollope (1847). 

Couvade' (2 syl.), a man who takes 
the place of his wife when she is in 
child-bed. In these cases the man lies 
a-bed, and the woman does the household 
duties. The people called " Gold Tooth," 
in the confines of Burmah, are couvades. 
M. Francisque Michel tells us the custom 
still exists in Biscay ; and colonel Yule 
assures us that it is common in Yunnan 
and among the Miris in Upper Assam. 
Mr. Tylor has observed the same custom 
among the Caribs of the West Indies, 
the Abipones of Central South America, 
the aborigines of California, in Guiana, 
in West Africa, and in the Indian 
Archipelago. Diodorus speaks of it as 
existing at one time in Corsica ; Strabo 
says the custom prevailed in the north of 
Spain ; and Apollonius Rhodius that the 
Tabarenes on the Euxine Sea observed 
the same — 

In the Tabarenian land. 
When some good woman bears her lord a babe^ 
Tis he is swathed, and groaning put to bed ; 
While she arising- tends his bath and serves 
Nice possets farther husband in the straw. 

Apollonius Rhodius : Argonautic Exp. 

Coventry, a corruption of Cune-trt 
(•' the town on the Cune "). 

Cune, whence Coventry her name doth take. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Coventry Mysteries, certain 
miracle-plays acted at Coventry till 
1591. They were published in 1841 for 
the Shakespeare Society, under the care 
of J. O. Halliwell. (See Chester 
Mysteries, p. 200.) 

Cov'erley (Sir Roger de), a member 
of an hypothetical club, noted for his 
modesty, generosity, hospitality, and 
eccentric whims; most courteous to his 
neighbours, most affectionate to his 
family, most amiable to his domestics. 
Sir Roger, who figures in thirty papers of 
the Spectator, is the very beau-ideal of 
an amiable country gentleman of queen 
Anne's time. 

What would sir Roger de Coverley be without hta 
follies and his charming little brain-cracks t If the good 



COVERT-BARON. 



241 



CRANE. 



knight did not call out to the people sleeping: fa church 
and say '* Amen " with such delightful pomposity ; if 
he did not mistake Mde. Doll Tearsheet for a lady of 
quality in Temple Garden ; if he were wiser than he is, 
... of what worth were he to us 1 We love him for 
his vanities as much as for his virtues.— Thackeray. 

Covert-baron, a wife, so called 
because she is under the covert or pro- 
tection of her baron or lord. 

Cow and Calf, Lewesdon Hill and 
Pillesdon Pen, in Dorsetshire. 

Cowards and Bullies. In Shake- 
speare we have Parolles and Pistol ; in 
Ben Jonson, Bob'adil ; in Beaumont and 
Fletcher, Bessus and Mons. Lapet, the 
very prince of cowards; in the French 
drama, Le Capitan, Metamore, and Scara- 
mouch. (See also Basilisco, Captain 
Noll Bluff, Boroughcliff, Captain 
Brazen, Sir Petronel Flash, Sacri- 
pant, Vincent de la Rose, etc.) 

Cowper, called ' ' Author of The 
Task," from his principal poem (1731- 
1800). 

Cowper's Grave, a poem by R. 

Browning (1812-1889). 

Cowper-Temple Clause, the clause 
(xiv.) in the Elementary Education Act of 
1870, which runs thus: "No religious 
catechism or religious formulary which is 
distinctive of any particular denomination 
shall be taught in [board schools']." 

Cox's Diary, a comic story by 
Thackeray. 

Coxcomb, an empty-headed, con- 
ceited fop, like an ancient jester, who 
wore on the top of his cap a piece of red 
cloth resembling a cock's comb. 

The Prince of Coxcombs, Charles 
Joseph prince de Ligne (1535-1614). 

Richard II. of England (1366, 1377- 
1400). 

Henri III. of France, Le Mignon (1551, 
1574-1589). 

Coxe {Captain), one of the masques 
at K en il worth. — Sir W. Scott: Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Crabshaw {Timothy), the servant of 
sir Launcelot Greaves's squire. — Smollett : 
Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves 
(1760). 

Crab'tree, in Smollett's novel called 
The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle 
(1751). 

Crab'tree, uncle of sir Benjamin Back- 
bite, in Sheridan's comedy, The School for 
Scandal (1777). 



Crab'tree, a gardener at Fairport. — 
Sir W.Scott: The Antiquary (time, George 

Craca, one of the Shetland Isles. — 
Ossian : Fingal. 

Crack'enthorp [Father), a publican. 

Dolly Crackenthorp, daughter of the 
publican. — Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Crackit [Flash Toby), one of the 
villains in the attempted burglary in 
which Bill Sikes and his associates were 
concerned. — C. Dickens: Oliver Twist 
(1837). 

Cra'dlemont, king of Wales, sub- 
dued by Arthur, righting for Leod'ogran 
king of Cam'eliard (3 syl.), — Tennyson: 
Coming of Arthur. 

Cradock (Sir), the only knight who 
could carve the boar's head which no 
cuckold could cut ; or drink from a bowl 
which no cuckold could quaff without 
spilling the liquor. His lady was the 
only one in king Arthur's court who 
could wear the mantle of chastity brought 
thither by a boy during Christmas-tide. — 
Percy : Reliques, etc., III. iii. 18. 

Craigdallie {Adam), the senior 
baillie of Perth.— Sir W. Scott: Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Craig'engelt {Captain), an ad- 
venturer and companion of Bucklaw. — 
Sir W. Scott: Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

Cramp {Corporal), under captain 
Thornton.— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy (time, 
George I.). 

Crampart {King), the king who 
made a wooden horse which would go 
100 miles an hour. —Alkmaar : Reynard 
the Fox (1498). 

Cran'boiirne {Sir Jasper), a. friend 
of sir Geoffrey Peveril.— Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Crane {Dame Alison), mistress of the 
Crane inn, at Marlborough. 

Gaffer Crane, the dame's husband. — 
Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Crane {Ichabod), a credulous Yankee 
schoolmaster. He is described as "tall, 
exceedingly lank, and narrow-shouldered ; 
his arms, legs, and neck unusually long ; 
his hands dangle a mile out of his 
sleeves ; his feet might serve for shovels ; 
and his whole frame is very loosely hung 
together." — W, Irving: Sketch-Dook. 



CRANES. 



243 



CRAWLEY. 



The head of Ichabod Crane was small and flat at top, 
•*ith huge ears, large green glassy eyes, and a long 
•nipe nose, so that it looked like a weather-cock 
perched upon his spindle neck to feel which way the 
wind blew.— Irving: Sketch-Book (" Legend of Sleepy 
Hollow ). 

Cranes (1 syl.). Milton, referring to 
the wars of the pygmies and the cranes, 
calls the former 

That small infantry 
Warred on by cranes. 

Paradise Lost, L 575 (1665). 

Cranion, queen Mab's charioteer. 

Four nimble gnats the horses were, 
Their harnesses of gossamere, 
Fly Cranion, her charioteer. 

Drayton: Nymphidia (1563-1631). 

Crank {Dame), the papist laundress 
at Marlborough. — Sir W. Scott: Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Cranmer, Latimer, and Ridley. 

The following bill for their burning is in 
the British Museum : — 

For 3 loads wood faggots, its. ; item, one load furze 
faggots, 3J. Ad. ; item, for carriage, as. 6d. ; item, a post, 
as. Ad. ; item, a chains, 3^. Ad. ; item, 2 tables, 6d. ; item, 
labourers, as. 8d. ; total, £i6s.Sd. 

Cra'paud {Johnnie), a Frenchman, as 
John Bull is an Englishman, Cousin 
Michael a German, Colin Tampon a 
Swiss, Brother Jonathan a North Ameri- 
can, etc. Called Crapaud from the device 
of the ancient kings of France, "three 
toads erect, saltant." Nostradamus, in 
the sixteenth century, called the French 
trapauds in the well-known line — '■ 
Les anciens crapauds prendront Sara. 

("Sara" is Aras backwards, a city 
taken from the Spaniards under Louis 
XIV.). 

Cratchit {Bob or Robert), clerk of 
Ebenezer Scrooge, stock-broker. Though 
Bob Cratchit has to maintain nine persons 
on 15J. a week, he has a happier home 
and spends a merrier Christmas than his 
master, with all his wealth and selfish- 
ness. 

Tiny Tim Cratchit, the little lame son 
of Bob Cratchit, the Benjamin of the 
family, the most helpless and most 
beloved of all. Tim does not die, but 
Ebenezer Scrooge, after his change of 
character, makes him his special care. — 
C. Dickens: A Christmas Carol (in five 
staves, 1843). 

Craw'ford {Lindsay earl of), the 

young earl-marshal of Scotland. — Sir W. 
Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Crawford {Lord), captain of the Scot- 
tish guard at Plessis 16s Tours, in the pay 



of Louis XL — Sir W. Scott: Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Crawley {Sir Pitt), of Great Gaunt 

Street, and of Queen's Crawley, Hants. 
A sharp, miserly, litigious, vulgar, ig- 
norant baronet, very rich, desperately 
mean, "a philosopher with a taste for 
low life," and intoxicated every night. 
Becky Sharp was engaged by him to teach 
his two daughters. On the death of his 
second wife, sir Pitt asked her to become 
lady Crawley, but Becky had already mar- 
ried his son, captain Rawdon Crawley. 
This " aristocrat " spoke of "brass far- 
dens," and was unable to spell the simplest 
words, as the following specimen will 
show : — " Sir Pitt Crawley begs Miss Sharp 
and baggidge may be hear on Tuseday, 
as I leaf . . . to-morrow erly." " The 
whole baronetage, peerage, and common- 
age of England did not contain a more 
cunning, mean, foolish, disreputable old 
rogue than sir Pitt Crawley." He died 
at the age of fourscore, " lamented and 
beloved, regretted and honoured," if we 
can believe his monumental tablet 

Lady Crawley. Sir Pitt's first wife was 
"a confounded, quarrelsome, high-bred 
jade." So he chose for his second wife 
the daughter of Mr. Dawson, ironmonger, 
of Mudbury, who gave up her sweet- 
heart, Peter Butt, for the gilded vanity 
of Crawleyism. This ironmonger's daugh- 
ter had "pink cheeks and a white skin, 
but no distinctive character, no opinions, 
no occupation, no amusements, no vigour 
of mind, no temper ; she was a mere 
female machine." Being a " blonde, she 
wore draggled sea-green or slatternly 
sky-blue dresses," went about slip-shod 
and in curl-papers all day till dinner- 
time. She died and left sir Pitt for the 
second time a widower, ' ' to-morrow to 
fresh woods and pastures new." 

Mr. Pitt Crawley, eldest son of sir Pitt, 
and at the death of his father inheritor of 
the title and estates. Mr. Pitt was a 
most proper gentleman. He would rather 
starve than dine without a dress-coat and 
white neckcloth. The whole house bowed 
down to him ; even sir Pitt himself threw 
off his muddy gaiters in his son's presence. 
Mr. Pitt always addressed his mother-in- 
law with "most powerful respect," and 
strongly impressed her with his high 
aristocratic breeding. At Eton he was 
called " Miss Crawley." His religious 
opinions were offensively aggressive 
and of the 'evangelical type." He 
even built a meeting-house close by his 



CRAYON. 

uncle's church. Mr. Pitt Crawley came 
into the large fortune of his aunt, Miss 
Crawley, married lady Jane Sheepshanks, 
daughter of the countess of Southdown, 
became an M.P., grew money-loving and 
mean, but less and less " evangelical" as 
he grew great and wealthy. 

Captain Rawdon Crawley, younger 
brother of Mr. Pitt Crawley. He was in 
the Dragoon Guards, a "blood about 
town," and an adept in boxing, rat- 
hunting, the fives-court, and four-in- 
hand driving. He was a young dandy, 
six feet high, with a great voice, but few 
brains. He could swear a great deal, 
but could not spell. He ordered about 
the servants, who nevertheless adored 
him ; was generous, but did not pay his 
tradesmen ; a Lothario, free and easy. 
His style of talk was, "Aw, aw; Jave- 
aw ; Gad-aw ; it's a confounded fine 
segaw-aw— confounded as I ever smoked. 
Gad-aw." This military exquisite was 
the adopted heir of Miss Crawley; but 
as he chose to marry Becky Sharp, was 
set aside for his brother Pitt. For a time 
Becky enabled him to live in splendour 
"upon nothing a year." But a great 
scandal got wind of gross improprieties 
between lord Steyne and Becky ; so that 
Rawdon separated from his wife, and was 
given the governorship of Coventry Isle 
by lord Steyne. " His excellency colonel 
Rawdon Crawley died in his island of 
yellow fever, most deeply beloved and 
deplored," and his son Rawdon inherited 
his uncle's title and the family estates. 

The Rev. Bute Crawley, brother of sir 
Pitt. He was a "tall, stately, jolly, 
shovel-hatted rector." " He pulled stroke- 
oar in the Christ Church boat, and had 
thrashed the best bruisers of the town. 
The Rev. Bute loved boxing-matches, 
races, hunting, coursing, balls, elections, 
regattas, and good dinners ; had a fine 
singing voice, and was very popular." 
His wife wrote his sermons for him. 

Mrs. Bute Crawley, the rector's wife, 
was a smart little lady, domestic, politic, 
but apt to overdo her "policy." She 
gave her husband full liberty to do as he 
liked, was prudent and thrifty. — Thacke- 
ray : Vanity Fair (1848). 

Cray'on {Le Sieur de), one of the 
officers of Charles •* the Bold," duke of 
Burgundy. — SirW. Scott: Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Cray'on {Geoffrey), Esq., a pseudonym 
of Washington Irving, author of The 
Sketch-Book (1820). 



243 



CRESSIDA. 



Crea'kle, a hard, vulgar school- 
master, to whose charge David Copper- 
field was entrusted, and where he first 
made the acquaintance of Steerforth. 

The circumstance about him which impressed mo 
most was that he had no voice, but spoke in a whisper. 
— Dickens : David Copperfteld, vL (1849). 

Creation, a poem by Richard Black- 
more, M.D. (1711). Dr. Johnson thought 
well of it. An oratorio by Haydn (1798) ; 
La Premiere Semaine, by Du Bartas (about 
1570) ; a French epic, translated into 
English verse by Joshua Sylvester, in 1605. 
Milton, in his Paradise Lost, was under 
obligation to Du Bartas. 

Credat Judaaus Apella, non ego 
(Horace, 1 Satires, v. 100). Of "Apella" 
nothing whatever is known. In general 
the name is omitted, and the word 
" Judaeus " stands for any Jew. " A dis- 
believing Jew would give credit to the 
statement sooner than I should." 

Creed {An Exposition of the) by 
Pearson (1659). When I was at College, 
"Pearson on the Creed" and Paley's 
" Evidences " were standard books. 

Cre'kenpit, a fictitious river near 
Husterloe, according to the hypothetical 
geography of Master Reynard, who calls 
on the hare to attest the fact — Reynard 
the Fox (1498). 

Crescent City, New Orleans 
[Or-leenz], in Louisiana, U.S. 

Cres'sida, in Chaucer Cresseide 
(2 syl.), a beautiful, sparkling, and 
accomplished woman, who has become 
a by-word for infidelity. She was the 
daughter of Calchas, a Trojan priest, who 
took part with the Greeks. Cressida is not 
a character of classic story, but a mediaeval 
creation. Pope says her story was the 
invention of Lollius the Lombard, his- 
toriographer of Urbino, in Italy. Cressida 
betroths herself to Troilus, a son of 
Priam, and vows eternal fidelity. Troi'lus 
gives the maiden a sleeve, and she gives 
her Adonis a glove, as love-knots. Soon 
after this betrothal an exchange of 
prisoners is made, when Cressida falls to 
the lot of Diomed, to whom she very 
soon yields her love, and even gives him 
the very sleeve which Troflus had given 
her as a love-token. 

*.* In Shakespeare's Troilus and 
Cressida, she is a mere giddy jilt, who 
might be wooed and won by any one. 

As false 
As air, as water, wind, or sandy earth . . . 
Yea, let [men] say to stick the heart of falsehood, 
" As false as Cressid." 
Shakespeare : Troilus and Cressida, act Lit. sc. 2 (i6w). 



CRESSWELL. 344 

Cresswell {Madame), a woman of 
infamous character, who bequeathed £xo 
for a funeral sermon, in which nothing 
ill should be said of her. The duke of 
Buckingham wrote the sermon, which 
was as follows : — "All I shall say of her 
is this : she was born well, she married 
well, lived well, and died well; for she 
was born at Shad-well, married Cress- 
well, lived at Clerken-well, and died in 
Bride-well."— Sir IV. Scott: Peveril of 
the Peak, chap. xliv. 

Crete {Hound of), a blood-hound.— 
See Midsummer Night's Dream, act iii. 
sc. 2. 

Coupe le gorge, that's the word ; I thee defy again, 
O hound of Crete ! 

Shakespeare : Henry V. act ii. sc. i (1599)* 

The Infamy of Crete,, the Minotaur. 

[There] lay stretched 
The infamy of Crete, detested brood 
Of the feigned heifer. 
Dante : Hell, xii. (1300, Cary's translation). 

Crevecour (2 syl. ). The count Philip 
de Crevecour is the envoy sent by Charles 
"the Bold," duke of Burgundy, with a 
defiance to Louis XI. king of France. 

The countess of Crevecour, wife of the 
count. — Sir W. Scott : Quentin Durward 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Crib {Tom), Thomas Moore, author 
of Tom Crib's Memorial to Congress, 
in verse (1819). 

Crichton (The Admirable), James 
Crichton, a Scotchman (1560-1583). He 
was killed at Mantua in a duel with his 
pupil, Vincenzo di Gonzao, at the age of 
twenty-three. 

The Irish Crichton, John Henderson 
(1757-1788). 

Cricket on the Hearth (The), a 
Christmas fairy tale, by Dickens (1845). 
(See Peerybingle.) 

Crillon. The following story is told 
of this brave but simple-minded officer. 
Henri IV., after the battle of Arques, 
wrote to him thus — 

Prends-toi, brave Crillon, nousaratu vaincu a Arques, 
et tu n'y etais pas. 

The first and last part of this letter have 
become proverbial in France. 

When Crillon heard the story of the 
Crucifixion read at church, he grew so 
excited that he cried out in an audible 
voice, Ou itais tu, Crillon ? ("What 
were you about, Crillon, to permit of 
such atrocity?") 

1 When Clovis was told of the Cruci- 
fixion, he exclaimed, " Had I and my 



CRITIC 

Franks been by, we would have avenged 
the wrong, I warrant." 

Crime — Blunder. Talleyrand said 
of the execution of the due d'Enghien by 
Napoleon I., that it was "not merely 
a crime, it was a blunder." The words 
have been attributed to Fouche" also. 

Crimo'ra and Connal. Crimora, 
daughter of Rinval, was in love with 
Connal of the race of Fingal, who was 
defied by Dargo. He begs his ' ' sweet- 
ing " to lend him her father's shield ; but 
she says it is ill-fated, for her father fell 
by the spear of Gormar. Connal went 
against his foe, and Crimora, disguised in 
armour, went also, but unknown to him. 
She saw her lover in fight with Dargo, 
and discharged an arrow at the foe, but it 
missed its aim and shot Connal. She ran 
in agony to his succour. It was too late. 
He died, Crimora died also, and both 
were buried in one grave. — Ossian • 
Carrie- Thura. 

Crim-Tartary, now called the 
Crime'a. 

Cringle's Logf (Tom), a sea story 
by Michael Scott (1789-1835). 

Crispin (St.). Crisplnos and Cris- 
pianus were two brothers, born at Rome, 
from which place they travelled to 
Soissons, in France (about A.D. 303), to 
propagate the gospel. They worked as 
shoemakers, that they aright not be 
chargeable to any one. The governor of 
the town ordered them to be beheaded 
the very year of their arrival ; and they 
were made the tutelary saints of the 
"gentle craft." St. Crispin's Day is 
October 25. 

This day is called the feast of Crispian . . . 
And Crispin Crispian shall ne'er go by, 
From this day to the ending of the world, 
But we in it shall be remembered. 

Shakespeare : Henry V. act iv. sc. 3 (1599). 

Crispi'nus, in Ben Jonson's play of 
The Poetaster, is meant for Maston, the 
dramatist (1661). 

Critic (A Bossu), one who criticizes 
the " getting up " of a book more than its 
literary worth ; a captious, carping critic. 
R£ne le Bossu was a French critic (1631- 
1680). 

The epic poem your lordship bade me look at, upon 
taking the length, breadth, height, and depth of it, and 
trying them at hume upon an exact scale of Bossu 's, 'tis 
out, my lord, in every one of its dimensions. Admirable 
connoisseur !— Sterne. 

(The scale referred to was that of Bossut 
the mathematician.) (v. Chrysos.p. 208.) 






CRITIC 

Critio {The), by R. B. Sheridan, sug- 
gested by The Rehearsal (1779). 

{The Rehearsal is by the duke of 
Buckingham, 1671.) 

Criticism. {An Essay on), by Pope 
(1709). It contains 724 lines in heroic 
couplets. It is full of household lines 
and phrases. 

V Lord Karnes published, in 1762, a book called The 
Elements 0/ Criticism. 

Critics [The Prince of), Aristarchos 
of Byzantium, who compiled, in the second 
century B.C., the rhapsodies of Homer. 

N.B. — Ritson was both an insolent and 
a malignant critic. (See Ritsonism.) 

Croaker, guardian to Miss Richland. 
Never so happy as when he imagines 
himself a martyr. He loves a funeral 
better than a festival, and delights to 
think that the world is going to rack and 
ruin. His favourite phrase is "May be 
not." 

A poor, fretful soul, that has a new distress for every 
hour of the four and twenty. — Act L 1. 

Mrs. Croaker, the very reverse of her 
grumbling, atrabilious husband. She is 
mirthful, light-hearted, and cheerful as a 
lark. 

The very reverse of each other. She all laugh and no 
joke, he always complaining and never sorrowful.— 
Act L 1. 

Leontine Croaker, son of Mr. Croaker. 
Being sent to Paris to fetch his sister, he 
falls in love with Olivia Woodville, whom 
he brings home instead, introduces her to 
Croaker as his daughter, and ultimately 
marries her. — Goldsmith: The Good- 
natured Man (1768). 

Crocodile {King). The people of 
Isna, in Upper Egypt, affirm that there is 
a king crocodile as there is a queen bee. 
The king crocodile has ears but no tail, 
and has no power of doing harm. Southey 
says that though the king crocodile has 
no tail, he has teeth to devour his people 
\s i th. — Browne : Travels. 

Crocodile {Lady Kitty), meant for 
the duchess of Kingston. — Foote: A Trip 
to Calais (1777). 

Crocodile's Tears, deceitful show 
of grief ; hypocritical sorrow. 

It is written that the crocodile will weep over a man's 
head when he hath devoured the body, and then he 
will eat up the head too. Wherefore in Latin there is 
a proverb : Crocodili lachrymcc (" crocodile's tears "), 
to signify such tears as are fained and spent only with 
intent to deceive or doe harm. — Bullokar : English 
Expositor (1616). 

Caesar will weep, the crocodile wil weep. 

Dryden : A II /or Love (168a). 

Cro'cus, a young man enamoured of 
the nymph Smilax, who did nut return 
his love. The gods changed him into 



245 CROKER'S MARE. 

the crocus flower, to signify unrequited 
love. 

Croesus, king of Lydia, deceived by 
an oracle, was conquered by Cyrus king 
of Persia. Cyrus commanded a huge 
funeral pile to be erected, upon which 
Croesus and fourteen Lydian youths were 
to be chained and burnt alive. When 
on the pyre, the discrowned king called 
on the name of Solon, and Cyrus asked 
why he did so. ' ' Because he told me to 
call no one happy till death." Cyrus, 
struck with the remark, ordered the fire of 
the pile to be put out, but this could not 
be done. Croesus then called on Apollo, 
who sent a shower which extinguished 
the flames, and he and his Lydians came 
from the pile unharmed. 

IT The resemblance of this legend to 
the Bible account of the Jewish youths 
condemned by Nebuchadnezzar to be cast 
into the fiery furnace, from which they 
came forth uninjured, will recur to the 
reader. — Daniel iii. 

Crassus's Dream. Croesus dreamt that 
his son Atys would be slain by an iron 
instrument, and used every precaution to 
prevent it, but to no purpose ; for one 
day Atys went to chase the wild boar, and 
Adrastus, his friend, threw a dart at the 
boar to rescue Atys from danger ; the 
dart, however, struck the prince and 
killed him. The tale is told by William 
Morris, in his Earthly Paradise ( ' ' July " ). 

Croft angry {Mr. Chrystal), a gentle- 
man fallen to decay, cousin of Mrs 
Martha Bethune Baliol, to whom, at 
death, he left the MS. of two novels, 
one The Highland Widow, and the other 
The Fair Maid of Perth, called the First 
and Second Series of the ' ' Chronicles of 
Canongate" {q.v.). The history of Mr. 
Chrystal Croftangry is given in the 
introductory chapters of The Highland 
Widow, and continued in the introduction 
of J he Fair Maid of Perth. 

(Lockhart tells us that Mr. Croftangry 
is meant for sir Walter Scott's father, 
and that "the fretful patient at the 
death-bed " is a living picture.) 

Crofts {Master), the person killed in 
a duel bysirGeoffrev Hudson, the famous 
dwarf.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Croker's Mare. In the proverb As 
coy as Croker's mare. This means " as 
chary as a mare that carries crockery." 

She was to them as koy as a croker's mare. 

Ueywood: Dialogue, u. x (u66). 



CROKERS. 

Crokers. Potatoes are so called, 

because they were first planted in Croker's 
field,' at "Youghal, in Ireland. — Planche": 
Recollections, etc., ii. 119. 

Croma, Ulster, in Ireland.— Ossian. 

Cromla, a hill in the neighbourhood 
of the castle Tura, in Ulster! — Ossian: 
Fingal. 

Crommal, a mountain in Ulster ; the 
Lubar flows between Crommal and Crom- 
leach. — Ossian. 

Crom'well {Oliver), introduced by 
sir W. Scott in Woodstock. 

Cromwell 's daughter Elizabeth, who 
married John Claypole. Seeing her father 
greatly agitated by a^ portrait of Charles 
I., she gently and lovingly led him away 
out of the room. — Sir W. Scott: Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Cromwell is called by the preacher 
Burroughs *' the archangel who did battle 
with the devil." 

CromwelFs Likeness. That by Lely is 
the most celebrated. 

Cromwell's Lucky Day. The 3rd Sep- 
tember was considered by Oliver Crom- 
well to be his red-letter day. On 3rd 
September, 1650, he won the battle of 
Dunbar ; on 3rd September, 1651, he won 
the battle of Worcester ; and on 3rd 
September, 1658, he died. It was not, 
however, true that he was born on 3rd 
September, as many affirm, for his birth- 
day was 25th April, 1599. 

Cromwell 's Dead Body Insulted. Crom- 
well's dead body was, by the sanction if 
not by the express order of Charles II., 
taken from its grave, exposed on a gibbet, 
and finally buried under the gallows. 

IT Similarly, the tomb of Am'asis king 
of Egypt was broken open by Camby'ses ; 
the body was then scourged and insulted 
in various ways, and finally burnt, which 
was abhorrent to the Egyptians, who 
used every possible method to preserve 
dead bodies in their integrity. 

IT The dead body of admiral Coligny 
[Co.leen.ye] was similarly insulted by 
Charles IX., Catherine de Medicis, and 
all the court of France, who spattered 
blood and dirt on the half-burnt blackened 
mass. The king had the bad taste to say 
over it — 

Fragrance sweeter than a rose 
Rises from our slaughtered foes. 

It will be remembered that Coligny was 
the guest of Charles, his only crime being 
that he was a huguenot. 



246 



CROPLAND. 



Crona [*■' murmuring"], a small stream 
running into the Carron. — Ossian. 

Cro'nian Sea (The), the Arctic 
Ocean. Pliny (in his Nat. Hist. iv. 16) 
says, "A Thule" unius diei navigatione 
mare concretum a nonnullis cronium 
appellator." 

As when two polar winds blowing adverse 
Upon the Cronian sea. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, x. 290 (1665;. 

Crook-fingered Jack, one of Mac- 
heath's gang of thieves. In eighteen 
months' service he brought to the general 
stock four fine gold watches and seven 
silver ones, sixteen snuff-boxes (five of 
which were gold), six dozen handkerchiefs, 
four silver-hilted swords, six shirts, three 
periwigs, and a "piece" of broadcloth. 
Pea 'chum calls him "a mighty clean- 
handed fellow," and adds — 

" Considering these are only the fruits of his leisure 
hours, I don't know a prettier fellow, for no man alive 
hath a more engaging presence of mind upon the road." 
— Gay : The Beggar's Opera, L 1 (1727). 

Crop (George), an honest, hearty 
farmer, who has married a second wife, 
named Dorothy, between whom there are 
endless quarrels. Two especially are 
noteworthy. Crop tells his wife he hopes 
that better times are coming, and when 
the law-suit is over " we will have roast 
pork for dinner every Sunday." The 
wife replies, "It shall be lamb." "But 
I say it shall be pork." " I hate pork, I'll 
have lamb." " Pork, I tell you." " I say 
lamb." " It shan't be lamb, I will have 
pork." The other quarrel arises from 
Crop's having left the door open, which 
he civilly asks his wife to shut. She 
refuses, he commands ; she turns ob- 
stinate, he turns angry ; at length they 
agree that the person who first speaks 
shall shut the door. Dorothy speaks 
first, and Crop gains the victory. — P. 
Hoare : No Song no Supper (1790). 

Cropland (Sir Charles), an ex- 
travagant, heartless libertine and man of 
fashion, who hates the country except 
for hunting, and looks on his estates and 
tenants only as the means of supplying 
money for his personal indulgence. 
Knowing that Emily Worthington was 
the daughter of a " poor gentleman," he 
offers her "a house in town, the run 
of his estate in the country, a chariot, 
two footmen, and ^600 a year ; " but the 
lieutenant's daughter rejects with scorn 
such " splendid infamy." At the end sir 
Charles is made to see his own baseness, 
and offers the most ample apologies to 
all whom he has offended. — G. Colman: 
The Poor Gentleman (1802). 



CROQUEMITAINE. 



247 



CROSS QUESTIONS. 



Croquemitaine [Croak, mit. tain], the 
bogie raised by fear. Somewhere near 
Saragossa was a terrible castle called Fear 
Fortress, which appeared quite impreg- 
nable ; but as the bold approached it, the 
difficulties of access gradually gave way, 
and even the fortress itself vanished into 
thin air. 

Croquemitaine is a romance in three 
parts : the first part is a tournament 
between the knights of Marsillus, a 
Moorish king, and the paladins of Char- 
lemagne ; the second part is the siege 
of Saragossa by Charlemagne ; and the 
third part is the allegory of Fear Fortress. 
Mitaine is the godchild of Charlemagne, 
who goes in search of Fear Fortress. 

Croquis {Alfred), Daniel Maclise, 
R.A. This pseudonym was attached to 
a series of character-portraits in Frazer's 
Magazine between the years 1830 and 
1838. Maclise was born iSii, and died 
1870. 

Cros'bie ( William) , provost of Dum- 
fries, a friend of Mr. Fairford the lawyer. 

Mrs. Crosbie, wife of the provost, and 
a cousin of Redgauntlet. — Sir W. Scott: 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Cros'hite (2 syl. ), a barrister. — Sir W. 
Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Cross. (1) A favourite legend used 
to be that the Cross was made of three 
different trees, and that these trees sprang 
from three seeds taken from the ' ' Tree 
of Life " and planted in Adam's mouth at 
death. They were given to Adam's son 
Seth by the angel who guarded paradise, 
and the angel told Seth that when these 
seeds became trees, Adam would be free 
from the power of death. 

(This is rather an allegory than a 
legend. For other Christian traditions, 
see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 
250.) 

(2) Another tradition is that the Cross 
was made of four different woods, because 
Jesus was crucified for all the four quarters 
of the world. 

Llgna crucls palma, cedrus, cupressus, oliva. 

(This also is more allegorical than his- 
toric. ) 

(3) It is said by some that it was made 
of aspen wood, which has never since 
ceased trembling. 

Ah 1 tremble, tremble, aspen tree. 
We need not ask thee why thou shake*. 

For if, as holv legend saith, 

On thee the Saviour bled to death. 
No wonder, aspen, that thou quakest I 
And, till in judgment all assemble. 
Thy leaves accursed shall shake and tremble. 

E. C. B. 



(4) Another tradition is that the Cross 
was made of mistletoe wood, which before 
then grew an independent tree, and was 
then accursed into a parasite. On the 
top of its berry are five specks to per- 
petuate the memorial of the five wounds 
of Jesus. 

(See Elder Tree for other legends.) 

Cross-legged Host {Dining with 
our), going without dinner. Lawyers at 
one time gave interviews to their clients 
in the Round Church, famous for its 

effigies of knights lying cross-legged. 

Or walk the Round [Church] with knights o' the posts, 
About the cross-legged knights, their hosts. 

S. Butler: Hudibras, iii. 3 (1678). 

Cross Purposes, a farce by O'Brien. 
(See Bevil, p. 118.) 

Cross Questions and Crooked 
Answers. An Irish recruit about to 
be inspected by Frederick the Great, was 
told he would be asked these questions : 
(1) How old are you? (2) How long have 
you been in the service? (3) Are you 
content with your pay and rations ? So 
he prepared his answers accordingly. But 
it so happened that the king began with 
the second question : " How long have 
you been in the service ? " Paddy glibly 
replied, " Twenty years." " Why," said 
the king, "how old are you?" "Six 
months." "Six months 1" rejoined the 
king; "surely either you or I must be 
mad ! " " Yes, both, your majesty." 

IT Some Highlanders, coming to Eng- 
land for employ, conceived they would 
be asked (1) Who are you? (2) Why do 
you come here? and that the questioner 
might then say, M No, I don't want your 
service." Scarcely had they crossed the 
border than they came to the body of a 
man who had been murdered. They 
stopped to look at it, when a constable 
came up and said, "Who did this?" 
" We three Highlanders," was the pre- 
pared answer. " Why did you do it?" 
said the constable. " For the money and 
the silver," was the answer they had pre- 
pared. " You scoundrels 1 " said the con- 
stable, " I shall hang you for this." " If 
you don't, another will," said the men, 
and were preparing to go away, when 
they were marched off to jail. 

TT Another story of the same kind is 
told of three Sclavonians who went to 
Hungary, and "were taught the language 
in three days. " Their ripertoire was, how- 
ever, limited to "We three," "Cheese," 
and "That's the truth." Coming to a 
dead body lying on the road, the forest- 



CROSSMYLOOF. 



248 



CROWN OF THE EAST. 



keeper asked them, " Who has murdered 
the man?" "We three," was the ready 
answer. "What for?" was the next 
question, and "Cheese" was the reply. 
"Then," said the keeper, "you will all be 
hanged ; " " That's the truth," responded 
the strangers, and were about to be hand- 
cuffed when the supposed dead man 
jumped up with a " Ho, ho, ho 1 " over- 
joyed at his practical joke. 

Cross'myloof, a lawyer.— Sir W. 

Scott : Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Crothar, "lord of Atha," in Con- 
naught (then called Alnec'ma). He was 
the first and most powerful chief of the 
Fir-bolg ("bowmen") or Belgae from 
Britain who colonized the southern parts 
of Ireland. Crothar carried off Conla'ma, 
daughter of Cathmin a chief of the Cael 
or Caledonians who had colonized the 
northern parts of Ireland and held their 
court in Ulster. As Conlama was be- 
trothed to Turloch a Cael, he made an 
irruption into Connaught, slew Cormul, 
but was himself slain by Crothar, Cormul's 
brother. The feud now became general, 
" Blood poured on blood, and Erin's 
clouds were hung with ghosts." The 
Cael being reduced to the last extremity, 
Trathel (the grandfather of Fingal) sent 
Conar (son of Trenmor) to their relief. 
Conar, on his arrival in Ulster, was 
chosen king, and the Fir-bolg being 
subdued, he called himself " the king of 
Ireland." — Ossian: Temora, ii. 

Crothar, vassal king of Croma (in 
Ireland), held under Artho over-lord of 
all Ireland. Crothar, being blind with 
age, was attacked by Rothmar chief of 
Tromlo, who resolved to annex Croma 
to his own dominion. Crothar sent to 
Fingal for aid, and Fingal sent his son 
Ossian with an army ; but before he could 
arrive Fovar-Gormo, a son of Crothar, 
attacked the invader, but was defeated 
and slain. When Ossian reached Ulster, 
he attacked the victorious Rothmar, and 
both routed the army and slew the chief. 
— Ossian: Croma. 

Croto'na's Sage, Pythagoras, so 
called because his first and chief school 
of philosophy was established at Cro- 
tona (fl. B.C. 540). 

Crouch'mas, from the invention of 
the Cross to St. Helen's Day, i.e. from 
May 3 to August 18. Halliwell, in his 
Archaic Dictionary, says it means 



" Christmas," but this is wholly impos- 
sible, as Tusser, in his "May Remem- 
brances," says, "From bull cow fast, 
till Crouchminas be past, i.e. St. Helen's 
Day." The word means " Cross-mas." 

Crow. As the crow flies, that is, 
straight from the point of starting to the 
point to be reached, without being turned 
from the path by houses, rivers, hills, or 
other obstacles, which do not divert the 
crow from its flight. The Americans call 
it "The Bee-line." 

Crowde'ro, one of the rabble leaders 
encountered by Hudibras at a bear- 
baiting. The academy figure of this 
character was Jackson or Jephson, a 
milliner in the New Exchange, Strand, 
London. He lost a leg in the service of 
the roundheads, and was reduced to the 
necessity of earning a living by playing 
on the crowd or crouth from ale-house 
to ale-house. — S. Butler : Hudibras, i. 2 
(1664). 

(The crouth was a long box-shaped 
instrument, with six or more strings, sup- 
ported by a bridge. It was played with 
a bow. The last noted performer on this 
instrument was John Morgan, a Welsh- 
man, who died 1720.) 

Crowe {Captain), the attendant of sir 
Launcelot Greaves (1 syl.), in his peregri- 
nations to reform society. Sir Launcelot 
is a modern don Quixote, and captain 
Crowe is his Sancho Panza. 

Captain Crowe had commanded a merchant-ship in 
the Mediterranean trade for many years, and saved 
some money by dint of frugality and traffic. He was 
an excellent seaman, brave, active, friendly in his way, 
and scrupulously honest, but as little acquainted with 
the world as a sucking child ; whimsical, impatient, and 
so impetuous that he could not help breaking in upon 
the conversation, whatever it might be, with repeated 
interruptions. . . . When he himself attempted to 
speak, he never finished his period.— Smollett: The 
Adventures of Sir Launcelot Greaves (1760). 

Crowfield {Christopher), a pseu- 
donym of Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe 
(1814-1896). 

Crown. Godfrey, when made the 
over-lord of Jerusalem, or ' ' Baron of the 
Holy Sepulchre," refused to wear a crown 
of gold where his Saviour had only worn 
a crown of thorns. 

H Canute, after the rebuke he gave to 
his flatterers, refused to wear thenceforth 
any symbol of royalty at all. 

Canute (truth worthy to be known) 

From that time forth did for his brows disown 

The ostentatious symbol of a crown. 

Esteeming earthly royalty 

Presumptuous and vain. 

Crown of the East, Antioch, also 
called " Antioch the Beautiful." 



CROWN OF IONIA. 



249 



CRUSOE. 



Crown of Ionia, Smyrna, the 
largest city of Asia Minor. 

Crowns. Byron, in Don Juan, says 
the sultan is ' ' master of thirty king- 
doms " (canto vi. 90). The czar of 
Russia is proclaimed as sovereign of 
seventeen crowns. 

(Of course the sultan is no longer 
master of thirty kingdoms, 1897). 

Crowned after Death. Inez de 
Castro was exhumed six years after her 
assassination, and crowned queen of 
Portugal by her husband, don Pedro. 
(See Inez de Castro.) 

Crowquill {Alfred), Alfred Henry 
Forrester, author of Leaves from my 
Memorandum- Book (1859), one of the 
artists of Punch (1805-1872.) 

Croye {Isabelle countess of), a ward 
of Charles " the Bold," duke of Burgundy. 
She first appears at the turret window in 
Plessisles Tours, disguised as Jacqueline ; 
and her marriage with Quentin Durward 
concludes the novel. 

The countess Hameline of Croye, aunt 
to countess Isabelle. First disguised as 
Dame Perotte (2 syl.) at Piessis les 
Tours : afterwards married to William de 
la Marck. — Sir W. Scott: Quentin Dur- 
ward (time, Edward IV.). 

Croye {Monseigneur de la), an officer of 
Charles "the Bold," duke of Burgundy. 
— Sir W. Scott. Anne of Geier stein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Croysa'do {The Great), general lord 
Fairfax (1611-1671). — S. Butler: Hudi- 
bras. 

Crucifixion {The). When Clovi» 
was told the story of the Crucifixion, he 
exclaimed, " Had I and my Franks been 
there, we would soon have avenged the 
wrong. ' 

IF When Crillon "the Brave " heard 
the tale, he grew so excited that he could 
not contain himself, and starting up in 
the church, he cried aloud, Oil itais tu, 
Crillon f (" What were you about, 
Crillon, to allow of such deeds as these ?") 

Crndor {Sir). (See Briana, p. 147.) 

Cruel {The), Pedro king of Castile 
(1334, 1350-1369). 

Cruik'slianks {Ebenezer), landlord 
of the Golden Candlestick inn. — Sir W. 
Scott: Waverley (time, George II.). 

Cruise of the Midge {The), a 
naval story by Michael Scott. 



Crummies {Mr. Vincent), the 
eccentric but kind-hearted manager of 
the Portsmouth Theatre. 

It was necessary that the writer should, like Mr. 
Crummies, dramatist, construct his piece in the in- 
terest of " the pump and washing-tubs."— R. Fitz- 
gerald. 

Mrs. Crummies, wife of Mr. Vincent 
Crummies, a stout, ponderous, tragedy- 
queen sort of a lady. She walks or 
rather stalks like lady Macbeth, and 
always speaks theatrically. Like her 
husband, she is full of kindness, and 
always willing to help the needy. 

Miss Ninetta Crummies, daughter of 
the manager, and called in the play-bills 
" the infant phenomenon. " — Dickens : 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Crumthormo, one of the Orkney or 
Shetland Islands. — Ossian : Cath-Loda. 

Cruncher {Jerry) an odd-job man 
in Tellson's bank. His wife was con- 
tinually saying her prayers, which Jerry 
termed "flopping." He was a "resur- 
rection man." — Dickens : A Tale of Two 
Cities (1859). 

Crupp {Mrs.), a typical humbug, who 
let chambers in Buckingham Street for 
young gentlemen. David Copperfield 
lodged with her. — Dickens: David 
Copperfield (1849). 

Crushed by Ornaments. Tar- 
peia, daughter of the governor of the 
Roman citadel on the Saturnian Hill, was 
tempted by the gold on the Sabine 
bracelets and collars to open a gate of 
the fortress to the besiegers, on condition 
that they would give her the ornaments 
which they wore on their arms. Tarpeia 
opened the gate, and the Sabines as they 
passed threw on her their shields, saying, 
"These are the ornaments worn by the 
Sabines on their arms," and the maid was 
crushed to death. G. Gilfillan, alluding 
to Longfellow, has this erroneous allu- 
sion — 

His ornaments, unlike those of the Sabine [stc]mald, 
have not crushed him. — Introductory Essay to Long. 

fellow. 

Crusoe {Robinson), the hero and title 
of a novel by Daniel Defoe. Robinson 
Crusoe is a shipwrecked sailor, who leads 
a solitary life for many years on a desert 
island, and relieves the tedium of fife by 
ingenious contrivances (1719). 

(The story is based on the adventures 
of Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor, 
who in 1704 was left by captain Stradding 
on the uninhabited island of Juan Fer- 
nandez. Here he remained for four years 



CRUTH-LODA. 250 

and four months, when he was rescued 
by captain Woods Rogers and brought to 
England.) 

Was there ever anything written by mere man that 
the reader wished longer except Robinson Crusoe, Don 
Quixote, and The Pilgrim's Pi ogress 1— Dr. Johnson. 

Cruth-Loda, the war-god of the 

ancient Gaels. 

On thy top, U-thormo, dwells the misty Loda : the 
house of the spirits of men. In the end of his cloudy 
hall bends forward Cruth-Loda of swords. His form is 
dimly seen amid the wavy mists, his right hand is on 
his shield.— Ossian : Cath-Loda- 

Crystalline ( The). According to the 
theory of Ptolemy, the crystalline sphere 
comes after and beyond the firmament or 
sphere of the fixed stars. It has a shim- 
mering motion, which somewhat inter- 
feres with that of the stars. 

They pass the planets seven, and pass the " fixed," 
And that crystalline sphere whose balance weighs 
The trepidation talked \pf\. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iii. (1665). 

Cuckold King (The), sir Mark of 
Cornwall, whose wife Ysolde \_E.sOld] 
intrigued with sir Tristram (his nephew), 
one of the knights of the Round Table. 

Cuckoo. Pliny {Nat. Hist. x. 9) says, 
"Cuckoos lay always in other birds' 
nests." 

But, since the cuckoo builds not for himself. 
Remain in't as thou mayst. 
Shakespeare : Antony and Cleopatra, act U. sc 6 (1606). 

N.B. — The Bohemians say the festivals 
of the Virgin used to be held sacred even 
by dumb animals; and that on these sacred 
days all the birds of the air ceased build- 
ing their nests except the cuckoo, which 
was therefore doomed to wander without 
having a nest of its own. 

Cud'die or Cuthbert Headrigg. 
a ploughman, in the service of lady 
Bellenden of the Tower of Tillietudlem. 
—Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality (time, 
Charles II.). 

Cuddy, a herdsman, in Spenser's 
Shephearde's Calendar, in three eclogues 
of which Cuddy is introduced — 

EcL ii. is a dialogue between Thenot 
and Cuddy, in which Cuddy is a lad 
who complains of the cold, and Thenot 
laments the degeneracy of pastoral life. 
At one time shepherds and herdsmen 
were hardy, frugal, and contented ; but 
nowadays, he says, " they are effeminate, 
luxurious, and ambitious." He then tells 
Cuddy the fable of "The Oak and the 
Bramble." (See Thenot.) 

Eel. viii. Cuddy is a full-grown man, 
appointed umpire to decide a contention 
in song between the two shepherds : Willy 



CUMBERLAND. 

and Perigot. He pronounced each to be 
worthy of the prize, and then sings to 
them the " Lament of Colin for Rosa- 
lind." 

Eel. x. is between Piers and Cuddy, 
the subject being "divine poetry." 
Cuddy declares no poet would be equal 
to Colin if his mind were not unhappily 
unhinged by disappointed love. — Spenser: 
The Shephearde's Calendar (1579). 

Cuddy, a shepherd, who boasts that 
the charms of his Buxo'ma far exceed 
those of Blouzelinda. Lobbin, who is 
Blouzelinda's swain, repels the boast, and 
the two shepherds agree to sing the 
praises of their respective shepherdesses, 
and to make Clod'dipole arbiter of their 
contention. Cloddipole listens to their 
alternate verses, pronounces that "both 
merit an oaken staff; " but, says he, " the 
herds are weary of the songs, and so am 
I." — Gay: Pastoral, i. (1714). 

(These eclogues are in imitation of 
Virgil's Bucolic iii.) 

CuiBono? " Of what practical use 
is it?" (See Cicero: Pro Mi lone, xii. 32.) 

Cato, that great and grave philosopher, did commonly 
demand, when any new project was propounded unto 
him, "Cui bono? ' What good would ensue in case 
the same were effected?— Fuller: Worthies ("The 
Design, etc.," L). 

Culdees [i.e. sequestered persons], 
the primitive clergy of presbyterian 
character, established in Io'na or Icolm- 
kill [I-columb-kill] by St. Columb and 
twelve of his followers in 563. They 
also founded similar church establish- 
ments at Abernethy, Dunkeld, Kirk- 
caldy \Kirk-Culdee\ etc., and at Lindes- 
farne, in England. Some say as many as 
300 churches were founded by them, 
Augustine, a bishop of Waterford, began 
against them, in 1176, a war of exter- 
mination ; when those who could escape 
sought refuge in Iona, the original cradle 
of the sect, and were not driven thence 
till 1203. 

Peace to their shades I the pure Culdees 
Were Albyn's [Scotland's] earliest priests of God, 
Ere yet an island of her seas 
By foot of Saxon monk was trod. 

Campbell: Reullura. 

Cnlloch (Sawney), a. pedlar.— Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Mannering '(time, George 1 1.). 

Cumberland (John of). "The devil 
and John of Cumberland " is a blunder 
for "The devil and John-a-Cumber." 
John-a-Cumber was a famous Scotch 
magician. 

He poste to Scotland for brave John-a-Cumber 
The only man renownde for magick skill. 
Oft have I heard he once beguylde the deviH. 
Munda^ : John-a-Kent and John-a-Cumber 1595). 



CUMBERLAND. 



251 



CUPIDON. 



Cumberland ( William Augustus 
duke of), commander-in-chief of the army 
of George II., whose son he was. The 
duke was especially celebrated for his 
victory of Cullod'en (1746) ; but he was 
called "The Butcher" from the great 
severity with which he stamped out the 
clan system of the Scottish Highlanders. 
He was wounded in the leg at the battle 
of Dettingen (1743). Sir w - Scott has 
introduced him in Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Proud Cumberland prances, insulting the slain. 
And their hoof-beaten bosoms are trod to the plain. 
Campbell: Locheits Warning. 

Cumberland Poet {The), William 
Wordsworth, born at Cockermouth (1770- 
1850). 

Cumbria. It included Cumberland, 
Dumbarton, Renfrew, Ayr, Lanark, 
Peebles, Selkirk, Roxburgh, and Dum- 
fries. 

Cumnor Hall, a ballad by Mickle, 
the lament of Amy Robsart, who had 
been won and thrown away by the earl 
of Leicester. She says if roses and lilies 
grow in courts, why did he pluck the 
primrose of the field, which some country 
swain might have won and valued ? 
Thus sore and sad the lady grieved 
in Cumnor Hall, and ere dawn the death- 
bell rang, and never more was that 
countess seen. 

(Sir W. Scott took this for the ground- 
work of his Kenilworth, which he called 
Cumnor Hall, but Constable, his pub- 
lisher, requested him to change the 
name. ) 

Cuneg"onde \Ku' .na.gond], the mis- 
tress of Candide (2 syl.) t in Voltaire's novel 
called Candide. Sterne spells it " Cune- 
gund." 

Cun'ningham (Archie), one of the 
archers of the Scotch Guards at Plessis 
les Tours, in the pay of Louis XI. — Sir 
W. Scott : Quentin Durward (time, Ed- 
ward IV.). 

Cu'no, the ranger, father of Agatha. 
— Weber: Der Freischutz (1822). 

Cunob'eline, a king of the Sil'urgs, 
son of Tasciov'anus and father of Carac- 
tacus. Coins still exist bearing the 
name of "Cunobeline," and the word 
" Camalodunum " [Colchester], the capital 
of his kingdom. The Roman general 
between a.d. 43 and 47 was Aulus 
Plautius, but in 47 Ostorius Scapula took 
Caractacus prisoner 



Some think Cunobeline is Shake- 
speare's " Cymbeline," who reigned from 
B.C. 8 to A.D. 27 ; but Cymbeline's father 
was Tenantius or Tenuantius, his sons 
Guide 'rius and Arvir'agus, and the Roman 
general was Caius Lucius. 

. . . the courageous sons of our Cunobelin 
Sank under Plautius' sword. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Cunstance or Constance. (See 

CUSTANCE, p. 252.) 

Cupar Justice, hang first, and try 
afterwards. (Same as " Jedbury Jus- 
tice.") 

Cupid and Campaspe (3 syl. ). A 
song of Lyly in his play of Alexander 
and Campaspe (1586). 



When Cupid and Campaspe played 
At cards for kisses, Cupid paid. 



IMy. 



Cupid and Psyche [Sfky], an 
episode in The Golden Ass of Apuleius 
(books iv., v., vi.). The allegory repre- 
sents Cupid in love with PsychS. He 
visited her every evening, and left at 
sunrise, but strictly enjoined her not to 
attempt to discover who he was. One 
night curiosity overcame her prudence, 
and going to look upon her lover a drop 
of hot oil fell on his shoulder, awoke him, 
and he fled. Psyche" now wandered in 
search of the lost one, but was persecuted 
by Venus with relentless cruelty. Having 
suffered almost to the death, Cupid at 
length married her, and she became im- 
mortal. 

'.• Woman's ideal of love must not 
be subjected to too strong a light, or it 
will flee away, and the woman will suffer 
long years of torment. At length truth 
will correct her exaggerated notions, and 
love will reside with her for the rest of 
her life. 

(This exquisite allegory has been trans- 
lated into English verse by Lockman, in 
1744 ; by Taylor, in 1795 ; by H. Gurney, 
in 1799. Mrs. Tighe has a poem on the 
subject ; Wm. Morris has poetized the 
same in his Earthly Paradise (" May ") ; 
Lafontaine has a poem called Psyche", in 
imitntion of the episode of Apuleius; 
and Moliere has dramatized the subject.) 

Cupid's Jack - o' - Lantern, the 

object 01" an affair of gallantry. Bob 
Acres says — 

"Sir, I have followed Cupid's Jack-o -lantern, and 
find myself in a quagmire at last."— Shtridan : The 
Rivals, iii. 4 (1775). 

Cu'pidon (Jeune). Count d'Orsay 
was so called by lord Byron (1798-1852) 



CURAN. 

The count's father was styled Le Beau 
d' Or say. 

Cur'an, a courtier in Shakespeare's 
tragedy of King Lear (1605). 

Cure de Meudon, Rabelais, who 
was first a monk, then a leech, then 
prebendary of St. Maur, and last cure" 
of Meudon (1483-1553). 

Cure for the Heart-ache, a 

comedy by Thomas Morton (18 n). 
Noted for the line, "Approbation from 
sir Hubert Stanley is praise indeed." — 
v\ct v. 2. 

Cu'rio, a gentleman attending on the 
duke of Illyria. — Shakespeare 1 Twelfth 
Night (1614). 

Curio. So Akenside calls Mr. Pul- 
teney, and styles hinf "the betrayer of 
his country," alluding to the great states- 
man's change of politics. Curio was a 
young Roman senator, at one time the 
avowed enemy of Caesar ; but subsequently 
of Caesar's party, and one of the victims 
of the civil war. 

Is this the man in freedom's cause approved, 
The man so great, so honoured, so beloved . . . 
This Curio, hated now and scorned by all, 
Who fell himself to work his country's fall ? 

Akenside: Epistle to Curio. 

Curious Impertinent (The), a 
tale introduced by Cervantes in his Don 
Quixote. The " impertinent " is an 
Italian gentleman who is silly enough 
to make trial of his wife's fidelity by 
persuading a friend to storm it if he 
could. Of course his friend ' ' takes the 
fort," and the fool is left to bewail his 
own folly. — Pt. I. iv. 5 (1^05). 

Currer Bell, the pen-name of 
Charlotte Bronte, author of Jane Eyre 
M*>] (1816-1855). 

Curtain Lectures. (See Caudle, 
p. 189.) 

Curtain Fainted. Parrhasius 
painted a curtain so wonderfully well 
that even Zeuxis, the rival artist, thought 
it was real, and bade him draw his 
drapery aside and show his picture. 
The painting of Zeuxis was a bunch of 
grapes so true to nature that the birds 
came to peck at the fruit. The ' ' cur- 
tain," however, gained the prize; for 
though the grapes deceived the birds, 
the curtain deceived Zeuxis. 

A curious mistake occurred in my own house. I had 
new scariet curtains hung in the drawing-room, and a 
lady calling said to me, "Why, doctor, do you have 
painted curtains, and not real ones? " 

Curta'na, the sword of Edward the 



352 CUSTANCE. 

Confessor, which had no point, and was 
therefore the emblem of mercy. Till the 
reign of Henry III. the royal sword of 
England was so called. 

But when Curtana will not do the deed. 

You lay the pointless clergy-weapon by. 
And to the laws, your sword of justice, fly. 
Dryden : The Hind and the Panther, iL (1687). 

Curta'na or Courtain, the sword 
of Ogier the Dane. 

He [Ogier] drew Courtain his sword out of its sheath. 
W. Morris : Earthly Paradise, 634. 

Curt-Hose {2 syl.), Robert II. due 
de Normandie (1087-1134). 

Curt-Mantle, Henry II. of Eng- 
land (1133, 1154-1189). So called be- 
cause he wore the Anjou mantle, which 
was shorter than the robe worn by his 
predecessors. 

Curtis, one of Petruchio's servants. 
— Shakespeare; Taming of the Shrew 
(I594)- 

Curtise, the hound in the beast-epic 
of Reynard the Fox, by Heinrich von 
Alkmaar (1498). 

Cur'zon Street (London). So named 
after the ground-landlord, George Au- 
gustus Curzon, third viscount -Howe. 

Cushla Machree (Irish), " My 
heart's delight." 

Custance, daughter of the emperor 
of Rome, affianced to the sultan of Syria, 
who abjured his faith and consented to 
be baptized in order to marry her. His 
mother hated this apostasy, and at the 
wedding breakfast slew all the apostates 
except the bride. Her she embarked in a 
ship, which was set adrift, and in due 
time reached the British shores. Here 
Custance was rescued by the lord-con- 
stable of Northumberland, who took her 
home, and placed her under the care of 
his wife Hermegild. Custance converted 
both the constable and his wife. A 
young knight wished to marry her, but 
she declined his suit ; whereupon he 
murdered Hermegild, and then laid the 
bloody knife beside Custance, to make her 
suspected of the crime. King Alia ex- 
amined the case, and soon discovered the 
real facts ; whereupon the knight was exe- 
cuted, and the king married Custance. 
The queen-mother highly disapproved of 
the match ; and, during the absence of her 
son in Scotland, embarked Custance and 
her infant boy in a ship, which was 
turned adrift. After floating about for 
five years, it was taken in tow by a 
Roman fleet on its return from Syria, and 
Custance with her son Maurice became 



CUSTANCE. 

the guests of a Roman senator. It so 
happeued that Alia at this same time was 
at Rome on a pilgrimage, and encountered 
his wife, who returned with him to 
Northumberland, and lived in peace and 
happiness the rest of her life.— Chaucer: 
Canterbury Tales ("The Man of Law's 
Tale," 1388). 

distance, a gay rich widow, whom 
Ralph Roister Doister wishes to marry 
but he is wholly baffled in his scheme. — 
N. Udall: Ralph Roister Doister (first 
English comedy, 1534). 

Cute {Alderman), a "practical philo- 
sopher," resolved to put down everything. 
In his opinion "everything must be put 
down." Starvation must be put down, 
and so must suicide, sick mothers, babies, 
and poverty. — Dickens : The Chimes 
(1844). 

* . • Said to be meant for sir Peter 
Laurie. 

Cuthal, same as Uthal, one of the 
Orkneys. 

Cuthbert {St.), a Scotch monk of the 
sixth century. 

St. Cuthbert's Beads, joints of the 
articulated stems of encrinites, used for 
rosaries. So called from the legend that 
St. Cuthbert sits at night on the rock in 
Holy Island, forging these "beads." 
The opposite rock serves him for anvil. 

On a rock of Lindisfara 
St. Cuthbert sits, and toils to frame 
The sea-born beads that bear his name. 

Sir W. Scott: Marmion (1808). 

St. Cuthbert's Stane, a granite rock in 
Cumberland. 

St. Cuthbert's Well, a spring of water 
close by St. Cuthbert's Stane. 

Cuthbert Bede, the Rev. Edw. 
Bradley, author of Verdant Green (1857). 
(Born 1827, died 1889.) 

Cutlio'na, daughter of Rumar, was 
betrothed to Conlath, youngest son of 
Morni, of Mora. Not long before the 
espousals were to be celebrated, Toscar 
came from Ireland, and was hospitably 
entertained by Morni. On the fourth day, 
he saw Cuthona out hunting, and carried 
her off by force. Being pursued by 
Conlath, a fight ensued, in which both 
the young men fell ; and Cuthona, after 
languishing for three days, died also.— 
Ossian: Conlath and Cuthona. 

Cntlmllin, son of Semo, commander 
of the Irish army, and regent during the 
minority of Cormac. His wife was 



253 



CUTTLE. 



Brag'ela, daughter of Sorglan. In the 
poem called Fingal, Cuthullin was de- 
feated by Swaran king of Lochlin 
[Scandinavia'], and being ashamed to 
meet Fingal, retired from the field gloomy 
and sad. Fingal, having utterly defeated 
Swaran, invited Cuthullin to the ban- 
quet, and partially restored his depressed 
spirits. In the third year of Cormac's 
reign, Torlath, son of Can'tela, rebelled. 
Cuthullin gained a complete victory over 
him at the lake Lego, but was mortally 
wounded in the pursuit by a random 
arrow. Cuthullin was succeeded by 
Nathos ; but the young king was soon 
dethroned by the rebel Cairbar, and 
murdered. — Ossian: Fingal and The 
Death of Cuthullin. 

Cutler {Sir John), a royalist, who 
died 1699, reduced to the utmost poverty. 

Cutfer saw tenants break, and houses tall. 

For very want he could not build a walL 

His only daughter in a stranger's power. 

For very want he could not pay a dower. 

A few grey hairs his reverend temples crowned, 

Twas very want that sold them for two pound. . . . 

Cutler and Brutus, dying, both exclaim, 

"Virtue and Wealth, what are ye but a name?" 

Pope : Moral Essays, iiL (1709). 

Cutpurse {Moll), Mary Frith, the 
heroine of Middleton's comedy called The 
Roaring Girl (1611), She was a woman 
of masculine vigour, who not unfre- 
quently assumed man's attire. This 
notorious cut-purse once attacked general 
Fairfax on Hounslow Heath, but was 
arrested and sent to Newgate. She es- 
caped, however, by bribing the turnkey, 
and died of dropsy at the age of 75. 
Nathaniel Field introduces her in his 
drama called Amends for Ladies (1618). 

Cattle {Captain Edward), a great 
friend of Solomon Gills, ship's instru- 
ment maker. Captain Cuttle had been a 
skipper, had a hook instead of a right 
hand, and always wore a very hard 
glazed hat. He was in the habit of 
quoting, and desiring those to whom he 
spoke " to overhaul the catechism till 
they found it;" but, he added, "when 
found, make a note of." The kind- 
hearted seaman was very fond ol 
Florence Dombey, and of Walter Gay, 
whom he called " Wal'r." When Flo- 
rence left her father's roof, captain Cuttle 
sheltered her at the Wooden Midship- 
man. One of his favourite sentiments 
was " May we never want a friend, or a 
bottle to give him!" — Dickens: Dombey 
and Son (1846). 

(" When found, make a note of" is the 
motto of Notes and Queries.) 



CYANEAN ROCKS. 



*54 



CYN^EGIROS. 



Cyan'ean Hocks, the Symple'gadSs 
(which see), so called from their deep 
greenish-blue colour. 

Here are those hard rocks of trap of a greenish-blue 
coloured with copper, and hence called the Cyanean. 
— Olivier. 

Cye'la&es (3 jy/.),some twenty islands, 
so called from the classic legend that they 
circled round Delos when that island was 
rendered stationary by the birth of Diana 

and Apollo. 

Cyclic Poets, a series of epic poets, 
who wrote continuations or additions to 
Homer's Iliad and Odyssey ; they were 
called "Cylic" because they confined 
themselves to the cycle of the Trojan war. 

Ag'ias wrote an epic on " the return of 
the Greeks from Troy" (B.C. 740). 

Arcti'nos wrote axontinuation of the 
Iliad, describing the taking of Troy by 
the V Wooden Horse," and its conflagra- 
tion. Virgil has copied from this poet 

(b.c. 776). .".,,. 

Eu GAMON wrote a continuation of the 
Odyssey. It contains the adventures of 
Teleg'onos in search of his father Ulysses. 
"When he reached Ith'aca, Ulysses and 
Telemachos went against him, and Tele- 
gonos killed Ulysses with a spear which 
his mother Circ6 had given him (b.c. 568). 

Les'ches, author of Little Iliad, in 
four books, containing the fate of Ajax, 
the exploits of PhiloctetSs, Neoptol'emos, 
and Ulysses, and the final capture of Troy 
(B.C. 708). 

Stasi'nos, "son-in-law" of Homer. 
He wrote an introduction to the Iliad. 

Cyclops. Their names are BrontSs, 
Ster6pes, and Arggs. (See SlNBAD, 
voy. 3.) 

Cyclops {The Holy). So Dryden, in 
the Masque of Albion and Albanius, calls 
Richard Rumbold, an Englishman, the 
chief conspirator in the " Ryehouse Plot." 
He had lost one eye, and was executed. 

Cydip'pe (3. syl.), a lady courted by 
Acontius of Cea. Being unable to obtain 
her, Acontius wrote on an apple, "I 
swear by Diana that Acontius shall be 
my husband." This apple was presented 
to the maiden, and being persuaded that 
she had written the words, though inad- 
vertently, she consented to marry Acon- 
tius for "the oath's sake." 

Cydippe by a letter was betrayed. 
Writ on an apple to th' unwary maid. 

Ovid : Art of Love, L 

Cyl'laros, the horse of Pollux ac- 
cording to Virgil [Georgic iii. 90); but of 
Castor according to Ovid {Metamorphoses 



xii. 408). It was coal-black, with white 
legs and tail. 

Cylle'nius, Mercury ; so called from 
mount Cylleng, in Arcadia, where he was 
born. 

Cym'beline (3 syl.), mythical king 
of Britain for thirty-five years. He 
began to reign in the nineteenth year of 
Augustus Caesar. His father was Tenan- 
tius, who refused to pay the tribute to 
the Romans exacted of Cassibelan after 
his defeat by Julius Caesar. Cymbeline 
married twice. By his first wife he had a 
daughter named Imogen, who married 
Posthumus Leonatus. His second wife 
had a son named Cloten by a former 
husband. — Shakespeare: Cymbeline (1609). 

Cymocliles [Si-mok'-leez], brother 
of Pyroch'ISs, son of Aerates, and hus- 
band of Acras'ia the enchantress. He 
sets out against sir Guyon, but being 
ferried over Idle Lake, abandons himself 
to self-indulgence, and is slain by king 
Arthur (canto 8). — Spenser : Faerie 
Queene, ii. 5, etc. (1590). 

Cymodoce (4 syl.). The mother of 
Mar'inel is so called in bk. iv. 12 of the 
Faerie Queene, but in bk. iii. 4 she is 
spoken of as Cymo'ent "daughter of 
Nereus " (2 syl. ) by an earth-born father, 
" the famous Dumarin." 

The Garden of Cymodoce, Sark. Swin- 
burne, in 1881, published a poem bearing 
this title. 

Cymoent. (See Cymodoce.) 

Cym'ry, the Welsh. 

The Welsh always called themselves " Cymry," the 
literal meaning of which is "aborigines." ... It is the 
same word as " Cimbri." . . . They call their language 
"Cymraeg,"«.*. "the primitive tongue. "—£. Williams. 

Cynsegi'ros, brother of the poet 
iEschylos. When the Persians, after the 
battle of Marathon, were pushing off 
from shore, Cynaegiros seized one of 
their ships with his right hand ; which 
being lopped off, he grasped it with his 
left hand ; this being cut off, he seized it 
with his teeth, and lost his life. 

IT Admiral Benbow, in an engage 
ment with the French, near St. Martha, 
in 1701, had his legs and thighs shivered 
into splinters by chain-shot ; but (sup- 
ported on a wooden frame) he remained 
on deck till Du Casse sheered off. 

If Almeyda, the Portuguese governor 
of India, had his legs and thighs shattered 
in a similar way, and caused himself to be 
bound to the ship's mast, that he might 



CYNETHA. 



«5S 



CYTHNA. 



wave bis sword to cheer on the com- 
batants. 

IT JAAFER, at the battle of Muta, car- 
ried the sacred banner of the prophet. 
One hand being lopped off, he held it 
with the other ; this also being cut off, he 
held it with his two stumps, and when at 
last his head was cut off, he contrived to 
fall dead on the banner, which was thus 
detained till Abdallah had time to rescue 
it and hand it to Khaled. 

Cyne'tha (3 syl.), eldest son of Cad- 
wallon (king of North Wales). He was 
an orphan, brought up by his uncle Owen. 
During his minority, Owen and Cyngtha 
loved each other dearly; but when the 
orphan came of age and claimed his in- 
heritance, his uncle burnt his eyes out by 
exposing them to plates of hot brass. 
Cynetha and his son Cadwallon accom- 
panied Madoc to North America, where 
the blind old man died, while Madoc was 
in Wales preparing for his second voyage. 
— Southey : Madoc, i. 3 (1805). 

Cadwallonis erat primaevus jure Cynetha: 
Proh pudor I hunc oculis patruus privavit Oenus. 
The Pentarchia. 

Cynic Tub {The), Diog'enes, who 
lived in a tub, and was a cynic philo- 
sopher. 

{They} fetch their doctrines from the Cynic tub. 
Milton : Comus, 708 (1634). 

Cynisca, wife of Pygmalion, very 
beautiful, and his model in statuary. — 
Gilbert : Pygmalion and Galatea (1871). 

Cy'nosure (3 syl.), the pole-star. 
The word means " the dog's tail," and is 
used to signify a guiding genius, or the 
observed of all observers. Cynosu'ra was 
an Idaean nymph, one of the nurses of 
Zeus (1 syl.). 

Some gentle taper, 
Tho' a rush candle, from the wicker hole 
Of some clay habitation, visit us 
With thy long levelled rule of streaming light. 
And thou shalt be our star of Arcady, 
Or Tyrian cynosure. 

Milton : Comus (1634). 
Where perhaps some beauty lies. 
The cynosure of neighbouring eyes. 

Milton : L'AUegro. 

Cyn'thia, the moon or Diana, who 
was born on mount Cynthus, in Delos. 
Apollo is called " Cynthius." 

. . . watching, in the night. 
Beneath pale Cynthia's melancholy light. 

Falconet : The Shipwreck, iii. 2 (1756). 

Cyn'thia. So Spenser, in Colin 
Clout's Come Home Again, calls queen 
Elizabeth, "whose angel's eye" was his 
life's sole bliss, his heart's eternal treasure. 
Ph. Fletcher, in The Purple Island, iii., 
tlso calls queen Elizabeth " Cynthia." 



Her words were like a stream of honey I 
Her deeds were like great clusters of ripe grapes , 
Her looks were like beams of the morning sun 
Forth looking thro' the windows of the east . . . 
Her thoughts were like the fumes of frankincense 
Which from a golden censer forth doth rise. 
Spenser; Colin Clouts Come Home Again (1591). 

Cynthia, daughter of sir Paul Pliant, 

the daughter-in-law of lady Pliant. She 
is in love with Melle'font (2 syl.). Sir 
Paul calls her "Thy." — Congreve: The 
Double Dealer (1694), 

Cyp'rian (A), a woman of loose 

morals ; so called from the island Cyprus, 
a chief seat of the worship of Venus or 
Cyp'ria. 

Cyp'rian (Brother), a Dominican 

monk at the monastery of Holyrood. — 
Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid 0/ Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Cyrena'ic Shell (The), the lyre or 
strain of Callim'achos, a Greek poet of 
Alexandria, in Egypt. Six of his hymns 
in hexameter verse are still extant. 

For you the Cyrenaic shell 
Behold 1 touch revering. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads. 

Cyr'ic (St.), the saint to whom sailors 
address themselves. The St. Elmo of the 
Welsh. 

The weary mariners 
Called on St Cyric's aid. 

Southey : Madoc, L 4 (1805). 

Cyras and Tom'yris. Cyrus, 
after subduing the eastern parts of Asia, 
was defeated by Tomyris queen of the 
Massage'tae, in Scythia. Tomyris cut off 
his head, and threw it into a vessel filled 
with human blood, saying, as she did so, 
"There, drink thy fill." Dante refers to 
this incident in his Purgatory, xii. 

Consyder Cyrus . . . 

He whose huge power no man might overthrow©, 

Tomy'ris queen with great despite hath slowe. 

His head dismembered from his mangled corps. 

Herself she cast into a vessel fraught 

With clotted blood of them that felt her force. 

And with these words a just reward she taught— 

" Drynke now thy fyll of thy desired draught." 

Sackville : A Mir r our for Magistraytes 
("The Complaynt," 1587). 

Cythere'a, Venus ; so called from 
Cythe'ra (now Cerigo), a mountainous 
island of Laco'nia, noted for the worship 
of Aphrodite (or Venus). The tale is 
that Venus and Mars, having formed an 
illicit affection for each other, were 
caught in a delicate net made by Vulcan, 
and exposed to the ridicule of the court 
of Olympus. 

He the fate [may sing] 
Of naked Mars with Cythcrea chained. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads. 

Cythna. (See Revolt of Islam.) 



CYZENIS. 



356 



DALGARNO. 



Cyze'nis, the infamous daughter of 
Diomed, who killed every one that fell 
into her clutches ; and compelled fathers 
to eat their own children. 

Czar (Caesar), a title first assumed in 
Russia by Ivan III., who, in 1472, mar- 
ried a princess of the imperial Byzantine 
line. He also introduced the double- 
headed black eagle of Byzantium as the 
national symbol. The official style of 
the Russian autocrat is Samoderjets. 



Dactyle {Wilt). "That smallest of 
pedants." — Steele: The Tatler. 

D'Aeimlia {Teresa), waiting- woman 
to the countess of Glenallan, — Sir W. 
Scott: Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Daffodil. When Perseph'ong, the 
daughter of Deme'ter (3 syl.), was a little 
maiden, she wandered about the meadows 
of Enna, in Sicily, to gather white daffo- 
dils to wreathe into her hair ; and being 
tired, she fell asleep. Pluto, the god of 
the infernal regions, carried her off to be- 
come his wife, and his touch turned the 
white flowers to a golden yellow. Some 
remained in her tresses till she reached 
the meadows of Acheron ; and falling off 
there grew into the asphodel, with which 
the meadows thenceforth abounded. 

She stepped upon Sicilian grass, 
Demeter's daughter, fresh and fair, 

A child of light, a radiant lass, 
And gamesome as the morning air. 

The daffodils were fair to see, 

They nodded lightly on the lea ; 
Persephone 1 PersephonSl 

yean Ingelow : Persephone. 

Dagon, sixth in order of the hierarchy 
of hell: (1) Satan, (2) Beelzebub, (3) 
Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Thammuz, (6) 
Dagon. Dagon was half man and half 
fish. He was worshipped in Ashdod, 
Gath, Ascalon, Ekron, and Gaza (the five 
chief cities of the Philistines). When 
the " ark " was placed in his temple, 
Dagon fell, and the palms of his hands 
were broken off. (See Derceto. ) 

Next came . . . 
Dagon . . . sea-monster, upward man 
And downward fish. 

Milton ; Paradise Lost, I. 457, etc (1665). 

Dag'onet [Sir), king Arthur's fool. 
One day sir Dagonet, with two squires, 
came to Cornwall, and as they drew near 



a well sir Tristram soused them all three 

in ; and dripping wet made them mount 
their horses and ride off, amid the jeers 
of the spectators (pt. ii. 60). Introduced 
by Tennyson in his Idylls ("The Last 
Tournament "). 

King Arthur loved sir Dagonet passing well, and 
made him knight with his own hands ; and at every 
tournament he made king Arthur laugh.— Sir T. 
Malory ; History of Prince Arthur, ii. 97 (1470). 

(Justice Shallow brags that he once 
personated sir Dagonet, while he was a 
student at Clement's Inn. — Shakespeare: 
2 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 2, 1598.) 

'.* Tennyson deviates in this, as he 
does in so many other instances, from the 
old romance. The History says that 
king Arthur made Dagonet knight "with 
his own hands," because he "loved him 
passing well ; " but Tennyson says that 
sir Gawain made him "a mock-knight of 
the Round Table."— The Last Tourna- 
ment, 1. 

Dag'onet is also a pen-name of Mr. 
G. R. Sims. 

Daily News ( The), a London news- 
paper; first appeared on January 21, 

1846. 

Daily Telegraph {The), a London 
newspaper ; first appeared on June 29, 

1855- m 

Daisy [Solomon), one of the " quad- 
rilateral " in Dickens's novel of Barnaby 
Rudge. The other three are Tom Cobb, 
Phil Parkes, and Matt, senior. 

Dal'dah, Mahomet's favourite white 
mule. 

Dale {Parson), a clergyman in My 
Novel, by Lord Lytton. Not unlike Gold- 
smith's parson in the Deserted Village, or 
George Herbert. 

Dalga, a Lombard harlot, who tries to 
seduce young Goltho, but Goltho is saved 
by his friend Ulfinore. — Davenant: Gon- 
dibert (died 1668). 

Dalgarno {Lord Malcolm of), a pro- 
fligate young nobleman, son of the earl 
of Huntinglen (an old Scotch noble 
family). Nigel strikes Dalgarno with 
his sword, and is obliged to seek refuge 
in"Alsatia." Lord Dalgarno's villainy 
to the lady Hermiong excites the displea- 
sure of king James, and he would have 
been banished if he had not married her. 
After this, lord Dalgarno carries off the 
wife of John Christie, the ship-owner, 
and is shot by captain Colepepper, the 
Alsatian bully. — Sir IV. Scott: Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 



DALGETTY. 



*57 



DAMOCLES. 



Dalgetty (Dugald), of Drum- 
thwacket, the union of the soldado with 
the pedantic student of Mareschal College. 
As a soldier of fortune, he is retained in 
the service of the earl of Monteith. The 
marquis of Argyll (leader of the parlia- 
mentary army) tried to tamper with him 
in prison, but Dugald seized him, threw 
him down, and then made his escape ; 
locking the marquis in the dungeon. 
After the battle, captain Dalgetty was 
knighted. This ' ' Rittmaster " is a pe- 
dant, very conceited, full of vulgar 
assurance, with a good stock of worldly 
knowledge, a student of divinity, and a 
soldier who lets his sword out to the 
highest bidder. The character is original 
and well drawn. — Sir W. Scott: Legend 
of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

It was an old fortalice, but is now reduced to the 
dimensions of a " sconce " that would have delighted 
the strategic soul of Dugald Dalgetty, of Drum- 
thwacket.— Yates; Celebrities, etc., 45. 

'.' The original of this character was 
Munro, who wrote an account of the 
campaigns of that band of Scotch and 
English auxiliaries in the island of 
Swinemunde, in 1630. Munro was him- 
self one of the band. Dugald Dalgetty is 
one of the best of Scott's characters. 

Dalton (Mrs.), housekeeper to the 
Rev. Mr. Staunton, of Willingham Rec- 
tory.— Sir IV. Scott: Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Dalton (Reginald), the hero of a 
novel so called, by J. G. Lockhart (1832). 
The heroine is Helen Hesketh. 

Dalzell (General Thomas), in the 
royal army of Charles II. — Sir IV. 
Scott: Old Mortality (1816). 

Damascus of the North. Bosna- 
Serai, capital of Bosnia, is so called from 
its garden-like aspect, trees being every- 
where mingled with the houses. 

Dame du Lac, Vivienne le Fay. 
The lake was "en la marche de la petite 
Bretaigne;" "en ce lieu . . . avoit la 
dame moult de belles maisons et moult 
riches." 

Dame du Lac, Sebille (2 jy/.). Her 
castle was surrounded by a river on which 
rested so thick a fog that no eye could 
see across it. Alexander the Great 
abode a fortnight with this fay, to be 
cured of his wounds, and king Arthur was 
the result of their amour. (This is not in 
accordance with the general legends of 
this noted hero. See Arthur, p. '4. )— 
Perce/orest, i. 42. 



Dam'ian, a squire attending on the 
Grand-Master of the Knights Templars. — 
Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Damiens (Robert Francois) in 1757 
attempted to assassinate Louis XV., and 
was torn to pieces by wild horses. He 
was first fastened to a scaffold with iron 
gyves, while his flesh was torn off by 
pincers (for one hour and a half). He 
was also tortured by molten lead. Two 
of the closing lines of Goldsmith's 
Traveller are — 

The uplifted axe, the agonizing wheel, 
Luke's iron crown, and Damiens' bed of steel. 

(1765-) 

(Damiens was born in 171 5, in a village 
in Artois. His sobriquet was Robert le 
Diable. See Iron Crown.) 

Being conducted to the conciergerie, an iron bed 
(which likewise served for a chair) was prepared for 
him, and to this he was fastened with chains. The 
torture was again applied, and a physician was ordered 
to attend to see what degree of pain he could support. 
— Smollett; History of England, voL v. chap. xii. p. 39 
(1811). 

Damiot'ti (Dr. Baptisfi), a Paduan 
quack, who exhibits " the enchanted 
mirror " to lady Forester and lady Both- 
well. They see therein the clandestine 
marriage and infidelity of sir Philip 
Forester.— Sir IV. Scott: Aunt Mar- 
garet's Mirror (time, William III.). 

Damis [Ddh-me], son of Orgon and 
Elmire (2 syl.), impetuous and self- 
willed.— Moliere: Tartuffe (1664). 

Bamno'nii, the people of Damno'- 
nium, that is, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset- 
shire, and part of Somersetshire. This 
region, says Richard of Cirencester (Hist. 
vi. 18), was much frequented by the 
Phoenician, Greek, and Gallic merchants, 
for the metals with which it abounded, 
and particularly for its tin. 

Wherein our Devonshire now and farthest Cornwal are, 
The old Danmonii [sic] dwelt. 

Drayton ; Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 

Dam'ocles (3 syl.), a sycophant, in 
the court of Dionys'ius the Elder, of 
Syracuse. After extolling the felicity of 
princes, Dionysius told him he would 
give him experimental proof thereot. 
Accordingly he had the courtier arrayed 
in royal robes and seated at a sumptuous 
banquet ; but overhead was a sword sus- 
pended by a single horsehair, and 
Damocles was afraid to stir, lest the hair 
should break and the sword fall on him. 
Dionysius thus intimated that the lives of 
kings are threatened every hour of the 
day. — Cicero. 

Let us who have not our names In the Red Book 
console ourselves by thinking comfortably how miser- 
able our betters may be ; and that Damocles, who sin 



DAMCETAS. 



DANAID. 



on satin cushions, and is served on gold plate has an 
iwful sword hanging over his head, in the shape of a 
bailiff, or hereditary disease, or family secret. — 
Thackeray : Vanity Fair, xlvii. (1848). 

Damce'tas, a herdsman. Theocritos 
and Virgil use the name in their pastorals. 

And old Damcetas loved to hear our song. 

Milton : Lycidas (1638). 

Da'mon, a goat-herd in Virgil's third 
Bucolic. Walsh introduces the same 
name in his Eclogues also. Any rustic, 
swain, or herdsman. 

Damon and Delia. Damon asks 
Delia why she looks so coldly on him. 
She replies because of his attentions to 
Belvidera. He says he paid these atten- 
tions at her own request, "to hide the 
secret of their mutual love." Delia con- 
fesses that his prudence is commendable, 
but his acting is too earnest. To this he 
rejoins that she alone holds his heart ; and 
Delia replies — 

Tho' well I might your truth mistrust, 
My foolish heart believes you just; 
Reason this faith may disapprove. 
But I believe, because I love. 

Lord LyttUton. 

Damon and Musido'ra, two lovers 
who misunderstood each other. Musi- 
dora was coy, and Damon thought her 
shyness indicated indifference ; but one 
day he saw her bathing, and his delicacy 
on the occasion so charmed the maiden 
that she at once accepted his proffered 
love. — Thomson: The Seasons ("Sum- 
mer," 1727). 

Da'mon and Pythias. Damon, a 
senator of Syracuse, was by nature hot- 
mettled, but was schooled by Pytha- 
gore'an philosophy into a Stoic coldness 
and slowness of speech. He was a fast 
friend of the republic ; and when Dio- 
nysius was made "king" by a vote of 
the senate, Damon upbraided the be- 
trayers of his country, and pronounced 
Dionysius a "tyrant." For this he was 
seized, and as he tried to stab Dionysius, 
he was condemned to instant death. 
Damon now craved respite for four hours 
to bid farewell to his wife and child, but 
the request was denied him. On his way 
to execution, his friend Pythias en- 
countered him, and obtained permission 
of Dionysius to become his surety, and 
to die in his stead, if within four hours 
Damon did not return. Dionysius not 
only accepted the bail, but extended the 
leave to six hours. When Damon reached 
his country villa, Lucullus killed his horse 
to prevent his return ; but Damon, seiz- 
ing the horse of a chance traveller, 



reached Syracuse just as the executioner 
was preparing to put Pythias to death. 
Dionysius so admired this proof of fidelity 
that he forgave Damon, and requested 
to be taken into his friendship. 

(This subject was dramatized (in rhyme) 
in 1571 by Richard Edwards, and again 
in 1825 by John Banim.) 

The classic name of Pythias is "Phintias.* (See 
Gtsta Romanorum, Tale cviii.) 

Damsel or Damoisean (in Italian, 
dome i ; in Latin, domisellus), one of the 
gallant youths domiciled in the maison du 
roi. These youths were always sons of 
the greater vassals. Louis VII. (le 
Jeune) was called " The Royal Damsel ; " 
and at one time the royal body-guard 
was called "The King's Damsels." 

Damsel of Brittany, Eleanor, 
daughter of Geoffrey (second son of 
Henry II. of England). After the death 
of Arthur, his sister Eleanor was next in 
succession to the crown, but John, who 
had caused Arthur's death, confined 
Eleanor in Bristol Castle, where she re- 
mained till her death, in 1241. 

D'Amville (2 syl.), "the atheist," 
with the assistance of Borachio, murdered 
Montferrers, his brother, for his estates. 
— C. Tourneur : The Atheists Tragedy 
(seventeenth century). 

Dam'yan (3 syl.), the lover of May 
(the youthful bride of January a Lombard 
knight, 60 years of age). — Chaucer : Can- 
terbury Tales (" The Merchant's Tale," 
1388). 

Dan of the Howlet Hirst, the 

dragon of the revels at Kennaquhair 
Abbey.— Sir W. Scott: The Abbot and 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Dan'ae (3 syl.), an Argive princess, 
visited by Zeus [Jupiter] in the form of a 
shower of gold, while she was confined in 
an inaccessible tower. 

Danaid (syl.). Dan'aus had fifty 
daughters, called the Danai'ds or Da- 
na'i'des. These fifty women married the 
fifty sons of ^Egyptus, and (with one 
exception) murdered their husbands on 
the night of their espousals. For this 
crime they were doomed in had£s to pour 
water everlastingly into sieves. 



Let not your prudence, dearest, drowse, or j 
The Danaid of a leaky vase. 

Tennyson : The Princess, ii. 

\ • The one who spared her husband 
was Hypermnestra, whose husband'i 
name was Lynceus [Lin\ suse\ 



DANAW. 



«59 



DANTE AND BEATRICE, 



Dan'aw, the German word for the 
Dan'ube, used by Milton in his Paradise 
Lo st > »• 353 (1665). 

Dancing* Chancellor {The), sir 

Christopher Hatton, who attracted the 
attention of queen Elizabeth by his grace- 
ful dancing at a masque. She took him 
into favour, and made him both chan- 
cellor and knight of the Garter (died 

^f Mons. de Lauzun, the favourite of 
Louis XIV., owed his fortune to his grace 
in dancing in the king's quadrille. 

Many more than one nobleman owed the favour he 
enjoyed at court to the way he pointed his toe or moved 
bis leg.— Dumas : Taking the Bastille. 

Dancing Water (The), from the 
Burning Forest. This water had the 
power of imparting youthful beauty to 
those who used it. Prince Chery, aided 
by a dove, obtained it for Fairstar. 

The dancing water is the eighth wonder of the world. 
It beautifies ladies, makes them young again, and even 
enriches them.— Camtesse HAulnoy; Fairy Tales 
(*' Princess Fairstar," 1682). 

Dandie Dinmont. (See Dinmont.) 

Dandies ( The Prince of), Beau Brum- 
rael (1778-1840). 

Dandin(G^r^), a rich French trades- 
man, who marries Ang'elique, the daughter 
of Mons. le baron de Sotenville ; and has 
the " privilege" of paying off the family 
debts, maintaining his wife's noble parents, 
and being snubbed on all occasions to his 
heart's content. He constantly said to 
himself, in self-rebuke, Vous I'avez voulu, 
vous Tavez voulu, George Dandin / (" You 
have no one to blame but yourself ! you 
brought it on yourself, George Dandin ! ") 

Vous I'avez voulu, vous I'avez voulu, George Dandin 1 
vous I'avez voulu 1 . . . vous avezjustement ce que vous 
meritez.— Moliire : George Dandin, i. 9 (1668). 

" Well, tu fas voulu, George Dandin," she said, with 
a smile, " you were determined on it, and must bear 
the consequences."— P. Fitzgerald: The Parvenu 
Family, ii. 262. 

N.B. — There is no such phrase in the 
comedy as Tu fas voulu, it is always Vous 
tavez voulu. 

Dan'dolo {big/tor), a friend to Fazio 
in prosperity, but who turns from him 
when in disgrace. He says — 

Signor, I am paramount 
In all affairs of boot and spur and hose ; 
In matters of the robe and cap supreme; 
In ruff disputes, my lord, there's no appeal 
From my lrrefragibility. 

Dean Milman: Fazio, ii. 1 (1815). 

Danelagh (2 syl.), the fifteen counties 
in which the Danes settled in England, 
viz. Essex, Middlesex, Suffolk, Norfolk, 
Herts, Cambs., Hants, Lo.coln, Notts., 



Derbys, Northampton, Leicestershire, 
Bu^ks., Beds., and the vast territory 
called North umbria. — Bromton Chronicle 
(printed 1652). 

Dangeau (Jouer a la), to play as 
good a hand at cards as Philippe de 
Courcillon, marquis de Dangeau (1638- 
1720). 

Dan'gferneld (Captain), a hired 
witness in the " Popish Plot." — Sir W. 
Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

Dangle, a gentleman bitten with the 
theatrical mania, who annoys a manager 
with impertinent flattery and advice. It 
is said that Thomas Vaughan, a play- 
wright of small reputation, was the 
original of this character. — Sheridan : 
The Critic (see act i. 1), (1779). 

The latter portion of the sentence is intelligible . . . 
but the rest reminds us of Mr. Dangle's remark, that 
the interpreter appears the harder to be understood 
of the tvfO.—Ettcyclofadia Britannica (article " Ro- 
mance "). 

Dan'hasch, one of the genii who did 
not "acknowledge the great Solomon." 
When the princess Badoura in her sleep 
was carried to the bed of prince Camaral'- 
zaman that she might see him, Danhasch 
changed himself into a flea, and bit her 
lip, at which Badoura awoke, saw the 
prince sleeping by her side, and after- 
wards became his wife. — Arabian Nights 
(" Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 

Daniel (The Book of), in the Old Tes- 
tament, may be divided into two parts, the 
first of which (ch. i.-iv. ) is historical, and 
the rest a series of visions. 

Daniel, son of Widow Lackitt ; a 
wealthy Indian planter. A noodle, whom 
Lucy Weldon marries for his money. — 
Southern : Oroonoko (1696). 

Dan'nischemend, the Persian sor- 
cerer, mentioned in Donnerhugel's narra- 
tive. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of Geierstein 
(time, Edward IV. ). 

Dante. (See Divina Commkdia.) 

Dante (The Prophecy of), a poem 
by lord Byron, in the Italian measure. 
Written in 1821. 

Dante and Beatrioe. Some say 
that Beatrice, in Dante's Divina Corn- 
media, merely personifies faith ; others 
think it a real character, and say she was 
the daughter of an illustrious family of 
Portinari, for whom the poet entertained 
a purely platonic affection. She meets 



DANTON OF THE CEVENNES. 260 



DARBY AND JOAN. 



the poet after he has been dragged 
through the river Leth& {Purgatory, 
xxxi.), and conducts him through para- 
dise. Beatrice Portina'ri married Simon 
de Bardi, and died at the age of 24 ; 
Dant£ was a few months older. 

Some persons say that Dante meant Theology 
By Beatrice, and not a mistress ; I . . . 
Deem this a commentator's phantasy. 

Byron : Don Juan, Hi. n (1820). 

N. B. — The poet married Gemma, of the 
powerful house of Donati. (See Loves. ) 

Dante's Beard. All the pictures of 
Dante which I have seen represent him 
without any beard or hair on his face at 
all ; but in Purgatory , xxxi. , Beatrice says 
to him, ' ' Raise thou thy beard, and lo ! 
what sight shall do ?" i.e. lift up your face 
and look about you ; and he adds, ' ' No 
sooner lifted I mine aspect up . . . than 
mine eyes [encountered] Beatrice." 

Danton of the Cevennes, Pierre 
Seguier, prophet and preacher of Magis- 
tavols, in France. He was a leader 
amongst the Camisards. 

Dan vers {Charles), an embryo bar- 
rister of the Middle Temple.— C. Selby : 
The Unfinished Gentleman (1841). 

Daphnaida, an elegy by Spenser, on 
the daughter of lord Howard, an heiress 
(1594 

Daph'ne (2 syl.), daughter of Sileno 
and Mysis, and sister of Nysa. The 
favourite of Apollo while sojourning on 
earth in the character of a shepherd-lad 
named "Pol." — Ka?ie O'Hara: Midas 
(a burletta, 1764). 

(In classic mythology Daphne fled from 
the amorous god, and escaped by being 
changed into a laurel. ) 

Daphne, the vulgar proud wife of 
Chrysos the art patron. — Gilbert : Pyg- 
malion and Galatea (1871). 

Daph'nis, a beautiful Sicilian shep- 
herd, the inventor of bucolic poetry. He 
was a son of Mercury, and friend both of 
Pan and of Apollo. 

Daph'nis, the modest shepherd. 

This is that modest shepherd, he 
That only dare salute, but ne'er could be 
Brought to kiss any, hold discourse or sing. 
Whisper, or boldly ask. 
J. Fletcher; The Faithful Shepherdess, L 3 (1610). 

Daph'nis and Chlo'e, a prose- 
pastoral love story in Greek, by Longos 
(a Byzantine), not unlike the tale of 
The Gentle Shepherd, by Allan Ramsay. 
Gessner has also imitated the Greek 
romance in his idyll called Daphnis. 



In this love story Longos says he was 
hunting in Lesbos, and saw in a grove 
consecrated to the nymphs a beautiful 
picture of children exposed, lovers 
plighting their faith, and the incursions 
of pirates, which he now expresses and 
dedicates to Pan, Cupid, and the nymphs. 
Daphnis, of course, is the lover of Chloe\ 
(Probably this Greek pastoral story 
suggested to St. Pierre his story of Paul 
and Virginia. Gay has a poem entitled 
Daphnis and Chloe. ) 

Daphnis and Lycidas, a pastoral, 
by W. Browne (1727). 

Daphnis and Lityerses. Daphnis 
was a Sicilian shepherd, who went in 
search of his lady-love, Piplea, who had 
been carried off by Lityerses king of 
Phrygia. When he reached the place, 
Lityerses made him contend with him in 
a corn-reaping match. Hercules came to 
the shepherd's aid and slew the king. 

Thou [his deceased friend] hear'st the immortal song 

of old 1 
Putting his sickle to the perilous grain 

In the hot corn-field of the Phrygian king, 
For thee the Lityerses-song again 
Young Daphnis with his silver voice doth sing! 

Matthew Arnold: Thyrsis. 

Dapper, a lawyer's clerk, who went to 
Subtle "the alchemist," to be supplied 
with " a familiar " to make him win in 
horse-racing, cards, and all games of 
chance. Dapper is told to prepare him- 
self for an interview with the fairy queen 
by taking " three drops of vinegar in 
at the nose, two at the mouth, and 
one at either ear," "to cry hum thrice 
and buzz as often." — Ben Jonson: The 
Alchemist (1610). 

Dapple, the donkey ridden by Sancho 
Panza, in Cervantes' romance of Don 
Quixote (1605-1615). 

Darby and Joan. This ballad, 
called The Happy Old Couple, is printed 
in the Gentleman s Magazine, v. 153 
(March, 1735). It is also in Plumptre's 
Collection of Songs, 152 (Camb. 1805), 
with the music. 

Darby and Joan are an old-fashioned, 
loving couple, wholly averse to change 
of any sort. It is generally said that 
Henry Woodfall was the author of the 
ballad, and that the originals were John 
Darby (printer, of Bartholomew Close, 
who died 1730) and his wife Joan. 
Woodfall served his apprenticeship with 
John Darby. 

"You may be a Darby [Mr. Hardcastle\ but 111 b* 
no Joan, I promise you."— Goldsmith : She Stoops * 
Conquer, i. x (1773). 



DARDU-LENA. 



261 



DARWIN'S MISSING LINK. 



Dardtt-Le'na, the daughter of Fol- 
dath general of the Fir-bolg or Belgae 
settled in the south of Ireland. When 
Foldath fell in battle— 

His soul rushed to the vale of Mona, to Dardu-Lena's 
dream, by Dalrutho's stream, where she slept, returning 
from the chase of hinds. Her bow is near the maid, 
unstrung. . . . Clothed in the beauty of youth, the love 
of heroes lay. Dark-bending from . . . the wood her 
wounded father seemed to come. He appeared at 
times, then hid himself in mist. Bursting into tears, 
she arose. She knew that the chief was low. . . . Thou 
wert the last of his race, O blue-eyed Dardu-Lena 1 — 
Ossiatt : Temera, v. 

Dare. Humani nihil a me alienum 
esse puto. — Terence. 

I dare do all that may become a man, 
Who dares do more is none. 

Shakespeare : Macbeth, act L sc. 7 (1606). 

Dargo, the spear of Ossian son of 
Fingal. — Ossian: Calthon and Colmal. 

Bar 'gone t "the Tall," son of As- 
tolpho, and brother of Paradine. In the 
fight provoked by Oswald against duke 
Gondibert, which was decided by four 
combatants against four, Dargonet was 
slain by Hugo the Little. Dargonet and 
his brother were rivals for the love of 
Laura. — Davenant : Gondibert, i. (died 
1668). 

Dari'us and his Horse. The seven 
candidates for the throne of Persia agreed 
that he should be king whose horse neighed 
first. As the horse of Darius was the first 
to neigh, Darius was proclaimed king. 

That brave Scythian, 
Who found more sweetness in his horse's neighing 
Than all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing. 

Lord Brooke. 

(All the south of Russia and west of 
Asia was called Scythia. ) 

Darkness {Prince oj). Satan is so 
called by Shakespeare, Milton, and Scott ; 
but Spenser applies the name to Gorgon. 

Great Gorgon, prince of darkness and dead night. 
Falrie Queene, bk. i. 

Darlemont, guardian and maternal 
uncle of Julio of Harancour ; formerly a 
merchant. He took possession of the 
inheritance of his ward by foul means; 
but was proud as Lucifer, suspicious, ex- 
acting, and tyrannical. Every one feared 
him ; no one loved him. — Holcroft : Deaf 
and Dumb (1785). 

Darling {Grace), daughter of William 
Darling, lighthouse-keeper on Longstone, 
one of the Fame Islands. On the morn- 
ing of September 7, 183-!, Grace and her 
father saved nine of the crew of the 
Forfarshire steamer, wrecked among the 
Fame Islands opposite Bamborough 
Castle (1815-1842). 



Darling of Mankind {The), an 
English translation of delicia, generis 
humani, applied to Titus by Suetonius 
(tit. i.). Both Vespasian and Titus are 
called orbis delicia in one of the Monu- 
menta Romana. 

Darnay {Charles), the lover and after- 
wards the husband of Lucie Manette. 
He bore a strong likeness to Sydney 
Carton, and was a noble character worthy 
of Lucie. His real name was Evre'monde. 
—Dickens : A Tale of Two Cities (1859). 

Darnel {Aurelia), a character in 
Smollett's novel : The Adventures of Sir 
Launcelot Greaves (1760). 

Darnley, the amant of Charlotte 
[Lambert], in The Hypocrite, by Isaac 
Bickerstaff. In Moliere's comedy of 
Tartuffe, Charlotte is called "Mariane," 
and Darnley is " Valere." 

Dar'-Thula, daughter of Colla, and 
" fairest of Erin's maidens." She fell in 
love with Nathos, one of the three sons 
of Usnoth lord of Etha (in Argyllshire). 
Cairbar, the rebel, was also in love with 
her, but his suit was rejected. Nathos 
was made commander of king Cormac's 
army at the death of Cuthullin, and for 
a time upheld the tottering throne. But 
the rebel grew stronger and stronger, 
and at length found means to murder 
the young king ; whereupon, the army 
under Nathos deserted. Nathos was now 
obliged to quit Ireland, and Dar-Thula 
fled with him. A storm drove the vessel 
back to Ulster, where Cairbar was en- 
camped, and Nathos, with his two 
brothers, being overpowered by numbers, 
fell. Dar-Thula was arrayed as a young 
warrior; but when her lover was slaui 
" her shield fell from her arm ; her 
breast of snow appeared, but it was 
stained with blood. An arrow was fixed 
in her side," and her dying blood was 
mingled with that of the three brothers. 
— Ossian : Dar-Thula (founded on the 
story of " Deirdi," i. Trans, of the Gaelic 
Society). 

Dar'tle {Rosa), companion of Mrs. 
Steer forth. She loved Mrs. Steer forth 's 
son, but her love was not reciprocated. 
Miss Dartle is a vindictive woman, noted 
for a scar on her lip, which told tales 
when her temper was aroused. This scar 
was from a wound given by young Steer- 
forth, who struck her on the lip when a 
boy. — Dickens : David Copperfeld { 1 849). 

Darwin's Missing Link, the link 



DASHALL. 



262 



DAVENANT. 



oetween the monkey and man. Accord- 
ing to Darwin, the present host of animal 
life began from a few elemental forms, 
which developed, and by natural selec- 
tion propagated certain types of animals ; 
while others less suited to the battle of 
life died out. Thus, beginning with the 
larva? of ascidians (a marine mollusc), 
we get by development to fish lowly 
organized (as the lancelet), then to 
ganoids and other fish, then to amphi- 
bians ; from amphibians we get to birds 
and reptiles, and thence to mammals, 
among which comes the monkey, between 
which and man is a Missing Link. 

Dashall [The Hon. Tom), cousin of 
Tally-ho. The rambles and adventures 
of these two blades are related by Pierce 
Egan, in his Life in London (1822). 

Dasliwoocl, a sneerwell in Murphy's 
comedy of Know your own Mind (1777). 

D'Asumar [Count), an old Nestor, 
who fancied nothing was so good as when 
he was a young man. 

"Alas! I see no men nowadays comparable to 
those I knew heretofore ; and the tournaments are not 
performed with half the magnificence as when I was a 
young man. . . ." Seeing some fine peaches served 
up, he observed, " In my time, the peaches were much 
larger than they are at present ; nature degenerates 
every day." "At that rate," said his companion, 
smiling, "the peaches of Adam's time must have been 
wonderfully large."— Lesage : Gil Bias, iv. 7 (1724). 

Daughter [The), a drama by S. 
Knowles (1836). Marian, "daughter" 
of Robert, once a wrecker, was betrothed 
to Edward, a sailor, who went on his last 
voyage, and intended then to marry her. 
During his absence a storm at sea arose, 
a body was washed ashore, and Robert 
went down to plunder it. Marian went 
to look for her father and prevent his 
robbing those washed ashore by the 
waves, when she saw in the dusk some 
one stab a wrecked body. It was Black 
Norris, but she thought it was her father. 
Robert being taken up, Marian gave 
witness against him, and he was con- 
demned to death. Norris said he would 
save her father if she would marry him, 
and to this she consented ; but on the 
wedding day Edward returned. Norris 
was taken up for murder, and Marian 
was saved. 

Daughter with, her Murdered 
Father's Head. Margaret Roper, 
daughter of sir Thomas More, obtained 
privately the head of her fa her, which 
had been exposed on London Bridge, 
enclosed it in a casket, and at death was 
buried with the casket in her arms. 
Tennyson says — 



Morn broadened on the borders of the dark 
Ere I saw her who clasped in her last trance 
Her murdered father's head. 

IT The head of the young earl of Der- 
wentwater was exposed on Temple Bar in 
1716. His wife drove in a cart under 
the arch, and a man, hired for the pur- 
pose, threw the young earl's head into 
the cart, that it might be decently buried. 
— Sir Bernard Burke. 

IT Mdlle. de Sombreuil, daughter of the 
comte de Sombreuil, insisted on sharing 
her father's prison during the " Reign of 
Terror," and in accompanying him to the 
guillotine. 

Dauphin [Le Grand), Louis due de 
Bourgogne, eldest son of Louis XIV., 
for whom was published the Delpkin 
Classics (1661-1711). 

Dauphin [Le Petit), son of the 
"Grand Dauphin " (1682-1712). 

Daura, daughter of Armin. She was 
betrothed to Armar, son of Armart, 
Erath a rival lover having been rejected 
by her. One day, disguised as an old 
grey-beard, Erath told Daura that he 
was sent to conduct her to Armar, who 
was waiting for her. Without the 
slightest suspicion, she followed her 
guide, who took her to a rock in the 
midst of the sea, and there left her. 
Her brother Arindal, returning from the 
chase, saw Erath on the shore, and 
bound him to an oak ; then pushing off 
the boat, went to fetch back his sister. 
At this crisis Armar came up, and dis- 
charged his arrow at Erath ; but the 
arrow struck Arindal, and killed him. 
"The boat broke in twain," and when 
Armar plunged into the sea to rescue his 
betrothed, a "sudden blast from the hills 
struck him, and he sank to rise no more." 
Daura was rescued by her father, but she 
haunted the shore all night in a drenching 
rain. Next day "her voice grew very 
feeble ; it died away ; and, spent with 
grief, she expired." — Ossian : Songs of 
Selma, 

Davenant [Lord), a bigamist. One 
wife was Marianne Dormer, whom he 
forsook in three months. It was given 
out that he was dead, and Marianne 
in time married lord Davenant's son. 
His other wife was Louisa Travers, who 
was engaged to captain Dormer, but 
was told that the captain was faithless 
and had married another. When the 
villainy of his lordship could be no longer 
concealed, he destroyed himself. 

Lady Davenant, one, of the two wives 



DAVENANT. 



263 



DAVID AND GOLIATH. 



of lord Davenant. She was a " faultless 
wife," with beauty to attract affection, 
and every womanly grace. 

Charles Davenant, a son of lord Dave- 
nant, who married Marianne Dormer, his 
father's wife. — Cumberland: The Mys- 
terious Husband (1783). 

Davenant ( Will), a supposed descend- 
ant from Shakespeare, and Wildrake's 
friend. — Sir W. Scott: Woodstock (time, 
the Commonwealth). 

DAVID, in Dryden's satire oi Absalom 
and Achitophel, is meant for Charles II. 
As David's beloved son Absalom rebelled 
against him, so the duke of Monmouth 
rebelled against his father Charles II. 
As Achitophel was a traitorous counsellor 
to David, so was the earl of Shaftesbury 
to Charles II. As Hushai outwitted 
Achitophel, so Hyde (duke of Rochester) 
outwitted the earl of Shaftesbury, etc. 

Auspicious prince, 

Thy longing country's darling and desire, 
Their cloudy pillar, and their guardian fire . . . 
The people's prayer, the glad diviner's theme, 
The young men's vision, and the old men's dream. 
Dryaen : Absalom and Achitophel, L 231-240 (1681). 

David, king of North Wales, eldest 
son of Owen, by his second wife. Owen 
died in 1169. David married Emma 
Plantagenet, a Saxon princess. He slew 
his brother Hoel and his half-brother 
Yorwerth (son of Owen by his first wife), 
who had been set aside from the succes- 
sion in consequence of a blemish in the 
face. He also imprisoned his brother 
Rodri, and drove others into exile. 
Madoc, one of his brothers, went to 
America, and established there a Welsh 
colony. — Southey : Madoc (1805). 

David (St.), son of Xantus prince of 
Cereticu (Cardiganshire) and the nun Ma- 
learia. He was the uncle of king Arthur. 
St. David first embraced the ascetic life 
in the Isle of Wight, but subsequently 
removed to Menevia, in Pembrokeshire, 
where he founded twelve convents. In 
577 the archbishop of Caerleon resigned 
his see to him, and St. David removed 
the seat of it to Menevia, which was sub- 
sequently called St. David's, and became 
the metropolis of Wales. He died at the 
age of 146, in the year 642. The waters 
of Bath " owe their warmth and salutary 
qualities to the benediction of this saint." 
Drayton says he lived in the valley of 
Ewias (2 syl.), between the hills of 
Hatterill, in Monmouthshire. 

Here, In an aged cell with moss and ivy grown, 
In which not to this day the sun hath ever shone, 
That reverend British saint in zealous ages past, 
To contemplation lived. 

Drayton : Polyolbion. iv. (1612). 



St. David's Day, March i. The leek 
worn by Welshmen on this day is in 
memory of a complete victory obtained 
by them over the Saxons (March i, 640). 
This victory is ascribed ' ' to the prayers 
of St. David," and his judicious adoption 
of a leek in the cap, that the Britons 
might readily recognize each other. The 
Saxons, having no badge, not unfre- 
quently turned their swords against their 
own supporters. 

David and Goliath (1 Sam. xvii.). 
Goliath, who defied the Hebrews and was 
slain by the stripling David, was descended 
from Arapha. Drayton published, in 
1630, a poem so called. 

% A parallel tale is told in Russian 
history. In the reign of Vladimir the 
Great,- during one of his wars with the 
Petcheneguans, was a man of colossal 
stature, athletic and muscular. Proud of 
his great height and strength, he paced 
along the bank of the river Troubeje 
(which separated the opposing forces), 
loading the Russians with insult, pro- 
voking them with threats, and ridiculing 
their timidity. This imposing air was 
successful. The soldiers of Vladimir, 
awed by the gigantic figure of their ad- 
versary, submitted to his bravados; and, 
when the day of combat arrived, they 
were constrained to supplicate for a post- 
ponement. At length an old man 
approached Vladimir, and said, " My 
prince, I have five sons, four of whom are 
in the army. Valiant as they are, none 
of them is equal to the youngest, who 
possesses prodigious strength." The 
young man was sent for, and being set 
before the grand-duke, asked permission 
to make trial of his strength. A vigorous 
bull was irritated with red-hot irons, but 
the young man stopped it in its full 
career, threw it on the ground, and tore 
off its skin. This proof of strength 
inspired the greatest confidence. The 
hour of battle arrived. The two 
champions advanced between the camps, 
and the Petcheneguan could not restrain 
a contemptuous smile when he observed 
the diminutive stature of his adversary, 
who indeed was yet without a beard. 
Being, however, attacked with great im- 
petuosity, the giant gave ground, was 
seized by the young Russian, and crushed 
to death. The Petcheneguans took to 
flight, were pursued, and utterly routed. 
The conqueror, who was only a carrier, 
was laden with honours, raised with his 
father to the rank of the high nobility, 



DAVID AND JONATHAN. 



264 



DAWSON. 



and the place of combat was made the 
site of the city Pereislave, which soon 
rose to eminence in the government of 
Vladimir. N.B. — The young conqueror's 
name was Ivan Usmovitched, but was 
changed by Vladimir into Pereislave. — 
Duncan : Russia, vol. ii. pp. 201, 202 
(Pereislave means " one who wins the 
victory "). (See Fier ABRAS. ) 

David and Jonathan, inseparable 
friends. The allusion is to David the 
psalmist and Jonathan the son of Saul. 
David's lamentation at the death of 
Jonathan was never surpassed in pathos 
and beauty. — 2 Sam. i. 19-27. 

David Copperfield. (See Copper- 
field, p. 233.) 

Davideis, the chief poem of Cowley 
(1635). It is in four books. The quotation 
following is well known, and the last line 
is very felicitous : — 

Begin, be bold, and venture to be wise; 

He who defies this work from day to day 

Does on a river's bank expectant stay, 

Till the old stream that stopped him shall be gone, 

Which runs, and as it runs, for ever shall run on. 

Davie Debet, debt. 

So ofte thy neighbours banquet in thy hall. 
Till Davie Debet in thy parler stand, 
And bids the[e] welcome to thine own decay. 
Gascoigne: Magnum Vectigal, etc. (died 1775). 

Davie of Stenhouse, a friend of 
Hobbie Elliott.— Sir W.Scott: The Black 
Dwarf {lime, Anne). 

Davies {John), an old fisherman 
employed by Joshua Geddes the quaker. 
— Sir W. Scott : Redgauntlet (time, 
George III.). 

Da'vus, a plain, uncouth servitor. 
A common name for a slave in Greek and 
Roman plays, as in the Andrla of Terence, 

His face made of brass, like a vice in a game, 
His gesture like Davus, whom Terence doth name. 
Tusser : Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, liv. (1537). 

Davus sum, non (E'dipus. I am a 
homely man, and do not understand 
hints, innuendoes, and riddles, like CEdi- 
pus. CEdipus was the Theban who 
expounded the riddle of the Sphinx, that 
puzzled all his countrymen. Davus was 
the stock name of a servant or slave in 
Latin comedies. The proverb is used by 
Terence, Andrta, i, 2, 23. 

Davy, the varlet of justice Shallow, 
who so identifies himself with his master 
that he considers himself half host, half 
varlet. Thus when he seats Bardolph 
and Page at table, he tells them they 
must take "his" good will for their 



assurance of. welcome. — Shakespeare; % 
Henry IV. (1598). 

Daw (Sir David), a rich, dunder- 
headed baronet of Monmouthshire, with- 
out wit, words, or worth ; but believing 
himself somebody, and fancying himself 
a sharp fellow, because his servants laugh 
at his good sayings, and his mother calls 
him a wag. Sir David pays his suit to 
Miss [Emily] Tempest ; but as the affec- 
tions of the young lady are fixed on 
Henry Woodville, the baron goes to the 
wall.— Cumberland: The Wheel of For- 
tune (1779). 

Dawfyd, "the one-eyed" freebooter 
chief. —Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

Dawkins (Jack), known by the 
sobriquet of the "Artful Dodger." He 
is one of Fagin's tools. Jack Dawkins is 
a young scamp of unmitigated villainy, 
and full of artifices ; but of a cheery, 
buoyant temper. — C. Dickens; Oliver 
Twist, viii. (1837). 

Dawson (Bully), a London sharper, 
bully, and debauchee of the seventeenth 
century. (See Spectator, No. 2. ) 

Bully Dawson kicked by half the town, and half the 
town kicked by Bully Dawson. — C. Lamb. 

Dawson (Jemmy). Captain James 
Dawson was one of the eight officers 
belonging to the Manchester volunteers 
in the service of Charles Edward, the 
young pretender. He was a very amiable 
young man, engaged to a young lady of 
family and fortune, who went in her 
carriage to witness his execution for 
treason. When the body was drawn, i.e. 
embowelled, and the heart thrown into the 
fire, she exclaimed, ' ' James Dawson ! " 
and expired. Shenstone has made this 
the subject of a tragic ballad. 

Young Dawson was a gallant youth, 
A brighter never trod the plain ; 

And well he loved one charming maid, 
And dearly was he loved again. 

Shenstone : Jemmy Dawson (1745). 

Dawson (Phxbe), " the pride of Lam- 
mas Fair," courted by all the smartest 
young men of the village, but caught 
"by the sparkling eyes" and ardent 
words of a tailor. Phoebe had by him a 
child before marriage, and after marriage 
he turned a "captious tyrant and a noisy 
sot." Poor Phoebe drooped, "pinched 
were her looks, as one who pined for 
bread," and in want and sickness she sank 
into an early tomb. 

(This sketch is one of the bes*: in 
Crabbe's Parish Register, 1807.) 



DAY. 



265 



DAYS RECURRENT. 



Day [Justice), a pitiable hen-pecked 
husband, who always addresses his wife 
as "duck "or " duckie." 

Mrs. Day, wife of the "justice," full 
of vulgar dignity, overbearing, and loud. 
She was formerly the kitchen-maid of her 
husband's father ; but being raised from 
the kitchen to the parlour, became my 
lady paramount. 

(In the comedy from which this farce is 
taken, " Mrs. Day" was the kitchen-maid 
in the family of colonel Careless, and 
went by the name of Gillian. In her 
exalted state she insisted on being ad- 
dressed as "Your honour" or "Your 
ladyship.") 

Margaret Woffington [1718-1760], In "Mrs. Day," 
made no scruple to disguise her beautiful face by 
drawing on it the lines of deformity, and to put on the 
tawdry habiliments and vulgar manners of an old 
hypocritical city vixen. — Thomas Davits. 

Day {Abel), a puritanical prig, who 
can do nothing without Obadiah. This 
"downright ass" (act i. i) aspires to the 
hand of the heiress Arabella. — Knight: 
The Honest Thieves. 

(This farce is a mere richauffi of The 
Committee, a comedy by the Hon. sir 
R. Howard (1670). The names of " Day," 
"Obadiah," and "Arabella" are the 
same.) 

Day (Ferquhard), the absentee from 
the clan Chattan ranks at the conflict. — 
Sir VV. Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Day of the Barricades, May 12, 

1588, when Henri de Guise returned to 
Paris in defiance of the king's order. 
The king sent for his Swiss guards ; but 
the Parisians tore up the pavements, 
threw chains across the streets, and piled 
up barrels filled with earth and stones, 
behind which they shot down the Swiss 
as they paraded the streets. The king 
begeed the duke to put an end to the 
conflict, and fled. 

Another Journie des Barricades was 
August 27, 1688, the commencement of 
the Fronde war. 

Another was June 27, 1830, the first 
day of the grand semain which drove 
Charles X. from the throne. 

Another was February 24, 1848, when 
Affre, archbishop of Paris, was shot in 
his attempt to quell the insurrection. 

Another was December 2, 1851, the 
day of the coup dilat, when Louis 
Napoleon made his appeal to the people 
for re-election to the presidency for ten 
years. 



Day of tlie Cornsacks \Journee 
des Farines], January 3, 1591, when some 
of the partisans of Henri IV., disguised 
as millers, attempted to get possession of 
the barrier de St. Honors (Paris), with 
the view of making themselves masters 
of the city. In this they failed. 

Day of the Dupes, November n, 
1630. The dupes were Marie de Medicis, 
Anne of Austria, and Gaston due d'Or- 
leans, who were outwitted by cardinal 
Richelieu. The plotters had induced 
Louis XIII. to dismiss his obnoxious 
minister, whereupon the cardinal went at 
once to resign the seals of office ; the king 
repented, re-established the cardinal, and 
he became more powerful than ever. 

Days Recurrent in the Lives of 
Great Men. 

Becket. Tuesday was Becket's day. 
He was born on a Tuesday, and on a 
Tuesday was assassinated. He was bap- 
tized on a Tuesday, took his flight from 
Northampton on a Tuesday, withdrew 
to France on a Tuesday, had his vision 
of martyrdom on a Tuesday, returned 
to England on a Tuesday, his body was 
removed from the crypt to the shrine on 
a Tuesday, and on Tuesday (April 13, 
1875) cardinal Manning consecrated the 
new church dedicated to St. Thomas a 
Becket. 

Cromwell's day was September 3. 
On September 3, 1650, he won the battle 
of Dunbar; on September 3, 1651, he 
won the battle of Worcester ; on Sep- 
tember 3, 1658, he died. 

Dickens. His fatal day was June 9. 
He was in the terrible railway accident of 
June 9, 1861 (at Staplehurst), from which 
he never recovered ; and he died June 9, 
1870. 

Harold's day was October 14. It 
was his birthday, and also the day of his 
death. William the Conqueror was born 
on the same day, and, on October 14, 
1066, won England by conquest. 

Henry VII. always regarded Saturday 
as his lucky day. 

Napoleon's day was August 15, his 
birthday ; but his " lucky " day, like that 
of his nephew, Napoleon III., was the 
2nd of the month. He was made consul 
for life on August 2, 1802; was crowned 
December 2, 1804; won his greatest 
battle, that of Austerlitz, for which he 
obtained the title of "Great," December 
2, 1805 ; married the archduchess of 
Austria April 2, 18 10 ; etc. 

Napollon III. The coup ditat was 



DAZZLE. 



366 



DEANS. 



December 2, 1851. Louis Napoleon was 
made emperor December 2, 1852 ; he 
opened, at Saarbriick, the Franco-German 
war August 2, 1870 ; and surrendered his 
sword to William of Prussia, September 2, 
1870. 

Dazzle, in London Assurance, by D. 

Boucicault (1841). 

"Dazzle" and "lady Gay Spanker" "act them- 
selves," and will never be dropped out of the list of 
acting plays.— Percy Fitzgerald. 

De Bourgo ( William), brother of 
the earl of Ulster and commander of the 
English forces that defeated Felim 
O'Connor (1315) at Athunree, in Con- 
naught. 

Why tho' fallen her brothers kerne [Irish infantry} 
Beneath De Bourgo's battle stern. 

Campbell: O 'Connor's Child. 

De Courcy, in s. romance called 
Women, by the Rev. C. R. Maturin. An 
Irishman, made up of contradictions and 
improbabilities. He is in love with Zaira, 
a brilliant Italian, and also with her un- 
known daughter, called Eva Wentworth, 
a model of purity. Both women are 
blighted by his inconstancy. Eva dies, 
but Zaira lives to see De Courcy perish of 
remorse (1822). 

De Gard, a noble, staid gentleman, 
newly lighted from his travels ; brother 
of Oria'na, who "chases" Mi'rabel "the 
wild goose," and catches him. — Fletcher : 
The Wild-Goose Chase (1619). 

De l'llpee [Abbe"). Seeing a deaf-and- 
dumb lad abandoned in the streets of 
Paris, he rescued him, and brought him 
up under the name of Theodore. The 
foundling turned out to be Julio count of 
Harancour. 

" In your opinion who is the greatest genius that 
France has ever produced ? " " Science would decide 
for D'Alembert, and Nature [-would] say Buffon ; Wit 
and Taste [would] present Voltaire; and Sentiment 
plead for Rousseau ; but Genius and Humanity cry 
out for De l'Epee, and him I call the best and greatest 
of human creatures." — HoUroft: The Deaf and Dumb, 
iii. 2 (1785). 

De Frofimdis (" out of the 
depths . . ."), the first two words of 
Psalm cxxx. in the Roman Catholic 
Liturgy ; sung when the dead are com- 
mitted to the grave. 

At eve, instead of bridal verse, 
The De Profundis filled the air. 

Longfellow: The Blind Girl. 

De Valmont {Count), father of 
Florian and uncle of Geraldine. During 
his absence in the wars, he left his kins- 
man, the baron Longueville, guardian of 
his castle ; but under the hope of coming 
mto the property, the baron set fire to the 



castle, intending thereby to kill the wife 
and her infant boy. When De Valmont 
returned and knew his losses, he became 
a wayward recluse, querulous, despon- 
dent, frantic at times, and at times most 
melancholy. He adopted an infant 
"found in a forest," who turned out to 
be his son. His wife was ultimately found, 
and the villainy of Longueville was 
brought to light.— W. Dimond : The 
Foundling of the Forest. 



Many " De Valmonts " I have witnessed in fifty-four 
years, but have never seen the eq " 
Holman [1764-1817].— Donaldson. 



fears, but have never seen the equal of Joseph George 



Dead Fan, a poem by Mrs. Brown- 
ing (1844), founded on the tradition that 
at the Crucifixion, when Jesus cried, " It 
is finished ! " the oracles ceased, and a 
murmur was heard by mariners, " Great 
Pan is dead ! " 

Deaf and Dumb {The), a comedy 
by Thomas Holcroft. ' ' The deaf and 
dumb " boy is Julio count of Harancour, 
a ward of M. Darlemont, who, in order 
to get possession of his ward's property, 
abandoned him when very young in the 
streets of Paris. Here he was rescued by 
the abbe" De l'Epee, who brought him up 
under the name of Theodore. The boy 
being recognized by his old nurse and 
others, Darlemont confessed his crime, 
and Julio was restored to his rank and 
inheritance. — Holcroft : The Deaf and 
Dumb (1785). 

Dean of St. Patrick {The), Jona- 
than Swift, who was appointed to the 
deanery in 1713, and retained it till his 
death (1667-1745). 

Deans {Douce Davie), the cowherd 
at Edinburgh, noted for his religious 
peculiarities, his magnanimity in affec- 
tion, and his eccentricities. 

Mistress Rebecca Deans, Douce Davie's 
second wife. 

Jeanie Deans, daughter of Douce Davie 
Deans, by his first wife. She marries 
Reuben Butler, the presbyterian minister. 
Jeanie Deans is a model of good sense, 
strong affection, resolution, disinterested- 
ness. Her journey from Edinburgh to 
London is as interesting as that of 
Elizabeth from Siberia to Moscow. 

Effie [Euphemia] Deans, daughter ot 
Douce Davie Deans, by his second wife. 
She is betrayed by George [afterwards 
sir George] Staunton (called Geordie 
Robertson), an1 imprisoned for child- 
murder. Jeanie goes to the queen and 
sues for pardon, which is vouchsafed to 
her, and Staunton does what he can to 



DEATH. 



267 



DEBATABLE LAND. 



repair the mischief he had done by marry- 
ing Erne, who thus becomes lady Staun- 
ton. Soon after this sir George is shot 
by a gipsy-boy, who proves to be his own 
son, and Efne retires to a convent on the 
Continent — Sir W. Scott : Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

(J. E. Millais has a picture of EfBe 
Deans keeping tryst with George Staun- 
ton.) 

• . * The prototype of Jeanie Deans was 
Helen Walker, to whose memory sir W. 
Scott erected a tombstone in Irongray 
Churchyard (Kirkcudbright). 

DEATH or Mors. So Tennyson 
calls sir Ironside the Red Knight of the 
Red Lands, who kept Lyonors (or Liones) 
captive in Castle Perilous. The name 
" Mors," which is Latin, is very incon- 
sistent with a purely British tale, and of 
course does not appear in the original 
story. — Tennyson: Idylls ("Gareth and 
Lynette ") ; Sir T. Malory : History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 134-137 (1470). 

Death ( The Ferry of). The ferry of 
the Irtish, leading to Siberia, is so called 
because it leads the Russian exile to 
political and almost certain physical 
death. To be " laid on the shelf " is to 
cross the ferry of the Irtish. 

Death and Dr. Hornbook. A 

satirical poem by Burns. Death tells 
Burns that Dr. Hornbook, the apothe- 
cary, kills so many with his physic, that 
he has quite ruined his trade. He recites 
several instances, and then says — 

That's just a swatch o' Hornbook's way i 
Thus goes he on from day to day ; 
Thus does he poison, kill, an' slay, 
An's weel paid for 't. 

*.* Hornbook was John Wilson, who 
was obliged to leave the county, migrated 
to Glasgow, and died in 1839. 

Death and Music. Leopold I. of 
Germany (1650-1705), on his death-bed 
requested that the court musicians might 
be sent for, that lie might die to the 
sounds of sweet music. 

IT Mirabeau's last words were, " Let 
me fall asleep to the sounds of delicious 
music." 

N.B. — Sometimes the dying seem to 
hear sweet music. This, of course, is 
simply physical. 

Hark I they whisper, angels say, 
"Sister spirit, come away." 

Death from Strange Causes. 

jEschylus was killed by the tall of a 
tortoise on his head from the claws of an 
eagle in the air.— Pliny: Hist. vii. 7. 



Agath'ocles (4 syl. ), tyrant of Sicily, 
was killed by a tooth-pick, at the age of 
95- 

Anacreon was choked by a grape- 
stone. — Pliny: Hist. vii. 7. 

Bass us (Q. Lecanius) died from the 
prick of a fine needle in his left thumb. 

Chalchas, the soothsayer, died of 
laughter at the thought of his having out- 
lived the time predicted for his death. 

Charles VIII., conducting his queen 
into a tennis-court, struck his head against 
the lintel, and it caused his death. 

Fabiu^, the Roman praetor, was choked 
by a single goat-hair in the milk which 
he was drinking. — Pliny: Hist. vii. 7. 

Frederick Lewis, prince of Wales, 
died from the blow of a cricket -balL 

Itadach died of thirst in the harvest- 
field, because (in observance of the rule 
of St. Patrick) he refused to drink a drop 
of anything. 

Louis VI. met with his death from a 
pig running under his horse, and causing 
it to stumble. 

Margutte died of laughter on seeing 
a monkey trying to pull on a pair of his 
boots. 

Otway, the poet, in a starving con- 
dition had a guinea given him ; bought a 
loaf of bread, and died swallowing the 
first mouthful. 

Philom'enes (4 syl.) died of laughter 
at seeing an ass eating the figs provided 
for his own dessert. — Valerius Maximus. 

Placut (Phillipot) dropped down dead 
while in the act of paying a bill — Baca- 
berry tlie Elder. 

Quenelault, a Norman physician of 
Montpellier, died from a slight wound 
made in his hand in the extraction of a 
splinter. 

SAUFEIUS (Spurius) was choked sup- 
ping up the albumen of a soft-boiled e<:g. 
Zeuxis, the painter, died of laughter 
at sight of a hag which he had just 
depicted. 

Death Proof of Guilt. When 
combats and ordeals were appealed to, 
in the belief that " God would defend the 
right," the death of either party was con- 
sidered a su'e proof of guilt. 

Take hence that traitor from our sight, 
For, by his death, we do perceive his guilt. 
Shakespeare : a Henry 1/1. act ii. sc. 3 (1591). 

Death Ride ( The), the charge of the 
Light Brigade at Balaclava. (See under 

Charge, p. 195.) 

Debatable Land (The), a tract of 
land between tho Esk and the Sark. It 



DEBON. 



268 



DEE'S SPECULUM. 



seems properly to belong to Scotland, but 
having been claimed by both crowns, was 
styled The Debatable Land. Sir Richard 
Graham bought of James I. of England 
a lease of this tract, and got it united to 
the county of Cumberland. As James 
ruled over both kingdoms, he was 
supremely indifferent to which the plot 
was annexed. 

Deb'on, one of the companions of 
Brute. According to British fable, Devon- 
shire is a corruption of " Debon's-share," 
or the share of country assigned to Debon. 

Deborah Debbitch, governante at 
lady Peveril's. — Sir W. Scott: Peveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Dec'adi, plu. dedadis, the holiday 
every tenth day, in -substitution of the 
Sunday or sabbath, in the first French 
Revolution. 

All decadl he labours in the comer of the Augustin 
cloister, and he calls that his holiday.— The Atelier du 
Lys, ii. 

Dec'adists. Those who conformed 
to the dec'ade system of time introduced 
by Pabre d' Eglantine in 1793. So called 
because the year was divided into ten 
months, the week into ten days, and the 
month into thrice-ten days. Dec'ade is 
from the Greek word deka, ten. 

There were 360 days in Mons. D 'Eglantine's year, 
but there are 365 days in a solar year; so Mons. 
D'Eglantine called the five odd days sans-culottides, 
or holidays — a most clumsy contrivance. In fact, the 
decimal system may be useful perhaps in many 
calculations, but will not work in the laws of Nature. 

Decameron {The), by Boccaccio 
( I 35°)> a collection of tales (in Italian 
prose) supposed to be told by ten persons, 
seven gentlemen and three ladies who 
had retired to a pleasant retreat during 
a plague. Several of these tales have 
been a hunting-ground of poets and 
novelists; Chaucer, Shakespeare, Keats, 
Tennyson, and many others are indebted 
to them. G. Standfast and many others 
have published English versions, and one 
forms a volume of Bohn's Library. 

Decern Scriptores, a collection of 
ten ancient chronicles on English history, 
edited by Twysden and John Selden. 
The names of the chroniclers are Simeon 
of Durham, John of Hexham, Richard 
of Hexham, Ailred of Rieval, Ralph de 
Diceto, John Brompton of Jorval, Gervase 
of Canterbury, Thomas Stubbs, William 
Thorn of Canterbury and Henry Knighton 
of Leicester. 

Nearly 300 columns are occupied by the Abbrevia- 
Hones Chronicorum of Ralph de Diceto, whose 
Chronicles extend from 589 to 1148; and another 
chronicle brings the narrative down to 1199. 



De'cius, friend of Antin'ous \\ syl.), 
— Beaumont and Fletcher : Laws of Candy 
(printed 1647). 

Decline and Fall of the Roman 
Empire (The), by Gibbon (1776). 

Decree of Fontainebleau, an 

edict of Napoleon I. , ordering the destruc- 
tion by fire of all English goods (dated 
October 18, 18 10, from Fontainebleau). 

Dec'uman Gate, one of the four 
gates in a Roman camp. It was the gate 
opposite the praetorian, and furthest from 
the enemy. Called decuman because the 
tenth legion was always posted near it. 
The other two gates (the porta princi- 
palis dextra and the porta principalis 
sinistra) were on the other sides of the 
square. If the prcetorian gate was at the 
top of this page, the decuman gate would 
be at the bottom, the porta dextra on the 
right hand, and the porta sinistra on the 
left. 

Dedlock (Sir Leicester), bart., who 
has a general opinion that the world 
might get on without hills, but would 
be " totally done up " without Dedlocks. 
He loves lady Dedlock, and believes in 
her implicitly. Sir Leicester is honour- 
able and truthful, but intensely preju- 
diced, immovably obstinate, and proud 
as " county" can make a man ; but his 
pride has a most dreadful fall when the 
guilt of lady Dedlock becomes known. 

Lady Dedlock, wife of sir Leicester, 
beautiful, cold, and apparently heartless ; 
but she is weighed down with this terrible 
secret, that before marriage she had had 
a daughter by captain Hawdon. This 
daughter's name is Esther [Summerson], 
the heroine of the novel. 

Volumnia Dedlock, cousin of sir 
Leicester. A "young" lady of 60, 
given to rouge, pearl-powder, and cos- 
metics. She has a habit of prying into 
the concerns of others. — C. Dickens: 
Bleak House (1853). 

Dee's Spec'ulnm, a mirror, which 
Dr. John Dee asserted was brought 
to him by the angels Raphael and 
Gabriel. At the death of the doctor it 
passed into the possession of the earl of 
Peterborough, at Drayton ; then to lady 
Betty Germaine, by whom it was given 
to John last duke of Argyll. The duke's 
grandson (lord Frederick Campbell) gave 
it to Horace Walpole ; and in 1842 it was 
sold, at the dispersion of the curiosities 
of Strawberry Hill, and bought by Mr. 
Smythe Pigott. At the sale of Mr. 



DEERSLAYER. 



269 



DELADA. 



Pigott's library, in 1853, it passed into 
the possession of the late lord Londes- 
borough. A writer in Notes and Queries 
(p. 376, November 7, 1874) says, it " has 
now been for many years in the British 
Museum," where he saw it "some 
eighteen years ago." 

(This magic speculum is a flat polished 
mineral, like cannel coal, of a circular 
form, fitted with a handle. ) 

Deerslayer {The), the title of a 
novel by J. F. Cooper, and the nickname 
of its hero (Natty Bumppo), a model 
uncivilized man, honourable, truthful, 
and brave, pure of heart and without 
reproach. He is introduced in five of 
Cooper's novels : The Deerslayer, The 
Pathfinder, The Last of the Mohicans, 
The Pioneers, and The Prairie. He is 
called ' ' Hawk-eye " in The Last of the 
Mohicans ; ' ' Leather-stocking " in The 
Pioneers ; and "The Trapper" in The 
Prairie, in which he dies. 

The Delawares call me " Deerslayer ; " but it is not 
so much because I am pretty fatal with the venison, 
as because that, while I kill so many bucks and does, 
I have never yet taken the life of a fellow-creature 
(chap. ii.). 

N.B.— Deerslayer was first called " Straight -tongue,' 
for his truthfulness ; then " Pigeon," for his kindness 
of heart ; then " Lap-ear," for his hound-like sagacity ; 
then " Deerslayer," for his skill in tracking and slaying 
deer (chap. iv.). " Hawk-eye," so called by a dying 
fed man or Mingo (chap. viL). 

Defarge (Mons.), keeper of a wine- 
shop in the Faubourge St. Antoine, in 
Paris. He is a bull-necked, good- 
humoured, but implacable-looking man. 

Mde. Defarge, his wife. A dangerous 
woman, with great force of character ; 
everlastingly knitting. 

Mde. Defarge had a watchful eye, that seldom 
seemed to look at anything. — C. Dickens : A Tale of 
Two Cities, i. s (1859). 

Defender of the Faith, the title 
first given to Henry VIII. by pope Leo 
X., for a volume against Luther, in 
defence of pardons, the papacy, and the 
seven sacraments. The original volume 
is in the Vatican, and contains this 
inscription in the king's handwriting : 
Anglorum rex Henricus, Leoni X. mittit 
hoc opus etfidei testem et amicitia', where- 
upon the pope (in the twelfth year of his 
reign) conferred upon Henry, by bull, the 
title "Fidei Defensor," and commanded 
all Christians so to address him. The 
original bull was preserved by sir Robert 
Cotton, and is signed by the pope, four 
bishop-cardinals, fifteen priest-cardinals, 
and eight deacon-cardinals. A complete 
copy of the bull, with its seals and sig- 
natures, may be seen in Selden's Titles of 
Honour, v. 53-57 (1672). 



Defenssetas, Devonshire. 

Defoe writes The History of the 
Plague of London as if he had been a 
personal spectator, but he was only three 
years old at the time (1663-1731). 

Deformed Transformed ( The), 
a drama in two parts by lord Byron 
(1824). 

Deggial, antichrist. The Moham- 
medan writers say he has but one eye and 
one eyebrow, and on his forehead is 
written cafer (" infidel"). 

Chilled with terror, we concluded that the Deggial„ 
with his exterminating angels, had sent forth their 
plagues on the earth.— Beckford : Vathek (1784). 

Dehenbarth, South Wales. — Spen- 
ser: Faerie Queene, iii. 2 (1590). 

Dei Pranchi, the brothers in Bouci" 
cault's drama, The Corsican Brothers 
(1848). One brother is a peaceful, amorous 
resident in a city ; and the other is a stern, 
warlike huntsman of the mountains. 

Deird'ri, an ancient Irish story 
similar to the Dar-Thula of Ossian. 
Conor king of Ulster puts to death by 
treachery the three sons of Usnach. 
This leads to a desolating war against 
Ulster, which terminates in the total 
destruction of Eman. This is one of the 
three tragic stories of the Irish, which 
are : (1) The death of the children of 
Touran (regarding Tuatha de Danans) ; 
(2) the death of the children of Lear or 
Lir, turned into swans by Aoife ; (9) 
the death of the children of Usnach (a 
" Milesian" story). 

Dei'ri (3 syl.), separated from Ber- 
nicia by Soemil, the sixth in descent from 
Woden. Deiri and Bernicia together 
constituted Northumbria. 

Diera [sic] beareth thro' the spacious Yorkish hounds, 
From Durham down along to the Lancastrian sounds. . 
And did the greater part of Cumberland contain. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Dek'abrist, a Decembrist, from 
Dekaber, the Russian for December. It 
denotes those persons who suffered death 
or captivity for the part they took in the 
military conspiracy which broke out in 
St. Petersburg in December, 1825, on the 
accession of czar Nicholas to the throne. 

Dela'da, the tooth of Buddha, pre- 
served in the Malegawa temple at Kandy. 
The natives guard it with the greatest 
jealousy, from a belief that whoever 
possesses it acquires the right to govern 
Ceylon. When the English (in 18 15) ob- 
tained possession of this palladium, the 
natives submitted without resistance. 



DELASERRE. 



270 



DEMETRIUS. 



Delaserre (Captain Philip), a friend 
of Harry Bertram. — Sir W. Scott : Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Delec'table Mountains. A range 
of hills from the summits of which the 
Celestial City could be seen. These 
mountains were beautiful with woods, 
vineyards, fruits of all sorts, flowers, 
springs and fountains, etc. 

Now there were on the tops of these mountains shep- 
herds feeding their flocks. The pilgrims, therefore, 
went to them, and leaning on their staffs . . . they 
asked, "Whose delectable mountains are these, and 
whose be the sheep that feed upon them ? " The 
shepherds answered, " These mountains are Em- 
' manuel's land , . . and the sheep are His, and He 
laid down His life for them."— Banyan : Pilgrim's 
Progress, L (1678). 

DELIA, Diana; so called from the 
island Delos, where she was born. 
Similarly, Apollo was called Delius. 
Milton says that Eve e'en 

Delia's self 
In gait surpassed and goddess-like deport, 
Though not as she with bow and quiver armed. 
Paradise Lost, ix. 338, etc. (1663). 

Delia, any female sweetheart. One of 
Virgil's shepherdesses. The lady-love of 
Tibullus. The Delia of Pope's Satires 
(i. 81) is the second lady Doloraine of 
Ledwell Park. 

Slander or poison dread from Delia's rage ; 
Hard words or hanging, if your judge be Page. 

*.* That is, judge Page of Middle 
Ash ton. 

Delia, the lady-love of James Ham- 
mond's elegies, was Miss Dashwood, who 
died in 1779. She rejected his suit, and 
died unmarried. In one of the elegies 
the poet imagines himself married to her, 
and that they were living happily to- 
gether till death, when pitying maids 
would tell of their wondrous loves. 

Delia is the unknown somebody to 
whom Shenstone addressed his love-odes 
and Pastoral Ballad. 

Delian King ( The). Apollo or the 
sun is so called in the Orphic hymn. 

Oft as the Delian king with Sirius holds 
The central heavens. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Delight of Mankind ( The), Titus 
the Roman emperor (a.d. 40, 79-81). 

Titus indeed gave one short evening gleam. 
More cordial felt, as in the midst it spread 
Of storm and horror : " The Delight of Men.' 
Thomson : Liberty, iii. (1735). 

Delia Crasca School, originally ap- 
plied in 1582 to a society in Florence, estab- 
lished to purify the national language and 
sift from it all its impurities ; but applied 
in England to a brotherhood of poets (in 
the last quarter of the eighteenth century) 



under the leadership of Mrs. Piozri. 

This school was conspicuous for affec- 
tation and high-flown panegyrics on each 
other. It was stamped out by Giffard, in 
The Baviad, in 1794, and The Mceviad, in 
17. 6. Robert Merry, who signed himself 
Delia Crusca, James Cobb a farce-writer, 
James Boswell (biographer of Dr. John- 
son), O'Keefe, Morton, Reynolds, Hol- 
croft, Sheridan, Colman the younger, 
Mrs. H. Cowley, and Mrs. Robinson were 
its best exponents. 

Delphin Classics (The), a set of 
Latin classics edited in France for the use 
of the grand dauphin (son of Louis XIV. ). 
Huet was chief editor, assisted by Mon- 
tausier and Bossuet. They had thirty- 
nine scholars working under them. The 
indexes of these classics are very valuable. 

Del'phine (2 syl.), the heroine and 
title of a novel by Mde. de Stael. Del- 
phine is a charming character, who has a 
faithless lover, and dies of a broken heart. 
This novel, like Corinne, was written 
during her banishment from France by 
Napoleon I., when she travelled in 
Switzerland and Italy. It is generally 
thought that ' * Delphine " was meant for 
the authoress herself (1802). 

Delta [A] of Blackwood is D. M. 
Moir (1798-1815). B. Disraeli (lord 
Beaconsfield) also assumed this signa- 
ture in 1837 and 1839. 

Del'ville (2 syl.), one of the guardians 
of Cecilia. He is a man of wealth and 
great ostentation, with a haughty hu- 
mility and condescending pride, especially 
in his intercourse with his social inferiors. 
— Miss Burney : Cecilia (1782). 

Demands. In full of all demands, 
as his lordship says. His " lordship " is 
the marquis of Blandford ; and the 
allusion is to Mr. Benson, the jeweller, 
who sent in a claim to the marquis for 
interest to a bill which had run more than 
twelve months. His lordship sent a 
cheque for the bill itself, and wrote on it, 
"In full of all demands." Mr. Benson 
accepted the bill, and sued for the 
interest, but was non-suited (1871). 

Deme'tia, South Wales; the inha- 
bitants are called Demetians. 

Denevoir, the seat of the Demetian king. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, v. (161a). 

DEMETRIUS, a young Athenian, 
to whom Egeus (3 syl.) promised his 
daughter Hermia in marriage. As 
Hermia loved Lysander, she refused to 
marry Demetrius, and fled from Athens 



DEMETRIUS. 



with Lysander. Demetrius went in quest 
of her, and was followed by Hel'ena, who 
doted on him. All four fell asleep, and 
"dreamed a dream" about the fairies. 
On waking, Demetrius became more 
reasonable. When Egeus found out how 
the case stood, he consented to the union 
of his daughter with Lysander. — Shake- 
tfetre : Midsummer Night' s Dream (1592). 

Deme'trius, in The Poetaster, by Ben 
Jonson, is meant for John Marston, who 
died 1633. 

Deme'trius (4 syl.), son of king 
Antig'onus, in love with Celia, alias 
Enan'the\ — Beaumont and Fletcher : The 
Humorous Lieutenant (printed 1647). 

Deme'trius, a citizen of Greece 
curing the reign of Alexius Comnenus. — 
Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Demiurgus, that mysterious agent 
which, according to Plato, made the 
world and all that it contains. The 
Logos of St. John's Gospel (ch. i. 1). 

Democ'ritos (in Latin Democritus), 
the laughing or scoffing philosopher ; the 
friar Bacon of his age. To ' ' dine with 
Democritos " is to go without dinner. 

People think that we [authors] often dine with 
Democritos, but there they are mistaken. There is 
not one of the fraternity who is not welcome to some 
good table.— Lesage : Gil Bias, xii. 7 (1735). 

Democritus Junior, Robert Bur- 
ton . author of The Anatomy of Melancholy 
(162 1 ). 

Demod'ocos (in Latin Demodocus), 
bard of Alcin'ous (4 syl.) king of the 
Phaea'cians. 

Such as the wise Demodicos once told 
In solemn songs at king Alcinous' feast. 
While sad Ulysses' soul and all the rest 
Are held, with his melodious harmony, 
In willing chains and sweet captivity. 

Milton ; Vacation Exercise (1627). 

Dem'ogor'gon, tyrant of the elves 
and fays, whose very name inspired 
terror; hence Milton speaks of "the 
dreaded name of Demogorgon" {Paradise 
Lost, ii. 965). Spenser says he "dwells 
in the deep abyss where the three fatal 
sisters dwell" {Faerie Queene, iv. 2) ; but 
Ariosto says he inhabited a splendid 
palace on the Himalaya Mountains. 
Mentioned by Statius in the Thebaid, 
iv. 516. Shelley so calls eternity in 
Prometheus Unbound. 

He's the first-begotten of Beelzebub, with a face as 
terrible as Demogorgon. — Dryden : The Spanish 
Fryar, v. 2 (1680). 

Demonology and Witchcraft 

{Letter son), by sir Walter Scott (1830). 



271 DENNIS. 

Demoph'oon (4 syl.) was brought 
up by Demeler, who anointed him with 
ambrosia and plunged him every night 
into the fire. One day, his mother, out 
of curiosity, watched the proceeding, and 
was horror-struck; whereupon Demeter 
told her that her foolish curiosity had 
robbed her son of immortal youth. 

1[ This story is also told of Isis. — 
Plutarch : De Isid. et Osirid. , xvi. 357. 

IT A similar story is told of Achillas. 
His mother Thet'is was taking similar 
precautions to render him immortal, when 
his father Pe'leus (2 syl.) interfered. — 
Apollonius Rhodius : Argonautic Exp., 
iv. 866. 

Demosthenes {Son of). (See Rulers 
of the World. ) 

The High-born Demosthenes, William 
the Silent, prince of Orange (born 1533, 
assassinated 1584). 

The high-born Demosthenes electrified large as- 
semblies by his indignant invectives against the 
Spanish Philip (1560).— Motley : The Dutch Republic, 
part iii. 2. 

Demosthenes of the Pulpit. Dr. T. 
Rennell, dean of Westminster, was so 
called by William Pitt (1753-1840). 

Dendin {Peter), an old man, who 
had settled more disputes than all the 
magistrates of Poitiers, though he was no 
judge. His plan was to wait till the 
litigants were thoroughly sick of their 
contention, and longed to end their dis- 
putes ; then would he interpose, and his 
judgment could not fail to be acceptable. 

Tenot Dendin, son of the above, but, 
unlike his father, he always tried to 
crush quarrels in the bud ; v ^nsequently, 
he never succeeded in settling a single 
dispute submitted to his judgment. — 
Rabelais: Pantagruel, iii. 41 (1545). 

(Racine has introduced the same name 
in his comedy called Les Plaideurs (1669), 
and Lafontaine in his Fables, 166S.) 

Dennet {Father), an old peasant at 
the Lists of St. George.— Sir W. Scott : 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Dennis the hangman, one of the 
ringleaders of the " No Popery riots;" 
the other two were Hugh servant of the 
Maypole inn, and the half-witted Barnaby 
Rudge. Dennis was cheerful enough 
when he " turned off" others ; but when 
he himself ascended the gibbet he showed 
a most grovelling and craven spirit. — 
Dickens : Barnaby Rudge (1841). 

Dennis {John), " the best abused man 
in English literature." Swift lampooned 



DENNISON. 



27a DERRY-DOWN TRIANGLE. 



him ; Pope assailed him in the Essay on 
Criticism; and finally, he was " damned 
to everlasting fame " in the Dunciad. He 
is called "Zo'ilus" (1657-1735). 

Dennison {Jenny), attendant on 
Miss Edith Bellenden. She marries 
Cuddie Headrigg.— Sir W. Scott: Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Dent de JLait {Une), a prejudice. 
After M. Beralde has been running down 
Dr. Purgon as a humbug, Argan replies, 
" C'est que vous avez, mon frere, une 
dent de lait contre lui." — Moliere : Le 
Malade Imaginaire, iii. 3 (1673). 

D'Eon de Beaumont {Le cheva- 
lier), a person notorious for the ambiguity 
of his sex ; said to be the son of an 
advocate. His face was pretty, without 
beard, moustache, or whiskers. Louis 
XV. sent him as a woman to Russia on a 
secret mission, and he presented himself 
to the czarina as a woman (1756). In 
the Seven Years' War he was appointed 
captain of dragoons. In 1777 he assumed 
the dress of a woman again, which he 
maintained till death (1728-1810). 

Derbend ( The Iron Gates of), called 
the "Albanicas Portae," or the " Caspian'i 
Gate," Iron gates, which closed the defile 
of Derbend. There is still debris of a 
great wall, which once ran from the 
Black Sea to the Caspian. It is said that 
Alexander founded Derbend on the west 
coast of the Caspian, and that Khosru 
the Great fortified it. Haroun-al-Ras- 
chid often resided there. Its ancient 
name was Albana, and hence the pro- 
vince Schirvan was called Albania. 

N. B. —The gates called Albanice Pylce 
were not the "Caspian's Gate," but 
" Trajan's Gate " or " Kopula Derbend." 

Derby [Earl oj), third son of the earl 
of Lancaster, and near kinsman of 
Edward III. His name was Henry 
Plantagenet, and he died 1362. Henry 
Plantagenet, earl of Derby, was sent to 
protect Guienne, and was noted for his 
humanity no less than for his bravery. 
He defeated the comte de I'lsle at 
Bergerac, reduced Perigord, took the 
castle of Auberoche, in Gascony, over- 
threw 10,000 French with only 1000, 
taking prisoners nine earls and nearly all 
the barons, knights, and squires (1345). 
Next year he took the fortresses of 
Monsegur, Monsepat, Villefranche, Mire- 
mont, Tennins, Damassen, Aiguilon, and 
Reolc. 



That most deserving earl of Derby, we prefer 
Henry's third valiant son, the earl of Lancaster, 
That only Mars of men. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xviiL (1613). 

Derby {Countess of), Charlotte de la 
Tremouille, countess of Derby and queen 
of Man. 

Philip earl of Derby, king of Man, son 
of the countess. — Sir W. Scott: Peveril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Derce'to, Derce'tis, or Derce 

(2 syl. ), a deity adored at Ascalon. She 
was a beautiful woman, who had a 
natural daughter, and was so ashamed 
that she threw herself into a lake and 
was metamorphosed in the lower parts 
into a fish ; hence the Syrians of Ascalon 
abstained from fish as a food. Her in- 
fant became the famous Semiramis, wno 
registered her mother among the deities. 
She is sometimes confounded with the 
god Dagon. — Diodorus Siculus: Bib/io- 
theki ; Lucian: Dialogues, etc., 2; Pliny, 
ix. 13. 

Dermat O'Dyna [of the Bright 

Face], one of the bravest of Fingal's 
heroes. He figures in most of the chief 
events of that mythical period. The prin- 
cess Grania, daughter of king Cormac 
Mac Art, to whom Fingal was to be 
betrothed, fell in love with him and per- 
suaded him to elope with her. Fingal's 
"pursuit" of the runaways, and the 
series of adventures which befell the 
parties, form one of the best and weirdest 
of old Celtic romances. Numerous dol- 
mens and other remains still exist in 
Ireland bearing the names of these two 
lovers. (See Diarmid ) — Old Celtic 
Romances, translated by P. W. Joyce 
(x8 79 ). 

Deronda (Daniel), a novel by 
"George Eliot h (Mrs. J. W. Cross, ne'e 
Marian Evans), (1876). 

Der'rick, hangman in the first half of 
the seventeenth century. The crane for 
hoisting goods is called a derrick, from 
this hangman. 

Derrick {Tom), quarter-master of the 
pirate's vessel. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Pirate (time, William III.). 

Derry-Down Triangle ( The), lord 
Castlereagh ; afterwards marquis of 
Londonderry ; so called by William 
Hone. The first word is a pun on the 
title, the second refers to his lordship's 
oratory, a triangle being the most feeble, 
monotonous, and unmusical of all musical 
instruments., Tom Moore compares the 



DERVISE. 



273 DESMONDS OF KILMALLOCK. 



oratory of lord Castlereagh to "water 
spouting from a pump." 

Q. Why is a pump like viscount Castlereagh t 
A. Because it is a slender thing of wood, 

That up and down its awkward arm doth sway, 
And coolly spout, and spout, and spout away, 
In one weak, washy, everlasting flood. 

Thomas Moore. 

Dervise ["a poor man "], a sort of 
religious friar or mendicant among the 
Mohammedans. 

Desborougvh. {Colonel), one of the 
parliamentary commissioners. — Sir W. 
Scott: Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Desdemo'na, daughter of Brabantio 
a Venetian senator, in love with Othello 
the Moor (general of the Venetian army). 
The Moor loves her intensely, and marries 
her ; but Iago, by artful villainy, induces 
him to believe that she loves Cassio too 
well. After a violent conflict between 
love and jealousy, Othello smothers her 
with a bolster, and then stabs himself. — 
Shakespeare : Othello ( 161 1 ). 

The soft simplicity of Desdemona, confident of merit 
and conscious of innocence, her artless perseverance in 
her suit, and her slowness to suspect that she can be 
suspected, areproofs of Shakespeare's skill in human 
nature.— Dr. "Johnson. 

Desert Fairy ( The). This fairy was 
guarded by two lions, which could be 
pacified only by a cake made of millet, 
sugar-candy, and crocodiles' eggs. The 
Desert Fairy said to Allfair, " I swear by 
my coif you shall marry the Yellow 
Dwarf, or I will burn my crutch." — 
Comtesse DAulnoy: Fairy Tales ("The 
Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 

Deserted Daughter (The), a 
comedy by Holcroft. Joanna was the 
daughter of Mordent ; but her mother 
died, and Mordent married lady Anne. 
In order to do so he ignored his daughter 
and had her brought up by strangers, 
intending to apprentice her to some trade. 
Item, a money-lender, acting on the 
advice of Mordent, lodges the girl with 
Mrs. Enfield, a crimp, where Lennox is 
introduced to her, and obtains Mordent's 
consent to run away with her. In the 
interim Cheveril sees her, falls in love 
with her, and determines to marry her. 
Mordent repents, takes the girl home, 
acknowledges her to be his daughter, and 
she becomes the wife of the gallant young 
Cheveril (1784). 

(This comedy has been recast, and 
called The Steward.) 

Deserted Village (The), a de- 
scriptive poem in heroic verse, with 
rhymes, by Goldsmith (1770). The poet 



has his eye chiefly on Lissoy, in Kil« 
kenny West (Ireland), its landscapes and 
characters. Here his father was pastor. 
He calls the village Auburn, but tells us 
it was the seat of his youth, every spot of 
which was dear and familiar to him. He 
describes the pastor, the schoolmaster, 
the ale-house ; then tells us that luxury 
has killed all the simple pleasures of 
village life, but asks the friends of truth 
to judge how wide the limits "between a 
splendid and a happy land." Now the 
man of wealth and pride 

Takes up a space that many poor supplied : 
Space for his lake, his parks' extended bounds. 
Space for his horses, equipage, and hounds. 

Goldsmith (1770). 

Some think Springfield, in Essex, is 
the place referred to. 

A traveller, whom Washington Irving accepts as an 
authority, identified Lissoy's ale-house, with the sign 
•f the Three Pigeons swinging over the door-way, as 
"that house where nutbrown draughts inspired,' and 

where once the signpost caught the passing eye."— 
Xedwmy, in Notes and Queries, October 12, 1878. 

Dr. Goldsmith composed his Deserted Village 
whilst residing at a farm-house nearly opposite the 
church here [i.e. Sprinsfield\ Joseph Strutt, the en- 
graver and antiquary, was bom here in 1749, and died 
1802.— Lewis: Topographical Dictionary of England 
(article " Springfield," 1831). 

Deserter ( The), a musical drama by 
Dibdin (1770). Henry, a soldier, is en- 
gaged to Louisa, but during his absence 
some rumours of gallantry to his disad- 
vantage reach the village ; and, to test his 
love, Louisa in pretence goes with Sim- 
kin as if to be married. Henry sees the 
procession, is told it is Louisa's wedding- 
day, and in a fit of desperation gives 
himself up as a deserter, and is con- 
demned to death. Louisa goes to the 
king, explains the whole affair, and re- 
turns with his pardon as the muffled 
drums begin to beat. 

Desmas or Dismas. The repentant 
thief is called Desmas in The Story of 
Joseph of Arimathea ; but Dismas in the 
apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus. Long- 
fellow, in The Golden Legend, calls him 
Dumachus. The impenitent thief is called 
Gesmas, but Longfellow calls him Titus. 

Imparibus merltis pendent tria corpora ramis : 
Dismas et Gesmas, media est Divina Potestas ; 
Alta petit Dismas, infelix innma Gesmas : 
Nos et res nostras conservet Summa Potestas. 
Of differing merits from three trees incline 
Dismas and Gesmas and the Power Divine ; 
Dismas repents, Gesmas no pardon craves, 
The Power Divine by death the sinner saves. 

Desmonds of Kilmallock 

(Limerick). The legend is that the last 
powerful head of this family, who 
perished in the reign of queen Elizabeth, 
still keeps his state under the waters oi 

T 



DESPAIR. 



274 



lough Gur ; that every seventh year he 
reappears fully armed, rides round the 
lake early in the morning, and will 
ultimately return in the flesh to claim his 
own again. (See Barbakossa, p. 88.)— 
Sir W. Scott: Fortunes of Nigel. 

Despair {Giant) lived in Doubting 
Castle. He took Christian and Hopeful 
captives for sleeping on his grounds, and 
locked them in a dark dungeon from 
Wednesday to Saturday, without "one 
bit of bread, or drop of drink, or ray of 
light" By the advice of his wife, Diffi- 
dence, the giant beat them soundly 
"with a crab-tree cudgel." On Saturday 
night Christian remembered he had a key 
in his bosom, called " Promise," which 
would open any lock in Doubting Castle. 
So he opened the dungeon door, and they 
both made their escape with speed. — 
Bunyan : Pilgrim's Progress, L (1678). 

Despairing" Shepherd (The), a 
ballad by Rowe, in ridicule of the court- 
ship of Addison with the countess 
dowager of Warwick. Addison married 
the lady, but it was a grand mistake. 

Deucal'idon, the sea which washes 
the north coast of Scotland. 

Till thro' the sleepy main to Thuly I have gone. 
And seen the frozen isles, the cold Deucalidon. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, i. (1612). 

Deucalidon'ian Ocean, the sea 

which washes the northern side of Ireland. 
— Richard of Cirencester: Hist., L 8 
(1762). 

Deuce is in Him ( The), a farce by 
George Colman, senior. The person re- 
ferred to is colonel Tamper, under which 
name the plot of the farce is given (1762). 

Deuga'la, says Ossian, "was covered 
with the light of beauty, but her heart 
was the house of pride." 

Deuteronomy, the Greek name of 
the fifth book of the Old Testament. The 
word means, " the Law repeated." And 
the book is so called because "Moses" 
therein summarizes the principal laws 
which he had already given. 

The Jews call it The Book of the Words, or These be 
the W<;rds (see ch. L i). 

Devereux, a novel by lord Lytton 
(1820). 

DEVIL {The), Olivier Ledain, the 
tool of Louis XI., and once the king's 
barber. He was called Le Diable 
because he was as much feared as the 
prince of evil, was as fond of making 



DEVIL. 

mischief, and was far more disliked. 
Olivier was executed in 1484. 

Devil ( The). The noted public-house 
so called was No. 2, Fleet Street. In 
1788 it was purchased by the bank firm 
and formed part of " Child's Place." 
The original "Apollo" (of the Apollo 
Club, held here under the presidency of 
Ben Jonson) is still preserved in Child's 
bank. 

N.B. — When the lawyers in the neigh- 
bourhood went to dinner, they hung a 
notice on their doors, ' ' Gone to the 
Devil," that those who wanted them 
might know where to find them. 

Dined to-day with Dr. Garth and Mr. Addison at the 
Devil tavern, near Temple Bar, and Garth treated. — 
Swift: Letter to Stella. 

The Chief of the Devils in Dr. Faust, 
part i., are these nine: Lucifer, Beelze- 
bub, Astaroth, Zathanas, Anubis, Dith- 
granus, Drachus, Belial, and Ketele. 

According to Dante, they are Scarmig- 
lione (or hair-tugger), Alichino {the 
deceiver), Calcobrina {grace-scoffer), Cay- 
nazzo (the evil one), Barbarccia (choleric), 
Libicocco (unbridled desire), Dragnig- 
nazzo (dragon's venom), Ciriato Sannuto 
(boar-armed), Grafficane (scratch-dog), 
Farfarello (prater), and Rubicante 
(furious). 

Milton calls them Satan, Moloch, 
Belial, Mammon, Peor or Chemos, 
Baalim, Astoreth or Astarte (3 syl.), 
Thammuz, Dagon, Rimmon, Osiris, Iris, 
and Orus. — Paradise Lost, bk. i. 376-490. 

The French Devil, Jean Bart, an in- 
trepid French sailor, born at Dunkirk 
(1650-1702). 

The White Devil. George Castriot, 
surnamed " Scanderbeg," was called by 
the Turks " The White Devil of Wal- 
lachia" (1404-1467). 

Devil (The Printer's). Aldus Manu- 
tius, a printer in Venice to the holy 
Church and the doge, employed a negro 
boy to help him in his office. This little 
black boy was believed to be an imp of 
Satan, and went by the name of the 
"printer's devil." In order to protect 
him from persecution, and confute a 
foolish superstition, Manutius made a 
public exhibition of the boy ; and an- 
nounced that "any one who doubted him 
to be flesh and blood might come forward 
and pinch him." 

Devil (Robert the), of Normandy ; so 
called because his father was said to have 
been an incubus or fiend in the disguise 
of a knight (1028-1035). 



DEVIL. 



275 DEVIL'S DYKE, BRIGHTON. 



IT Robert Francois Damiens is also 
called Robert le Diable, for his attempt to 
assassinate Louis XV. (1714-1757). 

Devil (Son of the), Ezzeli'no, chief of 
the Gibelins, governor of Vicenza. He 
was so called for his infamous cruelties 
(1215-1259). 

Devil Dick, Richard Porson, the 
critic (1759-1808). 

Devil Outwitted (The). (See 
Patrick and the Serpent.) 

Devil upon Two Sticks (The), by 
W. Coombe (1790). An English version 
of Le Diable Boiteux, by Lesage (1707). 
The plot of this humorous satirical tale 
is borrowed from the Spanish El Diabolo 
Cojuelo by Gueva'ra (1635). Asmode'us 
(le diable boiteux) perches don Cle'ofas 
on the steeple of St. Salvador', and, 
stretching out his hand, the roofs of all 
the houses open, and expose to him what 
is being done privately in every dwelling. 

Devil on Two Sticks ( The), a farce 
by S. Foote ; a satire on the medical 
profession. 

Devil to Pay (The), a farce by C. 
Coffey. Sir John Loverule has a terma- 
gant wife — and Zackel Jobson a patient 
Grissel. Two spirits named Nadir and 
Ab'ishog transform these two wives for a 
time, so that the termagant is given to 
Jobson, and the patient wife to sir John. 
When my lady tries her tricks on Jobson, 
he takes his strap to her and soon reduces 
her to obedience. After she is well re- 
formed, the two are restored to their 
original husbands, and the shrew becomes 
an obedient, modest wife (died 1745). 

The Devil to Pay was long a favourite, chiefly for the 
character of "Nell" {the cobbler's -wife], which made 
the fortunes of several actresses.— Chambers : English 
Literature, ii. 151. 

Devil's Age ( The). A wealthy man 
once promised to give a poor gentleman 
and his wife a large sum of money if at 
a given time they could tell him the devil's 
age. When the time came, the gentleman, 
at his wife's suggestion, plunged first 
into a barrel of honey and then into a 
barrel of feathers, and walked on all- 
fours. Presently, up came his Satanic 
majesty, and said, " X and x years have I 
lived," naming the exact number, "yet 
never saw I an animal like this." The 
gentleman had heard enough, and was 
able to answer the question without diffi- 
culty. — Rev. W. Webster : Basque 
Legends, 58 (1877). 



Devil's Arrows, three remarkable 
" druidical " stones, near Boroughbridge, 
in Yorkshire. Probably these stones 
simply mark the boundary of some pro- 
perty or jurisdiction. 

Devil's Bridge ( The), mentioned by 
Longfellow, in the Golden Legend, is the 
bridge over the falls of the Reuss, in the 
canton of the Uri, in Switzerland. 

Devil's Chalice (The). A wealthy 
man gave a poor farmer a large sum of 
money on this condition : at the end of a 
twelvemonth he was either to say " of 
what the devil made his chalice," or else 
give his head to the devil. The pooi 
farmer, as the time came round, hid 
himself in the cross-roads, and presently 
the witches assembled from all sides. 
Said one witch to another, "You know 
that Farmer So-and-so has sold his head 
to the devil, for he will never know of 
what the devil makes his chalice. In 
fact, I don't know myself." "Don't 
you?" said the other; "why, of the 
parings of finger-nails trimmed on Sun- 
days." The farmer was overjoyed, and 
when the time came round was quite 
ready with his answer. — Rev. W. Webster : 
Basque Legends, 71 (1877). 

Devil's Current ( The). Part of the 
current of the BosphSrus is so called from 
its great rapidity. 

Devil's Den, a cromlech in Preschute, 
near Marlborough. 

Devil's Dyke (The). The most cele- 
brated is the enormous rampart thrown 
up by Probus on the bank of the Rhine, 
with a vain hope of warding off the Ala- 
manni. The dyke a little later was utilized 
by the Alamanni as a wall of defence. 

Dyke is used to signify a rampart and also an exca- 
vation. (See Devil's Dyke, Brighton.) 

Devil's Dyke (The), otherwise called 
Grim's Dyke. This Dyke ran from New- 
market into Lincolnshire, and was de- 
signed to separate Mercia from the East 
Angles. Part of the southern boundary 
of Mercia (from Hampshire to the mouth 
of the Severn) was called "Woden's 
Dyke," the present Wan's Dyke. 

Because my depth and breadth so strangely doth 

exceed 
Men's low and wretched thoughts, they constantly 

decreed 
That by the devil's help I needs must raised be, 
Wherefore the "Devil's Ditch " they basely named me. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xxii. (1622). 

Devil's Dyke, Brighton (The). 
One day, as St. Cuthman was walking over 
the South Downs, and thinking to him- 
self how completely he had rescued the 



DEVIL'S FRYING-PAN. 



276 



DHU'L KARNEIN. 



vhole country from paganism, he was 
accosted by his sable majesty in person. 
' ■ Ha, ha ! " said the prince of darkness ; 
" so you think by these churches and 
convents to put me and mine to your 
ban ; do you? Poor fool ! why, this very 
night will I swamp the whole land with 
the sea." " Forewarned is forearmed," 
thought St. Cuthman, and hied him to 
sister Cecilia, superior of a convent which 
then stood on the spot of the present 
Dyke House. "Sister," said the saint, 
"I love you well. This night, for the 
grace of God, keep lights burning at the 
convent windows from midnight to day- 
break, and let masses be said by the holy 
sisterhood." At sundown came the devil 
with pickaxe and spade, mattock and 
shovel, and set to work in right good ear- 
nest to dig a dyke which should let the 
waters of the sea into the downs. " Fire 
and brimstone ! " he exclaimed, as a 
sound of voices rose and fell in sacred 
song — ' ' Fire and brimstone ! What's 
the matter with me?" Shoulders, feet, 
wrists, loins, all seemed paralyzed. Down 
went mattock and spade, pickaxe and 
shovel, and just at that moment the 
lights at the convent windows burst forth, 
and the cock, mistaking the blaze for 
daybreak, began to crow most lustily. 
Off flew the devil, and never again re- 
turned to complete his work. The small 
digging he effected still remains in wit- 
ness of the truth of this legend of the 
" Devil's Dyke." 

Devil's Frying-Fan ( The), a Cor- 
nish mine worked by the ancient Romans. 
According to a very primitive notion, 
precious stones are produced from con- 
densed dew hardened by the sun. This 
mine was the frying-pan where the dew 
was thus converted and hardened. 

Devil's Kettle (The), one of the 
Icelandic geysers, about fifty paces from 
the great geyser. It is provoked by 
throwing into the opening clods of grass, 
when it belches forth a magnificent 
column of boiling water, very dangerous 
to bystanders. 

Devil's Parliament ( The) , the par- 
liament assembled by Henry VI. at Co- 
ventry, in 1459. So called because it 
passed attainders on the duke of York 
and his chief supporters. 

Devil's Throat (The). Cromer Bay 
is so called, because it is so dangerous to 
navigation. 

Devil's Wall (The), the wall sepa- 



rating England from Scotland. So called 
from its great durability. 

Devon. 

On Granby's Cheek might bid new glories rise. 
And point a purer beam from Devon's eyes. 
Sheridan's " Portrait "—addressed to Mrs. Crewe. 

Mary Isabella marchioness of Granby, 
and Georgina duchess of Devonshire, two 
reigning beauties of their time. Of the 
latter the anecdote is told of a dustman, 
who cried out, " Lord love you, my lady ! 
let me light my pipe at your eyes. " Sheri- 
dan refers to the brilliancy of her eyes. 

Devonshire, according to historic 
fable, is a corruption of "Debon's-share." 
This Debon was one of the companions 
of Bute, a descendant of ^Ene'as. He 
chased the giant Coulin till he came to a 
pit eight leagues across. Trying to leap 
this chasm, the giant fell backwards and 
lost his life. 

. . . that ample pit, yet far renowned 
For the great leap which Debon did compel 
Coulin to make, being eight lugs of ground, 
Into the which retourning back he fell . . . 
And Debon's share was that is Devonshire. 

Spenser : Fairie Queene, ii. 10 (1590). 

De'vorgoil (Lady Jane), a friend of 
the Hazelwood family. — Sir W. Scott: 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Dewlap (Dick), an anecdote-teller, 
whose success depended more upon his 
physiognomy than his wit. His chin and 
his paunch were his most telling points. 

I found that the merit of his wit was founded upon 
the shaking of a fat paunch, and the tossing up of a 
pair of rosy jowls.— R. Steele. 

Dhu (Evan), of Lochiel, a Highland 
chief, in the army of Montrose. 

Mhich - Connel Dhu, or M'llduy, a 
Highland chief, in the army of Montrose. 
— Sir IV. Scott: Legend of Montrose 
(time, Charles I.). 

Dhu'ldul, the famous horse of Ali, 
son-in-law of Mahomet. 

Dhu'l Karnein [the knotty point], 
the forty-seventh proposition of the first 
book of Euclid, ascribed by some to 
Pythagoras. 

'." We are also told that Dhu'l Kar- 
nein was a mysterious some-one of whom 
the Jews required information respecting 
Mahomet. (See "Cow," Sale's Kordn, 
note.) 

Dhu'l Karnein ("the two-horned"), 
a true believer according to the Moham- 
medan legend, who built the wall to pre- 
vent the incursions of Gog and Magog. — ■ 
Al Koran, xviii. 

Commentators say the wall was built in this manner; 
The workmen dug till they found water ; and having 



DHU'LNUN. 



*77 



DIANA OF THE STAGE. 



laid the foundation of stone and melted brass, they 
built the superstructure of large pieces of iron, between 
which they packed wood and coal, till the whole 
equalled the height of the mountains [of Armenia}. 
Then, setting fire to the combustibles, and by the use 
of bellows, they made the iron red hot, and poured 
molten brass over to fill up the interstices.— Salt : Al 
Krrdn. 

Dhn'lnun, the surname of Jonah ; so 
called because he was swallowed by a 
fish. 

Remember Dhulnun, when he departed in wrath, 
nd thought that we could not exercise our power 
Ter him.— A I Kordn, xxi. 

Diable Boiteux (Le), by Lesage, a 
tale in French prose (1707). W. Coombe 
published, in 1790, an English version 
called The Devil upon Two Sticks (f.v.). 

Diafoirus (Thomas), son of Dr. Dia- 
foirus. He is a young medical milksop, 
to whom Argan has promised his daughter 
Angelique in marriage. Diafoirus pays his 
compliments in cut-and-dried speeches, 
and on one occasion, being interrupted 
in his remarks, says, " Madame, vous 
m'avez interrompu dans le milieu de ma 
periode, et cela m'a trouble la m^moire." 
His father says, "Thomas, r^servez cela 
pour une autre fois." Angelique loves 
C16ante (2 syl.), and Thomas Diafoirus 
goes to the walL 

II n'a jamais eu l'imagination bien viva, nl ce feu 
d'esprit qu'on remarque dans quelques uns, . . . 
Lorsqu'il etait petit, il n'a jamais 6ti ce qu'on appelle 
mievre et eveille ; on le voyait toujours doux, paisible, 
et taciturne, ne disant jamais mot, et ne jouant jamais 
a tous ces petits jeux que Ton nomine enfantins. — 
MoliWe : Malade Immginaire, iL 6 (1673). 

Dialogues of the Dead, by George 

lord Lyttelton (1760-1765). 

Diamond, one of three brothers, sons 
of the fairy Agape\ Though very strong, 
he was slain in single fight by Cam'balo. 
His brothers were Pri'amond and Tri f - 
amond. — Spenser : Faerie Queeni, iv. 
(1596). 

Diamond and Newton. (See 
Newton and his Dog.) 

Diamond Jousts, nine jousts insti- 
tuted by Arthur, and so called because 
a diamond was the prize. These nine 
diamonds were all won by sir Launcelot, 
who presented them to the queen; but 
Guinevere, in a tiff, flung them into the 
river which ran by the palace. — Tenny- 
son : Idylls of the King ("Elaine "). 

Diamond Sword, a magic sword 
given by the god Syren to the king of 
the Gold Mines. 

She gave him a sword made of one entire diamond, 
that gave as great lustre as the sun. — Comtesse 
DAulHoy: Fairy TaUs ("The Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 



Diamonds. The largest in the world— 

Carats 
(uncut), (cut). Namt. Pessesser. 

1680 * Braganza King of Portugal 

— 367 Rajah of Mattan 

(Borneo) 
Star of the South 



»54 
194 
139* 
138* 
*36t 
793* ioSxV 
86 
8a* 



410 



Orloff 
Florentine 

Pitt _ 
Koh-i-noor 
Shah 
Pigott 



Czar of Russia 
Emp. of Austria 
King of Portugal 
King of Prussia 
Queen of England 
Czar of Russia 
Messrs. Rundell 

and Bridge 
Lord Westminster 



— 78 Nassac 
112 67* Blue 

— 53 Sancy Czar of Russia 
88* 44* Dudley Earl of Dudley 

— 40 Pacha of Egypt Khedive of Egypt 
'.' For particulars, see each under its 

name. (See also Stewart Diamond.) 

DIANA, heroine and title of a pastoral 
by Montemayor, imitated from the Daph- 
nis and Chloe of Longos (fourth century). 

Dian'a, daughter of the widow of Flo- 
rence with whom Hel'ena lodged on her 
way to the shrine of St. Jacques le Grand. 
Count Bertram wantonly loved her ; bul 
the modest girl made this attachment 
the means of bringing about a reconcilia- 
tion between Bertram and his wife Helena. 
—Shakespeare: Alts Well that Ends 
H^//(i5 9 8). 

Diana Vernon, beloved by Francis 
Osbaldistone. —Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy 
(1818). 

Dian'a de Lascours, daughter of 
Ralph and Louise de Lascours, and jister 
of Martha, alias Ogaril'a. Diana was 
betrothed to Horace de Brienne. whom 
she resigns to Martha. — Stir lit g : The 
Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856) 

Dian'a the Inexorable (1) She 
slew Ori'on with one of her a ows, for 
daring to make love to her. (2) She 
changed Actaeon into a stag a« d set her 
own dogs on him to worry hin to death ; 
because he chanced to look upon her 
while bathing. (3) She shot with her 
arrows the six sons and six daughters of 
Niob£ ; because the fond mother said she 
was happier than Latona, who had only 
two children. 

Dianae non movenda numina. 

Horace : Epode, xvll. 

Diana the Second of Salman- 
tin, a pastoral romance by Gil Polo. 

" We will preserve that book," said the cure, " as 
carefully as if Apollo himself had been its author."— 
Cervantes: Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (160$). 

Diana of the Stage, Mrs. Anne 
Bracegirdle (1663-1748). 



DIANA'S FORESTERS. 



278 



DICK AMLET. 



Diana's Foresters, "minions of 
the moon," " Diana's knights," etc., high- 
waymen. 

Marry, then, sweet wag, when thou art king, let not 
us that are "squires of the night's body," be called 
thieves . . . let us be " Diana's foresters, " Gentlemen 
of the shade," " minions of the moon." — Shakespeare : 
1 Henry IV. act i. sc. 2 (1597). 

Diana's Xaivery ( To wear), to be a 

virgin. 

One twelve-moons more she'll wear Diana's livery; 
This . . . hath she vowed. 
Shakespeare : Pericles Prince of Tyre, act ii. SC. 5 (1608). 

Diana's Fewer and Functions. 

Terrat, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana, 
Ima, Suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagitta. 

Diano'ra, wife of Gilberto of Friu'li, 
but amorously loved by Ansaldo. In 
order to rid herself of his importunities, 
she vowed never to yield to his suit till 
he could " make her garden at midwinter 
as gay with flowers as it was in summer " 
(meaning never). Ansaldo, by the aid of 
a magician, accomplished the appointed 
task ; but when the lady told him her 
husband insisted on her keeping her 
promise, Ansaldo, not to be outdone in 
generosity, declined to take advantage 
of his claim, and from that day forth 
was the firm and honourable friend of 
Gilberto. — Boccaccio: Decameron, x. 5. 

U The Franklms Tale of Chaucer is 
substantially the same story. (See Dori- 
GEN, p. 294.) 

Diarmaid, noted for his "beauty 
spot," which he covered up with his cap ; 
for if any woman chanced to see it, she 
would instantly fall in love with him. — 
Campbell: Tales of the West Highlands 
('* Diarmaid and Grainne "). 

Diaries. A diary is a register of daily 
occurrences. Of printed diaries the follow- 
ing are celebrated : The Diary and 
Letters of Mde. DArblay, which contains 
some good sketches of the manners and 
customs of her own time, with notices 
of George III., Dr. Johnson, Burke, 
Reynolds, and others, published post- 
humously. 

The Diary and Correspondence of John 
Evelyn, published posthumously in 1818. 
It contains an excellent account of the 
Great Fire of London, in 1666, and much 
most interesting gossip about the manners, 
customs, dress, and court of Charles II. 

Sam. Pepys's Diary, written in short- 
hand, and being deciphered by the Rev. 
John Smith, was published in 1825. 
Pepys lived 1632-1703 ; and his diary is 
quaint, domestic, and most interesting. 

The Diary and Correspondence of Henry 



Crabb Robinson, who lived 1775-1867 
Published posthumously 1869. 

Diav'olo {Fra), Michele Pozza, in- 
surgent of Calabria (1760-1806). — Auber: 
Fra Diavolo (libretto by Scribe, 1836). 

Dibble [Davie), gardener at Monk- 
barns. — Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Dibu'tades (4 syl.), a potter of 
Sicyon, whose daughter traced on the 
wall her lover's shadow, cast there by 
the light of a lamp. This, it is said, is 
the origin of portrait-painting. The 
father applied the same process to his 
pottery, and this, it is said, is the origin 
of sculpture in relief. 

Will the arts ever have a lovelier origin than that fair 
daughter of Dibutades tracing the beloved shadow on 
the wall?— Oiiida ; Ariadne", i. 6. 

Dicae'a, daughter of Jove, the "ac- 
cusing angel" of classic mythology. 

Forth stepped tl:ejust Dicasa, full of rage. 
Phineas Fletcher: The Purple Island, vi. (1633). 

Diccon the Bedlamite, a half- 
mad mendicant, both knave and thief. 
A specimen of the metre and spelling will 
be seen by part of Diccon's speech — 

Many a myle have 1 walked, divers and sundry wales, 
And many a good man's house have I bin at in my dais: 
Many a gossip's cup in my tyme have 1 tasted, 
And many a broche and spyt have I both turned and 

basted . . .. 
When I saw it booted nit, out at doores I hyed mee, 
And caught a slyp of bacon when I saw none spyed mee, 
Which I intend not far hence, unless my purpose fayle, 
Shall serve for a shoing home to Oraw on two pots of ale. 
Diccon the Bedlamite (1552). 

Dicil'la, one of Logistilla's hand- 
maids, noted for her chastity. — Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Dick, ostler at the Seven Stars inn, 
York.— Sir W. Scott : Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Dick, called "The Devil's Dick of 
Hellgarth ; " a falconer and follower of 
the earl of Douglas. — Sir IV. Scott: Fah 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Dick {Mr.), an amiable, half-witted 
man, devoted to David's "aunt," Miss 
Betsey Trotwood, who thinks him a pro- 
digious genius. Mr. Dick is especially 
mad on the subject of Charles I. — Dickens. 
David Coppevfield (1849). 

Dick Amlet, the son of Mrs. Amlet, 
a rich, vulgar tradeswoman. Dick as- 
sumes the airs of a fine gentleman, and 
calls himself colonel Shapely, in which 
character he gets introduced to Corinna, 
the daughter of Gripe, a rich scrivener. 
Just as he is about to elope, his mother 
makes her appearance and th»> deceit ig 






DICK SHAKEBAG. 



279 



laid bare; but Mrs. Amlet promises to 
give her son ,£10,000, and so the wedding 
is adjusted. Dick is a regular scamp, 
and wholly without principle ; but being 
a dashing young blade, with a handsome 
person, he is admired by the ladies. — 
Vanbrugh: The Confederacy (1695). 

John Palmer was the " Dick Amlet," and John Ban- 
mister the roguish servant, " Brass."— James Smith 
(1790). 

Dick Shakebagf, a highwayman in 
the gang of captain Colepepper (the 
Alsatian bully).— Sir W. Scott: Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Dickens. Shakespeare, in The Merry 
Wives of Windsor, says, "I cannot tell 
what the dickens his name is " (act iii. sc. 2). 

A man accidentally caught hold of a hot horse-shoe, 
and in exclamation named three celebrated British 
authors : " Dickens, Howit[tj Burns 1 " 

Dickson (Thomas), farmer at Doug- 
lasdale. 

Charles Dickson, son of the above, 
killed in the church.— Sir W. Scott: 
Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Dictator of Letters, Francois 
Marie Arouet de Voltaire, called the 
"Great Pan" (1694-1778). 

Dictionary (A Living). Wilhelm 
Leibnitz (1646-1716) was so called by 
George I. 

If Longinus was called "The Living 
Cyclopaedia " (213-273). 

*f Daniel Huet, chief editor of the 
Delphine Classics, was called a Porcus 
Literarum for his unlimited knowledge 
(1630-1721). 

Diddler ^Jeremy), an artful swindler ; 
a clever, seedy vagabond, who borrows 
money or obtains credit by his songs, 
witticisms, or other expedients. — Kenney: 
Raising the Wind. 

Diderick, the German form of Theo- 
dorick, king of the Goths. As Arthur 
is the centre of British romance and 
Charlemagne of French romance, so 
Diderick is the central figure of the 
German minnesingers. 

Didier (Henri), the lover of Julie 
Lesurques (2 syl.)\ a gentleman in feel- 
ing and conduct, who remains loyal to 
his fiancie through all her troubles. — 
Stirling: The Courier of Lyons (1852). 

Dido, queen of Carthage, fell in love 
with ^Ene'as, who (fleeing from Troy) was 
stranded on the Carthaginian coast. After 
a time Minerva insisted that the fugitive 
should leave Carthage, and found a city 



DIET OF PERFORMERS. 

in Latium. Dido, vexed and slighted, 
kills herself with a sword given her by 
^Eneas. According to Virgil, she destroyed 
herself on a funeral pile. (See ^Eneas.) 

'." Ovid, in his Heroides (4 syl.), has a 
letter supposed to be written by Dido to 
iEneas, reminding him of all she had 
done for him, and imploring him to re- 
main. As this is in Latin verse, of course 
it was not the composition of Dido. 

(There are English tragedies on queen 
Dido, as Dido Queen of Carthage, by 
Nash and Marlowe (1594); Dido and 
&neas, by D'Urfey (1721); the opera of 
Dido and tineas, by Purcell ( 1657). There 
are also Dido, an opera, by Marmontel 
( x 7°3); Didon Abbandonata, by Metas- 
tasio (1724).) 

• . • For Porson's pun on Dido, see 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 392. 

Die Yonnff ( Whom the Gods love).— 
Byron: Don Juan, iv. 12 (1824). 

bv Ot Oeoi (piKova-tv an odvn<rK*i vcof. 

Mtnanaer: Fragments, 48 ("Melneka"). 
And what excelleth but what dieth young 1 

Drummond (1585-1649). 
The ripest fruit first falls. 
'ShaJUsfeare : Richard II. act U. sc 1. 

Die'gO, the sexton to Lopez the 
"Spanish curate." — Fletcher: The Spanish 
Curate (1622). 

Die 'go (Don), a man of 60, who saw a 

country maiden named Leonora, whom 
he liked, and intended to marry if her 
temper was as amiable as her face was 
pretty. He obtained leave of her parents 
to bring her home and place her under a 
duenna for three months, and then either 
return her to them spotless, or to make 
her his wife. At the expiration of the 
time, he went to settle the marriage 
contract; and, to make all things sure, 
locked up the house, giving the keys to 
Ursula ; but to the outer door he attached 
a huge padlock, and put the key in his 
pocket. Leander, being in love with 
Leonora, laughed at locksmiths and 
duennas, and Diego (2 syl. ) found them 
about to elope. Being a wise man, he 
not only consented to their union, but 
gave Leonora a handsome marriage por- 
tion.— Bickerstaff: The Padlock (1768). 

Diet of Performers. 

Br ah am sang on bottled porter. 
Catlky (Miss) took linseed tea and 
madeira. 
Cooke (G. F.) drank everything. 
Henderson, gum arabic and sherry. 
Incledon sang on madeira. 



DIETRICH. 



280 



DINAH. 



Jordan (Mrs.) drank calves' -foot jelly 
and sherry. 

Kean (C.) took leef-tea for breakfast, 
and preferred a rump-steak for dinner. 

Kkan (Edm.), Emery, and Reeve 
drank cold brandy-and-water. 

Kemble (John) took opium. 

Lewis, mulled wine and oysters. 

Macready used to eat the lean of 
mutton-chops when he acted, and subse- 
quently lived almost wholly on a vegetable 
d'et. 

Oxberry drank tea. 

Russell (Henry) took a boiled egg. 

Smith j W. ) drank coffee. 

Wood (Mrs.) sang on draught porter. 

Wrench and Harley took no refresh- 
ment during a performance. — IV. C. 
Russell: Representative Actors, 272. 

Gladstone, an egg beaten op In sherry 

Die'tricli (2 syl.). So Theod'oric the 
Great is called by the German minne- 
singers. In the terrible broil stirred up 
by queen Kriemhild in the banquet-hall 
of Etzel, Dietrich interfered, and suc- 
ceeded in capturing Hagan and the 
Burgundian king Gunther. These he 
handed over to the queen, who cut off both 
their heads with her own hands. — The 
Nibelungen Lied (thirteenth century). 

Dietrich (John), a labourer's son of 
Pomerania. He spent twelve years under 
ground, where he met Elizabeth Krabbin, 
daughter of the minister of his own 
village, Rambin. One day, walking to- 
gether, they heard a cock crow, and an 
irresistible desire came over both of them 
to visit the upper earth. John so fright- 
ened the elves by a toad, that they yielded 
to his wish, and gave him hoards of 
wealth, with part of which he bought 
half the island of Rugen. He married 
Elizabeth, and became the founder of a 
very powerful family. — Keightley : Fairy 
Mythology. (See TANNHAUSER.) 

Dieu et Mon Droit, the parole 
of Richard I. at the battle of Gisors 

(1198). 

Diggery, one of the house-tervants 
at Strawberry Hall. Being stage-struck, 
he inoculates his fellow-servants (Cymon 
and Wat) with the same taste. In the 
same house is an heiress named Kitty 
Sprightly (a ward of sir Gilbert Pumpkin), 
also stage-struck. Diggery's favourite 
character was "Alexander the Great," 
the son of " Almon." One day, playing 
Romeo and Juliet, he turned the oven 
Into the balcony, but, being rung for, the 



girl acting "Juliet" was nearly roasted 
alive. (See Diggory.) — Jackman : All 
the Worlds a Stage (1777). 

Digges (Miss Maria), a friend of 
lady Penfeather ; a visitor at the Spa. — 
Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's Well (time, 
George III.). " Digges " (1 syl.). 

Diggon [Davie], a shepherd in the 
Shephearde's Calendar, by Spenser. He 
tells Hobbinol that he drove his sheep 
into foreign lands, hoping to find better 
pasture; but he was amazed at the 
luxury and profligacy of the shepherds 
whom he saw there, and the wretched 
condition of the flocks. He refers to 
the Roman Catholic clergy, and their 
abandoned mode of life. Diggon also 
tells Hobbinol a long story about Roffin 
(the bishop of Rochester) and his watch- 
ful dog Lauder catching a wolf in sheep's 
clothing in the fold. — Eel. ix. (Septem- 
ber, 1572 or 1578). 

Diggory, a barn labourer, employed 
on state occasions for butler and footman 
by Mr. and Mrs. Hardcastle. He is 
both awkward and familiar, laughs at 
his master's jokes and talks to his 
master's guests while serving. (See 
Diggery. y— Goldsmith : She Stoops to 
Conquer (1773). 

Diggory (Father), one of the monks 
of St. Botolph's Priory.— Sir W. Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I. ). 

Dimanche (Mons.), a dun. Mons. 
Dimanche (2 syl. ), a tradesman, applies to 
don Juan for money. Don Juan treats him 
with all imaginable courtesy ; but every 
time he attempts to revert to business 
interrupts him with some such question 
as, Comment se porte madame Dimanche f 
or Et votre petite file Claudine, comment 
se porte-t-elle f or Le petit Colin, fait-il 
toujour s Hen du bruit avec son tambour f 
or Et votre petit chien Brusquet, gronde- 
t-il toujours aussifort . . . ? and, after a 
time, he says he is very sorry, but he 
must say good-bye for the present ; and 
he leaves Mons. without his once stating 
the object of his call. (See Shuffle- 
ton.) — Moliere: Don Juan, etc. (1665). 

Din (The), the practical part of Islam, 
containing the ritual and moral laws. 

DINAH [Friendly], daughter of sir 
Thomas Friendly. She loves Edward 
Blushington, "the bashful man," and 
becomes engaged to him. — Moncrieff: 
The Bashful Man. 



DINAH. 



281 



DINGLEY DELL. 



Dinah, daughter of Sandie Lawson, 
landlord of the Spa hotel. — Sir W. 
Scott: St. Ronan's Well (time, George 
III.). 

Dinah {Aunt) leaves her nephew, 
Walter Shandy, ^"iooo. This sum of 
money, in Walter's eye, will suffice to 
carry out all the wild schemes and ex- 
travagant fancies that enter into his head. 
— Sterne: Tristram Shandy (1759). 

Dinah, in Uncle Tom's Cabin, by 
Mrs. Beecher Stowe (1850). She is the 
cook in St Clair's household. 

Dinant', a gentleman who once loved 
and still pretends to love Lamira, the 
wife of ChamperneL — Beaumont and 
Fletcher: The Little French Lawyer 
(printed 1647). 

Dinarza'de (4 syl.), sister of Sche- 
herazade sultana of Persia. Dinarzade" 
was instructed by her sister to wake her 
every morning an hour before daybreak, 
and say, "Sister, relate to me one of 
those delightful stories you know." or 
"Finish before daybreak the story you 
began yesterday." The sultan got in- 
terested in these tales, and revoked the 
cruel determination he had made of 
strangling at daybreak the wife he had 
married the preceding night. 

Dinas Emrys or ' ' Fort of Am- 
brose" {i.e. Merlin), on the Brith, a 
part of Snowdon. When Vortigern built 
this fort, whatever was constructed 
during the day was swallowed up in the 
earth during the night. Merlin (then 
called Ambrose or Embres-Guletic) dis- 
covered the cause to be " two serpents 
at the bottom of a pool below the foun- 
dation of the works." These serpents 
were incessantly struggling with each 
other ; one was white, and the other red. 
The white serpent at first prevailed, but 
ultimately the red one chased the other 
out of the pool. The red serpent, he 
said, meant the Britons, and the white 
one the Saxons. At first the Saxons 
(or white serpent) prevailed, but in the 
end " our people " {the red serpent) ' ' shall 
chase the Saxon race beyond the sea." — 
ius : History of the Britons (842). 

And from the top of Brith, so high and wondrous steep, 
Where Dinas Emris stood, showed where the serpents 

fought 
The wmte that tore the red. for whence the prophet 

taught 
The Britons' sad decay. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, x. (1612). 

Dine with Democritos {To), to 
be choused out of your dinner. 



"If A " Barmecide feast " is no feast at 
all. The allusion is to Barmecide, who 
invited Schacabac to dine with him, and 
set before him only empty plates and 
dishes, pretending that the "viands" 
were most excellent. (See p. 90. ) 

Dine with duke Humphrey 
{To), to have no dinner to go to. The 
duke referred to was the son of Henry 
IV., murdered at St. Edmundsbury, and 
buried at St. Alban's. It was generally 
thought that he was buried in the nave 
of St. Paul's Cathedral ; but the monu- 
ment supposed to be erected to the duke 
was in reality that of John Beauchamp. 
Loungers, who were asked if they were 
not going home to dinner, and those who 
tarried in St. Paul's after the general 
crowd had left, were supposed to be so 
busy looking for the duke's monument 
that they disregarded the dinner hour. 

Dine with Mahomet {To), to die. 
Similar to the classic phrase, "To sup 
with Pluto." 

Dine (or Sup) with sir Thomas 
Gresham, to have no dinner or supper 
to go to. At one time the Royal Exchange 
was the common lounging-place of idlers 
and vagabonds. 

Tho' little coin thy purseless pockets lino, 
Yet with great company thou'rt taken up ; 

For often with duke Humphrey thou dost dine, 
And often with sir Thomas Gresham sup. 

Hayman : Epigram on a Loafer (1628). 

Dine with the Cross-Legged 

Knights ( To), to have no dinner to go 
to. Lawyers at one time made appoint- 
ments with their clients at the Round 
Church, and here a host of dinnerless 
vagabonds loitered about all day, in the 
hope of picking up a few pence for little 
services. 

Diner-Out of the Pirst Water, 

the Rev. Sidney Smith ; so called by the 
Quarterly Review (1769-1845). 

Din'evawr (3 syl.) or Dinas Vawr 

["great palace" \, the residence of the 
king of South Wales, built by Rhodri 

Mawr. 

I was the guest of Rhy's at Dinevawr, 

And there the tidings found me, that our sire 

Was gathered to his fathers. 

Southey : Madoe, i. 3 (1805). 

Dingle {Old Dick of the), friend of 
Hobbie Elliott of the Heugh-foot Farm.— 
Sir IV. Scott: The Black Dwarf (time, 
Anne). 

Dingley Dell, the home of old 
Wardle, etc., and the scene of Tup- 
man's love-advances with the " fair Miss 



DINGWALL at 

Rachel."— Dickens: The Pickwick Papers 
(1836). 

Dingwall (Davie), the attorney at 
Wolfs Hope village.— Sir W. Scott: 
Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
III.). 

Dinias and Dercyllis (The Wan- 
derings, Adventures, and Loves of), an 
old Greek novel, the basis of the romance 
of Antonius Diog'enes, in twenty-four 
books and entitled Incredible Things 
beyond Thule\Ta Huper Thoulen Apista\ 
a store-house from which subsequent 
writers have borrowed largely. The 
work is not extant, but Photius gives an 
outline of its contents. 

Dinmont (Dandie, i.e. Andrew), an 
eccentric and humorous store farmer at 
Charlie's Hope. He is called "The 
Fighting Dinmont of Liddesdale." 

A Hie Dinmont, wife of Dandie Din- 
mont. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

(This novel has been dramatized by 
Daniel Terry.) 

Dinner Bell (The). Burke was so 
called from his custom of speaking so 
long as to interfere with the dinner of the 
members (1729-1797). 

Dinnerless (The) are said to sit at 
a "Barmecide feast;" to "dine with 
duke Humphrey ; " " to dine with sir 
Thomas Gresham ; " to " dine with De- 
mocritos." Their hosts are said to be 
cross-legged knights. (See each article. ) 

Diocle'tian, the king and father of 
Erastus, who was placed under the charge 
of the "seven wise masters" (Italian 
version). 

In the French version, the father is 
called " Dolop'athos." 

Diog'enes (4 syl.), the negro slave 
of the cynic philosopher Michael Age- 
lastSs (4 syl.).— Sir W. Scott: Count 
Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Diogenes' Lanthorne, a satire in 
verse on London life by S. Rowlands, 
in 1607. 

I'll search the city, where, if I can see 
An honest man, he shall gae with me. 

Di'omede (3 syl.) fed his horses on 
human flesh, and he was himself eaten by 
his horse, being thrown to it by Her- 
cules. 

Dion (Lord), father of Euphra'sia. 
Euphrasia is in love with Philaster, heir 
to the crown of Messi'na. Disguised as 



l DIONYSIU& 

a page, Euphrasia assumes the name of 
Bellario and enters the service of Philaster. 
— Fletcher: Philaster, or Love Lies a- 
bleeding (1620). 

11 There is considerable resemblance 
between "Euphrasia" and "Viola," in 
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night (1614). 

Dionae'an Caesar, Julius Caesar, who 
claimed descent from Venus, called Dione 
from her mother. ^Ene'as was son of 
Venus and Anchis&s. 

Ecce, Dionaei processit Csesaris astruia. 

Virgil: Eclogues, ix. 47. 

Dio'ne (3 syl.), mother of Aphrodite 
( Venus), Zeus or Jove being the father. 
Venus herself is sometimes called Dione. 

Oh bear . . . thy treasures to the green recess, 

Where young Dione strays ; with sweetest airs 

Entice her forth to lend her angel form 

For Beauty's honoured image. 

Akenside : Pleasures of Imagination, L (1744). 

Dionys'ia, wife of Cleon governor of 
Tarsus. Pericles prince of Tyre commits 
to her charge his infant daughter Mari'na, 
supposed to be motherless. When 14 
years old, Dionysia, out of jealousy, 
employs a man to murder her foster-cbild, 
and the people of Tarsus, hearing thereof, 
set fire to her house, and both Dionysia 
and Cleon are burnt to death in the 
flames.— Shakespeare: Pericles Prince of 
Tyre (1608). 

Dionys'ius, tyrant of Syracuse, de- 
throned Evander, and imprisoned him in 
a dungeon deep in a huge rock, intending 
to starve him to death . But Euphrasia, 
having gained access to him, fed him 
from her own breast. Timoleon invaded 
Syracuse, and Dionysius, seeking safety 
in a tomb, saw there Evander the deposed 
king, and was about to kill him, when 
Euphrasia rushed forward, struck the 
tyrant to the heart, and he fell dead at her 
feet. — Murphy: The Grecian Daughter 
(1772). 

N.B. — In this tragedy there are several 
gross historical errors. In act i. the 
author tells us it was Dionysius the 
Elder who was dethroned, and went in 
exile to Corinth ; but the elder Dionysius 
died in Syracuse, at the age of 63, and 
it was the younger Dionysius who was 
dethroned by Timoleon, and went to 
Corinth. In act v. he makes Euphrasia 
kill the tyrant in Syracuse, whereas he 
was allowed to leave Sicily, and retired 
to Corinth, where he spent his time in 
riotous living, etc. 

Dionys'ius [the Eldkr] was ap- 
pointed sole general of the Syracusian 



DIONYSIUS. 



283 



DISMAS. 



army, and then king by the voice of the 
senate. Damon "the Pythagore'an " 
opposed the appointment, and even tried 
to stab " the tyrant," but was arrested 
and condemned to death. The incidents 
whereby he was saved are to be found 
under the article Da'mon, p. 258. 

{Damon and Pythias, a drama by R. 
Edwards (1571), and another by John 
Banim, in 1825.) 

Dionys'ius [the Younger], being 
banished from Syracuse, went to Corinth 
and turned schoolmaster. 

Corinth's pedagogue hath now 

Transferred his byword [tyrant] to thy brow. 

Byron: Ode t Napoleon. 

Dionysius the Areop'agfite (5 syl. ) 
was one of the judges of the Areopagite 
when St. Paul appeared before this 
tribunal. Certain writings, fabricated by 
the neo-platonicians in the fifth century, 
were falsely ascribed to him. The Iso- 
do'rian Decretals is a somewhat similar 
forgery by Mentz, who lived in the ninth 
century, or three hundred years after 
Isidore. 

The error of those doctrines so vicious 
Of the old Areopagite Dionysius. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend. 

Dionysius's Ear, a cave in a rock, 
72 feet high, 27 feet broad, and 219 feet 
deep, the entrance of which " resembled 
the shape of an ear. " It was used as a 
guard-room or prison; and the sentinel 
could hear the slightest whisper of the 
prisoners within. 

Dioscu'ri [sons of Zeus], Castor and 
Pollux. Generally, but incorrectly, ac- 
cented on the second syllable. 

Dioti'ma, the priestess of Mantineia 
in Plato's Symposium, the teacher of 
Soc'rates. Her opinions on life, its 
nature, origin, end, and aim, form the 
nucleus of the dialogue. SocratSs died 
of hemlock. 

Beneath an emerald plane 
Sits Diotima, teaching him that died 
Of hemlock. 

Tennyson : The Princess, 1H. 

Diplomatists {Prince of), Charles 
Maurice Talleyrand de Perigord (1754- 
1838). 

Dipsas, a serpent, so called because 
those bitten by it suffered from intoler- 
able thirst (Greek, dipsa, "thirst.") 
Milton refers to it in Paradise Lost, x. 
526 (1665). 

Dipsodes (2 syl.), the people of 
Dipsody, ruled over by king Anarchus, 
and subjugated by prince Pantag'ruel (I >k. 



ii. 28). Pantagruel afterwards colonized 
their country with nine thousand million 
men from Utopia (or to speak more 
exactly, 9,876,543,210 men), besides 
women, children, workmen, professors, 
and peasant labourers (bk. iii. 1). — Rabe- 
lais : Pantag'ruel (1545). 

Dip'sody, the country of the Dip- 
sodes (2 syl.), q.v. 

Dircse an Swan, Pindar; so called 
from Dirce, a fountain in the neighbour- 
hood of Thebes, the poet's birthplace 
(B.C. 518-442). 

Dirge in Cymbeline, a beautiful 
ode by Collins. It begins thus — 

To fair Fidele's grassy tombs. 

Dirk Hatteraick. (See Hatte- 
raick.) 

Dirlos or D'Yrlos {Count), a 
paladin, the embodiment of valour, gene- 
rosity, and truth. He was sent by 
Charlemagne to the East, where he con- 
quered Aliar'dg, a Moorish prince. On 
his return, he found his young wife 
betrothed to Celi'nos (another of Charle- 
magne's peers). The matter was put 
right by the king, who gave a grand 
feast on the occasion. 

Dirt. " If dirt were trumps, what a 
capital hand you would hold ! " said by 
Sydney Smith to an untidy card-player. 
Sometimes, but erroneously, ascribed to 
C. Lamb. 

IT We are told that it was said to J. 
Wolff, the missionary, and that he made 
answer, "Dirt, dirt! call you this dirt? 
What would you say if you saw my feet ? " 

Dirt is sometimes defined as " matter 
in the wrong place ; " but this is absurd. 
A jewel may be dropped in a field or 
street, and is "matter in the wrong place," 
but certainly not dirt. 

Dirty Lane, now called Abingdon 
Street, Westminster. 

Dirty Linen. Napoleon I. said, 
" 11 faut laver sa linge en famille." 

Disastrous Peace [The), the peace 
signed at Cateau-Cambresis, by which 
Henri II. renounced all claim to Gen'oa, 
Naples, Mil'an, and Corsica (1559). 

Dis'mas, the penitent thief; Gesmas, 
the impenitent one. (See Desmas, p. 273. ) 

Imparibus meritis pendent tria corpora ramis : 
Dismas et Gesmas, media est Divina Potestas; 
Alta petit Disioas, infelix infima Gesmas ; 
Nos et res nostras conservet Summa Potestas, 
Ilos versus dicas, ne tu furto tua perdas. 

A Latin Chatm 



DISNEY PROFESSOR. 



284 



DIVINA COMMEDIA. 



Disney Professor, a chair in the 
University of Cambridge, founded by 
John Disney, Esq. , of The Hyde, lngate- 
stone, for Archaeology (1851). 

Disowned {The), a novel by lord 
Lytton (1828). 

Dispensary [The), a poem in six 
cantos by sir S. Garth (1690). In defence 
of an edict passed by the College of 
Physicians in 1687, requiring medical 
men to give their services gratuitously to 
the poor. 

Distaffi'na, the troth-plight wife of 
general Bombastes ; but Artaxaminous, 
king of Utopia, promised her " half a 
crown " if she would forsake the general 
for himself — a temptation too great to be 
resisted. When the general found him- 
self jilted, he retired from the world, hung 
up his boots on the branch of a tree, and 
dared any one to remove them. The king 
cut the boots down, and the general 
cut the king down. Fusbos, coming up 
at this crisis, laid the general prostrate. 
At the close of the burlesque all the 
dead men jump up and join the dance, 
promising "to die again to-morrow," if 
the audience desires it. — Rhodes: Bom- 
bastes Furioso (1790). 

Falling on one knee, he put both hands on his heart 
and rolled up his eyes, much after the manner of Bom- 
bastes Furioso making love to Distaffina. — Sargent. 

Distaff's Day (St. ), January 7 ; so 
called because the Christmas festivities 
terminate on "Twelfth Day," and on the 
day following the women used to return 
to their distaffs or daily occupations. 

V Also called Rock Day, "rock" 
being another name for a distaff. 

Distressed Mother (The), a tragedy 
by Ambrose Philips (1712). The "dis- 
tressed mother" is Androm'achG, Hector's 
wife. (See Andromache, p. 43.) 

Ditchley (Gaffer), one of the miners 
employed by sir Geoffrey Peveril. — Sir 
IV. Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Dithyrambic Poetry (Father of), 
Arlon of Lesbos (fl. B.C. 625). 

Ditton ( Thomas), footman of the Rev. 
Mr. Staunton, of Willingham Rectory. — 
Sir W. Scott : Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Divan (The), the supreme council and 
court of justice of the caliphs. The 
abbassides (3 syl. ) always sat in person in 
this court to aid in the redress of wrongs. 



It was called a " divan " from the benches 
covered with cushions on which the 
members sat.— Z> 'Herbelot : Bibliotheque 
Orientate, 298. 

Dive [deev], a demon in Persian 
mythology. In the mogul's palace at 
Lahore, there used to be "several pictures 
of these dives (1 syl.), with long horns, 
staring eyes, shaggy hair, great fangs, 
ugly paws, long tails, and other horrible 
deformities. I remember seeing them 
exhibited at King's College in one of the 
soirees given there after the Indian 
Mutiny. 

Diver (Colonel), editor of the New 
York Rowdy journal, in America. His 
air was that of a man oppressed by a 
sense of his own greatness, and his 
physiognomy was a map of cunning and 
conceit.— Dickens: Martin Chuzzlewit 
(1844). 

Diversions of Purley (The), hn t - 
airrepoeina (pronounced epe-aftero-enHa) 
by J. Home Tooke (1786, 1805). Called 
Purley from William Tooke, who lived at 
Purley (Reading), a great benefactor of 
the author. The idea developed in this 
treatise is that all words were originally 
objective. Thus to harrow (to torment) 
is from the farmer's harrow, which is the 
Greek word apoa and Latin aro. Many 
are on'omat'o-poet'ic, i.e. words expres- 
sive of natural sounds, as roar, hiss, etc. 

Di'ves (2 syl.), the name popularly 
given to the ' * rich man " in our Lord's 
parable of the rich man and Lazarus ; in 
Latin, Divis et Lazarus. — Luke xvi. 

Divide and Govern, a maxim of 
Machiavelli of Florence ( 1469-1527). 

Divi'na Comme'dia, the first poem 
of note ever written in the Italian lan- 
guage. It is an epic by Dante" Alighie'ri, 
and is divided into three parts : Inferno 
(1300), Purgatory (1308), and Paradise 
(1311). Dante" called it acomedy, because 
the ending is happy ; and his countrymen 
added the word divine from admiration 
of the poem. The poet depicts a vision, 
in which he is conducted, first by Virgil 
(human reason) through hell and purga- 
tory ; and then by Beatrice (revelation) 
and finally by St. Bernard through the 
several heavens, where he beholds the 
Triune God. 

"Hell" is represented as a funnel- 
shaped hollow, formed of gradually con- 
tracting circles, the lowest and smallest 



DIVINE. 



285 



DOBBIN. 



of which is the earth's centre. (See In- 
ferno. ) 

"Purgatory" is a mountain rising 
solitarily from the ocean on that side of 
the earth which is opposite to us. It is 
divided into terraces, and its top is the 
terrestrial paradise. (See Purgatory. ) 

From this "top" the poet ascends 
through the seven planetary heavens, the 
fixed stars, and the " primura mobile," 
to the empyre'an or seat of God. (See 
Paradise. ) 

English translations, In Terse, of Dante's famous 
epics : Boyd, 178s ; Caley (in tertiary rhymes, like the 



original), 1851-53; Carey (blank verse, good), 1814 ; 
36s ; Ford, 1871 ; Longfellow, 1870 ; George 
Musgrave, The Inferno (in Spenserian verse, good). 



1893 ; Mrs. Oliphant, 1877 ; Pollock (blank verse), 1854 ; 
Rossetti (The Inferno), 1865; Wright (triple rhyme, 
good), 1853, etc Dr. John CarlyU translated into 
prose the " Inferno" with excellent notes. 

Divine. Raphael, the painter, was 
called // Divino (1483-1520). 

Luis Morales, a Spanish painter, was 
called El Divino (1509-1586). 

Ferdinand de Herre'ra, a Spanish poet 
(1516-1595). 

Divine {John the), supposed to be 
John the evangelist 

One great objection is this : In the Fourth Gospel 
he author does not name himself; in the Revelation 
T»i does so several times. 

Another objection is that the vocabulary and swing 
of sentences in the Greek of the two books are very 
different. This would be felt especially if a person 
were to read them both in one and the same day. 

Divine Doctor {The), Jean de 

Ruysbroek, the mystic (1294-1381). 

Divine Emblems, the chief work 
of Francis Quarles, once immensely 
popular. He wrote several sacred poems. 

Divine Legation (The), by bishop 
Warburton (1738). To prove that the 
Pentateuch must have been inspired and 
revealed, ' ' because (unlike other religious 
systems) it is silent on the subject of a 
future state." 

Divine Right of Zings. The 

dogma that Kings can do no wrong is 
based on a dictim of Hincmar archbishop 
of Rheims, viz. that "kings are subject to 
no man so long as they rule by God's 
law." — Hincmar's Works, i. 693. 

Divine Speaker (The). Tyr'tamos, 
usually known as Theophrastos ("divine 
speaker"), was so called by Aristotle 
(B.C. 370-287). 

Divining Rod, a forked branch of 
hazel, suspended between the balls of the 
thumbs. The inclination of this rod 



indicates the presence of water-springs 
and precious metals. 

Now to rivulets from the mountains 
Point the rods of fortune-tellers. 

L^netfelloTv : Drinking Song. 

'.' Jacques Aymar of Crole was the 
most famous of all diviners. He lived in 
the latter half of the seventeenth century 
and the beginning of the eighteenth. His 
marvellous faculty attracted the attention 
of Europe. M. Chauvin, M.D., and 
M. Gamier, M.D., published carefully 
written accounts of his wonderful powers, 
and both were eye-witnesses thereof. (See 
S. Baring-Gould's Myths of the Middle 
Ages.) 

Divinity. There are four professors 
of divinity at Cambridge, and three at 
Oxford. Those at Cambridge are the 
Hul'sean, the Margaret, the Norrisian, 
and the Regius. Those at Oxford are 
the Margaret, the Regius, and one for 
Ecclesiastical History. 

Divi'no Lo&ov'ico, Ariosto, author 
of Orlando Furioso (1474-1533). 

Dixie's Land, the land of milk and 
honey to American niggers. Dixie was 
a slave-holder of Manhattan Island, who 
removed his slaves to the Southern 
States, where they had to work harder 
and fare worse ; so that they were always 
sighing for their old home, which they 
called "Dixie's Land." Imagination and 
distance soon advanced this island into a 
sort of Delectable Country or Land of 
Beulah. 

Dixon, servant to Mr. Richard Vere 
(1 syh).—Sir W. Scott: The Black Dwarf 
(time, Anne). 

Dizzy, a nickname of Benjamin Dis- 
raeli, earl of Beaconsfield (1805-1881). 

Dja'bal, son of Youssof, a sheikh, 
saved by Maa'ni in the great massacre 
of the sheikhs by the Knights Hospitallers 
in the Spo'rades. (See Druses, p. 302.) 

Djin'nestan', the realm of the djinn 
or genii of Oriental mythology. 

Dobbin (Captain afterwards Colonel), 
son of sir William Dobbin, a Londoi? 
tradesman. Uncouth, awkward, and tall, 
with huge feet ; but faithful and loving, 
with a large heart and most delicate ap- 
preciation. He is a prince of a fellow, 
is proud, fond of captain George Osborne 
from boyhood to death, and adores Amelia, 
George's wife. When she has been a 
widow for some ten years, he marries 
\er. — Thackeray : Vanity Fair (1848). 



DOBBINS. 



286 



DODGSON. 



Dobbins {Humphrey), the confi- 
dential servant of sir Robert Bramble of 
Blackberry Hall, in the county of Kent. 
A blunt old retainer, most devoted to his 
master. Under a rough exterior he con- 
cealed a heart brimful of kindness, and 
so tender that a word would melt it. — 
Coltnan, Jun. : The Poor Gentleman 
(1802). 

Dobu'ni, called Bodu'ni by Dio ; the 
people of Gloucestershire and Oxford- 
shire. Drayton refers to them in his 
Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Doctor ( The), a romance by Southey. 
The doctor's name is Dove, and his horse 
"Nobbs." 

Doctor ( The Admirable), Roger Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

The Angelic Doctor, Thomas Aqui'nas 
(1224-1274), "fifth doctor of the Church." 

The Authentic Doctor, Gregory of 
Rimini r-1357). 

The Divine Doctor, Jean Ruysbroek 
( 1 294-1 381). 

The Dulcifluous Doctor, Antonio An- 
dreas (*-I320). 

The Ecstatic Doctor, Jean Ruysbroek 
(1:94-1381). 

The Eloquent Doctor, Peter Aureolus, 
archbishop of Aix (fourteenth century). 

The Evangelical Doctor, J. Wycliffe 
(1324-1384). 

The Illuminated Doctor, Raymond 
Lully (1235-1315), or Most Enlightened 
Doctor. 

The Invincible Doctor, William Occam 

(1276-1347)- 

The Irrefragable Doctor, Alexander 
Hales (*-i245). 

The Mellifluous Doctor, St. Bernard 
(1091-1153). 

The Most Christian Doctor, Jean de 
Gerson (1363-1429). 

The Most Methodical Doctor, John 
Bassol (*-i347)- 

The Most Profound Doctor, ^Egidius 
de Colonna(i247-i3i6). 

The Most Resolute Doctor, Durand de 
St. Pourcain (1267-1332). 

The Perspicuous Doctor, Walter Bur- 
ley (fourteenth century). 

The Profound Doctor, Thomas Brad- 
wardine (*-i349). 

The Scholastic Doctor, Anselm of Laon 
(1050-1117). 

The Seraphic Doctor, St. Bonaventura 
(1221-1274). 

The Singular Doctor, William Occam 
(1276-1347). 



The Solemn Doctor, Henry Goethals 
(1227-1293). 

The Solid Doctor, Richard Middleton 
(♦-1304). 

The Subtle Doctor, Duns Scotus (1265- 
1308), or Most Subtle Doctor. 

The Thorough Doctor, William Varro 
(thirteenth century). 

The Universal Doctor, Alain de Lille 
(1114-1203) ; and Thomas Aquinas (1224- 
1274). 

The Venerable Doctor, William de 
Champeaux (*-ii26). 

The Well-founded Doctor, yEgidius 
Romanus (1247-1316). 

The Wise Doctor, John Herman Wessel 
(1409-1489). 

The Wonderful Doctor, Roger Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

Dr. Slop. (See Slop.) 

Dr. Squintum. (See Squintum.) 

Doctor's Tale {The), in Chaucer's 
Canterbury Tales, is the Roman story of 
Virginius given by Livy. This story is 
told in French in the Rotnan de la Rose, 
ii. 74, and by Gower in his Confessio 
Amantis, vii. It has furnished the subject 
of a host of tragedies : for example, in 
French, Mair6t (1628); Leclerc (1645); 
Campestron (1683); Chabanon (1769); 
Laharpe ^1786) ; Leblanc de Guillet (1786); 
Guiraud (1827) ; Latour St. Ybars (1845). 
In Italian, Alfieri (1784) ; in German, 
Lessing (1775) ; and in English, Knowles 
(1829). 

Doctor's Wife {The), a novel by 
Miss Braddon, adapted from Madame 
Bovary, a French novel. 

Doctors of the Church. The 

Greek Church recognizes four doctors, 
viz. St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Gregory 
of Nyssa. and St. John Chrysostom. The 
Latin Church recognizes St. Augustin, St. 
Jerome, St. Ambrose, and St. Gregory 
the Great. 

(For all other doctors, see undej the 
proper name or nickname.) 

Dodger {The Artful), the sobriquet 
of Jack Dawkins, an artful, thievish 
young scamp, in the boy crew of Fagin 
the Jew villain. — Dickens: Oliver Twist, 
viii. (1837). 

Dodgson, a voluble and crafty lawyer, 
who tries to bring up a second candidate 
in the interest of the " Blue Lambs," the 
rival faction of the "Green Lions." — Tom 
Taylor: The Contested Election (i860). 



DODINGTON. 



a«7 



dog. 



Dodington, whom Thomson invokes 
in his Summer, is George Bubb Doding- 
ton, lord Meicomb-Regis, a British states- 
man. Churchill and Pope ridiculed him, 
while Hogarth introduced him in his 
picture caUed the " Orders of Periwigs." 

Dod'ipoll (Dr.), any man of weak 
intellect, a dotard. Hence the proverb, 
Wise as Dr. Dodipoll, meaning "not wise 
at alL" 

Bodman or Doddiman. A snail is 
so called in Norfolk and Suffolk. 

" I'm a regular dodman, I am," said Mr. Peggotty— 
by which he meant "snaiL"— Dickens: David Copper- 
field, viL (1849J. 

Doddiman, doddiman, put out your horns. 
For here comes a thief to steal your corns. 

Common Popular Rhyme in Norfolk. 

Dodon or rather Dodoens (Rembert), 
a Butch botanist (1517-1585), physician 
to the emperors Maximilian II. and 
Randolph II. His works are Frumen- 
torum Jf Leguminum Historia ; Fiorum 
Historia ; Purgantium Radicum et Her- 
barum Historia; Stirpium Historia; all 
included under the general title of "The 
History of Plants." 

Of these most helpful herbs yet tell we but a few. 
To those unnumbered sorts, of simples here that grew, 
Which justly to set down e'en Dodon short doth falL 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Dodo'na (in Epiros), famous for the 
most ancient oracle in Greece. The 
responses were made by an old woman 
called a pigeon, because the Greek word 
felice means either "old women" or 
"pigeons." According to fable, Zeus 
gave his daughter Thebe two black 
pigeons endowed with the gift of human 
speech : one flew into Libya, and gave the 
responses in the temple of Amnion ; the 
other into Epiros, where it gave the re- 
sponses in Dodo'na. 

N.B. — We are told that the priestess of 
Dodona derived her answers from the 
cooing of the sacred doves, the rustling of 
the sacred trees, the bubbling of the sacred 
fountain, and the tinkling of bells or pieces 
of metal suspended among the branches 
of the trees. 

And Dodona's oak swang lonely 
Henceforth to the tempest only. 

Mrs. Brooming : Dead Pan, 17. 

Dods (Meg), landlady of the Clachan, 
or Mowbery Arms inn at St. Ronan's Old 
Town. The inn was once the manse, 
and Meg Dods reigned there despotically, 
but her wines were good and her cuisine 
excellent. This is one of the best low 
comic characters in the whole range of 
fiction. 



She had hair of a brindled colour, betwixt black and 
grey, which was apt to escape in elf-locks from under 
her mutch when lie was thrown into violent agitation ; 
long skinny hands terminated by stout talons, grey eyes. 



thin lips, a robust person, a broad though fat chest, 
capital wind, and a voice that could match a choir of 
fish women Sir W. Scett : St. Ronan's Well, i. (time, 



capital wind, and a voice that could match a choir of 
fishwomen.— i 
George III.). 

N.B. — So good a housewife was this 
eccentric landlady, that a cookery-book 
has been published bearing her name ; 
the authoress is Mrs. Johnstone, a Scotch- 
woman. 

Dodson, a young farmer, called upon 
by Death on his wedding-day. Death 
told him he must quit his Susan, and go 
with him. "With you!" the hapless 
husband cried; "young as I am, and 
unprepared ? " Death then told him he 
would not disturb him yet, but would call 
again after giving him three warnings. 
When he was 80 years of age, Death 
called again. " So soon returned?" old 
Dodson cried. ' ' You know you promised 
me three warnings." Death then told him 
that as he was " lame and deaf and blind," 
he had received his three warnings. — Mrs. 
Thrale [Piozzi] : The Three Warnings. 

Dodson and Fogg (Messrs.), two 
unprincipled lawyers, who undertake on 
speculation to bring an action against Mr. 
Pickwick for " breach of promise," and file 
accordingly the famous suit of " Bardell 
v. Pickwick." — Dickens: The Pickwick 
Papers (1836). 

Doe (John) and Richard Roe, sub- 
stitutional names for plaintiff and 
defendant in an action of ejectment 
Abolished in 1852. 

Doeg, Saul's herdsman, who told him 
that the priest Abim'elech had supplied 
David with food ; whereupon the king 
sent him to kill Abimelech, and Doeg 
slew priests to the number of four score 
and five (1 Samuel xxii. 18). In pt. ii. 
of the satire called Absalom, and Achito- 
phel (1682), Elkaneh Settle is called Doeg, 
because he "fell upon" Dryden with his 
pen, but was only a " herdsman or driver 
of asses." 

Doeg, tho' without knowing how or why, 
Made still a blundering kind of melody . . . 
Let him rail on . . . 
[But] if he jumbles to one line of sense. 
Indict him of a capital offence. 

Tate: Absalom and Achitophel, ii. 411-449. 

Dog (Agrippa s). Cornelius Agrippa 
had a dog which was generally suspected 
of being a spirit incarnate. 

Arthur's Dog, "Cavall." 

Dog oj Belgrade, the camp-suttler, was 
named " Clumsey " 



DOG. 



288 



DOG AT KEW. 



Of Bloomfield's Farmer's Boy, " Trow- 
neer." 

Lord Byron's Dog, "Boatswain." It 
was buried in the garden of Newstead 
Abbey. 

Dog of Catherine de Medicis, ' ' Phoebe" ," 
a lap-dog. 

Of Chaucer's Nun's Priest's Tale, 
" Colle," " Gerland," and "Talbot." 

Cuthullin's Dog was named *' Luath," 
a swift-footed hound. 

In Don Quixote, " Barcino," " Buton," 
and "Towzer." 

Dora's Dog, "Jip."— Dickens: David 
Copperfield. 

Douglas's Dog, " Luffra." — Sir W. 
Scott: Lady of the Lake. 

Of Elizabeth queen of Bohemia, "Apol- 
lon." 

ErigonS's Dog was "Mcera." ErigonS 
is the constellation Virgo, and Mcera the 
star called Cams. 

Eurytion's Dog (herdsman of Geryon), 
" Orthros." It had two heads. 

Fingal's Dog was named "Bran." 

Geryon' s Dogs. One was " Gargittos" 
and the other ' ' Orthros." The latter was 
brother of CerbSros, but it had only two 
heads. Hercules killed both of them. 

Hogarth 's Pug, "Trump." 

Landseer's Dog, ' ' Brutus. ' ' Introduced 
by the great animal-painter in his picture 
called " The Invader of the Larder." 

Llewellyn's Dog was named ' ' Gelert ; ** 
it was a greyhound. (See Gelert. ) 

Lord Lurgan'sDogxvas named " Master 
M'Grath," from an orphan boy who 
reared it. This dog won three Waterloo 
cups, and was presented at court by the 
express desire of queen Victoria, the very 
year it died. It was a sporting grey- 
hound (1866-1871, died Christmas Day). 

Maria's Dog, "Silvio." — Sterne: Senti- 
mental Journey. 

Marlow's, "Bungey." 

Newton's (Sir Isaac), "Diamond." (See 
Newton and his Dog.) 

Dog of Montargis. This was a dog 
named " Dragon," belonging to Aubri de 
Montdidier, a captain in the French army. 
Aubri was murdered in the forest of 
Bondy by his friend, lieutenant Macaire, 
in the same regiment. After its master's 
death, tihe dog showed such a strange 
aversion to Macaire, that suspicion was 
aroused against him. Some say he was 
pitted against the dog, and confessed 
the crime. Others say a sash was found 
oh him, and the sword-knot was recog- 
nized by Ursula as her own work and gift 
to Aubri. This Macaire then confessed 



the crime, and his accomplice, lieutenant 
Landry, trying to escape, was seized by 
the dog and bitten to death. This story 
was dramatized in French by Pix6r6court 
(1814), and rendered into English. 

If Hesiod, the Greek poet, was mur- 
dered by the sons of Ganictor, and the 
body thrown into the sea. When washed 
ashore, the poet's dog discovered the 
murderers, and they were put to death. 

Orion's Dogs; one was named "Arc- 
toph'onos" and the other " Pto-ophagos." 

Pope's Dog was called " Bounce." 

Punch's Dog, ' ' Toby. " 

Richard II 's greyhound, "Mathe," 
forsook Richard, and attached itself to 
Bolingbroke. — Shakespeare : Henry IV. 

Roderick the Goths Dog was called 
"Theron." 

Prince Ruperts Dog was called * ' Boy. " 
He was killed jn the battle of Marston 
Moor. 

Sir W. Scott's Dogs. His deer-hound 
was " Maida." His jet-black greyhound 
was " Hamlet." He had also two Dandy 
Dinmont terriers. 

Dog of the Seven Sleepers,' " Katmlr." 
It spoke with a human voice, 

In Sleary's circus, the performing dog 
is called ".Merry leys." — Dickens : Hard 
Times. 

Tristan's Dog was called " Leon." 

(For Actaeon's fifty dogs, see Dictionary 
of Phrase and Fable, p. 364.) 

Dogf. The famous mount St. Bernard 
dog which saved forty human beings, was 
named " Barry." The stuffed skin of 
this noble creature is preserved in the 
museum at Berne. 

Dog" [The), DiogenSs the cynic (b.c. 

412-323). When Alexander encountered 
him, the young Macedonian king intro- 
duced himself with the words, " I am 
Alexander, surnamed 'the Great.'" To 
which the philosopher replied, "And I 
am Diogengs, surnamed ' the Dog.' " The 
Athenians raised to his memory a pillar 
of Parian marble, surmounted with a dog, 
and bearing the following inscription : — 

" Say, dog, what guard you in that tomb ? " 
A dog. "His name?" Diogenes. "From far?" 

SinopS. " He who made a tub his home ? " 
The same ; now dead, among the stars a star. E. C. B. 

The Thracian Dog, Zo'ilus the gram- 
marian ; so called for his snarling, captious 
criticisms on Homer, Plato, and Iso'crates. 
Contemporary with Philip of Macedon. 

Dog at Kew. Pope gave a dog to 
Frederick prince of Wales, and had twc 
lines engraved on the collar — 



DOG IN A NUTSHELL. 



289 



DOILEY. 



I am his Highness' dog at Kew ; 
Pray tell me, sir, whose dog are you T 

Dog* enclosed in a Nutshell ( The) 

was named "Tonton." 
Dog's Nose, gin and beer. 

" He is not certain whether he did not twice a week, 
for 20 years, taste dog's nose, which your committee 
find, upon inquiry, to be compounded of warm porter, 
moist sugar, gin, and nutmeg."— Dickens: Pickwick, 
ch. xxxiii. 

Cold as a dog's nose. 

There sprung a leak in Noah's ark, 
Which made the dog begin to bark ; 
Noah took his nose to stop the hole, 
And hence his nose is always cold. 

Notes and Queries, February 4, 1871. 

Dog's were supposed by the ancient 
Gaels to be sensible of their masters' 
death, however far they might be sepa- 
rated. 

The mother of Culmin remains in the hall ... his 
dogs are howling in their place. ..." Art thou fallen, 
my fair-headed son, in Erin's dismal war?" — Ossian: 
Tetnora, v. 

Dogs. The two sisters of Zobei'de' (3 
syl.) were turned into little black dogs 
for casting Zobeidg and " the prince " 
into the sea. (See Zobeide.) 

Dogs mentioned by Authors. 

In Anton's Ballads, " Hector " (young 
Bekie). 

In the Odyssey of Homer mention is 
made of the dog "Argus." 

Shakespeare names several dogs : Thus 
we have, in the Induction of Taming of 
the Shrew, mention made of " Belman," 
" Clowder," " Echo," and " Merryman." 
In The Tempest.of" Fury," " Mountain," 
"Silver," and "Tyrant." In the Two 
Gentlemen of Verona, of the dog " Crab." 

The dog Tray, i.e. Trag = runner 
{British). 

Non sibi, sed domino venatur ver-tragus acer 
lllaesum leporem qui tibi dente feret. 

Martial. 

('Ver-tragus," i.e. ver-tray, "very 
swift." And many others. ) 

Dog's of War, Famine, Sword, and 
ire. 

Then should the warlike Harry, like himself, 
Assume the port of Mars ; and at his heels, 
Leashed in like hounds, should Famine, Sword, and Fire 
Crouch for employment. 

Shakespeare : Kin? Henry If. i chorus (1599). 

Dog-headed Tribes (of India), 
mentioned in the Italian romance of 
Gueri'no Meschi'no. 

Dog-rose (Greek, kuno-rodon). So 
called because it was supposed to cure 
the bite of mad dogs. 

A morsu vero [i.e. of a mad dog] unicum remedium 
oraculo quodam nuper repertum, radix sylvestris rosae 
qux[nunc]cynorrhodosa\)peUsLt\ir.— Pliny: Hist. Nat., 
Tiii. 63 ; see also xxv. 6. 

Dogberry and Verges, two igno- 



rant conceited constables, who greatly 
confound their words. Dogberry calls 
"assembly" dissembly ; "treason" he 
calls perjury; "calumny" he calls bur- 
glary ; " condemnation," redemption ; 
"respect," suspect. When Conrade says, 
" Away ! you are an ass ; " Dogberry tells 
the town clerk to write him down " an 
ass." " Masters," he says to the officials, 
" remember I am an ass." "Oh that I 
had been writ down an ass 1 " (act iv. sc. 
2). — Shakespeare: Much Ado about 
Nothing (1600). 

Dogget, wardour at the castle of 
Garde Doloureuse. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Dogget's Coat and Badg-e, the 

great prize in the Thames rowing-match, 
given on the 1st of August every year. So 
called from Thomas Dogget, an actor of 
Drury Lane, who signalized the accession 
of George I. to the throne by giving 
annually a waterman's coat and badge 
to the winner of the race. The Fish- 
mongers' Company add a guinea to the 
prize. 

Doiley {Abraham), a citizen and re- 
tired slop-seller. He was a charity boy, 
wholly without education, but made 
j£8o,ooo in trade, and was determined to 
have "a lamed skollard for his son-in- 
law." He speaks of jomtry [geometry], 
joklate, jogrify, A I Mater, pinny -forty, 
and antikary doctors ; talks of Scratchi 
[Gracchi], Horsi [Horatii], a study of 
horses, and so on. Being resolved to 
judge between the rival scholarship of an 
Oxford pedant and a captain in the army, 
he gets both to speak Greek before him. 
Gradus, the scholar, quotes two lines of 
Greek, in which the word panta occurs 
four times. "Pantry!" cries the old 
slop-seller ; "you can't impose upon me. 
I know pantry is not Greek." The cap- 
tain tries English fustian, and when 
Gradus maintains that the words are 
English, "Out upon you for a jacka- 
napes!" cries the old man; "as if I 
di'n't know my own mother-tongue ! " and 
gives his verdict in favour of the captain. 

Elizabeth Doiley, daughter of the old 
slop-seller, in love with captain Granger. 
She and her cousin Charlotte induce the 
Oxford scholar to dress like a beau to 
please the ladies. By so doing he dis- 
gusts the old man, who exclaims, "Oh 
that I should ever have been such a dolt 
as to take thee for a man of larnen* ! " So 
the captain wins the race at a canter.— 
Mrs. Cowley : Who's the Dupe f 



DOLA BELLA. 890 

Dolabella, a friend of Mark Antony, 
in love with Cleopatra. Handsome, 
valiant, young, and "looked as he were 
laid for nature's bait to catch weak 
woman's eyes." — Dryden: All for Love, 
iv. 1 (1670). 

Doll Common, a young woman in 
league with Subtle the alchemist, and 
with Face his ally.— Ben Jonson: The 
Alchemist (16 10). 

Mrs. Pritchard [1711-1768] could pass from "lady 
Macbeth " to " Dofl Commom."— Leigh Hunt. 

Doll Tearsheet, a "bona-roba." 
This virago is cast into prison with Dame 
Quickly (hostess of a tavern in East- 
cheap), for the death of a man that they 
and Pistol had beaten.— Shakespeare : 
2 Henry IV. (1598). ^ 

Dollallolla {Queen), wife of king 
Arthur, very fond of stiff punch, but 
scorning " vulgar sips of brandy, gin, 
and rum." She is the enemy of Tom 
Thumb, and opposes his marriage with 
her daughter Huncamunca; but when 
Noodle announces that the red cow has 
devoured the pigmy giant-queller, she 
kills the messenger for his ill tidings, and 
is herself killed by Frizaletta. Queen 
Dollallolla is jealousx>f the giantess Glun- 
dalca, at whom his majesty casts "sheep's 
eyes."— Tom Thumb, by Fielding the 
novelist (1730), altered by O'Hara, author 
of Midas (1778). 

Dolla Murrey, a character in 
Crabbe's Borough. She died playing 
cards. 

" A vole I a vole ! " she cried ; "'tis fairly won." 
This said, she gently with a single sigh 
Died. 

Crabbe : Borough (18x0). 

Dolly of the Chop-house (Queen's 
Head Passage, Paternoster Row and 
Newgate Street, London). Her celebrity 
arose from the excellency of her provisions, 
attendance, accommodation, and service. 
The name is that of the old cook of the 
establishment. 

The broth reviving, and the bread was fair. 
The small beer grateful and as pepper strong. 
The beef-steaks tender, and the pot-herbs young. 

Dolly Trull. Captain Macheath 
says she was "so taken up with stealing 
hearts, she left herself no time to steal 
anything else." — Gay: The Beggar's 
Opera, ii. 1 (1727). 

Dolly Varden, daughter of Gabriel 
Varden, locksmith. She was loved to 
distraction by Joe Willet, Hugh of the 
Maypole inn, and Simon Tappertit. 
Dolly dressed in the Watteau style, and 



DOLOPATOS. 

was lively, pretty, and bewitching. — 
Dickens: Barnaby Rudge {J&41). 

Dolman, a light -blue loose-fitting 
jacket, braided across the front with 
black silk frogs, and embroidered from 
the cuffs almost to the shoulders with 
gold lace of three rows interwoven. It is 
used as the summer jacket of the Algerian 
native troops. The winter jacket is called 
a " pelisse." 

Do! on, "a man of subtle wit and 
wicked mind," father of Guizor (groom 
of Pollen te the Saracen, lord of " Parlous 
Bridge"). Sir Ar'tegal, with scant cere- 
mony, knocks the life out of Guizor, for 
demanding of him " passage-penny" for 
crossing the bridge. Soon afterwards, 
Brit'omart and Talus rest in Dolon's 
castle for the night, and Dolon, mistaking 
Britomart for sir Artegal, sets upon her 
in the middle of the night, but is over- 
mastered. He now runs with his two 
surviving sons to the bridge, to prevent 
the passage of Britomart and Talus ; but 
Britomart runs one of them through with 
her spear, and knocks the other into the 
river. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. 6 
(1596). 

Dol'on and Ulysses. Dolon under- 
took to enter the Greek camp and bring 
back to Hector an exact account of 
everything. Accordingly he put on a 
wolf's skin and prowled about the camp 
on all-fours. Ulysses saw through the 
disguise, and said to Diomed, "Yonder 
man is from the host . . . we'll let him 
pass a few paces, and then pounce on him 
unexpectedly." They soon caught the 
fellow, and having "pumped" out of 
him all about the Trojan plans, and the 
arrival of Rhesus, Diomed smote him 
with his falchion on the mid-neck and 
slew him. This is the subject of bk. x. 
of the Iliad, and therefore this book is 
called " Dolon i a " ("the deeds of 
Dolon") or " D61ophon'ia " (" Dolon's 
murder "). 

Full of cunning, like Ulysses' whistle 
When he allured poor Dolon. 

Byron : Don yuan, xiii. 105 (1824). 

Dolopa'tos, the Sicilian king, who 
placed his son Lucien under the charge 
of " seven wise masters." When grown 
to man's estate, Lucien's stepmother 
made improper advances to him, which 
he repulsed ; and she accused him to the 
king of insulting her. By astrology the 
prince discovered that if he could tide over 
seven days his life would be saved ; so 
the wise masters amused the king with 



DOMBEY. 



291 DOMITIAN A MARKSMAN. 



seven tales, and the king relented. The 
prince himself then told a tale which 
embodied his own history ; the eyes of 
the king were opened, and the queen 
was condemned to death. — Sandabar's 
Parables (French version). 

Dombey (Mr.), a purse-proud, self- 
contained London merchant, living in 
Portland Place, Bryanstone Square, with 
offices in the City. His god was wealth ; 
and his one ambition was to have a son, 
that the firm might be known as " Dom- 
bey and Son." When Paul was born, his 
ambition was attained, his whole heart 
was in the boy, and the loss of the mother 
was but a small matter. The boy's death 
turned his heart to stone, and he treated 
his daughter Florence not only with utter 
indifference, but as an actual interloper. 
Mr. Dombey married a second time ; but 
his wife eloped with his manager, James 
Carker, and the proud spirit of the mer- 
chant was brought low. 

Paul Dombey, son of Mr. Dombey ; a 
delicate, sensitive little boy, quite un- 
equal to the great things expected of him. 
He was sent to Dr. Blimber's school, but 
soon gave way under the strain of school 
discipline. In his short life he won the 
love of all who knew him, and his sister 
Florence was especially attached to him. 
His death is beautifully told. During his 
last days he was haunted by the sea, and 
was always wondering what the wild 
waves were saying. 

Florence Dombey, Mr. Dombey's 
daughter ; a pretty, amiable, motherless 
child, who incurred her father's hatred 
because she lived and thrived while her 
younger brother, Paul, dwindled and 
died. Florence hungered to be loved, 
but her father had no love to bestow 
on her. She married Walter Gay, and 
when Mr. Dombey was broken in spirit 
by the elopement of his second wife, 
his grandchildren were the solace of his 
old age. — Dickens: Dombey and Son 
(1846). 

Dom - Daniel originally meant a 
public school for magic, established at 
Tunis ; but what is generally understood 
by the word is that immense establish- 
ment, near Tunis, under the "roots of 
the ocean," established by Hal-il-Mau'- 
graby, and completed by his son. There 
were four entrances to it, each of which 
had a staircase of 4000 steps ; and magi- 
cians, gnomes, and sorcerers of every sort 
were expected to do homage there at least 
ooce a year to Zatana'i [Satan]. Dom- 



Daniel was utterly destroyed by prince 
Habed-il-Rouman, son of the caliph of 
Syria. — Continuation of the Arabian 
Nights (" History of Maugraby "). 

Southey has made the destruction of 
Dom-Daniel the subject of his Thalaba 
— in fact, Thalaba takes the office of 
Habed-il-Rouman ; but the general inci- 
dents of the two tales have no other re- 
semblance to each other. 

Domestic Poet (The), William 

Cowper (1731-1800). 

Domestic Poultry, in Dryden's 

Hind and Panther, mean the Roman 
Catholic clergy ; so called from an estab- 
lishment of priests in the private chapel 
of Whitehall. The nuns are termed 
" sister partlet with the hooded head " 
(1687). 

Dom'ine Stekan (corruption of 
Dominus tecum, " the Lord be with 
thee "). A witch, being asked how she 
contrived to kill all the children of a certain 
family in infancy, replied, "Easily enough. 
When the infant sneezes, nobody says, 
' Domine stekan,' and then I become mis- 
tress of the child." — Rev. W. Webster : 
Basque Legends, 73 (1877). 

Dominick, the "Spanish fryar," a 
kind of ecclesiastical Falstaff. A most 
immoral, licentious Dominican, who for 
money would prostitute even the Church 
and Holy Scriptures. Dominick helped 
Lorenzo in his amour with Elvi'ra the 
wife of Gomez. 

He is a huge, fat, religious gentleman ... big enough 
to be a pope. His gilts are as rosy as a turkey-cock's. 
His big belly walks in state before him, like a harbinger ; 
and his gouty legs corne limping after it. Never was 
such a tun of devotion seen.— Dryden ; The Spanish 
Fryar, ii. 3 (1680). 

Dominie Sampson ; his Christian 
name is Abel. He is the tutor at Elian- 
go wan House, very poor, very modest, 
and crammed with Latin quotations. His 
constant exclamation is " Prodigious ! " 

Dominie Sampson is a poor, modest, humble scholar, 
who had won his way through the classics, but fallen to 
the leeward in the voyage of life.— Sir PV. Scott: Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Dominique (3 syl.), the gossiping 
old footman of the Franvals, who fancies 
himself quite fit to keep a secret. He is, 
however, a really faithful retainer of the 
family. — Holcroft: T/ie Deaf and Dumb 
(1785). 

Domitian a Marksman. The 
emperor Domitian was so cunning a 
marksman, that if a boy at a good 
distance off held up his hand and 



DOMIZIA. 



293 



DONICA. 



spread out his fingers, he could shoot 
through the spaces without touching the 
boy's hand or any one of his fingers. 
(See Tell, for many similar marksmen. ) 
— Peacham: Complete Gentleman (1627). 

Domizia, a noble lady of Florence, 
greatly •embittered against the republic 
for its base ingratitude to her two brothers, 
Porzio and Berto, whose death she hoped 
to revenge. 

I am a daughter of the Traversari, 

Sister of Porzio and Berto both ... 

I knew that Florence, that could doubt their faith. 

Must needs mistrust a stranger's ; holding back 

Reward from them, must hold back his reward. 

R. Browning : Luria, iiL 

Don Alphonso, son of a rich banker. 
In love with Victoria, the daughter of don 
Scipio ; but Victoria marries don Fer- 
nando. Lorenzo, who went by the name 
of Victoria for a time, and is the person 
don Alphonso meant to marry, espouses 
don Cajsar.— O'Keefe: Castle of Anda- 
lusia (1798). 

Don Juan. (See Juan.) 

Don Quixote, a satirical romance, in 
ridicule of the tales of chivalry, by Cer- 
vantes (3 syl.), a Spaniard. Part i. in 
1605 ; part ii. in 1615. 

English translations : Duffield, 1881 ; Jarvis (good), 
1742; Motteux, 1719; Skelton (the first, good), 1612- 
1620 ; Smollett, 1755 ; Wilmot, 1774 : etc. 

Dramatized, in 1696, by Durfey, and in 1716 by 
Fielding. Converted into an oJ>era by Mac/arren in 
1846. 

Don Sebastian. (See Sebastian. ) 

For other " dons," see the proper name. 

Donacha dhu na Dunaigh, the 

Highland robber near Roseneath. — Sir 
W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Donald, the Scotch steward of Mr. 
Mordent. Honest, plain-spoken, faith- 
ful, and unfli aching in his duty.— Hol- 
croft: The Deserted Daughter (1785, al- 
tered into The Steward). 

Donald, an old domestic of MacAulay, 
the Highland chief.— Sir W. Scott: 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I. ). 

Donald of the Hammer, son of 
the laird of Invernahvle of the West 
Highlands of Scotland. When Green 
Colin assassinated the laird and his house- 
hold, the infant Donald was saved by his 
foster-nurse, and afterwards brought up 
by her husband, a blacksmith. He be- 
came so strong that he could work for 
hours with two fore-hammers, one in each 



hand, a nd was therefore called Donuil nan 
Ord. When he was 21 he marched with 
a few adherents against Green Colin, and 
slew him ; by which means he recovered 
his paternal inheritance. 

Donald of the smithy, the " son of the hammer," 
Filled the barfks of Lochawe with mourning and 
clamour. 
Quoted by sir Walter Scott, in TaUs of a Grand- 
father, I. 39. 

Donar, same as Tnor (q-v.), the god 
of thunder among the ancient Teutons. 

Donation of Pepin. When Pepin 
conquered Ataulf (Adolphus), the ex- 
archate of Ravenna fell into his hands. 
Pepin gave the pope both the ex-archate 
and the republic of Rome ; and this 
munificent gift is the world-famous 
"Donation of Pepin," on which rested 
the whole fabric of the temporal power of 
the popes (a.d. 755). Victor Emmanuel, 
king of Italy, dispossessed the pope of 
his temporal sovereignty, and added the 
papal states to the united kingdom of 
Italy, over which he reigned (1870). 

Dondasch', an Oriental giant, con- 
temporary with Seth, to whose service he 
was attached. He needed no weapons, 
because he could destroy anything by his 
muscular force. 

Don'egild (3 syl.), the wicked mother 
of Alia king of Northumberland. Hating 
Custance because she was a Christian, 
Donegild set her adrift with her infant 
son. When Alia returned from Scotland, 
and discovered this act of cruelty, he put 
his mother to death ; then going to Rome 
on a pilgrimage, met his wife and child, 
who had been brought there a little time 
previously. — Chaucer: Canterbury Tales 
("The Man of Law's Tale," 1388). 

Don'et, the first grammar put into 
the hands of scholars. It was that of 
Dona'tus the grammarian, who taught 
in Rome in the fourth century, and was 
the preceptor of St. Jerome. When 
" Graunde Amour" was sent to study 
under lady Gramer, she taught him, as 
he says — 

First my donet, and then my accedence. 
Haives : The Pastime o/Plesure, v. (time, Henry VII.) 

Doni'ca, only child of the lord of 
Ar'kinlow (an elderly man). Young 
Eb'erhard loved her, and the Finnish 
maiden was betrothed to him. Walking 
one evening by the lake, Donlca heard 
the sound of the death-spectre, and fell 
lifeless in the arms of her lover. 
Presently the dead maiden received a 
supernatural vitality, but her cheeks were 



DONNERHUGEL. 



293 



DORAX. 



wan, her lips livid, her eyes lustreless, 
and her lap-dog howled when it saw her. 
Eberhard still resolved to marry her, and 
to church they went. But when he took 
Donica's hand into his own it was cold 
and clammy ; the demon fled from her, 
and the body dropped a corpse at the feet 
of the bridegroom. — Southey : Donica (a 
Finnish ballad). 

Dozmerhu'g'el {Rudolph), one of the 
Swiss deputies to Charles " the Bold," 
duke of Burgundy. He was cousin of the 
sons of Arnold Biederman the landam- 
man of Unterwalden {alias count Arnold 
of Geierstein). 

- Theodore Donnerhugel, uncle of Ru- 
dolph. He was page to the former baron 
of Arnheim [Am hime]. — Sir W. Scott : 
Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Donnithorne {Arthur), in love with 
Hetty Sorrel. In George Eliot's novel of 
Adam Bede (1859). 

Donovan, lord Rosebery's celebrated 
horse, was named from "Donovan," the 
hero of Edna Lyall's novel so called. 

Do*ny, Florimel's dwarf. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, iii. 5 and iv. 2(1590, 1596). 

Donzel del FeTjo {El), the Knight 
of the Sun, a Spanish romance in The 
Mirror of Knighthood, He was "most 
excellently fair," and a ' ' great wanderer ; " 
hence he is alluded to as " that wander- 
ing knight so fair." 

Doo'lin of Mayence (2 syl.), the 
hero and title of an old French romance 
of chivalry. He was ancestor of Ogier 
the Dane. His sword was called Mar- 
veilleuse ("wonderful "). 

Doomsday Sedg-wick, William 
Sedgwick, a fanatical "prophet" during 
the Commonwealth. He pretended that 
the time of doomsday had been revealed 
to him in a vision. And, going into the 
garden of sir Francis Russell, he denounced 
a party of gentlemen playing at bowls ; 
and bade them prepare for the day of 
doom, which was at hand. 

Doorm, an earl who tried to make 
Enid his handmaid ; and " smote her on 
the cheek " because she would not wel- 
come him. Whereupon her husband, 
count Geraint, started up and slew 
the "russet-bearded earl." — Tennyson: 
Idylls of the King (" Enid "). 

Door-Opener {The), Crates, the 
Thebai ; so called because he used to go 



round Athens early of a morning, and 
rebuke the people for their late rising. 

Dora [Spenlow], a pretty, warm- 
hearted little doll of a woman, with no 
practical views of the duties of life or the 
value of money. She was the " child- 
wife " of David Copperfield ; and loved to 
sit by him and hold his pens while he 
wrote. She died, and David then mar- 
ried Agnes Wickfield. Dora's great pet 
was a dog called " Jip," which died at the 
same time as its mistress. — Dickens: 
David Copperfield (1849). 

(One of the Idylls of lord Tennyson, 
published in 1842, is called " Dora.") 

Dora'do {El), a land of exhaustless 
wealth ; a golden illusion. Orella'na, 
lieutenant of Pizarro, asserted that he had 
discovered a " gold country " between the 
Orino'co and the Am'azon, in South 
America. Sir Walter Raleigh twice visited 
Guia'na as the spot indicated, and pub- 
lished highly coloured accounts of its 
enormous wealth. (See El Dorado, 
P- 318.) 

Dorali'ce (4 syl.), a lady beloved by 
Rodomont, but who married Mandri- 
cardo — Ariosto : -Orlando Furioso { 1516). 

Dor'alis, the lady-love of Rodomont 
king of Sarza and Algiers. She eloped 
with Mandricardo king of Tartary. — 
Bojardo : Orlando Innamorato (1495); 
and Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Dorante (2 syl.), a name introduced 
into three of Mofiere's comedies. In Les 
Fachsux he is a courtier devoted to the 
chase (1661). In La Critique Ficole des 
Femmes he is a chevalier (1662). In Le 
Bourgeois Gentilhomme he is a count in 
love with the marchioness Dorimene 
( 3 jry/.)(i6 7 o). 

Doras'tns and Faunia, the hero 
and heroine of a popular romance by 
Robert Greene, published in 1588, under 
the title of Pandosto and the Triumph of 
Time. On this "history" Shakespeare 
founded his Winter's Tale. 

Why, sir William, it is a romance, a novel, a pleasanter 
history by half than the loves of Dorastus and Faunia. 
—Bickerstaff: Love in a Village, iii. i. 

Dorax, the assumed name of don 
Alonzo of Alcazar, when he deserted 
Sebastian king of Portugal, turned rene- 
gade, and joined the emperor of Barbary. 
The cause of his desertion was because 
Sebastian gave to Henri 'quez the lady 
Violante (4 syl.), betrothed to himself. 
The quarrel between Sebastian and Dorax 
is a masterly imitation of the quarrel and 



DORCAS. 



«94 



DORMER. 



reconciliation of Brutus and Cassius in 
Shakespeare's Julius Casar,—Dryden : 
Don Sebastian (1690). 

Like " Dorax" in the play, I submitted, "tho' with 
swelling heart."— Sir W. Scott. 

N.B. — This quotation is not exact. It 

occurs in the " quarrel." Sebastian says 
to Dorax, " Confess, proud spirit, that 
better he \Henriquez] deserved my love 
than thou. ' To this Dorax replies — 

I must grant, 
Yes, I must gf rant, but with a swelling soul, 
Henriquez had vour love with more desert ; 
For you he tough' and died ; I fought against you. 
Drayton : Don Sebastian (1690). 

Dorcas, servant to squire Ingoldsby. — 
Sir W. Scott : Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Dorcas, an old domestic at Cumnore 
Place.— Sir W, Scott T Kenilworth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Dorcas Society, a society for; sup- 
plying the poor with clothing ; so called 
from Dorcas, who " made clothes for the 
poor," mentioned in Acts ix. 39. 

Doric Land, Greece, of which Doris 
was a part. 

Thro' all the bounds 
- Of Doric land. 

Milton: Paradise Lost, i. 519 (1665). 

Doric Reed, pastoral poetry, simple 
and unornamented poetry ; so called be- 
cause everything Doric was remarkable 
for its chaste simplicity. 

Doricourt, the fianci of Letitia 
Hardy. A man of the world and the 
rage of the London season ; he is, how- 
ever, both a gentleman and a man of 
honour. He had made the " grand tour," 
and considered English beauties insipid. 
— Mrs. Cowley: The Belle's Stratagem 
(1780). 

Montague Talbot [1778-1831), 
He reigns o'er comedy supreme . . . 
None show for light and airy sport, 
So exquisite as Doricourt. 

Cro/ton Croker. 

V Doricourt is one of the dramatis 
fersonce of The Way of the World, by 
Congreve (1700). 

Do'ridon, a lovely swain, nature's 
" chiefest work," more beantiful than 
Narcissus, Ganimede, or Adonis. — 
Browne : Britannia s Pastorals (1613). 

Do'rigen, a lady of high family, who 
married Arvir'agus out of pity. (See 
Arviragus, p. 66.) 

Dor'imant, a genteel, witty libertine. 
The original of this character was the earl 
of Rochester. — Etherege : The Man of 
Mode or Sir Fopling Flutter (1676). 



The Dorimants and the lady Touchwoods, In theil 
own sphere, do not offend my moral sense ; in fact, they 
do not appeal to it at all.— C. Lamb. 

(The " lady Touchwood " in Congreve's 
Double Dealer, not the "lady Frances 
Touchwood " in Mrs. Cowley's Belle's 
Stratagem, which is quite another cha- 
racter.) 

Dor'ixnene (3 syl.), daughter of Al- 
cantor, beloved by Sganarelle (3 syl.) and 
Ly caste (2 syl.). She loved " le jeu, les 
visites, les assembles, les cadeaux, et les 
promenades, en un mot toutes le choses 
de plaisir," and wished to marry to get 
free from the trammels of her home. She 
says to Sganarelle (a man of 63), whom 
she promises to marry, "Nous n'aurons 
jamais aucun demede ensemble ; et je ne 
vous contraindrai point dans vos actions, 
comme j'espere que vous ne me contrain- 
drez point dans les mienne." — Moliere : 
Le Mariage Force* (1664). 

(She had been introduced previously as 
the wife of Sganarelle, in the comedy of 
Le Cocu Imaginaire, 1660. ) 

Dorimene, the marchioness, in the 
Bourgeois Gentilhomme, by Moliere (1670). 

Dorixi'da,, the charming daughter of 
lady Bountiful ; in love with Aimwell. 
She is sprightly and light-hearted, but 
good and virtuous also. — Farquhar : 
The Beaux Stratagem (1707). 

Dorine' (2 syl.), attendant of Mariane 
(daughter of Orgon). She ridicules the 
folly of the family, but serves it faith- 
fully.— Moliere: Le Tartu fe (1664). 

D'Orme'o, prime minister of Victor 
Amade'us (4 syl.), and also of his son and 
successor Charles Emmanuel king of Sar- 
dinia. He took his colour from the king 
he served ; hence under the tortuous, 
deceitful Victor, his policy was marked 
with crude rascality and duplicity ; but 
under the truthful, single-minded Charles 
Emmanuel, he became straightforward 
and honest. — F. Browning: King Victor 
and King Charles, etc. 

Dormer {Captain), benevolent, truth- 
ful, and courageous, candid and warm- 
hearted. He was engaged to Louisa 
Travers ; but the lady was told that he 
was false and had married another, so 
she gave her hand to lord Davenant. 

Marianne Dormer, sister of the cap- 
tiin. She married lord Davenant, who 
called himself Mr. Brooke ; but he for- 
sook her in three months, giving out that 
he was dead. Marianne, supposing her 
self to be a widow, married his lordship '1 



DORMER. 



«95 



DORRILLON. 



son. — Cumberland : The Mysterious Hus- 
band (1783). 

Dormer (Caroline), the orphan 
daughter of a London merchant, who 
was once very wealthy ; but he became 
bankrupt and died, leaving his daughter 
^200 a year. This annuity, however, 
she loses through the knavery of her man 
of business. When reduced to penury, 
her old lover, Henry Morland (supposed 
to have perished at sea), makes his ap- 
pearance and marries her, by which she 
becomes the lady Duberly. — Colman : 
The Heir<it-Law (1797). 

Dornton {Mr.), a great banker, who 
adores his son Harry. He tries to be 
sfern with him when he sees him going 
the road to ruin, but is melted by a kind 
word. 

Joseph Munden [1758-1832] was the original repre- 
sentative of " Old Dornton " and a host of other 
characters.— Memoir (1832). 

Harry Dornton, son of the above. A 
noble-hearted fellow, spoilt by over- 
indulgence. He becomes a regular rake, 
loses money at Newmarket, and goes 
post-speed on the road to ruin, led astray 
by Jack Milford. So great is his extrava- 
gance, that his father becomes a bankrupt ; 
but Sulky (his partner in the bank) comes 
to the rescue. Harry marries Sophia 
Freelove, and both father and son are 
saved from ruin. — Holcroft : The Road to 
Ruin (1792). 

Dorober'nia, Canterbury. 

DOROTHE'A,of Andalusi'a, daugh- 
ter of Cleonardo (an opulent vassal of the 
duke Ricardo). She was married to don 
Fernando, the duke's younger son, who 
deserted her for Lucinda (the daughter of 
an opulent gentleman), engaged to Car- 
denio, her equal in rank and fortune. 
When the wedding day arrived, Lucinda 
fell into a swoon, a letter informed the 
bridegroom that she was already married 
to Cardenio, and next day she took 
refuge in a convent. Dorothea also left 
her home, dressed in boy's clothes, and 
concealed herself in the Sierra Morena or 
Brown Mountain. Now, it so happened 
that Dorothea, Cardenio, and don 
Quixote's party happened to be staying 
at the Crescent inn, and don Fernando, 
who had abducted Lucinda from the 
convent, halted at the same place. Here 
he found his wife Dorothea, and Lucinda 
her husband Cardenio. All these mis- 
fortunes thus came to an end, and the 
parties mated with their respective 



spouses. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, I. iv. 

(1605). 

Dorothe'a, sister of Mons. Thomas. 
— Fletcher : Mons. Thomas (1619). 

Borothe'a, the "virgin martyr," at- 
tended by Angelo, an angel in the 
semblance of a page, first presented to 
Dorothea as a beggar-boy, to whom she 
gave alms. — Mas singer : The Virgin 
Martyr (1622). 

Dorotlie'a, the heroine of Goethe's 
poem entided Hermann and Dorothea 
(i797)- 

Dorothea Brooke, the heroine of 
Middlemarch, a novel by "George 
Eliot " (Mrs. J. W. Cross, 1872). 

Dorotheas (3 syl.), the man who 
spent all his life in endeavouring to 
elucidate the meaning of one single word 
in Homer. 

Dor'othy {Old), the housekeeper of 
Simon Glover and his daughter " the 
fair maid of Perth." — Sir W. Scott : Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Dor'othy, charwoman of Old Trap- 
bois the miser and his daughter Martha. 
— Sir IV. Scott: Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

Dorrifortli, a young handsome 
catholic priest (afterwards lord Elm- 
wood). He was the gardener of Miss 
Milner, the heroine of the novel, who 
falls in love with Dorriforth. Miss 
Milner has a quick tongue and warm 
heart, but is for ever on the verge of 
wrong-doing ; Dorriforth is grave and 
inexorable. — Mrs. Inchbald : A Simple 
Story (1791). 

Dorrilion {Sir William), a rich 
Indian merchant and a widower. He had 
one daughter, placed under the care of 
Mr. and Miss Norberry. When this 
daughter (Maria) was grown to woman- 
hood, sir William returned to England, 
and, wishing to learn the character of 
Maria, presented himself under the as- 
sumed name of Mr. Mandred. He found 
his daughter a fashionable young lady, 
found of pleasure, dress, and play, but 
affectionate and good-hearted. He was 
enabled to extricate her from some money 
difficulties, won her heart, revealed him- 
self as her father, and reclaimed her. 

Miss [Maria] Dorrilion, daughter of 
sir William ; gay, fashionable, light- 
hearted, highly accomplished, and very 
beautiful. "Brought up without a 



D'OSBORN. 



296 



DOUGLAS. 



/n other's care or father's caution," she 
had some excuse for her waywardness 
and frivolity. Sir George Evelyn was 
her admirer, whom for a time she teased 
to the very top of her bent ; then she 
married, loved, and reformed. — Mrs. 
Inchbald: Wives as they Were and 
Maids as they Are (1797). 

D'Osbom {Count), governor of the 

Giant's Mount Fortress. The countess 
Marie consented to marry him, because he 
promised to obtain the acquittal of Ernest 
de Fridberg (" the State prisoner") ; but 
he never kept his promise. It was by 
this man's treachery that Ernest was a 
prisoner, for he kept back the evidence of 
general Bavois, declaring him innocent. 
He next employed persons to strangle 
him, but this attempt was thwarted. His 
villainy being brought to light, he was 
ordered by the king to execution. — Stir- 
ling : The State Prisoner (18 47). 

Do'son, a promise-maker and pro- 
mise-breaker. Antig'onos (grandson of 
Demetrios the besieger) was so called. 

Dot. (See Peerybingle.) 

Do-the-boys Hall, a Yorkshire 
school, where boys were taken-in and 
done-for by Mr. Squeers, an arrogant, 
conceited, puffing, overbearing, and 
ignorant schoolmaster, who fleeced, beat, 
and starved the boys, but taught them 
nothi 1 1 g. — Dickens : Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

The original of Dotheboys Hall is still in existence 
at Bowes, some five miles from Barnard Castle. The 
King's Head inn at Barnard Castle is spoken of in 
Nicholas Nickleby by Newman Noggs.— Notes and 
Queries, April 2, 1875. 

Doto, Nyse, and Neri'ne, the 

three nereids who guarded the fleet of 
Vasco da Gama. When the treacherous 
pilot had run the ship in which Vasco 
was sailing on a sunken rock, these sea- 
nymphs lifted up the prow and turned it 
round. — Camoens : Lusiad, ii. (1569). 

Douban, the physician, cured a 
Greek king of leprosy by some drug con- 
cealed in a racket-handle. The king gave 
Douban such great rewards that the envy 
of his nobles was excited, and his vizier 
suggested that a man like Douban was 
very dangerous to be near the throne. 
The fears of the weak king being aroused, 
he ordered Douban to be put to death. 
When the physician saw there was no 
remedy, he gave the king a book, saying, 
"On the sixth leaf the king will find 
something affecting his life." The king, 
rinding the leaves stick, moistened his 



finger with his mouth, and by so doing 
poisoned himself. "Tyrant ! " exclaimed 
Douban, " those who abuse their power 
merit death." — Arabian Nights ("The 
Greek King and the Physician "). 

Douban, physician of the emperor 
Alexius. — Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Double Dealer ( The). * • The double 
dealer" is Maskwell, who pretends love 
to lady Touchwood and professes friend- 
ship to Mellefont (2 syl.), in order to 
betray them both. The other characters 
of the comedy also deal doubly : Thus 
lady Froth pretends to love her husband, 
but coquets with Mr. Brisk ; and lady 
Pliant pretends to be chaste as Diana, 
but has a liaison with Careless. On the 
other hand, Brisk pretends to entertain 
friendship for lord Froth, but makes love 
to his wife; and Ned Careless pretends to 
respect and honour lord Pliant, but bam- 
boozles him in a similar way. — Congreve 
(1700). 

Double-headed Mount ( The), 
Parnassus, in Greece ; so called from its 
two chief summits, Tithoreo and Lycorea. 

Double Lines (in Lloyd's books), a 
technical word for losses and accidents. 

One morning the subscribers were reading the 
"double lines," and among the losses was the total 
wreck of this identical ship. — Old and New London, i. 
513- 

Doublefee {Old Jacob), a money- 
lender, who accommodates the duke of 
Buckingham with loans. — Sir W. Scott; 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Doubting' Castle, the castle of 

giant Despair, into which Christian and 
Hopeful were thrust; but from which 
they escaped by means of the key called 
"Promise." — Bunyan : Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress, i. (1678). 

Dougal, turn-key at Glasgow Tol- 
booth. He is an adherent of Rob Roy. — 
Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy (time, George \.\ 

DOUGLAS, divided into The Black 
Douglases and The Red Douglases. 

I. The Black Douglases (or senior 
branch). Each of these is called "The 
Black Douglas." 

The Hardy, William de Douglas, de- 
fender of Berwick (died 1302). 

The Good sir James, eldest son of "The 
Hardy." Friend of Bruce. Killed by the 
Moors in Spain, 1330. 

England's Scourge and Scotland 's Bul- 
wark, William Douglas, knight of Liddes- 
dale. Taken at Neville's Cross, and 



DOUGLAS. 



297 



DOUGLAS LARDER. 



killed by William first earl of Douglas, 

in 1353- 

The Flower of Chivalry, William de 
Douglas, natural son of "The Good sir 
James" (died 1384). 

James second earl of Douglas over- 
threw Hotspur. Died at Otterburn, 
1388. This is the Douglas of the old 
ballad of Chevy Chase. 

Archibald the Grim, Archibald Douglas, 
natural son of "The Good sir James" 
(died *). 

The Black Douglas, William lord of 
Nithsdale (murdered by the earl of Clif- 
ford, 1390). 

Tine man (the loser), Archibald fourth 
earl, who lost the battles of Homildon, 
Shrewsbury, and Verneuil, in the last of 
which he was killed (1424). 

William Douglas, eighth earl, stabbed 
by James II., and then despatched with a 
battle-axe by sir Patrick Gray, at Stirling, 
February 13, 1452. Sir Walter Scott 
alludes to this in The Lady of the Lake. 

James Douglas, ninth and last earl 
(died 1488). With him the senior branch 
closes. 

II. The Red Douglases, a collateral 
branch. 

Bell-the-Cat, the great earl of Angus. 
He is introduced by Scott in Marmion. 
His two sons fell in the battle of Flodden 
Field. He died in a monastery, 1514. 

Archibald Douglas, sixth earl of Angus, 
and grandson of " Bell-the-Cat." James 
Bothwell, one of the family, forms the 
most interesting part of Scott's Lady of 
the Lake. He was the grandfather of 
Darnley, husband of Mary queen of 
Scots. He died 1560. 

James Douglas, earl of Morton, younger 
brother of the seventh earl of Angus. He 
took part in the murder of Rizzio, and was 
executed by the instrument called "the 
maiden" (1530-1581). 

The "Black Douglas," introduced by 
sir W. Scott in Castle Dangerous, is "The 
Gud schyr James." This was also the 
Douglas which was such a terror to the 
English that the women used to frighten 
their unruly children by saying they 
would "make the Black Douglas take 
them." He first appears in Castle Dan- 
gerous as " Knight of the Tomb." The 
following nursery rhyme refers to him : — 

Hush ye, hush ye, little pet ye ; 
Hush ye, hush ye, do not fret ye : 
The Black Douglas shall not get thee. 
Sir W. Scott: TaUs of a Grandfather, I 6. 

Doug-las, a tragedy by J. Home ( 1757). 
Young Norval, having saved the life of 



lord Randolph, is given a commission 
in the army. Lady Randolph hears of 
the exploit, and discovers that the youth 
is her own son "by her first husband, lord 
Douglas Glenalvon, who hates the new 
favourite, persuades lord Randolph that 
his wife is too intimate with the young 
upstart, and the two surprise them in 
familiar intercourse in a wood. The 
youth, being attacked, slays Glenalvon ; 
but is in turn slain by lord Randolph, 
who then learns that the young man was 
lady Randolph's son. Lady Randolph, 
in distraction, rushes up a precipice and 
throws herself down headlong, and lord 
Randolph goes to the war then raging 
between Scotland and Denmark. 

Home was a Scotch minister, but the publication of 
a drama so offended the Presbytery, that he found it 
expedient to leave the ministry. 

Douglas {Archibald earl of), father- 
in-law of prince Robert, eldest son of 
Robert III. of Scotland. 

Margery of Douglas, the earl's daughter, 
and wife of prince Robert duke of Roth- 
say. The duke was betrothed to Eliza- 
beth daughter of the earl of March, but 
the engagement was broken off by in- 
trigue. — Sir IV. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Douglas {Clara), the heroine of lord 
Lytton's comedy called Money (1840). 

Douglas {George), nephew of the re- 
gent Murray of Scotland, and grandson 
of the lady of Lochleven. George Doug- 
las was devoted to Mary queen of Scots. 
— Sir W.Scott: The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Douglas and the Bloody Heart. 

The heart of Bruce was entrusted to 
Douglas to carry to Jerusalem. Landing 
in Spain, he stopped to aid the Cas- 
tilians against the Moors, and in the heat 
of battle cast the " heart," enshrined in a 
golden coffer, into the very thickest of 
the foe, saying, "The heart or death !" 
On he dashed, fearless of danger, to 
regain the coffer, but perished in the 
attempt. The family thenceforth adopted 
the "bloody heart" as their armorial 
device. 

Douglas Larder ( The). When tlie 
"Good sir James" Douglas, in 1306, took 
his castle by a coup de main from the 
English, he caused all the barrels con- 
taining flour, meal, wheat, and malt, to 
be knocked in pieces and their contents 
to be thrown on the floor ; he then staved 
in all the hogsheads of wine and ale upon 



DOUGLAS TRAGEDY. 



298 



DOWSABEL. 



this mass. To this he flung the dead 
bodies slain and some dead horses. The 
English called this disgusting mess "The 
Douglas Larder." He then set fire to the 
castle and took refuge in the hills, for he 
said " he loved far better to hear the lark 
sing than the mouse cheep." 

if Wallace's Larder is a similar phrase. 
In the dungeon of Ardrossan, Ayrshire 
(surprised by him in the reign of Edward 
I. ), he had the dead bodies of the garrison 
thrown together in a heap. 

Douglas Tragedy {The), a ballad 
printed in Scott's Border Minstrelsy. 
Lord William elopes with Margaret 
Douglas ; but being pursued by her 
father and brothers, they fight, and the 
two are left dead on the road. William, 
wounded, just reaches home to die, and 
during the night Margaret does also. 

Douloureuse Garde (La), a castle 
in Berwick-upon-Tweed, won by sir 
Launcelot du Lac, in one of the most 
terrific adventures related in romance. 
In memory of this event, the name of the 
castle was changed into La Joyeuse Garde 
or La Garde Joyeuse. 

Dousterswivel (Herman), a German 
schemer, who obtains money under the 
promise of finding hidden wealth by a 
divining-rod. — Sir W. Scott: The Anti- 
quary (time, George III.). 

The incident of looking for treasure In the church is 
copied from one which Lilly mentions, who went with 
David Ramsay to search for hid treasure in West- 
minster Abbey. — See Old and New London, L 129. 

Dove (Dr.), the hero of Southey's 
novel called The Doctor (1834). 

Dove (Sir Benjamin), of Cropley 
Castle, Cornwall. A little, peaking, pul- 
ing creature, desperately hen-pecked by 
a second wife ; but madam overshot the 
mark, and the knight was roused to assert 
and maintain the mastery. 

That very clever actor Cherry [1769-1812] appeared 
in " sir Benjamin Dove," and showed himself a master 
of his profession.— Boaden. 

Lady Dove, twice married, first to Mr. 
Searcher, king's messenger, and next to 
sir Benjamin Dove. She had a tendresse 
for Mr. Paterson. Lady Dove was a 
terrible termagant, and, when scolding 
failed, used to lament for "poor dear 

dead Searcher, who ," etc., etc. She 

pulled her bow somewhat too tight, and 
sir Benjamin asserted his independence. 

Sophia Dove, daughter of sir Benjamin. 
She loved Robert Belfieid, but was 
engaged to marry the elder brother 



Andrew. When, however, the wedding 
day arrived, Andrew was found to be a 
married man, and the younger brother 
became the bridegroom. — Cumberland: 
The Brothers ( 1769). 

Dowlas {Daniel), a chandler of Gos- 
port, who trades in " coals, cloth, herrings, 
linen, candles, eggs, sugar, treacle, tea, 
and brickdust. ' ' This vul gar and illiterate 
petty shopkeeper is raised to the peerage 
under the title of "The right hon. 
Daniel Dowlas, baron Duberly." But 
scarcely has he entered on hk honours, 
when the "heir-at-law," supposed to have 
been lost at sea, makes his appearance in 
the person of Henry Morland. The 
"heir" settles on Daniel Dowlas an 
annuity. 

Deborah Dowlas, wife of Daniel, and 
for a short time lady Duberly. She 
assumes quite the airs and ton of gen- 
tility, and tells her husband "as he is a 
pear, he ought to behave as sich." 

Dick Dowlas, the son, apprenticed to 
an attorney at Castleton. A wild young 
scamp, who can " shoot wild ducks, fling 
a bar, play at cricket, make punch, catch 
gudgeons, and dance." His mother says, 
" he is the sweetest-tempered youth when 
he has everything his own way." He 
comes into a fortune of ;£ 15,000 a year, 
and gives Dr. Pangloss ,£300 a year to 
tutorize him. Dick Dowlas falls in love 
with Cicely Homespun, and marries her. 
— Colman : Heir-at-Law ( 1707). 

Miss Pope asked me about the dress. I answered, 
'* It should be black bombazeen ..." I proved to 
her that not only " Deborah Dowlas," but all the rest 
of the dramatis persona ought to be in mourning. . . . 
The three " Dowlases " as relatives of the deceased lord 
Duberly ; " Henry Morland " as the heir-at-law ; " Dr. 
Pangloss " as a clergyman ; " Caroline Dormer " for the 
loss of her father ; and " Kenrick " as a servant of the 
Dormer family.— jfames Smith. 

Dowlas ( Old Dame), housekeeper to 
the duke of Buckingham. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Dowling" (Captain), a great drunkard, 
who dies in his cups. — Crabbe : Borough, 
xvi. (1810). 

Downer (Billy), an occasional porter 
and shoeblack, a diffuser of knowledge, 
a philosopher, a citizen of *.he world, and 
an " unfinished gentleman. " — Selby : The 
Unfinished Gentleman (1841). 

Downing Professor, in the Uni- 
versity of Cambridge. So called from 
sir George Downing, bart., who founded 
the law professorship in 1800. 

Dowsabel, daughter of Cassemea 



DRAG 



«99 



DRAMA. 



{3 syl.), a knight of Arden; a ballad by 
M. Drayton (1593). 

Old Chaucer doth of Topaz tdb. 
Mad Rabelais of Pantagruel, 
A later third of Do wsabeL 

Drayton: Nymfhidia, 

Drac, a sort of fairy in human form, 
whose abode is the caverns of rivers. 
Sometimes these dracs will float like 
golden cups along a stream to entice 
bathers ; but when the bather attempts to 
catch at them, the drac draws him under 
water. — South of France Mythology. 

Dra'chenfels {"dragon rocks"), so 
called from the dragon killed there by 
Siegfried, the hero of the Nibelungen Lied. 

Dragon (A), the device on the royal 
banner of the old British kings. The 
leader was called the pendragon. Geoffrey 
of Monmouth says, *' When Aure'lius 
was king, there appeared a star at 
Winchester of wonderful magnitude and 
brightness, darting forth a ray, at the 
end of which was a flame in form of a 
dragon." Uther ordered two golden 
dragons to be made, one of which he 
presented to Winchester, and the other he 
carried with him as a royal standard. 
Tennyson says that Arthur's helmet had 
for crest a golden dragon. 

. . . they saw 
The dragon of the great pendragonship, 
That crowned the state pavilion of the long. 

Tennyson : Guinevere. 

Dragon {The), one of the masques 
at Kennaquhair Abbey. — Sir W. Scott : 
The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Dragon {The Red), the personification 
of "the devil," as the enemy of man. — 
P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, ix. {1633). 

Dragon of Wantley {i.e. Wam- 
cliff, in Yorkshire), a skit on the old 
metrical romances, especially on the old 
rhyming legend of sir Bevis. The ballad 
describes the dragon, its outrages, the 
flight of the inhabitants, the knight 
choosing his armour, the damsel, the 
fight, and the victory. The hero is called 
"More, of More Hall" {q.v.). — Percy: 
Reliques, III. iii. 13. 

(H. Carey has a burlesque called The 
Dragon of Wantley. and calls the hero 
"Moore, of Moore Hall," 1697-1743.) 

Dragon's Hill (Berkshire). The 
legend says it is here that St. George 
killed the dragon ; but the place as- 
signed for this achievement in the ballad 
given in Percy's Reliques is "Sylene, in 
Libya." Another legend gives Berytus 
(Beyrut) as the place of this encounter. 



(In regard to Dragon Hill, according 
to Saxon annals, it was here that Cedric 
(founder of the West Saxons) slew 
Naud the pendragon, with 5000 men.) 

Dragon's Teeth. The tale of Jason 
and ^Eetes is a repetition of that of 
Cadmus. 

In the tale of Cadmus, we are told 
the fountain of Arei'a (3 syl.) was 
guarded by a fierce dragon. Cadmus 
killed the dragon, and sowed its teeth in 
the earth. From these teeth sprang up 
armed men called " Sparti," among whom 
he flung stones ; and the armed men fell 
foul of each other, till all were slain 
excepting five. 

'.' In the tale of Jason, we are told 
that, having slain the dragon which kept 
watch over the golden fleece, he sowed its 
teeth in the ground, and armed men 
sprang up. Jason cast a stone into the 
midst of them; whereupon, the men at- 
tacked each other, and were all slain. 

Dragons. 

Ahriman, the dragon slain by Mithra. 
— Persian Mythology. 

Colein. (See p. 225.) 

Dahak, the three-headed dragon slain 
by Thraetana-Yacna. — Persian. 

Fafnis, the dragon slain by Sigurd. 

Grendel, the dragon slain by Beo- 
wulf, the Anglo-Saxon hero. 

La Gargouille, the dragon which 
ravaged the Seine, slain by St Romain 
of Rouen. 

Python, the dragon slain by Apollo. 
— Greek Mythology. 

Tarasque (2 syl.), the dragon slain at 
Aix-la-Chapelle by St. Martha. 

Zohak, the dragon slain by Feridun. 

N.B. — Numerous dragons have no 
special name. Many are denoted Red, 
White, Black, Great, etc. 

Drama. The earliest European 
drama since the fall of the Western 
empire appeared in the middle of the 
fifteenth century. It is called La Celes- 
tina, and is divided into twenty-one acts. 
The first act, which runs through fifty 
pages, was composed by Rodrigo Cota ; 
the other twenty are ascribed to Fernando 
de Rojas. The whole was published in 
1510. 

The earliest English drama is entitled 
Ralph Roister Doister, a comedy by 
Nicholas Udal (before 1551, because men- 
tioned by T. Wilson, in his Rule of Reason, 
which appeared in 1551). 

The second English drama was Gammer 



DRAMA OF EXILE& 



300 



DRIVER. 



Gurton's Needle, by Mr. S., Master of 
Arts. Warton, in his History of English 
Poetry (iv. 32), gives 1551 as the date of 
this comedy ; and Wright, in his Historia 
Histnonica, says it appeared in the reign 
of Edward VI., who died 1553. It is 
generally ascribed to bishop Still, but he 
was only eight years old in 155 1. 

Father of the French Drama, Etienne 
Jodelle (1532-1573)- 

Father of the Modern German Drama, 
Andreos Greif (1616-1664). 

Father of the Greek Drama, Thespis 
(sixth century B.C.). 

Father of the Spanish Drama, Lope" de 
Vega (1562-1635). 

Drama of Exiles ( The), a poem by 
Mrs. Browning (1844). The " exiles " are 
Adam and Eve from Paradise, and the 
poem depicts the anguish of Eve when 
driven into the wilderness, "And must I 
leave thee, Paradise ? " 

Drap, one of queen Mab's maids of 
honour. — Drayton: Nymphidia. 

Dra'pier's Letters, a series of 
letters written by dean Swift, and signed 
" M. D. Drapier," advising the Irish not to 
take the copper money coined by William 
Wood, to whom George I. had given a 
patent. These letters (1724) stamped out 
this infamous job, and caused the patent 
to be cancelled. The patent was obtained 
by the duchess of Kendal (mistress of the 
king), who was to share the profits. 

Can we the Drapier then forget T 

Is not our nation in his debt? 

"Twas he that writ the " Drapier's Letters." 

Dean Swift: Verses on his own death. 

Drawcan'sir, a bragging, blustering 
bully, who took part in a battle, and 
killed every one on both sides, " sparing 
neither friend nor foe." — Villiers duke of 
Buckingham: The Rehearsal (1671). 

Juan, who was a little superficial, 

And not in literature a great Drawcansir. 

Byron : Don yuan, xi. 51 (1824). 

At length my enemy appeared, and I went forward 

some yards like a Drawcansir, but found myself seized 

with a panic as Paris was when he presented himself 

to fight with Menelaus.— Lesage : Gil Bias, vii. 1 (1735). 

Dream Authorship. It is said 
that Coleridge wrote his Kubla Khan 
from his recollection of a dream. 

1T Condillac (says Cabanis) concluded 
in his dreams the reasonings left incom- 
plete at bed-time. 

Dreams. Amongst the ancient Gaels 
the leader of the army was often deter- 
mined by dreams or visions in the night. 
The different candidates retired "each to 
bis bill of ghosts," to pass the night, and 



he to whom a vision appeared was ap- 
pointed the leader. 

Selma's king \_FingaI\ looked around. In his pre 
sence we rose in arms. But who should lift the shield 
—for all had claimed the war? The night cam^ down. 
We strode in silence, each to his hill of ghosts, that 
spirits might descend in our dreams to mark us for the 
field. We struck the shield of the dead. We raised 
the hum of songs. We called thrice the ghosts of our 
fathers. We laid us down for dreams.— Ossian : 
Cathlin of Clutha. 

Dreams. The Indians believe all 
dreams to be revelations, sometimes made 
by the familiar genius, and sometimes by 
the "inner or divine soul." An Indian, 
having dreamt that his finger was cut off, 
had it really cut off the next day — 
Charlevoix: Journal of a Voyage U 
North America. 

Dream'er [The Immortal), John 
Bunyan, whose Pilgrim's Progress is said 
by him to be a dream (1628-1688). 

IT The pretence of a dream was one 
of the most common devices of mediaeval 
romance, as, for example, the Romance of 
the Rose and Piers Plowman, both in the 
fourteenth century. 

Dreary {Wat), alias Brown Will, 
one of Macheath's gang of thieves. He 
is described by Peachum as " an irregular 
dog, with an underhand way of disposing 
of his goods" (act i. sc. 1). — Gay: The 
Beggar's Opera (1727). 

Drink used by actors, orators, etc. — 

Braham, bottled porter. 

Catley {Miss), linseed tea and madeira. 

Cooke {G. F.), everything drinkable. 

Emery, brandy-and-water (cold). 

Gladstone ( W. L. ) , an egg beaten up 
in sherry. 

Henderson, gum arabic and sherry. 

Incledon, madeira. 

Jordan {Mrs.), calves'-foot jelly dis- 
solved in warm sherry. 

Kean {Edmund), beef-tea for break- 
fast, cold brandy. 

Lewis, mulled wine (with oysters). 

Oxberry, tea. 

Smith ( William), coffee. 

Wood {Mrs.), draught porter. 

* . • J. Kemble took opium. 

Drink. "/ drink the air," says 
Ariel, meaning "I will fly with great 
speed." 

In Henry IV. we have " devour the 
way," meaning the same thing. 

"Drink to me only with thine eyes," 
one of Ben Jonson's fifteen lyrics (1616). 
(See Forest, The.) 

Dri'ver, clerk to Mr. Pleydell, advo- 
cate, Edinburgh. — Sir W. Scott: Guy 
Mannering (time, George IL). 



DRIVER OF EUROPE. 



301 



DRUID. 



Driver of Europe. The due de 

Choiseul, minister of Louis XV., was so 
called by the empress of Russia, because 
he had spies all over Europe, and ruled 
by them all the political cabals. 

Dro'gio, probably Nova Scotia and 
Newfoundland. A Venetian voyager 
named Antonio Zeno (fourteenth century) 
so called a country which he discovered. 
It was said to lie south-west of Estotiland 
(Labrador), but neither Estotiland nor 
Drogio are recognized by modern geo- 
graphers, and both are supposed to be 
wholly, or in a great measure, hypo- 
thetical. 

Dro'mio (The Brothers), two brothers, 
twins, so much alike that even their 
nearest friends and masters knew not one 
from the other. They were the servants 
of two masters, also twins and the exact 
facsimiles of each other. The masters 
were Antiph'olus of Ephesus and 
Antipholus of Syracuse, — Shakespeare: 
Comedy of Errors (1503). 

(The Comedy of Errors is borrowed 
from the Mencechmi of Plautus. ) 

Dronsdaughter (Tronda), the old 
serving- woman of the Yellowleys. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

Drood (Edwin), the hero of a novel 
called The Mystery of Edwin Drood, by 
Dickens. Only eight numbers appeared, 
which were published in 1870, the year of 
the author's death. 

Drop Serene (Gutta Serena). It 
was once thought that this sort of blind- 
ness was an incurable extinction of vision 
by a transparent watery humour distilling 
on the optic nerve. It caused total blind- 
ness, but made no visible change in the 
eye. It is now known that this sort of 
blindness arises from obstruction in the 
capillary nerve-vessels, and in some cases 
at least is curable. Milton, speaking of 
his own blindness, expresses a doubt 
whether it arose from the Gutta Serena or 
the suffusion of a cataract. 

So thick a " drop serene " hath quenched their orbs, 
Or dim " suffusion " veiled. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iii. 25 (1665). 

Dropping* Well, near the Nyde, 
Yorkshire. 

. . . men " Dropping Well " it call. 
Because out of a rock it still in drops doth fall: 
Near to the foot whereof it makes a little pon [de/osi- 

tory\ 
Which in as little space converteth wood to stone. 

Drayton: Polyolbion, xxviii. (162a). 

Drudgeit (Peter), clerk to lord 



Bladderskate. — Sir W. Scott: Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Drugger (Abel), a seller of tobacco ; 
artless and gullible in the extreme. He 
was building a new house, and came to 
Subtle "the alchemist," to know on which 
side to set the shop-door, how to dispose 
the shelves so as to ensure most luck, on 
what days he might trust his customers, 
and when it would be unlucky for him so 
to do. — Ben Jonson: The Alchemist 
(1610). 

Thomas Weston was " Abel Drugger " himself [1727- 
1776], but David Garrick was fond of the part also 
[1716-1779^ — Dibdin : History of the Stage. 

(The Alchemist was cut down into a 
two-act farce, called The Tobacconist, by 
Francis Gentleman, in 1780. ) 

Drugget, a rich London haberdasher, 
who has married one of his daughters to 
sir Charles Racket. Drugget is "very 
fond of his garden," but his taste goes no 
further than a suburban tea-garden, with 
leaden images, cockney fountains, trees 
cut into the shapes of animals, and other 
similar abominations. He is very head- 
strong, very passionate, and very fond of 
flattery. 

Mrs. Drugget, wife of the above, She 
knows her husband's foibles, and, like a 
wise woman, never rubs the hair the 
wrong way. — Murphy : Three Weeks 
after Marriage (1776). 

Druid ( The), the pseudonym of Henry 
Dixon, sportsman and sporting writer. 
One of his books, called Steepiecharing, 
appeared in the Gentleman s Magazine. 
His last work was called The Saddle and 
Surloin. 

' . ■ Collins calls James Thomson (author 
of The Seasons) a druid, meaning a pas- 
toral British poet or " Nature's High 
Priest." 

In yonder grave a Druid lies. 

Collins (1746). 

Druid (Dr.), a man of North Wales, 
65 years of age, the travelling tutor of 
lord Abberville, who was only 23. The 
octor is a pedant and antiquary, choleric 
in temper, and immensely bigoted, wholly 
without any knowledge of the human 
heart, or indeed any practical knowledge 
at all. 

"Money and trade, I scorn 'em both; ... I h.ive 
traced the Oxus and the Po, traversed the Riphaean 

Mountains, and pierced into the inmost tesartsof Kilmuc 
Tartary. ... I have followed the ravages of Kouii 
Chan with rapturous delight. There is a land of 
wonders; finely depopulated ; gloriously laid waste; 
fields without a hoof to tread em ; fruits without a 
hand to gather 'em; with such a catalogue of pits. 



DKUID MONEY. 



DRY-AS-DUST. 



peetles, serpents, scorpions, caterpillars, toads, and 
putterflies I Oh, 'tis a recreating contremplation in- 
deed to a philosophic mind 1 " — Cumberland : The 
Fashiottable Lover (1780). 

Druid Money, a promise to pay on 
the Greek Kalends. Patricius says, 
11 Druidae pecuniam mutuo accipiebant in 
posteriore vita reddituri." 

Like money by the Druids borrowed, 
In th' other world to be restored. 

S. Butler : Hudibras, iii. 1 (1678). 

IF Purchas tells us of certain priests of 
Pekin, " who barter with the people upon 
bills of exchange, to be paid in heaven a 
hundredfold." — Pilgrims, iii. 2. 

Drum (Jack). Jack Drum's enter- 
tainment is giving a guest the cold 
shoulder. Shakespeare calls it "John 
-% Drum's entertainment" (All's Well, etc., 
act iii. sc. 6) ; and Holinshed speaks of 
"Tom Drum his entertaynement, which 
is to hale a man in by the heade, and 
thrust him out by both the shoulders." 

In faith, good gentlemen, I think we shall be forced 
to give you right John Drum's entertainment. — Intro- 
duction to jfack Drum's Entertainment (1601). 

Brummie (Bentley) and Startop, 

two young men who read with Mr. 
Pocket. Drummle was a surly, ill- 
conditioned fellow, who married Estella, 
Miss Havisham's adopted daughter, 
wasted all her money, and left her a 
penniless widow. — Dickens; Great Ex- 
pectations (i860). 

Drunk. The seven phases of drunken- 
ness are : (i) Ape-drunk, when men make 
fools of themselves in their cups; (2) 
Lion-drunk, when men want to fight with 
every one ; (3) Swine-drunk, when men 
puke, etc. ; (4) Sleep-drunk, when men 
get heavy and sleepy in their cups ; (5) 
Martin-drunk, when men become boast- 
ful in their cups ; (6) Goat-drunk, when 
men become amorous ; (7) Fox-drunk, 
when men become crafty in their cups. 

Drunken Parliament, a Scotch 
parliament assembled at Edinburgh, 
January 1, 1661. 

It was a mad, warring time, full of extravagance ; 
and no wonder it was so, when the men of affairs were 
almost perpetually drunk.— Burnet : His Own Time 
(1723-34). 

Druon " the Stern," one of the four 
knights who attacked Britomart and sir 
Scudamore (3 syl.). 

The warlike dame [Britomart] was on her part assaid 

By Claribel and Blandamour at one ; 

While Paridel and Druon fiercely laid 

On Scudamore, both his professed fone \Joes\ 

Spenser: Faerie Quene, iv. 9 (1596). 

Dru'ry Lane (London), takes its 
name from the Drury family. Drury 



House stood on the site of the present 

Olympic Theatre. 

Druses (Return of the). The Druses, 
a semi-Mohammedan sect of Syria, being 
attacked by Osman, take refuge in one 
of the Spor'adgs, and place themselves 
under the protection of the knights of 
Rhodes. These knights slay their sheiks 
and oppress the fugitives. In the sheik 
massacre, Dja'bal is saved by Maa'ni, 
and entertains the idea of revenging his 
people and leading them back to Syria. 
To this end he gives out that he is Hakeem, 
the incarnate god, returned to earth, and 
soon becomes the leader of the exiled 
Druses. A plot is formed to murder the 
prefect of the isle, and to betray the 
island to Venice, if Venice will supply 
a convoy for their return. An'eal (2 syl.), 
a young woman, stabs the prefect, and 
dies of bitter disappointment when she 
discovers that Djabal is a mere impostor. 
Djabal stabs himself when his imposition 
is made public, but Loys (2 syl.), a 
Breton count, leads the exiles back to 
Lebanon. — R. Browning: The Return 
of the Druses. 

N.B. — Historically, the Druses, to the 
number of 160,000 or 200,000, settled in 
Syria, between Djebail and Sa'ide, but 
their original seat was Egypt. They 
quitted Egypt from persecution, led by 
Dara'zi or Durzi, from whom the name 
Druse (1 syl. ) is derived. The founder 
of the sect was the hakem B'amr-ellah 
(eleventh century), believed to be incar- 
nate deity, and the last prophet who com- 
municated between God and man. From 
this founder the head of the sect was 
called the hakem, his residence being 
Deir-el-Kamar. During the thirteenth 
or fourteenth century the Druses were 
banished from Syria, and lived in exile 
in some of the Sporides, but were led 
back to Syria early in the fifteenth century 
by count Loys de Deux, a new convert. 
Since 1588 they have been tributaries of 
the sultan. 

What say you does this wizard style himself.— 
Hakeem Biamrallah, the Third Fatimite? 
What is this jargon % He the insane prophet. 
Dead near three hundred years? 

R. Bro-wning: The Return of the Druses. 

Dryas or Dryad, a wood-nymph, 
whose life was bound up with that of 
her tree. (Greek, dpvas, dpvdiot.) 

"The quickening power of the soul, like Martha, 
" Is busy about many things," or like "a Dryas living 
In a tree." — Sir J. Davies: Immortality of the 
Soul, xii. 

Dry-as-Dust ( The Rev. Doctor), an 



DRYDEN OF GERMANY. 



303 



hypothetical person whom sir W. Scott 
makes use of to introduce some of his 
novels by means of prefatory letters. 
The word is a synonym for a dull, prosy, 
plodding historian, with great show of 
learning, but very little attractive grace. 

Dryden of Germany {The), 
Martin Opitz, sometimes called " The 
Father of German Poetry" (1597-1639). 

Dryeesdale {Jasper), the old steward 
at Lochleven Castle. — Sir W. Scott : 
The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Dry'ope (3 syl.), daughter of king 
Dryops, beloved by Apollo. Apollo, 
having changed himself into a tortoise, 
was taken by Dryope into her lap, and 
became the father of Amphis'sos. Ovid 
says that Dryope" was changed into a 
lotus {Met., x. 331). 

Duar'te (3 syl.), the vainglorious 
son of Guiomar. — Beaumont and Fletcher: 
The Custom of the Country (printed 1647). 

Dubosc, the great thief, who robs 
the night-mail from Lyons, and murders 
the courier. He bears such a strong 
likeness to Joseph Lesurques (act i. sc. 1) 
that their identity is mistaken. — Stirling: 
The Courier of Lyons (1852). 

Dubourg' {Mons.), a merchant at 
Bordeaux, and agent there of Osbaldis- 
tone of London. 

Clement Dubourg, son of the Bordeaux 
merchant, one of the clerks of Osbaldis- 
tone, merchant. — Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Dubric {St.) or St. Dubricius, arch- 
bishop of the City of Legions {Caerleon- 
upon-Usk; Newport is the only part left). 
He set the crown on the head of Arthur, 
when only 15 years of age. Geoffrey 
says {British History, ix. 12), " This pre- 
late, A-ho was primate of Britain, was so 
eminent for his piety, that he could cure 
any sick person by his prayers." St. 
Dubric abdicated and lived a hermit, 
leaving David his successor. Tennyson 
introduces him in his Coming of Arthur, 
Enid, etc. "* 

St. Dubric, whose report old Carleon yet doth carry. 
Drayton: Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

To whom arrived, by Dubric the high saint. 
Chief of the Church in Britain, and before 
The stateliest of her altar-shrines, the king 
That morn was married. 

Tennyson: The Coming 0/ Arthur. 

Duchess May ( The Rhyme of the), 
a poem by Mrs. Browning (1841). " Full 
of passion and incident." 



DUDLEY. 

Duchess Street (Portman Square), 
So called from Margaret duchess of 
Portland. (See Duke Street.) 

Duchesse de la Valiere, a 

tragedy by lord Lyton (1830). 

Ducho'mar was in love with Morna, 
daughter of Cormac king of Ireland. 
Out of jealousy, he slew Oathba, his more 
successful rival, went to announce his 
death to Morna, and then asked her to 
marry him. She replied she had no love 
for him, and asked him for his sword. 
" He gave the sword to her tears," and 
she stabbed him to the heart. Duch6mar 
begged the maiden to pluck the sword 
from his breast that he might die ; and 
when she approached him for the pur- 
pose, ' ' he seized the sword from her, and 
slew her." 

"Duchdmar, most thorny of men; dark are thy 
brows and terrible ; red are thy rolling eyes ... I lore 
thee not," said Morna ; " hard is thy heart of rock, and 
dark is thy terrible brow."— Ossian : Fingal, L 

Duchran ( The laird of), a friend of 
baron Bradwardine. — Sir IV. Scott : 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Ducking-Pond Sow (London), 
now called ' ' Grafton Street." 

Duck Lane (London), a row near 
Smithfield, once famous for second-hand 
books. It has given way to city improve- 
ments. 

Scotists and Thomists now in peace remain. 
Amidst their kindred cobwebs in Duck Lane. 

Pope : Essay on Criticism (1711). 

Du Croisy and his friend La Grange 
are desirous to marry two young ladies 
whose heads are turned by novels. The 
silly girls fancy the manners of these 
gentlemen too unaffected and easy to be 
aristocratic ; so the gentlemen send to 
them their valets, as " the viscount de Jo- 
delet," and " the marquis of Mascarille." 
The girls are delighted with their titled 
visitors ; but when the game has gone 
far enough, the masters enter and unmask 
the trick. By this means the girls are 
taught a useful lesson, without being 
subjected to any fatal consequences. — 
Moliere : Les Pricieuses Ridicules ( 1659). 

Dudley, a young artist; a disguise 
assumed by Harry Bertram. — Sir W. 
Scott : Guy Mannering (time, George II. ). 

Dudley {Captain), a poor English 
officer, of strict honour, good family, 
and many accomplishments. He has 
served his country for thirty years, but 
can scarcely provide bread for his family. 

Charts Dudley, son of captain Dudley. 



DUDLEY DIAMOND. 

High-minded, virtuous, generous, poor, 
and proud. He falls in love with his 
cousin Charlotte Rusport, but forbears 
proposing to her, because he is poor and 
she is rich. His grandfather's will is in 
time brought to light, by which he be- 
comes the heir of a noble fortune, and he 
then marries his cousin. 

Louisa Dudley, daughter of captain 
Dudley. Young, fair, tall, fresh, and 
lovely. She is courted by Belcour the 
rich West Indian, to whom ultimately 
she is married. — Cumberland: The West 
Indian (1771). 

Dudley Diamond (The). In 1868 
a black shepherd named Swartzboy 
brought to his master, Nie Kirk, this 
diamond, and received for it ^400, with 
v\rhich he drank himself to death. Nie 
Kirk sold it for ,£12,000; and the earl 
of Dudley gave Messrs. Hunt and Ros- 
kell ^30,000 for it. It weighed in the 
rough 88£ carats, but cut into a heart 
shape it weighs 44^ carats. It is tri- 
angular in shape, and of great brilliancy. 

•." This magnificent diamond, that 
called the "Stewart" (q.v.), and the 
"Twin," have all been discovered in 
Africa since 1868. 

Dudu, one of the three beauties of 
the harem, into which Juan, by the 
sultana's order, had been admitted in 
female attire. Next day, the sultana, out 
of jealousy, ordered that both Dudu and 
Juan should be stitched in a sack and 
cast into the sea ; but, by the connivance 
of Baba, the chief eunuch, they effected 
their escape. — Byron : Don Juan. 

A kind of sleeping Venus seemed Dudu . . . 
But she was pensive more than melancholy . . . 
The strangest thing was, beauteous, she was holy. 
Unconscious, albeit turned of quick seventeen. 

Don Juan : canto vi. 42-44 (1824). 

Duenna (The), a comic opera by 
Sheridan (1773). Margaret, the duenna, 
is placed in charge of Louisa, the 
daughter of don Jerome. Louisa is in 
love with don Antonio, a poor noble- 
man of Seville ; but her father resolves 
to give her in marriage to Isaac Men- 
doza, a rich Portuguese Jew. As Louisa 
will not consent to her father's arrange- 
ment, he locks her up in her chamber 
and turns the duenna out of doors ; but 
in his impetuous rage he in reality turns 
his daughter out, and locks up the 
duenna. Isaac arrives, is introduced to 
the lady, elopes with her, and is duly 
married. Louisa flees to the convent of 
vSt. Catharine, and writes to her father 
foi his consent to her marriage to the 



304 DUESSA. 

man of her choice ; and don Jerome, 

supposing she means the Jew, gives it 
freely, and she marries Antonio. When 
they meet at breakfast at the old man's 
house, he finds that Isaac has married 
the duenna, Louisa has married Antonio, 
and his son has married Clara ; but the 
old man is reconciled, and says, " I am 
an obstinate old fellow, when I'm in the 
wrong, but you shall all find me stead 
in the right." 

Duessa [false faith] is the personi 
fication of the papacy. She meets the 
Red Cross Knight in the society of 
Sansfoy [infidelity], and when the knight 
slays Sansfoy, she turns to flight. Being 
overtaken, she says her name is Fidessa 
(true faith), deceives the knight, and 
conducts him to the palace of Lucif era, 
where he encounters Sansjoy (canto 2). 
Duessa dresses the wounds of the Red 
Cross Knight, but places Sansjoy under 
the care of Escula'pius in the infernal 
regions (canto 4). The Red Cross Knight 
leaves the palace of Lucifera, and Duessa 
induces him to drink of the " Enervating 
Fountain ; " Orgoglio then attacks him, 
and would have slain him if Duessa had 
not promised to be his bride. Having 
cast the Red Cross Knight into a dun- 
geon, Orgoglio dresses his bride in most 
gorgeous array, puts on her head ' ' a 
triple crown" (the tiara of the pope), 
and sets her on a monster beast with 
" seven heads " (the seven hills of Rome). 
Una (truth) sends Arthur (England) to 
rescue the captive knight, and Arthur 
slays Orgoglio, wounds the beast, re- 
leases the knight, and strips Duessa of 
her finery (the Refor?nation) ; whereupon 
she flies into the wilderness to conceal 
her shame (canto 7). — Spenser : Faerie 
Queene, i. (1590). 

Duessa, in bk. v., allegorizes Mary 
queen of Scots. She is arraigned by 
Zeal before queen Mercilla (Elizabeth), 
and charged with high treason. Zeal 
says he shall pass by for the present 
"her counsels false conspired" with 
Blandamour (earl of Northumberland), 
and Paridel (earl of WestmorHa7id, leaders 
of the insurrection of 1569), as that wicked 
plot came to naught, and the false Duessa 
was now "an untitled queen." When 
Zeal had finished, an old sage named the 
Kingdom's Care (lord Burghley) spoke, 
and opinions were divided. Authority, 
Law of Nations, and Religion thought 
Duessa guilty; but Pity, Danger, Nobility 
of Birth, and Grief pleaded in her behalf. 



DUFARGE. 



30S 



DULCINEA DEL TOBOSO. 



Zeal then charges the prisoner with 
murder, sedition, adultery, and lewd im- 
piety; whereupon the sentence of the 
court was given against her. Queen 
Mercilla, being called on to pass sentence, 
was so overwhelmed with grief that she 
rose and left the court. — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, r. 9 (1596). 

Dufarge {Jacques) and Madame 
Dufarge (2 syl. ), in A Tale of Two Cities, 
by Dickens (1859). They are the pre- 
siding spirits of the Faubourg St. Antoine, 
and instigators of many of the crimes of 
the Red Republicans. 

Duff (Jamie), the idiot boy attending 
Mrs. Bertram's funeral. — Sir W. Scott: 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Duglas, the scene of four Arthurian 
battles. The Duglas is said to fall into 
the estuary of the Ribble. The Paris 
MS. and Henry of Huntingdon says, 
" Duglas qui est in regione Inniis." But 
where is "Inniis" f There is a township 
called " Ince," a mile south-west of 
Wigan, and Mr. Whitaker says, "six 
cwt. of horse-shoes were taken up from 
a space of ground near that spot during 
the formation of a canal ; " so that this 
"Ince" is supposed to be the place re- 
ferred to. 

Duke (My lord), a duke's servant, 
who assumes the airs and title of his 
master, and is addressed as "Your 
grace," or " My lord duke." He was 
first a country cowboy, then a wig- 
maker's apprentice, and then a duke's 
servant. He could neither write nor read, 
but was a great coxcomb, and set up for 
a tip-top fine gentleman. — Rev. J. Town- 
ley: High Life Below Stairs (1763), 

Duke ( The Iron), the duke of Welling- 
ton, also called "The Great Duke" 
(1769-1852). 

Duke and Duchess, in pt. II. of 

Don Quixote, who play so many sportive 
tricks on "the Knight of the Woeful 
Countenance," were don Carlos de Borja 
count of Ficallo and donna Maria of 
Aragon duchess of Villaher'mora his 
wife, in whose right the count held ex- 
tensive estates on the banks of the Ebro, 
among others a country seat called 
Buena'via, the place referred to by Cer- 
vantes (1615). 

Duke of Mil'an, a tragedy by 
Massinger (1622). A play evidently in 
imitation of Shakespeare's Othello. 
"Sforza" is Othello; "Francesco," 



Iago ; "Marcelia," Desdemona ; and 
" Eugenia," Emilia. Sforza " the More " 
[sic] doted on Marcelia his young bride, 
who amply returned his love. Francesco, 
Sforza's favourite, being left lord protector 
of Milan during a temporary absence of 
the duke, tried to corrupt Marcelia ; but 
failing in this, accused her of wanton- 
ness. The duke, believing his favourite, 
slew his beautiful young bride. The 
cause of Francesco's villainy was that the 
duke had seduced his sister Eugenia. 

*.* Shakespeare's play was produced 
in 161 1, about eleven years before Mas- 
singer's tragedy. In act t. i we have, 
" Men's injuries we write in brass," 
which brings to mind Shakespeare's line, 
"Men's evil manners live in brass, their 
virtues we write in water." 

(Cumberland reproduced this drama, 
with some alterations, in 1780. ) 

Duke Coombe, William Coombe, 
author of Dr. Syntax, and translator of 
The Devil on Two Sticks, from Le Diable 
Boiteux of Lesage. He was called duke 
from the splendour of his dress, the pro- 
fusion of his table, and the magnificence 
of his deportment. The last fifteen years 
of his life were spent in the King's Bench 
(1741-1823). 

Duke Street (Portman Square, Lon- 
don). So called from William Bentinck, 
second duke of Portland. (See Duchess 
Street, p. 303.) 

Duke Street (Strand, London). So 
named from George Villiers, duke of 
Buckingham. 

(For other dukes, see the surname or 
titular name.) 

Duke's, a fashionable theatre in the 
reign of Charles II. It was in Portugal 
Street, Lincoln's Inn Fields. So named 
in compliment to James duke of York 
(James II.), its great patron. 

Dulcama'ra (Dr.), an itinerant 
physician, noted for his pomposity ; very 
boastful, and a thorough charlatan. — 
Donizetti: L'Elisire dAmore (1832). 

Dulcarnon, at my wit's end, com- 
pletely puzzled. The word is used by 
Chaucer in his Troy /us and Cryseyde, bk. 
iii. 126, 127. (See Dhu'l Karnein, p. 276. ) 

Dulcifiuous Doctor, Anthony An- 
dreas, a Spanish minorite of the Duns 
Scotus school (*-i32o). 

Dulcin'ea del Tobo'so, the lady 
of don Quixote's devotion. She was 
a fresh-coloured country wench, of an 



DULL. 



306 



DUN COW. 



adjacent village, with whom the don was 
once in love. Her real name was Al- 
donza Lorenzo. Her father was Lorenzo 
Corchuelo, and her mother Aldonza 
Nogales. Sancho Panza describes her in 
pt. I. Hi. 11. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, 
I. i. 1 (1605). 

" Her flowing hair," says the knight, "is of gold, her 
forehead the Elysian fields, her eyebrows two celestial 
arches, her eyes a pair of glorious suns, her cheeks two 
beds of roses, her lips two coral portals that guard her 
teeth of Oriental pearl, her neck is alabaster, her 
hands are polished ivory, and her bosom whiter than 
the new-fallen snow. 

" She is not a descendant of the ancient Caii, Curtil, 
and Scipios of Rome ; nor of the modern Colonas and 
Orsini ; nor of the Moncadas and Requesenes of 
Catalonia ; nor of the Rebillas and Villanovas of Va- 
lencia ; neither is she a descendant of the Palafoxes, 
Newcas, Rocabertis, Corellas, Lunas, Alagones, Ureas, 
Foyes, and Gurreas of Aragon ; neither does the lady 
Dulcinea descend from the Cerdas, Manriquez, 
Mendozas, and Guzmans of Castille; nor from the 
Alencastros, Pallas, and Meirezes of Portugal ; but she 
derives her origin from the family of Toboso de la 
Mancha, most illustrious of alt —Cervantes : Don 
Quixote, I. U. 5 (1605). 

Ask you for whom my tears do flow sot 
Tis for Dulcinea del Toboso. 

Don Quixote, I. 111. x x (1605). 

Dull, a constable. — Shakespeare: 
Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 

Du'machus. The impenitent thief is 
so called in Longfellow's Golden Legend, 
and the penitent thief is called Titus. 

In the apocryphal Gospel of Nicode- 
mus, the impenitent thief is called Gestas, 
and the penitent one Dysmas. 

In the story of Joseph of Arimathea, the 
impenitent thief is called Gesmas, and the 
penitent one Dismas. 

Alta petit Dismas, infelix infima Gesmas. 
A Monkish Charm to Scare away Thieves. 

Dismas in paradise would dwell. 
But Gesmas chose his lot in helL 



Dumain, a French lord in attendance 
on Ferdinand king of Navarre. He 
agreed to spend three years with the king 
in study, during which time no woman 
was to approach the court. Of course, the 
compact was broken as soon as made, and 
Dumain fell in love with Katharine. 
When, however, he proposed marriage, 
Katharine deferred her answer for twelve 
months and a day, hoping by that time 
"his face would be more bearded," for 
she said, " I'll mark no words that 
smooth-faced wooers say." 

The young Dumain, a well-accomplished youth. 
Of all that virtue love for virtue loved ; 
Most power to do most harm, least knowing ill; 
For he hath wit to make an ill shape good. 
And shape to win grace, tho' he had no wit. 
Shakespeare .* Love's Labour's Lost, act ii. sc x (1594), 

Du'marin, the husband of Cym'oent, 
and father of Marinel. — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, iii. 4 (1590). 



Dumas [Alexandre D.), in 1845, pub 

lished sixty volumes. 

The most skilful copyist, writing xa hours a day, caa 
with difficulty do 3900 letters in an hour, which gives 
him 46,800 per diem, or 60 pages of a romance. Thus 
he could copy 5 volumes octavo per month and 60 in 
a year, supposing that he did not lose one second of 
time, but worked without ceasing ra hours every day 
throughout the entire year.— De Mirecourt : Dumas 
Fire (1867). 

Dumb Ox (The). St. Thomas 
Aqui'nas was so called by his fellow- 
students at Cologne, from his taciturnity 
and dreaminess. Sometimes called "The 
Great Dumb Ox of Sicily. " He was large- 
bodied, fat, with a brown complexion, 
and a large head partly bald. 

Of a truth, it almost makes me laugh 

To see men leaving the golden grain. 

To gather in piles the pitiful chaff 

That old Peter Lombard thrashed with hb brain, 

To have it caught up and tossed again 

On the horns of the Dumb Ox of Cologne. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend. 

(Thomas Aquinas was subsequently 
called " The Angelic Doctor," and the 
"Angel of the Schools," 1224-1274.) 

Dumbiedikes (The old laird of), an 
exacting landlord, taciturn and obstinate. 

The laird of Dumbiedikes had hitherto been mode- 
rate in his exactions ... but when a stout, active 
young fellow appeared ... he began to think so 
broad a pair of shoulders might bear an additional 
burden. He regulated, indeed, his management of his 
dependents as carters do their horses, never failing to 
clap an additonai brace of hundred-weights on a new 
and willing horse.— Heart of Midlothian, chap. 8 
(1818). ^ 

The young laird of Dumbiedikes (3 syl. ), 
a bashful young laird, in love with Jeanie 
Deans, but Jeanie marries the presby- 
terian minister, Reuben Butler. — Sir W. 
Scott: Heart of Midlothian (time, George 

Dum'merar (The Rev. Dr.), a friend 
of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Dummy or Supernumerary. *« Ce- 
limene," in the Pricieuses Ridicules, does 
not utter a single word, although she 
enters with other characters on the stage. 

Dumtous'tie (Mr. Daniel), a young 
barrister, and nephew of lord Bladder- 
skate. — Sir IV. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, 
George III.). 

Dun (Squire), the hangman who 
came between Richard Brandon and Jack 
Ketch. 

And presently a halter got, 
Made of the best strong hempen tea; 
And ere a cat could lick his ear, 
Had tied him up with as much art 
As Dun himself could do for's heart. 

Cotton : Wirgil Travestied, iv. (1677). 

Dun Cow (The), slain by sir Guy 
of Warwick on Dunsmore Heath, was the 



DUNBAR AND MARCH. 



307 



DUNDREARY. 



cow kept by a giant in Mitchel Fold 
[middle-fold], Shropshire. Its milk was 
inexhaustible. One day an old woman, 
who had filled her pail, wanted to fill her 
sieve also with its milk ; but this so en- 
raged the cow that it broke away, and 
wandered to Dunsmore, where it was 
killed. 

N.B. — A huge tusk, probably an ele- 
phant's, is still shown at Warwick Castle 
as one of the horns of this wonderful 
cow. 

Dunbar and March [George earl 
of), who deserted to Henry IV. of Eng- 
land, because the betrothal of his daughter 
Elizabeth to the king's eldest son was 
broken off by court intrigue. 

Elizabeth Dunbar, daughter of the earl 
of Dunbar and March, betrothed to prince 
Robert duke of Rothsay, eldest son of 
Robert III. of Scotland. The earl of 
Douglas contrived to set aside this be- 
trothal in favour of his own daughter 
Elizabeth, who married the prince, and 
became duchess of Rothsay. — Sir W. 
Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Duncan " the Meek," king of Scot- 
land, was son of Crynin, and grandson of 
Malcolm II., whom he succeeded on the 
throne. Macbeth was the son of the 
younger sister of Duncan's mother, and 
hence Macbeth and Duncan were first 
cousins. Sueno king of Norway having 
invaded Scotland, the command of the 
army was entrusted to Macbeth and Ban- 
quo, and so great was their success that 
only ten men of the invading army were 
left alive. After the battle, king Duncan 
paid a visit to Macbeth in his castle of 
Inverness, and was there murdered by 
his host. The successor to the throne was 
Duncan's son Malcolm, but Macbeth 
usurped the crown. — Shakespeare : Mac- 
beth (1606). 

Duncan [Captain), of Knockdunder, 
agent at Roseneath to the duke of Buck- 
ingham.— Sir W. Scott: Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

Duncan [Duroch), a follower of 
Donald Bean Lean. — Sir W. Scott: 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Dunce, wittily or wilfully derived 
from Duns, surnamed "Scotus." 

In the Gaelic, donas [means] "bad luck," or in con- 
tempt, "a poor ignorant creature." The Lowland 
Scotch has donsie, "unfortunate, stupid." — Notes and 
Queries, 225, Septen.ber 21, 1878. 

Dun'ciad [" the dunce-epic "], a satire 
la heroic verse, by Alexander Pope, in 



which he gibbets his critics and foes. 
The plot is this : Eusden the poet-laureate 
being dead, the goddess of Dulness elects 
Colley Cibber as his successor. The 
installation is celebrated by games, the 
most important being the "reading of 
two voluminous works, one in verse and 
the other in prose, without nodding." 
King Cibber is then taken to the temple 
of Dulness, and lulled to sleep on the lap 
of the goddess. In his dream he sees the 
triumphs of the empire. Finally, the 
goddess having established the kingdom 
on a firm basis, Night and Chaos are 
restored, and the poem ends (1728-42). 

"DvLn&ZLS [Starvation), Henry Dundas, 
first lord Melville. So called because he 
introduced into the language the word 
starvation, in a speech on American 
affairs (1775). 

Dunder [Sir David), of Dunder Hall, 
near Dover. A hospitable, conceited, 
whimsical old gentleman, who for ever 
interrupts a speaker with "Yes, yes, I 
know it," or "Be quiet, I know it." He 
rarely finishes a sentence, but runs on in 
this style : ' ' Dover is an odd sort of a — 
eh?" "It is a dingy kind of a — humph!'' 
" The ladies will be happy to — eh?" He 
is the father of two daughters, Harriet 
and Kitty, whom he accidentally detects 
in the act of eloping with two guests. 
To prevent a scandal, he sanctions the 
marriages, and discovers that the two 
lovers, both in family and fortune, are 
suitable sons-in-law. 

Lady Dunder, fat, fair, and forty if 
not more. A country lady, more fond of 
making jams and pastry than doing the 
fine lady. She prefers cooking to cro- 
quet, and making the kettle sing to sing- 
ing herself. (See Harriet and Kitty.) 
— Colman : Ways and Means (1788). 

William Dowton [1764-1851] played "sir Anthony 
Absolute," "sir Peter Teazle," "sir David Dunder, 
and "sir John Falstaff," and looked the very characters 
he represented. — Donaldson : Recollections. 

("Sir Anthony Absolute," in The 
Rivals (Sheridan); "sir Peter Teazle," 
in The School for Scandal by Sheridan.) 

Dundrear'y [Lord), a good-natured, 
indolent, blundering, empty-headed 
swell ; the chief character in Tom Tay- 
lor's dramatic piece entitled Our Ameri- 
can Cousin. He is greatly characterized 
by his admiration of " Brother Sam," for 
his incapacity to follow out the sequence 
of any train of thought, and for supposing 
all are insane who differ from him. 

(Mr. Sothern of the Haymarket created 



DUNEDIN. 



this character by his power of conception 
und the genius of his acting. 1858. ) 

Duned'in (3 syl.), Edinburgh. 

On her firm-set rock 

Dunedin's castle felt a secret shock. 

Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Dunlathmon, the family seat of 
Nuath, father of Oith'ona (q. v.). — Ossian: 
Oithona. 

Dnnmow Flitch {The), given to 
any married couple who, at the close of 
the first year of their marriage, can take 
their oath they have never once wished 
themselves unmarried again. Dr. Short 
sent a gammon to the princess Charlotte 
and her consort, prince Leopold, while 
they were at Claremont House. 

•jf A similar custom is observed at the 
manor of Wichenor, in Staffordshire, 
where corn as well as bacon is given to 
the "happy pair." 

(For a list of those who have received 
the flitch from its establishment, see 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 391.) 

Dunoia {The count de), in sir W. 
Scott's novel of Quentin Durward (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Dunois the Brave, hero of the 
famous French song, set to music by 
queen Hortense, mother of Napoleon III., 
and called Partant pour la Syrie. His 
prayer to the Virgin, when he left for 
Syria, was — 

gue J'aime la plus belle, 
t sois le plus vaillant. 

He behaved with great valour, and the 

count whom he followed gave him his 

daughter to wife. The guests, on the 
bridal day, all cried aloud — 

Amour a la plus belle ! 
Honneur au plus vaillant 1 

Words by M. de Laborde (1809). 

Dun 'over, a poor gentleman intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in the introduction 
of The Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Dunroxnmath, lord of Uthal, one 
of the Orkneys. He carried off Oith'ona, 
daughter of Nuath (who was engaged to 
be married to Gaul, son of Morni), and 
was slain by Gaul in fight. 

Gaul advanced in his arms; Dunrommath shrunk 
behind his people. But the spear of Gaul pierced the 
gloomy chief : his sword lopped off his head, as it 
bended in death.— Ossian : Oithona. 

Duns Scotus, called "The Subtle 
Doctor," said to have been born at Dunse, 
in Berwickshire, or Dunstance, in North- 
umberland (1265- 1 30 8). 

N.B.— John Scotus, called Erigena 



308 



DUPRE. 

("Erin-born"), is quite another per* 
son (*-886). Erigena is sometimes called 
" Scotus the Wise," and lived four cen- 
turies before " The Subtle Doctor." 

Dun-Shmmer {Augustus), a pen- 
name of professor William Edmonstoune 
Aytoun, in Blackwood's Magazine (18x3- 
1865). 

Dunsmore Cross or High Cross, the 
centre of England. 

Hence, Muse, divert thy course to Dunsmore, by that 

cross 
Where those two mighty ways, the Watling and the 

Foss, 
Our centre seem to cut. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Dunstable {Downright), plain speak- 
ing ; blunt honesty of speech ; calling a 
spade a spade, without euphemism. 
Other similar phrases are Plain Dunstable; 
Dunstable way, etc., in allusion to the 
proverb, "As plain as Dunstable high- 
way." — Howell: Epist. Howel., 2 ; Florio, 
Diet., 17, 85. 

That's flat, sir, as you may say, " downright Dun- 
Stable."— Mrs. Oliphant: Phoebe, Jun., ii. 3. 

Buns'tan {St), patron saint of gold- 
smiths and jewellers. He was a smith, 
and worked up all sorts of metals in his 
cell near Glastonbury Church. It was in 
this cell that, according to legend, Satan 
had a gossip with the saint, and Dunstan 
caught his sable majesty by the nose with 
a pair of red-hot forceps. 

Dnxithal'mo, lord of Teutha (the 
Tweed). He went "in his pride against 
Rathmor" chief of Clutha (the Clyde), 
but being overcome, " his rage arose," and 
he went "by night with his warriors" 
and slew Rathmor in his banquet-hall. — 
Ossian : Calthon and Cohnal. 

'.' For the rest of the tale, see 
Calthon, p. 170. 

Dupely {Sir Charles), a man who 
prided himself on his discernment of 
character, and defied any woman to en- 
tangle him in matrimony ; but he mistook 
lady Bab Lardoon, a votary of fashion, 
for an unsophisticated country maiden, 
and proposed marriage to her. 

"I should like to see the woman," he says, "that 
could entangle me. . . . Show me a woman . . . and 
at the first glance I will discover the whole extent of 
her artifice. "—Burgoync: The Maid of the Oaks, i. i. 

Dupre [Du-pra/], a servant of M. 
Darlemont, who assists his master in 
abandoning Julio count of Harancour 
(his ward) in the streets of Paris, for the 
sake of becoming possessor of his ward's 
property. Dupre" repents and confesses 
the crime. — Holiroft : The Deaf and 
Dumb (1785). 



DURANDAU 

Dnran'dal, the sword of Orlando, 
the workmanship of fairies. So admirable 
was its temper that it would " cleave the 
Pyrenees at a blow. " — Ariosto: Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Durandar'te (4 syl.), a knight who 
fell at Roncesvalles (4 syl. ). Durandarte 
loved Belerma, whom he served for seven 
years, and was then slain ; but in dying 
le requested his cousin Montesi'nos to 
ake his heart to Belerma. 



3°9 



Sweet In manners, fair In favour, 
Mild in temper, fierce in fight. 



Lewis. 



Dur'den (Dame), a notable country 
gentlewoman, who kept five men-servants 
"to use the spade and flail," and five 
women-servants " to carry the milken- 
pnil. " The five men loved the five maids. 
Their names were — 

Moll and Bet, and Doll and Kate, and Dorothy Draggle- 
tail ; 

John and Dick, and Joe and Jack, and Humphrey with 
his flaiL 

A WeU-knvwn Glee. 

(In Bleak House, by C. Dickens, Esther 
Summerson is playfully called "Dame 
Durden.") 

Duretete (Captain), a rather heavy 
gentleman, who takes lessons of gallantry 
from his friend, young MirabeL Very 
bashful with ladies, and for ever sparring 
with Bisarre, who teases him unmerci- 
fully [Dure-tait, Be-zar*]. — Farquhar : 
The Inconstant (170a). 

Durinda'na, Orlando's sword, given 
him by his cousin Malagi'gi. This 
sword and the horn Olifant were buried 
at the feet of the hero. 

U Charlemagne's sword "Joyeuse" 
was also buried with him, and " Tiz'ona " 
was buried with the Cick 

Duroti'ges. Below the Hedui (those 
of Somersetshire) came the Durotiges, 
sometimes called Morlni. Their capital 
was Du'rlnum (Dorchester), and their 
territory extended to VindSl'ia (Portland 
Isle). — Richard of Cirencester : Ancient 
State of Britain, vi. 15. 

The Durotiges on the Dorsotlan sand. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Durward (Quentin), hero and title 
of a novel by sir W. Scott. Quentin 
Durward is a nephew of Ludovic Lesly 
(surnamed Le Balafre). He enrolls him- 
self in the Scottish guard, a company 
of archers in the pay of Louis XI. at 
Plessis 16s Tours, and saves the king in 
a boar-hunt. When Liege is assaulted 
by insurgents, Quentin Durward and the 



DWARF. 

countess Isabelle de Croye escape on 
horseback. The countess publicly refuses 
to marry the due d'Orleans, and ultimately 
marries the young Scotchman. 

Dusronnal, one of the two steeds 
of Cuthullin general of the Irish tribes. 
The other was "Sulin-Sifadda" (q.v.). 

Before the left side of the car is seen the snorting 
horse 1 The thin-maned, high-headed, strong-hoofed, 
fleet-bounding son of the hill : His name is Dusronrral, 
among the stormy sons of the sword ! . . . the \two\ 
steeds like wreaths of mist fly over the streamy vales ! 
The wildness of deer is in their course, the strength of 
eagles descending on the prey.— Ossian : Fingal, i. 

Dutch School of painting, noted for 
its exactness of detail and truthfulness. 

F or portraits : Rembrandt, Bol, Flinek, 
Hals, and Vanderhelst. 

For conversation pieces : Gerhard Douw, 
Terburg, Metzu, Mieris, and Netscher. 

For low life: Ostade, Brouwer or 
Brauwer, and Jan Steen. 

For landscapes: Ruysdael, Hobbftner, 
Cuyp, Vandermeer {moonlight scenes), 
Berghem, and Both (brothers). 

For battle scenes : Wouvermans and 
Huchtenburg. 

For marine pieces : Vanderrelde (father 
and son) and Bakhuysen. 

For still life and flowers : Kale, A. van 
Utrecht, Van Huysum, and Van Heem. 

Dutton (Mrs. Dolly), dairy-maid to 
the duke of Argyll. — Sir W. Scott: 
Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Duty of Man ( The Complete), by H. 
Venn(i764).— The Whole Duty of Man, 
author unknown (1659). 

•.• Venn's book is a supplement to 
The Whole Duty of Man. 

DWARF. The following are cele- 
brated dwarfs of real life : — 

ALLEN (Thomas). Height 39 inches at the ag« of 
35. Exhibited with " lady Morgan " in 1781. 

ANDROMEDA, 3 feet 4 inches. One of Julia's free 
maids. 

ARIS'TRATOS, the poet. "So small," says Athenaeos, 
"that no one couH see him." 

Beb6 (2 syl.), 2 feet 9 inches. The dwarf of Stanislas 
king of Poland (died 1764, aged 23). Real name Nicho- 
las Ferry. 

Boruwlaski (Count Joseph), 3 feet 4 inches. 
Died aged 98 (1 739-1837). He had a brother and 
* sister both dwarfs. 

BUCKINGER (Afatthew), who had no arms or legs, 
but fins from the shoulders. He could draw, write, 
thread needles, and play the hautboy. Facsimiles of 
his writing are preserved among the Harleian MSS. 
(born 1674-*). 

Che-MaH, the Chinese, 25 inches, weight 52 lbs. 
Exhibited in London, 1880, at the age of 40. 

COLO'URI (Prince), of Sleswig, 25 inches, weight 
25 lbs. (1851). 

CONOPAS, 2 feet 4 inches. One of the dwarfs of 
Julia, niece of Augustus. 

COPPERNIN, the dwarf of the princess of Wales, 
mother of George III. The last court -dwarf in Eng- 
land. 

CKACHAMI (Carvline), a Sicilian, born at Palermo 



DWARF. 



310 



DYSMAS. 



ao Inches. Her skeleton is preserved in Hunter's 
Museum (1814-1824). 

Davit. (See below, Strasse.) 

Decker or DUCKER (John), 2 feet 6 inches. An 
Englishman (1610). 

DESSEASAU (Chevalier), noted for his inordinate 
vanity. He died in 1775, at the age of 70. 

Fairy Queen ( The). Exhibited at the Cosmorama 
Rooms, Regent Street, in 1850. Height 16 inches, 
length of toot 2 inches, weight 4 lbs., at the age of 16 
months. Seated beside a man's hat, she did not reach 
to the brim. 

Farrel (Owen), 3 feet 9. inches. Born at Cavan. 
He was of enormous strength (died 1742)., 

FERRY (Nicholas). (See above, BEBE.) 
. Gibson (Richard) and his wife Anne Shepherd. 
Neither of them 4 feet. Gibson was a noted portrait- 
painter, and a page of the back-stairs in the court of 
Charles I. The king honoured the wedding with his 
presence ; and they had nine children (1615-1690). 
Design or chance makes others wive, 
But Nature did this match contrive. 

Waller (1642). 

HAUPMAN (John). Height 36 inches. Exhibited 
with Nannette Stocker, in 1815. 

HUDSON (Sir Geoffrey), 18 inches. He was born at 
Oakham, in Rutlandshire (1619-1678). Dwarf of queen 
Henrietta Maria. 

Jarvis (John). Height 24 inches. Page of honour 
to Queen Mary. Died 1560, at the age of 57. 

LOLKES \Wybrand). Height 27 inches, weight 
56 lbs. Exhibited at Astley's in 1790. 

LUCIUS, 2 feet, weight 17 lbs. The dwarf of the 
emperor Augustus. 

Midgets (The). Exhibited in London, 1881. Lucia 
Zarate, height 20 inches, weight 4! lbs, age 18; general 
Mite, height 21 inches, weight 9 lbs, age 17. 

MORGAN (Lady), the celebrated Windsor fairy. 
Height 36 inches at the age of 40. Introduced to 
George III. in 1781. 

Paap (Simon), the Dutch dwarf. Height 28 inches, 
weight 27 lbs. Exhibited in England in 1815. 

PHILE'TAS, a poet so thin that "he wore leaden 
shoes to prevent being blown away by the wind" 
(died B.C. 280). 

PHILIPS (Calvin) weighed less than a lbs. His 
thighs were not thicker than a man's thumb. He was 
born at Bridgewater, Massachusetts, in 1791. 

Ritchie (David), 3 feet 6 inches. Native of Tweed- 
dale. 

STOCKER (Nannette). Height 33 inches. Exhibited 
in London in 1815. 

SOUVRAY (Therese), described by Virey. 

STOBERIN (C. H.) of Nuremberg was less than 
3 feet at the age of 20. His father, mother, brother* 
and sisters were all under the medium height. 

Strasse Davit Family (The). Man 20 inches 
high, woman 18 inches, child (at 17 years of age) only 
6 inches. Embalmed in the chemical library of Rastadt. 

Teresia (Mde.), a Corsican. Height 34 inches, 
weight 27 lbs. Exhibited in London in 1773. 

THUMB (General Tom). His real name was Charles 
S. Stratton; 25 inches, weight 25 lbs. at the age of 
25. Born at Bridgeport, Connecticut, United States, 
in 1838. Exhibited in London in 1844. He died in 
Massachusetts in 1883, aged 45. He married little 
Betty Bump, who was exhibited under the name of 
Lavinia Warren. She was left a widow in 1883, and 
in 1885 married count Prirno Magri, who was 32 inches 
in height. 

Thumb (Tom), 2 feet 4 inches. A Dutch dwarf, 
master of four languages. 

WANMER (Lucy). Height 30 Inches, weight 45 lbs. 
at the age of 53. Exhibited In 1801. 

WORM BERG (John). Height 31 inches at the age 
efsS. In the Hanoverian period. 

XIT, the royal dwarf of Edward VI. 

N.B.— Nicephorus Callistus tells us of an Egyptian 
dwarf " not bigger than a partridge." 

Dwarf ( The) of lady Clerimond was 
named Pac'olet He had a winged horse, 
which carried off Valentine, Orson, and 
Clerimond from the dungeon of Ferragus 
to the palace of king Pepin ; and subse- 
quently carried Valentine to the palace 



of Alexander, his father, emperor of 
Constantinople. — Valentine and Orson 
(fifteenth century). 

Dwarf ( The Black), a fairy of malig- 
nant propensities, and considered the 
author of all the mischief of the neigh- 
bourhood. In sir Walter Scott's novel 
so called, this imp is introduced under 
various aliases, as sir Edward Manley, 
Elshander the Recluse, Cannie Elshie, and 
the Wise Wight of Micldestane Moor. 

Dwarf Alberich, the guardian of 
the Nibelungen hoard. He is twice van- 
quished by Siegfried, who gets possession 
of his cloak of invisibility, and makes 
himself master of the hoard. — The Nibe- 
lungen Lied (twelfth century). 

Dwarf Peter, an allegorical ro- 
mance by Ludwig Tieck. The dwarf is 
a castle spectre, who advises and aids the 
family ; but all his advice turns out evil, 
and all his aid is productive of trouble. 
The dwarf is meant for " the law in our 
members, which wars against the law of 
our minds, and brings us into captivity to 
the law of sin." 

Dwining {Henbane), a pottingar or 

apothecary.— Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

"Dying Christian to his Soul 

(The)," an ode by Pope (1712). In 
some measure suggested by Hadrian's 
famous Latin verses — 

Animula, vagula, blandula, 
Hospes comesque corporis, 

?use nunc abibis in loca, 
allida, rigida, nudula. 
Brief-living, blithe-little, fluttering spright, 
Comrade and guest in this body of clay. 
Whither, ah ! whither departing in flight, 
Rigid, half-naked, pale minion away ? 

E.C.B. 

Dying Sayings (real or tradi- 
tional). (See Dictionary of Phrase and 
Fable, pp. 395~39 8 -) 

Dyot Street (Bloomsbury Square, 
London), now called George Street, St. 
Giles. The famous song, " My Lodging 
is in Heather Lane," is in Bombastes 
Furioso, by T. B. Rhodes (1790). 

My lodging is in Heather Lane, 

In a parlour that's next to the sky, etc 

Dys'colus, Moroseness personified in 
The' Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher 
(1633). " He nothing liked or praised." 
Fully described in canto viii. (Greek, 
duskdlos, " fretful.") 

Dysmas, Dismas, or Demas, the 
penitent thief crucified with our Lord, 



EAD BURGH. 



3» 



EBLIS. 



The impenitent thief is called Gesmas or 
Gestas. 

Alt* petit Dismas, infelix infima Gesmas. 

Part of a Charm. 
To paradise thief Dismas went, 
But Gesmas died impenitent. 

B.C.B. 



Eadbnrgh, daughter of Edward the 
Elder, king of England, and Eadgifu his 
wife. When three years old, her father 
placed on the child some rings and brace- 
lets, and showed her a chalice and a book 
of the Gospels, asking which she would 
have. The child chose the chalice and 
book, and Edward was pleased that "the 
child would be a daughter of God." She 
became a nun, and lived and died in 
Winchester. 

Eagle {The), ensign of the Roman 
legion. Before the Cimbrian war, the 
wolf, the horse, and the boar were also 
borne as ensigns ; but Marius abolished 
these, and retained the eagle only, hence 
called emphatically "The Roman Bird." 

Eagle {The Theban), Pindar, a native 
of Thebes (B.C. 518-442). 

Eagle of Brittany, Bertrand Du- 
gueschn, constable of France (1320-1380). 

Eagle of Divines, Thomas Aqui'- 
nas ( 1 224-1274). 

Eagle Of Means [Mo], Jacques 
B6nigne Bossuet, bishop of Meaux (1627- 
1704). 

Eagle of the Doctors of France, 

Pierre d'Ailly, a great astrologer, who 
maintained that the stars foretold the 
great flood (1350-1425). 

EarnsclifF {Patrick), the young laird 
of Earnscliff.— Sir W. Scott The Black 
Dwarf {time, Anne). 

Earthly Paradise ( The), a poem by 
William Morris (1868). In imitation of 
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Certain 
Norwegians, having heard of the earthly 
paradise, set sail to discover it, and 
beguile the time by telling mythological 
tales. The tales are in various metres. 
There are also short odes on the months. 

East Lynne, a novel by Mrs. Henry 
Wood (1861). 



East Saxons or Essex, capital 
Colchester, founded by Erchinwin. 
Sebert began to reign in Essex in 604. 
According to tradition, where West- 
minster Abbey now stands was a heathen 
temple to Apollo, which Sebert either 
converted into a church called St. Peter's, 
or pulled down and erected a church so 
called on the same site. 

. . . from the loins of Erchinwin (who raised 
Th' East Saxons' kingdom first) brave Sebert may ba 

praised, 
[ ffho] began the goodly church of Westminster t • rear. 
DrayUn : Polyolbion, xi. (1613). 

Eastbnry Honse (Barking), said to 
be the place where the conspirators con- 
cerned in the Gunpowder Plot held their 
meetings ; and where they hoped, from a 
high tower, to see the result of their plot. 
It is also said that lord Monteagle re- 
sided there when he received the letter 
advising him not to attend the parliament 
which God and man would hold accursed. 

Eastward Hoe, a comedy by Chap- 
man, Marston, and Ben Jonson. For 
this drama the three authors were im- 
prisoned "for disrespect to their sovereign 
lord king James I." (1605). (See West- 
ward Hoe.) 

Easy {Sir Charles), a man who hated 
trouble ; " so lazy, even in his pleasures, 
that he would rather lose the woman of 
his pursuit, than go through any trouble 
in securing or keeping her." He says 
he is resolved in future to "follow no 
pleasure that rises above the degree of 
amusement." " When once a woman 
comes to reproach me with vows, and 
usage, and such stuff, I would as soon 
hear her talk of bills, bonds, and eject- 
ments ; her passion becomes as trouble- 
some as a law-suit, and I would as soon 
converse with my solicitor " (act iii.). 

Lady Easy, wife of sir Charles, who 
dearly loves him, and knows all his 
"naughty ways," but never shows the 
slightest indication of ill temper or 
jealousy. At last she wholly reclaims 
him. — Cibber : The Careless Husband 
(1704). 

Eatanswill Gazette, the persistent 
opponent of the Eatanswill Independent. 
— Dickens : Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Eberson {Earl), the young son of 
William de la Marck " The Wild Boar of 
Ardennes." — Sir W. Scott : Quentin Dur- 
ward (time, Edward IV.). 

Eblis, monarch of the spirits of evil. 
Once an angel of light, but, refusing to 
worship Adam, he lost his high estate. 



EBON SPEAR. 



3" 



ECKHART. 



Beiore his fall he was called Aza'zel. 
The Koran says, "When We [God] said 
unto the angels, 'Worship Adam,' they 
all worshipped except Eblis, who refused 
. . . and became of the number of un- 
believers* (ch. ii.). 

His person was that of a young man, whose noble and 
regular features seemed to have been tarnished by 
malignant vapours. In his large eyes appeared both 
pride and despair. His flowing hair retained some 
resemblance to that of an angel of light. In his hand 
(which thunder had blasted) he swayed the iron sceptre 
that causes the afrits and all the powers of the abyss to 
tremble.— Beckford : Vathek (1784). 

Ebon Spear {Knight of the), Brito- 
mart, daughter of king Ryence of Wales. 
— Spenser :„ Faerie Queene, iii. (1590). 

Ebony, a punning appellation given 
by James Hogg to William Blackwood, 
publisher of Blackwood 's Magazine. 

And I looked, and behold a man clothed in plain 
apparel stood in the door of his house ; and I saw his 
name . . . and his name as it had been the colour of 
ebony.— J. Hogg: The Chaldee MS. (1817). 

Ebrauc, son of Mempric (son of 
Guendfilen and Madden) mythical king 
of England. He built Kaer-brauc [ York], 
about the time that David reigned in 
Judaea. — Geoffrey: British History, ii. 7 
(1 142). 

By Ebrauk's powerful hand 
York lifts her towers aloft. 

Drayton : PolyolHon, tUL (i6xa). 

Ebu'dEB, the Hebrides. 

Ecce Homo, a theological work 
attributed to professor Seeley, the object 
being to show the humanity of Jesus 
(1865). 

Ecclesiastes {The Book of), one of 
the poetical books of the Old Testament, 
the object of which is to show that only 
holiness and submission to the will of 
God will secure happiness. 

Wisdom and pleasure will not ensure happiness (chs. 
i., ii.) ; nor will industry and the performance of one's 
duties (chs. iii., iv.) ; nor yet riches and prosperity 
(chs. v., vi.). 

Ecclesiastical History {The 

Father of), Eusebius of Caesarea (264- 

34°)- 

V His Historia Ecclesiastica, in ten 
books, begins with the birth of Christ and 
concludes with the defeat of Licinius by 
Constantine, A.D. 324. 

Ecclesiastical Folitie {The Laws 
of), by Richard Hooper, in four books 
(1594). Four other books were subse- 
quently added. 

Ecclesiasticns, one of the books of 
the "Apocrypha." 

Ecb.epb.ron, an old soldier, who 
rebuked the advisers of king Picrochole 
(3 *yl> )» by relating to them the fable of 



The Man and his Ha'p'orth of Milk. 
The fable is as follows : — 

A shoemaker bought a ha'p'orth of milk ; with this he 
was going to make butter ; the butter was to buy a 
cow ; the cow was to have a calf ; the calf was to be 
changed for a colt ; and the man was to become a 
nabob ; only he cracked his jug, spilt his milk, and went 
supperless to bed.— Rabelais : Pantagruel, L 33 (1533). 

"IT This fable is told in the Arabian 
Nights («« The Barber's Fifth Brother, 
Alnaschar "). Lafontaine has put it into 
verse, Perrette et le Pot au Lait. Dodsley 
has the same, The Milk-maid and her 
Pail of Milk. 

Ecb.0, in classic poetry, is a female, 
and in English also ; but in Ossian echo 
is called "the son of the rock." — Songs 
of Selma. 

Echo Verses on Juan of Austria. 
Juan was brought up by Louis Quixada 
of the imperial household, and till the 
age of 14 was supposed to be his son; 
but Philip II. said to the lad, "You 
have the same father that I have, the 
emperor Charles (V.)." Barbara Blom- 
berg, a washer-woman of Ratisbon, was 
said to have been his mother ; but Barbara 
told him it was a great mistake to suppose 
that Charles (V.) was his father. 

Sed ad Austriacum nostrum redeamus: 

Echo eamus: 

Hunc Caesaris filium esse satis est notum ; 

Echo Nothumt* 

Muld tamen de ejus patref dubitavere. 

Echo vere, 

Cujus ergo filium eum dlcunt Itall 

Echo /tali, t 

Verum mater satis est nota in nostra republics ; 

Echo ptiblicag 

Imo hactenus egi t in Brabantia ter vo vere, 

Echo hoere, 

Crimen est nl frui amplexu Csesaris tarn gener&si. 

Echo esi, 

Plurlbus ergo usa in vita est ; 

Echo ita est; 
Sed post Caesaris congressum nos Tere ante. 

Echo ante, 

Tace garrula, ne late quippiam loquare. 

Echo quare f 

Nescis qua poena affidendum dixerit Belgium insignef 

Echo ignet 

Vers Satiriques contra Don Jean SAutricXi 

(MS. Bibl. de Bourg., 17, 524). 
• " Nothum " of Barbara Blomberg. 

I" Patre," Charles V. 
" Itali " [and] a mechanic of Ratisbon. 

To the mere English reader the follow- 
ing will give an idea of what Echo said :— 

But let us to our hero now return : 

Echo return : 

Some have maintained he was of Caesar's race born, 

Echo base born. 

And if not Caesar's self, yet of his family. 

Echo a lie. 

Etc etc. etc 

EckTiart {The Faithful), a good 
servant, who perishes to save his master's 
children from the mountain fiends. — Louis 
Tieck. 

(Carlyle has translated this tale into 
English.) 



ECLECTA. 

Eclecta, the " Elect " personified in 
The Purple Island, by Phineas Flet- 
cher. She is the daughter of Intellect 
and Violetta {free-will); and ultimately 
becomes the bride of Jesus Christ, "the 
bridegroom" (canto xii., 1633). 

But let the Kentish lad [Phineas Fletchcr\ 
. . . that sung and crowned 
Eclecta's hymen with ten thousand flowers 
Of choicest praise ... be the sweet pipe. 

G. FUtchtr: Christ 's Triumph, etc. (1610). 

Eclipses Utilized. Thales (2 syl.) 
brought about peace between the Medes 
and Lydians by his knowledge of eclipses. 

^f Columbus procured provisions from 
the people of Jamaica by his foreknow- 
ledge of an eclipse. 

Ecne'phia, a hurricane, similar to the 
typhoon. 

The circling Typhon, whirled from point to point . . . 
And dire Ecnephia reign. 

Thomson : The Seasons {" Summer," 1727). 

ifcole des Femmes, a comedy of 
Moliere, the plot of which is borrowed 
from the novelletti of Ser Giovanni (1378). 

Ector {Sir), "lord of many parts of 
England and Wales, and foster-father of 
prince Arthur." His son, sir Key or Kay, 
was seneschal or steward of Arthur when 
he became king. — Sir T. Malory: History 
of Prince Arthur, i. 3 (1470). 

N.B. — Sir Ector and sir Ector de Maris 
are two distinct persons. 

Ector de Maris {Sir), brother "of 
sir Launcelot" of Benwick, i.e. Brittany. 

Then sir Ector threw his shield, his sword, and his 
helm from him, and ... he fell down in a swoon ; and 
when he awaked, it were hard for any tongue to tell 
the doleful complaints [lamentations} that he made for 
his brother. " Ah, sir Launcelot," said he, " head of 
all Christian knights!" . . . etc.— Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, 11L 176 (1470). 

Eden {The Garden of). There is a 
region of Bavaria so called, because, like 
Eden, it-is watered by four streams, viz. 
the White Maine, the Eger, the Saale, 
and the Naab. 

.•In the Koran the word Eden means 
" everlasting abode." Thus in ch. ix. we 
read, "God promiseth to true believers 
gardens of perpetual abode," literally, 
"gardens of Eden." 

Eden, in America. A dismal swamp, 
the climate of which generally proved 
fatal to the poor dupes who were induced 
to settle there through the swindling 
transactions of general Scadder and 
general Choke. So dismal and dan- 
gerous was the place, that even Mark 
Tapley was satisfied to have found ni last 
a place where he could "come out jolly 



313 EDGAR. 

with credit." — Dickens: Marttn Chusxle- 
wit (1844). 

Eden of Germany {Das Eden Deutsch- 
lands). Baden is so called on account of 
its mountain scenery, its extensive woods, 
its numerous streams, its mild climate, 
and its fertile soil. The valley of Treisam, 
in the grandduchy, is locally called " Hell 
Valley" {Hollenthall). Between this and 
the lake Constance lies what is called 
" The Kingdom of Heaven." 

Edenhall {The Luck of), an old 
painted goblet, left by the fairies on St. 
Cuthbert's Well in the garden of Eden- 
hall. The superstition is that if ever this 
goblet is lost or broken, there will be no 
more luck in the family. The goblet 
came into the possession of sir Christopher 
Musgrave, bart., Edenhall, Cumberland. 
(Longfellow has a ppera on The Luck 
of Edenhall, translated from Uhland.) 

EDGAR (959-975), " king of all the 
English," was not crowned till he had 
reigned thirteen years (a.d. 973). Then 
the ceremony was performed at Bath. 
After this he sailed to Chester, and eight 
of his vassal kings came with their fleets 
to pay him homage, and swear fealty to 
him by land and sea. The eight are 
Kenneth {king of Scots), Malcolm {of 
Cumberland), Maccus {of the Isles), and 
five Welsh princes, whose names were 
Dufnal, Siferth, Huwal, Jacob, and 
Juchil. The eight kings rowed Edgar 
in a boat (while he acted as steersman) 
from Chester to St. John's, where they 
offered prayer, and then returned. 

At Chester, while he [Edgar] lived, at more than kingly 

charge, 
Eight tributary kings there rowed him in his barge. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 

Edgar, son of Gloucester, and his 
lawful heir. He was disinherited by 
Edmund, natural son of the earl. — Shake- 
speare: King Lear (1605). 

'.• This was one of the characters of 
Robert Wilks (1670-1732), and also of 
Charles Kemble (1774-1854). 

Edgar, master of Ravenswood, son of 
Allan of Ravenswood (a decayed Scotch 
nobleman). Lucy Ashton, being attacked 
by a wild bull, was saved by Edgar, who 
shot it ; and the two, falling in love with 
each other, plighted their mutual troth, and 
exchanged love-tokens at the "Mermaid's 
Fountain." While Edgar was absent in 
France on State affairs, sir William Ash- 
ton, being deprived of his office as lord 
keeper, was induced to promise his daugh- 
ter Lucy in marriage to Frank HaystOB 



EDGAR. 3x4 

laird of Bucklaw, and they were married ; 
but next morning, Bucklaw was found 
wounded, and the bride hidden in the 
chimney-corner, insane. Lucy died in 
convulsions, but Bucklaw recovered and 
went abroad. Edgar was lost in the quick- 
sands at Kelpies Flow, in accordance with 
an ancient prophecy. — Sir W. Scott: 
Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.). 
• . * In the opera, Edgar is made to stab 
himself. 

Edgar, an attendant on prince Robert 
of Scotland.— Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Edgardo, master of Ravenswood, in 
love with Lucia di Lammermoor {Lucy 
Ashton], While absent in France on 
State affairs, the lady is led to believe 
him faithless, and consents to marry the 
laird of Bucklaw ; but she stabs him on 
the bridal night, goes mad, and dies. 
Edgardo also stabs himself. — Donixetti : 
Lucia di Lammermoor (1835). 

N.B.— In the novel called The Bride of 
Lammermoor, by sir W. Scott, Edgar is 
lost in the quicksands at Kelpies Flow, in 
accordance with an ancient prophecy. 

E&geworth (L'Abbe'), who attended 
Louis XVI. to the scaffold, was called 
" Mons. de Firmount," a corruption of 
Fairymount, in Longford (Ireland), where 
the Edgeworths had extensive domains. 

Edging {Mistress), a prying, mischief- 
making waiting-woman, in The Careless 
Husband, by Colley Cibber (1704). 

Edi'na, a poetical form of the word 
Edinburgh. It was first employed by 
Buchanan (1506-1582). 

And pale Edina shuddered at the sound. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Edinburgh, a corruption of Edwins- 
burg, the fort built by Edwin king ol 
Northumbria (616-633). 

■.* Dun-Edin or Dunedin is a mere 
translation of Edinburgh. Dun = berg 
= hill. Edwinstowe, or Edwin's seat. 

Edinburgh Review ( The), started 
in 1 802 by Francis Jeffrey (afterwards 
lord Jeffrey) and others. 

EDITH, daughter of Baldwin the 
tutor of Rollo and Otto dukes of Nor- 
mandy. — Beaumont : The Bloody Brother 
(published 1639). 

Edith, the "maid of Lorn" {Argyll- 
shire), was on the point of being married 
to lord Ronald, when Robert, Edward, 
ond Isabel Bruce sought shelter at the 



EDWARD. 

castle. Edith's brother recognized Robert 
Bruce, and, being in the English interest, 
a quarrel ensued. The abbot refused to 
marry the bridal pair amidst such discord. 
Edith fled, and in the character of a page 
had many adventures ; but at the restora- 
tion of peace after the battle of Bannock- 
burn, she was duly married to lord Ronald. 
— Sir W. Scott: Lord of the Isles (1815). 

Edith {The lady), mother of Athel- 
stane "the Unready" (thane of Con- 
ingsburgh). — Sir W. Scott : Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I. ). 

Edith Granger, daughter of the 
hon. Mrs. Skewton, married at the age 
of t 8 to colonel Granger of "Ours," who 
died within two years, when Edith and 
her mother lived as adventuresses. Edith 
became Mr. Dombey's second wife ; but 
the marriage was altogether an unhappy 
one, and she eloped with Mr. Carker to 
Dijon, where she left him, having taken 
this foolish step merely to annoy her 
husband for the slights to which he had 
subjected her. On leaving Carker, Edith 
went to live with her cousin Feenix, in the 
south of England. — Dickens: Dombey and 
Son (1846). 

Edith Plantagenet {The lady), 
called "The Fair Maid of Anjou," a 
kinswoman of Richard I., and attendant 
on queen Berenga'ria. She married 
David earl of Huntingdon (prince royal 
of Scotland), and is introduced by sir W. 
Scott in The Talisman (1825). 

Edmund, natural son of the earl 

of Gloucester. Both Goneril and Regan 
(daughters of king Lear) were in love 
with him. Regan, on the death of her 
husband, designed to marry Edmund, 
but Goneril, out of jealousy, poisoned her 
sister Regan. — Shakespeare: i\in% Lear 
(1605). 

Edo'nian Band {The), the priest- 
esses and other ministers of Bacchus ; so 
called from Edo'nus, a mountain of 
Thrace, where the rites of the wine-god 
were celebrated. 

Accept the rites your bounty well may claim, 
Nor heed the scoffings of th Edonian band. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Edric, a domestic at Hereward's 
barracks.— Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

EDWARD, brother of Hereward (3 
syl. ) the Varangian guard. He was slain 
in battle.— Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 



EDWARD. 

Edward (Sir). He commits a murder, 
and keeps a narrative of the transaction 
in an iron chest. Wilford, a young man 
who acts as his secretary, was one day 
caught prying into this chest, and sir 
Edward's first impulse was to kill him ; 
but on second thoughts he swore the 
young man to secrecy, and told him the 
story of the murder. Wilford, unable to 
live under the suspicious eye of his 
master, ran away ; but was hunted down 
by sir Edward, and accused of robbery. 
The whole transaction now became public, 
and Wilford was acquitted. — Colman : 
The Iron Chest (1796). 

(This drama is based on Goodwin's 
novel of Caleb Williams. "Williams" 
is called Wilford in the drama, and 
M Falkland " sir Edward Mortimer. ) 

Sowerby, whose mind was always in a ferment, was 
wont to commit the most ridiculous mistakes. Thus 
when "sir Edward" says to "Wilford," "You may 
have noticed in my library a chest," he transposed the 
words thus: "You may have noticed in my chest a 
library," and the house was convulsed with laughter. — 
Russell : Representative Actors (appendix). 

Edward II., a tragedy by C. Mar- 
lowe (1592), imitated by Shakespeare in 
his Richard II. (1597). Probably most 
readers would prefer Marlowe's noble 
tragedy to Shakespeare's. 

Edward IV. of England, introduced 
by sir W. Scott in his novel entitled Anne 
of ' Geier stein (1829). 

Edward the Black Prince, a 

tragedy by W. Shirley (1640). The sub- 
ject of this drama is the victory of 
Poitiers. 

Yes, Philip lost the battle [Cressyl with the odds 
Of three to one. In this [Poitiers] . . . 
They have our numbers more than twelve times told. 
If we can trust report. 

Act iii. sc a. 

Edward Street (Cavendish Square, 
London) is so called from Edward 
second earl of Oxford and Mortimer. 
(See Henrietta Street.) 

Ed'widge, wife of William Tell.— 
Rossini: Guglielmo Tell (1829). 

Edwin " the minstrel," a youth living 
in romantic seclusion, with a great thirst 
for knowledge. He lived in Gothic days 
in the north countrie, and fed his flocks 
on Scotia's mountains. 

And yet poor Edwin was no vulgar boy. 
Deep thought oft seemed to fix his infant eye. 

Dainties he heeded not, nor gaude, nor toy, 
Save one short pipe of rudest minstrelsy ; 

Silent when glad, affectionate, yet shy ; . . . 

And now he laughed aloud, yet none knew why. 

The neighbours stared and sighed, yet blessed the lad : 

Some deemed him wondrous wise, and some believed 
him mad. 

: Th€ Minstrel, L (1737)- 



315 EFESO. 

Edwin and Angelina. Angelina 

was the daughter of a wealthy lord 
" beside the Tyne." Her hand was 
sought in marriage by many suitors, 
amongst whom was Edwin, "who had 
neither wealth nor power, but he had 
both wisdom and worth." Angelina 
loved him, but "trifled with him," and 
Edwin, in despair, left her, and retired 
from the world. One day, Angelina, in 
boy's clothes, asked hospitality at a 
hermit's cell ; she was kindly entertained, 
told her tale, and the hermit proved to 
be Edwin. From that hour they never 
parted more. — Goldsmith : The Hermit. 

A correspondent accuses me of having taken this 
ballad from The Friar of Orders Gray . . . but if 
there is any resemblance between the two, Mr. Percy's 
ballad is taken from mine. I read my ballad to Mr. 
Percy, and he told me afterwards that he had taken my 
plan to form the fragments of Shakespeare into a ballad 
of his own. — Signed, O. Goldsmith (1767). 

Two familiar lines are from this ballad — 

Man wants but little here below. 
Nor wants that little long. 

Edwin and Emma. Emma was a 
rustic beauty of Stanemore, who loved 
Edwin "the pride of swains;" but 
Edwin's sister, out of envy, induced his 
father, "a sordid man," to forbid any 
intercourse between Edwin and the 
cottage. Edwin pined away, and being 
on the point of death, requested he might 
be allowed to see Emma. She came and 
said to him, "My Edwin, live for me;' 
but on her way home she heard the death- 
bell toll. She just contrived to reach her 
cottage door, cried to her mother, " He's 
gone ! " and fell down dead at her feet. — 
Mallet : Edwin and Emma (a ballad). 

Ed'yrn, son of Nudd. He ousted the 
earl of Yn'iol from his earldom, and tried 
to win E'nid the earl's daughter ; but 
failing in this, he became the evil genius 
of the gentle earl. Ultimately, being sent 
to the court of king Arthur, he became 
quite a changed man — from a malicious 
"sparrow-hawk" he was converted into 
a courteous gentleman. — Tennyson : 
Idylls of the King ( ' ' Enid "). 

Eel. The best in the world are those 
of Ancum, a river in that division of 
Lincolnshire called Lindsey (the highest 
part). The best pike are from the 
Witham, in the division of Lincolnshire 
called Kesteven (in the west). 

As Kesteven doth boast her Wytham, so have I 
My Ancum . . . whose fame as far doth fly 
For fat and dainty eels, as her's doth for her pike. 
.Drayton: Polyolbion, xxv. (1623). 

Ef eso (St. ). a saint honoured in Pisa. 
He was a Roman officer [Ephesus] in the 



EGALITE*. 

service of Diocletian, whose reign was 
marked by a great persecution of the 
Christians. This Efeso or Ephesus was 
appointed to see the decree of the emperor 
against the obnoxious sect carried out in 
the island of Sardinia ; but being warned 
in a dream not to persecute the servants 
of the Lord, both he and his friend Potito 
embraced Christianity, and received a 
standard from Michael the archangel 
himself. On one occasion, being taken 
captive, St. Efeso was cast into a furnace 
ot fire, but received no injury ; whereas 
those who cast him in were consumed by 
the flames. Ultimately, both Efeso and 
Potito suffered martyrdom, and were 
buried in the island of Sardinia, When, 
however, that island^was conquered by 
Pisa in the eleventh century, the relics of 
the two martyrs were carried off and 
interred in the duomo of Pisa, and the 
banner of St. Efeso was thenceforth 
adopted as the national ensign of Pisa. 

Egalite {Philippe), the due d'Orleans, 
father of Louis Philippe king of the 
French. He himself assumed this ' * title " 
when he joined the revolutionary party, 
whose motto was " Liberty, Fraternity, 
and EgaUte"' (born 1747, guillotined 
1793)- 

Egerton (Audley), a statesman, the 
rival of Henry 1' Estrange for the love of 
Nora AveneL — Lord Lytton: My Novel 
(1853). 

Ege'ns (3 *yl.)t father of Her'mia. 
He summoned her before The'seus (2 syl.) 
duke of Athens, because she refused to 
marry Demetrius, to whom he had pro- 
mised her in marriage ; and he requested 
that she might either be compelled to 
marry him or else be dealt with " accord- 
ing to the law," i.e. "either to die the 
death," or else to " endure the livery of a 
nun, and live a barren sister all her life." 
Hermia refused to submit to an "un- 
wished yoke," and fled from Athens with 
Ly sander. Demetrius, seeing that Hermia 
disliked him but that Hel'ena doted on 
him, consented to abandon the one and 
wed the other. When Egeus was in- 
formed thereof, he withdrew his summons, 
and gave his consent to the union of his 
daughter with Lysander. — Shakespeare: 
Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 

*.• S. Knowles, in The Wife, makes 
the plot turn on a similar "law of 
marriage" (1833). 

E'gil, brother of Welani ; a great 
archer. One day, king Nidung com- 



3x6 EGYPT. 

manded hira to shoot at an apple placed 
on the head of his own son. Egil selected 
two arrows, and being asked why he 
wanted two, replied, " One to shoot thee 
with, O tyrant, if I fail." 

(This is one of the many stories similar 
to that of William Tell, q.v.) 

Egilo'na, the wife of Roderick last of 
the Gothic kings of Spain, She was very 
beautiful, but cold-hearted, vain, and 
fond of pomp. After the fall of Roderick 
Egilona married Abdal-Aziz, the Moorish 
governor of Spain ; and when Abdal- 
Aziz was killed by the Moorish rebels, 
Egilona fell also. . 

The popular rage 
Fell on them both ; and they to whom her name 
Had been a mark for mockery and reproach. 
Shuddered with human horror at her fate. 

Southey: Roderick, etc., xxii. (1814). 

Egla, a female Moor, servant to 
Amaranta (wife of Bar'tolus, the covetous 
lawyer). — Fletcher: The Spanish Curate 
(1622). Beaumont died 1616. 

E glamour (Sir) or sir Eglamorb 
of Artoys, a knight of Arthurian romance. 
Sir Eglamour and sir Pleindamour have 
no French original, although the names 
themselves are French. 

E glamour, the person who aids 
Silvia, daughter of the duke of Milan, 
in her escape. — Shakespeare: The Two 
Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 

Eglantine (3 syl.), daughter of king 
Pepin, and bride of her cousin Valentine 
(brother of Orson). She soon died. — 
Valentine and Orson (fifteenth century). 

Eglantine (Madame), the prioress ; 
good-natured, wholly ignorant of the 
world, vain of her delicacy of manner at 
table, and fond of lap-dogs. Her dainty 
oath was "By Seint Eloy!" She "en- 
tuned the service swetely in her nose," 
and spoke French "after the scole of 
Stratford-atte-Bowe. " — Chaucer: Can- 
terbury Tales (1388). 

Egypt. The head-gear of the king 
of Upper Egypt was a high conical white 
cap, terminating in a knob at the top. 
That of the king of Lower Egypt was 
red. If a king ruled over both countries, 
he wore both ^aps, Lut that of Lower 
Egypt was placed outside This com- 
posite head-dress was called the pschent. 

Egypt, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, means France. 

Proud Egypt would dissembling friendship bring, 
Foment the war, but not support the king. 

Part C lines 285, 386 (1681k 



EGYPTIAN DISPOSITION, 



3*7 



ELAINE. 



Egyptian Disposition (An), a 

thievish propensity, " gipsy " being a 
contracted form of Egyptian. 

I no sooner saw it was money . . . than my Egyptian 
disposition prevailed, and I was seized with a desire of 
stealing it.— Lesage : Gil Bias, x. 10 (1735). 

Egyptian Thief (The), Thyamis, a 
native of Memphis. Knowing he must 
die, he slew Chariclea, the woman he 
loved. 

Why should I not, had I the heart to do It, 
Like to t h' Egyptian thief at point of death, 
Kill what I love? 
Shakespeare : Twelfth Night, act t.sci (1(14). 

Eighth Wonder (The). When Gil 
Bias reached Pennaflor, a parasite entered 
his room in the inn, hugged him with 
great energy, and called him " the eighth 
wonder." When Gil Bias replied that he 
did not know his name had spread so far, 
the parasite exclaimed, ' ' How 1 we keep 
a register of all the celebrated names 
within twenty leagues, and have no doubt 
Spain will one day be as proud of you as 
Greece was of the seven sages." After 
this, Gil Bias could do no less than ask 
the man to sup with him. Omelet after 
omelet was despatched, trout was called 
for, bottle followed bottle, and when the 
parasite was gorged to satiety, he rose 
and said, " Signor Gil Bias, don't believe 
yourself to be the eighth wonder of the 
world because a hungry man would feast 
by flattering your vanity." So saying, 
he stalked away with a laugh. — Lesage: 
Gil Bias, i. 2(1715). 

(This incident is copied from Aleman's 
romance of Guzman d Alfarache, q-v.) 

Eikon Basil'ike (4 syl.), the por- 
traiture of a king (i.e. Charles I.), once 
attributed to king Charles himself; but 
now admitted to be the production of Dr. 
John Gauden, who (after the restoration) 
was first created bishop of Exeter, and 
then of Worcester (1605-1662). 

In the Eikon Basilikfa strain of majestic melancholy 
Is kept up, but the personated sovereign Is rather too 
theatrical for real nature, the language is too rhetorical 
and amplified, the periods too artificially elaborated.— 
Hallam : Literature 0/ Europe, iii. 66a. 

(Milton wrote his Eikonoclastis in 
answer to Dr. Gauden's Eikon Basiliki.) 

Einer'iar, the hall of Odin, and 
asylum of warriors slain in battle. It 
had 540 gates, each sufficiently wide to 
admit eight men abreast to pass through. 
—Scandinavian Mythology. 

Einion (Father), chaplain to Gwen- 
wyn prince of Powys-land. — Sir W. 
Scott : The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Eivir, a Danish maid, who assumes 



boy's clothing, and waits on Harold "the 
Dauntless," as his page. Subsequently, 
her sex is discovered, and Harold marries 
her.— Sir W. Scott: Harold the Daunt- 
less (1817). 

Elain, sister of king Arthur by the 
same mother. She married sir Nentres 
of Carlot, and was by king Arthur the 
mother of Mordred. (See Elein, p. 318. ) 
— Sir T, Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, i. (1470). 

N. B.— In some of the romances there is 
great confusion between Elain (the sister) 
and Morgause (the half-sister) of Arthur. 
Both are called the mother of Mordred, 
and both are also called the wife of Lot. 
This, however, is a mistake. Elain was 
the wife of sir Nentres, and Morgause of 
Lot ; and if Gawain, Agra wain, Gareth, 
and Gaheris were [half-]brothers of Mor- 
dred, as we are told over and over again, 
then Morgause and not Elain was his 
mother. Tennyson makes Bellicent the 
wife of Lot, but this is not in accordance 
with any of the legends collected by sir 
T. Malory. 

Elaine (Dame), daughter of king 
Pelles (2 syl.) "of the foragn country," 
and the unwedded mother of sir Galahad 
by sir Launcelot du Lac— Sir T. Malory : 
History of Prince Arthur, iii. 2 (1470). 

Elaine, daughter of king Brandeg'oris, 
by whom sir Bors de Ganis had a child. 

For all women was sir Bors a virgin, save for one, the 
daughter of king Brandegoris, on whom he had a child, 
hight Elaine ; save for her, sir Bors was a clean maid. 
— Sir T. Malory : History of Prince A rthur, iii. 4 (1470). 

*.* It is by no means clear from the 
history whether Elaine was the daughter 
of king Brandegoris, or the daughter of 
sir Bors and granddaughter of king 
Brandegoris. 

Elaine' (2 syl. ), the strong contrast of 
Guinevere. Guinevere's love for Launce- 
lot was gross and sensual, Elaine's was 
platonic and pure as that of a child ; but 
both were masterful in their strength. 
Elaine is called "the lily maid of As'- 
tolat" (Guildford), and knowing that 
Launcelot was pledged to celibacy, she 
pined and died. According to her dying 
request, her dead body was placed on a 
bed in a barge, and was thus conveyed 
by a dumb servitor to the palace of king 
Arthur. A letter was handed to the king, 
telling the tale of Elaine's love, and he 
ordered her story to be blazoned on her 
tomb. — Sir T. Malory: History of Princt 
Arthur, iii. 123 (1470). 

(One of Tennyson's /dyllsis " Elaine," 



ELAMITES, 



318 ELEVEN THOUSAND VIRGINS. 



El'amites (3 syl.), Persians. So 
called from Elam, son of Shem. — Acts 
ii. 9. 

El'berich, the most famous dwarf of 
German romance. — The Heldenbuch. 

El 'bow, a well-meaning but loutish 
constable. — Shakespeare: Measure for 
Measure (1603). 

Ellen Hole, in Derbyshire Peak, said 
to be fathomless. 

Elder Brother {The), a comedy by 
John Fletcher (1637). Charles is supposed 
to be wholly absorbed in books, but, at 
the first sight of Angelina, falls over head 
and ears in love. 

Elder Tree ( The). There are several 
legends connected with this tree : (1) It is 
said that the cross was made of elder 
wood ; (2) it is also said that Judas 
hanged himself on this tree. The two 
legends are closely linked together. If 
Judas hanged himself on an elder tree, no 
doubt the cross was the remote cause of 
his death. So, again, if the cross was of 
elder wood, it certainly brought about the 
death of Judas. Thus the accursed tree 
of Jesus was in reality the accursed tree 
of the traitor also. 

•..• Shakespeare, in Love's Labour's 
Lost, says, "Judas was hanged on an 
elder." 

Probably both are poetic symbols. Elder may be 
called the heartless wood. It was a heartless deed to 
crucify Jesus. And Judas was a heartless man to betray 
so good a Master. 

El Dora' do, the "golden city." So 
the Spaniards called Man'hoa of Guia'na. 
(See Dorado, El, p. 293. ) 

Guiana, whose great city Geryon's sons 
Call "El Dorado." 

Milton : Paradise Lost, xl. 411 (1665). 

El'eanor, queen-consort of Henry II., 
alluded to by the presbyterian minister in 
Woodstock, x. (1826). 

" Believe me, young man, thy servant was more likely 
to see visions than to dream idle dreams in that apart- 
ment ; for I have always heard that next to Rosamond's 
Bower, in which . . . she played the wanton, and was 
afterwards poisoned by queen Eleanor, Victor Lee's 
chamber was the place . . . peculiirly the haunt of evil 
spirits."— Sir IV. Scott: Woodstc-k (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Eleanor Crosses, twelve or four- 
teen crosses erected by Edward I. in the 
various towns where the body of his queen 
rested, when it was conveyed from Her- 
delie, near Lincoln, to Westminster. The 
three that still remain are Geddington, 
Northampton, and Waltham. 

(In front of the South-Eastern Railway 
station, Strand, London, is a model of 
the Charing Cross, of the original dimen- 
sions.) 



*.• There is a tradition that Eleanor 
sucked the poison of a poisoned arrow 
from a wound of Edward I. 

Eleazar the Moor, insolent, blood- 
thirsty, lustful, and vindictive. — Marlowe: 
Lust's Dominion, or The Lascivious Queen 
(1588). 

Eleazar, a famous mathematician, 
who cast out devils by tying to the nose of 
the possessed a mystical ring, which the 
demon no sooner smelled than he aban- 
doned the victim. He performed before 
the emperor Vespasian ; and to prove thai 
something came out of the possessed, he 
commanded the demon in making off to 
upset a pitcher of water, which it did. 

I imagine if Eleazar's ring had been put under their 
noses, we should have seen devils issue with their 
breath, so loud were these disputants.— Lesage; Gil 
Bias, v. 12 (1724). 

Elector {The Great), Frederick Wil- 
liam of Brandenburg (1620-1688). 

Elegy to an Unfortunate Lady, 

by Pope. The lady was Elizabeth, eldest 
daughter of Joseph Gage, and wife of John 
Weston of Sutton. They were separated ; 
and Pope's interest in the lady gave birth 
to considerable scandal. 

Elegy written in a Country 
Church Yard, by Gray (1750). The 
" Church yard " was that of Stoke Pogis, 
near Eton. 

(Many English poets have written 
elegies : as Michael Bruce (1770) ; Dray- 
ton (1593) ; John Scot (1782) ; Shenstone 
(1743-1746) ; and others.) 

Elein, wife of king Ban of Benwick 
{Brittany), and mother of sir Launcelot 
and sir Lionell. (See Elain, p. 317.)— 
Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 60 (1470). 

Elephant in the Moon ( The), by 
S. Butler (1654), a satire in verse on the 
Royal Society. It supposes that an insect 
crawling over the object-glass of a tele- 
scope was mistaken by the telescopist for 
an elephant in the moon. 

Eleven Thousand Virgins {The), 

the virgins who followed St. Ur'sula in 
her flight towards Rome. They were all 
massacred at Cologne by a party of Huns, 
and even to the present hour "their 
bones " are exhibited to visitors through 
windows in the wall. 

A calendar in the Freisingen codex 
notices them as "SS. M. XI. VIR- 
GINUM," that is, eleven virgin mar- 
tyrs ; but "M" (martyrs) being taken 
for 1000, we get n,ooo. It is furthermore 



ELFENREIGEN. 



319 ELIJAH FED BY RAVENS. 



remarkable that the number of names 
known of these virgins is eleven : (1) 
Ursula, (2) Sencia, (3) Gregoria, (4) Pin- 
nosa, (5) Martha, (6) Saula, (7) Brittola, 
(8) Saturnina, (9) Rabacia or Sabatia, (10) 
Saturia or Saturnia, and (n) Palladia. 

Elfenreigen [el.f'n-ri'gn] (4 syl. ) or 
Alpleich, that weird music with which Bun- 
ting, the pied piper of Hamelin, led forth 
the rats into the river Weser, and the chil- 
dren into a cave in the mountain Koppen- 
berg. The song of the sirens is so called. 
\Reigen, a dance and the music thereof. ) 

El'feta wife of Cambuscan' king of 
Tartary. 

El'flida or ^Ethelfl^eda, daughter 
of king Alfred, and wife of ^Ethelred 
'-hief of that part of Mercia not claimed 
by the Danes. She was a woman of 
enormous energy and masculine mind. 
At the death of her husband, Elflida 
ruled over Mercia, and proceeded to 
fortify Bridgenorth, Tamworth, War- 
wick, Hertford, Witham, and other cities. 
Then, attacking the Danes, she drove 
them from place to place, and kept them 
from molesting her. 

When Elflida up-grew . . . 
The puissant Danish powers victoriously pursued, 
And resolutely here thro' their thick squadrons hewed 
Her way into the north. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 

Elf 'thryth or .2Elf 'thryth, daugh- 
ter of Ordgar, noted for her great beauty. 
King Edgar sent vEthelwald, his friend, 
to ascertain if she were really as beautiful 
as report made her out to be. When 
^Ethelwald saw her he fell in love with 
her, and then, returning to the king, said 
she was not handsome enough for the 
king, but was rich enough to make a 
very eligible wife for himself. The king 
assented to the match, and became god- 
father to the first child, who was called 
Edgar. One day the king told his friend 
he intended to pay him a visit, and-rEthel- 
wald revealed to his wife the story of his 
deceit, imploring her at the same time to 
conceal her beauty. But Elfthryth, ex- 
tremely indignant, did all she could to 
set forth her charms. The king fell in 
love with her, slew iEthelwald, and mar- 
ried the widow. 

H A similar story is told by Herodotus 
— Prgxaspes being the lady's name, and 
Kambyses the king's. 

Elgin Marbles, certain statues and 
bas-reliefs collected by lord Elgin, and 
purchased of him by the British Govern- 



ment for £ 35,000, to be placed in the 
British Museum. Chiefly fragments of 
the Parthenon of Athens. 

El'githa, a female attendant at 
Rothe.wood on the lady Rowe'na. — Sir 
W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

E'lia, the assumed name of Charles 
Lamb, author of the Essays of Elia, 
contributed to the London Magazine 
between 1820 and 1825. 

Eli'ab, in the satire of Absalom and 
Achitophel, by Dry den and Tate, is Henry 
Bennet, earl of Arlington. As Eliab be- 
friended David (1 Chron. xii. 9), so the 
earl befriended Charles II. 

Hard the task to do Eliab right : 
Long with the royal wanderer he roved, 
And firm in all the turns of fortune proved. 
Absalom and Achitophel, ii. 986-988 (1683). 

Eliakim, in Pordage's satire of 
Azariah and Hushai, was intended for 
James duke of York (James II. ). 

Elian God (The), Bacchus. An 
error for 'Eleuan, i.e. "the god Elgleus" 
(3 s yl\ Bacchus was called El'eleus 
from the Bacchic cry, tteleu t 

As when with crowned cups unto the Elian god 
Those priests high orgies held. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, vi (1613). 

Elidure (3 syl.), surnamed "the 
Pious," brother of Gorbonian, and one of 
the five sons of Morvi'dus {q.v.). He 
resigned the crown to his brother Arth- 
gallo, who had been deposed. Ten years 
afterwards, Arthgallo died, and Elidure 
was again advanced to the throne, but 
was deposed and imprisoned by his two 
younger brothers. At the death of these 
two brothers, Elidure was taken from 
prison, and mounted the British throne 
for the third time.— Geoffrey: British 
History, iii. 17, 18 (1470). 

Then Elidure again, crowned with applausive praise, 
As he a brother raised, by brothers was deposed 
And put into the Tower . . . but, the usurpers dead. 
Thrice was the British crown set on his reverend head. 
Drayton: Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

(Wordsworth has a poem on this 
subject.) 

Elijah fed by Ravens. While 
Elijah was at the brook Cherith, in con- 
cealment, ravens brought him food every 
morning and evening. — i Kings xvii. 6. 

H A strange parallel is recorded of 
Wyatt, in the reign of queen Mary. The 
queen cast him into prison, and when he 
was nearly starved to death, a cat ap- 
peared atthe window-grating, and dropped 
into his hand a pigeon, which the warder 
cooked for him. This was repeated daily. 

In the Dictionary of Miracles are numerous 

parilly]^ 



BUM. 



320 



jG'lim, the guardian angel of LebbSus 
(3 syl. ) the apostle. Lebbeus, the softest 
and most tender of the twelve, at the 
death of Jesus "sank under the burden 
of his grief." — Klopstock: The Messiah, 
iii. (174^). 

Ellon, consort of Beruth, and father 
of Ghe. — Sanchdniathon. 

Eliot ( George) , a name assumed by Ma- 
rian Evans, afterwards Mrs. J. W. Cross, 
author of Adam Bede (1858), The Mill on 
the Floss (i860), Silas Marner (1861), 
Romola (1863), Middlemarch (1872), etc. 

Elisa, often written Eliza in English, 
Dido queen of Carthage. 

. . . nee me meminisse pigebit Elisae, 
Dura BMmoir ipse mei, dura spintus hos reget artus. 
Virgil: /Eneid, iv. 335, 336. 

So to Eliza dawned that-cruel day 
Which tore /Eneas from her sight away. 
That saw him parting, never to return, 
Herself in funeral flames decreed to burn. 

Falconer: The Ship-wreck, iii. 4 (1756). 

Elis'abat, a famous surgeon, who 
attended queen Madasi'ma in all her 
solitary wanderings, and was her sole 
companion. — Amadis of Gaul (fifteenth 
century). 

Elisabeth on Les Exiles de 

Siberie, a tale by S. R. dame Cottin 
(1773-1807). The family being exiled 
for some political offence, Elizabeth 
walked all the way from Siberia to 
Russia, to crave pardon of the czar. She 
obtained her prayer and the family 
returned. (See Deans, Effie, p. 266.) 

Elise (2 syl.), the motherless child of 
Harpagon the miser. She was affianced 
to Valere, by whom she had been 
"rescued from the waves." Valere turns 
out to be the son of don Thomas d'Alburci, 
a wealthy nobleman of Naples. — Moliere: 
L'Avare (1667). 

Elis'sa, step-sister of Medi'na and 

erissa. They could never agree upon 
ny subject. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii. 
2 (1590). 

" Medina " [the golden mean), " Elissa " 
and " Perissa " (the two extremes). 

Elixir Vitse, a drug which it was 
once thought would ensure perpetual life 
and health. 

He that has once the " Flower of the Sun," 
The perfect Ruby which we call elixir, 
... by its virtue 
Can confer honour, love, respect, long life, 



To whom he will. In eight and twenty days 
Hell make an old man of fourscore a child. 

Ben Jonson: The Alchemist, ii. (1610). 

Eliza (Letters to), ten letters addressed 



ELMO. 

to Mrs. Draper, wife of a counsellor of 
Bombay, and published 1775. 

Elizabeth. ( The queen), haughty, im- 
perious, but devoted to her people. She 
loved the earl of Essex, and, when she 
heard that he was married to the countess 
of Rutland, exclaimed that she never 
" knew sorrow before." The queen gave 
Essex a ring after his rebellion, saying, 
" Here, from my finger take this ring, a 
pledge of mercy ; and whensoe'er you 
send it back, I swear that I will grant 
whatever boon you ask." After his con- 
demnation, Essex sent the ring to the 
queen by the countess of Nottingham, 
craving that her most gracious majesty 
would spare the life of lord Southampton ; 
but the countess, from jealousy, did not 
give it to the queen. However, the queen 
sent a reprieve for Essex, but Burleigh 
took care that it came too late, and the 
earl was beheaded as a traitor. — H. "Jones : 
The Earl of Essex (1745). 

Elizabeth (Queen), introduced by sir 
W. Scott in his novel called Kenilworth. 

Elizabeth of Hungary (St.), 

patron saint of queens, being herself a 
queen. Her day is July 9 (1207-1231). 

(C. Kingsley wrote a dramatic poem 
on Elizabeth of Hungary, called The 
Saint's Tragedy (1846). ) 

Ella, in Chaucer's Man of Law* s Tale, 
was a king of Northumberland, who 
married Cunstance or Custance (q.v., p. 
252). — Canterbury Tales (1383). 

Ellen (Burd), a ballad which tells how 
Burd Ellen followed her lord as his page, 
and gave birth to a son in a stable. — 
Percy : Reliques (" Childe Waters," series 
iii.). 

(The ballad is called Lady Margaret 
by Kinloch, and Burd Ellen by Jamieson. ) 

Ellesmere (Mistress), the head 
domestic of lady Peveril. — Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Elliot (Hobbie, i.e. Halbert), farmer at 
the Heugh-foot. His bride-elect is Grace 
Armstrong. 

Mrs. Elliot, Hobbie's grandmother. 

John and Harry, Hobbie's brothers. 

Lilias, Jean, and Arnot, Hobbie's 
sisters.— Sir W.Scott: The Black Dwarf 
(time, Anne). 

Elmo (St.). The fire of St. Elmo 
(Feu de Saint Elme), x corposant. If 
only one appears on a ship-mast, foul 
weather is at hand ; but if two or more, 



ELOA. 



321 



ELSIE. 



they indicate that stormy weather is about 
to cease. By the Italians those corpo- 
sants are called the "fires of St. Peter 
and St. Nicholas." In Latin the single fire 
is called " Helen," but the two "Castor 
and Pollux." Horace says (1 Odes, xii. 
27)— 

Quorum simul alba nautis Stella refulsit, 
Deftuit saxis agitatus humor, 
Concidunt venti, fugiuntque nubes, etc. 

But Longfellow makes the stella indi- 
cative of foul weather — 

Last night I saw St. Elmo's stars, 
With their glimmering lanterns all at play . . . 
And I knew we should have foul weather to-day. 
Longfellow : The Golden Legend. 

N.B.— St. Adelelm, also called St. 
Elesmo or Elmo, bishop of Burgos (1100, 
etc. ), started one dark and stormy night 
on a visit to Ranes bishop of Auvergne. 
In order to see his way, he lighted a 
candle, which he gave to a companion to 
carry, and bade him go first. The candle 
was not enclosed in a lantern, nor was 
it in any wise protected from the storm, 
but it burnt brightly and steadily. From 
this "miracle" corposants were called 
"St. Elmo lights." — Bollandistes : Vita 
Sanctorum (January 30). 

Eloa, the first of seraphs. His name 
with God is "The Chosen One," but the 
angels call him Eloa. Eloa and Gabriel 
were angel-friends. 

Eloa, fairest spirit of heaven. His thoughts are past 
understanding to the mind of man. His looks more 
lovely than the day-spring, more beaming than the stars 
of heaven when they first flew into being at the voice 
of the Creator— Klopstock : The Messiah, L (1748). 

Eloi [St.), that is, St. Louis. The 
kings of France were called Loys up to 
the time of Louis XIII. Probably the 
"delicate oath" of Chaucer's prioress, 
who was a French scholar "after the 
scole of Stratford-atte-Bowe," was St. 
Loy, i.e. St. Louis, and not St. Eloi the 
patron saint of smiths and artists. St. 
Eloi was bishop of Noyon in the reign of 
Dagobert, and a noted craftsman in gold 
and silver. 

Ther was also a nonne, a prioresse, 

That of hire smiling was full simp' and coy, 

Hire greatest othe n'as but by Seint Eloy I 

Chaucer: Canterbury Tales (1388). 

•.* "Seint Eloy," query "Seinte Loy"? 

Eloi'sa (4 syl.) to Abelard {Epistle 
from), by Pope (1717). Eloisa was a pupil 
of Abelard, and bore him a child ; but 
she refused to marry him, lest it should 
injure his prospects in the Church. 

El'ops. There was a fish so called, but 
Milton uses the word {Paradise Lost, x. 
525) for the dumb serpent or serpent 



which gives no warning of its approacl 
by hissing or otherwise. (Greek, ellops. 
" mute or dumb.") 

Eloquence ( The Four Monarchs of) : 
(i) Demosthenes, the Greek orator (B.C. 
385-322) ; (2) Cicero, the Roman orator 
.c. 106-43) ; (3) Sadi, the Persian 
184-1263) ; (4) Zoroaster (b.c. 589- 
Si3)- 

Eloquent ( That Old Man), Isoc'ratgs, 
the Greek orator. When he heard that 
the battle of Chaerone'a was lost, and that 
Greece was no longer free, he died of 
grief. 

That dishonest victory 
At Chaeronea, fatal to liberty, 
Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent. 

Milton : Sonnet, Ix. 

(This victory was gained by Philip of 
MacSdon. Called "dishonest" because 
bribery and corruption were employed. ) 

Eloquent Doctor {The), Peter 
AureSlus, archbishop of Aix (fourteenth 
century). 

Elpi'nus, Hope personified. He was 
"clad in sky-like blue," and the motto 
of his shield was " I hold by being held." 
He went attended by Pollic'ita {promise). 
Fully described in canto ix. (Greek, elpis, 
' ' hope. ") — Phineas Fletcher : The Purple 
Island (1633). 

Elshender the Recluse, called 
"The Canny Elshie" or "The Wise 
Wight of Mucklestane Moor." This is 
" the black dwarf," or sir Edward 
Mauley, the hero of the novel. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Black Dwarf (1816; time, 
Anne). 

Elsie, the daughter of Gottlieb, a 
cottage farmer of Bavaria. Prince Henry 
of Hoheneck, being struck with leprosy, 
was told he would never be cured till a 
maiden chaste and spotless offered to 
give her life in sacrifice for him. Elsie 
volunteered to die for the prince, and he 
accompanied her to Salerno ; but either 
the exercise, the excitement, or some 
charm, no matter what, had quite cured 
the prince, and when he entered the 
cathedral with Elsie, it was to make her 
lady Alicia, his bride. — Hartmann von 
derAue: Poor Henry (twelfth century); 
Longfellow : Golden Legend. 

II Alcestis, daughter of Pelias and 
wife of Admetos, died instead of hei 
husband, but was brought back by Her- 
cules from the shades below, and restored 
to Admetos. 



ELSPETH. 



322 



EMERALD ISLE. 



Elspeth, {Auld), the old servant of 
Dandie Dinmont the store-farmer at 
Charlie's Hope.— Sir W. Scott: Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Elspeth. (Old) of the Craigburnfoot, 
the mother of Saunders Mucklebacket 
(the old fisherman at Musselcrag), and 
formerly servant to the countess of 
Glenallan.— Sir W.Scott; The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Elvi'no, a wealthy farmer, in love 
with Ami'na the somnambulist. (For the 
tale, see Sonnambula.) — Bellini: La 
Sonnambula (an opera, 183 1). 

ELVI'RA, sister of don Duart, and 
niece of the governor of Lisbon. She 
marries Clodio, the coxcomb son of don 
Antonio. — Cibber: Love Makes a Man. 

Ulvi'ra, the young wife of Gomez, a 
rich old banker. She carries on a liaison 
with colonel Lorenzo, by the aid of her 
father-confessor Dominick, but is always 
checkmated ; and it turns out that Lo- 
renzo is her brother. — Dryden : The 
Spanish Fryar (1680). 

Eivi'ra, a noble lady, who gives up 
everything to become the mistress of 
Pizarro. She tries to soften his rude and 
cruel nature, and to lead him into more 
generous ways. Her love being changed 
to hate, she engages Rolla to slay Pizarro 
in his tent ; but the noble Peruvian spares 
his enemy, and makes him a friend. 
Ultimately, Pizarro is slain in a fight with 
Alonzo, and Elvira retires to a convent. — 
Sheridan: Pizarro (altered from Kotze- 
bue, 1799). 

Eivi'ra {Donna), a lady deceived by 
don Giovanni, who basely deluded her 
into an amour with his valet Leporello.— 
Mozart's opera, Don Giovanni (1787). 

Eivi'ra " the puritan," daughter of 
lord Walton, betrothed to Arturo (lord 
Arthur Talbot), a cavalier. On the day of 
espousals the young man aids Enrichetta 
(Henrietta, widow of Charles I. ) to escape, 
and Elvira, thinking he has eloped with 
a rival, temporarily loses her reason. 
Cromwell's soldiers arrest Arturo for 
treason, but he is subsequently pardoned, 
and marries Elvira. — Bellini: I Puritani 
(an opera, 1834). 

Eivi'ra, a lady in love with Erna'ni 
the robber-captain and head of a league 
against don Carlos (afterwards Charles V. 
of Spain). Ernani was just on the point of 
marrying Elvira, when he was summoned 



to death by Gomez de Silva, and itabbed 
himself. — Verdi: Ernani (an opera, 1841). 

Eivi'ra, betrothed to Alfonso (son of 
the duke d'Arcos). No sooner is the 
marriage completed than she learns that 
Alfonso has seduced Fenella, a dumb 
girl, sister of Masaniello the fisherman. 
Masaniello, to revenge his wrongs, heads 
an insurrection, and Alfonso with Elvira 
run for safety to the fisherman's hut, 
where they find Fenella, who promises 
to protect them. Masaniello, being made 
chief magistrate of Por'tico, is killed by 
the mob ; Fenella throws herself into the 
crater of Vesuvius ; and Alfonso is left 
to live in peace with Elvira. — Aider: 
Masaniello (an opera, 1831). 

Elvire (2 syl.), the wife of don Juan, 
whom he abandons. She enters a 
convent, and tries to reclaim her pro- 
fligate husband, but without success. — 
Moliere: Don Juan (1665). 

Ely (Bishop of), introduced by sir W. 
Scott in the Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Elysium [the Elysian fields'], the 
land of the blest, to which the favoured 
of the gods passed without dying. The 
Elysian Fields lie in one of the "For- 
tunate Islands" (Canaries). 

Fancy dreams 
Of sacred fountains, and Elysian grores. 
And vales of bliss. 
Akenside : Pleasures of Imagination, i. (1744). 

Ematli'ian Conqueror ( The Great), 
Alexander the Great. Emathia is Mace- 
donia and Thessaly. Emathion, a son of 
Titan and Aurora, reigned in Macedonia. 
Pliny tells us that Alexander, when he 
besieged Thebes, spared the house in 
which Pindar the poet was born, out of 
reverence to his great abilities. 

Lift not thy spear against the Muses' bower. 

The gTeat Emathian conqueror bid spare 
The house of Pindarus, when temple and tower 

Went to the ground. 

Milton : Sonnet, vill 

Embla, the woman Eve of Scandi- 
navian mythology. Eve or Embla was 
made of elm ; but Ask or Adam was 
made of ash. 

Em'elie or Emelye, sister-in-law of 
duke Theseus (2 syl.), beloved by both 
Pal'amon and Ar'cyte (2 syl.) ; but the 
former had her to wife. 

Emelie that fairer was to scene 
Than is the lilie on hire stalkes grene, 
And fresscher than the May with floures new*, 
Chaucer: Canterbury TaUs (" The Knight's Tale," 

1388). 

Em'erald Isle ( The), Ireland ; so 
called first by Dr. W. Drennan, in his 
poem entitled Erin (1754-1820). 



EMERALDER. 



333 



EMPEDOCLE& 



Emeral'der, an Irishman, a native 
of the Emerald Isle. 

Emer'ita (St), sister of king Lucius. 
When her brother abdicated the British 
crown, she accompanied him to Swit- 
zerland, and shared with hira there a 
martyr's death. 

Emerita the next, king Lucius' sister dear, 
Who in Helvetia with her martyr brother died. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxiv. (1623). 

Emile (zsyl.), the chief character of 
a philosophical romance on education by 
Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762). Emile is 
the author's ideal of a young man perfectly 
educated, every bias but that of nature 
having been carefully withheld. 

N.B.— Emile is the French form of 
Emilius. 

His body is inured to fatigue, as Rousseau advises la 
lis Emilius.— Continuation of the Arabian Nights, 
iv. 69. 

Emilia, beloved by both Palamon 
and Arcite. (For the tale, see Palamon, 
etc. )— Chaucer: Canterbury Tales ("The 
Knight's Tale," 1383). 

Emil'ia, wife of I ago, the ancient of 
Othello in the Venetian army. She is 
induced by Iago to purloin a certain 
handkerchief given by Othello to Des- 
demona. Iago then prevails on Othello 
to ask his wife to show him the handker- 
chief; but she cannot find it, and Iago 
tells the Moor she has given it to Cassio 
as a love-token. At the death of Des- 
demona, Emilia (who till then never 
suspected the real state of the case) 
reveals the truth of the matter, and Iago 
rushes on her and kills her. — Shakespeare : 
Othello (16 1 1). 

The virtue of Emilia Is such as we often find, worn 
loosely, but not cast off; easy to commit small crimes, 
but quickened and alarmed at atrocious villainies.— 
Dr. Johnson. 

Emilia. Shakespeare, The Winter's 
Tale. Also the lady-love of Peregrine 
Pickle, in The Adventures of Peregrine 
Pickle, by Smollett (1751). 

Emilie (The Divine), to whom Vol- 
taire wrote verses, was Mde. Chatelet, 
with whom he lived at Cirey for ten years. 
Her paifrey was called •' Rossignol." 

Emily, the fiancie of colonel Tamper. 
Duty called away the colonel to Havan- 
nah. On his return he pretended to have 
lost one eye and one leg in the war, in 
order to see if Emily would love him 
still. Emily was greatly shocked, and 
Mr. Prattle the medical practitioner was 
sent for. Amongst other gossip, Mr. 



Prattle told his patient he had seen the 

colonel, who looked remarkably well, 
and most certainly was maimed neither 
in his legs nor in his eyes. Emily now 
saw through the trick, and resolved to 
turn the tables on the colonel. To this 
end she induced Mdlle. Florival to appear 
en militaire, under the assumed name of 
captain Johnson, and to make desperate 
love to her. When the colonel had been 
thoroughly roasted, and was about to 
quit the house for ever, his friend major 
Belford entered and recognized Mdlle. as 
his fiancie ; the trick was discovered, and 
all ended happily. — Colman, sen. : The 
Deuce is in Him (1762). 

Emir or Ameer, a title given to 
lieutenants of provinces and other officers 
of the sultan ; and occasionally assumed 
by the sultan himself. The sultan is not 
unfrequently called *' The Great Ameer," 
and the Ottoman empire is sometimes 
spoken of as "the country of the Great 
Ameer." What Matthew Paris and other 
monks call " ammirals " is the same word. 
Milton speaks of the "mast of some tall 
ammiral " (Paradise Lost, i. 294). 

N. B. — The difference between xariff or 
sariff and a.mir is this : the former is 
given to the blood successors of Mahomet, 
and the latter to those who maintain his 
religious faith. — Selden: Titles of Honour, 
vi. 73-4 (1672). 

Em'ly (Little), daughter of Tom, 
the brother-in-law of Dan'el Peggotty, a 
Yarmouth fisherman, by whom the orphan 
child was brought up. While engaged 
to Ham Peggotty (Dan'el's nephew), 
Little Em'ly runs away with Steer forth, 
a handsome but unprincipled gentleman. 
Being subsequently reclaimed, she emi- 
grates to Australia with Dan'el Peggotty 
and old Mrs. Gummidge. — Dickens: 
David Copperjield (1849). 

Emma ' ' the Saxon " or Emma 
Plantagenet, the beautiful, gentle, and 
loving wife of David king of North 
Wales (twelfth century). — Southey : Ma- 
doc (1805). 

Emped'ocles, one of Pythagoras's 
scholars, who threw himself secretly into 
the crater of Etna, that people might 
suppose the gods had carried him to 
heaven ; but alas ! one of his iron pattens 
was cast out with the larva, and recog- 
nized. 

He who to be deemed 
A god, leaped fondly into Etna flames, 
Bmpecloeles. 

Milton : Parmdiit List, 111. 469. etc. (16*5). 



EMPEROR FOR MY PEOPLE. 324 



ENFANTS DE DIEU. 



*.* Matthew Arnold published a dra- 
matic poem called Empedocles on Etna 
(1853)- 

Emperor for my People. Ha- 
drian used to say, " I am emperor not 
for myself but for my people" (76, 117- 
138). 

Emperor of Believers {The), 
Omar L, father-in-law of Mahomet 
(581-644). 

Emperor of the Mountains 

( The), Peter the Calabrian, a famous 
robber-chief (1812). 

Empson {Master), flageolet-player to 
Charles II.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the 
Peak (1823). 

Enan'the (3 syl.), daughter of Seleu- 
cus, and mistress of prince Deme'trius 
(son of king Antig'onus). She appears 
under the name of Celia. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher: The Humorous Lieutenant 
(published 1647). 

Encel'ados (Longfellow, Encelddus), 
the most powerful of all the giants who 
conspired against Jupiter. He was struck 
with a thunderbolt, and covered with 
the heap of earth now called mount Etna. 
The smoke of the volcano is the breath of 
the buried giant ; and when he shifts his 
side it is an earthquake. 

Fama est, Enceladi semiustum fulmine corpus 
Urgueri mole hac, ingentemque insuper /4itnam 
Inpositam, ruptis flammam exspirare caminisj 
Et, fessum quotiens mutet latus, intremere omnem 
Murmure Trinacriam, et coelum subtexere fumo. 
Vigil : JEneid, iii. 578-582. 
Where the burning cinders, blown 
From the lips of the o'erthrown 
Enceladus, nil the air. 

Longfellow : Enceladus. 

Enchiridion, a collection of maxims, 
by Francis Quarles (author of Emblems) 
(1652). 

En'crates (3 syl.), Temperance per- 
sonified, the husband of Agnei'a {wifely 
chastity). When his wife's sister Par- 
then'ia {maidenly chastity) was wounded 
in the battle of Mansoul, by False Delight, 
he and his wife ran to her assistance, and 
soon routed the foes who were hounding 
her. Continence (her lover) went also, 
and poured a balm into her wounds, which 
healed them. (Greek, egkrdtes," continent, 
temperate.") 

So have I often seen a purple flower. 

Fainting thro' heat, hang down her drooping head ; 
But, soon refreshed with a welcome shower. 

Begins again her lively beauties spread, 
And with new pride her silken leaves display. 

P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, xi. (1633). 

Endell {Martha) , a poor fallen girl, 



to whom Em'ly goes when Steerforth 
deserts her. She emigrates with Dan'el 
Peggot'ty, and marries a young farmer 
in Australia. — Dickens: David Copper- 
f eld {1849). 

Endermay, i.e. Andermatt or Ur- 
seren, a town and valley in the Uri of 
Switzerland. 

Soft as the happy swain's enchanting lay, 
That pipes among the shades of Endermay. 

Falconer : The Shipwreck, iii. 3 (1756). 

Endiffa, in Charles XII., by J. R. 

Planch6(i826). 

Endless, the rascally lawyer in No 
Song No Supper, by P. Hoare (1790). 

Endym'ion, a noted astronomer who, 
from mount Latmus, in Caria, discovered 
the course of the moon. Hence it is 
fabled that the moon sleeps with Endy- 
mion. Strictly speaking, Endymion is 
the setting sun. 

So Latmus by the wise Endymion is renowned ; 
That hill on whose high top he was the first that found 
Pale Phoebe's wanderingcourse ; so skilful in her sphere 
As some stick not to say that he enjoyed her there. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, vi. (1613). 
On such a tranquil night as this, 
She woke Endymion with a kiss. 

Longfellow: Endymion. 

To sleep like Endymion, to sleep long 
and soundly. Endymion requested of 
Jove permission to sleep as long as he 
felt inclined. Hence the proverb, Endy- 
mionis somnum dormtre. Jean Ogier de 
Gombaud wrote in French a romance or 
prose poem called Endymion (1624), and 
one of the best paintings of A. L. Girodet 
is " Endymion." Cowley, referring to 
Gombaud's romance, says — 

While there is a people or a sun, 
Endymion's story with the moon shall run. 

(John Keats, in 1818, published his 
Endymion (a poetic romance), and the 
criticism of the Quarterly Review is said 
to have caused his death. Lord Beacons- 
field published a novel called Endymion 
(1880) ; and Longfellow has a poem so 
called.) 

Endymion. So Wm. Browne calls sir 
Walter Raleigh, who was for a time in 
disgrace with queen Elizabeth, whom he 
calls " Cyn'thia." 

The first note that I heard I soon was wonne 
To think the sighes of faire Endymion, 
The subject of whose mournfull heavy lay, 
Was his declining with faire Cynthia. 

Browne : Britannia's Pastorals, iv. (16137. 

Endymion; or, The Man in the 
Moo//, a drama by J. Lyly (1592). 
Enfants de Dieu, the Camisards. 

The royal troops outnumbered the Enfants de Diett, 
and a not inglorious flight took place.— £. GilluU; 
Asylum Christi, iii. 



ENFIELD. 



3*5 



EPHESIAN. 



Enfield {Mrs. ), the keeper of a house 
of intrigue, or "gentlemen's magazine" 
of frail beauties.— Holcroft : The Deserted 
Daughter (1784). 

Engaddi {Theodorick, hermit of), an 
enthusiast. He was Aberick of Mortemar, 
an exiled noble.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Talisman (time, Richard L). 

Engaddi, one of the towns of Judah, 
forty miles from Jerusalem, famous for 
its palm trees. 

Anchorites beneath Engaddi's palms, 
Pacing the Dead Sea beach. 

Longfellow : Sand of the Desert. 

EngrelTDrecht, one of the Varangian 
guards. — Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

En'gelred, squire of sir Reginald 
Front de Bceuf (follower of prince John 
of Anjou, the brother of Richard I.). — 
Sir W. Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I. ). 

England and the English. 
{Sketches of), by lord Lytton (1833). 

English Bards and Scotch 
Reviewers, a satire by lord Byron 
(1809 ), otcasioned by an attack in the 
Edinburgh Review on a volume of poetry 
called Hours of Idleness. The English 
bards referred to are Amos Cottle, Fitz- 
gerald, Gifford, Jeffrey, Moore, Scott, 
Southey, Henry K. White, Wordsworth, 
and some others less known. He says — 

Fools are my theme, let satire be my song. 

En'guerraud, brother of the mar. 
quis of Montserrat, a crusader. — Sir IV, 
Scott: The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

E'nid, the personification of spotless 
purity. She was the daughter of Yn'iol, 
and wife of Geraint. The tale of Geraint 
and Enid allegorizes the contagion of 
distrust and jealousy, commencing with 
Guinever's infidelity, and spreading down- 
wards among the Arthurian knights. In 
order to save Enid from this taint, sir 
Geraint removed from the court to Devon; 
but overhearing part of a sentence uttered 
by Enid, he fancied that she was unfaith- 
ful, and treated her for a time with great 
harshness. In an illness, Enid nursed 
him with such wifely devotion that he felt 
convinced of his error. A perfect recon- 
ciliation took place, and they "crowned 
a happy life with a fair death." — Tenny- 
son: Idylls of the King (" Geraint and 
Enid"). 

Enna, a city of Sicily, remarkable for 
its beautiful plains, fruitful soil, and 
numerous springs. Proserpine was car- 



ried off by Pluto while gathering flowers 
in the adjacent meadow. 

She moved 
Like Proserpine in Enna, gathering' flowers. 

Tennyson : Edwin Morris. 

Ennins {The English), Lay'amon, 
who wrote a translation in Saxon of The 
Brut of Wace (thirteenth century). 

The French Ennius, Jehan de Meung, 
who wrote a continuation of the Roman 
de la Rose (1260-1320). 

• . • Guillaume di Lorris, author of the 
Romance of the Rose, is more justly so 
called (1235-1265). 

The Spanish Ennius, Juan de Mena 
of Cordova (1412-1456). 

Enrique' (2 syl.), brother-in-law of 
Chrysalde (2 syl.). He married secretly 
Chrysalde's sister, Angelique, by whom he 
had a daughter, Agnes, who was left in 
charge of a peasant while Enrique was 
absent in America. Having made his 
fortune in the New World, Enrique re- 
turned and found Agnes in love with 
Horace, the son of his friend Oronte 
(2 syl.). Their union, after the usual 
quota of misunderstanding and cross 
purposes, was consummated to the delight 
of all parties. — Moliere : L'Ecole des 
Femmes (1662). 

Entel'echy, the kingdom of queen 
Quintessence. Pan tag 'ru el' and his com- 
panions went to this kingdom in search 
of the ' ' holy bottle. " — Rabelais : Pantag- 
ruel, v. 19 (1545). 

(This kingdom of " speculative science " 
gave the hint to Swift for his island of 
Lapu'ta.) 

Envelope {The Mulready Envelope, 
1840) was designed for the Penny Enve- 
lopes. It was an allegorical picture of the 
British Empire and its colonies, wholly 
unsuitable for the purpose intended, and 
very soon withdrawn from circulation. I 
well remember using and ' ' abusing " 
them. 

IT The design of the lord mayor of 
London's card of invitation to his dinner 
on November 9, 1896, was a somewhat 
similar allegorical picture. Both these 
were in bad taste. 

Eothen, by A. W. Kinglake (1844). 
Sketches, etc. , of the East, through which 
the author travelled. 

Ephe'sian, a toper, a dissolute sot, 
a jovial companion. When Page (2 
Henry II. act ii. sc. 2) tells prince Henry 
that a company of men were about to 
sup with Falstaff. in Eastcbeap. and calls 



EPHESIAN POET. 



326 



EPIGONIAD. 



them " Ephesians," he probably meant 
soldiers called fe'thas ("foot-soldiers"), 
and hence topers. Malone suggests that 
the word is a pun on pheese ("to chastise 
or pay one tit for tat "), and means 
" quarrelsome fellows." 

Ephe'sian Poet {The), Hippo'nax, 
born at Ephesus (sixth century B.C.). 

Ephesus {Letters of) , bribes. ' * Ephe- 
siae literae" were magical notes or writ- 
ings, which ensured those who employed 
them success in any undertaking they 
chose to adventure on. 

Silver keys were used Jn old Rome, where every 
petty officer who knew no other spelling could decipher 
a "letter of Ephesus." Oh for the purity of honest 
John Bull I No "letters of Ephesus will tempt the 
integrity of our British bumbledom.— Casselfs Maga- 
zine, February, 1877. 

Epic {The Great Puritan), Paradise 
Lost, by Milton (1665). 

Epic of Hades (a syl.), by sir Lewis 

Morris (1876, 1877). 

Epic Poetry {The Father of ), Homer 
(about 950 B.C.). 

Epic Poets. The most famous are— 

Greece: Homer, who wrote the Iliad 
and Odyssey. 

Latin : Virgil, who wrote the ALneid. 

Portuguese : Camoens, who wrote The 
Lusiad. 

English: Milton, who wrote Paradise 
Lost. 

There are a host of Historical Poems of an epic 
character, like the Henriadi of Voltaire, the Pharsalia 
of Lucan, etc., and a number of poetic romances like 
Orlando Furioso, Southey's Thalaba, and so on ; but 
these are not epic poems. Tasso's Jerusalem De- 
livered stands welL 

Epicene (3 syl.) or The Silent 
Woman, one of the three great comedies 
of Ben Jonson (1609). 

The other two are Volpone (2 syl.) 
(1605), and The Alchemist (1610). 

Epicure'an {The), a prose romance 
by Thomas Moore. The hero is Alcl- 
phron (1827). 

Epicurus. The aimie de cozur of 
this philosopher was Leontium. (See 
Lovers.) 

Epicurus of China, Tao-tse, who com- 
menced the search for " the elixir of 
perpetual youth and health " (B.C. 540). 

(Lucretius the Roman poet, in his De 
Rerum Natura, is an exponent of the 
Epicurean doctrines. ) 

Epidaurufl ( That God in), iEscula'- 
pius, son of Apollo, who was worshipped 
in Epidaurus, a city of Peloponne'sus. 



Being sent for to Rome during a plague, 
he assumed the form of a serpent. — Livy: 
Nat. Hist., xi. ; Ovid : Metaph., XT. 

Never since of serpent kind 
Lovelier, not those that in Iliyria changed 
Hermione and Cadmus, or the god 
In Epidaurus. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, Ix. 507 (1665). 

(Cadmus and his wife Harmon ia [Her- 
mione] left Thebes and migrated into 
Iliyria, where they were changed into 
serpents because they happened to kill 
a serpent belonging to Mars.) 

Epliial'tes (4 syl.), one of the giants 
who made war upon the gods. He was 
deprived of his left eye by Apollo, and of 
his right eye by Hercules. 

Epig'oni, seven youthful warriors, 
sons of the seven chiefs who laid siege 
to Thebes. All the seven chiefs (except 
Adrastos) perished in the siege ; but the 
seven sons, ten years later, took the city 
and razed it to the ground. The chiefs 
and sons were : (1) Adrastos, whose son 
was ^Egi'aleus (4 syl.) ; (2) Polynlkes, 
whose son was Thersan'der; (3) Ara- 
phiar'aos (5 syl.), whose son .was Alk- 
maeon {the chief) ; (4) Ty'deus (2 syl.), 
whose son was Diome'd^s ; (5) Rap - 
aneus (3 syl. ), whose son was Sthen'glos ; 
(6) Parthenopas'os, whose son was Pro- 
machos ; (7) Mekis'theus (3 syl.), whose 
son was Eury'alos. 

(iEschylos has a tragedy on The Seven 
Chiefs against Thebes. There are also 
two epics, one The Thebo.id of Statius, 
and The Epigoni, probably by one of the 
Cyclic poets of Greece. ) 

EpigGn'iad ( The), called "the Scotch 
Iliad," by William Wilkie (1757). This 
is the tale of the Epig'oni or seven sons 
of the seven chieftains who laid siege to 
Thebes. The tale is this : When CE'dipus 
abdicated, his two sons agreed to reign 
alternate years ; but at the expiration of 
the first year, the elder son (Ete'oclgs) 
refused to give up the throne. Where- 
upon the younger brother (Polynlkes) 
interested six Grecian chiefs to espouse 
his cause, and the allied armies laid siege 
to Thebes, without success. Subsequently, 
the seven sons of the old chiefs went 
against the city to avenge the deaths of 
their fathers, who had fallen in the former 
siege. They succeeded in taking the city. 
and in placing Thersander on the throne, 
(For the names of the sons, see above, 
Epigoni. ) The hero of the Epigoniad is 
Diomed, the herione Cassandra, and the 
tale runs through nine books. 



EPIMENIDES. 



3*7 



EQUIVOKES. 



Epimen'ides (5 syl.) of Crete, some- 
times reckoned one of the *' seven wise 
men of Greece " in the place of Periander. 
He slept for fifty-seven years in a cave, 
and, on waking, found everything so 
changed that he could recognize nothing. 
Epimenides lived 289 years, and was 
adored by the Cretans as one of their 
" Curetes " or priests of Jove. He was 
contemporary with Solon. 

(Goethe has a poem called Des Epime- 
nides Erwachen. See Heinrich's Epime- 
nides. ) 

Epimenides' s Drug. A nymph who loved 
Epimenides gave him a draught in a bull's 
horn, one single drop of which would not 
only cure any ailment, but would also 
serve for a hearty meal. 

Le Nouveau Epimenede is a man who 
lives in a dream in a kind of " Castle of 
Spain," where he deems himself a king, 
and does not wish to be disillusioned. 
The song is by Jacinthe Leclere, one of 
the members of the ' ' Society de Momus " 
of Paris. 

Epinogris (Sir), son of the king of 
Northumberland. He loved an earl's 
daughter, but slew the earl in a knightly 
combat. Next day, a knight challenged 
him to fight, and the lady was to be the 
prize of the victor. Sir Epinogris, being 
overthrown, lost the lady ; but when sir 
Palomid£s heard the tale, he promised to 
recover her. Accordingly, he challenged 
the victorious knight, who turned out to 
be his brother. The point of dispute was 
then amicably arranged by giving up the 
lady to sir Epinogris. — Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, ii. 169 (1470). 

Eppie, one of the servants of the Rev. 
Josiah Cargill. In the same novel is 
Eppie Anderson, one of the servants at 
the Mowbray Arms, Old St. Ronan's, 
held by Meg Dods.— Sir W. Scott: St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Eppie, the adopted child of Silas 
Marner. She is the daughter of Godfrey 
Cass and Molly. Eppie ultimately mar- 
ries Aaron. — George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. 
Cross) : Silas Marner (1861). 

Epps, cook of Saunders Fairford a 
lawyer. — Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, 
George III.), 

Equity (Father of), Heneage Finch, 
carl ot Nottingham (1621-16S2). In 
Absalom and Achitophel (by Dryden and 
Tate) he is called " Amri." 

. Sincere was Amri, and not only knew. 
But Israel's sanctions mto practice drew j 



Our laws, that did a boundless ocean seem. 
Were coasted all, and fathomed all by him . . ■ 
To liim the double blessing doth belong. 
With Moses' inspiration, Aaron's tongue. 
Absalom and Achitophel, ii. 1017-1025 (x6S9f. 

Equivokes, from ambiguous words, 

puns, and stops. 

1. From ambiguous words — 

(1) Ahab, king of Israel, asked Micaiah if he went to 
battle with the king of Syria, whether he would become 
master of Ramoth-Gilead or not ? The prophet made 
answer, " Go, for the Lord will deliver the city into the 
hands of the king ; " but to which king he dicf not say ; 
and the result was, Ahab was slain, and Ramoth-Gilead 
was delivered into the bands of the king of Syria. 
—1 Kings xxii. 15, 35. 

(2) CR03SUS: When Croesus demanded what would 
be the issue of the battle against the Persians, headed 
by Cyrus, the answer was, he '* should behold a mighty 
empire overthrown ; " but whether that empire was his 
own or that of Cyrus, only the issue of the fight could 
determine. 

(3) Maxentius and the Sibylline Books : 

When Maxentius was about to encounter Constantine, 
he consulted the guardians of the Sibylline Books re. 
specting the fate of the battle, and they told him, " Illo 
die hostem Romanorum esse periturum " (" On that day 
the enemy of the Romans will perish ") ; but whether 
Maxentius or Constantine was " the enemy "was left 
undetermined. 

(4) Philip OF MACEDON: Similarly, when Philip 
of Macedon sent to Delphi to inquire If Us Persian 
expedition would prove successful, he received for 
reply, " The ready victim crowned for sacrifice stands 
before the altar." Philip took it for granted that the 
" ready victim " was the king of Persia, but It was he 
himself. 

(5) PYRRHUS AND THE ROMANS: When Pyrrhus 
consulted the Delphic oracle respecting his war with 
the Romans, he received for answer : " Credo te, 
^Caclde, Romanos vincSre posse " (i.e. " The Romans, 
I believe, you will conquer ) ; which may mean either 
" you will conquer them " or " they will conquer you." 

(6) Salam.IS (The battle of): When the allied 
Greeks demanded of the Delphic oracle what would 
be the issue of the battle of Salamis, they received for 
answer- 
Seed-time and harvest, weeping sires shall tell 
How thousands fought at Salamis and fell ; 

but whether the oracle referred to the Greeks or 
Persians who were to fall by " thou s and s ," was not 
stated. 

3. From puns on proper names — 

(1) Camby'SES AND ECBAT'ANA : Cambyses, son of 
Cyrus, was told that he should die in Ecbatana, which 
he supposed meant the capital of Media. Being 
wounded accidentally in Syria, he asked the name of 
the place ; and being told it was Ecbatana, he replied, 
" Here, then, I am destined to end my life." 

(2) Edward IV. and the Letter G. : A wizard 
told Edward IV. that " after him G. would reign." 
The king thought the person meant was his brother 
George, but the duke of Gloucester was the person 
pointed at.— Holinshed : ChronicUs ; Shakespeare; 
Richard ill. act i. sc. 1. 

(3) HENRY IV. AND JERUSALEM I Henry IV. was 
told that "he should die In Jerusalem," which he 
supposed meant the Holy Lana; but he died in the 
Jerusalem Chamber, London, which is the chapter- 
house of Westminster Abbey. 

Pope Sylvester and Jerusalem: Similarly, Pope 
Sylvester was told that he should die at Jerusalem, and 
he died while saying mass in a church so called at 
Rome. 

(4) SOMERSET AND THE CASTLE : Jourdaln, the 
wizard, told the duke of Somerset, if he wished to live, 
to " avoid where castles mounted stand." The duke 
died in an ale-house called the Castle, in St. Albans.— 
Shakespeare : 2 Henry I'l. act v. sc. a. 

(5) WOLSEY AND KINGSTON : In early life, Wolsey 
was cautioned to " Beware ot Kingston." In conse- 
quence of this warning he would never enter the town 
of Kingston-on-Thames. When, In old age, he was 
incarcerated by Henry VIII., » blare uf trumpets 



ERACLIUS. 



EREENIA. 



announced the approach of armed officials, and sir 
Edward Kingston entered. The warning of his youth 
flashed across his mind ; he knew his hour was come, 
snd he uttered those memorable words : " If I had 
served my God as faithfully as I have served my king, 
He would not have forsaken me in my grey hairs." 

3. From funs on words — 

(1) Aper and a BOAR : Diocletian was told he 
would become emperor if he slew a boar. On the 
death of Carinus by his brother Numerian, Arrius Aper 
(prsefect of the praetorian guard) slew Numerian, but 
Diocletian slew Aper [Latin for a boar\ and was 
elected emperor by the legions. 

(2)-CONSTANTINE AND CYGNO, OR SlGNO : It is 
said that Constantine, marching against Maxentius, 
saw in the skies a cross, and the Christians in his army 
cried aloud, " In hoc signo vinces." But the constella- 
tion Cygnus was visible at the time, the upper star 
being in the zenith, and the lower one towards the 
horizon. To the ear the words would be " In hoc 
signo " or " In hoc cygno," and the priests would make 
capital of the pun — " There is the Cross, in Cygnus," 
an omen of victory. 

(3) DOG AND THE DOG BRUTUS : Tarquin sent to 
Delphi to learn the fate of his struggle with the 
Romans for the recovery of his throne, and was told : 
" Tarquin will never fall till a dog speaks with the 
voice of a man." Th« " dog " was Junius Brutus, who 
was called a dog by way of contempt. 

(4) GOAT AND FIG TREE: A Messenian seer, 
being sent to consult the Delphic oracle respecting the 
issue of the Messenian war, then raging, received for 
reply- 
When a goat stoops to drink of the Neda, O seer, 
From Messenia flee, for its ruin is near. 

In order to avert this calamity, all goats were diligently 
chased from the banks of the Neda. One day, Theoclos 
observed a fig tree growing on the river-side, and its 
branches dipped into the stream. The interpretation 
of the oracle flashed across his mind, for he remem- 
bered that goat and fig tret, in the Messenian dialect, 
were the same word. 

V The pun would be clearer to an English reader 
if "a stork " were substituted for the goat : " When a 
stork stoops to drink of the Neda ; " and the "stalk" 
of the fig tree dipping into the stream. 

(5) MOTHER AND MOTHER EARTH: When the 
oracle was asked by a deputation of Romans who would 
succeed Tarquin, it replied, " He who shall first kiss his 
mother." Whereupon Junius Brutus fell to the earth, 
and exclaimed, " Thus, then, I kiss thee, O mother 
earth ! " 

(6) RELEASED: When, in 1560, the countess 
Egmont presented herself to the duke of Alva, and 
implored him to release her husband, the duke calmly 
assured her " that her husband would be released on 
the morrow." The countess retired with delight, but 
on the morrow her husband was " released " by death. 

-Motley : The Dutch Republic, pt. iii. 2 (1856). 

4. From puns on stops — 

(1) Ibis RedibiS: An excellent equivoke from the 
want of a stop is the following : " Ibis redibis nunquam 

Eer bella peribis " (" You will go you will return never 
y war will you perish "). If the stop is after redibis, the 
reading would be, "You will go and return, never in 
war will you perish ; " but if the stop is after nunquam, 
the reading would be, " You will go and return never, 
in the war you will perish." Which may be rendered 
into English thus— 

Go 1 You will return again 
Never by the foeman slain. 
If the stop is after " again," he will survive. If it is 
after " never," he -will be slain. 

(2) ORLETON AND THE DEATH OF EDWARD II. : 
Adam Orleton, bishop of Hereford, sent to the keeper of 
Berkeley Castle this ambiguous message: " Edwardum 
occidere nolite timere bonum est" (that is, "To kill 
Edward fear not a good deed it would be") ; which, by 
shifting the point, may be, " To kill Edward fear, — a 
good deed it would not be," or " To kill Edward fear 
not, — a good deed it would be." 

E radius ( The emperor) condemned 
a knight to death on the supposition of 
murder ; but, the man supposed to be 



murdered making his appearance, the 
condemned man was taken back, under 
the expectation that he would be instantly 
acquitted. But no, Eraclius ordered all 
three to be put to death : the knight, 
because the emperor had ordered it ; the 
man who brought him back, because he 
had not obeyed the emperor's command ; 
and the man supposed to be murdered, 
because he was virtually the cause of 
death to the other two. 

(This tale is told in the Gesta Roman- 
orum, and Chaucer has put it into the 
mouth of his sumpnor. It is also told 
by Seneca, in his De Ira ; but he ascribes 
it to Cornelius Piso, and not to Eraclius.) 

Eraste (2 syl.), hero of Les Facheux, 
by Moliere. He is in love with Orphise 
(2 syl.), whose tutor is Damis (1661). 

Er'celdcun {Thomas of), also called 
"Thomas the Rhymer," introduced by 
sir W. Scott in his novel called CastU 
Dangerous (time, Henry I. ). 

It is said that Thomas of Erceldoun is not dead, but 
that he is sleeping beneath the Eildon Hills, in Scotland. 
One day, he met with a lady of elfin race beneath the 
Eildon tree, and she led him to an under-ground region, 
where he remained for seven years. He then revisited 
the earth, but bound himself to return when summoned. 
One day, when he was making merry with his friends, 
he was told that a hart and hind were parading the 
Street ; and he knew it was his summons, so he im- 
mediately went to the Eildon tree, and has never since 
been heard of.— Sir IV. Scott : Minstrelsy of the Scottish 
Border. 

(This tale is substantially the same as 
the German one of Tanhduser, q.v.) 

Erco'eo or Erquico, on the Red Sea, 
marks the north-east boundary of the 
negus of Abyssinia. 

The empire of Negus to his utmost port, 
Ercoco. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, xL 397 (1665). 

Ereck, a knight of the Round Table. 
He marries the beautiful Enite (2 syl.), 
daughter of a poor knight, and falls into 
a state of idleness and effeminacy, till 
Enite rouses him to action. He then 
goes forth on an expedition of adven- 
tures ; and after combating with brigands, 
giants, and dwarfs, returns to the court 
of king Arthur, where he remains till 
the death of his father. He then enters 
on his inheritance, and lives peaceably 
the rest of his life. — Hartmann von de'r 
Aue: Ereck (thirteenth century). 

Ereen'ia (3 syl.), a glendoveer* or 
good spirit, the beloved son of Cas'vapa 
(3 syl.) father of the immortals. Ereenia 
took pity on Kail'yal (2 syl. ), daughter 
of Ladur'lad, and carried her to his 
Bower of Bliss in paradise (canto vii.). 
Here Kailyal could not stay, because she 
was still a living daughter of earth. On 



ERETRIAN BULL. 



329 



ERLAXD. 



her return to earth, she was chosen for 
the bride of Jagan-naut, and Ar'valan 
came to dishonour her ; but she set fire 
to the pagoda, and Ereenia came to her 
rescue. Ereenia was set upon by the 
witch Lor'rimite (3 syl.), and carried to 
the submerged city of Baly, whence he 
was delivered by Ladurlad. The glen- 
doveer now craved Seeva for vengeance, 
but the god sent him to Yamen (i.e. 
Pluto), and Yamen said the measure of 
iniquity was now full. So Arvalan and 
his father Kehama were both made in- 
mates of the city of everlasting woe ; 
while Ereenia carried Kailyal, who had 
quaffed the waters of immortality, to his 
Bower of Bliss, to dwell with him in 
everlasting joy. — Southey : Curse of Ke- 
hama (i8cq). 

Eret'rian Bull (The). Menede'mos 
of Eretria, in Eubce'a, was called ' ' Bull " 
from the bull-like breadth and gravity 
of his face. He founded the Eretrian 
school (fourth century B.C.). (See Dumb 
Ox, p. 306.) 

Eric, " Windy-cap," king of Sweden. 
He could make the wind blow from any 
quarter merely by turning his cap. 
Hence the phrase, "a capful of wind." 

Eric. Amongst the ancient inhabit- 
ants of Erin the eric was a fine which 
might be accepted as compensation for 
murder or homicide. 

Erich, tho [E.rik'.tho], the famous 
Thessalian consulted by Pompey. — 
Lucan : Pharsalia , vi. 

Erickson (Sweyn), a fisherman at 
Jarlshof.— Sir W. Scott: The Pirate 
(time, William III.). 

Eric'tho, the witch in John Marston's 
tragedy called The Wonder of Women, or 
Sophonisba (1605). 

Er'idan, the river Po, in Italy ; so 
called from Eridan or (Phaeton), who 
fell into the stream when he overthrew 
the sun-car. 

So down the silver streams of Eridan, 
On either side bankt with a lily wall 
Whiter than both, rides the triumphant swan, 
And sings his dirge, and prophesies his fall. 
G.FUlcher: Christ* Triumph [aver Death] (1610). 

Erig'ena (John Scotus), called " Sco- 
tus the Wise." He must not be con- 
founded with Duns Scoius, " the Subtle 
Doctor," who lived some four centuries 
later. Erigena died in 875, and Duns 
Scotus in 1308. 

Erig'one (4 syl.), the constellation 
Virgo. She was the daughter of Ic;irios, 
an Athenian, who was murdered by some 



drunken peasants. Erigone discovered 
the dead body by the aid of her father's 
dog Mcera, who became the star called 
Canis. 

. . . that virgin, frail Erigone, 

Who by compassion got preheminence [sic]. 

Lord Brooke: Of Nobility. 

ErilTyab (3 syl.), the widowed and 
deposed queen of the Hoamen (2 syl.), 
an Indian tribe settled on a south branch 
of the Missouri. Her husband was king 
Tepol'loni, and her son Amal'ahta. Ma- 
doc, when he reached America, espoused 
her cause, and succeeded in restoring her 
to her throne. — Sou they : Madoc (1805). 

Erin, from ear or iar(" west ") and in 
(" island "), the Western Island, Ireland. 

Eriphyle (4 syl. ), the wife of Am 
phiara'os. Being bribed by a golden 
necklace, she betrayed to Polyni'ces where 
her husband had concealed himself that 
he might not go to the siege of Thebes, 
where he knew that he should be killed. 
Congreve calls the word Eriph'yle. 

When Eriphfle broke her plighted faith, 
And for a bribe procured her husband's death. 
Ovid: Art 0/ Love, Hi. 

Er'iri or Er'eri, Snowdon, in Caer- 
narvonshire. The word means " Eagle 
rocks." 

In this region {Ordovicia\ is the stupendous mountain 
Eriri.— Richard of Cirencester : On the Ancient State 
of Britain, i. 6, 25 (fourteenth century). 

Eri3ich'thon (should be Erysich- 
thon), a Thessalian, whose appetite was 
insatiable. Having spent all his estate 
in the purchase of food, nothing was left 
but his daughter Metra, and her he sold 
to buy food for his voracious appetite ; 
but Metra had the power of transforming 
herself into any shape she chose ; so as 
often as her father sold her, she changed 
her form and returned to him. After a 
time, Erisichthon was reduced to feed 
upon himself. — Ovid: Metaph., viii. 2 
(740 to end). An allegory of Death. 

N.B. — Drayton says when the Wyre 
saw her goodly oak trees sold for fire- 
wood, she bethought her of Erisichthon's 
end, who, " when nor sea, nor land, 
sufficient were," ate bis own flesh. — 
Polyolbion, vii. 

So Erisicthon, once fired (as men say) 

With hungry rage, fed never, ever feeding; 
Ten thousand dishes served every day. 

Yet in ten thousand thousand dishes needing. 
In vain his daughter hundred shapes assumed ; 
A whole camp's meat he in his gorge inhumed ; 
And all consumed, his hunger yet was unconsumed. 
Phineas Fletcher : f he Purple Island (1633), 

Erland, father of Noma " of the 
Fitful Head."— Sir W. Scott : The Pirate 
(time, William III.). 



ERL-KING. 

ErI-Kingf, a spirit of mischief, which 
haunts the Black Forest of Thuringia. 

Goethe has a ballad called the Erl- 
konig, and Herder has translated the 
Danish ballad of Sir Olaf and the Erl- 
king's Daughter. 

Ermangarde of Baldringham 

{The Lady), aunt of the Lady Eveline 
Berenger " the betrothed." — Sir W.Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II,). 

Er'melme (Dame), the wife of Rey- 
nard, in the beast-epic called Reynard the 
Fox (1498). 

Ermetick's Treasure (King), an 
incalculable mass of wealth, purely 
imaginative. — Reynard the Fox, chap. xi. 
(1498). 

Ermin'ia, the heroine of Jerusalem 
Delivered. She fell in love with Tancred, 
and when the Christian army besieged 
Jerusalem, arrayed herself in Clorinda's 
armour to go to him. After certain ad- 
ventures, she found him wounded, and 
nursed him tenderly ; but the poet has 
not told us what was the ultimate lot of 
this fair Syrian. — Tasso : Jerusalem De~ 
Uvered(iS75)' 

Erna'ni, the robber-captain, duke of 
Segor'bia and Cardo'na, lord of Aragon, 
and count of Ernani. He is in love with 
Elvi'ra, the betrothed of don Ruy Gomez 
de Silva, an old Spanish grandee, whom 
she detests. Charles V. falls in love 
with her, and Ruy Gomez joins Ernani 
in a league against their common rival. 
During this league Ernani gives Ruy 
Gomez a horn, saying, ' ' Sound but this 
horn, and at that moment Ernani will 
cease to live." Just as he is about to 
espouse Elvira, the horn is sounded, and 
Ernani stabs himself. — Verdi : Ernani 
(an opera, 1841). 

Ernest (Duke), son-in-law of kaiser 
Konrad II. He murders his feudal lord, 
and goes on a pilgrimage to the Holy 
Land, to expiate his crime. The poem 
so called is a mixture of Homeric 
legends, Oriental myths, and pilgrims' 
tales. We have pygmies and cyclopses, 
genii and enchanters, fairies and dwarfs, 
monks and devotees. After a world of 
hair-breadth escapes, the duke reaches 
the Holy Sepulchre, pays his vows, re- 
turns to Germany, and is pardoned. — 
Heinrich von Veldig(m\Tmesmgev) : Duke 
Ernest (twelfth century). 

Ernest de Fri&berg', " the pri- 
— of State." He was imprisoned ia 



33o 



ERRA-PATER. 



the dungeon of the Giant's Mount fortress 
for fifteen years on a false charge of 
treason. Ul'rica (his natural daughter 
by the countess Marie), dressed in the 
clothes of Herman, the deaf and dumb 
jailer-boy, gets access to the dungeon 
and contrives his escape ; but he is re- 
taken, and led back to the dungeon. 
Being subsequently set at liberty, he 
marries the countess Marie (the mother 
of Ulrica).— Stirling: The Prisoner of 
State (1847). 

Eros, the manumitted slave of Antony 
the triumvir. Antony made Eros swear 
that he would kill him if commanded by 
him so to do. When in Egypt, Antony 
(after the battle of Actium), fearing lest 
he should fall into the hands of Octavius 
Caesar, ordered Eros to keep his promise, 
Eros drew his sword, but thrust it into his 
own side, and fell dead at the feet of An- 
tony. " O noble Eros," cried Antony, " I 
thank thee for teaching me how to die 1 " 
— Plutarch. 

' . ' Eros is introduced in Shakespeare's 
Antony and Cleopatra, and in Dryden's 
All for Love, or the World Well Lost. 

(Eros is the Greek name of Cupid, and 
hence amorous poetry is called Erotic. ) 

Eros'tratos (in Latin Erostratus), 
the incendiary who set fire to the temple 
of Diana of Ephesus, that his name 
might be' perpetuated. An edict was 
published, prohibiting any mention of 
the name, but the edict was wholly 
ineffective. 

1T Charles V., wishing to be shown 
over the Pantheon [All Saints] of Rome, 
was taken to the top by a Roman knight. 
At parting, the knight told the emperor 
that he felt an almost irresistible desire to 
push his majesty down from the top of 
the building, ' ' in order to immortalize his 
name." Unlike Erostratos, the name of 
this knight has not transpired. 

Ero'ta, a very beautiful but most 
imperious princess, passionately beloved 
by Philander prince of Cyprus. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher: The Laws of 
Candy (published 1647). 

Erra-Pater, an almanac, an alma- 
nac-maker, an astrologer. Samuel Butler 
calls Lilly, the almanac-maker, an llrra- 
Pater, which we are told was the name of 
a famous Jewish astrologer. 

His only Bible was an Erra-Pater. 
P. Fletcher: The PurfiU Island, tIL (1*33). 

What's here? Erra-Pater or a bearded sibyl [tkt 
person was Foresight}. 

C*tigr*v4 : Lov* for Im, Ir. wt*& 



ERRAGON. 

Erragon, kin? of Lora (in Scandi- 
navia). Aldo, a Caledonian chief, offered 
him his services, and obtained several 
important victories ; but Lornia, the 
king's wife, falling in love with him, the 
guilty pair escaped to Morven. Erragon 
invaded the country, and slew Aldo in 
single combat, but was himself slain in 
battle by Gaul, son of Morni. As for 
Lorma, she died of grief. — Ossian : The 
Battle of Lora. 

Errant Damsel ( The), Una.— Spen- 
ser: Faerie Qutene, iii. i (1590). 

Errol {Gilbert earl of), lord high 
constable of Scotland. — Sir W. Scott : 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Error, a monster who lived in a den 
in " Wandering Wood," and with whcm 
the Red Cross Knight had his first ad- 
venture. She had a brood of 1000 young 
on s of sundry shapes, and these cubs 
crept into their mother's mouth when 
alarmed, as young kangaroos creep into 
their mother's pouch. The knight was 
nearly killed by the stench which issued 
from the foul fiend, but he succeeded in 
" ranting" her head off. Whereupon the 
brood lapped up the blood, and burst 
with satiety. 

Half like a serpent horribly displayed. 

But th' other half did woman's shape retain . . . 

And as she lay upon the dirty' ground. 

Her huge long tail her den ail overspread. 

Yet was in knots and many boughts \_folds\ upwound, 

Pointed with mortal sting. 

S/enser; Faerie Quetnt, i i (1550). 

Errors of Artists. (See Ana- 
chronisms, p. 40.) 

(1) Angelo {Michel), in his great 
picture of the "Last Judgment," has 
introduced Charon's bark. 

(2) Brengheli, the Dutch painter, in 
a picture of the *« Wise Men of the East " 
making their offerings to the infant Jesus, 
has represented one of them dressed in a 
large white surplice, booted and spurred, 
offering the model of a Dutch seventy-four 
to the infant. 

(3) Etty has placed by the bedside of 
Holofernes a helmet of the period of the 
seventeenth century. 

(4) Mazzochi (Paulo), in his " Sym- 
bolical Painting of the Four Elements." 
represents the sea by fishes, the earth by 
moles, fire by a salamander, and air by 
a camel I Evidently he mistook the 
cameleon (which traditionally lives on air) 
for a cameL 

(5) Reynolds (Sir Joshua) has given 
one of his men two hats. In the enrly 
life of this great artist it was customary 
to paint the man with one hand in the 



331 ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 

waistcoat and a chapeau bras under one 
of the arms. A gentleman requested 
that Reynolds would paint him with his 
hat on his head. When the picture was 
sent home, lo ! there were two hats ; one 
sure enough was on the head, according 
to request, but there was another under 
the man's arm. 

(6) Tintoret, in a picture which repre- 
sents the " Israelites Gathering Manna in 
the Wilderness," has armed the men with 
guns. 

(7) Vandyke. In Vandyke's cele- 
brated picture of Charles I. in armour, 
both the gauntlets are for the right hand. 

(8) Veronese (Paul),in his ' ' Marriage 
Feast of Can a of Galilee," has introduced 
among the guests several Benedictines. 

(9) West, president of the Royal 
Academy, has represented Paris the 
Phrygian in Roman costume. 

(10) Westminster Hall Is full of 
absurdities. Witness the following as 
specimens : — 

Sir Cloudesley Shovel is dressed in a 
Roman cuirass and sandals, but on his 
head is a full-bottomed wig of the 
eighteenth century. 

The duke of Buckingham is arrayed in 
the costume of a Roman emperor, and his 
duchess in the court dress of George I. 
period. 

(n) Wilkie has painted a horse, 
without a bit, foaming at the mouth. 

Errors of Author*. (See Ana- 
chronisms, p. 39.) 

(n Ash. "Esoteric, an incorrect 
spelling for exoteric." " Gawain, sister 
of Arthur." — Dictionary, 

(2) Allison (Sir Archibald) says. 
"Sir Peregrine Pickle was one of the 
pall-bearers of the duke of Wellington." 
— Life of Lord Castlereagh. 

(He meant Sir Peregrine Maitland. ) 
IT In his History of Europe, the phrase 
droit de timbre ( ' ' stamp duty ") he trans- 
lates " timber duties." 

r Of a piece with this translation is 
Archdall's rendering of ' ' cloche. " Among 
the relics destroyed by the Danes in 
Ireland in the tenth century was a pas- 
toral staff of the patron saint of Slane, 
and (says Archdall) " the best clock 
[cloche] in Ireland." Of course cloche 
means a bell. — Monasticon Hibernicon. 

(3) Arnold (Matthew), in his Philo- 
rr.-la, makes Procne the " dumb sister ;" 
hut it was the tongue of Philomela that 
Tereus (2 syl. ) cut out, to prevent her tell- 
ing his wife Procne of hislicentiousriolence. 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



332 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



Dost thou again peruse 

With hot cheeks and scared eyes 

The too clear web and thy dear sister's shame t 

These words might be addressed to his 
wife Procne, but could not possibly be 
addressed to Philomel. 

(4) Articles of War for the Army. 
It is ordered "that every recruit shall 
have the 40th and 46th of the articles 
read to him " (art. iii. ). The 46th relates 
to chaplains ; the 41st is meant, which is 
about mutiny. 

51 Edward III. assumes there are 
40,000 parishes in England, instead of 
8600. 

(5) Barnes, in his History of Edward 
III., tells us that the earl of Leicester, 
" who was almost blind with age," flung 
up his cap for joy when he heard of the 
arrest of Mortimer, in 1330. " Old 
Leicester," however, was only 43 at the 
time. 

(6) Browne ( William). Apellis' Cur- 
tain. W. Browne says — 

If ... I set my pencil to Apeiies tabl \JainHnz\ 
Or dare to draw his curtain. 

Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 2. 

This curtain was not drawn by Apelles, 
but by Parrhasios, who lived a full cen- 
tury before Apelles. The contest was 
between Zeuxis and Parrhasios. The 
former exhibited a bunch of grapes which 
deceived the birds, and the latter a cur- 
tain which deceived Zeuxis. 

(7) Bruyssel (E, von) says, "Accord- 
ing to Homer, Achillas had a vulnerable 
heel." It is a vulgar error to attribute 
this myth to Homer. The blind old bard 
nowhere says a word about it. The story 
of dipping Achilles in the river Styx is 
altogether post-Homeric. 

(8) Buffon says the flowers of America 
are beautiful, but without perfume ; and 
the birds gay in plumage, but without 
song. Captain Mayne Reid, in his War- 
trail, xlv., says of Buffon, "You could 
never have approached within 200 yards 
of a Stanhopia, of the Epidendrum 
odordtum, of the Dictura grandifora, 
with its mantle of snow-white blossoms. 
You could never have passed near the 
pothos plant, the serberea and tabemamon- 
tanea, the cullas, eugenias, ocotas, and 
nitiginas. You could never have ridden 
through a chapparal of acacias and 
mimosas, or among orchids, whose pre- 
sence fills whole forests with fragrance." 

IF Then, in regard to singing birds, 
Captain Mayne Reid speaks of "the in- 
comparable melody of the mock-bird, the 
full, charming notes of the blue song- 



thrush, the sweet warbling voice of the 
Silvias, finches, tanagas, which not only 
adorn the American woods with their 
gorgeous colours, but make them vocal 
with never-ending song." 

(9) Byron. Xerxes' Ships. Byron says 
that Xerxes looked on his "ships by 
thousands " off the coast of Sal'amis. 
The entire number of sails was 1200 ; of 
these 400 were wrecked before the battle 
off the coast of Sepias, so that even 
supposing the whole of the rest were en- 
gaged, the number could not exceed 800. 
— Isles of Greece. 

IT The Isle Teos. In the same poem he 
refers to "Teos" as one of the isles of 
Greece, but Teos is a maritime town on 
the coast of Ionia, in Asia Minor. 

(10) Campbell speaks of the aloes and 
palm trees of Wyoming, neither of which 
trees grows there. 

He also calls the people a "gentle 
people," but the mutual hatred between 
the farmers rendered the place a hell 
rather than a paradise. Families were 
so divided that the fire of contention 
burnt ragingly ; but Campbell speaks of 
it as a "seat of social happiness." — 
Howitt : History of England (George III. , 
p. 218). 

(11) Cervantes. Dorothea's Father. 
Dorothea represents herself as queen of 
Micomicon, because both her father and 
mother were dead, but don Quixote speaks 
of her father to her as alive. — Pt. I. iv. 8. 

H Mambrino's Helmet. In pt. I. iii. 8 
we are told that the galley-slaves set free 
by don Quixote assaulted him with stones, 
and "snatching the basin from his head, 
broke it to pieces." In bk. iv. 15 we find 
this basin quite whole and sound, the 
subject of a judicial inquiry, the question 
being whether it was a helmet or a 
barber's basin. Sancho (ch. 11) says he 
" picked it up, bruised and battered, in- 
tending to get it mended ; " but he says, 
"I broke it to pieces," or, according to 
one translator, " broke it into a thousand 
pieces." In bk. iv. 8 we are told that 
don Quixote "came from his chamber 
armed cap-a-pie, with the barber's basin 
on his head.' 

IT Sancho' s Ass. We are told (pt I. 
iii. 9) that Gines de Passamonte "stole 
Sancho's ass." Sancho laments the loss 
with true pathos, and the knight condoles 
with him. But soon afterwards Cervantes 
says, " He [Sancho] jogged on leisurely 
upon his ass after his master." 

IT Sancho's Great-coat. Sancho Panza, 
we are told, left his wallet behind in the 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



333 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



Crescent Moon tavern, where he was 
tossed in a blanket, and put the provisions 
left by the priests in his great-coat (ch. 5). 
The galley-slaves robbed him of "his 
great-coat, leaving only his doublet " (ch. 
8), but in the next chapter (9) we find " the 
victuals had not been touched," though the 
rascals "searched diligently for booty." 
Now, if the food was in the great-coat, 
and the great-coat was stolen, how is it 
that the victuals remained in Sancho's 
possession untouched ? 

IT Sancho's Wallet. We are told that 
Sancho left his wallet by mistake at the 
tavern where he was blanket-tossed (ch. 5), 
but in ch. 9, when he found the port- 
manteau, ' ' he crammed the gold and 
linen into his wallet." — Pt. I. Hi. 

To make these oversights more striking, 
the author says, when Sancho found the 
portmanteau, "he entirely forgot the loss 
of his wallet, his great-coat, and of his 
faithful companion and servant Dapple " 
{the ass). 

1T Supper. Cervantes makes the party 
at the Crescent tavern eat two suppers in 
one evening. In ch. 5 the curate orders 
in supper, and '• after supper" they read 
the story of " Fatal Curiosity. " In ch. 12 
we are told " the cloth was laid [again] 
for supper," and the company sat down 
to it, quite forgetting that they had already 
supped. — Pt. I. iv. 

(12) Chambers's Encyclopaedia 
states that "the fame of Beaumarchais 
rests on his two operas, Le Barbier de 
Seville (1755) and Le Mariage de Figaro." 
Every one knows that Mozart composed 
the opera of Figaro (1786), and that Casti 
wrote the libretto. The opera of Le 
Barbier de Seville, or rather // Barbiere 
di Siviglia, was composed by Rossini, in 
1816. What Beaumarchais wrote was two 
comedies, one in four acts and the other 
in five. — Art. " Beaumarchais." 

(13) Chambers's Journal. We are 
told, in a paper entitled " Coincidences," 
that " Thursday has proved a fatal day 
with the Tudors, for on that day died 
Henry VIII., Edward VI., queen Mary, 
and queen Elizabeth." This is not 
correct in regard to Henry VIII., who 
died January 28, 1^46^7, according to 
the best authority, Rymer's Fcedera, vol. 
xv., and that day was a Friday (Old 
Style), and not a Thursday. 

IT In the same paper we are told that 
Saturday has been fatal to the present 
dynasty, " for William IV. and every one 
of the Georg's died on a Saturday." 
This is not correct in regard to George I., 



who died Sunday, June 11, 1727, and 
William IV., who died Tuesday, June 20, 
1837. The other three Georges died on 
a Saturday, viz. George II. , October 25, 
1760 ; George III. , January 29, 1820 ; 
and George IV., June 26, 1830. 

(14) Chaucer says, "The throstle- 
cock sings so sweet a tune that Tubal 
himself, the first musician, could not 
equal it. "— - The Court of Love. Of course 
he means Jubal. 

IF In his House of Fame, he mistakes 
the giant Orion for Arion the musician. 

(15) ClBBER (Colley), in his Love Makes 
a Man, i., makes Carlos the student say, 
"For the cure of herds [ Virgil s~\ bucolicks 
are a master-piece ; but when his art 
describes the commonwealth of bees . . . 
I'm ravished." He means the Georgics, 
the Bucolics are eclogues, and never touch 
upon either of these subjects. The 
diseases and cures of cattle are in Georgic 
iii., and the habits, etc., of bees, Georgic iv. 

(16) Cid {The). When Alfonso suc- 
ceeded his brother Sancho and banished 
the Cid, Rodrigo is made to say — 

Prithee say where were these gallants 
(Bold enough when far from blows) t 

Where were they when I, unaided. 
Rescued thee from thirteen foes? 

The historic fact is, not that Rodrigo 
rescued Alfonso from thirteen foes, but 
that the Cid rescued Sancho from thirteen 
of Alfonso's foes. Eleven he slew, and 
two he put to flight.— The Cid, xvi. 78. 

(17) Colman. Job Thornberry says to 
Peregrine, who offers to assist him in his 
difficulties, " Desist, young man, in time.'" 
But Peregrine was at least 45 years old 
when so addressed. He was 15 when 
Job first knew him, and had been absent 
thirty years in Calcutta. Job Thornberry 
himself was not above five or six years 
older. 

(18) Cowper calls the rose " the glory 
of April and May," but June is the great 
rose month. In the south of England 
they begin to bloom in the latter half of 
May, and go on to the middle of July. 
April roses would be horticultural cu- 
riosities. 

1F In his Invitation to Newton he speaks 
of the hibernation of swallows — 

The swallows, in their torpid state. 

Compose th';ir useless wing; 
And bees in hives as idly wait 

The call of early spring. 

(N.B. — Swallows do not hibernate ; and 
bees in a hive are not idle in winter-time.) 

1T In his Yearly Distress he mistakes 
hoggets (young s-heep) for pigs or hogs. 

The piirs [hqggets] t!u>t he had lost 
By maggots in their talL 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 

Voung lambs are very subject to these 
parasites, but " pigs" are not. Strange 
that a man living in the country, and not 
without observation, should blunder so 
often on natural history. 

(19) Critics at fault. The licentiate 
tells don Quixote that some critics found 
fault with him for defective memory, and 
instanced it in this: *' We are told that 
Sancho's ass is stolen, but the author has 
forgotten to mention who the thief was." 
This is not the case, as we are distinctly 
informed that it was stolen by Gines de 
Pas amonte, one of the galley-slaves. — 
Don Quixote, II. i. 3. 

(20) Cunningham {Allan) wrote the 
well-known line, " a wet sheet and a flow- 
ing sail." Now, sheet in nautical language 
means a rope, and a J 'wet rope" cannot 
have been his meaning. In a sailing-boat 
there are four ropes, called the painter, the 
halyard, the sheet, and the tack. The 
painter is to tie the boat to the moorings ; 
the halyard is to haul up the sail ; the 
sheet is put near the end of the boom ; 
and the tack is to fasten the sail to the 
bottom of the mast. 

Nuttall, In his dictionary, erroneously gives " sheet," 

• tmil, which it never means. 

(21) Dickens, in Edwin Drood, puts 
"rooks and rooks' nests" (instead of 
daws) " in the towers of Cloisterham." 

IT In his> Child's History of England 
Dickens refers to Edmund earl of Kent 
as " the poor old lord," but he was only 
28 years of age at the time referred to. 

f In Little Dorrit (ch. xxxiii.) Tatty- 
coram is supposed to enter "with an iron 
box two feet square under her arm. " She 
must have been a pretty strong girl, with 
very long arms. 

H In Nicholas Nickleby he represents 
Mr. Squeers as setting his boys "to hoe 
turnips " in midwinter. 

IT In The Tale of Two Cities (iii. 4) he 
says, "The name of the strong man of 
Old Scripture descended to the chief 
functionary who worked the guillotine." 
But the name of this functionary was 
Sanson, not Samson. 

(22) Froissart tells us that the elder 
Despenser was 90 years old at death. As 
he was born in March, 1261, and died in 
October, 1326, he was 65, not 90. 

(23) Galen says that man has seven 
bones in the sternum (instead of three) ; 
and Sylvius, in reply to Vesalius, contends 
that ' ' in days of yore the robust chests 
of heroes had more bones than men now 
have." 

(04) Goldsmith, In The Traveller (last 



334 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



line but two), speaks of "Luke's Iron 
crown, and Damien's bed of steel." This 
line contains three blunders : (1) It was not 
Luke but George Dosa, the Hungarian, 
who, in 1514, was put to death by a red- 
hot crown on his head. (2) The name 
of the regicide who attempted the life 0/ 
Louis XV. was not Damien but Damiens, 
although it is true he is called ' Damien ' 
in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1757 (vol. 
xxvii. pp. 87, 157). (3) Damiens was not 
tortured to death on a "bed of steel," but 
was first flayed alive by pincers, and huge 
morsels of flesh were plucked from his 
bones, after which he was torn limb from 
limb by six wild horses. (See Foster 's Lift ; 
bk. iii. 10.) 

(25) Greene {Robert) speaks of Delphos 
as an island; but Delphos, or rather 
Delphi, was a city of Phocis, and no island. 
"Six noblemen were sent to the isle of 
Delphos." — Donastus and Faunia. Pro- 
bably he confounded the city of Delphi 
with the isle of Delos. 

(26) Halliwell, in his Archaic Dic- 
tionary, says, " Crouchmas means 
Christmas," and adds that Tusser is his 
authority. But this is altogether a mistake. 
Tusser, in his "May Remembrances," 
says : " From bull cow fast, till Crouchmas 
be past," i.e. St. Helen's Day. Tusser 
evidently means from May 3 (the invention 
of the Cross) to August 18 (St. Helen's 
Day or the Cross-mas), not Christmas. 

(27) Hatton (Joseph), in his Three 
Recruits, etc. (1880), speaks of Jacob as 
the patriarch who offered up his son in 
sacrifice to God. Of course he meant 
Abraham. 

(28) HiGGONS (Bevil) says— 

The Cyprian queen, drawn by ApelleV hand, 
Of perfect beauty did the pattern stand I 
But then bright nymphs from every part of Greece 
Did all contribute to adorn the piece. 

To Sir Godfrey Kneller (1780). 

Tradition says that ApelleV model was 
either Phryne, or Campaspe 1 afterwards his 
wife. Campbell has borrowed these lines, 
but ascribes the painting to Protog'enes 
the Rhodian — 

When first the Rhodian's mimic art arrayed 
The Queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade. 
The nappy master mingled in the piece 
Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece. 
Pleasures o/Hofe, U. 

(29) Hogg the Ettrick shepherd, speaks 
of " Evening Mass," and sir Walter Scott 
says, " On Christinas Eve the Mass was 
sung." 

The supper-bell at court had rung, 
The Mass was said, the Vespers sung. 

The QtueJs fraJU. 

(30) HowiTT, in his History of England 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



335 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



(George III., p. 241), describing the attack 
of the Gordon rioters on the Bank of 
England, says, " They [the rioters] 
found a mine of wealth guarded by 
* Arimaspians ' in the shape of infantry, 
who had orders to fire, and did it without 
scruple." Now, the Arimaspians were 
the rioters, and the infantry were the 
" Griffins" who guarded the gold. 

The tale is this : The Griffins guarded the gold of 
the north, but the Arimaspians, a one-eyed race, 
mounted on horseback, attempted to steal the gold, 
and hence arose the hostility between the griffin and 
the horse. 

(31) HUME [Fergus). In The Mystery 
of a Hansom Cab (ch. ix. p. 56) we are 
told that the clock was too slow. At p. 
131 (ch. xix.) Albert Pendy, the clock- and 
watchmaker, on being sworn, deposed that 
"it was ten minutes too fast," and he 
adds, '* I put it right" Careton, addressing 
the jury (p. 135), says it was too slow. 

(32) Johnson (Dr.) makes Addison 
speak of Steele as " Little Dicky," whereas 
the person so called by Addison was a 
dwarfish actor who played "Gomez" in 
Dryden's Spanish Fryar. He defines 
" Pastern, the knee of a horse" in his 
Dictionary. 

(33) KiNGSLEY (Charles). In West- 
ward Hot (ch. xx.) John Brumblecombe 
reads before the sea-fight the prayer for 
" all conditions of men ; " but in the time 
of queen Elizabeth there was no such 
prayer in the Prayer-book. 

(34) Lamb (Charles) speaks of phea- 
sants being served up at table on the 
second of September. Partridges might, 
but pheasants are not eaten before 
October. He says, in his Essays of Elia, 
" Shrove Tuesday was helping the second 
of September to . . . the delicate thigh of 
a hen pheasant." — Rejoicings upon the 
New Year's Coming of Age. 

(35) London Newspaper (A), one of 
the leading journals of the day, has spoken 
three times within two years of " passing 
under the Caudine Forks," evidently 
supposing them to be a " yoke," instead 
of a valley or mountain pass. 

(36) Longfellow calls Erig'ena a 
Scotchman, whereas the very word means 
an Irishman. 

Done into Latin by that Scottish beast, 
Erigena Johannes. 

Golden Legend. 

Without doubt, the poet mistook John 
Duns [Scottus], who died in 1308, for 
John Scottus [Erigena], who died in 875. 
Erigena translated into Latin St. Diony- 
sius. He was latitudinarian in his views, 
and anything but " a Scottish beast " or 
CalvmisL 



IT The Two Angels. Longfellow 
crowns the death-angel with amaranth, 
with which Milton says, "the spirits elect 
bind their resplendent locks ; " and his 
angel of life he crowns with asphodels, 
the flowers of Pluto or the grave. 

(37) Milton. Colkitto and Macdonnel. 
In Sonnet x. Milton speaks of Colkitto and 
M'Donnel as two distinct families, but 
they are really one and the same. The 
M'Donnels of Antrim were called Col- 
kittok because they were descended from 
the lame Colin. 

% In Comus (ver. 880) he makes the 
siren Ligea " sleek her hair with a golden 
comb," as if she were a Scandinavian 
mermaid. 

(38) Moore (Thorn.) says — 

The sunflower turns on her god, when he sets. 
The same look which she turned when he rose. 

Irish Melodies, ii. (" Believe Me if all those 
•Endearing Young Charms "). 

The sunflower does not turn to either 
the rising or setting sun. It receives its 
name solely because it resembles a pic- 
ture sun. It is not a turn-sun or helio- 
trope at all. 

(39) Morris says — 

She the saffron gown will never wear. 

And in no flower-strewn couch shall she be laid ; 

i.e. she will never be a bride. Milton 
also, in L' Allegro, says — 

There let Hymen oft appear 
In saffron robe. 

Brides wore a white robe, but were 
wholly enveloped in crocus-coloured veils 
or filammeum. " Lutea demiosos vela- 
runt flammea vultus." — Lucan, ii. 361. 
(See also Pliny, Natural History, xxi. 22. ) 

(40] Murphy, in the Grecian Daughter, 
says (act i. 1) — 

Have you forgot the elder Dlonysvos, 

Surnamed the Tyrant T . . . Evander came from Greece, 

And sent the tyrant to his humble rank. 

Once more reduced to roam for vile subsistence, 

A wandering sophist thro' the realms of Greece. 

It was not Dionysius the Elder, but 
Dionysius the Younger, who was the 
"wandering sophist;" and it was not 
Evander, but Timoleon, who dethroned 
him. The elder Dionysius wis not de- 
throned at all, nor ever reduced "to 
humble rank." He reigned thirty-eight 
years without interruption, and died a 
king, in the plenitude of his glory, at the 
age of 63. 

IT In the same play (act iv. 1) Euphrasia 
says to Dionysius the Younger — 

Think of thy father's fate at Corinth, Dionyslut. 

It was not the father, but the son 
(Dionysius the Younger), who lived in 
exile at Corinth. 
% In the same play he makes Ti'moleon 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 

victorious over the Syracusians {that is 
historically correct) ; and he makes Eu- 
phrasia stab Dionysius the Younger, 
whereas he retreated to Corinth, an J 
spent his time in debauchery, but sup- 
ported himself by keeping a school. Of 
his deatb nothing is known, but ce.tainly 
he was not stabbed to death by Euphrasia. 
(See Plutarch.) 

(41) Phillips informs us that "a 
quaver is a measure of time in music, 
being the half of a crotchet, as a crotchet 
is half a quaver." (He means half a 
minim.) 

(42) POPE, in his fable The Mouse and 
*he Weasel, makes the weasel eat corn. 

(43) Richardson's DicTioNARY.under 
the word "taper," a wax candle, gives 
as an illustration of the meaning — 

And in the night she listeth best tapere (i.e. to 
appear). 

(44) Printer's Error (A curious). 
The Annual Register, 1879, p. 373, 
speaks of the monument of Byron , and a 
statue done by Thomas Walden, meaning 
Thorwaldsen. 

(45) Rymer, in his F&dera, ascribes to 
Henry I. (who died in 1135) a preaching 
expedition for the restoration of Roches- 
ter Church, injured by fire in 1177 (vol. I. 
i. 9). 

1 In the previous page Rymer ascribes 
to Henry I. a deed of gift from " Henry 
king of England and lord of Ireland;" 
but every one knows that Ireland was 
conquered by Henry II., and the deed 
referred to was the act of Henry III. 

U" On p. 71 of the same vol. Odo is 
made, in 1298, to swear "in no wise to 
confederate with Richard I. ; " whereas 
Richard I. died in 1199. 

(46) Sabine Maid {The). G. Gilfillan, 
in his introductory essay to Longfellow, 
says, " His ornaments, unlike those of 
the Sabine maid, have not crushed him." 
Tarpeia, who opened the gates of Rome 
to the Sabines, and was crushed to death 
by their shields, was not a Sabine maid 
but a Roman. 

(47) Scott (Sir Walter). In the Heart 
of Midlothian we read — 

She \_Effie Deans] amused herself with visiting the 
dairy . . . and was near discovering herself to Mary 
Hetley by betraying her acquaintance with the cele- 
brated receipt for Dunlop cheese, that she compared 
herself to Bedreddin Hassan, whom the vizier his 
father-in-law discovered by his superlative skill in com- 
posing cream-tarts with pepper in them. 

In these few lines are several gross errors : 

(1) " cream-tarts " should be cheese-cakes ; 

(2) the charge was "that he made cheese- 
cakes without putting pepper in them," 
and not that he made ' ' cream-tarts with 



33^ 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



pepper ; " (3) it was not the vizier his 
father-in-law and uncle, but his motner, 
the widow of Noureddin, who made the 
discovery, and why? for the best of all 
reasons— because she herself had taught 
her son the receipt. The party were ?* 
Damascus at the time. — Arabian Nights 
("Noureddin Ali," etc.). (See p. 338, 
"Thackeray.") 

"Whatl" said Bedreddin, "was everything in my 
house to be broken and destroyed . . , only because I 
did not put pepper in a cheese-cake?' —Arabian 
Nights ("jNoureddin Ali," etc.). 

1T In The Fortunes of Nigel (chap, 
xxxii.) lord Dalgarno speaks of that 
happy period "which begins with ' Dearly 
beloved, ' and ends with ' amazement ; ' " 
but in the timcof James I. the Marriage 
Service did not end with the word 
"amazement" 

^ In his Antiquary (chap, x.) he 
speaks of ' ' the philosopher who appealed 
from Philip inflamed with wine to Philip 
in his hours of sobriety." This "philo- 
sopher" was a poor old woman. 

IT In The Betrothed (time, Henry II.) he 
speaks of the "bishop of Gloucester;" 
but there was no such bishop till 1541, 
which was in the reign of Henry VIII. 

^[ In Ivanhoe (chap, xxvii.) he makes 
Wamber the jester say, " I am a poor 
brother of St. Francis ; " but that Order 
was founded in 1206, and Wamber lived 
in the reign of Richard I. (1189-1199). 

§ Again, in Ivanhoe, the "monk of 
Croydon" should be the "monk of 
Croyland." 

§ In chap. vii. the Christian name of 
Malvoisin is Richard, elsewhere it is 
Philip. 

(48) Shakespeare. Althcea and the 
Fire-brand. Shakespeare says (2 Henry 
IV. act ii. sc. 2) that Althaea dreamt she 
was delivered of a fire-brand." It was 
not Althaea but Hecuba who dreamed, 
a little before Paris was born, that her 
offspring was a brand that consumed the 
kingdom. The tale of Althaea is that 
the Fates laid a log of wood on a fire, 
and told her that her son would live till 
that log was consumed ; whereupon she 
snatched up the log and kept it trom the 
fire, till one day her son Melea'ger 
offended her, when she flung the log on 
the fire, and her son died, as the Fates 
predicted. 

IF Bo/iemia's Coast. In the Winter's 
Tale the vessel bearing the infant Perdlta 
is "driven by storm on the coast of 
Bohemia ; " but Bohemia has no sea- 
board at all. 

H In Coriolanus Shakespeare make* 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 

Volumnia the mother, and Virgilia the 
wife, of Coriolanus ; but his wife was 
Volumnia, and his mother Veturia. 

§ Delphi an Island. In the same 
drama (act iii. sc. i) Delphi is spoken of 
as an island ; but Delphi is a city of 
Phocis, containing a temple to Apollo. 
It is no island at alL 

IT Elsinore. Shakespeare speaks of 
the " beetling cliff of Elsinore," whereas 
Elsinore has no cliffs at all. 

What if it [the ghost] tempts you to the flood ... 
Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff 
That beetles o'er its base into the sea T 

H ami it, act L sc. 4. 

§ The Ghost, in Hamlet, is evidently 
a Roman Catholic : he talks of purga- 
tory, absolution, and other catholic 
dogmas ; but the Danes at the time were 
pagans. 

IT St. Louts. Shakespeare, in Henry V. 
act i. sc. 2, calls Louis X. "St. Louis," but 
" St. Louis" was Louis IX. It was Louis 
IX. whose "grandmother was Isabel," 
issue of Charles de Lorraine, the last of 
the Carlovingians. Louis X. was the son 
of Philippe IV. (le Bel), and grandson of 
Philippe III. and "Isabel of Aragon," 
not Isabel " heir of Capet, of the line of 
Charles the duke of Lorain." 

H Macbeth was no tyrant, as Shake- 
speare makes him out to be, but a firm and 
equitable prince, whose title to the throne 
was better than that of Duncan. 

§ Duncan's Murder. Macbeth did not 
murder Duncan in the castle of Inverness, 
as stated in the play, but at " the smith's 
house," near Elgin (1039). 

§ Again, Macbeth was not slain by Mac- 
duff at Dunsin'ane, but made his escape 
from the battle, and was slain, in 1056, 
at Lumphanan. — Lardner: Cabinet Cyc., 
17-19. 

IT In The Winter's Tale, act v. sc a, 
one of the gentlemen refers to Julio 
Romano, the Italian artist and architect 
(1492- 1 546), certainly some 800 years 
or more before Romano was born. 

11 In Twelfth Sight, the Illyrian clown 
?peaks of St. Bennet's Church, London. 
"The triplex, sir, is a good tripping 
measure, or the bells of St. Bennet's 
sure may put you in mind : one, two, 
three" (act v. sc. 1) ; as if the duke was 
a Londoner! 

(49) Spenser. Bacchus or Saturn t 
In the Faerie Queene, iii. 11, Britomart 
saw in the castle of Bu'siiane (3 syl.) a 
picture descriptive of the love of Saturn, 
who had changed himself into a centaur 
out of love for Erig'onS. It was not 
Saturn but Bacchus who loved Erigone, 



337 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



and he was not transformed to a centaur, 
but to a horse. 

IT Benoni or (Enone f In bk. vi. 9 
(Faerie Queene) the lady-love of Paris is 
called Ben one, which ought to be CEnone\ 
The poet says that Paris was "by Plexip- 
pus' brook " when the golden apple was 
brought to him ; but no such brook is 
mentioned by any classic author. 

U Critias and Socrates. In bk. ii. 7 
(Faerie Queene) Spenser says, " The wise 
Socrates . . . poured out his life ... to 
the dear Critias; his dearest bel-amie." 
It was not Socrates but Theram'enes, one 
of the thirty tyrants, who, in quaffing the 
poison-cup, said smiling, "This I drink 
to the health of fair Critias." — Cicero: 
Tusculan Questions. 

IF Critias or Critof In the Faerie 
Queene, iv. (introduction) Spenser says 
that Socrates often discoursed of love to 
his friend Critias ; but it was Crito, or 
rather Criton, that the poet means. 

IT Cyprus and Paphos. Spenser makes 
sir Scudamore speak of a temple of 
Venus, far more beautiful than "that in 
Paphos or that in Cyprus ; " but Paphos 
was merely a town in the island of 
Cyprus, and the "two" are but one 
and the same temple.— 'Faerie Queene, 
iv. 10. 

1T Hippomanis. Spenser calls him " the 
Eubaean young man " (ii. 7), but he was 
a Boeotian. In cant. II. ix. 29, he says, 
" More whott [hot] than JEtri or flaming 
Mongiball," but the latter is the Arabic 
name of JEtna. ; thus making Etna and 
Mongibello two distinct mountains ; 
whereas the former is called by the Arabs 
Jab'el or Aj-jabal, that is, "Mount 
Jabal," or Mon-giball. 

(50) Tennyson, in the Last Tourna- 
ment, says (ver. 1), Dagonet was knighted 
in mockery by sir Gaw'ain ; but in the 
History of Prince Arthur we are dis- 
tinctly told that king Arthur knighted 
him "with his own hands" (pt. ii. 91). 

IT In Gareth and Lynette the same poet 
says that Gareth was the son of Lot and 
Bellicent ; but we are told a score times 
and more in the History of Prince 
Arthur that he was the son of Margawse 
(Arthur's sister and Lot's wife, pt. i. 36). 

King Lot . . . wedded Margawse ; Nentre» . . 
wedded Elain.-^S«> T. Malory : History tf Princi 
Arthur, L a, 35, 36. 

§ In the same Idyll Tennyson has 
changed Liones to Lyonors ; but, accord- 
ing to the collection of romances edited 
by sir T. Malory, these were quite different 
persons. Liones, daughter of sir Persaunt, 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



ERRORS OF AUTHORS. 



and sister of Linet of Castle Perilous, 
married sir Gareth (pt. i. 153) ; but 
Lyonors was the daughter of earl San am, 
and was the unwed mother of sir Borre 
by king Arthur (pt. i. 15). 

§ Again, Tennyson makes Gareth marry 
Lynette, and leaves the true heroine, 
Lyonors, in the cold ; but the History 
makes Gareth marry LionSs {Lyonors), 
and Gaheris his brother marries Linet. 

Thus ended the history of sir Gareth, that wedded 
Dame Liones of the Castle Perilous ; and also of sir 
Gahfiris, who wedded her sister Dame Linet.— Sir T. 
Malory; History of Prince Arthur (end of pt. i.). 

§ Again, in Gareth and Lynette, by 
erroneously beginning day with sunrise 
instead of the previous eve, Tennyson 
reverses the order of the knights, and 
makes the fresh green ynorn represent the 
decline of day, or, as he calls it, " Hes- 
perus" the "Evening Star;" and the 
blue star of evening he makes " Phos- 
phorus" the "Morning Star." 

§ Once more, in Gareth and Lynette 
the late poet-laureate makes the combat 
between Gareth and Death finished at a 
single blow, but in the History Gareth 
fights from dawn to dewy eve. In fact, 
the allegory is ruined, unless man's battle 
of life is made to last till he dies. 

Thus they fought {from sunrise] till it was past 
noon, and would not stint, till at last both lacked wind, 
and then stood they wagging, staggering, panting, 
blowing, and bleeding . . . and when they had rested 
them awhile, they went to battle again, trasing, rasing, 
and foyning, as two boars. Thus they endured till 
evening-song time.— Sir T. Malory : History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 136. 

TT In the Last Tournament Tennyson 
makes sir Tristram stabbed to death by 
sir Mark in Tintag'il Castle, Cornwall, 
while toying with his aunt, Isolt the Fair ; 
but in the History he is in bed in Brittany, 
severely wounded, and dies of a shock, 
because his wife tells him the ship in 
which he expected his aunt to come was 
sailing into port with a black sail instead 
of a white one. 

The poet-laureate has deviated so often 
from the collection of tales edited by sir 
Thomas Malory, that it would occupy too 
much space to point out his deviations 
even in the briefest manner. 

(51) Thackeray, in Vanity Fair, has 
taken from sir Walter Scott his allusion 
to Bedreddin, and not from the Arabian 
Nights. He has, therefore, fallen into the 
same error, and added three more. He 
says, " I ought to have remembered the 
pepper which the princess of Persia puts 
into the cream-tarts in India, sir" (ch. 
iii.). The charge was that Bedreddin 
made his cheese cakes without putting 



pepper into them. But Thackeray has 
committed in this allusion other blunders. 
It was not a " princess" at all, but Bed- 
reddin Hassan, who for the nonce had 
become a confectioner. He learned the art 
of making cheese-cakes from his mother 
(a widow). Again, it was not a " princess 
of Persia," for Bedreddin's mother was the 
widow of the vizier of Balsora, at that 
time quite independent of Persia. Nor 
did it happen in India. 

IT In The Newcomes (ch. xlix.) he 
speaks of " pea-green Payne." It was 
Hayne (who sued Miss Foote, in 1824, 
for breach of promise), not Payne, who 
was nicknamed " pea-green." 

He was dressed in pea-green, with a pin and a chain. 
And I think I heard somebody call him Squire Hayne. 
Ingoldsby Legends (" The Black Mousquetaire ). 

IT In Esmond he calls a bar sinister 
" the mark of bastardy." He meant a 
bend sinister. 

(52) Turner (Sharon), in his History 
of England (p. 63) says that William the 
Conqueror, after the battle of Hastings, 
"When he encamped the following day 
his health became affected, and his friends 
were alarmed ; " and on p. 91 he says, 
" When a dangerous illness attacked him, 
he solemnly appointed his son Robert his 
heir ; " but on p. 99 he says, " Such was 
his health, that he had experienced no 
illness to the last." 

(53) Victor Hugo, in Les Travailleurs 
de la Mer, renders " the frith of Forth " 
by the phrase Premier des quartre, mis- 
taking "frith" (or first, and "Forth" 
for fourth or four. In his Marie Tudor 
he refers to the " History and Annals of 
Henry VII., par Franc Baronum," mean- 
ing " Historia, etc., Henrici Septimi, pei 
Franciscum Baconum." He calls Barkyll 
Fedro a common British patronymic. 

(54) Virgil has placed ^Eneas in a 
harbour which did not exist at the time, 
" Portusque require Velinos " (sEneid, vi. 
366). It was Curius Dentatus who cut a 
gorge through the rocks to let the waters 
of the Velinus into the Nar. Before this 
was done, the Velinus was merely a 
number of stagnant lakes, and the 
blunder is about the same as if a modern 
poet were to make Columbus pass through 
the Suez Canal. 

§ In sEn'eid, iii. 171, Virgil makes 
iEneas speak of " Ausonia ; " but as 
Italy was so called from Auson, son of 
Ulysses and Calypso, of course ./Eneas 
could not have known his name. 

§ Again, in sEn'eid, ix. 571, he repre- 
sents Chorinceus as slain by Asy'las ; 



ERRUA. 



339 



ESCALUS. 



but in bk. xii. 298 he is alive again. 
Thus— 

Chorinaeum stemit Asylas. 

Bk. ix. S7i. 

Then— 

Obvius ambustum torrem Chorinaeus ab ara 
Corripit, et venienti Ebuso plagamque ferenti 
Occupat os flammis, etc 

Bk. xii. 298, etc 

§ Again, in bk. ix. Numa is slain by 
Nisus (ver. 554) ; but in bk. x. 562 Numa 
is alive, and /Eneas kills him. 

(5.5) Webster, Dictionary (an early 
edition). 

Wicket-keeper, the player in cricket who stands 
with a bat to protect the wicket from the ball. 

Long-stop. (Cricket.) One who is set to stop balls 
sent a long distance. 

LEG. (Cricket.) To strike in the leg. 

BOWLER. One who plays bowls, or rolls in cricket 

'.'Of course, every intelligent reader 
will be able to add to this long list ; but 
no more space can be allowed for the 
subject in this dictionary. 

Er'rua {"the mad-cap"), a young 
man whose wit defeated the strength of 
the giant Tartaro (a sort of one-eyed 
Polypheme). Thus the first competition 
was in throwing a stone. The giant 
threw his stone, but Errua threw a bird, 
which the giant supposed to be a stone, 
and as it flew out of sight, Errua won the 
wager. The next wager was to throw a 
bar of iron. After the giant had thrown, 
Errua said, ' ' From here to Salamanca ; " 
whereupon the giant bade him not to 
throw, lest the bar of iron should kill his 
father and mother, who lived there ; so 
the giant lost the second wager. The 
third was to pull a tree up by the roots ; 
and the giant gave in because Errua had 
run a cord round a host of trees, and 
said, "You pull up one, but I pull up 
all these." The next exploit was at bed- 
time : Errua was to sleep in a certain 
bed ; but he placed a dead man in the 
bed, while he himself got under it. At 
midnight Tartaro took his club and be- 
laboured the dead body most unmerci- 
fully. When Errua stood before Tartaro 
next morning, the giant was dum- 
founded. He asked Errua how he had 
slept. "Excellently well,'* said Errua, 
** but somewhat troubled by fleas." 
Other trials were made but always in 
favour of Errua. At length a race was 
proposed, and Errua sewed into a bag 
the bowels of a pig. When he started, 
he cut the bag, strewing the bowels on 
the road. When Tartaro was told that 
his rival had done this to make himself 
more fleet, he cut his belly, and of course 



killed himself. — Rev. W. Webster : Basque 
Legends (1877). 

(The reader will readily trace the re- 
semblance between this legend and the 
exploits of Jack the Giant-killer. See 
also Campbell's Popular Tales of the 
West Highlands, ii. 327, and Grimm's 
Valiant Little Tailor.) 

Erse (1 syl.), the native language of 
the West Highlanders of Scotland. 
Gaelic is a better word. 

• . • Erse is a corruption of Irish, from 
the supposition that these Highlanders 
were a colony from Ireland ; but whether 
the Irish came from Scotland or the 
Scotch from Ireland, is one of those 
knotty points on which the two nations 
will never agree. (See Fir-bolg. ) 

Ers'kine ( The Rev. Dr. ), minister of 
Gre;> friar's Church, Edinburgh. — Sir W. 
Scott : Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Er'tanax, a fish common in the 
Euphrates, the bones of which were be- 
lieved to impart courage and strength. 

A fish . . . haunteth the flood of Eufrat£s ... it is 
called an ertanax, and his bones be of such a manner oi 
kind that whoso handleth them he shall have so much 
courage that he shall never be weary, and he shall not 
think on joy nor sorrow that he hath had, but only on 
the thing he beholdeth before him.— Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, iii. 84 (1470). 

Erudite (Most). Marcus Terentius 
Varro is called "the most erudite of the 
Romans" (B.C. 116-27). 

Erysichthon [Erri-sik' -thon], a 
grandson of Neptune, who was pun- 
ished by Cer£s with insatiable hunger, 
for cutting down some trees in a grove 
sacred to that goddess. (See Erisich- 
thon.) 

Erythrae'an Main (The), the Red 
Sea. The " Erythraeum Mare " included 
the whole expanse of sea between Arabia 
and Africa, including the Red Sea and 
the Persian Gulf. 

The ruddy waves he cleft in twain 
Of the Erythraean main. 

Milton : Psalm c xxxv L (1633). 

Er'ythre, Modesty personified, the 
virgin page of Parthen'ia or maiden 
chastity, in The Purple Island, by 
Phineas Fletcher (1633). Fully described 
in canto x. (Greek, eruthros, "red," 
from eruthriao, " to blush.") 

Es'calus, an ancient, kind-hearted 
lord in the deputation of the duke of 
Vienna. — Shakespeare: Measure for Mea> 
sure (1603). 

Es'calus, prince of Vero'na.— Shake' 

speare : Romeo and Juliet (1598). 



ESCANES. 340 

Es'canes (3 syl.), one of the lords of 
Tyre. — Shakespeare: Pericles Prince of 
Tyre (1608). 

Escobar y Mendoza, a Spanish 
casuist, who said, " Good intentions 
justify crime," whence the verb esco- 
barder, " to play the fox," " to play fast 
and loose." 

The French have a capital name for the fox, namely, 
M. L'Escobar, which may be translated the " shuffler," 
or more freely "sly boots." — Daily News, March 25, 
1878. 

E scot ill o [i.e. Little Michael Scott], 
considered by the common people as a 
magician, because he possessed more 
knowledge of natural and experimental 
philosophy than his contemporaries. 

Es'dale {Mr.), a surgeon at Madras. 
— Sir W.Scott: The Surgeon' s Daughter 
(time, George II.). 

Esil or Eisel, vinegar. John Skel- 
ton, referring to the Crucifixion, when the 
soldiers gave Christ "vinegar mingled 
with gall," says — 

Christ by crueltie Was nayled to a tree . . . 

He dranke eisel and gall, To redeme vs withaL 
Skelton: Colyn Clout (time, Henry VIII.). 

Es'ings, the kings of Kent. So called 
from Eisc, the father of Hengist, as the 
Tuscans receive their name from Tus- 
cus, the Romans from Romulus, the Ce- 
crop'idae from Cecrops, the Britons from 
Brutus, and so on. — Ethelwerd: Chron., ii. 

Eskdale (lord), in Disraeli's novel of 
Coningsby (1844), is said to be designed 
for lord Lonsdale. 

Esmeralda, a beautiful gipsy-girl, 
who, with tambourine and goat, dances 
in the place before Notre Dame de Paris, 
and is looked on as a witch. Qassimodo 
conceals her for a time in the church, but 
after various adventures she is gibbeted. — 
Victor Hugo : Notre Dame de Paris. 

Esmond (Henry), a chivalrous cava- 
lier in the reign of queen Anne ; the 
hero of Thackeray's novel called Esmond 
(1852 ; time, queen Anne). 

Esplan'dian, son of Am'adis and 
Oria'na. Montalvo has made him the 
subject of a fifth book to the four original 
books of A madis of Gaul (1460). 

The description of the most furious battles, carried 
on with all the bloody-mindedness of an Esplamlian or 
a Bobadil [Ben Jonson : Every Man in His Hutnour\ 
—Encyc. Brit., art. " Romance." 

Espriella (Manuel Alvarez), the 
apocryphal name of Robert Southey. 
The poet-laureate pretends that certain 
"letters from England," written by this 



ESSEX. 

Spaniard, were translated by him from 
the original Spanish (three vols., 1807). 

Essay on Criticism, by Pope. A 
poem running to 724 lines in heroic coup- 
lets. It abounds with well-known lines 
and happy expressions. 

Essay on Man, a poem by Pope, in 
heroic couplets, and divided into four 
books or epistles. Like the Essay on 
Criticism, it is full of lines familiar to 
every educated Englishman (1732-1734). 

Essays and Reviews, by six clergy, 
men and one layman of the Church of 
England, published in i860. The writers 
were Dr. Temple, Dr. Rowland Williams, 
professor Baden Powell, professor Jowett, 
Wilson, Patteson, and Goodwin. The 
book was condemned by the bishops in 
Convocation, 1864. 

V The Oxford Tract Movement began 
in 1833. 

Essex (The earl of), a tragedy by 
Henry Jones (1745). Lord Burleigh and 
sir Walter Raleigh entertained a mortal 
hatred to the earl of Essex, and accused 
him to the queen of treason. Elizabeth 
disbelieved the charge ; but at this junc- 
ture the earl left Ireland, whither the 
queen had sent him, and presented him- 
self before her. Being very angry, she 
struck him, and Essex rushed into open 
rebellion, was taken, and condemned to 
death. The queen had given him a ring 
before the trial, telling him whatever peti- 
tion he asked should be granted, if he 
sent to her this ring. When the time of 
execution drew nigh, the queen sent the 
countess of Nottingham to the Tower, to 
ask Essex if he had any plea to make, and 
the earl entreated her to present the ring 
to her majesty, and petition her to spare 
the life of his friend Southampton. The 
countess purposely neglected this charge, 
and Essex was executed. The queen, it 
is true, sent a reprieve, but lord Burleigh 
took care it should arrive too late. The 
poet says that Essex had recently married 
the countess of Rutland, that both the 
queen and the countess of Nottingham 
were jealous, and that this jealousy was 
the chief cause of the earl's death. 

The abbe Boyer, La Calprenede, and 
Corneille have tragedies on the same 
subject. 

H The general history and character of 
Essex was marvellously reproduced in 
Biion, the French conspirator in the 
reign of Henri IV. 

Earl of Essex (1569-1601); due de 
Biron (1562-1602). 



ESSEX. 

Essex {The earl of), lord high con- 
stable of England, introduced by sir W. 
Scott in his novel called Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I. ). 

Estel'la, a haughty beauty, adopted 
by Miss Havisham. She was affianced 
by her wish to Pip, but married Bentley 
Drummle. She was the natural child of 
Magwitch the convict and Molly the 
housekeeper of Jaggers, Miss Havi- 
sham's lawyer, who introduced the child 
at three years old to Miss Havisham. 
— Dickens : Great Expectations (i860). 

Esther, housekeeper to Muhldenau, 
minister of Mariendorpt. She loves 
Hans, a servant to the minister, but 
Hans is shy, and Esther has to teach him 
how to woo and win her. Esther and 
Hans are similar to Helen and Modus, 
only in a lower social grade. — Knowles : 
The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838). 

Esther ( The book of), one of the his- 
torical books of the Old Testament, con- 
taining an account of queen Esther, who 
broke up a plot of Haman for the ex- 
tirpation of the Jews in Persia 

The feast of Purim [i.e. lots) was established to 
commemorate this deliverance ; and it was so called 
because the day of slaughter was fixed by "lots" 
(Ezra IX. 14). 

Esther Hawdon, better known 
through the tale as Esther Summerson, 
natural daughter of captain Hawdon and 
lady Dedlock (before her marriage with 
sir Leicester Dedlock). Esther is a most 
lovable, gentle creature, called by those 
who know her and love her, ' ' Dame 
Durden " or "Dame Trot." She is the 
heroine of the tale, and a ward in 
Chancery. Eventually she marries Allan 
Wood court, a surgeon. — Dickens: Bleak 
House (1852). 

Esther Lyon, daughter of Rufus 
Lyon, in Geoige Eliot's novel of Felix 
Holt. She eventually marries Felix (1866). 

Estifa'nia, an intriguing woman, 
servant of donna Margaritta the Spanish 
heiress. She palms herself off on don 
Michael Perez (the copper captain) as an 
heiress, and the mistress of Margaritta's 
mansion. The captain marries her, and 
finds out that all her swans are only 
gee~e. —Fletcher : Rule a Wife and Have 
a Wife (1640). 

Mrs. Pritchard wa» excellent la " The Queen " in 
Hamlet [Shakespeare], " Clarinda" [The Beau's Duel, 
Centlivrel " Estifania," " Doll Common '{The Alche- 
mist, B. Jonson\.—Ditdin. 

Est-il-Possible ? a nickname rriven 
to George of Denmark (queen Anne's 



341 ETEOCLES AND POLYNICES. 

husband), because his general remark to 
the most startling announcement was, 
Est-il possible f With this exclamation he 
exhausted the vials of his wrath. It was 
James II. who gave him the sobriquet. 

Est'mere (2 syl), king of England. 
He went with his younger brother Adler 
to the court of king Adlands, to crave his 
daughter in marriage ; but king Adlands 
replied that Bremor, the sowdan or sultan 
of Spain, had forestalled him. However, 
the lady, being consulted, gave her voice 
in favour of the king of England. While 
Estmere and his brother went to make 
preparations for the wedding, the "sow- 
dan " arrived, and demanded the lady for 
his wife. A messenger was immediately 
despatched to inform Estmere, and the two 
brothers returned, disguised as a harper 
and his boy. They gained entrance into 
the palace, and Adler sang, saying, "O 
ladye, this is thy owne true love ; no 
harper, but a king ; " and then drawing 
his sword, he slew the "sowdan," Est- 
mere at the same time chasing from the 
hall the "kempery men." Being now 
master of the position, Estmere took 
" the ladye faire," made her his wife, and 
brought her home to England. — Percy: 
Reliques, I. i. 5. 

Estot'iland, a yast tract of land in 
the north of America Said to have been 
discovered by John Scalve, a Pole, in 
1477. 

The snow 
From cold Estotiland. 
Milton: Paradise Lost, x. 685 (1665). 

Estrildis or Elstred, daughter of 
the emperor of Germany. She was taken 
captive in war by Locrin (king of Britain), 
by whom she became the mother of 
Sabrin or Sabre. Gwendolen, the wife 
of Locrin, feeling insulted by this liaison, 
slew her husband, and had Estrildis and 
her daughter thrown into a river, since 
called the Sabri'na or Severn. — Geoffrey: 
British History, ii. 2, etc. 

Their corses were dissolved into that crystal stream. 
Their curls to curled waves. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, vi (1612). 

Etarre, a female character in the 
Idylls of the King, by Tennyson. 

Ete'ocles and Folyni'ces, the two 
sons ot CE'dipos. After the expulsion of 
their father, these two young princes 
agreed to reign alternate years in Thebes. 
Eteocles, being the elder, took the first 
turn, but at the close of the year refused 
to resign the sceptre to his brother; 
whereupon Polynices, aided by six other 
chiefs, laid siege to the city. The two 



ETHELBERT. 342 

brothers met in combat, and each was 
slain by the other's hand. 

^f A similar fratricidal struggle is told 
of don Pedro of Castile and his half- 
brother don Henry. When don Pedro 
had estranged the Castilians by his 
cruelty, don Henry invaded Castile with 
a body of French auxiliaries, and took 
his brother prisoner. Don Henry visited 
him in prison, and the two brothers fell 
on each other like lions. Henry wounded 
Pedro in the face, but fell over a bench, 
when Pedro seized him. At that moment 
a Frenchman seized Pedro by the leg, 
tossed him over, and Henry slew him. — 
Menard : History of Du Guesclin. 

(This is the subject of one of Lock- 
hart's Spanish ballads.) 

Eth'elbert, king of Kent, and the 
first of the Anglo-Saxon kings who was 
a Christian. He persuaded Gregory to 
send over Augustine to convert the Eng- 
lish to " the true faith" (596), and built 
St. Paul's, London. — Ethelwerd : Chro- 
nicle, ii. 

Good Ethelbert of Kent, first christened English king, 
To preach the faith of Christ was first did hither bring 
Wise Au'gustine the monk, from holy Gregory sent . . . 
That mighty fane to Paul in London did erect. 

Drayton : Potyolbion, xL (1613). 

Eth'ering-ton (The late earl of), 
father of Tyrrel and Bulmer. 

The titular earl of Etherington, his 
successor to the title and estates. 

Marie de Martigny [La comtesse), wife 
of the titular earl of Etherington. — Sir 
W. Scott: St. Ronan's Hell (time, 
George III.). 

Ethio'pian Wood, ebony. 

The seats were made of Ethiopian wood, 
The polished ebony. 

Davtnant : Gondibert, ii. 6 (died 1668). 

Ethiopians, the same as Abas- 
sinians. The Arabians call these people 
El-habasen or Al-habasen, whence our 
Abassins ; but they call themselves Ithio- 
pians or Ethiopians. — Selden : Titles of 
Honour, vi. 64. 

Where the Abassin kings their issue guard, 
Mount Amara. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iv. 880 (1665). 

Ethiop's Queen, referred to by 
Milton in his // Penseroso, was Cassiope'a, 
wife of Ce'pheus (2 syl.) king of Ethiopia. 
She had a daughter named Androm'eda, 
whose beauty she affirmed exceeded that 
of the sea-nymphs. Nereus (2 syl.) com- 
plained of this insult to Neptune, and 
old father Earth-Shaker sent a huge sea- 
monster to ravage the kingdom of Ethio- 
pia. At death Cassiopea was made a 
constellation of thirteen stars. 



ETTY'S NINE PICTURES. 

. . . that starred Ethiop queen that strove 
To set her beauty's praise above 
The sea-nymphs, and their powers offended. 
i:llf 



Milton : II Penseroso, 19 (1638). 

Ethnick Plot. The " Popish Plot" 
is so called in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel. As Dryden calls the 
royalists "Jews," and calls Charles II. 
"David king of the Jews," the papists 
were "Gentiles" (or Ethnoi), whence the 
"Ethnic Plot" means the plot of the 
Ethnoi against the people of God. 

. . . well versed of old 
In godly faction, and in treason bold . . . 
Saw with disdain an Ethnick plot begun, 
And scorned by Jebusites \Cathelics\ to be outdone. 
Part i., lines 513-518 (1681). 

Etiquette [Madame), the duchesse 
de Noailles, grand-mistress of the cere- 
monies in the court of Marie Antoinette. 
So called from her rigid enforcement of 
all the formalities and ceremonies of the 
ancien rigime. 

Et'na. Zeus buried under this moun- 
tain Enkel'ados, one of the hundred- 
handed giants. 

The whole land weighed him down, as Etna does 

The giant of mythology. 

Tennyson : The Golden Supper. 

Etteilla, the pseudonym of Alliette 
(spelt backwards), a perruquier and 
diviner of the eighteenth century. He 
became a professed cabalist, and was 
visited in his studio in the Hotel de 
Crillon (Rue de la Verrerie) by all those 
who desired to unroll the Book of Fate. 
In 1783 he published Maniere de se 
Re'cre'er avec le Jeu de Cartes, nommies 
Tarots. In the British Museum are some 
divination cards published in Paris in the 
first half of the nineteenth century, called 
Grand Etteilla and Petit Etteilla, each 
pack being accompanied with a book ot 
explication and instruction. 

Ettercap, an ill-tempered person, who 
mars sociability. The ettercap is the 
poison-spider, and should be spelt 
" attercop." (Anglo-Saxon, atter-cop, 
"poison-spider.") 

O sirs, was sic difference seen 
As 'twixt wee Will and Tamf 

The ane's a perfect ettercap, 
The ither's just a lamb. 

W. Miller: Nursery Songs. 

Ettrick Shepherd {The), James 
Hogg, the poet, who was born in the 
forest of Ettrick, in Selkirkshire, and in 
early life was a shepherd (1772-1835). 

Etty's Nine Pictures, "the 

Combat," the three "Judith" pictures, 
" Benaiah," " Ulysses and the Syrens," 
and the three pictures of "Joan of Arc." 

" My aim," says Etty, " in all my great pictures has 
been to paint some great moral on the heart. ' The 



ETZEL. 

Combat ' r epre s e n ts the beauty of mercy ; the three 
• Juditu pictures, patriotism [i, self-devotion to God ; 
i, self-devotion to man ; 3, self-devotion to country] ; 
•Benaiah, David's chief captain,' represents valour; 
' Ulysses and the Syrens,' sensual delights or the wages 
of sin is death ; and the three pictures of 'Joan of Arc ' 
depict religion, loyalty, and patriotism. In all, nine 
in number, as it was my desire to paint three times 
three."— W. Etty, of York (1787-1849). 

Efc'zel or Ez'zel [i.e. Attild\, king of 
the Huns, in the songs of the German 
minnesingers. A ruler over three king- 
doms and thirty principalities. His second 
wife was Kriemhild, the widow of Sieg- 
fried In pt. ii. of the Nibelungen Lied 
he sees his sons and liegemen struck down 
without making the least effort to save 
them ; and is as unlike the Attila of history 
as a " hector " is to the noble Trojan "the 
protector of mankind." 

Eubo'nia, Isle of Man. 

He reigned over Britain and its three islands.— 
Nennius : History of the Britons. 

(The three islands are Isle of Wight, 
Eubonia, and Orkney.) 

Eu'charis, one of the nymphs of 
Calypso, with whom Telemachos was 
deeply smitten. Mentor, knowing his 
love was sensual love, hurried him away 
from the island. He afterwards fell 
in love with Anti'opd, and Mentor ap- 
proved his choice. — Finelon: Tilimaque, 
vii. (1700). 

He [Paul] fancied he had found in Virginia the wis- 
dom of Ant! ope, with the misfortunes and the tender- 
ness of Eucharis. — Btrnardin de St. Pierre : Paul and 
Virginia (1788). 

(Eucharis is meant for Mdlle. de Fon- 
tange, maid of honour to Mde. de 
Montespan. For a few months she was 
a favourite with Louis XIV. , but losing 
her good looks she was discarded, and 
died at the age of 20. She used to dress 
her hair with streaming ribbons, and 
hence this style of head-gear was called 
d la Fontange. ) 

Eu'ciio, a penurious old hunks. — 
Plautus : Aulularia. 

Now you must explain all this to me, unless you 
would have me use you as Ul as Euclio does Staphy'la. 
— Sir IV. Scott. 

Eu'crates (3 syl.), the miller, and 
one of the archons of Athens. A 
shuffling fellow, always evading his duty 
and breaking his promise ; hence the 
Latin provert) — 

Vias novit, quibus eHupat Eucrates (" He has more 
shifts than Eucrates "). 

Eudocia (4 syl.), daughter of 
Eu'menes governor of Damascus. Pho'- 
cyas, general of the Syrian forces, being 
in love with her, asks the consent of 
Eumenes, and is refused. In revenge, 



S43 



EULENSPIEGEL. 



he goes over to the Arabs, who are be- 
sieging Damascus. Eudocia is taken 
captive, but refuses to wed a traitor. At 
the end, Pho'cyas dies, and Eudocia 
retires into a nunnery.— Hughes : The 
Siege of Damascus (1720). 

Eudon {Count) of Cantabria. A 
baron favourable to the Moor, " too 
weak-minded to be independent." When 
the Spaniards rose up against the Moors, 
the first order of the Moorish chief was 
this: "Strike off count Eudon's head; 
the fear which brought him to our camp 
will bring him else in arms against us 
now" (ch. xxv.).— Southey : Roderick, 
etc., xiii. (1814). 

Eudox'ia, wife of the emperor 
Valentin'ian. Petro'nius Max'imus 

V poisoned " the emperor, and the 
empress killed Maximus. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher: Valentinian (1617). 

Eugene Aram. (See Aram, p. 54. ) 

Eugenia, called "Silence" and the 
" Unknown." She was wife of count de 
Valmont, and mother of Florian, " the 
foundling of the forest." In order to 
come into the property, baron Longue- 
ville used every endeavour to kill Eugenia 
and Florian, but all his attempts were 
abortive, and his villainy at length was 
brought to light. — Dimond: The Found- 
ling of the Forest. 

Eugenic), a young gentleman who 
turned goat-herd, because Leandra jilted 
him and eloped with a heartless adven- 
turer, named Vincent de la Rosa. — 
Cervantes: Don Quixote, I. iv. ao("The 
Goat-herd's Story," 1605). 

Euge'nius, the friend and wise coun- 
sellor of Yorick. John Hall Stevenson 
was the original of this character. — 
Sterne: Tristram Shandy (17 '59). 

Euhe'meros, a Sicilian Greek, who 
wrote a Sacred History to explain the 
historical or allegorical character of the 
Greek and Latin mythologies. 

One could wish Euhemerus had never been born. It 
was he who spoilt [the old myths] first.— Ouida : 
Ariadne, I. i. 

Eulenspiegel {Thyl), i.e. "Thy 
Owlglass," of Brunswick. A man who 
runs through the world as charlatan, fool, 
lansquenet, domestic servant, artist, and 
Jack-of-all-trades. He undertakes any- 
thing, but rejoices in cheating those who 
employ him ; he parodies proverbs, re- 
joices in mischief, and is brimful of 
pranks and drolleries. — Dr. Murner: 
Thyl Eulenspiegel (1543). 



EUMJ20S. 



344 



EUPHUE& 



An English version, entitled The 
Merrye Jeste of a Man called Hoivle- 
glass, and of the many Marvellous 
Thinges and Jestes that he did in his 
Ly/e in Eastland, was printed by William 
Copland. Another by K. R. H. Mac- 
kenzie, in i860. 

To few mortals has it been granted to earn such a 
place in universal history as Tyll Eulenspiegel. Now, 
after five centuries, his native village is pointed out 
with pride to the traveller.— Carlyle. 

Enmasos (in Latin, Eumaeus), the 
slave and swine-herd of Ulysses, hence 
any swine-herd. 

Eu'menes (3 syl.), governor of 

Damascus, and father of Eudo'cia.— 
Hughes: Siege of Damascus (1720). 

Eumnes'tes, Memory personified. 
Spenser says he is an old man, decrepit 
and half blind. He was waited on by 
a boy named Anamnestfis. (Greek, 
eumnestis, " good memory ; " anamnistis, 
" research.") — Faerie Queene, ii. 9 (1590). 

He [Fancy] straight commits them to his treasury 
Which old Eumnestes keeps, father of memory— 
Eumnestes old, who in his living screen 

glis living- breast) the rolls and records bears 



: all the deeds and men which he hath seen, 
And keeps locked up in faithful registers. 

~ Fletcher: The Purple Island, vi. (1633). 



'?: 



Eu'noe (3 syl. ), a river of purgatory, 
a draught of which makes the mind recall 
all the good deeds and good offices of 
life. It is a little beyond Lethe or the 
river of forgetfulness. 

Lo ! where Eunoe flows, 
Lead thither ; and, as thou art wont, revive 
His fainting virtue. 

Dante: Purgatory, xxxiil. (1308). 

Euphrasia, daughter of lord Dian, 
a character resembling "Viola" in 
Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Being in 
love with prince Philaster, she assumes 
boy's attire, calls herself " Bellario," and 
enters the prince's service. Philaster 
transfers Bellario to the princess Arethusa, 
and then grows jealous of the lady's love 
for her tender page. The sex of Bellario 
being discovered, shows the groundless- 
ness of this jealousy. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher; Philaster ox Love Lies a-bleed- 
ing (1608). 

Euphra'sia, " the Grecian daughter," 
was daughter of Evander, the old king of 
Syracuse (dethroned by Dionysius, and 
kept prisoner in a dungeon on the summit 
of a rock). She was the wife of Phocion, 
who had fled from Syracuse to save their 
infant son. Euphrasia, having gained 
admission to the dungeon where her 
aged father was dying from starvation, 



" fostered him at her breast by the milk 
designed for her own babe, and thus the 
father found a parent in the child." 
When Timoleon took Syracuse, Diony- 
sius was about to stab Evander, but 
Euphrasia, rushing forward, struck the 
tyrant dead upon the spot. — Murphy: 
The Grecian Daughter (1772). 

If The same tale is told of Xantippft 
(not the wife of Socratgs), who preserved 
the life of her father Cimo'nos in prison. 
The guard, astonished that the old man 
held out so long, set a watch and dis- 
covered the secret. 

There is a dungeon. In whose dim drear light 

What do I gaze ont . . . 

An old man, and a female young and fair, 

Fresh as a nursing mother, in whose veins 

The blood is nectar . . . 

Here youth offers to old age the food. 

The milk of his own gift ... It is her sire. 

To whom she renders back the debt of blood. 

Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 148 (1817). 

Eii'phrasy, the herb eye-bright; so 
called because it was once supposed to be 
efficacious in clearing the organs of sight. 
Hence the archangel Michael purged the 
eyes of Adam with it, to enable him to 
see into the distant future. See Milton : 
Paradise Lost, xi. 414-421 (1665). 

Eu'plmes (3 syl. ), the chief character 
in John Lilly's Euphues or The Anatomy 
of Wit (1581), and Euphuis and his 
England (1582). He is an Athenian 
gentleman, distinguished for his elegance, 
wit, love-making, and roving habits. 
Shakespeare borrowed his "government 
of the bees " {Henry V. act i. sc. 2) from 
Lilly. Euphu&s was designed to exhibit 
the style affected by the gallants of 
England in the reign of queen Elizabeth. 
Thomas Lodge wrote a novel in a similar 
style, called Euphuis' Golden Legacy 
(1590). 

[Euphues and Lucilla, published in 
1716, is by some supposed to be a posthu- 
mous work of John Lilly.) 

N. B. — Lilly's Euphues have given to the 
language the words euphuism (stilted fine 
writing) and euphuist (one who imitates 
the style of Euphues). This sort of affec- 
tation in writing pervaded many of our 
novels more or less even to the early part 
of the nineteenth century. 

(Foster's Essays, 1805, 1819, were every 
bit as bad for their bad taste and gran- 
diloquence, and elaborate fustian. ) 

" The commonwealth of your bees,'' replied Euphues, 
"did so delight me that 1 was not a little sorry that 
either their estates have not been longer, or your 
leisure more ; for, In my simple judgment, there was 
such an orderly government that men may not be 
ashamed to imitate it."— Lilly : Mufhues (1581). 



EUREKA I 

(The romances of Calprenede and 
Scuderi bear the same relation to the 
jargon of Louis XIV. as the Euphues of 
Lilly to that of queen Elizabeth. ) 

Eureta ! or rather Heure'ka ! [" I 
have discovered it ! "\ The exclamation 
of Archime'des, the Syracusian philo- 
sopher, when he found out how to test 
the purity of Hi'ero's crown. 

The tale is, that Hiero suspected that 
a craftsman to whom he had given a 
certain weight of gold to make into a 
crown had alloyed the metal, and he 
asked Archimedgs to ascertain if his 
suspicion was well founded. The philo- 
sopher, getting into his bath, observed 
that the water ran over, and it flashed 
into his mind that his body displaced its 
own bulk of water. Now, suppose Hiero 
gave the goldsmith i lb. of gold, and the 
crown weighed i lb., it is manifest that if 
the crown was pure gold, both ought to 
displace the same quantity of water ; 
but they did not do so, and therefore the 
gold had been tampered with. Archi- 
medes next immersed in water i lb. of 
silver, and the difference of water dis- 
placed soon gave the clue to the amount 
of alloy introduced by the artificer. 

Vitruvius says, " When the idea occurred to the 
philosopher, he jumped out of his bath, and without 
waiting to put on his clothes, he ran home, exclaiming, 
* Hcurlka I heureka I ' " 

Euripides (4 syl.). When Alces- 
tid£s (4 syl. ) chaffed Euripides for having 
composed only three verses in three days, 
whereas he (Alcestidgs) had composed 
300, Euripides made answer, " But my 
three will outlast 300 years, while your 
300 will not outlive three days." 

If Haydn made a similar remark when 
urged to hasten his composition of The 
Creation, on which he had been working 
nearly two years; he replied, "Nol I 
intend it to last a long time." 

Euro'pa. The Fight at Dame 
Europas School, written by the Rev. 
H. W. Pullen, minor canon of Salisbury 
Cathedral. A skit on the Franco-Prussian 
War ( 1 870-1 871). 

Europe's Liberator. So Welling- 
ton was called after the overthrow of 
Bonaparte (1769-1852). 

Oh Wellington . . . called " Saviour of the Nations".. . 
And " Europe's Lifcerntor." 

Byron : Don Juan, Ix. 5 (1824). 

Eurus, the east wind ; Zephyr, the 
west wind ; No'tus, the south wind ; 
Bo'reas, the north wind. Eurus, in Ita- 
lian, is called the Lev'ant (" rising of the 



345 



EUSTACE. 



gun"), and Zephyr is called Po'nent 
(" setting of the sun "). 

Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds— 
Eurus and Zephyr. 

Milton : Paradise Last, x. 705 (1665). 

Euryd'ice (4 syl.), the wife of 
Orpheus (2 syl.), killed by a serpent on 
her wedding night. Orpheus went down 
to hades to crave for her restoration to 
life, and Pluto said she should follow him 
to earth provided he did not look back. 
When the poet was stepping on the con- 
fines of our earth, he turned to see if 
Eurydice" was following, and just caught 
a glance of her as she was snatched back 
into the shades below. 

(Pope tells the tale in his Pindaric 
poem called Ode on St. Cecilia's Day, 
1709.) 

Euryt'ion, the herdsman of Ger'yon. 
He never slept day nor night, but walked 
unceasingly among his herds with his 
two-headed dog Orthros. "Herculgs 
them all did overcome." — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, v. 10(1596). 

EUSTACE, one of the attendants of 
sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (a follower of 
prince John). — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Eustace [Father), or "father Eusta- 

tius," the superior and afterwards abbot 
of St. Mary's. He was formerly William 
Allan, and the friend of Henry Warden 
(afterwards the protestant preacher). — 
Sir W. Scott : The Monastery (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Eustace [Charles), a pupil of Ignatius 

Pohglot. He had been clandestinely 
married for four years, and had a little 
son named Frederick. Charles Eustace 
confided his scrape to Polyglot, and 
concealed his young wife in the tutor's 
private room. Polyglot was thought to be 
a libertine, but the truth came out, and 
all parties were reconciled. — Poole: The 
Scapegoat. 

Eustace {Jack), the lover of Lucinda, 
and "a very worthy young fellow," of 
good character and family. As justice 
Woodcock was averse to the marriage, 
Jack introduced himself as a music- 
master, and sir William Meadows, who 
recognized him, persuaded the justice to 
consent to the marriage of the young 
couple. This he was the more ready to 
do as his sister Deborah said positively 
he " should not do it." — Bickerstaff: Lev* 
in a Village (1762). 



EUTHANASIA. 



34« 



EVANGELINE. 



Enthana'sia, an easy, happy death. 
The word occurs in the Dunciad, and 
Byron has a poem so called. Eutha- 
nasia generally means a harbour of rest 
and peace after the storms of life : " In- 
veni portum ; spes et fortuna valete," i.e. 
' ' I have found my Euthanasia, farewell 
to the battle of life." (Greek, eu thana- 
tos, "a happy death.") 

" I think there is a gTeat deal to be said in favour of 
euthanasia," said Phoebe, "but then it oug-ht to be 
with the consent of the victims."— Mrs. Oliphant ; 
Phcebe, Jun., iii. 6. 

A happy rural retreat . . . the Euthanasia of a life 
of carefulness and toil T— Encyclopedia Britannica. 
article, " Romance." The reference is to Gil Bias. 

Eva, daughter of Torquil of the Oak. 
She is betrothed to Ferquhard Day. — 
Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

V There is an Eva in Uncle Tom's 
Cabin, by Mrs. Beecher Stowe (1850). 

Evadne (3 syl.), wife of Kap'aneus 
(3 syl.). She threw herself on the funeral 
pile of her husband, and was consumed 
with him. 

Evad'ne (3 syl.), sister of Melantius. 
Amintor was compelled by the king to 
marry her, although he was betrothed to 
Aspasia (the "maid" whose death forms 
the tragical event of the drama). — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher : The Maids Tragedy 
(1610). 

The purity of female rirtue in Aspasia is well con- 
trasted with the guilty boldness of EvadnA, and the 
rough soldierlike bearing and manly feeling; of Me- 
lantius render the selfish sensuality of the king more 
hateful and disgusting.— .#. Chambers : English 
Literature, i. 204. 

Evad'ne or the Statue, a drama by 
Sheil (1820). Ludov'ico, the chief minister 
of Naples, heads a conspiracy to murder 
the king and seize the crown ; his great 
stumbling-block is the marquis of Co- 
lonna, a high-minded nobleman, who 
cannot be corrupted. The sister of 
the marquis is Evadne (3 syl.), plighted 
to Vicentio. Ludovlco's scheme is to 
get Colonna to murder Vicentio and the 
king, and then to debauch Evadne. 
With this in view, he persuades Vicentio 
that Evadne" is the king's fille d' amour, 
and that she marries him merely as a 
flimsy cloak, but he adds, "Never mind, 
it will make your fortune." The proud 
Neapolitan is disgusted, and flings off 
Evadne" as a viper. Her brother is 
indignant, challenges the troth-plight 
lover to a duel, and Vicentio falls. 
Ludovico now irritates Colonna by talk- 
ing of the king's amour, and induces 



him to invite the king to a banquet and 
then murder him. The king goes to 
the banquet, and Evadne shows him the 
statues of the Colonna family, and 
amongst them one of her own father, 
who at the battle of Milan had saved 
the king's life by his own. The king is 
struck with remorse, but at this moment 
Ludovico enters, and the king conceals 
himself behind the statue. Colonna tells 
the traitor minister the deed is done, and 
Ludovico orders his instant arrest, gibes 
him as his dupe, and exclaims, " Now I 
am king indeed ! " At this moment the 
king comes forward, releases Colonna, 
and orders Ludovico to be arrested. The 
traitor draws his sword, and Colonna 
kills him. Vicentio now enters, tells how 
his ear has been abused, and marries 
Evadne. 

Evan Dim of Lochiel, a Highland 
chief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
Scott: Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 

Evan Dim M'Combich, the foster- 
brother of xVI'Ivor.— -Sir W. Scott: Wa- 
verley (time, George II.). 

Evandaie (The Right Hon. IV. Max- 
well, lord), in the royal army under the 
duke of Monmouth. He is a suitor of 
Edith Bellenden, the granddaughter of 
lady Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower 
of Tillietudlem.— £?> W. Scott: Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Evan'der, the "good old king of 
Syracuse," dethroned by Dionysius the 
Younger. Evander had dethroned the 
elder Dionysius "and sent him for vile 
subsistence, a wandering sophist through 
the realms of Greece." He was the 
father of Euphrasia, and was kept in a 
dungeon on the top of a rock, where he 
would have been starved to death, if 
Euphrasia had not nourished him with 
"the milk designed for her own babe." 
When Syracuse was taken by Timoleon, 
Dionysius by accident came upon Evan- 
der, and would have killed him, but 
Euphrasia rushed forward and stabbed 
the tyrant to the heart. — Murphy: The 
Grecian Daughter (1772). (See ERRORS 
OF Authors (40). "Dionysius," p. 335.) 

Mr. Bentley, May 6, 1796, took leave ol the stage in 
the character of "Evander."—/*'. C. Russell: Repre- 
sentative Actors, 426. 

Evangelic Doctor (The), John 
WyclifTe, " the Morning Star of the Re- 
formation (1324-1384). 

Evangeline, the heroine and title 



EVANGELIST. 



347 



EVEN NUMBERS. 



of a tale in hexameter verse by Long- 
fellow, in two parts. Evangeline was the 
daughter of Benedict Bellefontaine, the 
richest farmer of Acadia {now Nova Scotia). 
At the age of 17 she was legally betrothed 
by the notary-public to Gabriel son of 
Basil the blacksmith, but next day all 
the colony was exiled by the order of 
George II., and their houses, cattle, and 
lands were confiscated. Gabriel and 
Evangeline were parted, and now began 
the troubles of her life. She wandered 
from place to place to find her betrothed. 
Basil had settled at Louisiana, but when 
Evangeline reached the place Gabriel had 
ust left ; she then went to the prairies, to 
Michigan, and so on, but at every place 
she was just too late to catch him. At 
length, grown old in this hopeless search, 
she went to Pennsylvania and became a 
sister of mercy. The plague broke out 
in the city, and as she visited the alms- 
house she saw an old man smitten down 
with the pestilence. It was Gabriel. 
He tried to whisper her name, but death 
closed his lips. He was buried, and 
Evangeline lies beside him in the grave. 

(Longfellow's Evangeline (1849) has 
many points of close similitude with 
Campbell's tale of Gertrude of Wyoming, 
1809.) 

Evangelist, the personification of 
an effectual preacher in Bunyan's Pil- 
grim's Progress (1678). 

Evans (Sir Hugh), a pedantic Welsh 
parson and schoolmaster of extraordinary 
simplicity and native shrewdness. — 
Shakespeare: The Merry Wives of Wind- 
sor (1601). 

The reader may cry out with honest sir Hugh Evans, 
"I like not when a 'ooman has a great peard."— 
Macaulay. 

Henderson says, " I have seen John Edwin, in 'sir 
Hugh Evans, when preparing tor the duel, keep the 
house in an ecstasy of merriment tor many miuutes 
together without speaking a word " (1750-1790). 

Evans ( William), the giant porter of 
Charles I. He carried sir Geoffrey Hud- 
son about in his pocket. Evans was 
eight feet in height, and Hudson only 
eighteen inches. Fuller mentions this 
giant amongst his Worthies. — Sir W. 
Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

Evans (Marian), the maiden name ot 
Mrs. J. W. Cross, who assumed the name 
of George Eliot, and was the writer of 
numerous novels (1820-1880). 

Evan til e (3 syl.), sister of Sora'no, 
the wicked instrument of Frederick duke 



of Naples, and the chaste wife of Valeric 
The duke tried to seduce her, but failing 
in this scandalous attempt, he offered to 
give her to any one "for a month," at 
the end of which time the libertine was 
to suffer death. No one would accept 
the offer, and ultimately Evan! he was 
restored to her husband. — Fletcher : A 
Wife for a Month (1624). 

E.V.B., the Hon. Mrs. Boyle, an 
amateur artist of the nineteenth century. 

Eve (1 syl.) or Havah, the "mother 
of all living" (Gen. iii. 20). Before the 
expulsion from paradise her name was 
Ishah, because she was taken out of is A, 
i.e. "man" (Gen. ii. 23). 

Ere was of such gigantic stature that when she laid 
her head on one hill near Mecca, her knees rested on 
two other hills in the plain, about two gun-shots 
asunder. Adam was as tall as a palm tree.— Moncony : 
Voyage, i. 372, etc. 

Ev'eli'na (4 syl.), the heroine of a 
novel so called by Miss Burney (after- 
wards Mde. D'Arblay). Evelina marries 
lord Orville (1778). It gives a picture of 
the manners of the time. 

Evelyn (Alfred), the secretary and 

relative of sir John Vesey. He made 
sir John's speeches, wrote his pamphlets, 
got together his facts, mended his pens, 
and received no salary. Evelyn loved 
Clara Douglas, a dependent of lady Frank- 
lin's, but she was poor also, and declined 
to marry him. Scarcely had she refused 
him, when he was left an immense fortune 
and proposed to Georgina Vesey. What 
little heart Georgina had was given to 
sir Frederick Blount, but the great for- 
tune of Evelyn made her waver ; however, 
being told that Evelyn's property was in- 
secure, she married Frederick, and left 
Evelyn free to marry Clara. — Lord Lytton : 
Money (1840). 

Evelyn (Sir George), a man of for- 
tune, family, and character, in love with 
Dorrillon, whom he marries. — Mrs. Inch- 
bald : Wives as they Were and Maids as 
they Are (1795)- 

Even Numbers are reckoned un- 
lucky ; but "there's luck in odd num- 
bers." 

The . . . crow . . . cried twice; this even, sir, la bo 
good number.— 5.5. : The Honest Lawyer (1616). 

Among the Chinese, heaven is odd, and earth even. 
The numbers 1,3,5, 1> 9- belong to yang or heaven: 
but a, 4, 6. 8, 10, belong to yin or earth. — Edkins. 

'.' Shakespeare says " there is divinity 
in odd numbers " (Merry Wives of Wind- 



EVENING HYMN. 

tor, act v. sc. i, 1596). " There's luck in 
odd numbers " is a common proverb. 

See Dictionary ef Phrase and Fable, ODD 

NUMBERS, pp. 907, 908. 

Evening 1 Hymn (The) by Ken, 

bishop of Bath and Wells ("All praise to 
Thee, my God, this night," etc. ). He also 
wrote The Morning Hymn ( ' ' Awake, my 
soul, and with the sun," etc.) (1721). 

Evening's at Home by John Aikin 
and his sister Mrs. Barbauld, published 
between 1792 and 1795. 

Ever Loyal City {The). Oxford 
was so called for its unflinching loyalty to 
Charles 1. during the parliamentary wars. 

Everard {Colonel Markham), of the 
Commonwealth party. 

Master Everard, the colonel's father. — 
Sir IV. Scott; Woodstock (time, Com- 
monwealth). 

Ev'erett {Master), a hired witness of 
the "Popish Plot. — Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Every Man in His Humour, a 
comedy by Ben Jonson (1598). The 
original play was altered by David 
Garrick. The persons to whom the title 
of the drama apply are : ' ' captain 
Bobadil," whose humour is bragging of 
his brave deeds and military courage — 
he is thrashed as a coward by Downright ; 
" Kitely," whose humour is jealousy of 
his wife — he is befooled and cured by 
a trick played on him by Brainworm ; 
"Stephen," whose humour is verdant 
stupidity — he is played on by every one ; 
" Kno'well," whose humour is suspicion 
of his son Edward, which turns out to be 
all moonshine; "Dame Kitely," whose 
humour is jealousy of her husband, but 
she (like her husband) is cured by a trick 
devised by Brainworm. Every man in 
his humour is liable to be duped thereby, 
for his humour is the " Achilles' heel " of 
his character. 

Every Man out of His Humour, 

a comedy by Ben Jonson (1599). 

Every One has His Fault, a 

comedy by Mrs. lnchbald (1794). By 
the fault of rigid pride, lord Norland 
discarded his daughter, lady Eleanor, 
because she married against his consent. 
By the fault of gallantry and defect of due 
courtesy to his wife, sir Robert Ramble 
drove lady Ramble into a divorce. By 
the fault of irresolution, " Shall I marry or 
shall I not ? " Solus remained a miserable 



348 



EW-BUGHTS. 



bachelor, pining for a wife and domestic 
joys. By the fault of deficient spirit and 
manliness, Mr. Placid was a hen-pecked 
husband. By the fault of marrying with- 
out the consent of his wife's friends, Mr. 
Irwin was reduced to poverty and even 
crime. Harmony healed these faults : 
lord Norland received his daughter into 
favour ; sir Robert Ramble took back his 
wife ; Solus married Miss Spinster ; Mr. 
Placid assumed the rights of the head 
of the family ; and Mr. Irwin, being 
accepted as the son-in-law of lord Norland, 
was raised from indigence to domestic 
comfort. 

Evidences of Christianity, by 

Dr. Paley (1794), once a standard book 
in the University of Cambridge, and in- 
dispensable for the junior students. 

Evil May-Day, May 1, 1517, when 
the apprentices committed great excesses, 
especially against foreigners ; and the 
constable of the Tower discharged his 
cannons on the populace. The tumult 
began in Cheapside (time, Henry VIII.). 

Eviot, page to sir John Ramorny 
(master of the horse to prince Robert of 
Scotland).— Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Evir- Allen, the white-armed daugh- 
ter of Branno an Irishman. ' ' A thousand 
heroes sought the maid ; she refused her 
love to a thousand. The sons of the 
sword were despised, for graceful in her 
eyes was Ossian." This Evir- Allen was 
the mother of Oscar, Fingal' s grandson ; 
but she was not alive when Fingal went 
to Ireland to assist Cormac against the 
invading Norsemen, which forms the 
subject of the poem called Fingal, in six 
books. — Ossian: Fingal, iv. 

Ew'ain {Sir), son of king Vrience and 
Morgan le Fay (Arthur's half-sister). — 
Sir T. Malory: History of Prince Arthur, 
L 72 (1470). 

Ewan of Brigglands, a horse- 
soldier in the army of Montrose. — Sir IV. 
Scott: Pod Roy (time, George I.). 

Ewart {Nanty, i.e. Anthony), captain 
of the smuggler's brig. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Ew-bughts, pens into which cows 
were driven to be milked. In Percy's 
Reliques (series iii. book i. 12) is a very 
pretty Scotch sonnet which begins — 

Will ze gae to the ew-bught, Marion . . . 
I fain wad marrie Marion, 
Gin Marion wad it arrie me. 

(Date 1 



EXCALIBUR. 



349 



EXTERMINATOR. 



Excal'ibur, king Arthur's famous 
swords. There seems to have been two 
of his swords so called. One was the 
sword sheathed in stone, which no one 
could draw thence, save he who was to 
be king of tne land. Above 200 knights 
tried to release it, but failed ; Arthur 
alone could draw it, and this he did with 
ease, proving thereby his right of succes- 
sion (pt. i. 3). In ch. 7 this sword is 
called Excalibur, and is said to have been 
so bright "that it gave light like thirty 
torches." After his fight with Pellinore, 
the king said to Merlin he had no sword, 
and Merlin took him to a lake, and 
Arthur saw an arm "clothed in white 
samite, that held a fair sword in the 
hand." Presently the Lady of the Lake 
appeared, and Arthur begged that he 
might have the sword, and the lady told 
him to go and fetch it. When he came 
to it he took it, " and the arm and hand 
went under the water again." This is 
the sword generally called Excalibur. 
When about to die, king Arthur sent an 
attendant to cast the sword back again 
into the lake, and . again the hand 
"clothed in white samite" appeared, 
caught it, and disappeared (ch. 23). — Sir 
T. Malory: History of Prince Arthur, 
•• 3. 23(1470). 

King Arthur's sword, Excalibur, 
Wrought by the lonely maiden of the lake; 
Nine years she wrought it, sitting in the deeps, 
Upon the hidden bases of the hills. 

Tennyson: Mori it 'Arthur. 

Excalibur s Sheath. " Sir," said Mer- 
lin, " look that ye keep well the scabbard 
of Excalibur, for ye shall lose no blood 
as long as ye have the scabbard upon 
you, though ye have never so many 
wounds." — Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur ; L 36 (1470). 

Excelsior, a poena by Longfellow 

(1842). 

Excursion {The), a poem in blank 
verse, divided into nine books, by Words- 
worth (18 14). Wordsworth is sometimes 
called " the poet (or bard) of The Excur- 
sion." Byron calls it — 

A drowsy frowsy poem, my aversion. 

Don yuan. 

Executioner (No). When Francis 
viscount d'Aspremont, governor of Ba- 
yonne, was commanded by Charles IX. 
of Prance to massacre the huguenots, he 
replied, "Sire, there are many under my 
government devoted to your majesty, but 
not a single executioner." 

Exeter Book (The), a collection of 



very early poems presented by the b"shop 
of Exeter to the library of the cathedral. 

Exeter Domesday ( The), a supple- 
ment to the famous Domesday Book 
compiled in the reign of William the 
Conqueror. It extends the Domesday 
Book to Cornwall, Devonshire, Dorset- 
shire, Somersetshire, and Wiltshire. 

Exhausted Worlds ... Dr. John- 
son, in the prologue spoken by Garrick 
at the opening of Drury Lane, in 1747, 
says of Shakespeare — 

Each change of many-coloured life he drew. 
Exhausted worlds, and then imagined new. 

Exile of Erin [The), a poem by 
Campbell (1801). Better known perhaps 
by its refrain of "Erin go bragh ! " or 
" Erin, mavournin ; Erin go bragh I " (Ire- 
land, my darling ; Ireland for ever I). 

Exodus, the Greek title of the second 
book of the Old Testament, meaning 
"departure;" being so called because 
it tells us about the "departure" of the 
Israelites from the land of Egypt. In 
the original the book is a continuation of 
the book of Genesis, and has no name, 
but is referred to by the first words Now 
these are the names, as we refer to the 
canticles Te Deum and Nunc dimittis. 
The book may be divided into five 
parts — 

z. Tha great increase of the Israelites la Egypt 
(ch. L). 

2. The birth of Moses (chs. li.). 

3. The " call of Moses " to lead the people out of the 
land of bondage (chs. iii.-xiv.). 

4. The march of people till they came to Sinai in the 
wilderness (chs. xv.-xix.). 

5. The laws and ordinances to be observed for the 
future (ch. xx.-xl ). 

Exta (That's). That's Exta, as the 
woman said when she saw Kerton (a 
Devonshire saying), that is, "I thought 
my work was done, but there are more 
last words." "Exta" is a popular pro- 
nunciation of Exeter, and "Kerton" is 
Crediton. The woman was walking to 
Exeter for the first time, and when she 
reached the grand old church of Kerton 
or Crediton, supposed it to be Exeter 
Cathedral. " That's Exeter Cathedral," 
she said, "and the end of my journey." 
But it was only Kerton Church, and she 
had still eight more miles to walk before 
she got to Exeter. 

Exterminator ( The), Montbars, 
chief of a set of filibusters in the seven- 
teenth century. He was a native of Lan- 
guedoc, and conceived an intense hatred 
against the Spaniards on reading of their 
cruelties in the New World. Embarking 



EYE. 



350 



FABLES. 



at Havre, in 1667, Montbars attacked 
the Spaniards in the Antilles and in Hon- 
duras, taking Vera Cruz and Carthagena, 
and slew them most mercilessly wherever 
he encountered them (1645-1707). 

Eye. Terrible as the eye of Vathek. 
One of the eyes of this caliph was so 
terrible in anger thr.t those died who 
ventured to look thereon, and, had he 
given way to his wrath, he would have 
depopulated his whole dominion. — Beck- 
ford: Vathek (1784). 

Eye-bright or Euphrasia \?' joy- 
giving "\ So called from its reputed 
power in restoring impaired vision. 

[The hermit] fumitory gets and eye-bright for the eye. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Eye of the Baltic ( The), Gottland 
or Gothland, an island in the Baltic. 
Eye of Greece (The), Athens. 

Athens, the eye of Greece, mother of arts 
And eloquence, native to famous wits. 

Milton. 

'.' Sometimes Sparta is called "The 
Eye of Greece " also. 

Eyes (Grey). With the Arabs, grey 
eyes are synonymous with sin and enmity. 
Hence in the Koran, xx. , we read, " On 
that day the trumpet shall be sounded, 
and we will gather the wicked together, 
even those having grey eyes. " Al Beidawi 
explains this as referring to the Greeks, 
whom the Arabs detest, and he calls " red 
whiskers and grey eyes" an idiomatic 
phrase for "a foe." 

Eyed ( One-) people. The Arimaspians 
of Scythia were a one-eyed people. 

N.B. — The Cyclops were giants with 
only one eye, and that in the middle of 
the forehead. 

Tartaro, in Basque legends, was a one- 
eyed giant. Sinbad the sailor, in his third 
voyage, was cast on an island inhabited 
by one-eyed giants. 

Eyre (Jane), a governess, who stoutly 
copes with adverse circumstances, and 
ultimately marries a used-up man of for- 
tune, in whom the germs of good feeling 
nhd sound sense were only exhausted, not 
destroyed. — C. Bronte": Jane Eyre (1847). 

Ezra ( The book of), one of the historic 
books of the Old Testament, which con- 
tains Ezra's account of the return of the 
Jews from the Babylonish captivity. 

Ez'zelin (Sir), the gentleman who 
recognizes Lara at the table of lord Otho, 
and charges him with being Conrad the 
corsair. A duel ensues, and Ezzelin is 
never heard of more. A serf used to say 



that he saw a huntsman one evening 
cast a dead body into the river which 
divides the lands of Otho and Lara, and 
that there was a star of knighthood on the 
breast of the corpse. — Byron : Lara (1814). 



T'8{The Three): Fixed tenure /Fair rent, 
Free sale.— Irish Land League (1880-81). 

Paa (Gabriel), nephew of Meg 
Merrilies. One of the huntsmen at 
Liddesdale.— Sir W. Scott; Guy Man- 
nering (time, George II. ). 

Fabian, servant to Olivia.— Shake- 
speare: Twelfth Night (1602). 

Fabii of Rome ( The), and the Jus- 
tini'ani of Venice had many points of re- 
semblance : both gave all to their country ; 
in both cases all perished for their country 
except one survivor ; the surviving Roman 
was a boy too young to carry arms, — the 
surviving Venetian was a monk, who, 
early in the twelfth century, was absolved 
from his vows for a time by the pope, and 
from him the phcenix name revived again 
to great lustre, the elder branch only be- 
coming extinct in 1889, in the person of 
the contessa Michiel-Giustinian, who died 
at Venice in that year. 

Fab'ila, a king devoted to the chase. 
One day he encountered a wild boar, and 
commanded those who rode with him not 
to interfere, but the boar overthrew him 
and gored him to death. — Chronica An- 
tigua de Espafla, 121. 

Fa'bius (The American), George 
Washington (1732-1799). 

Fa'bius (The French), Anne due de 
Montmorency, grand - constable of 
France (1493-1567). 

Fables by ^Esop, in Greek (about 
B.C. 570) ; in French verse by Lafontaine 
(1668) ; in English verse by Gay (fifty in 
pt. i. f 1727 ; sixteen in pt. ii., 1738). 

Fables for the Holy Alliance, 
six metrical and political satires. (1) The 
Dissolution of the Holy Alliance, at no 
time more to be depended on than queen 
Anne's palace of ice. (2) The Looking- 
glasses, in which kings and princes saw 
they were just like other men. (3) The 
Fly and the Bullock; the Fly is royalty 
and the Bullock sacrificed to it* the 



FABRICIUS. 



351 



FAFNIS. 



people. (4) The Church and State. The 
able is that Royalty and Divinity changed 
cloaks, whereby the former mounted 
" divine rights " and the latter was secu- 
larized. (5) The Little Cama, who when 
three years old became so naughty that 
he was whipped, and ever since then the 
Camas have been better behaved. (6) The 
Extinguishers, that is, journals which 
were expurgated to keep out the light, but 
caught fire and thus greatly increased it. 

Fabricius VFa-brish! -e-us\ an old 
Roman, like Cincinnatus and Curius 
Dentatus, a type of the rigid purity, 
frugality, and honesty of the " good old 
times." Pyrrhos used every effort to 
corrupt him by bribes, or to terrify him, 
but in vain. "Excellent Fabric i us," 
cried the Greek, "one might hope to 
turn the sun from its course as soon as 
turn Fabricius from the path of duty." 

Fabricius, an author, whose com- 
position was so obscure that Gil Bias 
could not comprehend the meaning of a 
single line of his writings. His poetry 
was verbose fustian, and his prose a 
maze of far-fetched expressions and per- 
plexed phrases. 

" If not intelligible," said Fabricius, " so much the 
better. The natural and simple won't do for sonnets, 
odes, and the sublime. The merit of these is their 
obscurity, and it is quite sufficient if the author himself 
thinks he understands them. . . . There are five or six 
of us who have undertaken to introduce a thorough 
change, and we will do so, in spite of Lopft de Vega, 
Cervantes, and all the fine geniuses who cavil at us."— 
Lcsagt ; Gil Blot, T. 13 (1724J. 

Fabrit'io, a merry soldier, the friend 
of captain Jac'omo the woman-hater. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher; The Captain 
(1613). 

Face (t syl.), alias "Jeremy," house- 
servant of Lovewit. During the absence 
of his master, Face leagues with Subtle 
(the alchemist) and Dol Common to turn 
a penny by alchemy, fortune-telling, and 
magic. Subtle (a beggar who knew 
something about alchemy) was discovered 
by Face near Pye Corner. Assuming the 
philosopher's garb and wand, he called 
himself "doctor;" Face, arrogating the 
title of "captain," touted for dupes; 
while Dol Common kept the house, and 
aided the other two in their general 
scheme of deception. On the unexpected 
return of Lovewit, the whole thing blew 
up ; but Face was forgiven and continued 
in his place as house-servant — Ben 
Jonson : The Alchemist (1610). 

Facto'tum (J 'ohannes), one employed 
to do all sorts of work for another ; one 



in whom another confides for all the odds 
and ends of his household management 
or business. 

He is an absolute Johannes Factotum, at least in kls 
own conceit.— Greene: Groat 's--worth of IVit (159a). 

Faddle {William), a "fellow made 
up of knavery and noise, with scandal for 
wit and impudence for raillery. He was 
so needy that the very devil might have 
bought him for a guinea." Sir Charles 
Raymond says to him — 

"Thy life is a disgrace to humanity. A foolish 
prodigality makes thee needy ; need makes thee 
vicious ; and both make thee contemptible. Thy 
wit is prostituted to slander and buffoonery ; and thy 
judgment, if thou hast any, to meanness and villainy. 
Thy betters, that laugh with thee, laugh at thee ; and 
all the varieties of thy life are but pitiful rewards and 
painful abuses."—.*. Moore ; The Foundling, iv. 3 
(1748). 

Fa'&ha (Afj, Mahomet's suver 
cuirass. 

Fad'ladeen, the great nazir 1 or 
chamberlain of Aurungze'be's harem. 
He criticizes the tales told by a young poet 
to Lalla Rookh on her way to Delhi, and 
great was his mortification to find that the 
poet was the young king his master. 

Fadladeen was a Judge of everything, from the pen- 
cilling of a Circassian's eyelids to the deepest questions 
of science and literature ; from the mixture of a con- 
serve of rose leaves to the composition of an epic 
poem.— T. Moor* : L*Ua Rtokh (1817). 

Fadladin'ida, wife of king Chronon- 
hotonthologos. While the king is alive 
she falls in love with the captive king of 
the Antip'odes, and at the death of the 
king, when two suitors arise, she says, 
" Well, gentlemen, to make matters easy, 
I'll take you both." — Carey: Chronon- 
hotonthologos (a burlesque). 

Faerie Queene, a metrical romance, 
in six books, of twelve cantos each, by 
Edmund Spenser {incomplete). 

Book I. The Red Cross Knight, 
the spirit of Christianity, or the victory of 
holiness over sin (1590). 

II. The Legend of Sir Guyon, the 
golden mean (1590). 

III. The Legend of Britomartis, 
chaste love. Britomartis is Diana or 
queen Elizabeth (1590). 

IV. Cambel and Tri AMQXD.Jfdeiity 
(1596). 

V. The Legend of Sir Ar'tegal, 
justice (1596). 

VI. The Legend of Sir Calii.ore, 
courtesy (1596). 

'.• Sometimes bk. vii., called Afuta- 
bility, is added ; but only I raiments of 
this book exist. 

Fafnis, the dragon with which Sigurd 



FAG. 



35» 



FAIR MAID OF PERTH. 



fights. — Sigurd the Horny (a German 
romance based on a Norse legend). 

Pag", the lying servant of captain 
Absolute. He " wears his master's wit, 
as he does his lace, at second hand." 
He "scruples not to tell a lie at his 
master's command, but it pains his con- 
science to be found out" — Sheridan: 
The Rivals (1775). 

Faggot {Nicholas), clerk to Matthew 
Foxley, the magistrate who examined 
Darsie Latimer (i.e. sir Arthur Darsie 
Redgauntlet) after he had been attacked 
by rioters. — Sir W. Scott; Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Faggots and Faggots (Ily a fagots 
et fagots), all things of the same sort are 
not equal in quality. In Moliere's Le 
Midecin Malgri Lui, Sganarelle wants to 
show that his faggots are better than 
those of other persons, and cries out 
" Ay ! but those faggots are not equal to 
mine." 

II est vrat, messieurs, que je suls le premier homme 
du monde pour faire des fagots . . . Je n'y epargne 
aucune chose, et les fais d'une fa^on qu'll n'y a rien a 
dire. ... II y a fagots et fagots.— Act i. sc. 6 (1606) 

Fagin, an old Jew, who employs a 
gang of thieves, chiefly boys. These boys 
he teaches to pick pockets and pilfer 
adroitly. Fagin assumes a most suave 
and fawning manner, but is malicious, 
grasping, and full of cruelty. He is 
ultimately arrested, tried, and condemned 
to death. — Dickens : Oliver Twist (1837). 

Fainall, cousin by marriage to sir 
Wilfrid Witwould. He married a young, 
wealthy, and handsome widow, but the 
two were cat and dog to each other. The 
great aim of Fainall was to get into his 
possession the estates of his wife (settled 
on herself ' ' in trust to Edward Mirabell "), 
but in this he failed. In outward sem- 
blance, Fainall was plausible enough, 
but he was a goodly apple rotten at the 
core, false to his friends, faithless to his 
wife, overreaching, and deceitful. 

Mrs. Fainall. Her first husband was 
Languish, son of lady Wishfort. Her 
second husband she both despised and 
detested. — Congreve : The Way of the 
World (1700). 

Thomas Davies [1710-1785], after a silence of fifteen 
years, performed the part of "Fainall." His ex- 
pression was Garrick's, with all its fire quenched. — 
Boadtn. 

Fainaso'lis, daughter of Craca's 
king (the Shetland Isles). When Fingal 
was quite a young man, she fled to him 
for protection against Sora, but scarcely 



had he promised to take up her cause, 
when Sora landed, drew the bow, and she 
fell. Fingal said to Sora, " Unerring is 
thy hand, O Sora, but feeble was the 
foe." He then attacked the invader, and 
Sora fell. — Ossian : Fingal, iii. 

Faint Heart never Won Fair 
Lady, a line in a ballad written to the 
" Berkshire Lady," a Miss Frances Ken- 
drick, daughter of sir William Kendrick, 
second baronet. Sir William's father was 
created baronet by Charles II. The wooer 
was a Mr. Child, son of a brewer at 
Abingdon, to whom the lady sent a chal- 
lenge. 

Having read this strange relation. 
He was in a consternation ; 
But, advising with a friend, 
He persuades him to attend : 
" Be of courage and make ready, 
Faint heart never won fair lady. ' 

Quarterly Review, cvL aoS-»4J, 

Faint Heart never Won Fair Lady, 
name of a petit comidie brought out by 
Mde. Vestris at the Olympic. Mde. 
Vestris herself performed the part of the 
"fair lady." 

Fair Maid of Anjou, Edith 
Plantagenet (see p. 314). 

Fair Maid of Ferth (The), a 
novel by sir W. Scott (1828). The "fair 
maid" is Catharine Glover (daughter of 
a glover of Perth), who kisses Henry 
Smith (the armourer) in his sleep on St. 
Valentine's Day. Smith proposes mar- 
riage, but Catharine refuses ; however, at 
the close of the novel she becomes his wife. 
The concurrent plot is the amour of 
prince James (son of Robert III.) and 
Louise the Glee-maiden. The prince 
quarrels with his father, and puts the Glee- 
maiden under the charge of Smith, whom 
Bonthron is employed to murder. By 
mistake he kills Oliver the bonnet-maker 
instead. Certain persons suspected of 
the murder are appointed to touch the 
bier of the dead-body as a test of guilt, 
but the ceremony is changed for the 
Ordeal of Battle. Smith, in the combat, 
defeats the murderer, who confesses his 
guilt, but declares that he was instigated 
by the prince. The prince, being arresied, 
is put under the charge of Bonthron, and 
is secretly murdered. This leads to the 
execution of several persons, and then to 
a battle in which Smith is the victorious 
hero. He is offered knighthood, but 
refuses. The Glee-maiden casts herself 
down from a high precipice, and Smith 
marries Catharine, the glover's daughter 
(time, Henry IV. of England, and Robert 
III. of Scotland). 



FAIR PENITENT. 

Pair Penitent [The), a tragedy by 
Rowe (1703). Calista was daughter of 
lord Sciol'to (3 syl.), and bride of lord 
Al'tamont. It was discovered on the 
wedding day that she had been seduced 
by Lotha'rio. This led to a duel between 
the bridegroom and the libertine, in which 
Lothario was killed ; a street riot ensued, 
in which Sciolto received his death- 
wound ; and Calista, " the fair penitent," 
stabbed herself. This drama is a mere 
richauffi of Massinger's Fatal Dowry. 

' . ' For Fair Maids and Fair , see 

the proper name or titular name. 

Fairbrother [Mr. ), counsel of Effie 
Deans at the trial— -Sir W. Scott: Heart 
of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Fairfax [Thomas lord), father of the 
duchess of Buckingham. — Sir W. Scott; 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II. ). 

Fairfield, the miller, and father of 
Patty " the maid of the mill." An 
honest, straightforward man, grateful 
and modest. —Bickerstaff: The Maid of 
the Mill (1765). 

Fairfield [Leonard), in My Novel, by 
lord Lytton (1853) ; a bookseller's hack 
who becomes an eminent author. 

Pairford [Mr. Alexander or Saun- 
ders), a lawyer. 

Allan Fairford, a young barrister, son 
of Saunders, and a friend of Darsie 
Latimer. He marries Lilias Redgauntlet, 
sister of sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet, 
called "Darsie Latimer." 

Peter Fairford, Allan's cousin. — Sir W. 
Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Fairleigh [Frank), the pseudonym 
of F. E. Smedley, editor of Sharpe's 
London Magazine (1848, 1849). It was 
in this magazine that Smedley's two 
novels, Frank Fairleigh and Lewis Arun- 
del, were first published. 

, Fairlimb, sister of Bitelas, and 
daughter of Rukenaw the ape, in the 
beast-epic called Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Fair'scrieve (2 syl.), clerk of Mr. 
James Middleburgh, a magistrate of 
Edinburgh.— Sir W. Scott: Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

Fairservice [Mr.), a magistrate's 
clerk.— Sir W. Scott: Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

Fairservice [Andrew), the humorous 
Scotch gardener of sir Hildebrand Os- 
baldistone, of Osbaldistone Hall. —Sir 
W. Scott: Rob Roy (time, George I.). 



353 FAITHFUL SHEPHERDESS. 

Overflowing- with a humour as peculiar in its way 
as the humours of Andrew Fairservice. — London 
Athenaum. 

Fairstar [Princess), daughter of 
queen Blon'dina (who had at one birth 
two boys and a girl, all "with stars on 
their foreheads, and a chain of gold about 
their necks "). On the same day, Blon- 
dina's sister Brunetta (wife of the king's 
brother) had a son, afterwards called 
Chery. The queen-mother, wishing to 
destroy these four children, ordered 
Fein'tisa to strangle them, but Feintisa 
sent them adrift in a boat, and told the 
queen-mother they were gone. It so 
happened that the boat was seen by a 
corsair, who brought the children to his 
wife Cor'sina to bring up. The corsair 
soon grew immensely rich, because every 
time the hair of these children was 
combed, jewels fell from their heads. 
When grown up, these castaways went 
to the land of their royal father and his 
brother, but Chery was for a while em- 
ployed in getting for Fairstar (1) The 
dancing water, which had the gift of 
imparting beauty ; (2) The singing apple, 
which had the gift of imparting wit ; 
and (3) The green bird, which could 
reveal all secrets. By this bird the story 
of their birth was made known, and 
Fairstar married her cousin Chery. — Com- 
tesse D ' Aulnoy : Fairy Tales [" Princess 
Fairstar," 1682). 

*.* This tale is borrowed from the 
fairy tales of Straparola, the Milanese 
(i55o)- 

Pairy Queen [The). (See Faerie 

QUEENE, p. 351.) 

Pairy Tales, in French : Contes de 
Fies, by Perrault (1697) ; by la comtesse 

D Aulnoy (1682). 

(Keightley, in 1850, published an en- 
larged edition of his Fairy Mythology.) 

Faithful, a companion of Christian 
in his walk to the Celestial City. Both 
were seized at Vanity Fair, and Faithful, 
being burnt to death, was taken to heaven 
in a chariot of fire. — Bunyan: Pilgrim's 
Progress, i. (1678). 

Faithful [Jacob), the title and hero of 
a sea tale, by captain Marryat (1835). 

Faithful [Father of the), Abraham. — 
Rom. iv. ; Gal. iii. 6-9. 

Faithful Shepherdess [The), a 
pastoral drama by John Fletcher (1610). 
The "faithful shepherdess" is Cor'in, 
whose lover was dead. Faithful to his 
memory, Corin retired from the busy 
a a 



FAKAR. 



354 



FALSETTO. 



world, employing her time in works of 
humanity, such as healing the sick, exor- 
cizing the bewitched, and comforting the 
afflicted. 

(A part of Milton's Comus is almost ft 
verbal transcript of this pastoral.) 

Fakar {Dhu'I), Mahomet's scimitar. 

Fakenham Ghost (The). An old 
woman, walking to Fakenham, had to 
cross the churchyard after night-fall. 
She heard a short, quick step behind, and 
looking round saw what she fancied to 
be a four-footed monster. On she ran, 
faster and faster, and on came the patter- 
ing footfalls behind. She gained the 
churchyard gate and pushed it open, but, 
ah ! " the monster " also passed through. 
Every moment she expected it would 
leap upon her back. She reached her 
cottage door and fainted. Out came her 
husband with a lantern, saw the " sprite," 
which was no other than the foal of a 
donkey that had strayed into the park 
and followed the ancient dame to her 
cottage door. 

And many a laugh went through the ral^ 

And some conviction, too ; 
Each thought some other goblin tale 
Perhaps was just as true. 
Bloomfield : The Fakenham. Ghost (a fact). 

Fakreddin's Valley. Over the 

several portals of bronze were these in- 
scriptions . (i) The Asylum of Pil- 
grims ; (2) The Traveller's Refuge ; 
(3) The Depository of the Secrets 
of all the world. 

Falcon. Wm. Morris tells us that 

whoso watched a certain falcon for seven 
days and seven nights without sleeping, 
should have his first wish granted by a 
fay. A certain king accomplished the 
watching, and wished to have the fay's 
love. His wish was granted, but it 
proved his ruin. — The Earthly Paradise 
("July"). 

Falconer {Mr.), laird of Balma- 
whapple, a friend of the old baron of 
Bradwardine. — Sir W. Scott: Waver ley 
(time, George II.). 

Falconer {Major), brother of lady 
Both well. — Sir IV. Scott: A unt Margaret's 
Mirror (time, William III.). 

Falconer {Edmund), the assumed 
name of Edmund O'Rourke, author of 
Extremes, or Men of the Day (a comedy, 
1859). 

Faler'num or Falergus Agf.r, a 
district in the north of Campania, extend- 
ing from the Massic Hills to the river 



Vultur'nus (in Italy). This district was 
noted for its wines, called "Massic" or 
" Falernian," the best of which was 
" Faustianum." 

Then with water fill the pitcher 
Wreathed about with classic fable*; 

Ne'er Falernian threw a richer 
Light upon Lucullus' tables. 

Longfellow : Drinking Song. 

Falie'ro {Marino), the doge of 
Venice. (See Marino.) — Byron : Marino 
Fa Hero. 

Falkland, an aristocratic gentleman, 
of a noble, loving nature, but the victim 
of false honour and morbid refinement of 
feeling. Under great provocation, he 
was goaded on to commit murder, but 
being tried was honourably acquitted, and 
another person was executed for the 
crime. Caleb Williams, a lad in Falk- 
land's service, accidentally became ac- 
quainted with these secret facts, but, 
unable to live in the house under the 
suspicious eyes of Falkland, he ran away. 
Falkland tracked him from place to place, 
like a blood-hound, and at length arrested 
him for robbery. The true statement 
now came out, and Falkland died of 
shame and a broken spirit. — Godwin; 
Caleb Williams (1794). (See FAULK- 

LAND, p. 359.) 

(This tale has been dramatized by G. 
Colman, under the title of The Iron Chest, 
in which Falkland is called " sir Edward 
Mortimer," and Caleb Williams is called 
" Wilford. M ) 

Falkland, a model stage lover ; 
jealous, generous, and gentlemanly. The 
lover of Julia. — Sheridan: The Rivals 
(i775). 

Falkland, the hero and title of lord 
Lytton's first novel (1827). 

Fall of Jerusalem {The), a 

dramatic poem by dean Milman (1820). 

Fallacies (Popular), Charles Lamb, 
in his Essays of Elia (last series, 1833). 
He controverts sixteen , the first of which is 
that " a bully is always a coward," and 
the last is that "a sulky temper is a 
misfortune." 

False One {The), a tragedy by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1619). The 
subject is the amours of Julius Caesar and 
Cleopat'ra. 

Falsetto {Signor), a man who fawns 

on Fazio in prosperity, and turns his back 
on him when fallen into disgrace. — Dean 
Milman : Fazio (1815). 



FALSTAFF. 



355 



FAQUIR. 



Falstaff (Sir John), in The Merry 
Wives of Windsor, and in the two parts 
Df Henry IV., by Shakespeare. In 
Henry V. his death is described by Mrs. 
Quickly, hostess of an inn in Eastche^p. 
In the comedy, sir John is represented as 
making love to Mrs. Page, who " fools 
him tc the top of her bent." In the 
historic plays, he is represented as a 
soldier and a wit, the boon companion of 
"Mad-cap Hal " (the prince of Wales). 
In both cases, he is a mountain of fat, 
sensual, mendacious, boastful, and fond 
of practical jokes. 

In the king's army, " sir John " was 
captain, "Peto" lieutenant, "Pistol" 
ancient [ensign], and " Bardolph " cor- 
poral. 

C. R. Leslie says, "Q/tm s ' Falstaff' must have been 
glorious. Since Garrick s time there have been more 
than one 'Richard, 'Hamlet,' 'Romeo,' 'Macbeth,' 
and ' Lear ; ' but since Quin [1&53-1766] only one ' Fal- 
staff,' John Henderson [1747-1786]." 

(Robert William Eiliston (1774-1831) 
was the best of all " Falstaffs." His was 
a wonderful combination of wit, humour, 
sensuality, and philosophy, but he was 
always the gentleman. ) 

Falstaff, unimitated, inimitable Falstaff, how shall 
I describe thee? Thou compound of sense and vice : 
of sense which may be admired, but not esteemed ; of 
vice which may be despised, but hardly detested. 
" Falstaff" is a character loaded with faults, and with 
those faults which naturally produce contempt. He is 
a thief and a glutton, a coward and a boaster, always 
.eady to cheat the weak and prey upon the poor, te 
terrify the timorous and insult the defenceless. At 
once obsequious and malignant, yet the man thus 
corrupt, thus despicable, makes himself necessary to 
the prince by perpetual gaiety, and by unfailing power 
of exciting laughter. — Dr. jfohnson. 

Famous. " I woke one morning and 
found myself famous." So said Byron, 
after the publication of cantos i. and ii. 
of his Childe Harold (1812). 

Fan [The), a semi-mythological poem 
in three books, by John Gay (1713). 

Fanciful {Lady), a. vain, conceited 
beauty, who calls herself " nice, strangely 
nice," and says she was formed " to make 
the whole creation uneasy." She loves 
Heartfree, a railer against woman, and 
when lie proposes marriage to Belinda, a 
rival beauty, spreads a most impudent 
scandal, which, however, reflects only on 
her-elf. Heartfree, who at one time was 
partly in love with her, says to her — 

•• Nature made you handsome, gave you beauty to a 
miracle, a shape without a fault, wit enough to make 
thei:i relish . . . but an has made you become the pay 
ol our sex, and the jest of your own. 1 Here's not a 
feature in your face but you have found the way to 
t';ach If some affected convulsion. Your feet, your 
hands, ; our \ery finger-ends, are directed never to 
move without some ridiculous air, and your language 
is a suitable trumi«t to draw people's eyes upon the 
raree-show " (act U. sc \).—Vanbruxh : Tk* Pr<si\kid 
H'i/e (1697). 



Fan-Fan, alias Phelin O'Tti*, "a 

lollv-pop maker, and manufacturer of 
maids of honour to the court.*' This 
merry, shy, and blundering elf, concealed 
in a bear-skin, makes love to Christine, 
the faithful attendant on the countess 
Marie. Phelin O'Tug says his mother 
was too bashful ever to let him know her, 
and his father always kept in the back- 
ground. — Stirling : The Prisoner of State 
(1847). 

Fansf, asheriffs officer in a Henry IV., 
Shakespeare (1598). 

Fang", a bullying, insolent magistrate, 
who would have sent Oliver Twist to 
prison, on suspicion of theft, if Mr. 
Brownlow had not interposed on the 
boy's behalf. — Dickens: Oliver Twist 
(1837). 

. The original of this ill-tempered, bullying magistrate 
was Mr. Laing, of Hattcn Garden, removed from the 
bench by the home secretary. — Faster : Life of 
Dickens, iiL 4. 

Fang and Snare, two sheriffs 
officers. — Shakespeare : a Henry IV. 
(1598). 

Fanny (Lord). So John lord Hervey 
was usually called by the wits of the time, 
in consequence of his effeminate habits. 
His appearance was that of a " half wit, 
half fool, half man, half beau." He used 
rouge, drank ass's milk, and took Scotch 
pills (1694-1743). 

Consult lord Fanny, and confide in Curll \_publisher\. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Fanny (Miss), younger daughter of 
Mr. Sterling, a rich City merchant. She 
was clandestinely married to Lovewell. 
"Gentle-looking, soft-speaking, sweet- 
smiling, and affable," wanting "nothing 
but a crook in her hand and a lamb under 
her arm to be a perfect picture of inno- 
cence and simplicity." Every one loved 
her, and as her marriage was a secret, sir 
John Melvil and lord Ogleby both pro- 
posed to her. Her marriage with Love- 
well being ultimately made known, her 
dilemma was removed. — Colman and 
Garrick : The Clandestine Marriage 
(1766). 

Fan'teries (3 9*), foot-soldiers, in- 
fantry. 

Five other bandes of English fanteries. 
Gascon ne : The Fruites of Warre, 152 (died 1557), 

Faquir', a religious anchor: te, whose 
life is spent in the severest austerities and 
mortification. 

He diverted himself, however . . especially with 
the Brahmins, faquirs, and other enthusiasts who had 
travelled from the heart of India, and halted on thefc 
way with the emir.— Bedford : ymtheM (ljW. 



FARINATA. 



35 & 



FASHIONABLE LOVER. 



Farina' ta [Degli Uberti], a noble 
Florentine, leader of the Ghibelline fac- 
tion, and driven from his country in 1250 
by the Guelfes (1 syl.). Some ten years 
later, by the aid of Mainfroi of Naples, 
he defeated the Guelfes, and took all the 
towns of Tuscany and Florence. Dante 
conversed with him in the city of Dis, 
and represents him as lying in a fiery 
tomb yet open, and not to be closed till 
the last judgment day. When the council 
agreed to raze Florence to the ground, 
Farinata opposed the measure, and saved 
the city. Dante" refers to this — 

Lo 1 Farinata ... his brow 
Somewhat uplifted, cried . . . 
" In that afiray [Le. at Montaferto, near the river 

Arbia-\ 
I stood not singly . . . 
But singly there I stood, whenby consent 
Of all, Florence had to the ground been razed,— 
The one who openly forbade the deed." 

Dante : Inferno, x. (1300). 
Like Farinata from his fiery tomb. 

Longfellow : Dante. 

Farintosh {Beau), in Robertson's 
comedy of School (1869). 

Farm - house (The). Modely and 
Heartwell, two gentlemen of fashion, 
come into the country and receive hospi- 
tality from old Farmer Freehold. Here 
they make love to his daughter Aura and 
his niece Flora. The girls, being high- 
principled, convert thq flirtation of the two 
guests into love, and Heartwell marries 
the niece, while Modely proposes to Aura, 
who accepts him, provided he will wait 
two months and remain constant to her. — 
J. P. Kemble. 

Farmer George, George III. ; so 
called because he was like a farmer in 
dress, manners, and tastes (1738-1820). 
Also called "The Farmer-King." 

Farmer's Boy ( The), a rural poem 
by R. Bloomfield (1798), who was himself 
a " farmer's boy " for eleven years. 

Farmer's Wife {The), a musical 
drama by C. Dibdin (1780). Cornflower, 
a benevolent, high-minded farmer, having 
saved Emma Belton from the flames of a 
house on fire, married her, and they lived 
together in love and peace till sir Charles 
Courtly took a fancy to Mrs. Cornflower, 
and abducted her. She was soon tracked, 
and as it was evident that she was no 
particeps criminis, she was restored to 
her husband, and sir Charles gave his 
sister to Mrs. Cornflower's brother in 
marriage as a peace offering. 

Farnese Bull [Far-nay'-ze], a colos- 
sal group of sculpture, attributed to 



Apollonius and Tauriscus of Trailed, in 
Asia Minor. The group represents Dircg 
bound by Zethus and Amphi'on to the 
horns of a bull, for ill-using her mother. 
It was restored by Bianchi, in 1546, and 
placed in the Farnes£ palace, in Italy. 

Farnese Her'cules [Far-nay'-ge], 
a name given to Glykon's copy of the 
famous statue by Lysippos (a Greek sculp- 
tor in the time of Alexander " the Great "). 
It represents Hercules leaning on his club, 
with one hand on his back. The Farnese 
family became extinct in 1731. 

(A copv of this statue is in the Champs 
Elyse"es, Paris.) 

Fashion (Sir Brilliant), a man of the 
world, who "dresses fashionably, lives 
fashionably, wins your money fashionably, 
loses his own fashionably, and does every- 
thing fashionably." His fashionable as- 
severations are, " Let me perish, if . . . ! " 
"May fortune eternally frown on me, 
if . . . !" " May I never hold four by 
honours, if . . . ! " " May the first woman 
I meet strike me with a supercilious eye- 
brow, if . . . ! " and so on. — Murphy; 
The Way to Keep Him (1760). 

Fashion ( Tom) or " Young Fashion," 
younger brother of lord Foppington. As 
his elder brother did not behave well to 
him, Tom resolved to outwit him, and to 
this end introduced himself to sir Tun- 
belly Clumsy and his daughter, Miss 
Hoyden, as lord Foppington, between 
whom and the knight a negotiation of 
marriage had been carried on. Being 
established in the house, Tom married 
the heiress, and when the veritable lord 
appeared, he was treated as an impostor. 
Tom, however, explained his ruse, and as 
his lordship treated the knight with great 
contempt and quitted the house, a recon- 
ciliation was easily effected. — Sheridan; 
A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 

Fashionable Lover (The). Lord 
Abberville, a young man 23 years of age, 
promises marriage to Lucinda Bridge- 
more, the vulgar, spiteful, purse-proud 
daughter of a London merchant, living 
in Fish Street Hill. At the house of this 
merchant lord Abberville sees a Miss 
Aubrey, a handsome, modest, lady-like 
girl, with whom he is greatly smitten. 
He first tries to corrupt her, and then 
promises marriage ; but Miss Aubrey is 
already engaged to a Mr. Tyrrel. The 
vulgarity and ill-nature of Lucinda being 
quite insurmountable, "the fashionable 
lover " abandons her. The chief object 



FASTOLFE. 



357 



of the drama is to root out the prejudice 

which Englishmen at one time entertained 
against the Scotch, and the chief character 
is in reality Colin or Cavvdie Macleod, a 
Scotch servant of lord Abberville. — 
Cumberland (1780). 

With similar chivalry he wrote The yew (1795), to 
»vert the prejudice against the Jewish race. 

Fastolfe (Sir John), in 1 Henry VI. 
This is not the "sir John Falstaff" of 
huge proportions and facetious wit, but 
the lieutenant-general of the duke of 
Bedford, and a knight of the Garter. 

Here had the conquest fully been sealed up 
If sir John Fastolfe had not played the coward ; 
He being- in the vanward . . . 
Cowardly fled, not having struck one stroke. 
Shakespeare : I Henry VI. act L sc I (1589). 
From this battell \pf Pataie, in France'] departed 
without anie stroke stricken, sir John Fastolfe. . . . The 
duke of Bedford tooke from him the image of St. 
George and his garter. — HoHnshed, ii. 601. 

Fastra'da or Fastrade, daughter of 
count Rodolph and Luitgarde. She was 
one of the nine wives of Charlemagne. 

Those same soft bells at even-tide 
Rang in the ears of Charlemagne^ 

As seated by Fastrada's side, 

At Ingelheim, in all his pride, 
He heard their sound with secret pain. 

Longfellow : Golden Legend, vL 

Pat (The). Alfonzo II. of Portugal 
(1185, 1212-1223). Charles II. (le Gros) 
of France (832-888). Louis VI. {le Gros) 
of France (1078, 1108-1137). 

Edward Bright of Essex weighed 44 
stone (616 lbs.) at death (1720-1750). 
David Lambert of Leicester weighed 
above 52 stone (739 lbs.) at death (1770- 
1809). 

Pat Boy ( The), Joseph or Joe, a lad 
of astounding obesity, whose employment 
consisted of alternate eating and sleeping. 
Joe was in the service of Mr. Wardle. 
He was once known to "burst into a 
horse-laugh," and was once known to 
defer eating to say to Mary, " How nice 
you do look 1 " 

This was said in an admiring manner, and was so far 
gratifying ; but still there was enough of the cannibal 
in the young gentleman's eyes to render the compliment 
doubtful.— Dickens • Pickvnck Papers, liv. {1836). 

Fata Alci'na, sister of Fata Morga'- 
na. She carried off Astolfo on the back 
of a whale to her isle, but turned him 
into a myrtle tree when she tired of him. 
— Bojardo : Orlando Innamorato (1495) ; 
Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Fata della Ponti, an enchantress, 
from whom Mandricardo obtained the 
arms of Hector. — Bojardo: Orlando In- 
namorato (1495). 

Fata Morga'na, sister of Arthur 



FATAL MARRIAGE. 

and pupil of Merlin. She lived at the 
bottom of a lake, and dispensed hei 
treasures to whom she willed. This fairy 
is introduced by Bojardo in his Orlando 
Innamorato, first as " lady Fortune," and 
afterwards as an enchantress. In Tasso 
her three daughters (Morganetta.Nivetta, 
and Carvilia) are introduced. 

•.•"Fata Morgana" is the name 
given to a sort of mirage occasionally 
seen in the straits of Messi'na. 

Fata Nera and Fata Bianca, 

protectresses of Guido'ne and Aquilante. 
— Bojardo : Orlando Innamorato (1495). 

Fata Silvauella, an enchantress in 
Orlando Innamorato, by Bojardo (1495). 

Fatal Curiosity, an epilogue in 
Don Quixote (pt. I. iv. 5, 6). The sub- 
ject of this tale is the trial of a wife's 
fidelity. Anselmo, a Florentine gentle- 
man, had married Camilla, and, wishing 
to rejoice over her incorruptible fidelity, 
induced his friend Lothario to put it to 
the test. The lady was not trial-proof, 
but eloped with Lothario. The end was 
that Anselmo died of grief, Lothario was 
slain in battle, and Camilla died in a 
convent (1605). 

Fatal Curiosity, by George Lillo. 
Young Wilmot, supposed to have perished 
at sea, goes to India, and, having made 
his fortune, returns to England. He 
instantly visits Charlotte, whom he finds 
still faithful and devotedly attached to 
him. He then in disguise visits his 
parents, with whom he deposits a casket. 
Agnes Wilmot, out of curiosity, opens 
the casket, and when she discovers that 
it contains jewels, she and her husband 
resolve to murder the owner, and secure 
the contents of the casket. Scarcely have 
they committed the fatal deed, when 
Charlotte enters, and tells them it is their 
own son whom they have killed, where- 
upon old Wilmot first stabs his wife and 
then himself. Thus was the " curiosity " 
of Agnes fatal to her husband, herself, 
and her son (1736), 

IT For a parallel case, see Notes and 
Queries (January 14, 1882, p. 21). 

Fatal Dowry (The), a tragedy by 
Philip Massinger (1632). Rowe has bor- 
rowed much of his Fair Penitent from 
this drama. 

Fatal Marriage (The), a tragedy 
by Thomas Southerne (1692). Isabella a 
nun marries Biron eldest son of count 
Baldwin. The count disinherits his son 



FATES. 358 

for this marriage, and Biron, entering the 
army, is sent to the siege of Candy, where 
he is seen to fall, and is reported dead. 
Isabella, reduced to the utmost poverty, 
after seven years of " widowhood," prays 
count Baldwin to help her and do some- 
thing for her child, but he turns her out 
of doors. Villeroy (2 syl.) proposes 
marriage to her, and her acceptance of 
him was "the fatal marriage," for the 
very next day Biron returns, and is set 
upon by ruffians in the pay of his brother 
Carlos, who assassinate him. Carlos 
accuses Villeroy of the murder, but one 
of the ruffians impeaches, and Carlos is 
apprehended. As for Isabella, she stabs 
herself and dies. 

Pates. The Three Fatal Sisters were 
Clo'tho, Lachesis [Lak'-e-sis~],axi(i At'ropos. 
They dwelt in the deep abyss of Demo- 
gorgon, " with unwearied fingers drawing 
out the threads of life." Clotho held the 
spindle or distaff ; Lachesis drew out the 
thread ; and Atropos cut it off. 

Sad Clotho held the rock, the whiles the thread 

By grisly Lachesis was spun with pain, 
That cruel Atropos eftsoon undid, 

With cursed knife cutting the twist in twain. 

Spenser: Faerie Queene, iv. 2 (1596). 

Father — Son. It is a common ob- 
servation that a father above the common 
rate of men has usually a son below it. 
Witness king John son of Henry II. ; 
Edward II. son of Edward I.; Richard II. 
son of the Black Prince ; Henry VI. son 
of Henry V. ; Lord Chesterfield's son, 
etc. So in French history : Louis VIII. 
was the son of Philippe A uguste ; Charles 
the Idiot was the son of Charles le Sage ; 
Henri II. of Francois I. Again, in Ger- 
man history : Heinrich VI. was the son 
of Barbarossa; Albrecht I. of Rudolf; 
and so on, in all directions. Heroumjilii 
noxce is a Latin proverb. 

My trust, 
Like a good parent, did beget of him 
A falsehood, in its contrary as great 
As my trust was. 
Shakespeare : The Tempest, act i. sc. 3 (1609). 

*.'Yet have we the proverb, "Like 
father, like son," which holds good in 
common life. 

Father Suckled by His own 
Daughter. Euphrasia, called " the 
Grecian Daughter," thus preserved the 
life of her father Evander in prison. 
(See Euphrasia, p. 344.) 

Xantippe thus preserved the life of her 
father Cimonos in prison. 

Pather of Angling" {The), Isaac 
Walton, author of The Compleat Angler 
(1593-1683). 



FATHERLESS. 

Pather of English Prose (The 

Rosier Ascham, instructor of queen Eliza- 
beth (1515-1568). 

Pather of Jests {The), Joe Miller 
(1684-1738). 

Pather Prout. (See Prout.) 

Pather of His Country. 

Cicero, who broke up the Catiline 
conspiracy (b.c. 106-43). 

• . • The Romans offered the same title 
to Marms after his annihilation of the 
Teutongs and Cimbri, but he would not 
accept it. 

Julius Caesar, after he had quelled 
the Spanish insurrection (b.c. 100-44). 

Augustus, Pater atque Princeps (b.c. 
63-31' to A.D. 14). 

Cosmo de Medici (1389- 1464). 

Andria Dorea ; called so on his 
statue at Genoa (1468-1560). 

Androni'cus Pal^eol'ogus assumed 
the title (1 260-1332). 

George Washington, "Defender and 
Paternal Counseller of the American 
States " (1732-1799). 

Pather of the People. 

Louis XII. of France (146s, 1498- 

ISI5). 

Henri IV. of France, "The Father 
and Friend of the People" (1553, x $>9~ 
1610). 

Louis XVIII. of France (1755, 1814- 
1824). 

Gabriel du Pineau, a French lawye; 
(1573-1644). 

Christian III. of Denmark (1502, 
I534-I559)- 

• . • For other " Fathers," see under the 
specific name or vocation, as Botany, 
Literature, and so on. 

Father's Head Nursed by a 
Daughter after Death. Margaret 
Roper " clasped in her last trance her mur- 
dered father's head." (See Daughter.) 

Pathers {Last of the), St. Bernard 
(1091-1153). 

* . • The ' ' Fathers of the Church " were 
followed by "the Schoolmen." 

Fatherless. Merlin never had a 
father ; his mother was a nun, the 
daughter of the king of Dimetia, 

N.B. — Melchisedec, king of Salem, was 
" without father, without mother, having 
neither beginning of days, nor end of 
years" {Heb. vii. 3). Probably the 
meaning is, the priests of the Levites had 
a regular genealogy, both on the father's 
and mother's side, and not only was their 



FATHOM. 

birth kept on record, but also the date of 
their consecration, the years they lived, 
and the time of their death ; but in regard 
to Melchisedec, none of these things were 
known, because he was not a Levite, 
though he was a priest. 

Fathom {Ferdinand count), a villain 
who robs his benefactors, pillages any 
one, but is finally forgiven and assisted. 
— Smollett : The Adventures of Ferdinand 
count Fathom (1754). 

(The gang being absent, an old bel- 
dame conveys the count to a rude apart- 
ment to sleep in. Here he found the 
dead body of a man lately stabbed and 
concealed in some straw ; and the account 
of his sensations during the night, the 
horrid device by which he saved his life 
(by lifting the corpse into his own bed), 
and his escape guided by the hag, is 
terrifically tragic.) 

The robber-scene in the old woman's hut, in Count 

Fathom, though often imitated since, still remains one 
of the most impressive and agitating night-pieces of its 
kind. — Encyclo/adia Britannica (article "Romance "). 

'.'There is a "Fathom" in The 
Hunchback, a play by Knowles (1831). 

FAT'IMA, daughter of Mahomet, 
and one of the four perfect women. The 
other three are Khadijah, the prophet's 
first wife; Mary, daughter of Imran ; 
and Asia, wife of that Pharaoh who was 
drowned in the Red Sea. 

Fat'ima, a holy woman of China, who 
lived a hermit's life. There was " no one 
affected with headache whom she did not 
cure by simply iaying her hands on them." 
An African magician induced this devotee 
to lend him her clothes and stick, and to 
make him the facsimile of herself. He 
then murdered her, and got introduced 
into the palace of Aladdin. Aladdin, 
being informed of the trick, pretended to 
have a bad headache, and when the false 
Fatima approached under the pretence of 
curing it, he plunged a dagger into the 
heart of the magician and killed him. — 
Arabian Nights ("Aladdin, or the Won- 
derful Lamp "). 

Fat'ima, the mother of prince Cama- 
ral'zaman. Her husband was Schah'- 
zaman sultan of the " Isle of the Children 
of Khal'edan, some twenty days' sail from 
the coast of Persia, in the open sea." — 
Arabian Nights (" Camaralzaman and 
Badoura "). 

Fat'ima, the last of Bluebeard's wives. 
She was saved from death by the timely 
arrival of her brothers with a party of 
friends. — Ferrault : Contes de Fies (1C97). 



359 



FAUST. 



Pat'imite (3 syl.). The Third Fati- 
tnite, the caliph Hakem B'amr-ellah, who 
professed to be incarnate deity, and the 
last prophet who had communication 
between God and man. He was the 
founder of the Druses (q.v.). 

What say you does this wizard style himself— 
Hakeem Biamrallah, the Third Fatiinite? 

R. Browning : The Return of the Druses, T. 

Faulconbridge [Philip), called " the 
Bastard," natural son of king Richard I. 
and lady Robert Faulconbridge. An 
admirable admixture of greatness and 
levity, daring and recklessness. He was 
generous and open-hearted, but hated 
foreigners like a true-born islander. — 
Shakespeare : King John (1596). 

Faulconrie ( The Booke of), by Georga 

Turberville (1575). 

Faulkland, the over-anxious lover 
of Julia [Melville], always fretting and 
tormenting himself about her whims, 
spirit, health, life. Every feature in the 
sky, every shift of the wind, was a source 
of anxiety to him. If she was gay, he 
fretted that she should care so little for 
his absence ; if she was low-spirited, he 
feared she was going to die ; if she 
danced with another, he was jealous ; if 
she didn't, she was out of sorts. — Sheri- 
dan .• The Rivals (1775). (See Falk- 
land, p. 354.) 

Fault-bag". A fable says that every 
man has a bag hanging before him in 
which he puts his neighbours' faults, and 
another behind him in which he stows his 
own. 

Oh that you could turn your eyes towards the napes 
of your necks, and make but an interior survey of your 
good selves ! — Shakespeare : Corioianus, act ii. sc. I 
(1609I. 

Faultless Fainter (The), Andrea 
del Sarto (1488-1530). — R. Browning: 
Andrea del Sarto. 

Faun. Tennyson uses this sylvan 
deity of the classics as the symbol of a 
drunkard. 

Arise and fly 
The reeling Faun, the sensual feast. 

7 ennyson : In Mcmoriam, cxvlll. 

Faust, a famous magician of the six- 
teenth century, a native of Suabia. A 
rich uncle having left him a fortune, 
Faust ran to every excess ; and when his 
fortune was exhausted, he made a pact 
with the devil (who assumed the name of 
Mephistoph'eles, and the appearance of a 
little grey monk) that if he might indulge 
his propensities freely for twenty-four 
years, he would at the end of that period 
consign to the devil both body and souL 



FAUSTUS. 



FEEBLE. 



l*he compact terminated in 1550 when 
Faust disappeared. His sweetheart was 
Margheri'ta [Margaret], whom he se- 
duced, and his faithful servant was 
Wagner. 

(Bayle Bernard made an English ver- 
sion ; Goethe has a dramatic poem 
entitled Faust (1798) ; Gounod an opera 
called Faust e Margherita (1859). See 
Faustus.) 

Paustus (Dr. ), the same as Faust ; 
but Marlowe, in his admirable tragedy, 
makes the doctor sell himself to Lucifer 
and Mephistophilis. 

When Faustus stands on the brink of everlasting: ruin, 
waiting- for the fatal moment . . . a scene of enchanting 
interest, fervid passion, and overwhelming pathos, 
carries captive the sternest heart, and proclaims the 
first triumph of the tragic -poet.— ^ JZ. Chambers: 
English Literature, i. 171. 

(W. Bayle Bernard, of Boston, U.S. 
America, has a tragedy on the same 
subject.) 

Pavori'ta (La), Leonora de Guzman, 
"favourite" of Alfonzo XI. of Castile. 
Ferdinando fell in love with her ; and the 
king, to save himself from excommunica- 
tion, sanctioned the marriage. But when 
Fefdinando learned that Leonora was the 
king's mistress, he rejected the alliance 
with indignation, and became a monk. 
Leonora also became a novice in the same 
monastery, saw Ferdinando, obtained his 
forgiveness, and died. — Donizetti : La 
Favorita (an opera, 1842). 

Faw (Tibbie), the ostler's wife, in 
Wandering Willie's tale.— .Sir W. Scott: 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Paw'nia, the lady beloved by Doras- 
tus. — R. Greene: Pandosto, the Triumph 
of Time (1 588). 

• . • Shakespeare founded his Winter's 
Tale on Greene's romance. 

Pazio, a Florentine, who first tried to 
make a fortune by alchemy, but being 
present when Bartoldo died, he buried 
the body secretly, and stole the miser's 
money-bags. Being now rich, he passed 
his time with the marchioness Aldabella 
in licentious pleasure, and his wife Bianca, 
out of jealousy, accused him to the duke 
of being privy to Bartoldo's death. For 
this offence Fazio was condemned to die ; 
and Bianca, having tried in vain to save 
him, went mad with grief, and died of a 
broken heart. — Dean Milman: Fazio 
(1815). 

Pea (F.uphane), the old housekeeper 
A the old udaller at Burgh-Westra. — Sir 



W. Scott: The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

• . • A " udaller " is one who holds land 
by allodial tenure. 

Fear Portress, near Saragossa. An 
allegorical bogie fort, conjured up by 
fear, which vanishes as it is courageously 
approached and boldly besieged. 

If a child disappeared, or any cattle were carried off, 
the frightened peasants said, " The lord of Fear 
Fortress has taken them." If a fire broke out anywhere, 
it was the lord of Fear Fortress who must have lit it. 
The origin of all accidents, mishaps, and disasters was 
traced to the mysterious owner of this invisible 
castle.— L'Epine: Croquemitaine, iii. 1. 

Pearless (The), Jean due de Bour- 
goigne, called Sans Peur (1371-1419). 

Peast— Death,. " Let us eat and 

drink, for to-morrow we die" (1 Cor. xv. 
32), in allusion to the words spoken in 
certain Egyptian feasts, when a mummy 
or the semblance of a dead body was 
drawn in a litter round the room before 
the assembled guests, while a herald cried 
aloud, " Gaze here, and drink, and be 
merry ; for when you die, such will you 
be." (See Remember You are 
Mortal.) 

(E. Long (Academician) exhibited a 
painting (12 feet by 6 feet) of this custom, 
in the Royal Academy exhibition, 1877.) 

Peatherhead (John), Esq., an op- 
ponent of sir Thomas Kittlecourt, M.P. — 
Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Peatherstonehaugli ( The Death of), 
a ballad by Robert Surtees, palmed off 
by him on sir W. Scott as mediaeval. 
Sir Walter quotes it in his Marmion. (See 
Forgers and Forgeries.) 

Pedalma, beloved by Don Silva. The 
heroine and hero of The Spanish Gypsy, a 
dramatic poem by George Eliot (Mrs. 
J. W. Cross) (1868). 

Pee and Pairy. Fee is the more 
general term, including the latter. The 
Arabian Nights are not all fairy tales, 
but they are all fee tales or contes desfies. 
So, again, the Ossianic tales, Campbell's 
Tales of the West Highlands, the my- 
thological tales of the Basques, Irish, 
Scandinavians, Germans, French, etc., 
may all be ranged under fee tales. 

Peeble (Francis), a woman's tailor, 
and one of the recruits of sir John Fal« 
staff. Although a thin, starveling yard- 
wand of a man, he expresses great 
willingness to be drawn. Sir John com- 
pliments him as "courageous Feeble," 



FEEDER. 

and says to him, "Thou wilt be as 
valiant as the wrathful dove, or most 
magnanimous mouse . . . most forcible 
Feeble." — Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV. aet 
fii. sc. 2 (1598). 

Feeder {Mr.), B.A., usher in the 
school of Dr. Blimber of Brighton. He 
was "a kind of human barrel-organ, which 
played only one tune." Mr. Feeder was 
in the habit of shaving his head to keep it 
cool. He married Miss Blimber, the 
doctor's daughter, and succeeded to the 
school. — Dickens: Dombey and Son (1846). 

Feenix, nephew of the Hon. Mrs. 
Skewton (mother of Edith, Mr. Dombey's 
second wife). Feenix was a very old 
gentleman, patched up to look as much 
like a young fop as possible. 

Cousin Feenix was a man about town forty years 
ago ; but he is still so juvenile in figure and manner that 
strangers are amazed when they discover latent wrinkles 
in his lordship's face, and crows' feet in his eyes. But 
cousin Feenix getting up at half-past seven, is quite 
another thing from cousin Feenix got up. — Dickens : 
Dombey and Son, xxxi. (1846). 

Feign well {Colonel), the suitor of 
Anne Lovely, an heiress. Anne Lovely 
had to obtain the consent of her four 
guardians before she could marry. One 
was an old beau, another a virtuoso, a 
third a broker on 'Change, and the fourth 
a canting quaker. The colonel made him- 
self agreeable to all, and carried off his 
prize. — Mrs. Centlivre : A Bold Stroke 
for a Wife (1717). 

Andrew Cherry [1769-1812]. His first character was 

"colonel Feiguwell," an arduous task for a boy of 17 ; 
but he obtained great applause, and the manager of 
the sharing company, after passing many encomiums 
on his exertions, presented him with tenpence half- 
penny, as his dividend of the profits of the night's 
performance.— Percy : Anecdotes. 

Feinai'g"le {Gregory de), a German 
mnemonist (1765-1820). He obtained 
some success by his aids to memory, but 
in Paris he was an object of ridicule. 

Her memory was a mine . . . 

For her Feinaigle's was a useless art. 

Byron : Don Juan, i. ix (1819). 

Felice or Phelis, wife of sir Guy earl 
of Warwick, said to have " the same high 
forehead as Venus." 

Felic'ian {Father), the catholic priest 
and schoolmaster of Grand Pre\ in Acadia 
(now called Nova Scotia). He accom- 
panied Evangeline in part of her wander- 
ings to find Gabriel her affianced husband. 
— Longfellow : Evangeline (1849). 

Feliciana {The), the happy nation. 
The Felicians live under a free sovereignty, 
where the laws are absolute. Felicia is 
the French " Utopia." — Mercier de la 
Riviere: L'Heureuse Nation (1767). 



361 FELL. 

Feliciano de Sylva, don Quixote's 

favourite author. The two following 
extracts were in his opinion unsurpassed 
and unsurpassable : — 

The reason, most adored one, of your unreasonable 
unreasonableness hath so unreasonably unseated my 
reason, that I have no reasonable reason for reasoning 
against such unreasonableness. 

The bright heaven of your divinity that lifts you to 
the stars, most celestial of women, renders you deserv- 
ing of every desert which your charms so deservedly 
deserve. — Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. L 8 (1605). 

Felix, a monk who listened to the 
singing of a milk-white bird for a hundred 
years ; which length of time seemed to 
him "but a single hour," so enchanted 
was he with the song.— Longfellow : The 
Golden Legend. (See Hildesheim.) 

Felix {Don), son of don Lopex. He 

was a Portuguese nobleman, in love with 
Violante ; but Violante's father, don Pedro, 
intended to make her a nun. Donna 
Isabella, having fled from home to avoid 
a marriage disagreeable to her, took 
refuge with Violante ; and when colonel 
Briton called at the house to see Isabella, 
her brother don Felix was jealous, believ- 
ing that Violante was the object of his 
visits. Violante kept " her friend's secret," 
even at the risk of losing her lover ; but 
ultimately the* mystery was cleared up, 
and "a double marriage took place. — 
Mrs. Centlivre: The Wonder (1714). 



Felix {St.), of Burgundy, who con- 
verted Sigbert (Sigebert or Sabert) king 
of the East Saxons (A.D. 604).— Ethel- 
werd : Chronicles, v. 

So Burgundy to us three men most reverend bare . . . 
Of which was Felix first, who in th' East Saxon reign 
Converted to the faith king Sigbert. Him again 
Ensueth Anselm . . . and Hugh . . . [bishop o/Lincoln\ 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xxiv. (1632). 

Felix Holt, the Radical, a novel 
by George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross) 

(1866). 

Fe'lixmar'te (4 syl.) of Hyrcania, 

son of Flo'risan and Martedi'na, the hero 
of a Spanish romance of chivalry. The 
curate in Don Quixote condemned this 
work to the flames. — Melchior de Orteza : 
Caballero de Ubida (1566). 

Fell {Dr. ). Tom Brown, being in dis- 
grace, was set by Dr. Fell, dean of Christ 
Church (1625 -1686), to translate the 
thirty-third epigram of Martial — 

Non amo te, Zabidi. nee possum dicere 
Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo to. 

Which he rendered thus — 

I do not like thee, Dr. Fell— 
The reason why I cannot tell { 
But this I know, and know full ' 
I do not like thee, Dr. Fell. 



FELTHAM. 



86a 



FERDA. 



In French — 

!e ne vous aime pas, Hylas, 
e n'en saurois dire la cause ; 
e sais settlement une chose— 
I'est que je ne vous airae pas. 

Rog er Bussy (1693). 

Feltham {Black), a hiehwayman with 
captain Colepepper or Peppercull (the 
Alsatian bully).— Sir W. Scott: Fortunes 
0/ Nigel (time, James I.J. 

Female Quixote {The), a novel by 
Charlotte Lennox (1752). She has her 
head turned by romances, but is at last 
converted to common sense. 

Female Soldier {A.). Mrs. Christian 
Davies, commonly called Mother Ross, 
served as a foot-soldier and dragoon under 
William ill. and Marlborough. 

Hannah Snell of Worcester, who went 
by the name of James Grey. 

Gildippe, wife of Edward, the English 
baron, fought side by side with her 
husband, and they were both slain by 
Soliman. — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered 

(X575)- 

Clorinda plays the part of a pagan 
Amazon in the same poem. 

*. • A much longer list will be found in 
Notes and Queries (Feb. 19, i88r, p. 144). 

Femmes Savantes \Lcs), women 
who go in for women's rights, science, 
and philosophy, to the neglect of do- 
mestic duties and wifely amenities. The 
"blue-stockings" are (1) Philaminte 
(3 syl. ) the mother of Henriette, who 
discharges one of her servants because 
she speaks bad grammar ; (2) Armande 
(2 syl. ) sister of Henriette, who advocates 
platonic love and science ; and (3) Belise 
sister of Philaminte, who sides with her in 
all things, but imagines that every one is 
m love with her. Henriette, who has no 
sympathy with these " lofty flights,"' is in 
love with Clitandre, but Philaminte wants 
her to marry Trissotin, a bel esprit. How- 
ever, the father loses his property through 
the "savant" proclivities of his wife, 
Trissotin retires, and Clitandre marries 
Henriette the "perfect" or thorough 
woman. — Mo Here : Les Femmes Savantes 
(1672). 

Fenella, alias Zarah (daughter of 
.Edward Christian), a pretended deaf-and- 
dumb fairy-like attendant on the countess 
of Derby. The character seems to have 
been suggested by that of Mignon, the 
Italian girl in Goethe's Wilhelm Meister's 
Apprenticeship. — Sir W. Scott: Peveril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Let it be tableaux vivants, and I will appear as 
•"Fenella."—/'. Fitzgerald : Parvxnu Family, iii. 224. 



Fenella, a deaf-and-dumb girl, sister 
of Masaniello the fisherman. She was 
seduced by Alfonso, son of the duke of 
Arcos ; and Masaniello resolved to kill 
him. He accordingly headed an insur- 
rection, and met with such great success 
that the mob made him chief magistrate 
of Portfci, but afterwards shot him. 
Fenella, on hearing of her brother's death, 
threw herself into the crater of Vesuvius. 
— Auber: Masaniello (an opera, 1831). 

Fenelon of Germany, Lavater 

(1741-1801). 

Fenelon of the Reformation, J. 

Arnd of Germany (1555-1621). 

Fenris, the demon wolf of Nifiheim. 
When he gapes one jaw touches the earth 
and the other heaven. This monster will 
swallow up Odin at the day of doom. 
(Often but incorrectly written Fenrir.) — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Fenton, the lover of Anne Page, 

daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Page, gentle- 
folks living at Windsor. Fenton is of 
good birth, and seeks to marry a fortune 
to "heal his poverty." In "sweet Anne 
Page " he soon discovers that which 
makes him love her for herself more than 
for her money. — Shakespeare: Merry 
Wives of Windsor, act iii. sc. 4 (1601). 

Ferad-Artho, son of Cairbre, and 
only surviving descendant of the line of 
Conar (the first king of Ireland). On 
the death of Cathmor (brother of the 
rebel Cairbar) in battle, Ferad-Artho 
became "king of Ireland." — Ossian : 
Temora, vii. (See CONAR, p. 229.) 

Fer'amorz, the young Cashmerian 
poet who relates poetical tales to Lalla 
Rookh on her journey from Delhi to 
Lesser Bucharia. Lalla is going to be 
married to the young sultan, but falls in 
love with the poet. On the wedding morn 
she is led to her bridegroom, and finds 
with unspeakable joy that the poet is the 
sultan himself. — T. Moore: Lalla Rookh 
(1817). 

Ferda, son of Damman, chief of a 
hundred hills in Albion. Ferda was the 
friend of Cuthullin general of the Irish 
forces in the time of king Cormac I. 
Deuga'la (spouse of Cairbar) loved the 
youth, and told her husband if he would 
not divide the herd she would no longer 
live with him. Cuthullin, being appointed 
to make the division, enraged the lady 
by assigning a snow-white bull to the 
husband, whereupon Deugala induced her 



FERDINAND. 

lover to challenge Cuthullin to mortal 
combat. Most unwillingly the two friends 
fought, and Ferda fell. " The sunbeam 
of battle fell— the first of Cuthullin's 
friends. Unhappy [unlucky] is the hand 
of Cuthullin since the hero fell." — Ossian : 
Fingal, ii. 

FERDINAND, king of Navarre. 
He agreed with three young lords to 
spend three years in severe study, during 
which time no woman was to approach 
his court ; but no sooner was the agree- 
ment made than he fell in love with the 
princess of France. In consequence of 
the death of her father, the lady deferred 
the marriage for twelve months and a 
day. 

. . . the sole inheritor 
Of all perfections that a man may owe [own\ 
Matchless Navarre. 

Shakespeare : Love's Labour's Lost (1594)- 

Ferdinand, son of Alonso king of 
Naples. He falls in love with Miranda, 
daughter of Prospero the exiled duke of 
Milan. — Shakespeare: The Tempest (1609). 

Haply so 
Miranda's hope had pictured Ferdinand 
Long ere the gaunt wave tossed him on the shore. 
Lowell. 

Ferdinand, a fiery young Spaniard, 
in love with Leonora. — Jephson : Two 
Strings to your Bow (1792). 

Ferdinand (Don), the son of don 

Jerome of Seville, in love with Clara 
d'Almanza, daughter of don Guzman. — 
Sheridan : The Duenna (1773). 

Ferdinan do, a brave soldier, who, 
having won the battle of Tari'fa, in 1340, 
was created count of Zanio'ra and marquis 
of Montreal. (See Favorita for the 
sequel. ) — Donizetti : La Favori'ta (1842). 

Fergus, fourth son of Fingal, and the 
only one that had issue at the death of 
his father. Ossian, the eldest brother, 
had a son named Oscar, but Oscar was 
slain at a feast by Cairbar " lord of 
Atha ; " and oi the other two brothers, 
Fillan was slain before he had married, 
and Ryno, though married, died without 
issue. 

According to tradition, Fergus (son of 
Fingal) was the father of Congal ; Congal 
of Arcath ; and Arcath of Fergus II., 
with whom begins the real history of the 
Scots. — Ossian. 

Fergus, son of Rossa, a brave hero in 
the army of Cuthullin general of the Irish 
tribes. 

Fergus, first In our joy at the feast ; ton of Rossa ; 
arm ol death. — Ossian : Finpal, L 



363 



FERQUHARD DAY. 



N.B. — Fer'gus is another form of 
Ferragus or Ferracute (q.v.). 

Fern (Fanny), the pseudonym of Sarah 
Pay son Willis, afterwards El dredge, 
afterwards Farmington, afterwards Par- 
ton, sister of N. P. Willis, an American 
(1811-1872). 

Fern ( Will), a poor fellow, who takes 
charge of his brother's child, and is both 
honest and kind ; but, alas ! he dared to 
fall asleep in a shed, an offence which, 
alderman Cute maintained, must be " put 
down." — Dickens: The Chimes, third 
quarter (1844). 

FERNANDO, son of Tohn of Pro- 
clda, and husband of Isoline (3 syl. ) daugh- 
ter of the French governor of Messi'na. The 
butchery of the Sicilian Vespers occurred 
the night after their espousals. Fernando 
was among the slain, and Isoline died 
of a broken heart. — Knowles : John of 
Procida (1840). 

Fernando (Don), youngest son of the 
duke Ricardo. Gay, handsome, generous, 
and polite ; but faithless to his friend Car- 
denio, for, contrary to the lady's inclina- 
tion, and in violation of every principle 
of honour, he prevailed on Lucinda's 
father to break off the betrothal between 
his daughter and Cardenio, and to bestow 
the lady on himself. (For the rest, see 
Cardenio.) — Cervantes: Don Quixote, 
I. iv. (1605). 

Fernando, a Venetian captain, ser- 
vant to Annophel (daughter of the 
governor of Candy). — Beaumont and 
Fletcher: The Laws of Candy (1647). 

Fernando [Florestan], a State 
prisoner of Seville, married to Leonora, 
who (in boy's attire and under the name 
of Fidelio) became the servant of Rocco 
the jailer. Pizarro, governor of the jail, 
conceived a hatred to the State prisoner, 
and resolved to murder him, so Rocco 
and Leonora were sent to dig his grave. 
The arrival of the minister of state put an 
end to the infamous design, and Fernando 
was set at liberty. — Beethoven : Fidelio 
(>79i)- 

Fernando, to whom Alfonzo XI. 
promised Leonora in marriage. (See 
L EO N OR A. ) — Don izetti : La Favorita 
(1842). 

Ferney ( The Patriarch of), Voltaire ; 
so called because he lived in retirement at 
Ferney, near Geneva (1694-1778). 

Ferquhard Day, the absentee from 



FERRACUTE. 



3«4 



FICTION. 



the clan Chattan at the combat. — Sir IV. 
Scott : Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Fer'racute, a giant who had the 

strength of forty men, and was thirty-six 
feet high. He was slain by Orlando, 
who wounded him in the navel, his only 
vulnerable part. — Turpin : Chronicle of 
Charlemagne. (See FERRAU.) 

• . ' Ferracute is the prototype of Pulci's 
"Morgante," in his heroi-comic poem 
entitled Morgante Maggiore (1494). 

Fer'ragus, the Portuguese giant, who 
took Bellisant under his care after her 
divorce from Alexander emperor of Con- 
stantinople. — Valentine and Orson (fif- 
teenth century). 

My sire's tall form might grace the part 
Of F 



Ferragus or Ascapart. 



Sir TV. Scott. 



Ferrand de Vaudemont {Count), 
due de Lorraine, son of Rene" king of 
Provence. He first appears disguised as 
Laurence Neipperg. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV. ). 

Ferrardo [Gonzaga], reigning duke 
of Mantua in the absence of his cousin 
Leonardo. He was a villain, and tried to 
prove Mariana (the bride of Leonardo) 
guilty of adultery. His scheme was this : 
He made Julian St. Pierre drunk with 
drugged wine, and in his sleep conveyed 
him to the duke's bed, throwing his scarf 
under the bed of the duchess, which was 
in an adjoining chamber. He then re- 
vealed these proofs of guilt to his cousin 
Leonardo, but Leonardo refused to believe 
in his wife's guilt, and Julian St. Pierre 
exposed the whole scheme of villainy, 
amply vindicating the innocence of 
Mariana, who turned out to be Julian's 
sister. — Knowles : The Wife (1833). 

Ferrau, a Saracen, son of Landfu'sa. 
Having dropped his helmet in a river, he 
vowed never to wear another till he won 
that worn by Orlando. Orlando slew him 
by a wound in the navel, his only vul- 
nerable part. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso 
(1516). (See Ferracute.) 

Ferraugli {Sir), introduced in bk. iii. 
8, but without a name, as carrying off 
the false Florimel from Braggadoccio. 
In bk. iv. 2 the name is given. He 
is there overthrown by sir Blanda- 
mour, who takes away with him the false 
Florimel, the lady of snow and wax. — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene (1590, 1596). 

Ferret, an avaricious- mean-spirited 



slanderer, who blasts by innuendoes, and 
blights by hints and cautions. He hates 
young Heartall, and misinterprets all his 
generous acts, attributing his benevolence 
to hush-money. The rascal is at last 
found out and foiled. — Cherry: The 
Soldier's Daughter (1804). 

Ferrex, eldest son of Gorboduc a 
legendary king of Britain. Being driven 
by his brother Porrex from the kingdom, 
he returned with a large army, but was 
defeated and slain by Porrex. — Gorboduc, 
a tragedy by Thom. Norton and Thom. 
Sackville (1561). 

Ferumbras {Sir). (See Fierabras.) 

Festus, a long dramatic poem, by 
Philip J. Bailey (1839). In the Times 
the scope of the poem was given as 
"The exhibition of a soul gifted, tried, 
buffeted, beguiled ; stricken, purified, 
redeemed, pardoned, and triumphant." 

Fetnab [' * tormentor of hearts "], a 
female favourite of the caliph Haroun-al- 
Raschid. While the caliph was absent in 
his wars, Zobeide (3 syl.), his wife, out of 
jealousy, ordered Fetnab to be buried alive. 
Ganem happened accidentally to see the 
interment, rescued her, and took her 
home to his own private lodgings in 
Bagdad. The caliph, on his return, 
mourned for Fetnab as dead ; but receiving 
from her a letter of explanation, he became 
jealous of Ganem, and ordered him to be 
put to death. Ganem, however, contrived 
to escape. When the fit of jealousy was 
over, the caliph heard the facts plainly 
stated, whereupon he released Fetnab, 
gave her in marriage to Ganem, and 
appointed the young man to a very lucra- 
tive post about the court. — Arabian 
Nights ("Ganem, the Slave of Love "). 

Fe'zon, daughter of Savary duke of 
Aquitaine. The Green Knight, who was 
a pagan, demanded her in marriage, but 
Orson (brother of Valentine), called " The 
Wild Man of the Forest," overthrew the 
pagan and married Fezon. — Valentine 
and Orson (fifteenth century). 

Fiammetta, a lady beloved by Boc- 
caccio, supposed to be Maria, daughter 
of Robert king of Naples. (See Lovers.) 
(Italian, fiamma, " a little flame.") 

Fib, an attendant on queen Mab. — 

Drayton : Nymphidia. 

Fiction. Father of Modern Prose 
Fiction, Daniel Defoe (1663-1731). 



FIDDLER. 



365 FIELD OF FORTY FOOTSTEPS. 



Fiddler (Oliver's). Sir Roger 1' Es- 
trange was so called, because at one time 
he was playing a fiddle or viole in the 
house of John Hingston, where Cromwell 
was one of the guests (1616-1704). 

Fiddler Joss, Mr. Joseph Poole, a 
reformed drunkard, who subsequently 
turned preacher in London, but retained 
his former sobriquet. 

Fiddler's Green, the Elysium of 
sailors ; a land flowing with rum and 
limejuice ; a land of perpetual music, 
mirth, dancing, drinking, and tobacco; a 
sort of Dixie's Land or land of the leal. 

Fidele (3 syl.), the name assumed by 
Imogen, when, attired in boy's clothes, she 
started for Milford Haven to meet her 
husband Posthumus. — Shakespeare : Cym- 
beline (1605). 

(Colins has a beautiful elegy on 
" Fidele.") 

Fidelia, " the foundling." She is 
in reality Harriet, the daughter of sir 
Charles Raymond, but her mother dying 
in child-birth, she was committed to the 
charge of a governante. The governante 
sold the child, at the age of 12, to one 
Yilliard, and then wrote to sir_ Charles 
to say that she was dead. One night, 
Charles Belmont, passing by, heard cries 
of distress, and going to the rescue took 
the girl home as a companion to his 
sister. He fell in love with her; the 
governante, on her death-bed, told the 
story of her infamy ; and Charles married 
the foundling. — E.Moore: The Foundling 
(1748). 

Fide lio. Leono'ra, wife of Fernando 
Florestan, assumed this name, and dressed 
in male attire (when her husband was a 
State prisoner) that she might enter the 
service of Rocco the jailer, and hold inter- 
course with her husband. — Beethoven : 
Fide lio (1791). 

Fides (2 syl.), mother of John of 
Leyden. Believing that the prophet- 
ruler of Westphalia had caused her son's 
death, she went to Munster to curse him. 
Seeing the ruler pass, she recognized in 
him her own son ; but the son pretended 
not to know his mother, and Fides, to 
save him annoyance, professed to have 
made a mistake. She was put into a 
dungeon, where John visited her; and 
when he set fire to his palace, FidCs 
rushed into the flames, and both perished 
together. — Meyerbeer: Le Prophete (1849). 

Fidessa, the companion of Sansfoy ; 



but when the Red Cross Knight slew that 
"faithless Saracen," Fidessa told him she 
was the only daughter of an emperor of 
Italy ; that she was betrothed to a rich 
and wise king ; and that her betrothed 
being slain, she had set forth to find the 
body, in order that she might decently 
inter it. She said that in her wander- 
ings Sansfoy had met her and compelled 
her to be his companion ; but she thanked 
the knight for having come to her rescue. 
The Red Cross Knight, wholly deluded 
by this plausible tale, assured Fidessa of 
bis sympathy and protection ; but she 
turned out to be Duessa, the daughter of 
Falsehood and Shame. The sequel must 
be sought under the word Duessa. — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, i. 2 (1590). 

Fi'do, Faith personified, the foster-son 
of Ac6e ("hearing," Rom. x. 17); his 
foster-sister is Meditation. Fully de- 
scribed in canto ix. of The Purple Island 
(1633), by Phineas Fletcher. (Latin, 
fides, "faith.") 

Field of Blood, Aceldama, the plot 
of land purchased with the thirty pieces of 
silver which Judas had received of the 
high priest, and which he threw down 
in the temple when he saw that Jesus 
was condemned to death, — Matt, xxvii. 5. 

Field of Blood, the battle-field of 
Cannae, where Hannibal, B.C. 216, de- 
feated the Romans with very great 
slaughter. 

Field of Mourning 1 , a battle-field 
near the city of Aragon. The battle was 
fought July 17, 1134, between the 
Christians and the Moors. 

Field of Feterloo, the site of an 
attack made by the military upon a reform 
meeting held in St Peter's Field, Man- 
chester, August 16, 1819. As many as 
60,000 persons were wounded in this 
absurd attack. The word is a burlesque 
on Waterloo. 

Battles and bloodshed, September massacres, bridges 
of Lodi, retreats of Moscow. Waterloos. Peterloos, 
ten-pound franchises, tar-barrels, and guillotines.— 
CarlyU. 

Field of the Cloth of Gold, a 

large plain between Ardres and Guisnes 
[Gheen], where Francois I. interviewed 
Henry VIII. in 1520. 

Thev differ, as a May-day procession of chimney- 
sweepers differs from The Field of the Cloth of Gold — 
Macaulay. 

Field of the Forty Footsteps, 

at the back of the British Museum, once 
called Southampton Fields. The tra- 
dition is that two brothers, in the Mon- 
mouth rebellion, took different sides, and 



FIELD SPORTS. 



366 FIGHTS AND RUNS AWAY. 



engaged each other in fight. Both were 
killed, and forty impressions of their feet 
were traceable in the field for years after- 
wards. 

(Jane and Anna Maria Porter wrote a 
novel called The Field of the Forty Foot- 
steps, and the Messrs. Mayhew took the 
same subject for a melodrama.) 

Field Sports, a poem in blank verse 
by Somerville (1742). 

Fielding' (Mrs.), a little querulous 
old lady with a peevish face, who, in con- 
sequence of once having been better off, 
or of labouring under the impression that 
she might have been if something in the 
indigo trade had happened differently, 
was very genteel and patronizing indeed. 
When she dressed foe a party, she wore 
gloves, and a cap of state ' ' almost as tall 
and quite as stiff as a mitre." 

May Fielding, her daughter, very pretty 
and innocent. She was engaged to 
Edward Plummer, but heard that he had 
died in South America, and consented 
to marry Tackleton the toy merchant. A 
few days before the day fixed for the 
wedding, Edward Plummer returned, and 
May Fielding married him. Tackleton 
gave them as a present the cake he had 
ordered for his own wedding feast. — 
Dickens: The Cricket on the Hearth (1845). 

Fielding 1 of the Drama, George 
Farquhar, author of The Beaux Strata- 
gem, etc. (1678-1707). 

Fielding's Proverbs. These were 
in reality compiled by W. Henry Ireland, 
the Shakespeare impostor, who published 
Miscellaneous Papers and Instruments, 
under the hand and seal of William 
Shakespeare, including the tragedy of King 
Lear and a small fragment of Hamlet, 
from the original, 1796, folio, £4 4s. The 
whole a barefaced forgery. 

Fierabras (Sir) [Fe-d'-ra-brah], a 
Saracen of Spain, who made himself 
master of Rome, and carried away the 
crown of thorns and the balsam with 
which the Lord had been embalmed. His 
chief exploit was to slay the giant who 
guarded the bridge of Mantible, which 
had thirty arches, all of black marble. 
Ba'land of Spain assumed the name of sir 
Fierabras. 

Balsam of Fierabras, the balsam used 
in embalming the body of Christ, stolen 
by sir Fierabras. It possessed such 
virtues that one single drop, taken in- 
ternally, sufficed to heal the most malig- 
nant wound. (See Balsam, p. 85.) 



Fierabras of Alexandria, the 

giant son of admiral Baland of Spain. 
He possessed all Babylon, even to the 
Red Sea, was seigneur of Russia, lord of 
Cologne, master of Jerusalem, and of the 
Holy Sepulchre. This huge giant ended 
his days in the odour of sanctity, " meek 
as a lamb, and humble as he was meek." 

Fierce (The), Alexander I. of Scot- 
land. So called from the impetuosity of 
his temper (*, 1107-1124). 

Fiesco, the chief character of Schiller's 
tragedy so called. The poet makes Fiesco 
killed by the hand of Verri'na the repub- 
lican ; but history says his death was the 
result of a stumble from a plank (1783). 

Fig Sunday, Palm Sunday. So 
called from the custom of eating figs on 
this day, as snapdragons on Christmas 
Eve, plum-pudding on Christmas Day, 
oranges and barley sugar on St. Valen- 
tine's Eve, pancakes on Shrove Tuesday, 
salt cod-fish on Ash Wednesday, frumenty 
on Mothering Sunday (Mid-lent), cross- 
buns on Good Friday, gooseberry-tart 
on Whit Sunday, goose on Michaelmas 
Day, nuts on All-Hallows, and so on. 

Figs of Holvan. Holvan is a 
stream of Persia, and the Persians say 
its figs are not to be equalled in the whole 
world. 

Luscious as the figs of Holvan. 

Saadi : Gulistan (thirteenth century). 

Figaro, a barber of extraordinary 
cunning, dexterity, and intrigue. — Beau- 
marchais : Barbier de Seville (1775). 

Fig'aro, a valet, who outwits every 
one by his dexterity and cunning. — Beau- 
tnarchais: Mariage de Figaro (1784). 

* . * Several operas have been founded 
on these two comedies : e.g. Mozart's 
Nozze di Figaro (1786) ; Paisiello's // 
Barbiere di Siviglia (1810); Rossini's // 
Barbiere di Siviglia (1816). 

Fig'aro, the sweetheart of Susan 
(favourite waiting-woman of the countess 
Almaviva). Figaro is never so happy as 
when he has two or three plots in hand. 
—Holcroft: The Follies of a Day (1745- 
1809). 

Fights and Runs Away (He 
that). 

He that fights and runs away 
May live to fight another day 
But he that is" in battle slain 
Can never rise to light again. 
Sir John Mennis : Musarum Delieim (1656). 

IF Demosthenes, being reproached for 
running away from the battle of Chae- 
ronea, replied, «» , »jp * $*vim* *al %d\i* fia- 



FIGHTING PRELATE. 

xfi^trau ("A man who runs away may fight 
again"). 

Those that fly may fight again, 
Which he can never do that's slain. 

S. Butler: Hudibras, iii. 3 (1678). 

righting 1 Prelate [The), Henry 
Spencer, bishop of Norwich. He opposed 
the rebels under Wat Tyler with the 
temporal sword, absolved them, and then 
sent them to the gibbet. In 1383 he went 
to assist the burghers of Ghent in their 
contest with the count of Flanders. 

The bishop of Norwich, the famous " Fighting Pre- 
late," had led an army into Flanders. — Lord Campbell. 

Pilch, a lad brought up as a pick- 
pocket. Mrs. Peachum says, " He hath 
as fine a hand at picking a pocket as a 
woman, and is as nimble-fingered as a 
juggler. If an unlucky session does not 
cut the rope of thy life, I pronounce, boy, 
thou wilt be a great man in history " (act 
i. 1). — Gay : The Beggar s Opera (1727). 

Filer, a lean, churlish man, who 
takes poor Toby Veck's tripe, and delivers 
him a homily on the sinfulness of luxury 
and self-indulgence. — Dickens: The 
Chimes (1844). 

Pilia Doloro'sa, the duchesse 
d'Angouleme, daughter of Louis XVI. 
Also called "The Modern Antig'one" 
(1778-1851). 

Pilio-que. The following is the knotty 
point of theological controversy between 
the Eastern and Western Churches : Does 
the Holy Ghost proceed lrom the Father 
and the Sun (lilio-que), or from the Father 
only? Of course, in the Nicene Creed in 
the Book of Common Prayer, the question 
is settled so far as the Church of England 
is concerned. 

Pillan, son of Fingal and Clatho, the 
most highly finished character in the 
poem of Tem'ora. Fillan was younger 
than his nephew Oscar, and does not ap- 
pear on the scene till after Oscar's death. 
He is rash and fiery, eager for military 
glory, and brave as a lion. When Fingal 
appointed Gaul to command for the day, 
Fillan had hoped his father's choice might 
have fallen to his own lot. "On his 
spear stood the son of Clatho . . . thrice 
he raised hrs eyes to Fingal ; his voice 
thrice failed him as he spoke. . . . He 
strode away ; bent over a distant stream 
... the tear hung in his eye. He struck 
at times the thistle's head with his in- 
verted spear." Yet showed he no jealousy, 
for when Gaul was in danger, he risked 
his own life to save him. Next day was 
Fillan's turn to lead, and his deeds were 



367 



FINE-EAR. 



unrivalled in dash and brilliancy. He 
slew Foldath, the general of the opposing 
army, but when Cathmor "lord of 
Atha," the commander-in-chief, came 
against him, Fillan fell. His modesty 
was then as prominent as his bravery. 
" Lay me," he said to Ossian, "in that 
hollow rock. Raise no stone above me. 
... I am fallen in the first of my fields, 
fallen without renown." Every incident 
of Fillan's life is beautiful in the extreme. 
— Ossian : Temora, v. 

Fillpot (Toby), a thirsty old soul, 
who ' ' among jolly topers bore off the 
bell." It chanced as in dog days he sat 
boosing in his arbour, that he died "full 
as big as a Dorchester butt." His body 
turned to clay, and out of the clay a 
brown jug was made, sacred to friend- 
ship, mirth, and mild ale. 

His body, when long in the ground it had lam. 

And time into clay had resolved it again, 

A potter found out in its covert so snug, 

And with part of fat Toby he formed this brown jujf, 

Now sacred to friendship, to mirth, and mild ale. 

So here's to my lovely sweet Nan of the vale. 

Rev. F. Faivkes (1721-1777). 

N.B. — The two best drinking-songs in 
the language were both by clergymen. 
The other is, / Cannot Eat but Little 
Meat, by John Still, bishop of Bath and 
Wells (1543-1607). 

Filome'na {Santa). At Pisa the 
church of San Francisco contains a chapel 
lately dedicated to Santa Filomena. Over 
the altar is a picture by Sabatelli, which 
represents Filomena as a nymph-like 
figure floating down from heaven, at- 
tended by two angels bearing the lily, 
the palm, and a javelin. In the fore- 
ground are the sick and maimed, healed 
by her intercession. 

Nor ever shall be wanting hcr« 



The palm, the lily, and the spear t 
The symbols that of yore 
St. Filomena bore. 



Longfellow : Sta. Filontenm. 

•.* Longfellow calls Florence Nightin- 
gale "St. Filomena" (born at Florence, 
1820). 

Finality John, lord John Russell 
(afterwards "earl Russell"), who main- 
tained that the Reform Bill of 1832 was a 
finality (1792-1878). 

Finch (Margaret), queen of the 
gipsies, who died aged 109, A.D. 1740. 
She was born at Sutton, in Kent, and was 
buried at Beckenham, in the same county. 

Fine-ear, one of the seven attend- 
ants of Fortunio. He could hear the 
grass grow, and even the wool on a 
sheep's back. — Comtesse D'Aulnoy: Fairy 
Tales (" Fortunio," 1682). 



FINETOR. 

V In Grimm's Goblins is the same 
fairy tale (" Fortunio "). 

Pin'etor, a necromancer, father of the 
Enchantress Damsel. — Vasco de Lobeira: 
Amadis de Gaul (thirteenth century). 

Finetta, "the cinder girl," a fairy 
tale by the comtesse D'Aulnoy (1682). 
This is merely the old tale of Cinderella 
slightly altered. Finetta was the youngest 
of three princesses, despised by them, and 
put to all sorts of menial work. The two 
sisters went to balls, and left Finetta at 
home in charge of the house. One day 
she found a gold key, which opened a 
wardrobe full of most excellent dresses ; 
so, arraying herself in one, she followed 
her sisters to the ball, but she was so fine 
that they knew hec not, and she ran 
home before them. This occurred two 
or three times, but at last, in running 
home, she lost one of her slippers. The 
young prince resolved to marry her alone 
whose foot fitted the slipper, and Finetta 
became his wife. Finetta was also called 
Auricula or " Fine-ear." 

Fingal (or Fion na Gael). 

His father was Comhal or Combal, and 
his mother Morn a. 

(Comhal was the son of Trathal king 
of Morven, and Morna was the daughter 
of Thaddu. ) 

His first wife was Roscrana, mother of 
Ossian. His second was Clatho, mother 
of Fillan, etc. 

(Roscrana was the daughter of Cormac 
I. third king of Ireland. ) 

His daughter was Bosmi'na, and his 
sons Ossian, Fillan, Ryno, and Fergus. 
(The son of Ossian was Oscar.) 

(Fillan was younger than his nephew 
Oscar, and both, together with Ryno, 
were slain in battle before Fingal died.) 

His bard and herald was Ullin. His 
sword Luno, so called from its maker, 
Luno of Lochlin [Denmark). His dog 
was named " Bran." 

His kingdom was Morven [the north- 
west ceast of Scotland) ; his capital Semo ; 
his subjects were Caledonians or Gaels. 

The old Celtic romances picture him 
not so much a king as the warrior to 
whom and his heroes all Erin looked for 
deliverance from their foreign foes. His 
standing army were a kind of militia 
called Feni, and it is from them the 
Fenians derive their name. 

After the restoration of Ferad-Artho to 
the throne of Ireland, Fingal "resigned his 
spear to Ossian," and he died A.D. 283. 



368 



FION. 



Fingal, an epic in six books, by 
Ossian. The subject is the invasion of 
Ireland by Swaran king of Lochlin [Den- 
mark) during the reign of Cormac II. 
(a minor), and its deliverance by the aid 
of Fingal king of Morven [north-west 
coast of Scotland). The poem opens with 
the overthrow of Cuthullin general of the 
Irish forces, and concludes with the 
return of Swaran to his own land. 

Finger. ' ' Little finger, tell me 
true." When M. Argan wishes to pump 
his little daughter Louison, respecting a 
young gentleman who pays attentions to 
her elder sister, he says to the child, 
" Prenez-y bien garde au moins ; car 
voila un petit doigt, qui sait tout, qui me 
dira si vous mentez." When the child 
has told him all she knows, he puts his 
little finger to his ear and says, " Voila 
mon petit doigt pourtant qui gronde 
quelque chose. Attendez. He" I Ah, ah ! 
Oui ? Oh, oh ! voila mon petit doigt, qui 
medit quelque chose que vous avez vu 
et que vous ne m'avez pas dit." To which 
the child replies, "Ah ! mon papa, votre 
petit doigt est un menteur." — Moliere: 
Le Malade hnaginaire, ii. 11 (1673). 

Fingers. In chiromancy we give the 
thumb to Venus, the fore-finger to Jove, 
the middle finger to Saturn, the ring 
finger to Sol, and the little finger to Mer- 
cury. — Ben Jonson : The Alchemist, i. a 
(1610). 

Finis Polonise. These words are at- 
tributed (but without sufficient authority) 
to Koscziusko the Pole, when he lay 
wounded by the balls of Suwaroffs 
troops on the field of Maciejowieze 
(October 10, 1794). 

Perce de coups, Koscziusko s'ecria en tombant 
" Finis Poloniae."— Michaud : Biographie Universelle. 

Finlayson [Luckie), landlady of the 
lodgings in the Canongate of Edin- 
burgh. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

Fin'niston [Duncan), a tenant of the 
laird of Gudgeonford. 

Luckie Finniston, wife of Duncan. — Sir 
W. Scott : Guy Mannering (time, George 
II.). 

Fion (son of Comnal), an enormous 
giant, who could place one foot on mount 
Cromleach, in Ulster, and the other on 
mount Crommal close by, and then dip 
his hand in the river Lubar, which ran 
between. 

With one foot on the Crommal set and one on mount 

Cromleach, 
The waters of the Lubar stream his giant hand could 

reach. 

Translation q/ the Gaelic. 



FIONA. 



369 



FIROUZ SCHAH. 



Fiona, a series of traditionary old Irish 
poems on the subject of Fion (Finn or 
Fingal) M'Comnal and the heroes con- 
nected with him. 

Fionnna'la, daughter of Lir. Being 
transformed into a swan, she was doomed 
to wander over certain lakes and rivers of 
Ireland till the Irish became Christians, 
but the sound of the first mass-bell in 
the island was to be the signal of her 
release. (See Lir.) 

Silent, O Moyle, be the roar of thy water [County 

Tyrone] . . . 
While murmuring: mournfully Lir's lonely daughter 

Tells to the night-star her tale of woes. 
When shall the " swan," her death-note singing. 

Sleep, with wing's in darkness furl'd? 
When will heaven, its sweet " bell " ringing. 

Call my spirit from this stormy world t 
Moore : Irish Melodies, iv. ("The Song of Fionnuala "). 

Pips, a mysterious person living at 
Austin Friars (London). He is employed 
by old Martin Chuzzlewit to engage Tom 
Pinch at a weekly salary as librarian to 
the Temple Library. — Dickens: Martin 
Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Fir-bolg" [i.e. bowmen, from bolg, "a 
quiver"], a colony of Belgae from Britain, 
led by Larthon to Ireland and settled in 
the southern parts of the island. Their 
chief was called "lord of Atha" (a 
country of Connaught), and thence Ire- 
land was called Buiga. Somewhat later 
a colony of Caledonians from the western 
coast of Scotland settled in the northern 
parts of Ireland, and made Ulster their 
head-quarters. When Crotha was " lord 
of Atha," he carried off Conlama 
(daughter of the Cael chief) by force, 
and a general war between the two races 
ensued. The Cael was reduced to the last 
extremity, and sent to Trathal (grand- 
father of Fingal) for aid. Trathal ac- 
cordingly sent over Conar with an army, 
and on his reaching Ulster he was made 
" king of the Cael " by acclamation. He 
utterly subdued the Fir-bolg, and became 
" king of Ireland ; " but the Fir-bolg often 
rose in insurrection, and made many at- 
tempts to expel the race of Conar. — 
Ossian. 

Fire a Good Servant, but Bad 
Master. 

For fire and people doe in this agree, 
They both good servants, both nl masters be. 
Brooke : Inquisition upon Fame, etc. (1554-1628). 

Fire-Brand of France {The), 

John Duke of Bedford, regent of France 
1389-1435). 

John duke of Bedford, styled "The Fire-brand of 
Franc*" 

Drayton : Polytlbien, xriii. (161 j>. 



Fire-drake, a fire which flies in the 
night, like a dragon. Metaphorically, it 
means a spitfire, an irritable, passionate 
person. 

Common people think the fire-drake to be a spirit 
that keepeth some hid treasure, but philosophers aifenn 
it to be a great unequal exhalation inflamed between 
two clouds, the one hot and the other cold, which is 
the reason that it smoketh. The middle part . . . 
being greater than the rest, maketh it seeme like a 
bellie, and the two ends are like unto a head and taile. 
—Bidlokar: Expositor (1616). 

Fire-ne"W, i.e. bran-new (brennan, 
"to burn," brene, "shining")^ 

Your fire-new stamp of honour is scarce current. 
Shakespeare : Richard III. act i. sc 3 (1597). 

Fire-Worshippers ( The), the third 
tale told by Feramorz to Lalla Rookh. 
It is in eight-syllable rhymes ; and 
divided into four parts, each of which is 
about 500 lines. The tale (a very sad one) 
is as follows : Hafed (a fire-worshipper ), 
seeking to kill Al Hassan (emir of Arabia), 
who had come to Persia to extirpate the 
Ghebers, accidentally meets Hinda the 
emir's daughter, and they mutually fall in 
love with each other. Hafed visits Hinda 
for several evenings in her bower, and 
then tells her they must part, for her father 
would never consent to their marriage. 
He then drops quietly from her bower, 
and joins his companions in the Ghebers' 
glen. Hinda, hearing that her father 
is preparing an expedition against the 
Ghebers, falls in a swoon, and her father, 
ignorant of the cause, sends her to her 
Arabian home ; but the vessel in which 
she sails is attacked by strangers, and 
Hinda, blindfolded, is taken to the 
Ghebers' glen. Here she discovers that 
her lover is Hafed, and she tells him that 
Al Hassan is about to enter the glen 
with a large army, utterly to extirpate the 
whole race of fire-worshippers. Hafed 
sends Hinda away, intending that she 
should be restored to her father, and then 
prepares for the attack. Thousands of 
the Moslems fall, all the Ghebers are 
slain, and Hafed, mounting the fire-pile, 
dies. Hinda (by a kind of presentiment) 
feels assured of his death, and, falling in a 
swoon into the water, is drowned. — T. 
Moore: Lalla Rookh (1817). 

Fironz Schah, son and heir of the 
king of Persia. One New Year's Day an 
Indian brought to the king an enchanted 
horse, which would convey the rider 
almost instantaneously anywhere he 
might wish to go to ; and asked, as the 
price thereof, the king's daughter for his 
wife. Prince Firouz, mounting the horse 
to try it, was carried to Bengal, and there 

« H 



FIRST GENTLEMAN OF EUROPE. 370 



FITZ-BOODLE. 



fell in love with the princess, who accom- 
panied him back to Persia on the horse. 
When the king saw his son arrive safe 
and sound, he dismissed the Indian dis- 
courteously ; but the Indian caught up 
the princess, and, mounting the horse, 
conveyed her to Cashmere. She was 
rescued by the sultan of Cashmere, who 
cut off the Indian's head, and proposed 
marriage himself to the princess. To 
avoid this alliance, the princess pretended 
to be mad. The sultan sent for his physi- 
cians, but they could suggest no cure. 
At length came one who promised to cure 
the lady ; it was prince Firouz in disguise. 
He told the sultan that the princess had 
contracted enchantment from the horse, 
and must be set on it to disenchant her. 
Accordingly, she was set on the horse, 
and while Firouz caused a thick cloud of 
smoke to arise, he mounted with the lady 
through the air, saving as he did so, 
"Sultan of Cashmere, when you would 
espouse a princess who craves your pro- 
tection, first learn to obtain her consent." 
— Arabian Nights ("The Enchanted 
Horse"). 

First Gentleman of Europe, 

George IV. (1762, 1820-1830). (See Fum.) 
Louis d'Artois of France was so called 
also. 

The " First Gentleman of Europe " had not yet quite 
lost his once elegant figure.— E. Yates: Celebrities, 
xvii. 

Pirst Grenadier of France. 

Latour dAuverge was so called by Na- 
poleon (1743-1800). 

First Love, a comedy by Richard 
Cumberland (1796). Frederick Mowbray's 
first love, being dowerless, marries the 
wealthy lord Ruby, who soon dies, leaving 
all his fortune to his widow. In the mean 
time, Frederick goes abroad, and at Padua 
falls in with Sabina Rosny, who nurses 
him through a severe sickness, for which 
he thinks he is bound in honour to marry 
her. She comes with him to England, 
and is placed under the charge of lady 
Ruby. Sabina tells lady Ruby she can- 
not marry Frederick, because she is mar- 
ried already to lord Sensitive, and even 
if it were not so, she could not marry 
him, for all his affections are with lady 
Ruby ; this she discovered in the delirium 
of the young man, when his whole talk 
was about her ladyship. In the end, lord 
Sensitive avows himself the husband of 
Sabina, and Frederick marries his first 
love. 



Fish {One-eyed), in the mere of Snow- 
donia or the Snowdon group. 

Snowdon ... his proper mere did note . . . 
That pool in which . . . the one-eyed fish are found. 
Drayton : Potyalbion, ix. (16x2). 

He eats no fish, that is, "he is no 
papist," "he is an honest man, or one to 
be trusted." In the reign of queen Eliza- 
beth papists were, generally speaking, the 
enemies of the Government, and hence 
one who did not eat fish, like a papist on 
fast days, was considered a protestant, 
and friend to the Government. 

I do profess ... to serve him truly that will put me 
in trust . . . and to eat no &sAu—ShafcesJ>ear€ : King 
Lear, act L sc. 4 (1605). 

Fish and the Ring". 

(1) Poly crates, being too fortunate, was 
advised to cast away something he most 
highly prized, and threw into the sea an 
engraved gem of great value. A few days 
afterwards a fish came to his table, and in 
it was this very gem. — Herodotus, iii. 40. 

(2) A certain queen, having formed an 
illicit attachment to a soldier, gave him a 
ring which had been the present of her 
husband. The king, being apprized there- 
of, got possession of the ring while the 
soldier was asleep, threw it into the sea, 
and then asked his queen to bring it him. 
In great alarm, she went to St. Kentigern 
and told him everything. The saint went 
to the Clyde, caught a salmon with the 
ring in its mouth, and gave it to the 
queen, who thus saved her character and 
her husband. This legend is told about 
the Glasgow arms. 

(3) The arms of dame Rebecca Berry, 
wife of sir Thomas Elton, Stratford-le- 
Bow, to be seen at St. Dunstan's Church, 
Stepney. The tale is that a knight, hear- 
ing the cries of a woman in labour, knew 
that the infant was destined to become 
his wife. He tried to elude his destiny, 
and, when the infant had grown to woman- 
hood, threw a ring into the sea, command- 
ing the damsel never to see his face again 
till she could produce the ring which he 
had cast away. In a few days a cod-fish 
was caught, and the ring was found in its 
mouth. The young woman producing the 
ring, the marriage was duly consummated. 
— Romance of London. 

(4) Solomon's signet-ring. (See Sak- 

HAR.) 

Fisher (Ralph), assistant of Roland 
Graeme, at Avenel Castle. — Sir IV. Scott: 
The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Fitz-Boo'dle (George), a name as- 
sumed by Thackeray in a series of articles 






FITZBORN. 

called "Fitx-Boodle Papers." contributed 
to Fraser's Magazine (1842). 

Fitzborn, in Vivian Grey, by Disraeli 
(lord Beaconsfield), is said to be meant 
for sir Robert Peel (1826-27). 

Fits-Fulke (Hebe duchess of), a 
' ' gracious, graceful, graceless grace " 
(canto xvi 49), staying with lord and 
lady Amundeville (4 syl.), while don 
Juan "the Russian envoy" was their 
guest. Don Juan fancied he saw in the 
night the apparition of a monk, which 
produced such an effect on his looks and 
behaviour as to excite attention. When 
the cause of his perturbation was known, 
lady Adeline sang to him a tale purport- 
ing to explain the apparition; but "her 
frolic grace " at night personated the 
ghost to carry on the joke. She was, 
however, discovered by don Juan, who 
was resolved to penetrate the mystery, 
but what followed his discovery is not 
recorded ; and thus the sixteenth and last 
book of Don Juan ends. — Byron: Don 
Juan (1824). 

Fitzurse (Lord Waldemar), a baron 
in the suite of prince John of Anjou 
(brother of Richard Coeur de Lion). — Sir 
W. Scoti: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Pive, says Pythagoras, " has peculiar 
force in expiations. It is everything. It 
stops the power of poisons, and is re- 
doubted by evil spirits. Unity or the 
monad is deity, or the first cause of all 
things — the good principle. Two or the 
dyad is the symbol of diversity — the evil 
principle. Three or the triad contains 
the mystery of mysteries, for everything 
is composed of three substances. It re- 
presents God, the soul of the world, and 
the spirit of man. Five is 2 + 3, or the 
combination of the first of the equals 
and the first of the unequals, hence also 
the combination of the good and evil 
powers of nature." — Pythagoras : On the 
Pentad. 

Five King's of Prance, the five 
directors (1795). 

The 6ve kin,rs of France sit In their curule chain 
r flesh coloured breeches and repil mantles,— 
Atcher du Lyt, ii 

Pive Points of Doctrine ( The) : 

ii) Predes ination or particular election; 
2) Irresistible grace; (3) Original sin or 
the total depravity of the natural man ; 
(4) Parti cular redemption ; and (5) The 
final perseverance of the saints. The Cal- 
vinists believe the affirmative of all these 
five point*. 



371 



FLAGS. 



Five-pound Note. De Quincy tried 
in vain to raise the loan of half a crown on 
the security of a five-pound note. I my- 
self had a similar difficulty in a restaurant 
in London. 

Pive Wits ( The) : common wit, 
imagination, fantasy, estimation, and 
memory. 

1. Common wit is that inward sense 
which judges what the five senses simply 
discern : thus the eye sees, the nose 
smells, the ear hears, and so on, but it 
is "common wit " that informs the brain 
and passes judgment on the goodness or 
badness of these external matters. 

2. Imagination works on the mind, 
causing it to realize what has been pre- 
sented to it. 

3. Fantasy energizes the mind to act in 
accordance with the judgment thus pro- 
nounced. 

4. Estimation decides on all matters 
pertaining to time, space, locality, re- 
lation, and so on. 

5. Memory enables the mind to retain 
the recollection of what has been imparted. 

These are the five witts removying inwardly — 
First " Common Witte," and then " Ymagination," 
" Fantasy '* and '* Estimation" truely, 
And " Memory." 
Ha-wts : The Passe-tymc of PUrurt, xxiv. (1515). 

Flaccus. Horace the Roman poet, 
whose full name was Quintus Horatius 
Flaccus (b.c. 65-81. 

Pladdock (General), a. friend of the 
Norris family in America, and, like them, 
devoted to titles and aristocracy. — 
Dickens: Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Flag's. 

Banners of saints and images are 
smaller than standards, and not slit at the 
extremity. 

Royal Banners contain the royal coat 
of arms. 

Bannerols, banners of great width ; 
they represent alliances and descent. 

Pennons, smaller than standards. 
They are rounded at the extremity and 
charged with arms. 

Pensils, small flags shaped like the 
▼anes which surmount pinnacles. 

Standards, much larger and longer 
than banners. 

V The Royal British Standard has 
three red and one blue quarter. The first 
and third quarters contain three leoparded 
lions, the second quarter the thistle of 
Scotland, and the fourth the harp of 
Ireland. 

The Union Jack is a blue flag with 



FLAMBERGE. 



37a 



FLECKNOE. 



three united crosses extending to the ex- 
treme edges: (r) St. George's cross (red 
on white) for England ; (2) St. Andrew's 
cross (white on blue) for Scotland ; (3) St. 
Patrick's cross (red on white) for Ireland. 
In all other flags containing the " Union 
Jack," the Jack is confined to the first 
quarter or a part thereof. 

Flam/berge (2 syl.), the sword which 
Maugis took from Anthe'nor the Saracen 
admiral, when he attacked the castle of 
Oriande la Fee. The sword was made 
by Weyland, the Scandinavian Vulcan. — 
Romance of Maugis d ' Aygretnont et de 
Vivian son Frere. 

Flamborougli {Solomon), farmer. 
A talkative neighbour of Dr. Primrose, 
vicar of Wakefield. Moses Primrose 
marries one of his daughters. 

The Misses Flamborough, daughters of 
the farmer. Their homeliness contrasts 
well with the flashy pretenders to fashion 
introduced by squire Thornhill. — Gold- 
smith : Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 

Plane (Lord), Samuel Johnson the 
jester, author of Hurlo-Thrumbo, an ex- 
travaganza (1729). He dressed " in black 
velvet, with a white flowing periwig, and 
spoke sometimes in one key, and some- 
times in another ; danced sometimes, 
sometimes fiddled, and sometimes walked 
on stilts." 

This is not Dr. Johnson, though his contemporary. 
The dramatist lived 1705-1773 j the lexicographer lived 
1709-1784. 

Hammer {The Hon. Mr. Frisk), a 
Cantab, nephew to lord Totterly. He is 
a young gentleman with a vivid imagina- 
tion, small income, and large debts. — 
Selby : The Unfinished Gentleman. 

Flammock ( Wilkin), a Flemish 
soldier and burgess at the castle of Garde 
Doloureuse. 

Rose or Roschen Flammock, daughter of 
Wilkin Flammock, and attendant on lady 
Eveline.— Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

Flanders (Moll), a woman of extra- 
ordinary beauty, born in Old Bailey. 
She was twelve years a harlot, five years 
a wife, twelve years a thief, and eight 
. years a convict in Virginia ; but ulti- 
mately she became rich, lived honestly, 
and died a penitent in the reign of Charles 
II. — Defoe: The Fortunes of Moll 
Flanders (1721). 

Flanders Mare (A), Anne of Cleves, 
one of the wives of Henry VIII. She 
died at Chelsea in 1557. 



Tla,sh.(Captai n), a blustering, cowardly 
braggart, "always talking of fighting 
and wars." In the Flanders war he pre- 
tended to be shot, sneaked off into a 
ditch, and thence to England. When 
captain Loveit met him paying court to 
Miss Biddy Bellaw, he commanded the 
blustering coward to " deliver up his 
sword," and added — 

" Leave this house, change the colour of your clothes 
and fierceness of your looks ; appear from top to toe 
the wretch, the very wretch thou art 1 "—Garrick : 
Miss in Her Teens (1753). 

Henry Woodward [1717-1777] was the best " Copper 
Captain," " captain Flash," and " Bobadil " of his day. 
—Leslie : Life of Reynolds. 

(** Copper Captain," in Rule a Wife 
and Have a Wife, by Fletcher; "Boba- 
dil," in Every Man in His Humour, by 
Ben Jonson.) 

Flatterer. The Romans called a 
flatterer "a Vitellius," from Vitellius 
president of Syria, who worshipped 
Jehovah in Jerusalem, and Calig'ula in 
Rome. Tacitus says of him, " Exemplar 
apud posteros adulatorii habetur" (An- 
nals, vi. 32). 

Idem [Vitellius] miri in adulando ingenii ; primus C- 
Caasarem adorari ut deuminstituit, — Suetonius (zsyl.): 

viui., a 

Fla'vitLS, the faithful, honest steward 
of Timon the man-hater. — Shakespeare: 
Timon of Athens (1600). 

Fle'ance (2 syl.), son of Banquo. 
After the assassination of his father, he 
escaped to Wales, where he married the 
daughter of the reigning prince, and had 
a son named Walter. This Walter after- 
wards became lord high steward of Scot- 
land, and called himself Walter the 
Steward. From him proceeded in a direct 
line the Stuarts of Scotland, a royal line 
which gave James VI. of Scotland and 
I. of England. — Shakespeare : Macbeth 
(1606). 

(Of course, this must not be looked on 
as history. Historically, there was no 
such person as Banquo, and therefore this 
descent from Fleance is mere fable. ) 

Flecknoe (Richard), poet-laureate to 
Charles II., author of dramas, poems, and 
other works. As a poet, his name stands 
on a level with Bavius and Maevius. 
Dryden says of him — 

... he reigned without dispute 
Thro' all the realms of nonsense absolute. 

Dryden : M FUcnoe (r68»). 

(It was not Flecknoe but Shadwell that 
Dryden wished to castigate in this satire. 
The offence was that Dryden was re- 
moved from the post of laureate, and 



TLEDGEBY. 373 

Shadwell appointed in his .place. The 
angry ex-laureate says, with more point 
than truth, that " Shadwell never deviates 
into sense.") 

Fledg'e'by (2 syl.), an over-reaching, 
cowardly sneak, who conceals his dirty 
bill-broking under the trade-name of 
Pubsey and Co. He is soundly thrashed 
by Alfred Lammle, and quietly pockets 
the affront. — Dickens: Our Mutual 
.Friend (1864). 

Fleece (The), a poem In blank verse, 
divided into three books, on the subject of 
wool, by John Dyer (1757). 

Fleece of Gold (Order of the), in- 
stituted, in 1430, by Philippe de Bour- 
gogne, surnamed Le Bon. 

Stately dames, like queens attended, knights who bore 
the Fleece of Geld. 

Ltigfellow: Belfry of Bruges. 

Fleecebum'pkin (3 syl.), bailiff of 
Mr. Ireby, the country squire. — Sir IV. 
Scott: The Two Drovers (time, George 
III.). 

Fleece'em (Mrs.), meant for Mrs. 
Rudd, a smuggler, thief, milliner, match- 
maker, and procuress. — Foote : The 
Cozeners. 

Fleet-Wood, or The New Man of 

Feeling, the hero of a novel so named by 
W. Godwin (1805). 

FLEMING (Archdeacon), the clergy- 
man to whom old Meg Murdochson made 
her confession. — Sir W. Scott: Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Flem'ingf (Sir Malcolm), a former 
suitor of Uidy Margaret de Hautlieu. — 
Sir W. Scott: Castle Dangerous (time, 
Henry I.). 

Fleming" (Lady Mary), one of the 
maids of honour to Mary queen of Scots. 
— Sir W. Scott: The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Fleming' (Rose) , niece of Mrs. Maylie. 
Rose marries her cousin Harry Maylie. 

She was past 17. Cast In to slight and exquisite • 
mould, so mild and gentle, ao pure and beautiful, that 
earth seemed not her clement, nor its rough creature* 
her fit companions. The very intelligence that shone 
in her deep blue eye . . . seemed scarcely . . . of the 
world, ana yet the changing expression of sweetness 
and good-humour, the thousand lights that played 
about the face . . . above all the smile, the cheerful, 
happy smile, were made for home and fireside peace 
and happiness.— Dickens : Oliver Twist, xxix. (1837). 

Flemish School (The), a school 
Of painting commencing in the fifteenth 
century, with the brothers Van Eyck. 
The chief early masters were Memling, 



FLINT. 

Weyden, Matsys, Mabuse, and More. 
The chief of the second period were 
Rubens, Rembrandt, Paul Potter, Cuyp, 
Vandyck, Snyders, jordaens, Kaspar de 
Crayer, and the younger Teniers. 

Fleshly School (The), a class of 
British poets of which Swinburne, 
Rossetti, Morris, etc., are exponents. 
So called from the sensuous character of 
their poetry. 

(It was Thomas Maitland [i.e. R. W. 
Buchanan] who first gave them this appel* 
lation in the Contemporary Review. ) 

Fleta, a Latin treatise on English law. 
Author uncertain. 

Fletcher (Dick), one of the crew of 
the pirate vessel. — Sir IV. Scott: The 
Pirate (time, William III.). 

Flour de Marie, the betrothed of 
captain Phcebus. — Victor Hugo: Notre 
Dame de Paris (1831). 

Fleurant, an apothecary. He flies 
into a rage because Beralde (2 syl.) says 
to his brother, " Remettezcela a unefois, 
et demeurez un peu en repos." The 
apothecary flares out, " De quoi vous 
melez vous de vous opposer aux ordon- 
nances de la me'decine . . . je vais dire a 
Monsieur Purgon comme on m'a em- 
pgche d'executer ses ordres . . . Vous 
verrez, vous verrez." — Moliere: Le Malade 
Imaginaire (1673). 

FlibTjertigib'bet, the fiend that 
gives man the squint eye and hare-lip, 
sends mildews and blight, etc. 

This is the foul fiend Flibbertigibbet ... he gives 
the web and the pin \Hisfases of the eye\ squints [of] 
the eye, and makes the hare-lip ; [he] mildews the white 
wheat, and hurts the poor creature of earth.— Kt n? 
Lear, act iii. ac 4 (1605). 

V Shakespeare got this name from 
bishop Harsnett's Declaration of Popish 
Impostures, where Flibberdigibet is one of 
the fiends which the Jesuits cast out of 
Edmund Peckham. 

Flibbertigibbet or "Dickie Sludge," 
the dwarf grandson of Gammer Sludge 
(landlady of Erasmus Holiday, the school- 
master in the vale of Whitehorse). In 
the entertainment given by the earl of 
Leicester to queen Elizabeth, Dickon 
Sludge acts the part of an imp. — Sir W, 
Scott : Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Flim -Flams, or The Life and Errors 
of my Uncle, and the Amours of my Aunt, 
by Isaac Disraeli (1805). 

Flint (Lord), chief minister of state to 
one of the sultans of India. He had the 



FLINT. 



374 



FLORA. 



enviable faculty of a very short memory 
when he did not choose to recollect. 
" My people know, no doubt, but I can- 
not recollect," was his stock phrase. — 
Mrs. Inchbald: Such Things Are (1786). 

Flint, jailer in The Deserter* a musical 
drama by Dibdin (1770). 

Flint (Sir Clement), a very kind- 
hearted, generous old bachelor, who 
" trusts no one," and though he professes 
his undoubted belief to be "that self is 
the predominant principle of the human 
mind," is never so happy as when doing 
an unselfish and generous act. He settles 
^2000 a year on the young lord Gayville, 
his nephew, that he may marry Miss 
Alton, the lady of his choice ; and says, 
' ' To reward the deserving, and make 
those we love happy, is self-interest in the 
extreme." — Burgoyne: The Heiress (1781). 

Flint Jack, Edward Simpson, who 
used to tramp the kingdom, vending 
spurious flint arrow-heads, celts, and 
other imitation antiquities. In 1867 he 
was imprisoned for theft. 

Flippan'ta, an intriguing lady s-maid, 
daughter of Mrs. Cloggit. She is in the 
service of Clarissa, and aids her in all her 
follies. — Vanbrugh : The Confederacy 
(1695). (See Lissardo.) 

I saw Miss Pope for the second time in the year 1790, 
in the character of " Flippanta."— James Smith. 

Flite (Miss), a poor crazed, good- 
hearted woman, who has lost her wits 
through the "law's delay." She is 
always haunting the Courts of Chancery 
with " her documents," hoping against 
hope that she will receive a judgment. 
— Dickens: Bleak House, iv. (1852). 

FlockTiart ( Widow), landlady of the 
lodgings in the Canongate where Waver- 
ley and M'lvor dine with the baron of 
Bradwardine (3 syl. ). — Sir W. Scott; 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Flodden Field. This battle was 
fought September 9, 1513, and it was 
there that the earl of Surrey defeated the 
Scots. The ballad so called was written 
in 1664, author unknown. 

Flogged by Deputy. The marquis 
de Leganez forbade the tutor of his son to 
use rigour or corporal punishment of any 
kind, so the tutor hit upon this device 
to intimidate the boy : he flogged a lad 
named Raphael, brought up with young 
Leganez as a playmate, whenever that 
young nobleman deserved punishment. 



This produced an excellent effect ; but 
Raphael did not see its justice, and ran 
away. — Lesage: Gil Bias, v. i. (1724). 

\ When Henri IV. abjured the protes- 
tant faith, and was received into the 
Catholic Church, two ambassadors were 
sent to Rome as his representatives. They 
knelt in the portico of St. Peter's, sang 
the Miserere (4 syl.), and at each 
verse were struck with a switch on the 
naked shoulders. This was, by a fiction, 
supposed to be the penance suffered by 
the king for having been a protestant. 

Flollo or Flollio, a Roman tribune, 

who held the province of Gaul under the 
emperor Leo. When king Arthur invaded 
Gaul, the tribune fled to Paris, which 
Arthur besieged, and Flollo proposed to 
decide the quarrel by single combat. To 
this Arthur agreed, and cleft with his 
sword Caliburn both the helmet and head 
of his adversary. Having made himself 
master of all Gaul, king Arthur held his 
court at Paris. — Geoffrey: British His- 
tory, ix. 11 (1142). 

And after these . . . 

At Paris in the lists [Arthur] with Flollio fought ; 
The emperor Leon's power to raise his siege th«t 
brought 

Drayton : Polyolbion, iv. (i6iaf. 

Flood (Noah's). (See Raven.) 
Flopsam, Mrs. Matthew Rocket's 
principal nurse. — Dickens: Great Expec- 
tations (1858). 

Flor and Blancheflor, the title of 
a minnesong by Conrad Fleck, at one 
time immensely popular. It is the story 
of two children who fall in love with each 
other. There is a good deal of grace and 
tenderness in the tale, with an abundance 
of trash. Flor, the son of Feinix, a pagan 
king, is brought up with Blancheflor (an 
enfant vol/). The two children love each 
other, but Feinix sells Blancheflor to some 
Eastern merchants. Flor goes in quest 
of Blancheflor, whom he finds in Baby- 
lon, in the palace of the sultan, who is a 
sorcerer. He gains access to the palace, 
hidden in a basket of roses ; but the 
sultan discovers him, and is about to cast 
both into the flames, when, touched with 
human gentleness and love, he sets them 
free. They then return to Spain, find 
Feinix dead, and marry (fourteenth cen- 
tury). 

Flo'ra, goddess of flowers. In natural 
history all the flowers and vegetable pro- 
ductions of a country or locality are called 
its Jlora ; and all its animal productions its 
fauna. 



FLORA. 

Flora, the waiting- woman of donna 
Violante. In love with Lissado, the valet 
of don Felix. — Mrs. Centlivre: The Won- 
der (1714)- 

Mrs. Mattocks's was the most affecting theatrical 
leave-taking- we ever witnessed. The part she chose 
was " Flora," to Cook's *' don Felix," which she played 
mlxii all the freshness and spirit of a woman in he* 
prime. — The New Monthly (1826). 

Flora, the niece of old Farmer Free- 
hold. She is a great beauty, and capti- 
vates Heartwell, who marries her. The 
two are so well assorted that their " best 
love is after their espousals." — J. P. 
Kemble : The Farm-house. 

Florae (Comte de), a French emigrant, 
courteous, extravagant, light-hearted, and 
vain. — Thackeray : The Newcomes (1855). 

Floranthe {Donna), a lady beloved 
by Octavian. Octavian goes mad because 
he fancies Floranthe (3 syl. ) is untrue to 
him, but Roque, a blunt, kind-hearted 
servitor, assures him he is mistaken, and 
persuades him to return home. — G. Col- 
man : Octavian (1824). 

Flor'delice (3 syl.), the mistress of 
Bran'dimart (king of the Distant Islands). 
— Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (15 16). 

Flordespi'na, daughter of Marsiglio. 
— Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Florence. Mrs. Spencer Smith, 
daughter of baron Herbert the Austrian 
ambassador in England. She was born 
at Constantinople, during Tier father's 
residence in that city. Byron made her 
acquaintance in Malta, but Thomas Moore 
thinks his devotion was more imaginary 
than real. In a letter to his mother, his 
lordship says he "finds her [Florence] 
very pretty, very accomplished, and ex- 
tremely eccentric." 

Thou mayst find a new Calypso there. 
Sweet Florence, could another ever share 
This wayward, loveless heart, it would be thine. 
Byron : Childe Harold, ii. 30 uSio). 

Florence [The German), Dresden, 
also called " The Florence of the North." 

Florence Dombey. (See Dombey.) 

Florent or Florentius, a knight who 
promises to wed a hag if she will teach 
him to expound a riddle, and thus save 
his life. — Gower: Confessio Amantis, 
bk. i. (1393). 

Be she foul as was Florentius' lover. 
Shakespeare : Taming 0/ the Shrew, act 1. sc. 9 (1594. 

f "The Wife of Bath's Tale," in 
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, is the same 
story. The ugly old hag becomes con- 
verted into a beautiful young princess, 



375 



FLORESKL 



and " Florent " is called " one of Arthta't 
knights" (1388). 

•.' Love beautifies the plainest face. 

Florentine Diamond [The), the 
fourth largest cut diamond in the world. 
It weighs 139^ carats, and was the largest 
diamond belonging to " Charles the 
Bold," duke of Burgundy. It was picked 
up by a Swiss peasant, who sold it to a 
priest for half a crown. The priest sold 
it for j£20o, to Bartholomew May of 
Berne. It subsequently came into the 
hands of pope Julius II., and the pope 
gave it to the emperor of Austria. (See 
Diamonds.) 

Florentius. (See Florent.) 

Flores or Isle of Flowers, one of 
the Azores (2 syl.). It was discovered in 
1439 by Vanderberg, and is especially 
celebrated because it was near this isle 
that sir Richard Grenville, in the reign of 
queen Elizabeth, fought his famous sea- 
fight. He had only one ship with a 
hundred men, and was opposed by the 
Spanish fleet of fifty-three men-of-war. 
For some hours victory was doubtful, and 
when sir Richard was severely wounded, 
he wanted to sink the ship ; but the 
Spaniards boarded it, complimented him 
on his heroic conduct, and he died. As 
the ship (the Revenge) was on its way to 
Spain, it was wrecked, and went to the 
bottom, so it never reached Spain after 
all. Tennyson has a poem on the subject 
(1878). 

Flores (2 syl.), the lover of Blanche- 
fleur. — Boccaccio : II Filocopo (1340). 

• . * Boccaccio has repeated the tale in 
his Decameron, x. 5 (1352), in which 
Flores is called " Ansaldo," and Blanche- 
fleur " Diano'ra." Flores and Blanche- 
fleur, before Boccaccio's time, were noted 
lovers, and are mentioned as early as 
1288 by Matfres Eymengau de Bezers, in 
his Breviari d'A mor. 

Chaucer has taken the same story as 
the basis of the Frankelem's Tale, and 
Bojardo has introduced it as an episode in 
his Orlando Innamorato, where the lover 
is "Prasildo" and the lady "Tisbina." 
(See Prasildo.) 

The chroniclers of Chariemagn*, 
Of Merlin, and the Mort d'Arthure, 
Mingle! together in his br.iin, 
With tales of Flores and Blanchefletnr 

LongfeUrm. 

FloresTd (Count), a Pole, in love 
with princess Lodois'ka (4 syl.). At the 
opening of the play he is travelling with 
his servant Varbel to discover where the 



FLOREZ. 376 

princess has been placed by her father 
during the war. He falls in with the 
Tartar chief Kera Khan, whom he over- 
powers in fight, but spares his life, and 
thus makes him his friend. Floreski 
finds the princess in the castle of baron 
Lovinski, who keeps her a virtual prisoner ; 
but the castle being stormed by the Tar- 
tars, the baron is slain, and the princess 
marries the count. — y. P. Kemble : Lo- 
doiska. t 

Flo'rez, son of Gerrard king of the 
beggars. He assumes the name of Gos- 
win, and becomes, in Bruges, a wealthy 
merchant. His mistress is Bertha, the 
supposed daughter of Vandunke the 
burgomaster. — Fletcher : The Beggars' 
Bush ( 1622). 

Flor'ian, "the foundling of the 
forest," discovered in infancy by the 
count De Valmont, and adopted as his 
own son. Florian is light-hearted and 
volatile, but with deep affection, very 
brave, and the delight of all who know 
him. He is betrothed to his cousin, lady 
Geraldine, a ward of count De Val- 
mont. — Dimond; The Foundling of the 
Forest. 

Flor'imel "the Fair," courted by 
sir Sat'yrane, sir Per'idure, and sir Cal'i- 
dore (each 3 syl.), but she herself "loved 
none but Mar'inel," who cared not for her. 
When Marinel was overthrown by Brito- 
mart, and was reported to be dead, Flori- 
mel resolved to search into the truth of 
this rumour. In her wanderings, she 
came weary to the hut of a hag, but when 
she left the hut the hag sent a savage 
monster to bring her back. Florimel, 
however, jumped into a boat and escaped ; 
but she fell into the hands of Proteus 
(2 <ry/.), who keptherina dungeon "deep 
in the bottom of a huge great rock." One 
day, Marinel and his mother went to a 
banquet given by Proteus to the sea-gods ; 
and as Marinel was loitering about, he 
heard the captive bemoaning her hard 
fate, and all "for love of Marinel." His 
heart was touched ; he resolved to release 
the prisoner, and obtained from his 
mother a warrant of release, signed by 
Neptune himself. Proteus did not dare 
to disobey ; so the lady was released, and 
became the happy bride of her liberator. 
— Spenser : Faerie Queene, iii. 4, 8, and 
iv. 11, 12 (1590, 1596). 

(The name Florimel means "honey- 
flower.") 

Florimel ( The False), made by a witch 



FLORIMEU 

of Riphae'an snow and virgin wax, with 
an infusion of vermilion. Two burning 
lamps in silver sockets served for eyes, 
fine gold wire for locks, and for soul ' ' a 
sprite that had fallen from heaven." 
Braggadoccio, seeing this false Florimel, 
carried " her" off as the veritable Flori- 
mel ; but when she was stripped of her 
borrowed plumes, this waxen Florimel 
vanished into thin air, leaving nothing 
behind except the "golden girdle that 
was about her waist." — Spenser : Faerie 
Queene, iii. 8 and v. 3 (1590, 1596). 

Florimel s Girdle, a girdle which gave 
to those who wore it " the virtue of 
chaste love and wifehood true ; " if any 
woman not chaste or faithful put it on, it 
immediately "loosed or tore asunder." 
It was once the cestus of Venus ; but 
when that queen of beauty wantoned with 
Mars, it fell off and was left on the " Aci- 
dalian mount." — Spenser: Faerie Queene, 
iv. 2(1596). 

IT One day, sir Cambel, sir Triamond, 
sir Paridel, sir Blandamour, and sir Ferra- 
mont agreed to give Florimel's girdle to 
the most beautiful lady ; when the pre- 
vious question was moved, "Who was the 
most beautiful ? " Of course, each knight, 
as in duty bound, adjudged his own lady 
to be the paragon of women, till the 
witch's image of snow and wax, made to 
represent Florimel, was produced, when 
all agreed that it was without peer, and 
so the girdle was handed to "the false 
Florimel." On trying it on, however, it 
would in no wise fit her ; and when by 
dint of pains it was at length fastened, it 
instantly loosened and fell to the ground. 
It would fit Amoret exactly, and of course 
Florimel, but not the witch's thing of 
snow and wax. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, 
»v. 5 (1596). 

IT Morgan la F6e sent king Arthur a 
horn, out of which no lady could drink 
" who was not to herself or to her husband 
true." Ariosto's enchanted cup possessed 
a similar spell. 

\ A boy showed king Arthur a mantle 
which no wife not leal could wear. If 
any unchaste wife or maiden put it on, 
it would either go to shreds or refuse to 
drape her decorously. 

IT At Ephesus was a grotto containing 
a statue of Diana. If a chaste wife or 
maiden entered, a reed there (presented by 
Pan) gave forth most melodious sounds; 
but if the unfaithful or unchaste entered, 
its sounds were harsh and discordant. 

U Alnsnam's mirror remained unsullied 
when it reflected the unsullied; but be- 



FLORINDA. 

came dull when the unchaste stood before 
it (See Caradoc, p. 177.) 

Florin'da, daughter of count Julian 
one of the high lords in the Gothic court 
of Spain. She was violated by king 
Roderick ; and the count, in his indigna- 
tion, renounced the Christian religion and 
called over the Moors, who came to Spain 
in .arge numbers and drove Roderick 
from the throne. Orpas, the renegade 
archbishop of Sev'ille, asked Florinda to 
become his bride, but she shuddered at 
the thought. Roderick, in the guise of a 
priest, reclaimed count Julian as he was 
dying, and as Florinda rose from the 
dead body — 

Her cheek was flushed, and In her eyes there beamed 
A wilder brightness. On the Goth [Roderick] she gazed, 
While underneath the emotions of that hour 
Exhausted life gave way. . . . Round his neck she threw 
Her arms, and cried, "My Roderick; mine in heaven I" 
Groaning, he claspt her clcse, and in that act 
And agony her happy spirit fled. 

Southey : Roderick, etc., xxiv. (1814). 

Flo'ripes (3 syl.), sister of sir Fiera- 
bras [Fe-a'-ra-hrah], daughter of Laban, 
and wife of Guy the nephew of Charle- 
magne. 

rioriean'do ( The Exploits and Ad- 
ventures of), part of the series of Le 
Roman des Romans, or those pertaining 
to Am'adis of Gaul. This part (from bk. 
vi. to xiv. ) was added by Paez de Ribera. 

Florise [The lady), attendant on 
queen Berengaria. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Flor'isel of Nice'a {The Exploits 
and Adventures of ), part of the senes of 
Le Roman des Romans, pertaining to 
Am'adis of Gaui. This part was added 
by Felicino de Silva. 

Flor'ismart, one of Charlemagne's 
paladins, and the bosom friend of Roland, 

Florival (Mdlle.), daughter of a 
French physician in Belleisie. She fell 
in love with major Bclford, while nursing 
him in her father's house during a period 
o: sickness. (The tale is given under 
Fmm.y, p. 323.) — Colman : The Deuce is 
in Him (1762). 

Flor'izel, son of Pohxenes king of 

nia. In a hunting expedition, he 

- saw Perdita (the supposed daughter of a 

ed), fell in love with her, and 

courted her under the assumed name of 

Dor'icles. The king tracked his son to 

the shepherd's house, and told Perdita that 

if she gave countenance to this foolery 

be would order her and the shepherd to 



377 FLOWER SERMON. 

be put to death. Florizel and Perdita then 
fled from Bohemia, and took refuge in 
Sicily. Being brought to the court of 
king Leontes, it soon became manifest 
that Perdita was the king's daughter. 
Polixenes, in the mean time, had tracked 
his son to Sicily, but when he was in- 
formed that Perdita was the king's daugh- 
ter, his objection to the marriage ceased, 
and Perdita became the happy bride 
of prince Florizel. — Shakespeare ; The 
Winters Tale (1604). 

Florizel, the name assumed by George 
IV. in his correspondence with Mrs. 
Robinson (actress and poetess), generally 
known as Per'dita, that being the cha- 
racter in which she first attracted bis 
attention when prince of Wales. 

'.• George IV. was nicknamed "prince 
Florizel." " Prince Florizel " in lord Bea- 
consfield's Endymion (1880) is meant for 
Napoleon IIL 

Flower of Chiralry, sir William 

Douglas, knight of Liddesdale (*-i353). 
Sir Philip Sidney, statesman, poet, and 
soldier, was also called "The Flower of 
Chivalry " (1554-1586). So was the 
Chevalier de Bayard, le Chevalier sans 
Peur et sans Reproche (1476-1524). 

Flower of King's. Arthur is so 
called by John of Exeter (sixth century). 

Flower of Poets, Geoffrey Chaucer 
(1328-1400). 

Flower of the Lev'ant. Zante* is 
so called from its great beauty and fer- 
tility. 

Zante 1 Zante I flor di Le vantL 

Flower of Yarrow (The), Mary 
Scott, daughter of sir William Scott of 
Harden. 

Flowers (Lovers') are stated by Spen- 
ser, in his Shephearde s Calendar, to be 
" the purple columbine, giilinowers, car- 
nations, and sops in wine " (" April "). 

In the "language of flowers," colum- 
bine signifies "folly," gi Hi flowers " bonds 
of love," carnations "pure love," and 
sops of wine (one of the carnation family) 
" woman's love." 

Bring hither the pinke, and purple collumbine, 

gulinowexs; 
Bring coronations, and sops in wine, 
Wome of paramours. 
Sfenser: The Shcpheardts Calendar (" April," 1570). 

Flower Sermon, a sermon preached 
every Whit Monday in St. Catherine 
Cree. On this occasion each of the con- 
gregation carries a bunch of flowers, and 



FLOWERDALE. 



37» 



FCEDERA. 



a bunch of flowers is also laid on the 
pulpit cushion. The Flower Sermon is 
not now limited to St. Catherine Cree, 
other churches have adopted the custom. 
Flower dale (Sir John), father of 
Clarissa, and the neighbour of colonel 
Oldboy. — Bickerstaff: Lionel and Cla- 
rissa. 

Flowered Robes. In ancient Greece 
to say " a woman wore flowered robes " 
was the same as to say she was a fille 
publique. Solon made it a law that 
virtuous women should appear in simple 
and modest apparel, but that harlots 
should always dress in gay and flowered 
robes. 

As fugitive slaves are known by their stigmata, so 
flowered garments indicate one of the demi-monde 
[lioixaXibu].— Clemens oj Alexandria. 

Flowery Kingdom (The), China. 
The Chinese call their kingdom Hwa 
Kwoh, which means ' ' The Flowery King- 
dom," i.e. the flower of kingdoms. 

Fluel'len, a Welsh captain and great 
pedant, who, amongst other learned quid- 
dities, drew this parallel between Henry V. 
and Alexander the Great : "One was born 
in Monmouth and the other in Macedon, 
both which places begin with M, and in 
both a river flowed." — Shakespeare: Henry 
V. act iv. sc. 7 (1599). 

Flur, the bride of Cassivelaun, " for 
whose love the Roman Caesar first invaded 
Britain." — Tennyson : Idylls of the King 
("Enid"). 

Flute, the bellows-mender, who in the 
travestie of Piramus and Thisby had to 
take the part of Thisbe. 

Flute : What is Thisbe ? a wandering knight T 

Quince: It is the lady Pyramus must love. 

Flute : Nay, faith, let not me play a woman : I have 

a beard coming.— Shakespeare: Midsummer Nighfs 

Dream, act i. sc. 1 (1592). 

Flute ( The Magic), a flute which has 
the power of inspiring love. When given 
by the powers of darkness, the love it in- 
spires is sensual love ; but when bestowed 
by the powers of light, it becomes sub- 
servient to the very holiest ends. In the 
opera called Die Zauberflote, Tami'no 
and Pami'na are guided by it through all 
worldly dangers to the knowledge of 
divine truth (or the mysteries of Isis). — 
Mozart : Die Zauberjldte ( 1791). 

Flutter, a gossip, fond of telling a 
food story, but, unhappily, unable to do 
so without a blunder. " A good-natured, 
insignificant creature, admitted every- 



where, but cared for nowhere " (act i. sc 
3).— Mrs. Cowley : The Belles Stratagem 
(1780). 

Flutter (Sir Fopling), the hero in 
Etheridge's comedy of The Man of Mode 
(1676). 

Fly Fainted (A). The quondam 
shepherd lad Giotto had not been long 
under his master Cimabue, when he 
painted a fly on the nose of a head so true 
to nature that Cimabue tried to brush it 
off. (See Bee Painted. Seealso Zeuxis 

AND PARRHASIOS.) 

Fly-gTods, Beelzebub, a god of the 
Philistines, supposed to ward off flies. 
Achor was worshipped by the Cyreneans 
for a similar object. Zeus Apomy'ios was 
the fly-god of the Greeks. 

On the east side of your shop, aloft. 
Write Mathlai, Tannael, and Barab'orat ; 
Upon the north part, Rael, Velel, ThieL 
They are the names of those mercurial sprites 
That do fright flies from boxes. 

Ben Jonson : The Alchemist, L (1610). 

Flying' Dutchman (The), a phan- 
tom ship, seen in stormy weather off the 
Cape of Good Hope, and thought to fore- 
bode ill luck. The legend is that it was 
a vessel laden with precious metal, but a 
horrible murder having been committed 
on board, the plague broke out among 
the crew, and no port would allow the 
ship to enter, so it was doomed to float 
about like a ghost, and never to enjoy 
rest.— Sir W. Scott. 

'.' Another legend is that a Dutch 
captain, homeward bound, met with long- 
continued head winds off the Cape ; but 
swore he would double the Cape and not 
put back, if he strove till the day of doom. 
He was taken at his word, and there he 
still beats, but never succeeds in rounding 
the point. 

(Captain Marryat has a novel founded 
on this legend, called The Phantom Ship, 
1836.) 

Flying- Highwayman, William 
Harrow, who leaped his horse over turn- 
pike gates as if it had been furnished 
with wings. He was executed in 1763. 

Flyter (Mrs.), landlady of the lodg- 
ings occupied by Frank Osbaidistone in 
Glasgow.— Sir W. Scott ; Rob Roy (time, , 
George I.). 

Foedera (The), the public acts 
between the kings of England and other 
royal personages. It also contains the 
Magna Charta, numerous benefactions, 
and other documents. Dr. Adam Clarke 



FOIBLE. 

was employed to carry the original work 
back to the Conquest. Rymer was the 
compiler of fifteen folio volumes (1638- 
1714). Robert Sanderson added five 
more. The Hague edition was published 
in ten volumes folio, and Stephen What- 
ley translated it into English in 1731. 

Foible, the intriguing lady's-maid of 
lady Wishfort, and married to Wait well 
(lackey of Edward Mirabell). She inter- 
lards her remarks with " says he," "he 
says says he," "she says says she," 
etc— Congreve : The Way of the World 
(1700). 

Foi'gfard {Father), one of a gang of 
thieves. He pretends to be a French 
priest, but " his French shows him to be 
English, and his English shows him to 
be Irish." — Farquhar: The Beaux' 
Stratagem (1705). 

Foker {Henry), son of lady Foker. 
He marries Blanche Amory. — Thackeray: 
Pendennis (1850). 

Folair' (2 syl.), a pantomimist at the 
Portsmouth Theatre, under the manage- 
ment of Mr. Vincent Crummies. — 
Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Foldath, general of the Fir-bolg or 
Belgae in the south of Ireland. In the 
epic called Tem'ora, Cathmor is the "lord 
of Atha," and Foldath is his general. 
He is a good specimen of the savage 
chieftain : bold and daring, but pre- 
sumptuous, overbearing, and crueL " His 
stride is haughty, and his red eye rolls in 
wrath." Foldath looks with scorn on 
Hidalla, a humane and gentle officer in 
the same army, for his delight is strife, 
and he exults over the fallen. In counsel 
Foldath is imperious, and contemptuous 
to those who differ from him. Unrelent- 
ing in revenge ; and even when he falls 
with his death-wound, dealt by Fillan the 
son of Fin gal, he feels a sort of pleasure 
that his ghost would hover in the blast, 
and exult over the graves of his enemies. 
Foldath had one child, a daughter, the 
blue-eyed Dardu-Le'na, the last of the 
race. — Ossian : Temora. 

Folio {Tom), Thomas Rawlinson, a 
bibliopolist, who flourished about 1681- 
1725.— The Tatler. 

Fon'dlewife, an uxorious banker. — 
Congreve: The Old Bachelor (1693). 

When Mrs. Jefferson [i7;;3-r776] was asked in what 
characters she excelled the most, she innocently re- 
plied, " Id old men. like ' Fondlewife " and ' tit Jealous 
Traffic'"— T. Davits. 



379 



FOOLS. 



("Sir Jealous Traffic " is m The Busy 

Body, by Mrs. Centlivre.) 

Fondlove {Sir William), a vain old 
baronet of 60, who fancies himself a 
schoolboy, capable of playing boyish 
games, dancing, or doing anything that 
young men do. " How marvellously I 
wear ! What signs of age have I ? I'm 
certainly a wonder for my age. I walk 
as well as ever. Do I stoop ? Observe 
the hollow of my back. As now I stand, 
so stood I when a child, a rosy, chubby 
boy. My arm is firm as 'twas at 20. 
Oak, oak, isn't it? Think you my leg 
is shrunk ? — not in the calf a little ? 
When others waste, 'tis growing-time 
with me. Vigour, sir, vigour, in every 
joint. Could run, could leap. Why 
shouldn't I marry ? " So thought sir 
William of sir William, and he married 
the Widow Green, a buxom dame of 40 
summers. — Knowles : The Love-Chase 
(1837). 

Fontaineblea-a {Decree of), an edict 
passed by Napoleon L, ordering all 
English goods wherever found to be 
ruthlessly burnt (October 18, 1810). 

Fontara'bia, now called Fuenterabia 
(in Latin Fons rapidus), near the gulf of 
Gascony. Here Charlemagne and all his 
chivalry fell by the sword of the "Span- 
ish Saracens." — Mariana. 

' . • Mezeray says that the rear of the 
king's army being cut off, Charlemagne 
returned and obtained a brilliant revenge. 

Fool (A Royal). James I. of Great 
Britain was called by Sully of France 
"The Most Learned Fool in Christen- 
dom " (1566-1625). 

Fool {The), in Shakespeare's King 
Lear, a wise counsellor in disguised 
idiotcy. 

Fool {The), in the ancient morris- 
dance, represented the court jester. He 
carried in his hand a yellow bauble, and 
wore on his head a hood with ass's ears, 
the top of the hood rising into the form 
of a cock's neck and head, with a belt at 
the extreme end. The hood was blue 
edged with yellow and scalloped, the 
doublet red edged with yellow, the girdle 
yellow, the hose of one leg yellow and of 
the other blue, shoes red. (See MoRRls- 
Dance. ) 

Fool of Quality {The), a novel by 
Henry Brooke (1766). 

Fools. Pays de Fous. GheeL In 



FOOLS, JESTERS. 



380 



FOOT-BREADTH. 



Belgium, is so called, because it has been 
for many years the Bedlam of Belgium. 

Battersea is also a pays de fous, from 
a pun. Simples used to be grown there 
largely for the London apothecaries, and 
hence the expression, You must go to 
Battersea to get your simples cut. 

' . ' Boeotia was considered by the 
Athenians the pays de fous of Greece. 
Arcadia was also a folly-land ; hence 
Arcades ambo (" both noodles alike "). 

Fools, Jesters, and Mirthmen. 

In the following list, those in italics were 
mirthmen, but not licensed fools or 
jesters. 

ADELSBURN (Burkard Kasfar), Jester to George 
I. He was not only a fun-maker, but also a ghostly 
adviser of the Hanoverian. 

AKSAKOFF, the fool of carina Elizabeth of Russia 
(mother of Peter II.). He was a stolid brute, fond 
of practical jokes. 

Angrly {L.\, jester to Louis XIV., and last of the 
licensed fools of France. He is mentioned by Boileau 
m Satires i. and viii. 

Aopi (Monsignore), who succeeded Soglia as the 
merryman of Pope Gregory XVI. 

Armstrong (Archie), jester in the courts of Tames 
I. and Charles I. One of the characters in Scott's 
novel The Fortunes of Nigel. Being condemned to 
death by king James for sheep-stealing, Archie im- 
plored that he might live till he had read his Bible 
through for his soul's weal. This was granted, and 
Archie rejoined, with a sly look, "Then de'il tak' me 
'gin I ever read a word on 1 1 " 

BERDIC, "joculator" to William the Conqueror. 
Three towns and five caracutes in Gloucestershire were 
given him by the king. 

Bluet d'Arberes (seventeenth century), fool to 
the duke of Mantua. During a pestilence, he con- 
ceived the idea of offering his life as a ransom for his 
countrymen, and actually starved himself to death to 
stay the plague. 

Bonny (Patrick), jester to the regent Morton. 

Borde (Andrew), usually called "Merry Andrew," 
physician to Henry VIII. (igoo-1549). 

BRUSQUET. Of this court fool Brantome says, 
" He never had his equal in repartee " (1512-1563). 

Caillet (Guillaume), who nourished about 1490. His 
likeness is given in the frontispiece of the Ship of 
Fools (1497)- 

CHICOT, jester of Henri III. and Henri IV. Alex- 
andre Dumas has a novel called Chicot the Jester 
(i5S3-i59i). 

COLQUHOUN (Jemmy), predecessor of James 
Geddes, jester in the court of Mary queen of Scots. 

Coryat, " prince of non-official jesters and coxcombs." 
Kept by prince Henry, brother of Charles I. 

COULON, doctor and jester to Louis XVIII. He 
was the very prince of mimics. He sat for the portraits 
of Thiers, Mole, and comte Joseph de Villile (died 

Da'GONHT (Sir), Jester to king Arthur. He was 
knighted by the king himself. 

Perrie, a court jester to James I. Contemporary 
wilh Thorn. 

DUFRESNOY, poet, playwright, actor, gardener, 
glass-manufacturer, spendthrift, wit, and honorary fooi 
to Louis XIV. His Jests are the "Joe Millers" of 
France. 

GEDDES (James), jester in the court of Mary queen 
of Scots. He was daft, and followed Jemmy Col- 
quhoun in the motley. 

GLORIEUX (Le), jester of Charles U Hardi, of 
Burgundy. 

GONELLA, domestic Jester of the duke of Ferrara. 
If is Jests are in print. Gonella used to ride a horse all 
skia and bone, which is spoken of in Don Quixote. 

HAPOD (Jack), a retainer in the house of Mr. 
Bartlert, of Castlemorton, Worcestershire. He died at 
the close of the eighteenth ceatuiy, and has given birth 



to the expression, " As big a fool as Jack Hafod." He 
was the utti>nus scurrarum in Great Britain. 

Hhvwood (John), author of numerous dramatic 
works ^492-1565). 

Jean (Seigni), or "Old John; "so called to distin- 
guish him from Jean er Johan, called Le Fol de 
Madame (fl. 1380). 

Johan, Le Fol de Madame, mentioned by Marot in 
his epitaphs. 

Johnson (S.), familiarly known as "lord Flame," 
the character he played in his own extravaganza 
Hurlo-Thrumbo (1729). 

Kya-w (General), a Saxon general, famous for his 
broad jests. 

Killigrew (Thomas), called "king Charles's 
Jester " (1611-1682). 

Longely, jester to Louis XIII. 

Narr (Klaus), jester to Frederick "the Wise," 
elector of Prussia. 

Pace. 

PATCH, court fool of Elizabeth wife of Henry VII. 

PATCHE, cardinal Wolsey's jester. The cardinal 
made Henry VIII. a present of this "wise fool," and 
the king returned word that " the gift was a most ac- 
ceptable one." 

PATISON, licensed jester to sir Thomas More. He 
is introduced by Hans Holbein in his famous picture of 
the lord chancellor. 

Paul (Jacob), baron Gundling. This merryman was 
laden with titles in ridicule by Frederick William I. of 
Prussia. 

Pearce (Dickie), fool of the earl of Suffolk. Dean 
Swift wrote an epitaph on him. 

RAYERE, court jester to Henry I. of England. 

Rosen (Kunz -von der), a private jester to the em- 
peror Maximilian I. 

SCOGAN, court jester to Edward IV. 

SOGLIA (Cardinal), the fun-maker of pope Gregory 
XVI. He was succeeded by Aopi. 

SOMERS (JVilt), court jester to Henry VIII. The 
effigy of this jester is at Hampton Court. And in Old 
Fish Street was once a public-house called Will 
Somers's tavern (1490-1560). 

STBHLIK (Professor), in the household of czarina 
Elizabeth of Russia. He was teacher of mathematics 
and history to the grand-duke (Peter II.), and was also 
his licensed buffoon. 

Tarleton (Richard), the famous clown and jester in 
the reign of queen Elizabeth, but not attached either to 
the court or to any nobleman (1530-1588). 

Thom. one of the court jesters of James I. Con- 
temporary with Derrie. 

Triboulbt, court jester to Louis XII. and Fran- 
cois I. (1487-1536). Licinio the rival of Titian, took his 
likeness, which is still extant 

WALLETT (IV. F.), court jester to queen Victoria. 
He styles himself "the queen's jester," but doubtlessly 
has no warrant for the title from the lord chamberlain. 

WALTER, jester to queen Elizabeth. 

Will, " my lord of Leicester's jesting piayer ; " but 
who this " Will " was is not known, ft %iigbt be Will 
Johnson, Will Sly, Will Kimp. or »v«n Will Shake- 
speare. 

YORICK, Jester in the court of Denmark. Referred 
to by Shakespeare in his Hamlet, api v. sc 1. 

(Dr. Doran published The History of 
Court Fools, in 1858.) 

Pools' Paradise, unlawful pleasure ; 
illicit love ; vain hopes ; the limbus 
fatuorum or paradise of idiots and fools. 

If ye should lead her Into a fools' paradise, it were a 
gross . . . behaviour.— Shakespeare : Romeo and 
Juliet, act U. sc 4 (1597). 

Foot. The foot of an Arab is noted 
for its arch, and hence Tennyson speaks 
of the " delicate Arab arch of [Mauds] 
feet." — Maud, xvi. i. 

Foot-breadth, the sword of Thoralf 
Skolinson "the Strong" of Norway. 



FOPLING FLUTTER. 



381 



FORESIGHT. 



Quern-blter of Hakon the Good. 
Wherewith at a stroke he hewed 

The millstone thro' and thro'; 
And Foot-breadth of Thoralf " the Strong I "— 
Were not so broad, nor yet so long, 

Nor was their edge so true, 

Lonzftllo-m. 

Fopling Flutter (Sir), " the man 
of mode," the chief character of a 
comedy by sir George Etherege, entitled 
The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flutter 
(1676). 

Foppery. Vespasian the Roman 
emperor had a contempt for foppery. 
When certain young noblemen came to 
him smelling of perfumes, he said to 
them, ' ' You would have pleased me 
more if you had smelt of garlic." 

1T Charlemagne had a similar contempt 
of foppery. One day, when he was hunt- 
ing, the rain poured down in torrents, 
and the fine furs and silks of his suite 
were utterly spoilt. The king took this 
occasion to rebuke the court beaux for 
their vanity in dress, and advised them in 
future to adopt garments more simple 
and more serviceable. 

Foppington (Lord), an empty- 
headed coxcomb, intent only on dress 
and fashion. His favourite oaths, which 
he brings out with a drawl, are : " Strike 
me dumb ! " " Split my windpipe ! " and 
so on. When he loses his mistress, he 
consoles himself with this reflection : 
" Now, for my part, I think the wisest 
thing a man can do with an aching heart 
is to put on a serene countenance ; for a 
philosophical air is the most becoming 
thing in the world to the face of a person 
of quality." — Vanbrugh : The Relapse 
(1697). 

The shoemaker in The Relapse tells lord Fopping- 
ton that his lordship is mistaken in supposing that his 
shoe pinches. — Macaulay. 

Foppingfton (Lord), elder brother of 
Tom Fashion. A selfish coxcomb, en- 
gaged to be married to Miss Hoyden, 
daughter of sir Tunbelly Clumsy, to 
whom he is personally unknown. His 
favourite oaths are : " Strike me dumb ! " 
"Strike me ugly!" "Stap my vitals 1" 
" Split my windpipe I " " Rat me 1 " etc. ; 
and, in speaking, his affectation is to 
change the vowel into a, as rat, naw, 
resalve, waurld, atdered, tnauth, faund, 
maunth, lang, phiiasupher, tarture, and 
so on. (See Clumsy, p. 221.) — Sheri- 
dan : A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 

(This comedy is The Relapse, slightly 
altered and curtailed.) 

Fopping'ton (Lord), a young married 
man about town, most intent upon dress 



and fashion, whose whole life Is con* 

sumed in the follies of play and seduc- 
tion. His favourite oaths are : " Sun, 
burn me ! " " Curse, catch me ! " " Stap 
my breath!" "Let me blood!" "Run 
me through!" "Strike me stupid!" 
" Knock me down ! " He is reckoned 
the king of all court fops. — Colley Cibber : 
The Careless Husband ( 1704). 

Macklin says, " Nature formed Coller Cibber for a 

coxcomb . . . and his predominant tendency was to be 
considered among men as a leader of fashion, and 
among women as a J«« farfsw. Hence . . . his 'lord 
Foppington ' was a model for dress, and that hauteur 
and nonchalance which distinguished the superior cox- 
combs of that day." — Percy : Anecdotes. 

Fops' Alley. The passage between 
the benches right and left of the old 
opera-house. 

Ford, a gentleman of fortune living 
at Windsor. He assumes the name of 
Brook, and being introduced to sir John 
Falstaff, the knight informs him " of his 
whole course of wooing," and how at one 
time he eluded Mrs. Ford's jealous 
husband by being carried out before his 
eyes in a buck-basket of dirty linen. — 
Merry Wives of Windsor, act iii. sc. 5. 

Mrs. Ford, wife of Mr. Ford. Sir 
John Falstaff pays court to her, and she 
pretends to accept his protestations of 
love, in order to expose and punish him. 
Her husband assumes for the nonce the 
name of Brook, and sir John tells him 
from time to time the progress of his 
suit, and how he succeeds in duping her 
fool of a husband. — Shakespeare : Merry 
Wives of Windsor (1596). 

For'delis (3 syl.), wife of Bran'di- 
mart (Orlando's intimate friend). When 
Brandimart was slain, Fordelis dwelt for 
a time in his sepulchre in Sicily, and died 
broken-hearted. (See Foukdei.is.)— 
Ariosto: Orlando Furioso, bk. xii. (1516). 

Forehead. A high forehead was at 
one time deemed a mark of beauty in 
women ; hence Felice, th'^ wife of Guy of 
Warwick, is described as having "the 
same high forehead as Venus." — History 
of Guy of Warwick. 

Fore'sight (2 syl.) t a mad, super- 
stitious old man, who "consulted the 
stars, and believed in omens, portents, 
and predictions." He referred "man's 
goatish disposition to the charge of a 
star," and says he himself was " born 
when the Crab was ascending, so that all 
his affairs in life have gone backwards." 

I know the signs, and the planets, and their houseoi 
can ju'lge of motions, direct and retrograde, of sextiles. 
quadrates, trines, and oppositions, fiery trigons and 



FOREST. 



Aquatic trlgons. Know whether life shall be long or 
short, happy or unhappy ; whether diseases are curable 
or incurable ; if journeys shall be prosperous, under- 
takings successful, or stolen goods recovered.— 
Congreve : Love/or Love, ii. (1695). 

Forest {The), fifteen lyrics by Ben 
Jonson (1616). It contains the celebrated 



Drink to me only with thine eyes. 

Forester (Sir Philip), a libertine 
knight. He goes in disguise to lady 
Boihwell's ball on his return from the 
Continent, but, being recognized, de- 
camps. 

Lady Jemima Forester, wife of sir 
Philip, who goes with her sister lady 
Bothwell to consult " the enchanted 
mirror," in which they discover the clan- 
destine marriage and infidelity of sir 
Philip. — Sir W. Scott-: Aunt Margaret's 
Mirror (time, William III.). 

Forgers and Forgeries (Literary). 

(1) Acta Pi lata. An apocryphal report 
of the Crucifixion, said to have be en sent 
by Pontius Pilate to Tiberius the Roman 
emperor. 

Amber Witch {The). (See under 
Reinhold.) 

(2) Annals of Tacitus (The). Said to 
be a forgery of Poggio Bracciolini, 
apostolic to eight popes (1381-1459). It 
is said that Cosmo de Medici agreed to 
pay him 500 gold sequins (about ^160) 
for his trouble. We are further told that 
Poggio's MS. is still in the library of 
Florence, and that it was published in 
1460 Johannes de Spire produced the 
last six books, but the work is still incom- 
plete. In confirmation of this tale it is 
added "that no writer has quoted from 
the Annals before the close of the six- 
teenth century." The title "Annals of 
Tacitus " was given to Poggio's book by 
Beatus Rhenanus in 1553. 

Whether these assertions are true or 
not, it is very generally admitted that the 
famous quotation paraded by Paley in 
his Evidences (chap, ii.) is not genuine. 
It speaks of Christ being crucified by 
Pilate, and the persecutions of the early 
Christians (Annals, xv. 44). 

(3) Annius of Viterbo (or Giovanni 
Nanni) (1432-1502). His Antiquitdtum 
Va?-iorum Volumina, xvii. (1498), pro- 
fesses to be selections from Berosius, 
Mangtho, Megasthenes (4 syl.), Archilo- 
cus, Myrsiles (3 syl.), Fabius Pictor, 
Sempronius, Cato, etc. ; but the pre- 
tended selections are fabrications. 

(4) Apocryphal Scriptures. These are 
very numerous, but the best known are 



38a FORGERS AND FORGERIES. 

"The Revelation of Peter," the "Epistle 
of Barnabas," the " Institutions of the 
Apostles," the " Gospel according to the 
Hebrews," the " Gospel of Peter " (said to 
be of the second century), the " Gospel" 
and the " Acts of Thomas," the " Acts of 
the Apostles by Andrew," the "Acts of 
the Apostles by John," the " Gnostic 
Scriptures," etc. 

Irenseus (bit L 17) tells us that the Gnostics, in tha 
second century, had an innumerable number of spurious 
books ; and that in the following age the number 
greatly increased. In the fourth century there were at 
least eighty Gospels. 

(5) Apostolic Constitutions (The). A 
collection of ecclesiastical laws attributed 
to St. Clemens, a disciple of St. Peter, 
but pronounced to be forgeries by the 
Council of Constantinople ia 690. 

(6) Bertram (Dr. Charles Julius), 
professor of English at Copenhagen. He 
gave out that he had discovered, in 1747, 
in the library of that city, a book entitled 
De Situ Britannia, with the " Dia- 
phragmata" (or Itinerary), by Richardus 
Corinensis. He published this with two 
other treatises (one by Gildas Badon'icus, 
and the other by Nennius Banchorensis) 
in 1757. The forgery was exposed by 
the Rev. J. E. Mayor, in his preface to 
Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum 
Historiale. 

It is said that the style and Latinity of 
Bertram's book are inconsistent with the 
time of Richard of Cirencester. He may 
possibly have based his forgeries on some 
chronicles and itineraries ; but he has 
mutilated them, and falsified them by 
variations and additions of his own. 

(7) Boece (Hector), in his Scotorum 
Historia (1520), has forged the names of 
forty-five Scottish kings, with which he 
interpolated the Irish list of the Dal- 
riadic rulers (that is, the kings of 
Argyllshire). 

(8) Cagliostro (Count of). Alexandra 
de Cagliostro was certainly the most un- 
blushing literary impostor that ever lived 
(1745-1795). He stole the novels of John 
Potocki, a Polish count, and published 
them as his own. The National ferreted 
out this and all his other impositions. 
His name has become a by- word of 
literary quacks. 

(9) Chasles Forgeries (The). M. 
Chasles, a member of the French 
Academy of Sciences, gave out that he 
had purchased 27,000 MSS. for /5000 ; 
but he refused to tell where heHbought 
them, lest (as he said) " others might go 
and spoil the market." Amongst these 
MSS. were: " A correspondence between 



FORGERS AND FORGERIES. 383 FORGERS AND FORGERIES, 



Alexander the Great and Aristldes " 
(4 syl.); several "letters of Attila " (king 
of the Huns); a letter from the "widow 
of Martin Luther ; " several letters from 
"Judas Iscariot to Mary Magdalene;" 
others from " Lazarus to St. Peter." In 
regard to England, he produced a faded 
yellow MS. which purported to be letters 
from Pascal to sir Isaac Newton, to 
prove that Newton had pilfered his system 
of gravitation. This MS. he asserted 
belonged to the abbey of Tours, came 
into the possession of comte de Boisjour- 
dain, who in 1791 was wrecked on his 
passage to America. The MS. was sold, 
and the buyer gave it to M. Chasles. 
Another letter was from Galileo, and stated 
that the law of gravitation was known 
and taught by him. A committee ex- 
amined into these matters, when it was 
discovered that the whole was the forgery 
of a poor tool named Vrain Lucas. 

(10) Christian Forgeries (The) of 
Brahmanic writings, printed in French at 
Yoerdun, in 1778, imposed even on 
Voltaire. A Carmelite missionary justifies 
the forgery, as the object is laudable. 

■'." Similarly, the manifest forgeries in 
the Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandistes are 
justified. Probably many of these were 
invented by the "readers" appointed to 
distract the attention of their fraternity at 
meal-times. 

(11) Church Forgeries. Mosheim 
says, "Acts of councils, records, epistles, 
and whole books were forged by zealous 
monks, in order the more easily to rob 
and plunder the credulous on whom they 
imposed their glaring absurdities." Cer- 
tainly some of the things told by the 
Bollandistes amply justify this startling 
indictment. Witness that of the "pil- 
gims of Compostella," told in the Acta 
Sanctorum, repeated by Mgr. Guerin, the 
pope's chaplain, in 1880, by Udal, in his 
Tour through Spain and Portugal, by 
Patrick, in his Parables of the Pilgrims 
(vol. xxxvii. 430, 431), and by many 
others. The short and long of the tale 
is that two roast chickens, a cock and a 
hen, were served at an alcaid's table, and, 
in order to testify to the truth of a state- 
ment told to him, jumped up alive, and 
all their feathers flew into the room and 
covered them with plumage. The two 
fowls were sent to Compostella, where 
every year they generated exactly two 
fowls, a cock and a hen, and then died. 
Pilgrims still go to Compostella to see 
these wonderful fowls, and, no matter how 
many pilgrims, each receives a feather, 



but the tale of feathers is not diminished. 
Marineus Siculus says, " Haec Ego 
testor, propterea vide et interfui " (Scrip- 
tores, vol. ii. p. 805) ; and in allusion to 
this extravaganza St. Dominic of Calzada, 
in 1 169, was represented with a cock and 
hen in his right hand. The axiom was, 
the more improbable the tale, the greater 
the miracle. 

(12) Chatterton (Thomas), in 1777, 
published certain poems, which he 
affirmed were written in the fifteenth 
century by Thomas Rowley, a monk. 
The poets Gray and Mason exposed the 
forgery. 

His other literary forgeries were : (x) The Pedigrtt 

of Burgum (a Bristol pewterer), professed to havo 
been discovered in the muniment-rooin of St. Mary'i 
Church, RedclifFe. He accordingly printed a history 
of the " De Bergham " family, with a poem called Tht 
Romaunt of the Cnyghte, by John de Bergham (four- 
teenth century). (2) A forged account of the opening 
of the old bridge, signed " Dunhelmus Bristoliensis, 
and professing to have been copied from an old MS. 
(3) An Account of Bristol, by Turgotus, "translated 
out of Saxon into English, by T. Rowley." Thi« 
forgery was made for the use of Mr. Catcott, who was 
writing a history of Bristol. 

(13) Clementina. A spurious account 
of the journeys of Clemens Romanus with 
the apostle Peter. The Apostolic Canons 
and Constitutions attributed to him are 
also spurious. Clemens is said to have 
died in 102. 

(14) Clementines (The). Nineteen dis- 
courses preceded by two letters. One of 
the letters is from St. Peter to St James 
(bishop of Jerusalem), the other is from 
Clemens to the same. The "discourses" 
are spurious Christian stories. On these 
forgeries rest the main evidence that the 
apostle Peter was bishop of Rome. 

What is generally understood by Clementines (3 syl.). 
Is the third part of the Decretals of Raimond it 
Pennaforl, with the rescript of Boniface VilL, under- 
taken by order of pope Clement V. The Clet/ientines 
0f CUmenti are apocryphal homilies. 

(15) Codex Diplomaticus. (See under 
Vella. ) 

(16) Croyland Abbey. The Historia 
Monasterii Croylandensis was at one 
time supposed to be written by Ingulph 
abbot of Croyland, in Lincolnshire (born 
1030-1109); but sir Francis Palgrave, m 
the Quarterly Review of 1826, proved 
that the said history was a pure romance, 
composed by some monk in the thirteenth 
or fourteenth century. 

(17) Decretals (False) (a.D. 83^-845). 
A shameless forgery, purporting to be 
fifty-nine rescripts of bishops in the first 
four centuries, signed by such names as 
St. Anacletus (who died 78), St. Alexander 
(who died 109), St. Fabian (who died 
236), Julius (who died 837), and St 



FORGERS AND FORGERIES. 384 FORGERS AND FORGERIES. 



Athanasius (who died 373). The object 
of these false Decretals is to diminish the 
authority of metropolitans over their 
suffragans, by establishing an appellant 
jurisdiction of the Roman see in all 
causes ; and by forbidding national 
councils to be held without its consent. 
Every bishop is made amenable only to 
the tribunal of the pope. Every accused 
person might appeal to the pope from 
any civil sentence ; the pope only could 
make new sees, or translate from one to 
another. Upon these spurious Decretals 
has been built up the great fabric of 
papal supremacy. Knoch says that these 
false Decretals " produced enormous 
changes in the Roman hierarchy, doctrine, 
and discipline ; and that they have raised 
the authority of the pope to an incalculable 
extent." 

They were proved to be forgeries by Nicolas Cusanus, 
in-1452; by Laurentius Valla in 1457; by Cusanus in 
1586 ; and by Blondel in 1628. At length pope Pius. VI., 
in 1789, had the honesty and courage to pronounce the 
author Impostor nequissimtts, and the Decretals in- 
famous forgeries. But they had served their purpose. 

The author was either Isidore Mercator or Precator 
(a Cenobite), Benedict Levita of Mentz, or Riculfe 
(archbishop of Mentz). As they were called " Isidorian 
Decretals," probably Isidore Mercator was the author, 
and he wished his name " Isidore " to be mistaken for 
St. Isidore of Seville, who lived 570-636, i.e. about aoo 
years previously. 

(18) Eikon Basilike \J~kon BH-zil-i-ke], 
published 1649. At one time attributed 
to Charles I. But John Gauden, writing 
to the bishop of Exeter, says the " book 
is wholly and solely my own invention." 
It contains a minute account of the king's 
trial. (See an article on the subject in 
the Nineteenth Century, February, 1891, 

P- 3 2 7-) 

(19) English Mercurie (The), (1588). 
Once considered to be the oldest English 
newspaper ; but in 1839 Thomas Watts, 
of the British Museum, published a 
pamphlet demonstrating it to be an im- 
pudent forgery, as the paper on which it 
is printed bears the Hanoverian arms 
with the initials G. R. (George Rex). 

See an article on the subject in the Nineteenth 
Century, February, 1891, p. 334. 

(20) Ignatian Controversy (The). The 
question is whether the works attributed 
to Ignatius, bishop of Antioch and 
martyr (115), are genuine and authentic 
or not. Daille, Semler, Hermann, 
Ernesti, Neander, and several other great 
scholars tell us "that much is spurious, 
and the rest has been greatly tampered 
with." 

It is • very ted thing, but undoubtedly true, that no 
history or church literature which passed through the 
hand* of the monk can be relied on. 



(21) Ilive (Jacob), in 1751, published 
the Book of Jasher, which the Monthly 
Review, in December the same year, 
proved to be a forgery. 

The Book 0/ Jasher is twice referred to In the Old 
Testament : in Josh. %. 13 and in 2 Sam. L 18. 

(22) Ireland [S. W. H.) published, 
in folio, 1796, Miscellaneous Papers and 
Instruments, under the hand and seal of 
William Shakespeare, including the 
tragedy of King Lear and a small frag- 
ment of Hamlet, from the original, ^4 4J. 
He actually produced MSS. which he 
had forged, and which he pretended were 
originals. (Strange as it may seem, Dr. 
Parr, Dr. Valpy, James Boswell, Herbert 
Croft, and the poet-laureate Pye Smith, 
signed a document, certifying their opinion 
that these forgeries were genuine. Where 
their ears could have been is a mystery, 
as Mrs. Siddons detected the forgery 
immediately.) 

On April 2, 1796, the play of Vortigem and Rouuena, 
"from the pen of Shakespeare," was announced for 
representation. It drew a most crowded house ; but 
the fraud was detected by Malone, and Ireland made a 
public declaration of his impositions, from beginning to 
end. 

(23) Isiac Table (The). A flat rectangu- 
lar bronze plate, about four feet eight 
inches long, containing three rows of 
figures of Egyptian emblems and deities. 
It was sold by a soldier to a locksmith, 
who sold it to cardinal Bembo in 1527. 
It is now at Turin ; but it is a general 
opinion that the table is spurious. 

(24) Jasher (Book of). (See under 
Ilive.) 

(25) Lauder ( William) published, in 
1751, false quotations from Masenius a 
Jesuit of Cologne, Taubmann a German, 
Staphorstius a learned Dutchman, and 
others, to "prove Milton a gross plagi- 
arist." Dr. Douglas demonstrated that 
the citations were incorrect, and that 
often several lines had been foisted in to 
make the parallels. Lauder confessed 
the fact afterwards (1754). 

The title of his book is an Essay on Milton's Use and 
Imitation of the Moderns. 

(26) Utter of St. Peter to Pepin, forged 
by pope Stephen III. rendered desperate 
by the siege of Rome by Astolph the 
Lombard king. (See Milman, Latin 
Christianity, vol. iii. book iv. chap. xi. 
pp. 21-23.) 

(27) Letters of Ganganelli (pope Cle- 
ment XIV.), though spurious, are very 
interesting. They are generally attributed 
to Caraccioli, but Caraccioli died protest- 
ing that he was only the translator of 
them. 



FORGERS AND FORGERIES. 385 FORGERS AND FORGERIES. 



Ganganelll was bom 1705, became pope in 1769, and 
died 1774. 

(28) Letters of Phal'aris (The). 
Phalaris was tyrant of Agregentum, in 
Sicily, especially noted for his judgment 
on Perillos, inventor of the " brazen bull." 
Certain letters ascribed to him were pub- 
lished at Oxford in 1695, by Charles Boyle 
(earl of Orrery), who maintained their 
authenticity ; but Richard Bentley, in the 
same year, published his Dissertation to 
prove that they are apocryphal, and no 
doubt Bentley was right. These letters, 
on philosophical subjects, profess to have 
been written six centuries before the 
Christian era, but Bentley has proved, by 
internal historical evidence, that they could 
not have been written for at least eight 
centuries later. 

Bentley's Dissertation Introduced a new era of 
criticism, and probably suggested to Dr. Murray the 
idea of an English Dictionary on the same lines. 

(29) Letters of Shelley {Percy Bysshe), 
published in 1852, proved to be forgeries 
by the Athcnaum in the same year. The 
letters profess to have been a correspon- 
dence with his friends Byron and Keats. 

Percy Bysshe Shelley lived 1792-1823. 

(30) Moabite Stone ( The), said to have 
been discovered near the Dead Sea by 
Klein, in 1868, and broken up by Bedouins 
in 1869. Mr. Lowy, in 1887, pronounced 
it to be a forgery, one of his arguments 
being that the stone was more worn than 
the letters, in other words, that the stone 
was old, but the inscription modern. 

(31) Mormon [Book of). The Golden 
Bible, the pretended work of Mormon, 
" the last of the Hebrew prophets." It 
was said to be written on golden plates 
about the thickness of tin. In reality it 
was a fiction written by the Rev. Solomon 
Spalding, who died in 1816. Joseph 
Smith gave out that the book was revealed 
to him by the angel Mormon, who also 
supplied a Urim and Thummim which 
would enable him to decipher the book. 
(See Koran.) 

(32) Orph'ica. An immense mass of 
literature which, in the third and fourth 
centuries, grew out of the old Orphic 
myths and songs ; somewhat like the 
Ossian of Macphcrson, based, it may be, 
on older literature. Not only the Hel- 
lenists, but also the Church Fathers 
appealed to these forgeries as primitive 
sources of the religion of ancient Greece, 
from which they took it for granted that 
Pythag'oras, Heraclltus, and Plato had 
drawn their theological philosophy. 
Wesseling and Lobeck demonstrated 



that these Orphlca were forgeries of the 
third and fourth centuries ; and that, so 
far from being the source of Greek 
mythology, the truth lies in the contrary 
direction, and the Orphica were deduced 
from Hesiod and Homer. 

(33) Pereira {Colonel). (See under 
Sanchoni'athon. ) 

(34) Phalaris. (See under Letters 
of Phal'aris.) 

(35) Phoenician Stone ( The). In 1824 
the learned Raoul Rochette, professor of 
archaeology, and keeper of the cabinet of 
antiquities, Paris, received from Malta 
(for the French Academy) a stone with a 
bilingual inscription in Greek and what 
professed to be Phoenician. The stone 
was dated the 85th Olympiad (B.C. 436). 
Rochette gave the inscription credit for 
the antiquity it laid claim to, and sent 
a copy of the inscription to every noted 
savant in Europe for decipherment and 
translation. The great scholar Gesenius 
of Halle and the hardly less learned 
Hamaker of Leyden agreed with Ro- 
chette, and published comments on the 
stone. Yet after all it turned out to be an 
impudent hoax and modern forgery. 

(36) Pilate s despatch to the emperor 
Tiberius. (See Acta Pilati.) 

(37) Porphyry's Oracles of Phylosophy 
were proved by Dr. Lardner to be a 
forgery. 

(38) Protevangelium (The). A gospel 
falsely ascribed to James the Less, first 
bishop of Jerusalem. It is noted for its 
minute details of the Virgin and of Jesus. 
Some ascribe it to Carinus, who died 363. 

First of all we shall rehearse ... 
The nativity of our Lord 
As written in the old record 
Of the protevangelium. 

LongftlUrm, 

(39) Psalm an azar (George), who pre- 
tended to be a Japanese, published, in 
1704, an Historical and Geographical De- 
scription of Formosa, an Island belonging 
to the Empire of Japan. He was an 
Englishman, born in London, name un- 
known (died 1763). 

(40) MeinholD (Dr.). The Amber 
Witch, a "story of the olden times." 
When this story first appeared, the 
scholars of Germany applied to it severe 
tests of historical and philological criti- 
cism, to ascertain whether or not it was 
a relic of antiquity. Even those acute 
neologists, the Tubingen Reviewers, 
declared it to be "hoary with the lapse 
of centuries." When the wise ones had 
fully committed themselves, Dr. Meinhold 

2C 



FORGERS AND FORGERIES. 386 FORGERS AND FORGERIES. 



came forward, and proved beyond a doubt 
that he was himself the author. 

(41) Richard of Cirencester's Dia- 
phragmata, introduced by Dr. Stukeley 
as a genuine work, has been demonstrated 
by professor Mayor to be a forgery by 
Bertram. 

(42) Riculfe, archbishop of Mentz or 
Mayence, who lived in the ninth century, 
published fifty-nine decretals, which he 
ascribed to Isidore of Seville, who died 
in the sixth century. The object of these 
letters was either to exalt the papacy, or 
to enforce some law assuming such exal- 
tation. Among them is the decretal of 
St. Fabian, instituting the rite of the 
chrism, with the decretals of St. Ana- 
cletus, St. Alexander, St. Athanasius, and 
so on. They have all been proved to be 
barefaced forgeries. (See Decretals, p. 

383.) 

(43) Sanchoni'athon. At Bremen, 
in 1837, were printed nine books of San- 
choni'athon, and it was said that the 
MSS. had been discovered in the convent 
of St. Maria de Merinhao, by a colonel 
Pereira in the Portuguese army ; but it 
was ascertained that there was no such 
convent, nor any such colonel, and that 
the paper of this "ancient " MS. bore the 
water-mark of Osnabnick paper-mills. 

(44) Scriptures. (See under Apo- 
cryphal. ) 

(45) Sibylline Prophecies, twelve in 
number, manifestly a clumsy forgery of 
the sixteenth century. There are twelve 
prophecies as there were twelve apostles, 
and twelve sybils are conjured up, and 
twelve emblems. 

It would be too long to give all the details ; but those 
curious on such a matter may see them in The Historic 
Note-Book, p. 823, and on p. 834 will be seen "Sibylline 
Verses." 

(46) SlMONlDES (Constantine L. P.) 
( 1 824-1863). He palmed off numerous 
forgeries : one was a MS. of Homer on 
serpent's skin ; another was a palimpsest 
MS. of the kings of Egypt in Greek, 
professed to be by Uranius of Alexandria. 
The Academy pronounced it to be 
genuine, and the Minister of Public 
Instruction was deputed to buy it for 
5000 thalers (about £750). Professor 
Dindorf gave this MS. to the University 
of Oxford ; but it was soon discovered that 
it was a forgery, in fact, a translation in 
bad Greek of extracts from Bunsen and 
Leps us, and Tischendorf pronounced the 
palimpsest of Uranius to be a gross 
forgery. Simonides was imprisoned at 
Berlin, but was acquitted on a point of law. 



(47) Smith (Joseph). (See under 
Mormon.) Smith was murdered in 
Carthage Gaol, in 1844. 

(48) Surtees (Forgeries of). Robert 
Surtees, in 1806, palmed off on sir Walter 
Scott certain ballads of his own composi- 
tion as ancient ballads discovered by him, 
and sir W. Scoit inserted them as genuine 
in his Border Minstrelsy. One was The 
Raid of Feather stonehaugh, arising out of 
a feud between the Ridleys and the 
Featherstones, said to be taken down 
from the mouth of an old woman on 
Alston Moor. Another was a ballad 
called Lord Eusrie, which he asserted 
he took down from an old woman named 
Rose Smith of Bishop Middleham (aged 
91). A third was Barthram's Dirge, 
obtained (as he said) from Ann Douglas, 
" a withered old crone who weeded in 
his garden." A whole series of legends 
were professedly obtained from Mrs. 
Brown of Falkland ; and another series 
from Mrs. Arnut of Arbroath. (See 
Chatterton.) 

It is a very common device for poets and romancers 
to pretend that they are recounting somebody else's 
words. Sir W. Scott himself has indulged freely in this 
device, and the line of demarcation between sir Walter's 
inventions and those of Robert Surtees is very fine 
indeed ; but no one is deceived, and no mischief done 
to literature and history by a Mr. Dryasdust, but great 
mischief to both is done by the fabrications of Robert 
Surtees, unless the forgeries are exposed. 

(49) Theodosian Code (The), said to 
have been compiled by command of 
Theodosius the Younger, emperor of the 
East (401, 402-450). The reputed date 
of the code is 438. Hallam says — 

Another edict . . . annexed to the Theodosian Code 
extended the jurisdiction of bishops to all causes which 
either party chose to refer to it, even where they had 
already commenced in a secular court ; and (the edict) 
declared the bishop's sentence not subject to appeal. 
This edict has already been proved to be a forgery. 
—Middle Ages, vol. ii. p. 211. 

(50) Turpin s Chronicle or Chronique 
de rarchevique Turpin. Turpin was 
archbishop of Reims, contemporary with 
Charlemagne. The ' ' Chronicle " referred 
to is, in fact, an historic romance, having 
Charlemagne for its hero, and is full of 
marvels, such as enchanted castles, winged 
horses, magic horns, incantations, and so 
on. As a history it is worthless, but has 
been misleading. It is probably two or 
three centuries later than the era of 
Charlemagne, and, of course, the arch- 
bishop had no havid in it. Woodhead, 
the queen's librarian, tells us that pope 
Callixtus II. declared it to be authentic, 
but no scholar now believes it to be so. 

(51) Vella (Giuseppe), a literary im- 
postor, who confessed his frauds and was 
sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment 



FORGET-ME-NOTS. 



387 



FORTUNES OF NIGEL* 



in 1796. His forgery was the Codex 
Diplomatic™ Sicilia (1791). He died 
1814. 

This list, though long, is by no means exhaustive, 
and takes no notice of travellers' tales, like those of sir 
John Mandeville. 

Forget-me-nots of the Angels. 

So Longfellow calls the stars ; but "for- 
get -m6-n6ts " won't scan. 

Silently, one by one, in the infinite meadows of heaven. 
Blossomed the lovely stars, the " forget-me-nots " of 
the angels. 

Longfellow : Evangeline (1849). 

Forgive, Blest Shade . . . This 
celebrated epitaph in Brading Church- 
yard, Isle of Wight, is an altered version, 
by the Rev. John Gill (curate of New- 
church), of one originally composed by 
Mrs. Anne Steele, daughter of a Baptist 
minister at Bristol, on the death of Mr. 
Hervey. 

Forks, the gallows. (Latin, /urea.) 
Cicero (De Div., i. 26) says, " Ferens 
furcam ductus est" ("he was led forth, 
bearing his gallows "). ' ' Furcifer " was a 
slave made to carry a furca for punish- 
ment. 

Forked Cap, a bishop's mitre. 
John Skelton, speaking of the clergy, 
says — 

They graspe and they gape, 

Al to haue promocion ; There's their whole deuodon, 
With money, if it will hap. To catch the forked cap. 
Colyn Clout(time, Henry VIII.). 

Formosa. The island said by Psalm- 
anazar to be subject to the emperor of 
Japan. (See Forgers and Forgeries.) 

Fornari'na (La), the baker's daugh- 
ter, of whom Raphael was devotedly fond, 
and whose likeness appears in several of 
his pictures. Her name was Margherita, 

Forrest (George), Esq., M.A., the 
assumed name of the Rev. J. G. Wood, 
author of Every Boy's Book (185$), etc. 

For'tinbras, prince of Norway.— 

Shakespeare : Hamlet (1596). 

Fortuna'tus, a man on the brink of 
starvation, on whom Fortune offers to 
bestow either wisdom, strength, riches, 
health, beauty, or long life. He chooses 
riches, and she gives him an inexhaustible 
purse. (Seethe next two articles.) His 
gifts prove the ruin of himself and his 
sons. 

*. * This is one of the Italian tales called 
Nights, by Straparola. There is a German 
version, and a French one, as far back as 
1555. The story was dramatized in 1553 
by Hans Sachs (Sax) ; and in 1600 by 
Thomas Dekker, under the title of The 
Pleasant Comedie of Old Fortunatus. 



Ludwig Tieck, in 1816, poetized the tale 
under the title of Phantasies. 

The purse of Fortunatus could not supply you.— 
Holcroft : The Road to Ruin, i. 3 (1792). 

Fortunatus s Purse, a purse which was 
inexhaustible. It was given to Fortu- 
natus by Fortune herself. (See Serpent 
Stone.) 

Fortunatus 's Wishing-cap, a cap given 
by the sultan to Fortunatus. He had 
only to put it on his head and wish, when 
he would find himselt transported to any 
spot he liked. 

•.• Dekker wrote a comedy so called, 
based on the old romance (16.0). 

Fortune of Love, in ten books, by 
Antonio Lofrasco, a Sardinian poet. 

" By my holy office," cried the cure, "since Apollo 
was Apollo, and the Muses were the offspring of Jove, 
there never was a better or more delightful volume. 
He who has never read it has missed a fund of enter- 
tainment. Give it me, Mr. Nicholas ; I would rather 
have that book than a cassock of the very best Florence 
silk."— Cervantes: Vox Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605). 

Fortune's Frolic, a farce by Ailing- 
ham (1800). Lord Lackwit died suddenly, 
and the heir of his title and estates was 
Robin Roughhead, a poor labourer, en- 
gaged to Dolly, a cottager's daughter. 
The object of the farce is to show the 
pleasure of doing good, and the blessings 
which a little liberality can dispense. 
Robin was not spoilt by his good fortune, 
but married Dolly, and became the good 
genius of the cottage tenantry. 

Fortunes of Nigel, a novel by sir 

W. Scott (1822). This story gives an 
excellent picture of the times of James I., 
and the account of Alsatia is wholly 
unrivalled. The character of king James, 
poor, proud, and pedantic, is a masterly 
historic sketch. 

The tale is as follows : — 

The estates of lord Nigel are very 
heavily mortgaged, and James I. gives his 
sign-manual for their release. This being 
promised, the tale runs thus : Lord Dal- 
garno, a profligate young nobleman, 
takes Nigel to a gambling-house, but 
soon afterwards, being in the company 
of prince Charles, he pretends not to 
know him. Nigel, indignant at this 
insult, strikes him with his sword, and 
flees to Alsatia for refuge. Here he is 
lodged in the room of an old miser, who 
steals from Nigel's trunk the king's sign- 
manual. The old miser is murdered, and 
his treasures pass into the hands of 
Moniplies, a quondam serving-man of 
lord Nigel. Margaret Ramsay, the 
watchmaker's daughter, who is in love 
with Nigel, induces lady Hermione (qsyi,), 






FORTUNIO. 



FOSCARI. 



the unhappy wife of lord Dalgamo, to 
interfere on Nigel's behalf, and she gives 
him money to aid his escape. He flees to 
Greenwich, where he meets the king, who 
sends him to the Tower for treason. 
Moniplies pays off the ' ' mortgage " with 
the miser's money ; Nigel, being set at 
liberty, marries Margaret, and Moniplies 
marries Martha, the miser's daughter. 
(Time, James I.) 

Fortunio, one of the three daughters 
of an old lord, who at the age of four 
score was called out to join the army 
levied against the emperor of Matapa'. 
Fortunio put on military costume, and 
went in place of her father. On her way, 
a fairy gave her a horse named Com- 
rade, not only of incredible swiftness, 
but all-knowing, and endowed with 
human speech ; she also gave her an in- 
exhaustible Turkey-leather trunk, full of 
money, jewels, and fine clothes. By the 
advice of Comrade, she hired seven gifted 
servants, named Strongback, Lightfoot, 
Marksman, Fine-ear, Boisterer, Trinquet, 
and Grugeon. After performing several 
marvellous feats by the aid of her horse 
and servants, Fortunio married Alfurite 
(3 syl.) the king of her country. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales (1682). 

Fortunio s Horse, Comrade, which not 
only possessed incredible speed, but knew 
all things, and was gifted with human 
speech. 

Fortunio's Attendants. 

Trinquet drank up the lakes and ponds, and thus 
caught for his master the most delicate fish. Light- 
foot hunted down venison, and caught hares by the 
ears. As f\>r Marksman, he gave neither partridge nor 
pheasant any quarter ; and whatever game Marksman 
shot, Strongback would carry without inconvenience.— 
Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 1682). 

Fortunio's Sisters. Whatever gifts 
Fortunio sent her sisters, their touch 
rendered them immediately worthless. 
Thus the coffers of jewels and gold, ' ' be- 
came only cut glass and false pistoles" 
the momen the jealous sisters touched 
them. 

Fortunio's Turkey-leather Trunk, full 
of suits of all sorts swords, jewels, and 
gold. The fairy told Fortunio " she 
needed but to stamp with her foot, and 
call for the Turkey-leather trunk, and it 
would always come to her, full of money 
and jewels, fine linen and laces." — Com- 
tesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales ( 1682). 

Porty Thieves, also called the tale 
of " Ali Baba." These thieves lived in a 
vast cave, the door of which opened and 
■hut at the woids, "Open, SesamGl" 



" Shut, Sesame ! " One day, Ali Baba, 
a wood-monger, accidentally discovered 
the secret, and made himself rich by 
carrying off gold from the stolen hoards. 
The captain tried several schemes to dis- 
cover the thief, but was always outwitted 
by Morgia'na, the wood-cutter's female 
slave, who, with boiling oil, killed the 
whole band, and at length stabbed the 
captain himself with his own dagger. — 
Arabian Nights (" Ali Baba, or the Forty 
Thieves"). 

% A marvellous parallel is the following 
story : In the reign of Heinrich IV. of 
Germany, count Adalbert plundered the 
bishop of Treves and carried off the spoil 
to his stronghold. Tycho, one of the 
bishop's vassals, promised to avenge the 
affront ; and, knocking at the chieftain's 
door, craved a draught of water. The 
porter brought him a cup of wine, and 
Tycho said to the man, "Thank thy 
lord for his charity, and tell him he shall 
meet with his reward." Returning home, 
he provided thirty large wine-butts, into 
each of which he stowed a retainer, and 
weapons for two others. Each cask was 
carried by two men to the count's strong- 
hold, and when the door was opened, 
Tycho said to the porter, "See, 1 am 
come to redeem my promise." So 
saying, the sixty bearers carried in the 
thirty casks. When count Adalbert went 
to look at the " magnificent present," at 
a signal given by Tycho, the tops of the 
casks flew off, and the ninety armed men 
set on the count and slew him with his 
whole band of brigands. After which, 
they burnt the castle to the ground. 

Porty-five {No. 45), the celebrated 
number of Wilkes's North Britain, in 
which the ministers were accused of 
" putting a lie into the king's mouth." 

Forwards {Marshal). Blucher is so 
called for his dash and readiness to attack 
in the campaign of 1813 (1742-1819). 

Pos'cari {Francis), doge of Venice 
for thirty-five years. He saw three of his 
sons die, and the fourth, named Jac'opo, 
was banished by the Council of Ten for 
taking bribes from his country's enemies. 
The old doge also was deposed at the age 
of 84. As he was descending the " Giant 
Staircase" to take leave of his son, he 
heard the bell announce the election of 
his successor, and he dropped down dead. 

Jac'opo Fos'cari, the fourth and only 
surviving son of Francis Foscari the doge 
of Venice. He was banished for taking 



FOSS. 



389 



FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH. 



bribes of foreign princes. Jacopo had 
been several times tortured, and died soon 
after his banishment to Candia. — Byron : 
The Two Foscari (1820). 

(Verdi has taken this subject for an 
opera.) 

Foss [Corporal), a disabled soldier, 
who served many years under lieutenant 
Worthington, and remained his ordinary 
when the lieutenant retired from the ser- 
vice. Corporal Foss loved his master and 
Miss Emily the lieutenant's daughter, 
and he gloried in his profession. Though 
brusque in manner, he was tender-hearted 
as a child. — Colman : The Poor Gentle- 
man (1802). 

(Corporal Foss is modelled from " cor- 
poral Trim," in Sterne's Tristram Shandy, 
1759- ) 

Foss-way, the longest of the Roman 
roads, from Mount Michael, in Cornwall, 
to Caithness (the furthest north of Scot- 
land). Drayton says the Foss-way, Wat- 
ling Street, and Icknield Street were 
constructed by Mulmutius, son of Cloten 
king of Cornwall, who gained the sceptre 
of Britain after the period of anarchy 
which followed the murder of Porrex by 
his mother (about B.C. 700). 

The Foss exceeds me [H'atling Street] many a mile. 
That holds from shore to shore thel ength of all the isle, 
From where rich Cornwall points to the Iberian seas. 
Till colder Caithness tells the scattered Orcades. 

Drayton : Poiyotbion, xvi. (1613). 

FOSTER [Captain), on guard at 
Tully Veolan ruin. — Sir W. Scott : 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Foster, the English champion.— 
Sir W. Scott: The Lairds Jock (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Foster [Anthony), or " Tony-fire-the- 
Faggot," agent of the earl of Leicester at 
Cumnor Place. — Sir W. Scott : Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Foster [Sir John), the English war- 
den.— Sir W. Scott: The Monastery 
(time, Eliznbeth). 

Foster [Dr. James), a dissenting 
minister, who preached on Sunday even- 
ings for above twenty years (from 1728- 
1749), in Old Jewry (died 1753). 

Let modest Foster, If he will, excel 
Ten metropolitans in preaching welL 

Pope. 

Fotheringay [Miss), an actress 
whose real name is Costigan. — 
Thackeray : Pendennis (1850). 

Foul-weather Jack, commodora 
Byron (1723- 1786). 



Foundling' [The). Harriet Ray- 
mond, whose mother died in child-birth, 
was committed to the charge of a 
gouvemante, who announced to her father 
(sir Charles Raymond ) that the child was 
dead. This, however, was not true, for 
the gouvemante changed the child's 
name to Fidelia, and sold her at the age 
of 12 to one Villiard, One night, Charles 
Belmont, passing Villiard's house, heard 
the cries of a girl for help ; he rescued her 
and took her to his own home, where he 
gave her in charge to his sister Rosetta, 
The two girls became companions and 
friends, and Charles fell in love with the 
" foundling." The gouvemante, on her 
death-bed, revealed the secret to sir 
Charles Raymond, the mystery was 
cleared up, and Fidelia became the wife of 
Charles Belmont. Rosetta gave her hand 
to Fidelia's brother, colonel Raymond. — 
Edward Moore : The Foundling (1748). 

Foundling of the Forest [The). 
(See Florian, p. 376.) 

Fountain, Eellaxnore, and 
Hare'brain, suitors to lady Hartwell, 
a widow. They are the chums of Valen- 
tine the gallant, who would not be per- 
suaded to keep his estate. — Fletcher : 
Wit without Money (1639). 

Fountain of Life, Alexander Hales, 
" the Irrefragible Doctor" (*-i245). 

Fountain of Youth,, a marvellous 
fountain in the island of Bim'ini (one of 
the Baha'ma group). It had the virtue of 
restoring the aged to youth again. In the 
Middle Ages it was really believed to 
exist, and Juan Ponce' de Leon, among 
other Spanish navigators, sailed to Florida 
in search of it. 

•.•The German writers tell us, "the 
water was to be drawn before sunrise — 
down stream, silently, and usually on 
Easter Sunday." — Grimm: Teutonic 
Mythology, p. 586. 

Referunt in Borucca insula, quae ab Hlspanlola orbis 
novi MCC passuum millibus distat, fontem in vertice 
montis esse qui senes restituat, non tamen canos mutet, 
nee tollat jam contractas rugas. Cujus rei praeter 
perseverantum famam locuples testis Petrus Martyr 
Angerius Mediolanensis, a secretis Regis olim His- 
paniarum, in suis decadibus orbis nuper inventi. 
Cardanus, De Subtilitate % lib. De Elementls.— Beyer- 
linck. Lit. F., 658 B. 

• .' Sir John Mandeville asserted that 
he had himself drunk of the fountain ; 
but, if so, it certainly did not confer on 
Dim " perpetual youth." 

^[ Virgil says that Venus "breathed " 
on ^Eneas the rosy blush of youth. 

... lumenque Jurentae 
Purpureum et laetos oculia adflarat honores. 

sLruid, bk. 1 



FOUR KINGS. 



39© 



FOURTEEN. 



Pour Kings {The) of a pack of 
caxds are Charlemagne [the Franco- 
German king), David [the Jewish king), 
Alexander [the Macedonian king), and 
Caesar [the Roman king). These four 
kings are representatives of the four great 
monarchies. 

Pour Masters [The). (1) Michael 
O'Clerighe; (2) Cucoirighe O'Clerighe; 
(3) Maurice Conry ; (4) Fearfeafa Conry. 
These four masters were the authors of 
the Annals of Donegal. 

(O'Clerighe is sometimes Anglicized 
into Clerkson, and Cucoirighe into Pere- 
grine.) 

Pour Stones marked the extent of 

a tumulus. With the body of a hero was 
buried his sword and the heads of twelve 
arrows ; while on the surface of the 
tumulus was placed the horn of a deer. 

Four stones rise on the grave of CSthba, . . . Cathba, 
son of Torman, thou wert a sunbeam in Erin. — Ossian : 
Fingal, L 

Ponrberies de Scapin [Les), by 

Moliere (1671). Scapin is the valet of 
Leandre, son of seignior GeYonte (2 syl.), 
who falls in love with Zerbinette, sup- 
posed to be a gipsy, but in reality the 
daughter of seignior Argante (2 syl.), 
stolen by the gipsies in early childhood. 
Her brother Octave (2 syl. ) falls in love 
with Hyacinthe, whom he supposes to be 
Hyacinthe Pandolphe of Tarentum, but 
turns out to be Hyacinthe GeYonte, the 
sister of Leandre. Now, the gipsies de- 
mand ^1500 as the ransom of Zerbinette, 
and Octave requires ^80 for his marriage 
with Hyacinthe. Scapin obtains both 
these sums from the fathers under false 
pretences, and at the end of the comedy 
is brought in on a litter, with his head 
bound as if on the point of death. He 
begs forgiveness, which he readily obtains ; 
whereupon the "sick man" jumps from 
the litter to join the banqueters. (See 
Scapin.) 

Pourde'lis, personification of France, 
called the true love of Burbon [Henri IV. ), 
but enticed away from him by Grantorto 
[rebellion). Talus [power or might) rescues 
her, but when Burbon catches her by her 
"ragged weeds," she starts back in dis- 
dain. However, the knight lifts her on his 
steed, and rides off with her. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, v. 2 (1596). 

Pou'rierism, a communistic system ; 
so called from Charles Fourier of Besancon 
(1772-1837). 

Pourolle (2 syl.), a Will-o'-the-wisp, 



supposed to have the power of charming 
sinful human beings into the same form. 
The charm lasted for a term of years 
only, unless it chanced that some good 
catholic, wishing to extinguish the 
wandering flame, made to it the sign of 
the cross, in which case the sinful creature 
became a fourolle every night, by way of 
penance. 

She does not know the way ; she is not honest, Mons. 
Do you not know— I am afraid to say it aloud. . . . she 
Is— a fourolle?— TempU Bar (" Beside the Rille," L). 

Fourteen, the name of a young 
man who could, do the work of fourteen 
men, but had also the appetite of four- 
teen men. Like Christoph'erus, he carried 
our Lord across a stream, for which ser 
vice the Saviour gave him a sack, saying, 
"Whatever you wish for will come into 
this sack, if you only say, ' Artchila murt- 
chila ! ' " [i.e. "come (or go) into my 
sack "). Fourteen's last achievement was 
this : He went to paradise, and being re- 
fused admission, poked his sack through 
the keyhole of the door ; then crying out, 
1 ' Artchila murtchila 1" ( " Get into the 
sack "), he found himself on the other 
side of the door, and, of course, in para- 
dise. — Webster: Basque legends, 195 
(1877). 

Fourteen. This number plays a very 
conspicuous part in French history, 
especially in the reigns of Henri IV. and 
Louis XIV. For example — 

14th May, 1029, thefirst Henri was consecrated, and 
14th May, 1610, the last Henri was assassinated. 

14 letters compose the name of Henri de Bourbon, 
the 14th king of France and Navarre. 

14th December, 1553 (14 centuries, 14 decades, and 14 
years from the birth of Christ), Henri IV. was born, 
and 1553 added together = 14. 

14th May, 1554, Henri II. ordered the enlargement of 
the Rue de la Ferronnerie. This order was carried out, 
and 4 times 14 years later Henri IV. was assassinated 
there. 

14th May, 1552, was the birth of Margaret de Valois, 
first wife of Henri IV. 

14th May, 1588, the Parisians revolted against Henri 
III., under the leadership of Henri de Guise. 

14th March. 1590, Henri IV. gained the battle of 
Ivry. 

14th May, 1590, Henri IV. was repulsed from the 
faubourgs of Paris. 

14th November, 1590, " The Sixteen " took oath to 
die rather than serve the huguenot king Henri IV. 

14th November, 1592, the Paris parietnent registered 
the papal bull which excluded Henri IV. from reigning. 

14th December, 1599, the duke of Savoy was recon- 
ciled to Henri IV. 

14th September, 1606, the dauphin (Louis III.), son 
of Henri IV., was baptized. 

14th May. 1610, Ravaillac murdered Henri IV. in the 
Rue de la Ferronnerie. Henri IV. lived 4 times 14 
years 14 weeks, and 4 times 14 days, i.e. 56 years and 5 
months. 

14th May, 1643, dkd Louis XIII., son of Henri IV 
(the same day and month as his father). And 1643 
added together = 14 ; just as 1553 (the birth of Henri 
IV-) = 14- 

Louis XIV. mounted the throne 1643, whlca added 
together = 14. 

Louis XIV. died 1715, which added togethaf — 14. 



FOURTEEN HUNDRED. 



o9J 



FRANCESCA. 



Louis XIV. lived 77 yean, which added together 
"U- 

Louis XV. mounted the throne 1715. which added 
together «= 14. 

Louis XV. died 1774 (the two extremes are 14, and 
the two means 77 = 14. 

Louis XVI. published the edict for the convocation 
of the states-general in the 14th year of his reign (Sep- 
tember 27. 1788). 

Louis XVIII. was restored to the throne. Napoleon 
abdicated, the " Peace of Paris " was signed, and the 
" Congress of Vienna " met in 1814 ; and these figures 
added together = 14. 

In 1832 = 14 was the death of the due de Reichstadt 
(only son of Napoleon I ). 

1814 =14, Louis XVIII. was restored to the thron* 
of France. 

In 1S41 — 14 the law was passed for the fortification 
of Paris. 

1805 = 14, Napoleon I. made king of Italy. 

1850 — 14, Louis Philippe died. 

It may be noted in our own Royal 
Family, that on 14th December, 1861, the 
prince consort died ; 14th December, 1878, 
princess Alice died ; 14th January, 1892, 
the duke of Clarence died. 

Fourteen Hundred! the cry on 
'Change when a stranger enters the sacred 
precincts. The question is then asked, 
' ' Will you purchase my new navy five 
per cents., sir?" after which the stranger 
is hustled out without mercy. 

Pox {That), Herod Antipas (B.C. 4 to 
A.D. 39). 

Go ye, and tell that fox. Behold, I cast out devils.— 
Luke xiii. 32. 

To*. {The Old), marshal Soult (1769- 
1851). 

Fozcnase {Sir Harry), candidate 
with squire Tankard, opposed by lord 
Place and colonel Promise. — Fielding: 
Pasquin (1736). 

Foxley {Squire Matthew), a magis- 
trate who examined Darsie Latimer [i.e. 
sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet], after he 
had been attacked by the rioters. — Sir W. 
Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Fracasse {Capitaine), the French 
Bombastes Furioso. — Theophile Gautier. 

Fra Diavolo, the sobriquet of 
Michel Pozza, a Calabrian insurgent and 
brigand chief. In 1799 cardinal Ruffo 
made him a colonel in the Neapolitan 
army ; but in 1806 he was captured by the 
French, and hanged at Nnples. Auber 
has a comic opera so entitled, the libretto 
of which was written by Scribe, but 
nothing of the true character of the 
brigand chief appears in the opera. 

Fradu'bio [i.e. brother Doubt]. In 
his youth he loved Frielissa, but riding 
with her one day they encountered a 
knight, accompanied by Duessa {false 
faith), and fought to decide which lady 
was the fairer. The stranger knight fell, 



and both ladies being saddled on the 
victor, Duessa changed her rival into a 
tree. One day Fradubio saw Duessa 
bathing, and was so shocked at her de- 
formity that he determined to abandon 
her, but the witch anointed him during 
sleep with herbs to produce insensibility, 
and then planted him as a tree beside 
Fraelissa. The Red Cross Knight plucked 
a bough from this tree, and seeing with 
horror that blood dripped from the rift, 
was told this tale of the metamorphosis. 
— Spenser: Faerie Queene, i. 2 (1590). 

Frail {Lady), whose real name was 
lady Vane. Her adventures are related by 
Smollett, in his Peregrine Pickle (1751). 

Frail {Mrs. ), a demirep. Scandal said 
that she is a mixture of " pride, folly, 
affectation, wantonness, inconstancy, 
covetousness, dissimulation, malice, and 
ignorance, but a celebrated beauty " (act 
i. ). She was entrapped into marriage with 
Tattle. — Congreve : Love for Love (1695). 

Francatelli, a chef de cuisine at 
Windsor Castle, Crockford's, and at the 
Freemasons' Tavern. He succeeded Ude 
at Crockford's. (See Cooks, p. 232.) 

Frances, daughter of Vandunke 
(2 syl.) burgomaster of Bruges. — 
Fletcher : The Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Francesca, daughter of Guido da 
Polenta (lord of Ravenna). She was given 
by her father in marriage to Lanciotto, 
son of Malatesta lord of Rimini, who was 
deformed. His brother Paolo, who was 
a handsome man, won the affections of 
Francesca ; but being caught in adultery, 
both of them were put to death by Lan- 
ciotto. Francesca told Dant6 that the 
tale of Lancelot and Guinever caused her 
fall. The tale forms the close of Dante's 
Hell, v. , and is alluded to by Petrarch in 
his Triumph of Love, iii. 

(Leigh Hunt has a poem on the sub- 
ject, and Silvio Pellico has made it the 
subject of a tragedy. ) 

Francesca, a Venetian maiden, 
daughter of old Minotti governor of 
Corinth. Alp, the Venetian commander 
of the Turk sh army in the siege of 
Corinth, loved her; but she refused to 
marry a renegade. Alp was shot in the 
siege, and Francesca died of a broken 
heart. — Byron : Siege of Corinth (1816). 

Medora, Neuha, Leila, Francesca, and Theresa, it 
has been alleged, are but children of one family, with 
differences resulting from climate and circumstances.— 
Findtn : Byron Beauties. 

("Medora," in Th* Corsair; "Neu- 



FRANCESCHINI CASE. 

ha," in The Island ; " Leila," in The 
Giaour ; and " Theresa," in Mazeppa.) 

Franceschini Case, a celebrated 
cause cilebre of Italian history (1698). 
(See Ring and the Book.) 

Francesco, . the " Iago " of Mas- 
singer's Duke of Milan ; the duke Sforza 
•' the More " being " Othello ; " and the 
cause of hatred being that Sforza had se- 
duced "Eugenia," Francesco's sister. As 
Iago was Othello's favourite and ancient, 
so Francesco was Sforza's favourite and 
chief minister. During Sforza's absence 
with the camp, Franceso tried to corrupt 
the duke's beautiful young bride Marcelia, 
and, being repulsed, accused her to the 
duke of wishing to play the wanton with 
him. The duke believed his favourite 
minister, and in his mad jealousy ran 
upon Marcelia and slew her. He was 
then poisoned by Eugenia, whom he had 
seduced. — Massinger : The Duke of Milan 
(1622). (See Francisco.) 

Franchi {Antonio), the pseudonym 
of Francesco Bonavino, the Italian 
philosopher (1634-1709). In biographi- 
cal dictionaries he is best known as 
Antony Franchi. 

Francis, the faithful, devoted servant 
of " the stranger." Quite impenetrable 
to all idle curiosity. — B. Thompson : 
The Stranger (1797). 

Francis {Father), a Dominican monk, 
confessor of Simon Glover. — Sir W.Scott: 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Francis {Father), a monk of the con- 
vent at Namur. — Sir W. Scott: Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Franciscans, a religious order ; so 
called from St. Francis of Assisi, the 
founder, in 1208. The Franciscans were 
called "Min'orites" (or Inferiors), from 
their professed humility ; " Gray Friars," 
from the colour of their coarse clothing ; 
" Mendicants," because they obtained 
their daily food by begging; "Obser- 
vants," because they observed the rule 
of poverty. Those who lived in convents 
were called ' ' Conventual Friars. " 

Franciscan Sisters were called 
" Clares," " Poor Clares," " Minoresses," 
" Mendicants," and " Urbanites " (3 syl. ). 

Francisco, the son of Valentine. 
Both father and son were in love with 
Cellide (2 syl.) ; but the lady naturally 

?>refers the son. — Fletcher: Mons. Thomas 
1619). 



392 FRANKENSTEIN. 

Francisco, a musician, Antonio's boy 
in The Chances, a comedy by Fletcher 
(1620). 

Francisco, younger brother of Valen- 
tine (the gentleman who will not be 
persuaded to keep his estate). (See 
Francesco.)— Fletcher: Wit without 
Money (1639). 

Franco 'ni {King), Joachim Mura ; 
so called because his dress was so ex- 
ceedingly showy that he reminded one of 
the fine dresses of Franconi the mounte- 
bank (1767-1815). 

Fran guest an, famous for enamel. 

Of complexion more fair than the enamel of Fran- 
guestan.— Beckford: Vathtk (1784). 

Frank, sister to Frederick; passion- 
ately in love with captain Jac'omo the 
woman-hater. — Beaumont and Fletcher: 
The Captain (1613). 

Beaumont died 1616. 

Frank Mildmay, or The Naval 
Officer, a novel by captain Marryat (1829). 

*." It is said that Frank Mildmay is 
the author himself. 

Frankenstein (3 syl.), a student, 
who constructed, out of the fragments of 
bodies picked from churchyards and 
dissecting-rooms, a human form without 
a soul. The monster had muscular 
strength, animal passions, and active life, 
but "no breath of divinity." It longed 
for animal love and animal sympathy, but 
was shunned by all. It was most power- 
ful for evil, and, being fully conscious ot 
its own defects and deformities, sought 
with presistency to inflict retribution on 
the young student who had called it into 
being. The monster feels that he is un- 
like otner human beings, and in revenge 
murders the friend, the brother, and the 
bride of his creator. He tries to murder 
Frankenstein, but he escapes. The 
monster hides himself from the eye of 
man, in the Ultima Thule of the habit- 
able globe, and slays Frankenstein on his 
way home. — Mrs. Shelley : Frankenstein 
(1817). 

*.' It is a great pity that Mrs. Shelley 
has not given the monster a name. This 
anonimiiy has caused it to be called 
" Frankenstein," which, of course, is 
quite wrong. 

In the summer of 1816, lord Byron and Mr. and Mrs. 
Shelley resided on the banks of the lake of Geneva . . . 
and the Shelleys often passed their evenings with 
Byron, at his house at Diodati. During a week of rain, 
having amused themselves with reading German ghost 
stories, they agreed to write something in imitation of 
them. " You and I," said lord Byron to Mrs Shelley, 
" will publish ours together." He then began his tale 
of the Vampirt . . . but the most memorable part of 



FRANKFORD. 

this story-telling compact was Mrs. Shelley's wild and 
powerful romance of Frankenstein.— T. Moore: Life 
if Byron. 

Frankford {Mr. and Mrs.). Mrs. 
Frankford proved unfaithful to her mar- 
riage vow, and Mr. Frankford sent her 
to reside on one of his estates. She died 
of grief; but on her death-bed her hus- 
band went to see her, and forgave her. — 
Heywood : A Woman Killed by Kindness 
(1576 -1645). 

Franklin {Lady), the half-sister of 
sir John Vesey, and a young widow. 
Lady Franklin had an angelic temper, 
which nothing disturbed, and she really 
believed that "whatever is, is right." She 
»uld bear with unruffled feathers even 
he failure of a new cap or the disappoint- 
ment of a new gown. This paragon of 
women loved and married Mr. Graves, a 
dolorous widower, for ever sighing over 
the superlative excellences of his " sainted 
Maria," his first wife. — Lord Lytton: 
Money (1840). 

The Polish FranKlin, Thaddeus Czacki 
(1765-1813). 

Franklin of Theology (The), Andrew 
Fuller (1754-18 15). 

Franklin's Tale ( The), in Chaucer's 
Canterbury Tales, is that of " Dorigen 
and Arvir'agus." (For the tale, see 
Arviragus, p. 66.) 

Frankly {Charles), a light-hearted, 
joyous, enthusiastic young man, in love 
with Clarinda, whom he marries. — Dr. 
Hoadly : The Suspicious Husband ( 1747). 

Franval {Madame), born of a noble 
family, is proud as the proudest of the 
old French noblesse. Captain St. Alme, 
the son of a merchant, loves her daughter ; 
but the haughty aristocrat looks with 
disdain on such an alliance. However, 
her daughter Marianne is of another way 
of thinking, and loves the merchant's 
son. Her brother intercedes in her 
behalf, and madame makes a virtue of 
necessity, with as much grace as possible. 
—Holcroft : The Deaf and Dumb (1785). 

Fraser's Magazine started in 
1830. 

Fra'teret'to, a fiend, who told Edgar 
that Nero was an angler in the Lake of 
Darkness. — Shakespeare : King Lear 
(1605). 

Fraud, seen by Dante between the 
■ixth and seventh circles of the Inferno. 

His head and upper part exposed on land, 
But laid not on the shore his bestial train. 
His face the semblance of a just man's wore. 
(So khd and gracious was Us outward cheer). 



393 FREEHOLD. 

The rest was serpent all. Two shaggy claws 
Reached to the armpits, and the back and breast 
And either side were painted o'er with nodes 
And orbits. 

Dante : Hell, xvii. (1300). 

Freckles Cured. "The entrails of 
crocodiles," says Ovid, "are excellent to 
take freckles or spots from the face and 
to whiten the skin." As Pharos, an 
island in the mouth of the Nile, abounded 
in crocodiles, the poet advises those who 
are swarthy and freckled to use the 
Pharian wash. 

If swarthy, to the Pharian varnish fly. 

Ovid: Art of Love, iii. (B.C. s). 

Fred or Frederick Lewis prince of 
Wales, father of George III., was struck 
by a cricket-ball in front of Cliefden 
House, in the autumn of 1750, and died 
the following spring. It was of this 
prince that it was written, by way of 
epitaph — 

. . . And as it is only Fred, 

Who was alive, and is dead, 

Why, there's no more to be said. 

Frederick, the usurping duke, father 
of Celia and uncle of Rosalind. He was 
about to make war upon his banished 
brother, when a hermit encountered him, 
and so completely changed him that he 
not only restored his brother to his duke- 
dom, but he retired to a religious house, 
and passed the rest of his life in penitence 
and acts of devotion. — Shakespeare : As 
You Like It (1598). 

Frederick, the unnatural and licen- 
tious brother of Alphonso king of Naples, 
whose kingdom he usurped. He tried in 
vain to seduce Evan the (3 syl.), the wife 
of Valeric (For the sequel, see 
Evanthic, p. 347.)— Fletcher: A Wife 
for a Month (1624). 

Frederick {Don), a Portuguese mer- 
chant, the friend of don Felix. — Mrs. 
Centlivre: The Wonder (17 14). 

Frederick the Great in Flight. 

In 1741 was the battle of Molwitz, in 
which the Prussians carried the day, and 
the Austrians fled ; but Frederick, who 
commanded the cavalry, was put to flight 
early in the action, and thinking that all 
was lost, fled with his staff many miles 
from the scene of action. 

Frederick the Great from Molwitz deigned to run. 
Byron : Don Juan, nii. 33 (1824). 

Freeborn John, John Lilburne, the 
republican (1613-1657). 

Freehold, a grumpy, rusty, but soft- 
hearted old gentleman farmer, who hates 
all new-fangled notions, and detests 



FREELOVE. 



394 



FRIARS. 



" men of fashion." He lives in his farm- 
house with his niece and daughter. 

Aura Freehold, daughter of Freehold. 
A pretty, courageous, high-spirited lass, 
who wins the heart of Modely, a man of 
the world and a libertine. — J. P. Kemble: 
The Farm-house. 

Freelove {Lady), aunt to Harriot 
[Russet]. A woman of the world, "as 
mischievous as a monkey., and as cunning 
too " (act i. sc. i). — Colman : The Jealous 
Wife (1761). 

Free 'man [Charles), the friend of 
Lovel, whom he assists in exposing the 
extravagance of his servants. — Townley : 
High Life Below Stairs (1759). 

Free'man (Sir Charles), brother of 
Mrs. Sullen and friend of Aim well. — 
Farquhar : The Beaux' Stratagem (1705). 

Free'man (Mrs.), a name assumed 
by the duchess of Marlborough in her 
correspondence with queen Anne, who 
called herself " Mrs. Morley." 

Freemason (The lady), the Hon. 
Miss Elizabeth St. Leger (afterwards 
Mrs. Aldworth), daughter of Arthur lord 
Doneraile. In order to witness the pro- 
ceedings of a lodge held in her father's 
house, she hid herself in an empty clock- 
case ; but, being discovered, she was 
compelled to become a member of the 
craft. 

Freemasons' Buildings. St. 

Paul's Cathedral, London, in 604, and 
St. Peter's, Westminster, in 605, were 
both built by freemasons. Gundulph 
bishop of Rochester, who built White 
Tower, was a grand-master ; so was 
Peter of Colechurch, architect of Old 
London Bridge. Henry VII. 's Chapel, 
Westminster, is the work of a master 
mason. Sir Thomas Gresham, who 
planned the Royal Exchange, was also 
a master mason ; so were Inigo Jones and 
sir Christopher Wren. Covent Garden 
Theatre was founded, in 1808, by the 
prince of Wales, in his capacity of grand- 
master. 

Free'port (Sir Andrew), a London 
merchant, industrious, generous, and of 
sound good sense. He was one of the 
members of the hypothetical club under 
whose auspices the Spectator was enter- 
prised. 

Freiherr von Giitting'en, having 
collected the poor of his neighbourhood 
in a great barn, burnt them to death, and 



mocked their cries of agony. Being 
invaded by a swarm of mice, he shut 
himself up in his castle of Guttingen, in 
the lake of Constance ; but the vermin 
pursued him, and devoured him alive. 
The castle then sank in the lake, and "if 
not gone, may still be seen there." (See 
Hatto.) 

Freischu-tz (L>er), a legendary 
German archer, in league with the devil. 
The devil gave him seven balls, six of 
which were to hit with a certainty any 
mark he aimed at ; but the seventh was 
to be directed according to the will of the 
giver. — Weber: Der Freischiitz (1822). 

(The libretto is by F. Kind, taken from 
Apel's Gespensterbuch (or ghost-book), 
where the legend appeared in a poetic 
form in 1810. ) 

French Revolution ( The), a history 
in three parts, by Carlyle (1837). 

Frere. (See Friars.) 

Freron (Jean), the person bitten by 
a mad dog, referred to by Goldsmith in 
the lines — 

The man recovered of the bite ; 
The dog it was that died. 

Elegy on a Mad Dog. 
Un serpent mordit Jean Freron, eh bien \ 
Le serpent en mourut. 
Gibbon: Decline and Fall, etc., vii. 4 (Milman's notes). 

Freston, the enchanter who bore don 
Quixote especial ill-will. When the 
knight's library was destroyed, he was 
told that some enchanter had carried off 
the books and the cupboard which con- 
tained them. The niece thought the 
enchanter's name was Munaton ; but the 
don corrected her, and said, " You mean 
Freston." "Yes, yes," said the niece, 
" I know the name ended in ton" 

"That Freston," said the knight, "is doing me all 
the mischief his malevolence can invent ; but I regard 
him not."— Ch. 7. 

" That cursed Freston," said the knight, "who stole 
my closet and books, has transformed the giants into 
windmills" (ch. 8).— Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. i. 
(1605). 

Friar of Orders Gray (The), a 
ballad. 

Percy, In his Reliques (bk. ii. 18), says, " Dispersed 
through Shakespeare's plays are innumerable little 
fragments of ancient ballads . . . The editor (of the 



Rcliques) was tempted to select some of them, and 
with a few supplementary stanzas to connect them to- 
gether. . . . One small fragment was taken from Beau- 
mont and Fletcher. 

N.B.— The Hermit, by Goldsmith (1765), was pub- 
lished before Percy's Friar 0/ Orders Gray. The two 
are very much alike. (See EDWIN AND ANGELINA, 
p. 315) 

Friars. The four great religious 
orders were Dominicans, Franciscans, 
Augustines, and Car'meiViSs (3 syl.). 



FRIAR'S TALE. 



395 



FRITHIOF. 



Dominicans are called black friars, Fran- 
ciscans gray friars, and the other two 
white friars. A fifth order was the 
Trinitarians or Crutched friars, a later 
foundation. The Dominicans were fur- 
thermore called Fratres Majores, and the 
Franciscans Fratres Minores. 

(For friars famed in fable and story, 
see under each respective name or pseu- 
donym.) 

Friar's Tale {The), by Chaucer, in 
The Canterbury Tales (1388). An arch- 
deacon employed a sumpnour as his 
secret spy to find out offenders, with the 
view of exacting fines from them. In 
order to accomplish this more effectually, 
the sumpnour entered into a compact 
with the devil disguised as a yeoman. 
Those who imprecated the devil were to 
be dealt with by the yeoman-devil, and 
those who imprecated God were to be 
the sumpnour's share. They came in 
time to an old woman "of whom they 
knew no wrong," and demanded twelve 
pence "for cursing." She pleaded 
poverty, when the sumpnour exclaimed, 
' ' The foul fiend fetch me if I excuse 
thee ! " and immediately the foul fiend 
at his side did seize him, and made off 
with him. 

Fribble, a contemptible molly- 
coddle, troubled with weak nerves. He 
' ' speaks like a lady for all the world, and 
never swears. . . . He wears nice white 
gloves, and tells his lady-love what 
ribbons become her complexion, where 
to stick her patches, who is the best 
milliner, where they sell the best tea, 
what is the best wash for the face, and 
the best paste for the hands. He is 
always playing with his lady's fan, and 
showing his teeth." He says when he is 
married — 

All the domestic business will be taken from my 
wife's hands. I shall make the tea, comb the dogs, and 
dress the children myself." — Garrick : Miss in Her 
Teens, ii. (1753). 

Friday (My Man), a young Indian, 
whom Robinson Crusoe saved from death 
on a Friday, and kept as his servant and 
companion on the desert island. — Defoe: 
Robinson Crusoe (1709)- 

Friday Street (London). So called 
because it was the street of fishmongers, 
who served the Friday markets. — Stow. 

Friday Tree (A), atrial, misfortune, 
or cross; so called from the "accursed 
tree " on which the Saviour was crucified 
on a Friday. 



Friend {The Poor Man's), Nell 
Gwynne (1642-1691). 

Friend of Man (The), the marquis 
de Mirabeau ; so called from one of his 
books, entitled L'Ami des Hommes {1715- 
1789). 

Friends. 

Frenchmen : Montaigne and Etienne de 
la Boe'tie. 

Germans: Goethe and Schiller. (See 
Carlyle's Schiller, p. 108. ) 

Greeks : Achillas and Patroclos ; 
Diqmed£s and Sthen'alos ; Epaminondas 
and Pelop'idas ; Harmo'dios and Aristo- 
gi'ton ; HerculSs and Iola'os ; Idomeneus 
(4 syl. ) and Merlon ; PyTades and Ores'- 
tis ; Septim'ios and Alcander ; Theseus 
(2 syl.) and Pirith'oos. 

Jews: David and Jonathan ; Christ 
and the beloved disciple. 

Syracusians : Damon and Pythias ; 
Sacharissa and Amoret. 

Trojans : Nisus and Eury'alus. 

Of Feudal History: Amys and Amy- 
lion. 

Miscellaneous: Braccio (sometimes 
called Fra Bartolomeo) and Mariotto, 
artists ; Basil and Gregory ; Burke and 
Dr. Johnson ; Hadrian and Antinous 
(4 syl.) ; F. D. Maurice and C. Kingsley ; 
William of Orange and Bentinck. (See 
Macaulay's History, voL i. 411, two-voL 
edit.) 

Friendly (Sir Thomas), a gouty 
baronet living at Friendly Hall. 

Lady Friendly, wife of sir Thomas. 

Frank Friendly, son of sir Thomas and 
fellow-collegian with Ned Blushington. 

Dinah Friendly, daughter of sir 
Thomas. She marries Edward Blushing- 
ton " the bashful man." — Moncrieff: The 
Bashful Man. 

Friendships Broken. 

Queen Elizabeth and the earl of Essex. 
Henry II. and Thomas Becket. 
Henry VIII. and Wolsey. 
J. H. Newman and Whately. 
Pope Innocent III. and Otho IV. 
(See Milman's Latin Christianity, v. 234.) 

Friendships (Romantic). The most 
striking are those of Pyladgs and Orestes, 
and of Damon and Pythias. 

Frithiof [Frit-yof], a hero of Ice- 
landic story. He married Ingeborg 
[/n-ge-boy'e], daughter of a petty Norwe- 
gian king, and the widow of Hring. His 
adventures are recorded in an ancient 
Icelandic saga of the thirteenth century. 



FRITZ. 396 

V Bishop Tegner has made this story 
the groundwork of his poem entitled The 
Frithiofs Saga. 

Frithiofs Sword, Angurva'deL 
•.• Frithiof means " peacemaker," and 
Angurvadel means " stream of anguish." 

Fritz {Old), Frederick II. "the Great," 
king of Prussia (1712, 1740-1786). 

Fritz, a gardener, passionately fond of 
flowers, the only subject he can talk 
about. — Stirling : The Prisoner of State 
(1847). 

Frog" {Nic), the linen-draper. The 
Dutch are so called in Arbuthnot's History 
of John Bull (1712). 

Nic. Frog was a cunning, sly rogue, quite the reverse 
of John [Bull] in many particulars ; covetous, frugal ; 
minded domestic affairs ; would pinch his belly to save 
his pocket ; never lost a farthing by careless servants or 
bad debts. He did not care much for any sort of 
diversions, except tricks of high German artists and 
legerdemain ; no man exceeded Nic. in these. Yet it 
must be owned that Nic. was a fair dealer, and in that 
way acquired immense riches.— Dr. Arbutknot : His- 
tory of John Bull, v. (1712). 

*.• "Frogs" are called Dutch night- 
ingales. 

It is a mistake to suppose the French 
are intended by this sobriquet. 

Frolicsome Duke {The), a ballad 
in Percy's Reliques (bk. ii. 17). A duke, 
wanting diversion, went out one night and 
saw a tinker, dead drunk, fast asleep on 
a bench. He told his servants to take 
him to the mansion, put him to bed, and 
next morning to treat him as a duke. 
The tinker was amazed ; but at night, after 
being well swilled with potent liquor, he 
fell asleep, and being clad in his own 
clothes, was carried to the bench again. 
He thought the whole had been a dream ; 
and the last delusion was as diverting as 
the first. 

If This trick is an incident in the " In- 
duction " of Shakespeare's Taming of the 
Shrew ; is told in Burton's Anatomy of 
Melancholy (pt. ii. 2) ; and was played by 
Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy. 

Frollo {Claude), an archdeacon, ab- 
sorbed by a search after the philosopher's 
stone. He has a great reputation for 
sanctity, but entertains a base passion 
for Esmeralda, the beautiful gipsy girl. 
Quasimodo flings him into the air from 
the top of Notre Dame, and dashes him to 
death. — Victor Hugo: Notre Dame de 
Paris (1831). 

Fronde War {The), a political 
squabble during the ministry of Maz'- 
arin in the minority of Louis XIV. (1648- 
i653)- 



FROTH. 

Frondeur, a "Mrs. Candour," • 
backbiter, a railer, a scandal-monger ; any 
one who flings stones at another. (French, 
frondeur, " a slinger, " fronde, " a sling.") 

"And what about Diebitscht" began another 
frondeur.— Ve"ra, 200. 

Frondeurs, the malcontents in the 
Fronde war. 

They were like schoolboys who sling stones about the 
streets. When no eye is upon them they are bold a3 
bullies ; but the moment a ' ' policeman " approaches, off 
they scamper to any ditch for concealment.— Montglat. 

Front de Bceuf {Sir Reginald), a 
follower of prince John of Anjou, and 
one of the knight's challengers. He tries 
to extort money from Isaac the Jew, and 
bids two slaves to chain him to the bars 
of a slow fire, but they are disturbed in this 
diabolical plot by the bugle's sound. — 
Sir W. Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.J. 

Frontaletto, the name of Sa'cri- 
pant's horse. The word means " Little 
head. " — A riosto : Orlando Furioso { 1516). 

Front i'no, the horse of Brada- 
man'te {\syl.). Roge'ro's horse bore the 
same name. The word means "Little 
head." — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (1516). 

The renowned Frontino, which Bradamante pur- 
chased at so high a price, could never be thought thy 
equal [i.e. Rosinante"s equal}.— Cervantes : Don 
Quixote (1605). 

Frost {Jack), Frost personified. 

Jack Frost looked forth one still, clear night, 
And he said, " Now I shall be out of sight, 
So over the valley and over the height 
In silence I'll take my way." 

Miss Gould. 

Froth {Master), a foolish gentleman. 
Too shallow for a great crime and too light 
for virtue. — Shakespeare : Measure for 
Measure (1603). 

Froth {Lord), a good boon com- 
panion ; but he vows that " he laughs at 
nobody's jests but his own or a lady's." 
He says, " Nothing is more unbecoming 
a man of quality than a laugh ; 'tis such 
a vulgar expression of the passion ; every 
one can laugh." To lady Froth he is 
most gallant and obsequious, though her 
fidelity to her liege lord is by no means 
immaculate. 

Lady Froth, a lady of letters, who writes 
songs, elegies, satires, lampoons, plays, 
and so on. She thinks her lord the most 
polished of all men, and his bow the 
pattern of grace and elegance. Lady 
Froth writes an heroic poem called The 
Syllabub, the subject of which is lord 
Froth's love to herself. In this poem she 
calls her lord "Spumoso" {Froth), and 
herself "Biddy" (her own name). Her 
conduct with Mr. Brisk is most blamablo, 
— Congreve: The Double Dealer (1700). 



FROTHAL. 

Frothal, king of Sora, and son of 
Annir. Being driven by tempest to 
Sarno, one of the Orkney Islands, he is 
hospitably entertained by the king, and 
falls in love with Coma'la, daughter of 
Starno king of Inistore or the Orkneys. 
He would have carried Comala off by 
violence, but her brother Cathulla inter- 
fered, bound him, and, after keeping him 
in bonds for three days, sent him out of 
the island. When Starno was gathered 
to his fathers, Frothal returned and laid 
siege to the palace of Cathulla ; but Fin- 
gal, happening to arrive at the island, met 
Frothal in single combat, overthrew him, 
and would have slain him, if Utha his 
betrothed (disguised in armour) had not 
interposed. When Fingal knew that 
Utha was Frothal's sweetheart, he not 
only spared the foe, but invited both 
Frothal and Utha to his palace, where 
they passed the night in banquet and 
song. — Ossian: Carric-Thura. 

Fruit at a Call. In the tale of 
" The White Cat," one of the fairies, in 
order to supply a certain queen with ripe 
fruit, put her fingers in her mouth, blew 
three times, and then cried — 

"Apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums, cherries, 
pears, melons, grapes, apples, oranges, citrons, goose- 
berries, currants, strawberries, raspberries, and all sorts 
of fruit ; come at my call ! " . . . And they came rolling 
in without injury. — ComUsse D'Aubioy, Fairy Tales 
{" The White Cat," 1682): 

Fuar'f ed (3 syl. ), an island of Scan- 
dinavia. 

Fudge Family ( The), a family sup- 
posed by T. Moore to be visiting Paris 
after the peace. It consists of Phil Fudge, 
Esq. , his son Robert, his daughter Biddy, 
and a poor relation named Phelim Con- 
nor (an ardent Bonapartist and Irish 
patriot) acting as bear-leader to Bob. 
These four write letters to their friends 
in England. The skit is meant to sa- 
tirize the pmrvenu English abroad. 

Phil Fudge, Esq., father of Bob and 
Biddy Fudge ; a hack writer devoted 
to legitimacy and the Bourbons. He 
is a secret agent of lord Castlereagh 
[Kar 1 sl-ray], to whom he addresses letters 
li. and ix. He points out to his lordship 
that Robert Fudge will be very glad to 
receive a snug Government appointment, 
and hopes that his lordship will not fail to 
bear him in mind. Letter vi. he addresses 
to his brother, showing how the Fudge 
family is prospering, and ending thus — 

Should we but stUl enjoy the sway 

Of Sidmouth and of Castlereagh, 

I hope ere long to see the day 

When England's wisest statesmen, Judges, 

Lawyers, peers, will all bo— FUDGHS, 



397 



FUM. 



Miss Biddy Fudge, a sentin. ental girt 
of 18, in love with "romances, high bon- 
nets, and Mde le Roy." She writes 
letters i., v., x., and xii., describing to 
her friend Dolly or Dorothy the sights 
of Paris, and especially how she be- 
comes acquainted with a gentleman 
whom she believes to be the king of 
Prussia in disguise ; but afterwards she 
discovers that her disguised king calls 
himself " colonel Calicot." Going with 
her brother to buy some handkerchiefs, 
her visions of glory are sadly dashed 
when ' ' the hero she fondly had fancied 
a king " turns out to be a common linen- 
draper. " There stood the vile trea- 
cherous thing, with the yard-measure in 
his hand." ". One tear of compassion for 
your poor heart-broken friend. P.S. — 
You will be delighted to know we are 
going to hear Brunei to-night, and have 
obtained the governor's box ; we shall all 
enjoy a hearty good laugh, I am sure." 

Bob or Robert Fudge, son of Phil Fudge, 
Esq. , a young exquisite of the first water, 
writes letters iii. and viii. to his friend 
Richard. These letters describe how 
French dandies dress, eat, and kill time. 
— T. Moore (1818). 

(A sequel, called The. Fudge Family in 
England, was published.) 

Fulgentio, a kinsman of Roberto 
(king of the Two Sicilies). He was the 
most rising and most insolent man in the 
court. Cami'ola calls him "a suit- 
broker," and says he had the worst report 
among all good men for bribery and ex- 
tortion. This canker obtained the king's 
leave for his marriage with Cami61a, and 
he pleaded his suit as a right, not a favour ; 
but the lady rejected him with scorn, and 
Adoni killed the arrogant ' ' sprig of no- 
bility " in a duel. — Massinger: The Maid 
of Honour (1637). 

Fulxner, a man with many shifts, 
none of which succeeded. He says — 

"I have beat through every quarter of the compass 
... I have blustered for prerogative ; I have bellowed 
for freedom ; I have offered to serve my country ; I 
have engaged to betray it ... I have talked treason, 
writ treason . . . And here I set upas a bookseller, but 
men leave off reading ; and if I were to turn butcher, I 
believe . . . they'd leave off eating."— Cumberland : 
The West Indian, act ii. sc. i (1771). 

Patty Fulmer, an unprincipled, flashy 
woman, living with Fulmer, with the 
brevet rank of wife. She is a swindler, 
a scandal-monger, anything, in short, to 
turn a penny by ; but her villainy brings 
her to grief. — Cumberland ; ditto. 

Fum, George IV. The Chinese fum 
is a mixture of goose, stag, and snake, 



FUM-HOAM. 



3<* 



GABRIEL. 



with the beak of a cock ; a combination 
of folly, cowardice, malice, and conceit, 

And where is Fum the Fourth, our royal bird T 
Byron : Don Juan, xi. 78 (1824). 

Fnm-Hoam, the mandarin who re- 
stored Malek-al-Salem king of Georgia 
to his throne, and related to the king's 
daughter Gulchenraz [Gundogdi] his 
numerous metamorphoses : He was first 
Piurash, who murdered Siamek the 
usurper ; then a flea ; then a little dog ; 
then an Indian maiden named Massouma ; 
then a bee ; then a cricket ; then a mouse ; 
then Abzenderoud the imaum ' ; then the 
daughter of a rich Indian merchant, the 
jezdad of Iolcos, the greatest beauty of 
Greece ; then a foundling found by a 
dyer in a box ; then DugmS queen of 
Persia ; then a young woman named 
Hengu ; then an ape ; then a midwife's 
daughter of Tartary ; then the only son 
of the sultan of Agra ; then an Arabian 
physician ; then a wild man named Kolao ; 
then a slave ; then the son of a cadi of 
Erzerum ; then a dervise ; then an Indian 
prince ; and lastly Fum-Hoam. — T. S. 
Gueulette: Chinese Tales (1723). 

Fnm-Houm, first president of the 
ceremonial academy of Pekin. — Gold- 
smith: Citizen of the World (1764) 

Ftun.it ory ( ' ' earth-smoke " ) , once 
thought to be beneficial for dimness of 
sight. 

[The htrmit] fumitory gets and eye-bright for the eye 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Fungfo'so, a character in Ben Jon- 
son's drama, Every Man in His Humour 
(XS98). 

Unlucky as Fungoso in the play. 

Pope : Essay on Criticism, 328 (1711). 

Furini {Francis), a Florentine painter 
(1600), who at the age of 40 became a 
priest. — Browning; Parleyings with Cer- 
tain People. 

Furor [intemperate anger], a mad man 
of great strength, the son of Occasion. 
Sir Guyon, the " Knight of Temperance," 
overcomes both Furor and his mother, 
and rescues Phaon from their clutches. — 
Spenser : Faerie Queene, ii. 4 (1590). 

Fusber'ta, the sword of Rinaldo. — 
Ariosto : Orlando Furiso (1516). 

Fus'bos, minister of state to Artax- 
am'inous king of Uto'pia. When the 
king cuts down the boots which Bombast6s 
has hung defiantly on a tree, the general 
engages the king in single combat, and 
«lay« him. Fusbos, then coming up, 



kills Bombast£s, "who conquered all but 
Fusbos, Fusbos him." At the close of 
the farce, the slain ones rise one after 
the other and join the dance, promising 
"to die again to-morrow," if the audience 
desires it. — Rhodes : Bombast&s Furioso. 

Fus'bos, a name assumed by Henry 
Plunkett, an early contributor to Punch. 

Fy'rapel (Sir), the leopard, the 
nearest kinsman of king Lion, in the 
beast-epic of Reynard the Fox, by Hein- 
rich von Alkmann (1498). 



Gabble Retchet, a cry like that of 

hounds, heard at night, foreboding trouble. 
Said to be the souls of unbaptized chil- 
dren wandering through the air till the 
day of judgment. 

Gabor, an Hungarian who aided 
Ulric in saving count Stral'enheim from 
the Oder, and was unjustly suspected of 
being his murderer. — Byron; Werner 
(1822). 

Gabriel (2 or 3 syl.), according to 
Milton, is called "chief of the angelic 
guards " (Paradise Lost, iv. 549) ; but in 
bk. vi. 44, etc., Michael is said to be " of 
celestial armies prince," and Gabriel " in 
military prowess next." 

Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince : 
And thou in military prowess next, 
Gabriel ; lead forth to battle these my sons 
Invincible. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, vi. 44, etc. {1665). 

•.* Gabriel is also called "The Mes- 
senger of the Messiah," because he was 
sent by the Messiah to execute His orders 
on the earth. He is referred to in Dan. 
viii. 16 ; ix. 21 ; and in Luke i. 19, 26. 

Gabriel (according to the Koran and 
Sale's notes) — 

1. It is from this angel that Ma- 
homet professes to have received the 
Koran ; and he acts the part of the Holy 
Ghost in causing believers to receive the 
divine revelation. — Ch. ii. 

2. It was the angel Gabriel that won 
the battle of Bedr. Mahomet's forces 
were 319, and the enemy's a thousand ; 
but Gabriel (i) told Mahomet to throw 
a handful of dust in the air, and on so 
doing the eyes of the enemy were "con- 
founded ; " (2) he caused the army of 
Mahomet to appear twice as many as 



GABRIEL LAJEUNNESSE. 399 



GAIOUR. 



the army opposed to it ; (3) he brought 
from heaven 3000 angels, and, moun ed 
on his horse Hai'zum, led them against 
the foe. — Ch. iii. 

3. Gabriel appeared twice to Mahomet 
in his angelic form : first " in the highest 
part of the horizon," and next "by the 
lote tree " on the right hand of the throne 
of God.— Ch. liv. 

4. Gabriel's horse is called Hai'zum, 
and, when the golden calf was made, a 
little of the dust from under this horse's 
feet being thrown into its mouth, the calf 
began to low, and received life. — Ch. ii. 

Gabriel (according to other legends) — 

The Persians call Gabriel " the angel 
of revelations," because he is so fre- 
quently employed by God to carry His 
messages to man. 

The Jews call Gabriel their enemy, 
and the messenger of wrath ; but Michael 
they call their friend, and the messenger 
of all good tidings. 

In mediaeval romance, Gabriel is the 
second of the seven spirits which stand 
before the throne of God, and he is 
frequently employed to carry the prayers 
of man to heaven, or bring the messages 
of God to man. 

Longfellow, in the Golden Legend, 
makes Gabriel " the angel of the moon," 
and says that he " brings to man the gift 
of hope." 

Gabriel Lajeunnesse, son of Basil 
the blacksmith of Grand Pre\ in Acadia 
(now Nova Scotia). He was legally 
plighted to Evangeline, daughter of Bene- 
dict Bellefontaine (the richest farmer of 
the village) ; but next day all the in- 
habitants were exiled by order of George 
II., and their property confiscated. 
Gabriel was parted from his troth-plight 
wife, and Evangeline spent her whole 
life in trying to find him. After many 
wanderings, she went to Pennsylvania, 
and became a sister of mercy. The plague 
visited this city, and in the almshouse the 
sister saw an old man stricken down by 
the pestilence. It was Gabriel. He tried 
to whisper her name, but died in the 
attempt. He was buried, and Kvangeline 
lies beside him in the grave. — Longfellow : 
Evangeline (1849). 

Gabrielle (Charmante), or La Belle 
Gabrielle, daughter of Antoine d'Estrees 
(grand-master of artillery and governor 
of the He de France). Henri IV. (1590) 
happened to stay for the night at the 
chateau de Coeuvres, and fell in love with 
Gabrielle, then 19 years old. To throw 



a veil over his intrigue, he gave her in 
marriage to Damerval de Liancourt, 
created her duchess of Beaufort, and 
took her to live with him at court. 

(The song beginning "Charmante 
Gabrielle . . ."is ascribed to Henri IV.) 

Gabri'na, wife of Arge'o baron of 
Servia, tried to seduce Philander, a Dutch 
knight ; but Philander fled from the 
house, where he was a guest. She then 
accused him to her husband of a wanton 
insult ; and Argeo, having apprehended 
him, confined him in a dungeon. One 
day, Gabrina visited him there, and im- 
plored him to save her from a knight who 
sought to dishonour her. Philander 
willingly espoused her cause, and slew 
the knight, who proved to be her hus- 
band. Gabrina then told her champion 
that if he refused to marry her, she would 
accuse him of murder to the magistrates. 
On this threat he married her, but ere 
long was killed by poison. Gabrina now 
wandered about the country as an old 
hag, and being fastened on Odori'co, was 
hung by him to the branch of an elm. — 
Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Gabriolet'ta, governess of Brittany, 
rescued by Am'adis de Gaul from the 
hands of Balan ("the bravest and 
strongest of all giants"). — Vasco de 
Lobeira ; Amadis de Gaul, iv. 129 (four- 
teenth century). 

Gadshill, a companion of sir John 
Falstaff. This thief receives his name 
from a place called Gadshill, on the 
Kentish road, notorious for the many 
robberies committed there. — Shakespeare ; 
1 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4 (1597). 

(Charles Dickens resided at Gadshill 
for several years. ) 

GaTieris (Sir), son of Lot (king of 
Orkney) and Morgause (king Arthur's 
sister). Being taken captive by sir 
Turquine, he was liberated by sir 
Launcelot du Lac. One night, sir Gaheris 
caught his mother in adultery with sir 
Lamorake, and, holding her by the hair, 
struck off her head. 

" Alas I said sir Lamorake, " why have you slain your 
own mother? With more right should ye have slain 
me." . . . And when it was known that sir Gaheris had 
slain his mother, king Arthur was passing wroth, and 
commanded him to leave his court. — Sit T. Malory : 
History of Prince Arthur, ii. 109 (1470). 

Gaiour [Djmv. V], emperor of China, 
and father of Badour'a (the " most beau- 
tiful woman ever seen upon earth"). 
Badoura married Camaral'zaman, the 
most beautiful of men. — Arabian Nighn 



GALAHAD. 

(•* Camaralzaman and Badoura"). (See 
Giaour.) 

Galahad (Sir), the chaste son of sir 
I^auncelot and the fair Elaine (king 
Pellgs's daughter, pt. iii. 2), and thus was 
fulfilled a prophecy that she should be- 
come the mother of the noblest knight 
that was ever born. Queen Guenever 
says that sir Launcelot "came of the 
eighth degree from our Saviour, and sir 
Galahad is of the ninth . . . and, there- 
fore, be they the greatest gentlemen of all 
the world" (pt. iii. 35). His sword was 
that which sir Balin released from the 
maiden's scabbard (see Balin), and his 
shield belonged to king Euelake (Evelake), 
who received it from Joseph of Arimathy. 
It was a snow-white shield, on which 
Joseph had made a eross with his blood 
(pt. iii. 39). After divers adventures, sir 
Galahad came to Sarras, where he was 
made king, was shown the sangraal by 
Joseph of Arimathy, and even " took the 
Lord's body between his hands," and 
died. Then suddenly "a great multitude 
of angels did bear his soul up to heaven," 
and "sithence was never no man that 
could say he had seen the sangreal" 
(pt. iii. 103). 

'.■ Sir Galahad was the only knight 
who could sit in the " Siege Perilous," a 
seat in the Round Table reserved for the 
knight destined to achieve the quest of 
the holy graal, and no other person could 
sit in it without peril of his life (pt. iii. 32). 
He also drew from the iron and marble 
rock the sword which no other knight 
could release (pt. iii. 33). His great 
achievement was that of the holy graal. 
Whatever other persons may say of this 
mysterious subject, it is quite certain that 
the Arthurian legends mean that sir 
Galahad saw with his bodily eyes and 
touched with his hands "the incarnate 
Saviour," reproduced by the consecration 
of the elements of bread and wine. Other 
persons see the transformation by the eye 
of faith only, but sir Galahad saw it 
bodily with his eyes. 

Then the bishop took a wafer, which was made in the 
likeness of bread, and at the lifting up [the elevation of 
the host~\ there came a figure in the likeness of a child, 
and the visage was as red and as bright as fire ; and he 
smote himself into that bread ; so they saw that the 
bread was formed of a fleshly man, and then he put it 
into the holy vessel again . . . then [the bishop] took 
the holy vessel and came to sir Galahad as he kneeled 
down, and there he received his Saviour . . . then 
went he and kissed sir Bors . . . and kneeled at the 
table and made his prayers ; and suddenly his soul 
departed . . . and a great multitude of angels bear his 
soul to heaven. — Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, iii. 101-103 (147°)- 

N.B.— Sir Galahalt the son of sir 



400 



GALATEA. 



Brewnor, must not be confounded with 
sir Galahad the son of sir Launcelot. 

Galahalt (Sir), called "The Haul 
Prince," son of sir Brewnor. He was one 
of the knights of the Round Table. 

N.B. — This knight must not be con- 
founded with sir Galahad the son of sir 
Launcelot and Elaine (daughter of king 
Pelles). 

Gal'antyse (3 syl.), the steed givei 
to Graunde Amoure by king Melyzyus. 

And I myselfe shall give you a worthy stede, 
Called Galantyse, to help you in your nede. 
If awes: The Passe-tyme qfPlesure, xxviii. (1515). 

Ga'laor (Don), brother of Am'adis of 
Gaul. A desultor amoris, who, as don 
Quixote says, " made love to every pretty 
girl he met." His adventures form a 
strong contrast to those of his more 
serious brother. — Amadis of Gaul (four- 
teenth century). 

A barber in the village insisted that nona equalled 
"The Knight of the Sun" [i.e. Arnadis], except don 
Galaor his brother. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, I. L 1 

(1605). 

Gal'apas, a giant of " marvellous 
height" in the army of Lucius king of 
Rome. He was slain by king Arthur. 

[Kin g Arthur] slew a great giant named Galapas . . . 
He shortened him by smiting off both his legs at the 
knees, saying, " Now art thou better of a size to deaj 
with than thou wert." And after, he smote off his 
head.— Sir T. Malory: History of Prince Arthur, 
i. us (i47<>)- 

Galapli'ron or Gallaphrone (3 
syl.), a king of Cathay, father of An- 
gelica. — Bojardo : Orlando Innamorato 
(1495); Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

When Agrican . . . besieged Albracca . . . 
The city of Gallaphrone, whence to win 
The fairest of her sex, Angelica. 

Milton : Paradise Regained, iii. 11671). 

Galasp, or rather George Gillespie, 
mentioned by Milton in Sonnet, x., was 
a Scottish writer against the indepen- 
dents, and one of the "Assembly of 
Divines " (1583-1648). 

Galate'a, a sea-nymph, beloved by 
Polypheme (3 syl.). She herself had a 
heartache for Acis. The jealous giant 
crushed his rival under a huge rock, and 
Galatea, inconsolable at the loss of her 
lover, was changed into a fountain. The 
word Galatea is used poetically for any 
rustic maiden. 

( Handel has an opera called Acis and 
Galatea, 17 10,) 

Galatea. A statue made by Pyg- 
malion, which became animated, caused 
much mischief by her want of worldly 
knowledge, and returned to her original 
state. (See Frankenstein, p. 392.)^ 
Gilbert: Pygmalion and Galatea (1871). 






GALATEA. 



401 



Galate'a, a wise and modest lady at- 
tending on the princess in the drama of 
Philaster, or Love Lies a-bleeding, by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1608). 

Galathe'a and Pliillida, two girls 
who meet in fancy costume, and fall in love 
with each other. — Lily: Galathea (1592). 

Gal'atine (3 syl.), the sword of sir 
Gaw'ain, king Arthur's nephew. — Sir T. 
Malory: History of Prince Arthur, i. 93 
(1470). 

Galbraitli {Major Duncan), of Gars- 
chattachin, a militia officer. — Sir IV. 
Scott: Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Galen, an apothecary, a medical man 
(in disparagement). Galen was the most 
celebrated physician of ancient Greece, 
and had a greater influence on medical 
science than any other man before or 
since (a.d. 130-200). 

Unawed, young Galen bears the hostile brunt. 
Pills in his rear, and Cullen in his front. 

IV. Falconer : The Midshipman. 

(Dr. William Cullen, of Hamilton, 
Lanarkshire, author of Nosology, 1712- 
1790.) 

Galenical Medicines, herbs and 
drugs in general, in contradistinction to 
minerals recommended by Paracel'sus. 

Gal'enist, a herb doctor. 

The GalSnist and Paracelsian. 

5. Butler : Hudibras, HL 3 (1678). 

Galeopsis, from two Greek words, 
g alt opsis, ' ' a cat's face ; " so called 
because the flowers resemble the picture 
of a cat's face. 

Galeotti Marti valle (Martius), 
astrologer of Louis XI. Being asked by 
the superstitious king if he knew the day 
of his own death, the crafty astrologer 
replied that he could not name the exact 
day, but he had learnt thus much by his 
art — that it would occur just twenty-four 
hours before the decease of his majesty 
(ch. xxix.).— Sir W. Scott: Quentin Dur- 
ward (time, Edward IV.). 

1T Thrasullus the soothsayer made 
precisely the same answer to Tibe'rius 
emperor of Rome. 

Galera'na is called by Ariosto the 
wife of Charlemagne; but the nine wives 
of that emperor are usually given as 
Hamiltrude (3 syl.), Desidera'ta, Hil'de- 
garde (3 syl.), Fastrade (2 syl.), Luit- 
garde, Maltegarde, Gersuinde, Regi'na, 
and Adalin'da. — Ariosto: Orlando Fu- 
rioso, xxi. (1516). 

Galere (2 syl.). Que diable allait-il 
(aire dans cette galere f Scapin wants to 



GALIEN RESTORED. 

get from GeYonte (a miserly old hunks) 
^30, to help Leandre, the old man's son, 
out of a money difficulty. So Scapin 
vamps up a cock-and-bull story about 
Leandre being invited by a Turk on board 
his galley, where he was treated to a most 
sumptuous repast ; but when the young 
man was about to quit the galley, the 
Turk told him he was a prisoner, and 
demanded ^30 for his ransom within 
two hours' time. When GeYonte hears 
this, he exclaims, ' ' Que diable allait-il 
faire dans cette galere?" and he swears 
he will arrest the Turk for extortion. 
Being shown the impossibility of so doing, 
he again exclaims, "Que diable allait-il 
faire dans cette galere?" and it flashes 
into his mind that Scapin should give him- 
self up as surety for the payment of the 
ransom. This, of course, Scapin objects 
to. The old man again exclaims, " Que 
diable allait-il faire dans cette galere ? " 
and commands Scapin to go and tell 
the Turk that ^30 is not to be picked 
off a hedge. Scapin says the Turk does 
not care a straw about that, and insists 
on the ransom. " Mais, que diable allait- 
il faire dans cette galere?" cries the old 
hunks ; and tells Scapin to go and pawn 
certain goods. Scapin replies there is no 
time, the two hours are nearly exhausted. 
"Que diable," cries the old man again, 
"allait-il faire dans cette galere?" and 
when at last he gives the money, he 
repeats the same words, " Mais, que 
diable allait-il faire dans cette galere ? " 
— Moliere: Les Fourberies de Scapin^ 
ii. 11 (1671). 

( Vogue la galere means " come what 
may," " let what will happen.") 

Gale'sian Wool, the best and finest 
wool, taken from sheep pastured on the 
meadows of Galesus. 

Dulce pellitis ovibus Galaesi flumen. 

Horace : Carm, ,ii. ft, ia 

Gal'gfacus, chief of the Caledonians, 
who resisted Agricfila with great valour. 
In A.D. 84 he was defeated, and died on 
the field. Tacitus puts into his mouth a 
noble speech, made to his army before 
the battle. 

Galgacus, their fjuide, 
Amongst his murthered troops there resolutely died. 
Drayton: Polyolbion, viii. (161a). 

Galia'na, a Moorish princess, daugh- 
ter of Gadalfe king of Toledo. Her father 
built for her a palace on the Tagus, so 
splendid that "a palace of Galiana" has 
become a proverb in Spain. 

Galien Restored, a mediaeval 
romance of chivalry. Galien was the 
a D 



GALILEAN. 



GAMELYN. 



son of Jaqueline (daughter of Hugh king 
of Constantinople). His father was count 
Oliver of Vienne. Two fairies interested 
themselves in Jaqueline's infant son : one, 
named Galienne, had the child named 
Galien, after her own name; but the 
other insisted that he should be called 
•' Restored," for that the boy would 
restore the chivalry of Charlemagne. — 
Author unknown. 

Galilaean. Jesus was called a Gali- 
laean, probably meaning that he was a 
native of that province. Julian said when 
dying, "Thou hast conquered, O Gali- 
laean 1" 

Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilaean I 
Swinburne : Hymn to Proserpine. (Poems and 
Ballads, ist series, 1868.) 

Galile'o [Galilei], born at Pisa, 
but lived chiefly in Florence. In 1633 he 
published his work on the Copernican 
system, showing that "the earth moved 
and the sun stood still." For this he was 
denounced by the Inquisition of Rome, 
and accused of contradicting the Bible. 
At the age of 70 he was obliged to abjure 
his system, in order to gain his liberty. 
After pronouncing his abjuration, he said, 
in a stage whisper, E pur si muove ("It 
does move, though "). This is said to be 
a romance (1564-1642). 

Galinthia, daughter of Proetus king 
of Argos. She was changed by the Fates 
into a cat, and in that shape was made by 
Hecate her high priestess. — Antonius 
Liberalis: Metam., xxix. 

G-alis, in Arthurian romance, means 
"Wales," as sir Lamorake de Galis, i.e. 
sir Lamorake the Welshman. 

Gallegos [GaV-le-goze], the people of 
Galicia (once a province of Spain). 

Gallia, France. " Gauls," the in- 
habitants of Gallia. 

Gallice'nse, priestesses of Gallic my- 
thology, who had power over the winds 
and waves. There were nine of them, all 
virgins. 

Galligan'tus, the giant who lived 
with Hocus-Pocus the conjurer. When 
Jack the Giant-killer blew the magic 
horn, both the giant and conjurer were 
overthrown. — Jack the Giant-killer. 

Gallo-Bel'gicus, an annual register 
in Latin, first published in 1598. 

It is believed . . . 
As If 'twere writ in Gallo-Belgicus. 

T. May : The Heir (x6is). 

Gallo-ma'nia, a furor for every- 
thing French. Generally applied to that 
Vile imitation of French literature and 



customs which prevailed in Germany in 
the time of Frederick II. of Prussia. It 
is very conspicuous in the writings of 
Wieland (1733-1813). 

Galloping Dick, Richard Ferguson 
the highwayman, executed in 1800. 

Galloway {A), a small nag of the 
breed which originally came from Gal 
loway, in Scotland. 

Galloway {The Fair Maid of), 
Margaret, only daughter of Archibald 
fifth earl of Douglas. She married her 
cousin William, to whom the earldom 
passed in 1443. After the death of her 
first husband, she married his brother 
James (the last earl of Douglas). 

Gallowglasses, heavy-armed Irish 
foot-soldiers ; their chief weapon was the 
pole-axe. They were "grim of counten- 
ance, tall of stature, big of limb, lusty 
of body, and strongly built." The light- 
armed foot-soldiers were called " Kerns" 
or " Kernes " (1 syl.). 

The multiplying villainies of nature 
Do swarm upon him ; from the western isles 
Of Kernes and Gallowglasses [he's] supplied. 
Shakespeare : Macbeth, act L sc. 2 (1606). 

Gallu'ra's Bird, the cock, which was 

the cognizance of Galium. 

For her so fair a burial will not make 

The viper [the Milanese, whose ensign was a viper] 

As had been made by shrill Gallura's bird. 

Dante: Purgatory, viii. (1308). 

Gal way Jury, an independent jury, 
neither to be brow-beaten nor led by the 
nose. In 1635, certain trials were held in 
Ireland, respecting the right of the Crown 
to the counties of Ireland. Leitrim, Ros- 
common, Sligo, and Mayo gave judgment 
in favour of the Crown, but Galway stood 
out, whereupon each of the jury was fined 
£4000. 

Ga'ma ( Vasco da), the hero of Ca- 

moens's Lusiad. Sagacious, intrepid, 
tender-hearted, pious, and patriotic. He 
was the first European navigator who 
doubled the Cape of Good Hope (1497). 

Gama, captain of the venturous band. 
Of bold emprise, and born for high command. 
Whose martial fires, with prudence close allied* 
Ensured the smiles of fortune on his side. 

Camoens : Lusiad, i. (1569). 

•»• Gama is also the hero of Meyer- 
beer's posthumous opera called L'Afru 
cane (1865). 

Game and Playe of Chesse ( The), 
by Caxton. The first book printed in 
England (1471). 

Gam'elyn (3 syl.), youngest of the 
three sons of sir Johan di Boundys, who, 
on his death-bed, left "five plowes of 
land" to each of his two elder sons, 



GAMELYN DE GUARDOVER. 



403 



GANDALIN. 



and the residue of his property to the 
youngest. The eldest son took charge 
of Gamelyn, but entreated him shame- 
fully. On one occasion he said to him, 
" Stand still, gadelyng, and hold thy 
peace. " To which the proud boy retorted, 
' ' I am no gadelyng, but the lawful son 
of a lady and true knight." On this, the 
elder brother sent his servants to chastise 
him, but he drove them off "with a 
pestel." Not long after, Gamelyn asked 
his brother to lend him a horse that he 
might attend a wrestling-match. This 
he did, and "by sought Jhesu Crist that 
Gamelyn might breke his nekke." At 
the wrestling-match young Gamelyn threw 
the champion, and carried off the prize 
ram ; and on his return home in triumph, 
he invited his followers to a banquet, which 
lasted seven days. When the guests 
were gone, Johan, by treachery, had 
Gamelyn bound to a tree, and kept him 
without food for two days, when Adam 
the spenser (i.e. the man who had charge 
of the buttery) secretly unbound him and 
gave him food ; and Gamelyn fell upon 
a party of ecclesiastics, who had come to 
dine with his brother, and "sprinkled 
holy water on them with a stout oaken 
cudgel." The sheriff sent to apprehend 
the young spitfire, but he fled with Adam 
into the woods, and came upon a party 
of foresters sitting at meat. The captain 
gave him welcome, and Gamelyn in time 
became "king of the outlaws." Johan, 
being sheriff, had him arrested and sent 
to prison, but Ote, the other brother, 
bailed him out, and at the assize, Johan 
was executed, Ote was made sheriff in his 
brother's place, and Gamelyn became the 
king's chief ranger, and married "a wif 
both good and feyr." — Chaucer: Coke's 
Tale of Gamelyn. 

V Lolge has made this tale the basis 
of his romance entitled Rosalynd or 
Euphues Golden Legacie (1590) ; and 
from Lodge's novel Shakespeare has bor- 
rowed the plot, with some of the charac- 
ters and dialogue, of As You Like It. 

Gamelyn de Guar'dover [Sir), 
an ancestor of sir Arthur Wardour. — Sir 
W.Scott: Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Gamester [The), a tragedy by Ed. 
Moore ( 1753). The name of the gamester 
is Beverley, and the object of the play is 
to show ihe great evils of gambling, end- 
ing in despair and suicide. 

Gamester (The), by Mrs. Centlivre 
(1705). The hero is Valere, to whom 
Angelica gives a picture, which she en- 



joins him not to lose on pain of forfeiting 
her hand. Valere loses it in play, and 
Angelica, in disguise, is the winner. After 
much tribulation, Valere is cured of his 
vice, the picture is restored, and the two 
are happily united in marriage. 

Gammer Gurton's Needle, by 
Mr. S. Master of Arts. It was in 
existence, says Warton, in 1551 (English 
Poetry, iv. 32). Sir Walter Scott says, 
" It was the supposed composition of 
John Still, M.A., afterwards bishop of 
Bath and Wells ; " but in 1551 John Still 
was a boy not nine years old. The fun 
of this comedy turns on the loss and 
recovery of a needle, with which Gammer 
Gurton was repairing the breeches of her 
man Hodge. The comedy contains the 
famous drinking-song, / Cannot Eat but 
Little Meat. 

Gammer Gurton's Needle is a great curiosity. The 
popular characters, such as " The Sturdy Beggar," 
"The Clown," "The Country Vicar," and "The 
Shrew," of the sixteenth century, are drawn in colours 
taken from the life . . . The place is the open square 
of the village before Gammer Gurton's door ; the 
action, the loss of the needle : and this, followed by the 
search for it, and its final recovery, is intermixed with 
no other thwarting or subordinate interest.— Sir W. 
Scott : The Drama. 

Gamp (Sarah), a monthly nurse, 
residing in Kingsgate Street, High 
Holborn. Sarah was noted for her gouty 
umbrella, and for her perpetual reference 
to an hypothetical Mrs. Harris, whose 
opinions were a confirmation of her own. 
She was fond of strong tea and strong 
stimulants. "Don't ask me," she sad, 
"whether I won't take none, or whether 
I will, but leave the bottle on the chimley- 
piece, and let me put my lips to it when 
I am so dispoged." When Mrs. Prig, 
"her pardner," stretched out her hand 
to the teapot {^filled with gin], Mrs. Gamp 
stopped the hand and said with great 
feeling, " No, Betsey ! drink fair, wotever 
you do." (See Harris.) — Dickens: 
Martin Chuzzlewit, xlix. (1843). 

'.'A big, pawky umbrella is called a 
Mrs. Gamp, and in France un Robinson, 
from Robinson Crusoe's umbrella. 

'.' Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris have 
Parisian sisters in Mde. Pochet and Mde. 
Gibou, creations of Henri Monnier. 

Gan. (See Ganelon.) 

Gan'abim, the island of thieves. 
(Hebrew, gannab, " a thief.") — Rabelais : 
Pantag'ruel, iv. 66 (1545). 

Gan'dalin, earl of the Firm Island, 
and 'squire of Am'adis de Gaul. 

Gandalin, though an earl, never spoke to his masts 
but cap in hand, his head bowing all the time, and hl<; 
body bent after the Turkish manner.— Cervantes 
Don Quixote, I. tii. 6 (1605). 



GANDEN. 



GARAGANTUA. 



Ganden, a dandy. So called from 
the Boulevard de Gand, now called the 
Boulevard des Italiens (Paris), the walk 
where the dandies disported themselves. 

G-ander-Cleugh. ["folly-cliff"}, that 
mysterious place where a person makes 
a goose of himself. Jededi'ah Cleish- 
botham, the hypothetical editor of The 
Tales of My Landlord, lived at Gander- 
cleugh.— Sir W. Scott. 

Gan'elon (2 syl.), count of Mayence, 
the " Judas " of Charlemagne's paladins. 
His castle was built on the Blocksberg, 
the loftiest peak of the Hartz Mountains. 
Charlemagne was always trusting this 
base knight, and was as often betrayed by 
him. Although the very business of the 
paladins was the upholding of Chris- 
tianity, sir Ganelon was constantly in- 
triguing for its overthrow. No doubt, 
jealousy of sir Roland made him a traitor, 
and he basely planned with Marsillus 
(the Moorish king) the attack of Ron- 
cesvallds. The character of sir Ganelon 
was marked with spite, dissimulation, 
and intrigue, but he was patient, ob- 
stinate, and enduring. He was six feet 
and a half in height, had large glaring 
eyes, and fiery red hair. He loved soli- 
tude, was very taciturn, disbelieved in 
the existence of moral good, and has 
become a by-word for a false and faith- 
less friend. Dant§ has placed him in his 
" Inferno." (Sometimes called Gan.) 

The most faithless spy since the days of Ganelon.— 
Sir W. Scott: The Abbot, xxiv. (1820). 

Gan em, "the Slave of Love." The 
hero and title of one of the Arabian 
Nights tales. Ganem was the son of a 
rich merchant of Damascus, named Abou 
Aibou. On the death of his father he 
went to Bagdad, to dispose of the mer- 
chandize left, and accidentally saw three 
slaves secretly burying a chest in the 
earth. Curiosity induced him to dis- 
inter the chest, when, lo ! it contained a 
beautiful woman, sleeping from the effects 
of a narcotic drug. He took her to his 
lodgings, and discovered that the victim 
was Fetnab, the caliph's favourite, who 
had been buried alive by order of the 
sultana, out of jealousy. When the caliph 
heard thereof, he was extremely jealous 
of the young merchant, and ordered him 
to be put to death ; but he made good his 
escape in the guise of a waiter, and lay 
concealed till the angry fit of the caliph 
had subsided. When Haroun-al-Raschid 
(the caliph) came to himself, and heard 
the unvarnished facts of the case, he 
pardoned Ganem, gave to him Fetnab for 



a wife, and appointed him to a lucrative 

post about the court. 

Gan'esa, goddess of wisdom, in Hindft 

mythology. 

Then Camdeo {Love] bright and Ganesa sublime 
Shall bless with joy their own propitious clime. 

Campbell : Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

Gan'gfes. Pliny tells us of men living 
on the odour emitted by the water of this 
river. — Nat. Hist., xii. 

By Ganges' bank, as wild traditions tell. 
Of old the tribes lived healthful by the smell ; 
No food they knew, such fragrant vapours rose 
Rich from the flowery lawn where Ganges flows. 
Camoens : Lusiad, vii. (1569). 

G-anlesse {Richard), alias Simon 
Canter, alias Edward Christian, one 
of the conspirators. — Sir W. Scott: Pe- 
veril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Ganna, the Celtic prophetess, who 
succeeded Velle'da. She went to Rome, 
and was received by Domitian with great 
honour. — Tacitus: Annals, 55. 

Ganor, Gano'ra, Geneura, Ginevra, 
Genie v re, Guinevere, Guenever, are dif- 
ferent ways of spelling the name of 
Arthur's wife ; callled by Geoffrey of Mon- 
mouth, Guanhuma'ra or Guan'humar ; 
but Tennyson has made Guenevere the 
popular English form. 

Gan'ymede (3 syl.), a beautiful 
Phrygean boy, who was carried up to 
Olympos on the back of an eagle, to be- 
come cup-bearer to the gods instead of 
Heb£. At the time of his capture he was 
playing a flute while tending his father's 
sheep. 

There fell a flute when Ganymede went up— 
The flute that he was wont to play upon. 

yean Ingelow : Honours, 1L 

(Jupiter compensated the boy 's father for 
the loss of his son, by a pair of horses.) 

■.* Tennyson, speaking of a great re- 
verse of fortune from the highest glory to 
the lowest shame, says — 

They mounted Ganymede 
To tumble Vulcans on the second morn. 

The Princess, ill. 

The Birds of Ganymede, eagles. Gany- 
mede is represented as sitting on an eagle, 
or attended by that bird. 

To see upon her shores her fowl and conies feed, 
And wantonly to hatch the birds of Ganymede. 

Drayton : Polyolbicn, iv. (161a). 

• . * Ganymede is the constellation Aqua~ 
rius. 

Garagan'tua, a giant, who swal- 
lowed five pilgrims with their staves in 
a salad. — The History of Garagantua 
(1594). (See Gar;antua.) 

You must borrow me Garagantua'j. mouth before I 
can utter so long a v/ord.—Shakespear* : A* Y«u Lito 
It, act iii. sc. a (1600). 



GARCIAS. 



405 



GARETH. 



Gar'cias. The soul of Peter Garcias, 
money. Two scholars, journeying to 
Salamanca, came to a fountain, which 
bore this inscription : ' ' Here is buried 
the soul of the licentiate Peter Garcias." 
One scholar went away laughing at the 
notion of a buried soul, but the other, 
cutting with his knife, loosened a stone, 
and found a purse containing 100 ducats. 
— Lesage: Gil Bias (to the reader, 1715). 

Garcilas'o, surnamed "the Inca," 
descended on the mother's side from the 
royal family of Peru (1530-1568). He 
was the son of Sebastian Garcilaso, a 
lieutenant of Alvarado and Pizarro. 
Author of Commentaries on the Origin of 
tfie Incas, their Laws and Government. 

It was from poetical traditions that Garcilasso \sic\ 
composed his account of the Yncas of Peru . . It was 
from ancient poems which his mother (a princess of the 
blood of the Yncas) taught him in his youth, that he 
collected the materials of his history.— Dissertation on 
the Era o/Ossian. 

Garcilaso [de la Vega], called 
•* The Petrarch of Spain," born at Toledo 
(1530-1568). His poems are eclogues, 
odes, and elegies of great naivete", grace, 
and harmony. 

Sometimes he turned to gaze upon bis book. 
Boscan or Garcilasso [sic]. 

Byron : Den yuan, L 95 (1819). 

Gar'darite (4 syl.). So Russia is 

called in the Eddas. 

Garden of the Argentine, Turcuman, 
a province of Buenos Ayres. 

Garden of England. Worcestershire 
and Kent are both so called. 

Garden of Erin, Carlo w, in Leinster. 

Garden of Europe. Italy and Belgium 
are both so called. 

Garden of France, Amboise, in the de- 
partment of Indre-et-Loire. 

Garden of India, Oude. 

Garden of Italy, Sicily. 

Garden of South Wales, southern divi- 
sion of Glamorganshire. 

Garden of Spain, Andaluci'a. 

Garden of the West. Illinois and 
Kansas are both so called. 

Garden of the World, the region of the 
Mississippi. 

Garden (The), Covent Garden 
Theatre. The " Lane," that is, Drury 
Lane. 

He managed the Garden, and afterwards the Lane. — 
W. C. Macready: 7 rm/ie Bar, 76, 1875. 

Gardens of the Sun, the East 
Indian or Malayan Archipelago. 

Gardening" {Father of Landscape), 
Lenotre (16 13-1700). 

Gar'diner (Richard), porter to Miss 
Seraphine Arthuret and her sister Ange- 



lica.— Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, 
George III \ 

Gardiner (Colonel), colonel of Waver- 
ley's regiment. — Sir W. Scott i Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Gareth (Sir) according to ancient 
romance, was the youngest son of Lot 
king of Orkney and Morgawse Arthur's 
[halfj-sister. His mother, to deter him 
from entering Arthur's court, said, jest- 
ingly, she would consent to his so doing 
if he concealed his name and went as a 
scullion for twelve months. To this he 
agreed, and sir Kay, the king's steward, 
nicknamed him " Beaumains," because 
his hands were unusually large. At the 
end of the year he was knighted, and 
obtained the quest of Linet', who craved 
the aid of some knight to liberate her 
sister Lion6s, who was held prisoner by 
sir Ironside in Castle Perilous. Linet 
treated sir Gareth with great contumely, 
calling him a washer of dishes and a 
kitchen knave ; but he overthrew the 
five knights and liberated the lady, whom 
he married. The knights were — first, the 
Black Knight of the Black Lands or sir 
Pere'ad (2 syl.), the Green Knight or sir 
Pertolope, the Red Knight or sir Peri- 
mo'nes, the Blue Knight or sir Persaunt 
of India (four brothers), and lastly the 
Red Knight of the Red Lands or sir Iron- 
side. — Sir T. Malory : History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 120-123 ( I 47°)- 

V According to Tennyson, sir Gareth 
was " the last and tallest son of Lot king 
of Orkney and of Bellicent his wife." 
He served as a kitchen knave in king 
Arthur's hall a twelvemonth and a day, 
and was nicknamed "Beaumains." At the 
end of twelve months he was knighted, 
and obtained leave to accompany Ly- 
nette to the liberation of her sister 
Lyonors, who was held captive in Castle 
Perilous by a knight called Death or 
Mors. The passages to the castle were 
kept by four brothers, called by Tenny- 
son Morning Star or Phos'phorus, Noon- 
day Sun or Meridies, Evening Star or 
HespSrus, and Night or Nox, all of whom 
he overthrew. At length Death leapt 
from the cleft skull of Night, and prayed 
the knight not to kill him, seeing that 
what he did his brothers had made him 
do. At starting, Lynctte treated Gareth 
with great contumely, but softened to 
him more and more after each victory, 
and at last married him. 

He that told the tale in olden time* 
Says that sir Gareth wedded Lyonon$ 
But he that told It later says I.ynette. 
Ttnnyson : lay Us 9/ the King ("Gareth and Lynetio"V 



GARGAMELLE. 



406 



GARLIC. 



Gareth and Line? is in reality an alle- 
gory, a sort of Bunyan's Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress t describing the warfare of a Christian 
from birth to his entrance into glory. 
The "Bride" lived in Castle Perilous, 
and was named Lion£s ; Linet' represents 
the "carnal world," which, like the in- 
habitants of the City of Destruction, jest 
and jeer at everything the Christian does. 
Sir Gareth fought with four knights, 
keepers of the roads to •' Zion " or Castle 
Perilous, viz. Night, Dawn, Midday, 
and Evening, meaning the temptations of 
the four ages of man. Having conquered 
in all these, he had to encounter the last 
enemy, which is Dearth, and then the bride 
was won — the bride who lived in Castle 
Perilous or Mount Zion. 

".' Tennyson, in his version of this 
beautiful allegory, has fallen into several 
grave errors, the worst of which is his 
making Gareth marry Lynette (as he 
spells the name), instead of the true bride. 
This is like landing his Pilgrim in the 
City of Destruction, after having finished 
his journey and passed the flood. Gareth's 
brother was wedded to the world (i.e. 
Linet), but Gareth himself was married 
to the "true Bride," who dwelt in Castle 
Perilous. Another grave error is making 
Death crave of Gareth not to kill him, as 
what he did he was compelled to do by 
his elder brothers. I must confess that 
this to me is quite past understanding. 
(See Notes and Queries, January 19, Feb- 
ruary 16, March 16, 1878.) 

Gar'gamelle (3 syl. ), wife of Gran- 
gousier and daughter of the king of the 
Parpaillons. On the day that she gave 
birth to Gargantua she ate 16 qrs. 2 bush. 
3 pecks and a pipkin of dirt, the mere 
remains left in the tripe which she had 
for supper, although the tripe had been 
cleaned with the utmost care. — Rabelais : 
Gargantua, i. 4 (1533). 

(Gargamelle is an allegorical skit on 
the extravagance of queens, and the 
dirt is their pin-money.) 

Gargfan'tua, son of Grangousier and 
Gargamelle. It needed 17,913 cows to 
supply the babe with milk. Like Gara- 
gantua (q.v.), he ate in his salad lettuces 
as big as walnut trees, in which were 
lurking six pilgrims from Sebastian. 
He founded and endowed the abbey of 
Theleme (2 syl.), in remembrance of his 
victory over Picrochole (3 syl.). — Rabe- 
lais: Gargantua, i. 7 (1533). 

(Of course, Gargantua is an allegorical 
•kit on the allowance accorded to princes 



for their maintenance. The name was 
familiar in fable before Rabelais appro- 
priated it. When Shakespeare refers to 
it in As You Like It, he probably refers 
to one of the older stories, and not to 
Rabelais.) 

Garganta, by Rabelais, in French (1533). The 
English version by Urquhart and Motteux (1653). 

Gargantua 's Mare. This mare was 
as big as six elephants, and had feet 
with fingers. On one occasion, going to 
school, the " boy " hung the bells of Notre 
Dame de Paris on his mare's neck, as 
jingles ; but when the Parisians promised 
to feed his beast for nothing, he restored 
the peal. This mare had a terrible tail, 
" every whit as big as thesteeple of St. 
Mark's," and on one occasion, being 
annoyed by wasps, she switched it about 
so vigorously that she knocked down all 
the trees in the vicinity. Gargantua 
roared with laughter, and cried, "Je 
trouve beau ce ! " whereupon the locality 
was called " Beauce." — Rabelais: Gar 
gantua, i. 16 (1533)- 

(Of course, this " mare" is an allegori- 
cal skit on the extravagance of court mis- 
tresses, and the "tail" is the suite in 
attendance on them. ) 

Gargan'tuan Curriculum, a 
course of studies including all languages, 
all sciences, all the fine arts, with all 
athletic sports and calisthenic exercises. 
Grangousier wrote to his son, saying — 

" There should not be a river in the world, no matter 
how small, thou dost not know the name of, with the 
nature and habits of all fishes, all fowls of the air, all 
shrubs and trees, all metals, minerals, gems, and precious 
stones. I would, furthermore, have thee study the Tal- 
mudists and Cabalists, and get a perfect knowledge of 
man, together with every language, ancient and modem, 
living or dead."— Rabelais: Pantag' 'rueF ', ii. 8 (1533). 

Gargery. (See Joe Gargery.)— 
Dickens : Great Expectations (i860). 

Gargouille (2 syl. ), the great dragon 
that lived in the Seine, ravaged Rouen, 
and was slain by St. Roma'nus in the 
seventh century. 

Garland of Howta (Ireland), the 
book of the four Gospels preserved in 
the abbey of Howth, remains of which 
still exist. 

Garlic, the old English gar-leac (the 
spear-[shaped] leek) ; the leaves are spear- 
shaped. 

Garlic. The purveyor of the sultan 
of Casgar says he knew a man who lost his 
thumbs and great toes from eating garlic. 
The facts were these : A young man was 
married to the favourite of Zobeidd, and 
partook of a dish containing garlic ; when 
he went to his bride, she ordered him to 



GARRATT. 



407 



GASPERO, 



be bound, and cutoff his two thumbs and 
two great toes, for presuming to appear 
before her without having purified his 
fingers. Ever after this he washed his 
hands 120 times with alkali and soap after 
partaking of garlic in a ragout. — Arabian 
Nights (" The Purveyor's Story"). 

Gar'ratt (The mayor of). Garratt is 
a village between Wandsworth and Toot- 
ing. In 1780 the inhabitants associated 
themselves together to resist any further 
encroachments on their common, and the 
chairman was called the Mayor. The first 
"mayor" happened to be chosen on a 
general election, and so it was decreed 
that a new mayor should be appointed at 
each general election. This made excel- 
lent capital for electioneering squibs, and 
some of the greatest wits of the day have 
ventilated political grievances, gibbeted 
political characters, and sprinkled holy 
water with good stout oaken cudgels 
under the mask of "addresses by the 
mayors of Garratt." 

(S. Foote has a farce entitled The 
Mayor of Garratt, 1763. ) 

Garraway's, a coffee-house in Ex- 
change Alley, which existed for 216 years, 
but is now pulled down. Here tea was 
sold in 1657 for sums varying from i6j. 
to 50J. per lb. 

Garter. According to legend, Joan 
countess of Salisbury accidentally slipped 
her garter at a court ball. It was picked 
up by her royal partner, Edward III., 
who gallantly diverted the attention of 
the guests from the lady by binding the 
blue band round his own knee, saying, as 
he did so, " Honi soit qui mal y pense." 

The carl's greatest of all grandmothers 
Was grander daughter still to that fair dame 
Whose garter slipped down at the famous ball. 
R. Browning : A Blot on the 'Scutcheon, i. $. 

V John Anstis, Garter King-at-Arms, 
published, in 1724, the Register of the 
Most Noble Order of the Garter, called 
"The Black Book." 

Garth (Mary), in Middlemarch, ulti- 
mately marries Fred Vincy. The heroine 
is Dorothea, who marries Cassaubon. — 
George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross) (1872). 

Gartha, sister of prince Oswald of 
Vero'na. When Oswald was slain in 
single combat by Gondibert (a combat 
provoked by his own treachery), Gartha 
used all her efforts to si ir up civil war ; 
but Hermegild, a man of great prudence, 
who loved her, was the author of wiser 
counsel, and diverted the anger of the 
camp by a funeral pageant of unusual 



splendour. As the tale is not finished, 
the ultimate lot of Gartha is unknown. — 
Davenant : Gondibert (died 1668). 

Gas (Charlatan), in Vivian Grey, anovel 
by Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield) (1827). 

Gas'abal, the 'squire of don Galaor. 

Gasabal was a man of such silence that the authoi 
names him only once in the course of his voluminous 
history.— Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. iii. 6 (1605). 

Gascoigne (Sir William). Shake- 
speare says that prince Henry "struck 
the chief justice in the open court ; " but 
it does not appear from history that any 
blow was given. The fact is this — 

• One of the gay companions of the prince being com- 
mitted for felony, the prince demanded his release ; but 
sir William told him the only way of obtaining a release 
would be to get from the king a free pardon. Prince 
Henry now tried to rescue the prisoner by force, when 
the judge ordered him out of court. In a towering fury, 
the prince flew to the judgment-seat, and all thought he 
i about to slay the judge ; but sir William said very 
tly, " Syr, rei 
:he kynge, youi 
father, to whom you owe double obedience; wherefore 



firmly and quietly, " Syr, remember yourselfe. I kepe 
here the place of the kynge, your sovereigne lorde and 



! charge you in his name to desyste of your wylfulnes. 
. . . And nowe for your contempte goo you to the 
prysona of the Kynges Benche, whereunto I commytte 
you, and remayne ye there prisoner untyll the pleasure 
of the kynge be further known." With which words, 
the prince being abashed, the noble prisoner departed 
and went to the King's Bench.— Sir T. Elyot: The 
Governour (1531). 

Gashford, secretary to lord George 
Gordon. A detestable, cruel sneak, who 
dupes his half-mad master, and leads 
him to imagine he is upholding a noble 
cause in plotting against the English 
catholics. To wreak vengeance on Geof- 
frey Haredale, he incites the rioters to 
burn "The Warren," where Haredale 
resided. Gashford commits suicide. — 
Dickens : Barnaby Rudge (1841). 

Gaspar or Caspar ["the white one"], 
one of the three Magi or kings of Cologne. 
His offering to the infant Jesus was 
frankincense, in token of divinity. 

(The other two were Melchior (" king 
of light "), who offered gold, symbolica. 
of royalty; and Balthazar ("lord of 
treasures "), who offered myrrh, to denote 
that Christ would die. Klopstock, in his 
Messiah, makes the number of the Magi 
six, not one of which names agrees with 
those of Cologne Cathedral. See Co- 
logne, p. 226.) 

Gaspard, the steward of count D« 
Valmont, in whose service he had been 
for twenty years, and to whom he was 
most devotedly attached. — Dimond : Thi 
Foundling of the Forest. 

Gas'pero, secretary of state, in the 
dnima called The Laws of Candy, by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). (Beau 
mont died 1616.). 



GASTER. 



40* 



GAVROCHE. 



Gaster {A faster), the ruler of an island 
which appears rugged and barren, but is 
really fertile and pleasant. He is the first 
master of arts in the world. — Rabelais: 
Pantag'ruel, bk. iv. (1545). 

Gastrolaters, inhabitants of the 
island. Gaster. Probably the monks. — 
Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, bk. iv. (1545). 

Gate of Prance {Iron), Longwy, a 
strong military position. 

Gate of Italy, that part of the valley 
of the Adigd which is in the vicinity of 
Trent and Roveredo. It is a narrow 
gorge between two mountain ridges. 

Gate of Tears [Babelmandeb], the 
passage into the Red Sea. 

Like some ill-destined bark that steers 

In silence through the Gate of Tears. 

Moore : Lalla Rookh (" The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

Gates (Iron) or Dermir Kara, a cele- 
brated pass of the Teuthras, through 
which all caravans between Smyrna and 
Brusa must needs pass. 

Gates of dilicia [pyla Cilicia], a 
defile connecting Cappadocia and Cilicia. 
Now called the Pass of Golek B6ghaz. 

Gates of Syria [pylcs Syria], a 
Beilan pass. Near this pass was the 
battle-field of Issus (B.C. November, 333). 

Gates of the Caspian \j>yla Cas- 
pi<8), a rent in the high mountain-wall 
south of the Caspian, in the neighbour- 
hood of the modern Persian capital. 

Gates of the Occult Sciences 
{The), forty, or as some say forty-eight, 
books on magic, in Arabic. The first 
twelve teach the art of sorcery and 
enchantment, the thirteenth teaches how 
to disenchant and restore bodies to their 
native shapes again. A complete set 
was always kept in the Dom-Daniel or 
school for magic in Tunis. — Continuation 
of the Arabian Nights (" History of Mau'- 
graby"). 

Gath, Brussels, where Charles II. re- 
sided in his exile. — Absalom and Achito- 
phel, by Dryden and Tate. 

Give not insulting- Askalon to know, 

Nor let Gath's daughter triumph in our woe. 

Pt. ii., 66 lines from the end. 

Gath'eral {Old), steward to the duke 
of Buckingham.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Gath'erill {Old), bailiff to sir Geof- 
frey Peveril of the Peak. — Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II. ). 

Ganden'tio di Lucca, the hero 
and title of a romance by Simon Bering- 
ton. He makes a journey to Mezzoramia, 



an imaginary country in the interior ol 

Africa. 

Gaudi'osa {Lady), wife of Pelayo ; a 
wise and faithful counsellor, high-minded, 
brave in danger, and a real help-mate. — 
Southey: Roderick, Last of the £0/^(1814). 

Gaul, son of Morni of Strumon. He 
was betrothed to Oith'ona daughter of 
Nuath, but before the day of marriage he 
was called away by Fingal to attend him 
on an expedition against the Britons. 
At the same time Nuath was at war, and 
sent for his son Lathmon ; so Oithona 
was left unprotected in her home. Dun- 
rommath lord of Uthal (or Cuthal) 
seized this opportunity to carry her off, 
and concealed her in a cave in the desert 
island of Trom'athon. When Gaul re- 
turned to claim his betrothed, he found 
she was gone, and was told by a vision 
in the night where she was hidden. Next 
day, with three followers, Gaul went to 
Tromathon, and the ravisher coming 
up, he slew him and cut off his head. 
Oithona, armed as a combatant, mingled 
with the fighters and was wounded. 
Gaul saw what he thought a youth dying, 
and went to offer assistance, but found 
it was Oithona, who forthwith expired. 
Disconsolate, he returned to Dunlathmon, 
and thence to Morven. — Ossian : Oithona. 

His voice was like many streams.— Ossian ; FingaL 

(Homer makes a loud voice a thing to 
be much commended in a warrior.) 

Gaul {A) generally means a French- 
man ; and Gallia means France, the 
country of the Celtae or Keltai, called by 
the Greeks " Gallatai," and shortened 
into " Galli." Wales is also called Gallia, 
Galis, and Gaul, especially in mediaevai 
romance : hence, Amadis of Gaul is not 
Amadis of France, but Amadis of Wales ; 
sir Lamorake de Galis is sir Lamorake of 
Wales. Gaul in France is Armorica or 
Little Britain {Brittany). 

Gaunt 'g rim, the wolf, in lord 
Lytton's Pilgrims of the Rhine (1834). 

Bruin is always in the sulks, and Gauntgrim always in 
• passion.— Ch. xiL 

Gautier et Garguille, "all the 

world and his wife." 

Se moquer de Gautier et Garguille (" To make game 
of every one "). — A French Proverb. 

Gava'ni, the pseudonym of Sulpice 
Paul Chevalier, the great caricaturist of 
the French Charivari (1803- 1866). 

Gavroche (2 syl.), type of the 
Parisian street arab. — Victor Hugo: Let 
Mis/rabies (1862). 



GAWAIN. 



409 GEESE SAVE THE CAPITOL. 



Gawain [Ga-u/'n], son of king Lot 
and Morgause (Arthur's sister). His 
brothers were Agra vain, Galieris, and 
Ga'reth. The traitor Mordred was his 
half-brother, being the adulterous off- 
spring of Morgause and prince Arthur. 
Lot was king of Orkney. Gawain was 
the second of the fifty knights created by 
king Arthur ; Tor was the first, and was 
dubbed the same day (pt. i. 48). When 
the adulterous passion of sir Launcelot 
for queen Guenever came to the know- 
ledge of the king, sir Gawain insisted 
that the king's honour should be upheld. 
Accordingly, king Arthur went in battle 
array to Benwicke (Brittany), the "realm 
of sir Launcelot," and proclaimed war. 
Here sir Gawain fell, according to the 
prophecy of Merlin, "With this sword 
shall Launcelot slay the man that in 
this world he loved best " (pt. i. 44). In 
this same battle the king was told that 
his bastard son Mordred had usurped his 
throne, so he hastened back with all 
speed, and in the great battle of the 
West received his mortal wound (pt. iii. 
160-167). — Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur (1470). 

(Of Arthurian knights, Gawain is called 
the " Courteous," sir Kay the " Rude and 
Boastful," Mordred the "Treacherous," 
Launcelot the "Chivalrous," Galahad 
the "Chaste," Mark the "Dastard," sir 
Palomides (3 syl.) the "Saracen" i.e. 
un baptized, etc.) 

Gawky (lord), Richard Grenville 
(1711-1770). 

Gaw'rey, a flying woman, whose 
wings served the double purpose of flying 
and dress.— Pultock : Peter Wilkins 
(i7So). 

Gay (Lucien), in lord Beaconsfield's 
Coningsby, said to be meant for Theodore 
Hook (1844). 

Gay ( Walter), in the firm of Dom- 
bey and Son. An honest, frank, in- 
genuous youth, who loved Florence 
Dombey, and comforted her in her early 
troubles. Walter Gay was sent in the 
merchantman called The Son and Heir, 
as junior partner, to Barbadoes, and sur- 
vived a shipwreck. After his return 
from Barbadoes, he married Florence. — 
Dickens: Dombey and Son (1846). 

Gayless (Charles), the pennyless 
suitor of Melissa. His valet is Sharp. — 
Garrick: The Lying Valet (1741). 

Gay'ville (Lord), the affianced 
husband of Miss Alscrip "the heiress," 



whom he detests ; but he ardently loves 
Miss Alton, her companion. The formet 
is conceited, overbearing, and vulgar, but 
very rich ; the latter is modest, retiring, 
and lady-like, but very poor. It turns 
out that ^2000 a year of " the heiress's " 
property was entailed on sir William 
Charlton's heirs, and therefore descended 
to Mr. Clifford in right of his mother. 
This money Mr. Clifford settles on his 
sister, Miss Alton (whose real name is 
Clifford). Sir Clement Flint tears the 
conveyance, whereby Clifford retains the 
/2000 a year, and sir Clement settles 
the same amount on lord Gayville, who 
marries Miss Alton alias Miss Clifford. 

Lady Emily Gayville, sister of lord 
Gayville. A bright, vivacious, and witty 
lady, who loves Mr. Clifford. Clifford 
also greatly loves lady Emily, but is 
deterred from proposing to her, because 
he is poor and unequal to her in a social 
position. It turns out that he comes into 
£2:00 a year in right of his mother, lady 
Charlton ; and is thus enabled to offer 
himself to the lady, by whom he is 
accepted. — Burgoyne : The Heiress ( 178 1 ). 

GazTsan, the black slave of the old 
fire-worshipper, employed to sacrifice the 
Mussulmans to be offered on the ' ' moun- 
tain of fire." — Arabian Nights ("Amgiad 
and Assad "). 

Gazette (Sir Gregory), a man who 
delights in news, without having the 
slightest comprehension of politics. — 
Foote : The Knights (1754). 

Gazing! (Miss), of the Portsmouth 
Theatre. — Dickens : Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

Gaz'nivides (3 syl.), a Persian 

dynasty, which gave four kings and 
lasted fifty years. It was founded by 
Malimoud Gazni (999-1049). 

GeTser, an Arabian alchemist, born 
at Thous, in Persia (eighth century). He 
wrote several treatises on the " art of 
making gold," in the usual mystical 
jargon of the period ; and hence our 
word gibberish (" senseless jargon "). 

This art the Arabian Geber taught . . . 
The Elixir of Perpetual Youth. 

Longfellow : The Golden Ltgmd. 

Geddes (Joshua), the quaker. 
Rachel Geddes (1 syl.), sister of Joshua 
Philip Geddes, grandfather of Joshua 
and Rachel Geddes. — Sir W. Scott: 
RcdgauntLt (time, George III.). 

Geese save the Capitol. The 

following are fair parallel cases : — 



GEHENNA. 



410 



GELOIOS. 



When the French forces under Coligny 
(Jan. 6, 1557) had arranged a night attack 
on the city of Douay, while all men slept, 
an old woman accidentally observed the 
movement of the French forces, and 
ran shrieking through the streets. Her 
clamour roused the guards, and the city 
was saved. — Motley : The Dutch Re- 
public, pt. i. 2. 

IT The protestants besieged in Beziers 
(France) owed their safety to a drunken 
drummer, who, in reeling to his quarters 
at midnight, rang the alarm-bell of the 
town, not knowing what he did. And 
just at that moment the enemy, about to 
make an assault, alarmed by the bell, 
precipitately retreated, and the town was 
saved. — Flavel. 

IT I remember reading of a mouse 
scampering over a drum-head, and rous- 
ing the guard. 

Gehen'na, the place of everlasting 
torment. Strictly speaking, it means the 
Valley of Hinnom (Ge Hinnom), where 
sacrifices to Moloch were offered, and 
where refuse of all sorts was subsequently 
cast, for the consumption of which fires 
were kept constantly burning. There 
was also a sort of aqua to/ana, called 
liquor Gehenna. 

Holy water it may be to many, 

But to me the veriest liquor Gehennae. 

Long/'etltnu : The Golden Legend, 
And black Gehenna called, the type of hell. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, L 405 (1665). 

Geierstein [Gi'-er-stine], Arnold 
count of. 

Count Albert of Geierstein, brother of 
Arnold Biederman, disguised (1) as the 
black priest of St. Paul's ; (2) as pre- 
sident of the secret tribunal ; (3) as monk 
at Mont St. Victoire. 

Anne of Geierstein, called "The 
Maiden of the Mist," daughter of count 
Albert, and baroness of Arnheim. 

Count Beinrich of Geierstein, grand- 
father of count Arnold. 

Count Williewald of Geierstein, father 
of count Arnold. — Sir W. Scott: Anne 
tf Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

N.B.— For sketch of the tale, see Anne 
of Geierstein, p. 46. 

G-eislaer {Peterkin), one of the in- 
surgents at Liege [Le-aje]. — Sir W. Scott: 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV. ). 

Geith {George), a model of untiring 
industry, perseverance, and moral 
courage. Undaunted by difficulties, he 
pursued his onward way, and worked as 



long as breath was left him. — Mrs. 7ra/> 
ford [Biddell] : George Geith. 

Gelert, Llewellyn's favourite hound. 
One day, Llewellyn returned from hunt- 
ing, when Gelert met him smeared with 
gore. The chieftain felt alarmed, and 
instantly went to look for his baby son. 
He found the cradle overturned, and all 
around was sprinkled with gore and blood. 
He called his child, but no voice replied, 
and, thinking the hound had eaten it, he 
stabbed the animal to th,e heart. The 
tumult awoke the baby boy, and on 
searching more carefully, a huge wolf 
was found under the bed, quite dead. 
Gelert had slain the wolf and saved the 
child. 

And now a gallant tomb they raise. 

With costly sculpture decked ; 
And marbles, storied with his praisft. 

Poor Gelert's bones protect. 
Hon. W.R. Spencer: Btth-Gelert (" Gelert's Grave "). 

IT This tale, with a slight difference, is 
common to all parts of the world. It is 
told in the Gesta Romanorum of Fol- 
liculus, a knight ; but the wolf is a 
" serpent," and Folliculus, in repentance, 
makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. 
In the Sanskrit version, given in the 
Pantschatantra (a.d. 540), the tale is 
told of the brahmin Devasaman, an 
" ichneumon " and " black snake " taking 
the places of the dog and the wolf. In 
the Arabic version by Nasr- Allah (twelfth 
century), a "weasel" is substituted for 
the dog ; in the Mongolian Uligerun a 
" polecat ; " in the Persion Sindibad- 
ndmch, a " cat ; " and in the Hitopadesa 
(iv. 3), an " otter." In the Chinese Forest 
of Pearls from the Garden of the Law, 
the dog is an "ichneumon," as in the 
Indian version (a.d. 668). In Sardabar, 
and also in the Hebrew version, the tale 
is told of a dog. A similar tale is told of 
czar Piras of Russia ; and another occurf 
in the Seven Wise Masters. 

Gel'latly {Davie), idiot servant of the 
baron of Bradwardine (3 syl. ). 

Old Janet Gellatly, the idiot's mother. 
— Sir W. Scott : Waverley (time, Georg* 
It). 

(In some editions the word is spelt 
"Gellatley.") 

Geloi'os, Silly Laughter personified. 
Geloios is slain by Encra'tSs {temper' 
ance) in the battle of MansouL (Greek, 
geloios, "facetious.") 

Geloios next ensued, a merry Greek, 

Whose life was laughter vain, and mirth mlspfaced j 
His speeches broad, to shame the modest cheek ; 

Nor cared he whom, or when, or how disgraced. 
P. FleUJur : The Purple Island, viii., xi. (1633)1 



GEM ALPHABET. 



4" 



Gem Alphabet. 

Transparent. 

A methyst 

Beryl 

Chrysoberyi 

Diamond 

Emerald 

Felspar 

Garnet 

Hyacinth 

Idocrase 

Kyanite 

Lynx-sapphl*» 

Milk-opal 

Natrohte 

Opal 

Pyropa 

Quarts 

Ruby 

t-'apphsr 

Topaz 

TJnanito 

Vesuvianlt* 

"Water-sapphls» 

Xanthite 

Zirco 



Opaqu*. 
Agate 
Basalt 
Cacholong 
Diaspore 
Egyptian pebble 
Fire-stone 
Granite 
Heliotrope 
Jasper 
Krckidolite 
Lapis-lazuli 
Ik alachite 
Nephrite 
Onyx 
Porphjrry 
Quartz-agate 
Rose-quartz 
Sardonyx 
Turquoise 
Ultra-marine 
Verd-antique 
"Wood-opal 
2i ylotile 
Zurlite 



Gem of Normandy, Emma, 

daughter of Richard " the Fearless," 
duke of Normandy. She first married 
Ethelred II. of England, and then 
Canute, but survived both, and died in 

1052. 

There is a story told that Emma was once brought 
to trial on various charges of public and private mis- 
conduct, but that she cleared herself by the ordeal of 
walking blindfold over red-hot ploughshares without 
being hurt.— E. A. Freeman : Old English History, 265. 

Gem of the Ocean. Ireland is 
called by T. Moore " first gem of the 
ocean, first pearl of the sea." 

Gems Emblems of the Twelve 

Apostles. 

Andrew, the bright blue sapphire, 
emblematic of his heavenly faith. 

Bartholomew, the red carnelian, 
emblematic of his martyrdom. 

James, the white chalcedony, em- 
blematic of his purity. 

James the Less, the topaz, em- 
blematic of delicacy. 

John, the emerald, emblematic of his 
youth and gentleness. 

Matthew, the amethyst, emblematic 
of sobriety. Matthew was once a " pub- 
lican," but was " sobered" by the leaven 
of Christianity. 

Matthias, the chrysolite, pure as sun- 
shine. 

Peter, the jasper, hard and solid as 
the rock of the Church. 

Philip, the friendly sardonyx. 

Simeon of Cana, the pink hyacinth, 
emblematic of sweet temper. 

Thaddeus, the chrysoprase, em- 
blematic of serenity and trustfulness. 

Thomas, the beryl, indefinite in lustre, 
emblematic of his doubting faith. 

Gems symbolic of the Months. 



GENESIS. 

January, the jacinth or hyacinth, 

symbolizing constancy and fidelity. 

February, the amethyst, symbolizing 
peace of mind and sobriety. 

March, the blood-stone or jasper, sym- 
bolizing courage and success in dangerous 
enterprise. 

April, the sapphire and diamond, 
symbolizing repentance and innocence. 

May, the emerald, symbolizing success 
in love. 

June, the agate, symbolizing long life 
end health. 

July, the carnelian, symbolizing cure 
Of evils resulting from forgetfulness. 

August, the sardonyx or onyx, sym- 
bolizing conjugal felicity. 

September, the chrysolite, symbolizing 
preservation from folly, or its cure. 

October, the aqua-marine, opal, or 
beryl, symbolizing hope. 

November, the topaz, symbolizing 
fidelity and friendship. 

December, the turquoise or ruby, sym- 
bolizing brilliant success. 

V Some doubt exists between May 
and June, July and August. Thus some 
give the agate to May, and the emerald to 
June ; the carnelian to August, and the 
onyx to July. 

Gembok or Gemsboc, a sort of 
Stag, a native of South Africa. It is a 
heavy, stout animal, which makes such 
use of its horns as even to beat off the 
lion. 

Far into the heat among the sands. 
The gembok nations, snuffing up the wind 

Drawn by the scent of water ; and the bands 
Of tawny-bearded lions pacing. Wind 

With the sun-dazzle . . . and spiritless for lack of rest. 
yean Ingelow : The Four Bridges. 

Gem'ini [" the twins "]. Castor and 
Pollux are the two principal stars of this 
constellation ; the former has a bluish 
tinge, and the latter a damask red. 

As heaven's high twins, whereof in Tyrian blue 
The one revolveth ; through his course immense 
Might love his fellow of the damask hue. 

yean Ingelow : Honours, L 

Gemini. Mrs. Browning makes Eve 
view in the constellation Gemini a 
symbol of the increase of the human 
race, and she loved to gaze on it. — A 
Drama of Exile (1850). 

Genesis. The Greek name for the 
first book of the Old Testament. The 
Jews call it " In the beginning," from 
the first words (chap. i. 1). The Greek 
word means "Origin," and the book is 
so called because it tells us the " origin " 
of all created things. It carries down 
the history of the world for 2369 years. 



GENEURA. 



412 



GEOFFREY. 



Its main subjects are the history of Adam 
and Eve till their expulsion from para- 
dise ; the Flood ; and the dispersion of the 
human race. 

It contains also a brief account of Cain and Abel, two 
sons of Adam ; of Noah and his three sons ; of the 
patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob ; and a pretty 
full account of Joseph, a romance of life more romantic 
than any fiction ever written. 

Geneu'ra. (See Gineura, p. 424.) 
(Queen Guinever or Guenever is some- 
times called " Geneura " or " Genevra.") 

Gene'va Bull {The), Stephen 
Marshall, a Calvinistic preacher. 

Genevieve [St.), the patron saint of 
Paris, born at Nanterre. She was a 
shepherdess, but went to Paris when her 
parents died, and was there during 
Attila's invasion (A.D. 451). She told 
the citizens that God would spare the 
city, and "her prediction came true." 
At another time she procured food for 
the Parisians suffering from famine. At 
lei i-equcsi, Clovis built the church of 
St. Pierre et St. Paul, afterwards called 
Ste. Genevieve (3 syl.). Her day is 
January 3. Her relics are deposited in 
the Pantheon now called by her name 
(419-5*2). 

Genii or Ginn, an intermediate race 
between angels and men. They ruled on 
earth before the creation of Adam. — 
DHerbelot: Bibliotheque Orientate, 357 

{l697) o 1 

*.' Solomon is supposed to preside 
over the whole race of genii. This seems 
to have arisen from a mere confusion of 
words of somewhat similar sound. The 
chief of the genii was called a suley- 
man, which got corrupted into a proper 
name. 

Genii ( Tales of the), translated from 
the Persian by sir Charles Morell (1765). 

Charles Morell is the pseudonym of the Rev. James 
Ridley. 

Genius and Common Sense. 

T. Moore says that Common Sense and 
Genius once went out together on a 
ramble by moonlight. Common Sense 
went prosing on his way, arrived home 
in good time, and went to bed ; but 
Genius, while gazing at the stars, stum- 
bled into a river and was drowned. 

IF This story is told of Thales the 
philosopher by Plato. Chaucer has also 
an allusion thereto in his Miller's Tale. 

So ferde another clerk with 'stronomye : 
He walked In the feekies for to prye 
Upon the sterres, what ther shuld befall. 
Til he was in a marie 1 pit i-f.ill. 
Chaucer : Canterbury Tales, 3457, etc. (1388). 



Genna'ro, the natural son of Lucrezia 
di Borgia (daughter of pope Alexander 
VI.) before her marriage with Alfonso 
duke of Ferra'ra. He was brought up 
by a Neapolitan fisherman. In early 
manhood he went to Venice, heard of 
the scandalous cruelty of Lucrezia, and, 
with the heedless petulance of youth, 
mutilated the duke's escutcheon by strik- 
ing out the B, thus converting Borgia 
into Orgia {orgies). (For the rest of the 
tale, see Borgia, p. 138.) — Donizetti: 
Lucrezia di Borgia (1834). 

Gennil {Ralph), a veteran in the 
troop of sir Hugo de Lacy. — Sir W 
Scott: The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Genove'fa, wife of Siegfried count 
palatine of Brabant. Being suspected 
of infidelity, she was driven into the 
forest of Ardennes, where she gave 
birth to a son, who was suckled by a 
white doe. After a time, Siegfried dis- 
covered his error, and both mother and 
child were restored to their proper home. 
— German Popular Stories. 

Tieck and Miiller have popularized the 
tradition, and Raupach has made it the 
subject of a drama. 

Gentle Shepherd {The), George 
Grenville. In one of his speeches, he 
exclaimed in the House, "Tell me 
where ! " when Pitt hummed the line of 
a popular song, ' ' Gentle Shepherd, tell 
me where ! " and the House was con- 
vulsed with laughter (1712-1770). 

Gentle Shepherd {The), the title 
and chief character of Allan Ramsay's 
pastoral drama (1725). 

Gentleman of Europe ( The First), 

George IV. (1762, 1820-1830). 

It was the " first gentleman in Europe " in whose high 
presence Mrs. Rawdon passed her examination, and 
took her degree in reputation ; so it must be flat dis- 
loyalty to doubt her virtue. What a noble appreciation 
of character must there not have been in Vanity Fair 
when that august sovereign was invested with the title 
of Premier Genti'.homme of all Europe 1 — Thackeray ■ 
Vanity Fair (1848). 

The First Gentleman of Europe, Louis 
d'Artois. 

Gentleman Painter {The). Ru- 
bens is spoken of by Charles Beane as 
le gentilhomme de la peinture (1577- 
1640). 

Gentleman Smith, William Smith, 
actor, noted for his gentlemanly deport- 
ment on the stage (1730-1790). 

Geoffrey, archbishop of York.— Sir 
W. Scott : The Talisman (time, Richard 
I.). 



GEOFFREY. 

Geoffrey, the old ostler of John 
Mengs (innkeeper at Kirchhoff). — Sir 
W. Scott: Anne of Geier stein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Geoffrey Crayon, the hypothecal 
name of the author of the Sketch-Book, 
by Washington Irving of New York 
(1818-1820). 

GEORGE {Honest). General Monk, 
George duke of Albemarle, was so 
called by the votaries of Cromwell 
(1608-1670). 

George (Mr.), a stalwart, handsome, 
simple-hearted fellow, son of Mrs. 
Rouncewell the housekeeper at Chesney 
Wold. He was very wild as a lad, and 
ran away from his mother to enlist as a 
soldier ; but on his return to England 
he opened a shooting-gallery in Leicester 
Square, London. When sir Leicester 
Dedlock, in his old age, fell into trouble, 
George became his faithful attendant — 
Dickens: Bleak House (1852). 

George (St. ), the patron saint of Eng- 
land. He was born at Lydda, but brought 
up in Cappadocia, and suffered martyr- 
dom in the reign of Diocletian, April 23, 
A.D. 303. Mr. Hogg tells us of a Greek 
inscription at Ezra, in Syria, dated 346, in 
which the martyrdom of St. George is 
referred to. At this date was living 
George bishop of Alexandria, with whom 
Gibbon, in his Decline and Fall, has con- 
founded the patron saint of England ; but 
the bishop died in 362, or fifty-nine years 
after the prince of Cappadocia. (See 
Red Cross Knight.) 

(Mussulmans revere St. George under 
the name of " Gherghis.") 

St. Georges Bones were taken to the 
church in the city of Constantine. 

St. George's Head. One of his heads 
was preserved at Rome. Long forgotten, 
it was rediscovered in 751, and was given 
in 1600 to the church of Ferrara. Another 
of his heads was preserved in the church 
of Marcs-Moutier, in Picardy. 

St. George's Limbs. One of his arms 
fell from heaven upon the altar of Pan- 
taleon, at Cologne. Another was pre- 
served in a religious house of Barala, 
and was transferred thence in the ninth 
century to Cambray. Part of an arm 
was presented by Robert Flanders to 
the city of Toulouse ; another part was 
given to the abbey of Auchin, and 
another to the countess Matilda. 

George and the Dragon (St.). 



413 GEORGE III. 

St. George, son of lord Albert of 
Coventry, was stolen in infancy by " the 
weird lady of the woods," who brought 
the lad up to deeds of arms. His body 
had three marks : a dragon on the breast, 
a garter round one of the legs, and a 
blood-red cross on the right arm. When 
he grew to manhood, he fought against 
the Saracens. In Libya he heard of a 
huge dragon, to which a damsel was 
daily given for food, and it so happened 
that when he arrived the victim was 
Sabra, the king's daughter. She was 
already tied to the stake when St. George 
came up. On came the dragon ; but the 
knight, thrusting his lance into the 
monster's mouth, killed it on the spot. 
Sabra, being brought to England, be- 
came the wife of her deliverer, and they 
lived happily in Coventry till death. — 
Percy : Reliques, III. iii. 2. 

This Is a mere skit by John Grubb, and has no 
pretension to an historical fact. 

St. George and the Dragon, on old 
guinea-pieces, was the design of Pis- 
trucci. It was an adaptation of a di- 
drachm of Tarentum, B.C. 250. 

• . * The encounter between George and 
the dragon took place at Berytus (Bey- 
rut). 

(The tale of St. George and the dragon 
is told in the Golden Legends of Jacques 
de Voragine. See S. Baring-Gould's 
Curious Myths of the Middle Ages. ) 

George I. and the dnchess of 
Kendal (1719). The duchess was a 
German, whose name was Erangard 
Melrose de Schulemberg. She was 
created duchess of Munster, in Ireland, 
baroness Glastonbury, countess of Fever- 
sham, and duchess of Kendal (died 
1743). 

George H. His favourite was Mary 
Howard, duchess of Suffolk. 

V George II., when angry, vented his 
displeasure by kicking his hat about the 
room. We are told that Xerxes vented 
his displeasure at the loss of his bridges 
by ordering the Hellespont to be let- 
tered, lashed with 300 stripes, and in- 
sulted. 

*.* The nickname of the prince of 
Wales, eldest son of George II., was 
"prince Titi," from a pseudonym which 
he adopted in the memoirs which he 
wrote. The name was suggested by a 
fairy tale by St. Hyacinthe, called The 
History of Prince Titi. 

George III. and the Fair 
Quakeress. When George III. was 



GEORGE IV. AND MRS. ROBINSON. 414 



GERAINT. 



about 20 years of age, he fell in love with 
Hannah Lightfoot, daughter of a linen- 
draper in Market Street, St. James's. He 
married her in Kew Church, 1759, but 
of course the marriage was not recog- 
nized. (See Lovers. ) 

N.B. — The following year (September, 
1760) he married the princess Charlotte 
of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. Hannah Light- 
foot married a Mr. Axford, and passed 
out of public notice. 

(The nickname of George III. was 
"Farmer George,' or "The Fanner 
King.") 

George IV. and Mrs. Mary 
Robinson, generally called Perdita. 
Mary Darby, at the age of 15, married 
Mr. Robinson, who lived a few months 
on credit, and was then imprisoned for 
debt. Mrs. Robinson sought a livelihood 
on the stage, and George IV. , then prince 
of Wales and a mere lad, saw her as 
"Perdita," fell in love with her, cor- 
responded with her under the assumed 
name of " Florizel," and gave her a bond 
for j£2o,ooo, subsequently cancelled for 
an annuity of £500 (1758-1800). 

♦.* George IV. was born in 1762, and 
was only 16 in 1778, when he fell in love 
with Mrs. Robinson. The young prince 
suddenly abandoned her, and after two 
Other love affairs, privately married, at 
Carlton House (in 1785), Mrs. Fitzherbert, 
a lady of good family, and a widow, 
seven years his senior. The marriage 
being contrary to the law, he married the 
princess Caroline of Brunswick, in 1795 ; 
but still retained his connection with 
Mrs. Fitzherbert, and added a new fa- 
vourite, the countess of Jersey. 

(The nicknames of George IV. were 
" The First Gentleman of Europe," " Fum 
the Fourth," "Prince Florizel," "The 
Adonis of 50," or " The Fat Adonis of 50. ") 

George [de Laval], a friend of 
Horace de Brienne (2 syl.). Having 
committed forgery, Carlos {alias marquis 
d'Antas), being cognizant of it, had him 
in his power ; but Ogarita (alias Martha) 
obtained the document, and returned it to 
George. — Stirling: Orphan of the Frozen 
Sea (1856). 

George-a-Greene, the pinner or 
pound-keeper of Wakefield, one of the 
chosen favourites of Robin Hood. 

Veni Wakefield peramaenum, 
Ubi quaerens Georgium Greenum, 
Non inveni, sed in lignum, 
Fixum reperi Georgii signum, 
Ubi allam bibi feram, 

i Georgio fortior eram. 

Drunken Barnaby (1640). 



Once in Wakefield town, so pleasant, 

Sought I George-a-Green, the peasant y 

Found him not, but spied instead, sir. 

On a sign, " The George's Head," sir ; 

Valiant grown with ale like nectar. 

What cared I for George or Hector !— B. C. B. 

(Robert Greene has a comedy entitled 
George-a-Greene, the Pinner of Wakefield 
(1589). There is also an old prose 
romance recounting his contests with 
Robin Hood and Little John. ) 

George Barnwell. (See Barn- 
well, p. 91.) 

George Street (Strand, London), 
one of a series of streets named after the 
second duke of Buckingham. The series 
consists of George Street, Villiers Street, 
Duke Street, and Buckingham Street. 

Georges (The Four), lectures by 
Thackeray on the kings and customs ol 
the times referred to, with satire, epigram, 
and humour (1856-7). 

Georgian Women (The). Allah, 
wishing to stock his celestial harem, com- 
missioned an imaum to select for him 
forty of the loveliest women he could 
find. The imaum journeyed into Frankis- 
tan, and from the country of the Ingliz 
carried off the king's daughter. From 
Germany he selected other maidens ; but 
when he arrived at Gori (north-west of 
Tiflis) he fell in love with one of the beau- 
ties, and tarried there. Allah punished 
him by death, but the maidens remained 
in Gori, and became the mothers of the 
most beautiful race of mortals in the 
whole earth. — A Legend. 

Georgina [Vesey], daughter of sir 
John Vesey. Pretty, but vain and frivo- 
lous. She loved, as much as her heart 
was susceptible of such a passion, sir 
Frederick Blount ; but wavered between 
her liking and the policy of marrying 
Alfred Evelyn, a man of great wealth. 
When she thought the property of Evelyn 
was insecure, she at once gave her hand 
to sir Frederick. — Lord Lytton: Money 
(1840). 

Geraint' (Sir), of Devon, one of the 
knights of the Round Table. He was 
married to E'nid, only child of Yn'iol. 
Fearing lest Enid should be tainted by 
the queen, sir Geraint left the court, and 
retired to Devon. Half sleeping and 
half waking, he overheard part of Enid's 
words, and fancying her to be unfaithful 
to him, treated her for fc time with great 
harshness ; but when he was wounded Enid 
nursed him with such wifely tenderness 
that he could no longer doubt her fealty, 



GERALDIN. 

and a complete understanding being estab- 
lished, " they crowned a happy life with 
a fair death." — Tennyson: Idylls of the 
King (" Geraint and Enid "). 

Ger aldin (Lord), son of the earl of 
Glenallan. He appears first as William 
Lovell, and afterwards as major Neville. 
He marries Isabella Wardour (daughter 
of sir Arthur Wardour). 

Sir Aymer de Ger aldin, an ancestor of 
lord Geraldin.— Sir W. Scott : The Anti- 
quary (time, George III.). 

Geraldine (3 syl.), a young man, 
who comes home from his travels to find 
his playfellow (that should have been his 
wife) married to old Wincott, who receives 
him hospitably as a friend of his father's, 
takes delight in hearing tales of his 
travels, and treats him most kindly. 
Geraldine and the wife mutually agree 
not in any wise to wrong so noble and 
confiding an old gentleman. — Heywood : 
The English Traveller (1576-1645). 

Geraldine (Lady), an orphan, the 
ward of her uncle count de Valmont. She 
is betrothed to Florian ' ' the foundling of 
the forest," and the adopted son of the 
count. This foundling turns out to be 
his real son, who had been rescued by his 
mother and carried into the forest to save 
him from the hands of Longueville, a 
desperate villain. — Dimond: The Found- 
ling of the Forest. 

Geraldine ( The Fair), the lady whose 
praises are sung by Henry Howard earl 
of Surrey. Supposed to be lady Elizabeth 
Fitzgerald, daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald 
ninth earl of Kildare. She married the 
earl of Lincoln. 

That favoured strain was Surrey's raptured line ; 
The fair and lovely form, the lady Geraldine. 

Sir W. Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805). 

Geraldine's Courtship (Lady), a 
poem by Mrs. Browning (1844). The 
lady falls in love with a peasant poet, 
whom she marries. 

Gerard (John), an English botanist 
(1545-1607), who compiled the Catalogus 
Arborum, Fruticum, et Plantorum, tarn 
Indigenarum quant Exoticarum, in Horto 
Johanis Gerardi. Also author of the 
Herbal or General History of Plants 
(1597). 

Of these most helpful herbs yet tell we but a few, 

To those unnumbered sorts of simples here th.it grew. . . 

Not skilful Gerard yet shall ever find them all. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xifi. (1613). 

Gerard, attendant of sir Patrick Char- 
teris (provost of Perth).— Sir W. Scott: 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 



4*5 



GERONIMO, 



Gerhard the Good, a merchant of 

Cologne, who exchanges his rich freight 
for a cargo of Christian slaves, that he 
might give them their liberty. He retains 
only one, who is the wife of William 
king of England. She is about to marry 
the merchant's son, when the kin^ sud- 
denly appears, disguised as a pilgrim. 
Gerhard restores the wife, ships both off 
to England, refuses all recompense, and 
remains a merchant as before. — Rudolf 
of Ems (a minnesinger) : Gerhard the Good 
(thirteenth century). 

Ger'ion. So William Browne, in his 
Britannia's Pastorals (fifth song), calls 
Philip of Spain. The allusion is to 
Geryon of Gades (Cadiz), a monster with 
three bodies (or, in other words, a king 
over three kingdoms) slain by Hercules. 

*.• The three kingdoms over which 
Philip reigned were Spain, Germany, and 
the Netherlands. 

Gerlinda or Girlint, the mother 
of Hartmuth king of Norway. When 
Hartmuth carried off Gudrun the daugh- 
ter of Hettel (Attila), and she refused to 
marry him, Gerlinda put her to the most 
menial work, such as washing the dirty 
linen. But her lover, Herwig king of 
Heligoland, invaded Norway, and having 
gained a complete victory, put Gerlinda 
to death. — An Anglo-Saxon Poem (thir- 
teenth century). 

German Literature (Father of), 
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729- 1781). 

Germany, formerly called Tongres. 
The name was changed according to 
fable) in compliment to Ger'mana, sister 
of Julius Caesar, and wife of Salvius 
Brabon duke of Brabant. — Jehan de 
Maire: Illustrations de Gaule, iii. 20-23. 

V Geoffrey of Monmouth says that 
Ebraucus, one of the descendants of Brute 
king of Britain, had twenty sons, all of 
whom, except the eldest, settled in 
Tongres, which was then called Germany, 
because it was the land of the germans or 
brothers. 

These germans did subdue all Germany, 
Of whom it night. 

Spenser : Fatrie Queene, ii. 10 (1590). 

Geron'imo, the friend of Sganarelle 
(3 syl.). Sganarelle asks him if he would 
advise his marrying. " How old are 
you?" asks Geronimo ; and being told 
that he is 63, and the girl under 20, says, 
" No." Sganarelle, greatly displeased at 
his advice, declares he is hale and strong, 
that he loves the girl, and has promised 



GERONTE. 



to marry her. "Then do as you like," says 
Geronimo. — Moliere: Le Mariage Ford 
(1664). 

IT This joke is borrowed from Rabe- 
lais. Panurge asks PantagVuel whether 
he advises him to marry. "Yes," says 
the prince ; whereupon Panurge states 
several objections. " Then don't," says 
the prince. "But I wish to marry," 
says Panurge. ' ' Then do it by all 
means," says the prince. Every time the 
prince advises him to marry, Panurge 
objects ; and every time the prince 
advises the contrary, the advice is 
equally unacceptable. The oracle of the 
Holy Bottle.being consulted, made answer, 
"Do as you like." — Pantag'ruel, iii. 9 
(i54S) 

Geronte' (2 syl.), father of Leandre 
and Hyacinthe ; a miserly old hunks. 
He has to pay Scapin ^30 for the 
" ransom " of Leandre, and after having 
exhausted every evasion, draws out his 
purse to pay the money, saying, "The 
Turk is a Villain ! " " Yes," says Scapin. 
" A rascal ! " " Yes," says Scapin. " A 
thief!" "Yes," says Scapin. "He 
would wring from me ^30 ! would he ? " 
"Yes," says Scapin. "Oh, if I catch 
him, won't I pay him out?" "Yes," 
says Scapin. Then, putting his purse 
back into his pocket, he walks off, saying, 
"Pay the ransom, and bring back the 
boy." " But the money ; where's the 
money? " says Scapin. " Oh, didn't I give 
it you?" "No," says Scapin. "I 
forgot," says GeYonte, and he pays the 
money (act ii. sc. 11). — Moliere :Les Four- 
beries de Scapin (1671). 

(In the English version, called The 
Cheats of Scapin, by Otway, Gdronte 
is called "Gripe," Hyacinthe is called 
" Clara," Leandre is Angelicized into 
" Leander," and the sum of money bor- 
rowed is .£200, instead of 500 ^cus.) 

(reroute (2 syl.), the father of Lucinde 
(2 syl.). He wanted his daughter to 
marry Horace, but as she loved Leandre, 
in order to avoid a marriage she detested, 
she pretended to have lost the power of 
articulate speech, and only answered, 
*■' Han, hi, hon I " " Han, hi, hon, han ! " 
Sganarelle, " le m^decin malgre' lui," 
seeing that this jargon was put on, and 
»scertaining that Leandre was her lover, 
introduced him as an apothecary, and the 
young man soon effected a perfect cure 
with "pills matrimoniac." — Moliere: Le 
Midecin Malgre" Lui (1666). 
Ger'rard, king of the beggars, dis- 



416 GERYONEO. 

guised under the name of Clause. He is 
the father of Florez the rich merchant of 
Bruges. — Fletcher: The Beggars' Bush 
(1622). 

G-er 'trade (2 syl.), Hamlet's mother. 
On the death of her husband, who was 
king of Denmark, she married Claudius, 
the late king's brother. Gertrude was 
accessory to the murder of her first 
husband, and Claudius was principal. 
Claudius prepared poisoned wine, which 
he intended for Hamlet ; but the queen, 
not knowing it was poisoned, drank it 
and died. Hamlet, seeing his mother 
fall dead, rushed on the king and killed 
him. — Shakespeare: Hamlet (1596). 

(In the Historie of Hamblett, Gertrude 
is called "Geruth.") 

Gertrude of Wy'oming', daughter 
of the patriarch Albert. One day, an 
Indian brought to Albert a lad (nine 
years old) named Henry Waldegrave 
(2 syl.), and told the patriarch he had 
promised the boy's mother, at her death, 
to place her son under his care. The lad 
remained at Wyoming for three years, 
and was then sent to his friends. When 
grown to manhood, Henry Waldegrave 
returned to Wyoming, and married Ger- 
trude ; but three months afterwards, 
Brandt, at the head of a mixed army of 
British and Indians, attacked the settle 
ment, and both Albert and Gertrude were 
shot. Henry Waldegrave then joined the 
army of Washington, which was fighting 
for American independence. — Campbell: 
Gertrude of Wyoming (1809). 

N.B. — Campbell accents Wyoming on 
the first syllable, but it is more usual to 
throw the accent on the second. 

Geruudio {Fray), i.e. Friar Gerund, 
the hero and title of a Spanish romance, 
by the Jesuit De l'lsla. It is a satire on 
the absurdities and bad taste of the 
popular preachers of the time. It is full 
of quips and cranks, tricks of acting, and 
startling sentimentality. — Joseph Isla: 
Life of Friar Gerund (1758). 

Ge'ryon's Sons, the Spaniards ; so 
called from Geryon, an ancient king of 
Spain, whose oxen were driven off by 
Her'culSs. This task was one of the 
hero's "twelve labours." Milton uses 
the expression in Paradise Lost, xi. 410 
(1065). 

Geryon'eo, a human monster with 
three bodies. He was of the race of 
giants, being the son of Geryon, the 
tyrant who gave all strangers " as food to 



GESA. 



4«7 



GIAMSCHID. 



his klne, the fairest and the fiercest ldne 
alive." Geryoneo promised to take the 
young widow Beige" (2 syl. ) under his 
protection ; but it was like the wolf pro- 
tecting the lamb, for "he gave her 
children to a dreadful monster to devour." 
In her despair, she applied to king Arthur 
for help, and the British king, espousing 
her cause, soon sent Geryoneo " down to 
the house of dole." — Spenser : Faerie 
Queene, v. 10, 11 (1596). 

V "Geryoneo ' is the house of Aus- 
tria, and Philip of Spain in particular. 
" King Arthur" is England, and the earl 
of Leicester in particular. The ' ' Widow 
Beige" " is the Netherlands ; and the mon- 
ster that devoured her children the in- 
quisition, introduced by the duke of Alva. 
"Geryoneo" had three bodies, for Philip 
ruled over three kingdoms — Spain, Ger- 
many, and the Netherlands. The earl 
of Leicester, sent in 1585 to the aid of 
the Netherlands, broke off the yoke of 
Philip. 

Gesa, solemn vows, injunctions, and 
prohibitions. In old Celtic romances, to 
place a person under gesa bonds was to 
adjure him so solemnly that he dare not 
disobey without loss of honour and reputa- 
tion. Sometimes the gesa were imposed 
with spells, so as to draw down ill luck as 
well as loss of honour on the persons who 
disregarded the injunction. 

Gesmas, the impenitent thief cruci- 
fied with our Lord. In the apocryphal 
Gospel of Nicodemus, he is called Gestas. 
The penitent thief was Dismas, Dysmas, 
Demas, or Dumacus. 

Three bodies on three crosses hang supine: 
Dismas and Gesmas and the Power Divine. 
Dismas seeks heaven, Gesuas his own damnation. 
The Mid-one seeks our ransom and salvation. 

E. C. B. : Translation of a Latin Charm. 

Gessler (Albrecht), the brutal and 
tyrannical governor of Switzerland ap- 
pointed by Austria over the three forest 
cantons. When the people rose in re- 
bellion, Gessler insulted them by hoisting 
his cap on a pole, and threatening death 
to any one who refused to bow down to it 
in reverence. William Tell refused to do 
so, and was compelled to shoot at an 
apple placed on the head of his own son. 
Having dropped an arrow by accident, 
Gessler demanded why he had brought a 
second. "To shoot you," said the in- 
trepid mountaineer, "if I fail in my 
task." Gessler then ordered him to be 
cast into Kusnacht Castle, " a prey to the 
reptiles that lodged there." Gessler went 
In the boat to see the order executed, and 



as the boat neared land, Tell leapt on 
shore, pushed back the boat, shot Gessler, 
and freed his country from Austrian 
domination. — Rossini : Guglielmo Tell 
(1829). (See Egil, p. 316.) 

Gesta Romano'rnm, first published 
in 1473. The book is divided into 152 
chapters, and is made up of old chronicles, 
lives of saints, Oriental apologies, and 
romantic inventions. The author is said 
to have been Helinandus. (See Hazlitt's 
English Poetry, vol. i.) 

Geta, according to sir Walter Scott, 
the representative of a stock slave and 
rogue in the new comedy of Greece and 
Rome (? GetSs). 

The principal character, upon whose devices and 
Ingenuity the whole plot usually turns, is the Geta of 
the piece — a witty, roguish, insinuating, and malignant 
slave, the confidant of a wild and extravagant son, 
whom he aids in his pious endeavours to cheat a sus- 
picious, severe, and griping father.— Sir W. Scott: 
The Drama. 

Ghengis Elian, a title assumed by 
Tamerlane or Timour the Tartar (1336- 
1405)- 

Ghilan, a district of Persia, notoriously 
unhealthy, and rife with fever, ague, 
cholera, and plague. Hence the Persian 
proverb — 

" Let hint who Is tired of life retire to Ghllan." 

Ghost ( The), so graphically described 
by Defoe, was the apparition of Mrs. Veal, 
and the place referred to is Botathen, 
in Little Petherick, Cornwall 

IT The ghost of Mr. Dingley of Laun- 
ceston, Cornwall, was described by [Dr.] 
John Ruddle or Ruddell (seventeenth 
century). 

Giaffir [Djaffir\ pacha of Aby'dos, 
and father of Zuleika \Zu-lee-kah\ He 
tells his daughter he intends her to many 
the governor of Magne'sia, but Zuleika 
has given her plight to her cousin Selim. 
The lovers take to flight ; Giaffir pursues 
and shoots Selim ; Zuleika dies of grief ; 
and the father lives on, a broken-hearted 
old man, calling to the winds, "Where 
is my daughter?" and echo answers, 
" Where?"— Byrtn: Bride of Abydos 
(1813). 

Giam'schid [Jam-shid], a suleyman 
of the Peris. Having reigned seven hun- 
dred years, he thought himself immortal ; 
but God, in punishment, gave him a 
human form, and sent him to live on 
earth, where he became a great conqueror, 
and ruled over both the East and West. 
The bulwark of the Peris' abode was com- 
posed of green chrysolite, the reflection 
a c 



GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY. 418 GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY. 



of which gives to the sky its deep blue- 
green hue. 

Soul beamed forth in every spark 
That darted from beneath the lid, 
Bright as the jewel of Giamschid. 

Byron : The Giaour (1813). 
She only wished the amorous monarch had shown 
more ardour for the carbuncle of Giamschid.— Beck' 
ferd: Vathek (1786). 

Giants of Mythology and Fable. 

Strabo makes mention of the skeleton of 
a giant 60 cubits in height. Pliny tells us 
of another 46 cubits. Boccaccio describes 
the body of a giant from bones discovered 
in a cave near Trapani, in Sicily, 200 
cubits in length. One tooth of this 
" giant" weighed 200 ounces; but Kir- 
cher says the tooth and bones were those 
of a mastodon. 

(x) AC'AMAS. one of the Cyclops.— Greek Fable. 

(2) Adamastor, the giant Spirit of the Cape. His 
lips were black, teeth blue, eyes shot with livid fire, 
and voice louder than thunder.— Camolns : Lusiad, v. 

(3) /Eg.-eon, the hundred-handed giant. One of the 
Titans.— Greek Fable. 

(4) AG'RIOS, one of the giants called Titans. H« 
was killed by the Parcae.— Greek Fable. 

(5) ALCYONEUS [Al'-si-J-nuce] or AL'CION, brother 
of Porphyrion. He stole some of the Sun's oxen, and 
Jupiter sent Hercules against him, but he was unable 
to prevail, for immediately the giant touched the earth 
he received fresh vigour. Pallas, seizing him, carried 
him beyond the moon, and he died. His seven 
daughters were turned into halcyons or kingfishers.— 
Apollonius Rhodius : A rgonautic Expedition, i. 6. 

(6) Al'GEBAR'. The giant Orion is so called by the 
Arabs. 

(7) Alifanfaron or Alipharnon, emperor of 
Trapoban.— Don Quixote. 

(8) ALOE'OS (4 syl.), son of Titan and Tern.— Greek 
Fable. 

(o) ALOI'DES (4 syl.), sons of Aleeus (4 syl.), named 
Otos and Ephialtes (q.v.). 

(10) AM'erant, a cruel giant, slain by Guy of 
Warwick.— Percy : Reliques. 

(11) ANGOULAFFRE, the Saracen giant. He was 
13 cubits high, his face measured 3 feet in breadth, his 
nose was 9 inches long, his arms and legs 6 feet. He 
had the strength of thirty men, and his mace was the 
solid trunk of an oak tree, 300 years old. The tower of 
Pisa lost its perpendicularity by the weight of this giant 
leaning against it to rest himself. He was slain in 
single combat by Roland, at Fronsac — L'Fpine : 
Croquemitaine 

(ia) ANTVGOS, 60 cubits (83 feet) in height.— Plu- 
tarch. 

(13) ARGES (a syl.), one of the Cyclops.— Greek 
Fable. 

(14) ASCAPART, a giant 30 feet high, and with 19 
inches between his eyes. Slain by sir Bevis of South- 
ampton. — British Fable. 

(15) Atlas, the giant of the Atlas Mountains, who 
carries the world on his back. A book of maps is called 
an "atlas" from this giant. — Greek Fable. 

(16) BaLAN, " bravest and strongest of the giant 
race." — Amadis of Gaul. 

(17) Belle, famous for his three leaps, which gave 
names to the places called Wanlip, Burstali, and Belle- 
grave.— British Fable. 

(18) BELLE'RUS, the giant from whom Cornwall 
derived its name " Bellerium." — British Fable. 

(19) BLUNDERBORE (3 syl.), the giant who was 
drowned because Jack scuttled his boat.— Jack the 
Giant-killer. 

(«o) BRIARE'OS (4 syl.), a giant with a hundred 
hands. One of the Titans.— Greek Fable. 

(31) BROBDINGNAG, a country of giants, to whom 
an ordinary -sized man was "not half so big as the 
round little worm pricked from the lazy fingers of a 
<naU."-^Swi/T.- Gulliver's Ttavels. 



fas) BRONTES (a syL), one of the Cyclops.— Greek 

Fable. 

(23) BURLONG, a giant mentioned in the romance oi 
Sir Tryamour. 

(24) CACUS, of mount Aventine, who dragged the 
oxen of Hercules into his cave tail foremost.— Greek 
Fable. 

(25) CALIG'ORANT, the Egyptian giant, who en 
trapped travellers with an invisible net.— A riosto. 

(26) Caraculiambo, the giant that don Quixote 
Intended should kneel at the foot of Dulcin'ea. — Cer- 
vantes: Don Quixote. 

(27) CEUS or CCEUS, son of Heaven and Earth. He 
married Phoebe, and was the father of Latona,— Greek 
Fable. 

(28) Chalbroth, the stem of all the giant race.— 
Rabelais : Pantagruet. 

(29) Christopherus or St. Christopher, the 
giant who carried Christ across a ford, and was well- 
nigh borne down with the "child's" ever-increasing 
weight.— Christian Legend. 

(30) CLYTIOS, one of the giants who made war upon 
the gods. Vulcan killed him with a red-hot iron mace. 
—Greek Fable. 

(31) COLBRAND, the Danish giant slain by Guy of 
Warwick.— British Fable. 

(32) CORFLAMBO, a giant who was always attended 
by a dwarf.— Spenser: Faetie Queene, iv. 8. 

(33) CORI'NEUS (3 syl.). (See GOGMAGOG.) 

(34) CORMORAN', the Cornish giant who fell into a 
pit 20 feet deep, dug by Jack and filmed over with 
a thin layer of grass and gravel.— Jack the Giant- 
killer. 

(35) CORMORANT, a giant discomfited by sir Brian. 
—Spenser • Fairie Queene, vi. 4. 

{36) COTTOS, one of the three-hundred-headed 
giants, son of Heaven and Earth. His two brothers 
were Briareus (3 syl.) and Gyges. 

(37) COULIN, the British giant pursued by Debon, 
and killed by "falling into a deep chasm.— British Fable. 

(38) CYCLOPS, giants with only one eye, and that in 
the middle of the forehead. They Uvea in Sicily, and 
were blacksmiths.— Greek Fable. 

(39) Despair, of Doubting Castle, who found Chris- 
tian and Hopeful asleep on his grounds, and thrust 
them into a dungeon. He evilly entreated them, but 
they made their escape by the key "Promise."— 
Bunyan : Pilgrim's Progress, \. 

(40) DONDASCH, a giant contemporary with Seth. 
" There were giants in the earth in those days."— 
Oriental Fable. 

(41) Encel'ADOS, "most powerful of the giant 
race." Overwhelmed under mount Etna. — Greek Fable. 

(42) Ephialtes (4 syl.), a giant who grew « 
inches every month. — Greek Fable. 

(43) ERIX, son of Goliath [sic] and grandson of Atlas. 
He invented legerdemain.— Duchat : (Euvres de Ra- 
belais (1711). 

(44) EU'RYTOS, one of the giants who made war 
with the gods. Bacchus killed him with his thyrsus.— 
Greek Fable. 

(45) FERRACUTE, a giant 36 feet in height, with the 
strength of forty mca.—Turpin's Chronicle. 

(46) FerraGUS, a Portuguese giant. — Valentine 
and Orson. 

(47) FierabraS, of Alexandria, " the greatest giant 
that ever walked the earth." — Mediaval Rotnance. 

(48) FlON, son of Comnal, an enormous giant, who 
could place his feet on two mountains, and then stoop 
and drink from a stream in the valley between.— Gaelic 
Legend. 

(49) FiORGWYN, the gigantic father of Frigga.— 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

(50) FRACASSUS, father of Ferragus, and son of 
Morgante. 

Primus erat quidam Fracassus prole gigantJs, 
Cujus stirps olim Morganto venit ab illo, 

8ui bacchioconem cainpanae ferre solebat, 
um quo mille hominum colpos fracasset in uno. 
Merlin Cocaius [i.e. Th/ofhile Fotengo], 
Histoire Macaronique (1606). 

(51) GABBARA, father of Goliah [sic] of Secondille. 
and inventor of the custom of drinking healths.— 
Duchat : Qzttvres de Rabelais (171 1). 

(52) GALAPAS, the giant slain by king Arthur.— Sit 
T. Malory: History 0/ Prince Arthur. 

(53) Galligantus, the giant who lived with Hocu» 
Pocus the conjurer —Jack the Giant-killer, 



GIANTS OF MYTHOLOGY. 



419 



GIANTS IN REAL LIFE. 



(54 Garagantua, same as Gargantua (o.v.). 

(55) Gargantua, a giant so large that it required 
•00 ells of linen for the body of his shirt, and 200 more 
for the gussets ; 406 ells of velvet for his shoes, and 
1100 cow-hides for their soles. His toothpick was an 
elephant's tusk, and 17,913 cows were required to give 
him milk. This was the giant who swallowed five 
pilgrims, with their staves, in a salad. — Rabelais : 
Gat gantua 

(56) GEMMAGOG, son of the giant OromSdon, and 
inventor of Poulan shoes, i.e. shoes with a spur behind, 
and turned-up toes fastened to the knees. These 
shoes were forbidden by Charles V. of France, in 1365, 
but the fashion revived again. — Duchat: (Euvres de 
Rabelais (1711). 

(57) Geryon'eo, a giant with three bodies {Philip 
II. of Spain\— Spenser : Fafrie Queene, v. II. 

(58) GlRALDA, the giantess. A statue of victory on 
the top of an old Moorish tower in Seville. 

(59) GODMER, son of Albion, a British giant slain by 
Canu'tus, one of the companions of Brute.— Spenser : 
faerie Queene, ii. 10. 

(60) GOEM'AGOT, the Cornish giant who wrestled 
with Cori'neus (3 syl.), and was hurled over a rock into 
the sea. The place where he fell was called "Lam 
Goemagot."— Geoffrey : British History. 

(61) GOGMAGOG, king of the giant race of Albion 
when Brute colonized the island. He was slain by 
Cori'neus (3 syl.). The two statues of Guildhall repre- 
sent Gogmagog and Corineus. The giant carries a 
pole-axe and spiked balls. This is the same as Goe- 
nagot. 

(62) GRANGOUSIA, the giant king of Utopia.— 
Rabelais : Pantagruel. 

(63) GRANTORTO, the giant who withheld the in- 
heritance of Ire'na.— Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. 

(64) GRIM, the giant slain by Greatheart, because he 
tried to stop pilgrims on their way to the Celestial City. 
—Bunyan : Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 

(65) GRUM'BO, the giant up whose sleeve Tom 
Thumb crept. The giant, thinking some insect had 
crawled up his sleeve, gave it a shake, and Tom fell 
Into the sea, when a fish swallowed him.— Tom Thumb. 

(66) GYGES, who had fifty heads and a hundred 
bands. He was one of the Titans. — Greek Fable. 

(67) HAPMOL'CHE, the giant "fly-catcher." He 
invented the drying and smoking of neats' tongues.— 
Duchat : (Euvres de Rabelais (1711). 

(68) HlPPOL'YTOS, one of the giants who made war 
with the gods. He was killed by Hermes.— Greek 
Fable. 

(69) HRASVELG, the giant who keeps watch over 
the Tree of Life, and devours the dead.— Scandinavian 
Mythology. 

(70) HURTALI, a giant in the time of the Flood. 
He was too large of stature to get into the ark, and 
therefore rode straddle-legs on the roof. He perpetu- 
ated the giant race. Atlas was his grandson. 

(71) INDRACITTRAN, a famous giant of Indian my- 
thology. 

(72) JO-TUN, the giant of Jotunheim or Giant-land, in 
Scandinavian story. 

(73) JULIANCE, a giant of Arthurian romance. 

(74) KIFRI. the giant of atheism and infidelity. 

(75) K OTTOS, a giant with a hundred hands. One 
of the Titans.— Greek Fable. 

(76) Malamhru'no, the giant who shut up Anto- 
noma'sia and her husband in the tomb of the deceased 
queen of Candaya. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, II. 

In. 45- 

(77) MARGUTTE (3 syl.), a giant 10 feet high, who 
died of laughter when he saw a monkey pulling on his 
boots. — Pulci : Morgante Maggiore. 

(78) MAUGYS, the giant warder with whom sir 
Lybius did battle. — l.ibeaux. 

(79) MAUL, the giant of sophistry, killed by Great- 
heart, who pierced him uncftr the fifth rib. — Bunyan : 
Pilgrim s Progress, ii. 

(80) MONT-ROGNON, one of Charlemagne's paladins. 

(81) MORGANTE (3 syl.), a ferocious giant, who died 
by the bite of a crab. — Pulci: Atbrgante Afaggiore. 

(82) M UGILLO, a giant famous for his mace with six 
balls. 

(83) OFFERUS, the pagan name of St. Christopher, 
Whose body was 12 ells in height. — Christian Legend. 

(84) OciAS, an antediluvian giant, mentioned in the 
apocrypha condemned by pope Gelasius I. {492-496). 

(B5) OrGOGLIO, a giant thrice the height of an 
■rdinary man. He took captive the Rod Cross Knight, 



but was slain by king Arthur. — Spenser : FalrU 
Queene, i. 

(86) ORI'ON, a giant hunter, noted for his beauty. 
He was slain by Diana, and made a constellation. — 
Greek Fable. 

(87) OTOS, a giant, brother of Ephialtgs. They both 
grew 9 inches every month. According to Pliny, he 
was 46 cubits (66 feet) in height.— Greek Fable. 

(88) PALLAS, one of the giants called Titans. Minerva 
flayed him, and used his skin for armour ; hence she 
was called Pallas Minerva.— Greek Fable. 

(89) Pantag'RUEL, son of Gargantua, and last of 
the race of giants.— Rabelais. 

(90) POLYBO'TES (4 syl.), one of the giants who 
fought against the gods. The sea-god pursued him 
to the island of Cos, and, tearing away a part of the 
island, threw it on him and buried him beneath the 
mass. — Greek Fable. 

(91) POLYPHE'MOS, king of the Cyclops. His 
skeleton was found at Trapa'ni, in Sicily, in the four- 
teenth century, by which it is calculated that his height 
was 300 feet. — Greek Fable. 

(92) PORPHYR'ION, one of the giants who made war 
with the gods. He hurled the island of Delos against 
Zeus ; but Zeus, with the aid of Hercules, overcame 
him.— Greek Fable. 

(93) PYRAC'MON, one of the Cyclops.— Greek Fable. 

(94) RlTHO, the giant who commanded king Arthur 
to send his beard to complete the lining of a robe. — 
Arthurian Romance, 

(95) SLAY-GOOD, a giant slain by Great-heart.— 
Bunyan : Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 

(96) STER'OPES (3 syl.), one of the Cyclops.— Greek 
Fable. 

(97) TARTARO, the Cyclops of Basque legendary lore. 

(98) TEUTOBOCH'US, a king, whose remains were 
discovered in 1613, near the river Rhone. His tomb 
was 30 feet long. — Mazurier : Histoire Viritable du 
G/ant Teutobochus (1618). 

(99) THAON, one of the giants who made war with 
the gods. He was killed by the Parcat.—Hesiod : 



Theogony. 

(100) Tn 



(100) TITANS, a race of giants.— Greek Fable. 

(101) TiT'YOS, a giant whose body covered nine 
acres of land. He tried to defile Latona ; but Apollo 
cast him into Tartarus, where a vulture fed on his 
liver, which grew again as fast as it was devoured.— 
Greek Fable. 

(102) TYPHOSUS, a giant with a hundred heads, 
fearful eyes, and most terrible voice. He was the 
father of the Harpies. Zeus (Jupiter] killed him with 
a thunderbolt, and he lies buried under mount Etna. — 
Hesiod : Theogony. 

(103) Typhon, son of Typhosus, a giant with a 
hundred heads. He was so tall that his heads touched 
heaven. His offspring were Gorgon, Geryon, Cerberos, 
and the hydra of Lerne. Typhon lies buried under 
mount Etna. — Homer : Hymns. 

(104) Wide-NOSTRILS, a huge giant, who lived on 
windmills, and died from eating a lump of fresh butter. 
—Rabelais : Pantagruel, iv. 17. 

(105) YOHAK, the giant guardian of the caves of 
Babylon.— Southey : Thaiaba, v. 

IT The tallest giant was in the army of 
Dandolo, the doge of Venice, said to 
have been 18 yards (54 feet) high. He 
wore a casque on his head as high as a 
turreted city. — History of Venice (pub- 
lished by Murray, 1831), vol. i. p. 152. 

'.• Those who wish to pursue this 
subject further should consult the notes 
of Duchat, bk. ii. 1 of his (Euvres de 
Rabelais (1650-1735). 

Giants in Real Life. 

(«) A MAN AT, 7 feet 9 inches. A Greek. 

(aa) AN'AK, father of the Anakim. The Hebrew 
spies said they themselves were mere grasshoppers in 
comparison to these giants.— Josh. xv. 14 ; yudg. L 
ao ; Numb. xiii. 33. 

(*) ANAK, 7 feet 8 inches at the age of 26. Exhibited 
In London, 1862-3. Born at Ramonchamp, in the 
Ve6ges(i syL 1840. His real name was Joseph Brice. 



GIANTS IN REAL LIFE. 



420 



GIANTS DANCE. 



(e) ANDRON'ICUS II., 10 feet. Grandson of Alexius 
Comnenus. Nicetas asserts that he had seen him. 

(cc) BAMFIELD, 7 feet 1 inch. The Staffordshire 
giant ; last century. 

(d) BAMFORD (Edward), 7 feet 4 Inches. Died in 
1768, and was buried in St. Dunstan's Churchyard. 

(e) BATES (Captain), and his wife, of Kentucky. 
Exhibited in London, 1869 and 1871. Captain Bates 
was 8 feet, and weighed 478 lbs. (nearly 30 stone). Mrs. 
Bates was 7 feet 11 inches, and weighed 413 lbs. ; and 
her stillborn child weighed 15 lbs. (1872). 

(/) BITHIN, the Belgiangiant, died July 30, 1843. He 
played at one of the minor London theatres, as " The 
Giant of Palestine." 

(g) BLACKER (Henry), 7 feet 4 inches, and most 
symmetrical. Born at Cuckfield, Sussex, in 1724. Gene- 
rally called " The British Giant." Exhibited in Lon- 
don, 1751. 

(h) BRADLEY, 7 feet 9 inches at death, and weighed 
27 stone. Born at Market Wheaton, in Yorkshire. 
Length of his foot was 15^ inches, and the girt of his 
wrist n inches. His right hand is preserved in the 
museum of the College of Surgeons (1797-1820). His 
baptism is duly registered in Market Weighton Church. 

(*) BRICE (Josef h), 7 feet 8 inches. His hand could 
span isi inches. (See ANAK.) 

(J) BUSBY (John), 7 feet 9 -inches; of Darfield. 
His brother was about the same height 

(*) Byrne (Charles), 7 feet 7 inches. He died at 
Cockspur Street, aged 22. 

(I) CHANG- WOO-GOO, 8 feet 6 inches ; of Fychou. 
The Chinese giant. Exhibited in London, 1865-6, and 
in 1880 ; died 1893. 

(m) Charlemagne, 8 feet nearly. He could squeeze 
together three horse-shoes at once with his hands. 

(n) Cotter (Patrick), 8 feet 7$ inches. The Irish 
giant. A cast of his hand is preserved in the museum 
of the College of Surgeons (died 1802). 

(0) Daniel, Oliver Cromwell's porter, was a giant. 

(/) Elea'ZER, 7 cubits (? 10 feet 6 inches). The 
Jewish giant mentioned by Josephus. He lived in the 
reign of Vitellius. 

(q) Eleicegui (Joachim), 7 feet 10 inches. Th« 
Spanish giant. Exhibited in London. 

(r) Evans (William), 8 feet at death. Porter of 
Charles I. (died 1632). 

(s) FRANK (Big-), 7 feet 8 inches ; weight, 22 stone ; 
girth round the chest, 58 inches. He was an Irish- 
man, whose name was Francis Sheridan (died 1870). 

(t) FRANZ (Louis), 7 feet 6 inches. The French giant. 

(u) GABARA, 9 feet 9 inches. An Arabian giant. 
Pliny says he was the tallest man seen in the days of 
Claudius. 

(v) GiLLY, 8 feet. A Swede ; exhibited in the early 
part of the nineteenth century. 

(w) GOLI'ATH, 6 cubits and a span (?9 feet 4 inches). 
—1 Sam. xvii. 4, etc. His " brother " was also a giant. 
—2 Sam. xxi. 19 ; x Chron. xx. 5. But if the cubit was 
21 inches, and a span 9 inches, then 6 cubits and a span 
would amount to ni feet. 

\x) GORDON (Alice), j feet. An Essex giantess 
(died 1737). 

(y) Hales (Robert), 7 feet 6 Inches ; born at Somer- 
ton. Generally called " The Norfolk Giant " (1820-1862). 

(z) HAR'DRADA (Harold), "5 ells of Norway in 
height " (nearly 8 feet). The Norway giant. 

(ia) Holmes (Benjamin), of Northumberland, 7 feet 
6 inches, died 1892, aged 60. He was sword-bearer of 
the Corporation of Worcester. 

(3a) Jenkins, 7 feet 6 inches. Clerk in the Bank 
of England. Buried in the garden, to save the corpse 
from resurrectionists. The Bank garden was the 
original churchyard of St. Christopher. 

(4a) La Pierre, 7 feet 1 inch; of Stratgard, in 
Denmark. 

(5a) LOUIS, 7 feet 6 inches. The French giant. 
The same as Louis Franz (t), who was also called 
" Mons. Ixmis." His left hand is preserved in the 
museum of the College of Surgeons. 

(6a) LOUSHKIN, 8 feet 5 inches. The Russian 
giant, and drum-major of the Imperial Guards. 

(ja) M' DONALD (Jams), 7 feet 6 inches; of Cork 
(died 1760). 

(8a) M'DONALD (Samuel), 6 feet 10 inches. A 
Scotchman; usually called "Big Sam" (died 1802). 
Prince of Wales's footman. 

(ga) MAGRATH (Cornelius), 7 feet 8 inches. He 
was an orphan, reared by bishop Berkley, and died at 
the age of so (iTfT-iTto)* 



(2*) MARIAN, 8 feet 2 inches. Played in Babtl and 
Bijou about 14 years ago ; died in Germany at the age 
of 17. 

(36) Maximi'NUS, 8 feet 6 inches. The Roman 
emperor (233-238). 

(46) Mellon [Edmund), 7 feet 6 inches. Bom at 
Port Leicester, Ireland (1665-1684). 

(5*) MlDDLETON (John), 9 feet 3 inches. "His 
hand was 17 inches long, and 8£ inches broad." He 
was born at Hale, in Lancashire, in the reign of 
James I.— Dr. Plott : History of Staffordshire. 

(6b) MULLER (Maximilian Christopher), 8 feet. 
His hand measured 12 inches, and his fore-finger was 
9 inches long. The Saxon giant Died in London 
(1674-1734). 

(jb) MURPHY, 8 feet 10 inches. An Irish giant, con 
temporary with O'Brien. Died at Marseilles. 

(8b) O'BRIEN (Charles), 8 feet 2 inches. An Irish 
giant ; no relation of Patrick. Born 1761 ; died 1783. 

(9b) O'BRIEN (Patrick), the Irish giant, was 8 feet 
7 inches in height. His skeleton is preserved in the 
museum of the College of Surgeons. Born 1760 ; died 
August 3, 1807, aged 47. 

(2c) OG, king of Bashan. " His bed was 9 cubits by 
4 cubits "V? 13^ feet by 6 feet). — Deut. iii- n. 

N.B.— The Great Bed of Ware was 12 feet by 12 
feet ; but in 1895 it was shortened by 3 feet. It is now 
(1897) at Rye House. 

(3c) OSEN (Heinrich), 7 feet 6 Inches; weight, 
300 lbs. or 37^ stone. Born in Norway. 

(4c) PARSONS (Walter), 9 feet 6 inches. Gate 
porter to James I. and Charles II. 

(5c) PORUS, an Indian king who fought against 
Alexander near the river Hydaspes (B.C. 327). He was 
a giant " 5 cubits in height " [7$ feet], with strength in 
proportion.— Quintus Cuttius: De Rebus gestis Alex- 
andri Magni. 

(6c) RlECHART (J. H.), 8 feet 3 inches, of Friedberg. 
His father and mother were both giants. 

(7c) SALMERON (Martin), 7 feet 4 inches. A Mexi- 
can. 

(8c) SAM (Big), 6 feet 10 inches. (See M'DONALD.) 

(9c) SHERIDAN (Francis), 7 feet 8 inches. (See 
FRANK.) 

(id) SWAN (Miss Anne Hanen), 7 feet; of Nova 
Scotia. 

(3d) TOLL** (J.). 8 feet. Born 1795 ; died 1819, 
aged 24. 

(4d) VON BRUSTBD, of Norway, 8 feet. Exhibited 
In London, 1881. 

• . • In 1682, a giant 7 feet 7 inches was 
exhibited in Dublin. A Swede 8 feet 
6 inches was in the body-guard of a king 
of Prussia. A human skeleton 8 feet 
6 inches is preserved in the museum of 
Trinity College, Dublin. 

Becanus says he had seen a man nearly 
xo feet high, and a woman fully 10 feet. 
Gasper Bauhin speaks of a Swiss 8 feet 
in height. Del Rio says he saw a Pied- 
montese in 1572 more than 9 feet in 
stature. C. S. F. Warren, M.A., says 
(in Notes and Queries, August 14, 1875) 
that his father knew a ladv 9 feet high ; 
" her head touched the ceiling of a good- 
sized room." Vanderbrook says he saw 
a black man, at Congo, 9 feet high. 

V It will be seen that the tallest man was ELEAZER 
who was 10$ feet. Andronicus was 10 feet. 

Giant of Literature, Dr. Samuel 

Johnson (17 9-1783). 

Giant's Causeway, a basaltic mole 
in Ireland, said to be the commencement 
of a causeway from Ireland to Scotland. 

Giant's Dance (The), Stonehenge, 



GIANTS GRAVE. 

(See Geoffrey's British History, viii. 10- 
12.) 

Giant's Grave {The), a height on 
the Adriatic shore of the Bosphorus, much 
frequented by holiday parties. 

Tis a grand sight from off " The Giant's Gray* " 
To watch the progress of those rolling seas 
Between the Bosphorus, as they lash and lay* 
Europe and Asia. 

Byrm : Don yuan, ▼. 5 (1830). 

Giant's Leap {Lam Goemagot) or 
" Goemagot's Leap." Now called Haw, 
near Plymouth. The legend is that Cori'- 
neus (3 syl. ) wrestled with Goemagot king 
of the Albion giants, raised the monster 
on his shoulder, and, carrying him to the 
top of a high rock, heaved him into the sea. 

At the beginning of the encounter, Corineus and the 
riant standing front to front held each other strongly 
in their arms, and panted aloud for breath ; but Goema- 
got presently grasping Corineus with all his might, 
broke three of his ribs, two on his right side and one 
on his left. At which Corineus, highly enraged, roused 
up his whole strength, and snatching up the giant, ran 
with him on his shoulders to the neighbouring cliff, and 
heaved him into the sea. . . . The place where he fell 
is called Lam Goemagot or Goemagot's Leap to this 
day. — Geoffrey : British History, L 16 (114a). 

Giants' War ( The ). There are two 
wars with the celestials in Greek mytho- 
logy, viz. that waged by the Titans, and 
that waged by the giants. The former 
lasted ten years, and was a war between 
Kronos (a Titan) and Zeus (1 syl.) for 
" universal empire." In this war Zeus 
was victorious, and he hurled the fol- 
lowers of Kronos into Tartaros. 

The latter war was from a revolt of the 
twenty-four giants against Zeus. The 
revolters were overcome by the aid of the 
other gods and the assistance of Hercules. 

Giaour [d/ow'-er]. Byron's tale called 
The Giaour is supposed to be told by a 
Turkish fisherman who had been em- 
ployed all the day in the gulf of ^Egi'na, 
and landed his boat at nightfall on the 
Pirae'us, now called the harbour of Port 
LeonS. He was eye-witness of all the 
incidents, and in one of them a principal 
agent (see line 352, "I hear the sound 
of coming feet ..."). 

V The tale is this : Leilah, the beauti- 
ful concubine of the caliph Hassan, falls 
in love with a giaour, flees from the 
seraglio, is overtaken, put to death, and 
cast into the sea. The Giaour cleaves 
Hassan's skull, flees for his life, and 
becomes a monk. Six years afterwards 
he tells his history to his father confessor 
on his death-bed, and prays him to " lay 
his body with the humblest dead, and not 
even to inscribe his name on his tomb." 
Accordingly, he is called "the Giaour," 
and is known by no other name (1813). 



491 GIBRALTAR OF NEW WORLD. 

** He who hath bent hla o'er the dead," etc., is U 
this poem. 

A giaour is an unbeliever, one who 
disbelieves the Mohammedan faith. 

Giauha're (4 syl.), daughter of the 
king cf Saman'dal, the mightiest of the 
under-sea empires. When her lather was 
made captive by king Saleh, she emerged 
for safety to a desert island, where she 
met Bed'er the young king of Persia, 
who proposed to make her his wife ; but 
Giauhare" " spat on him," and changed 
him "into a white bird with red beak 
and red legs." The bird was sold to a 
certain king, and, being disenchanted, 
resumed the human form. After several 
marvellous adventures, Beder again met 
the under-sea princess, proposed to her 
again, and she became his wife and queen 
of Persia. — Arabian Nights (" Beder and 
Giauhare"). (See Beder, p. 101.) 

Gibbet, a foot-pad and a convict, who 
" left his country for his country's good." 
He piqued himself on being ' ' the best- 
behaved man on the road." 

'Twas for the good of my country I should be abroad. 
—Farquhar : The Beaux' Stratagem, iii. 3 (1707). 

I thought it rather odd . . . and said to myself, as 
Gibbet said when he heard that Aimwell had gone to 
church, " That looks suspicious."— James Smith. 

Gibbet {Master), secretary to Martin 
Joshua Bletson (parliamentary commis- 
sioner). — Sir W. Scott: Woodstock (time, 
Commonwealth). 

GibTue {Guse), a half-witted lad in 
the service of lady Bellenden. — Sir W. 
Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Like Goose Gibbie of famous memory, he first kept 
the turkeys, and then, as his years advanced, was 
promoted to the more important office of minding the 
cows. — KingsUy. 

Gibby, a Scotch Highlander in at- 
tendance on colonel Briton. He marries 
Inis, the waiting-woman of Isabella. — 
Mrs. Centlivre: The Wonder (17 14). 

Gibon {Madame), a type of feminine 
vulgarity. A hard-headed, keen-witted, 
coarsely clever, and pragmatical mattress 
femme, who believes in nothing but a 
good digestion and money in the Funds. — 
Henri Monnier: Scenes Popw 'aires (1852). 

Mde. Pochet and Mde. Gibou are the 
French " Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris." 

Gibraltar of America, Quebec. 

Gibraltar of Greece, a precipitous 
rock 700 feet above the sea. 

Gibraltar of the New World, 

Cape Diamond, in the province of 
Quebec 



GIBSON. 



42a 



GILDAS. 



Gibson {Janet), a young dependent 
in Mrs. Margaret Bertram of Singleside. 
— Sir W. Scott : Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Gideon's Stratagem {Judg. vil 
16-20). 

If A parallel case is recorded in Vene- 
tian history. When Anco'na was besieged 
by the Venetians, in 1174, Aldruda count 
of Bertinoro sent a small army to their 
aid. When it reached the summit of 
Falcognesa, in sight of Ancona, Marche- 
selli ordered every man to bind to the 
head of his lance several lighted torches, 
and to spread themselves out as wide as 
possible. It was night-time, and the men 
marched slowly down the mountain. Chris- 
tian was dismayed, thought the relief party 
ten times more numerous than it really 
was, decamped, and the siege was raised. 

Gifford {John). This pseudonym has 
been adopted by three authors : (1) John 
Richards Green, Blackstone's Commen- 
taries Abridged (1823) ; (2) Edward Foss, 
An Abridgment of Blackstone's Commen- 
taries (1821) ; (3) Alexander Whellier, 
The English Lawyer. 

Gifford {William), author of The 
Baviad, a poetical satire, which annihi- 
lated the Delia Crusca school of poets 
(1794). In 1796 Gifford published The 
Maviad, to expose the low state of dra- 
matic authorship. 

He was a man with whom I had no literary synr 



patnies. . . . He had, however, a heart full of kindness 
tor all living creatures except authors; them he re- 
garded as a fishmonger regards eels, or as Izaak 
Walton did worms.— Southey. 

Giggleswick Fountain ebbs and 

flows eight times a day. The tale is that 
Giggleswick was once a nymph living 
with the Oreads on mount Craven. A 
satyr chanced to see her, and resolved to 
win her ; but Giggleswick fled to escape 
her pursuer, and praying to the " topic 
gods " (the local genii), was converted 
into a fountain, which still pants with 
fear. The tale is told by Drayton, in his 
Polyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 

Gil Bias, son of Bias of Santilla'ne 
'squire or " escudero " to a lady, and 
brought up by his uncle, canon Gil Peres. 
Gil Bias went to Dr. Godinez's school, of 
Oviedo [Ov-e-a'-do], and obtained the re- 
putation of being a great scholar. He 
had fair abilities, a kind heart, and good 
inclinations, but was easily led astray by 
his vanity. Full of wit and humour, but 
lax in his morals. Duped by others at 
%rst, he afterwards played the same 



devices on those less experienced. As he 
grew in years, however, his conduct im- 
proved, and when his fortune was made 
he became an honest, steady man. — 
Lesage : Gil Bias (1715). 

Gil Bias, by Lesage, bks. L-iii-, published In French 
ini7is; bks. iv.-vi., in 1724; bks. vii.-xii. in 173s. 
English versions : by Smollett (1761) ; by Procter 
(1774) ; by Smart (1861) ; etc. 

*.' Lesage borrowed largely from the 
romance of Espinel, called Vida del 
Escudero Marcos de Obregon (1618), from 
which he has taken his prologue, the 
adventure of the parasite (bk. i. 2), the 
dispersion of the company of Cacabelos 
by the muleteer (bk. i. 3), the incident of 
the robber's cave (bk. i. 4, 5), the surprise 
by the corsairs, the contributions levied 
by don Raphael and Ambrose (bk. i. 15, 
16), the service with the duke of Lerma, 
the character of Sangrado (called by 
Espinel Sagredo), and even the reply of 
don Matthias de Silva when asked to 
fight a duel early in the morning, "As I" 
never rise before one, even for a party of 
pleasure, it is unreasonable to expect that 
I should rise at six to have my throat 
cut" (bk. iii. 8). 

Gil Morrice. " Gil " is a variant of 

childe = don. (See Morrice.) 

Gilbert, butler to sir Patrick Charteris, 
provost ot Perth. — Sir W. Scott: Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Gilbert {Sir), noted for the sanative 
virtue of his sword and cere-cloth. Sir 
Launcelot touched the wounds of sir 
Meliot with sir Gilbert's sword and wiped 
them with the cere-cloth, and "anon a 
wholer man was he never in all his life." 
— Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 11b (1470). 

Gilbert with the White Hand, 

one of the companions of Robin Hood, 
mentioned often in The Lyttell Geste of 
Robyn Hode (fytte v. and vii. ). 

Thair saw I Maitlaind upon auld Beird Gray, 
Robene Hude, and Gilbert " with the quhite hand,* 
Quhom Hay of Nauchton slew in Madin-land. 

Scottish Psems, i. x». 

Gil'bertscleugh, cousin to lady 
Margaret Bellenden. — Sir W. Scott : 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Gildas {The Wise), author of the 
chronicle De Excidio BritannicB, first 
printed in 1525, utterly worthless as a 
history, extremely dull, meagre, and 
obscure. His book may be divided into 
two periods : (1) from the invasion of 
Britain by the Romans ; and (2) from the 
revolt of Maxmius to his own time. (He 
lived 493 570.) 



GILDAS DE RUYS. 



423 GILLA DACKER AND HIS HORSE, 



Glldas de Ruys {St. ), near Vannes, 
m France. This monastery was founded 
in the sixth century by St. Gildas " the 
Wise." Birth and death dates uncertain. 

For some of us knew a thing or two 
la tke abbey of St. Gildas de Ruys. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend. 

GiTderoy, a famous robber. There 
were two of the name, both handsome 
Scotchmen, both robbers, and both were 
hanged. One lived in the seventeenth 
century, and "had the honour" of 
robbing cardinal Richelieu and Oliver 
Cromwell The other was born in 
Roslin, in the eighteenth century, and 
was executed in Edinburgh for " stealing 
sheep, horses, and oxen." In the Percy 
Reliques, I. iii. 12 is the lament of 
Gilderoy's widow at the execution of her 
" handsome " and *' winsome " Gilderoy ; 
and Campbell has a ballad on the same 
subject Both are entitled Gilderoy, 
and refer to the latter robber; but in 
Thomson's Orpheus Caledonius, ii. is a 
copy of the older ballad. 

•.• Thomson's ballad places Gilderoy 
in the reign of Mary "queen of Scots," 
but this is not consistent with the 
tradition of his robbing Richelieu and 
Cromwell. We want a third Gilderoy 
for the reign of queen Mary — one living 
in the sixteenth century. 

Higher than Gilderoy's Kite. Accord- 
ing to ancient custom, the greater the 
crime, the higher the gallows. Hence 
Haman was hanged on a very high gibbet. 
The gallows of Montrose was 30 feet 
high ; and the ballad says of Gilderoy — 

Of Gilderoy sae fraid they were. 
They bound him miclde strong, 

Tull Edenburrow they led hin. tnalr, 
And on a gallows hung ; 

They hung him high above the rat 
He was so trim a boy. . . . 

•■ Higher than Gilderoy's kite." Gil- 
deroy was raised so high that he was 
like a kite in the air. 

Gilding a Boy. Leo XII. killed the 
boy Mortara by gilding him all over to 
adorn a pageant 

Gildip'pe (3 syl.), wife of Edward an 
English baron, who accompanied her 
husband to Jerusalem, and performed 
prodigies of valour in the war (bk. ix.). 
Both she and her husband were slain by 
Solyman (bk. xx.). — Tasso : Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

GILES, a farmer in love with Patty, 
"the maid of the mill," who was promised 
to him by her father; but Patty refuses to 
marry him. Ultimately, the " maid of 
the mill " marries lord Aimworth. Giles 



is a blunt, well-meaning, working farmer, 
of no education, no refinement, no notion 
of the amenities of social life. — Bicker- 
staff: The Maid of the Mill (1765). 

Giles (1 syl.), serving-boy to Claud 
Halcro.— Sir W. Scott ; The Pirate 
(time, William III.). 

Giles (1 syl.), warder of the Tower. — 
Sir W. Scott: Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

Giles (2 syl.), jailer of sir Reginald 
Front de Boeuf. — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Giles ( Will), apprentice of Gibbie 
Girder the cooper at Wolfs Hope village. 
— Sir W. Scott : Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

Giles, the " farmer's boy," " meek, 
fatherless, and poor," the hero of Robert 
Bloomfield's principal poem, which is 
divided into "Spring," "Summer," 
" Autumn," and " Winter" (1798). 

Giles of Antwerp, Giles Coignet, 
the painter ( 1 530-1 600). 

Gilfillan {Habakkuk), called "Gifted 
Gilfillan," a Camero'nian officer and en- 
thusiast. — Sir W.Scott: Waverley (time, 
George II. ). 

Gill {Harry), a farmer, who forbade 
old Goody Blake to carry home a few 
sticks, which she had picked up from his 
land, to light a wee-bit fire to warm her- 
self by. Old Goody Blake cursed him 
for his meanness, saying he should never 
from that moment cease from shivering 
with cold ; and sure enough, from that 
hour, a-bed or up, summer or winter, at 
home or abroad, his teeth went "chatter, 
chatter, chatter still." Clothing was of 
no use, fires of no avail, for, spite of all, 
he muttered, "Poor Harry Gill is very 
cold." — Wordsworth: Goody Blake and 
Harry Gill (1798). 

No word to any man be utters, 
A-bed or up, to young or old j 

But ever to himself he mutters, 
" Poor Harry Gill is very cold." 

Gilla Dacker and his Horse 

{The Pursuit of the). This is one of the 
old Celtic romances, and has been de- 
scribed as " a marvellous and very beauti- 
ful creation." It is a humorous story of 
a trick, and a very serious practical joke, 
which was played by Avarta, a Dedannan 
enchanter, on sixteen of the Feni(Fingal's 
heroes), whom he carried off on his horse 
from Erin to "The Land of Promise; " 
and of the adventures of Finn (Fingal), 
Dermat O'Dyna {a. v.), and the others in 
their pursuit of Avarta, who had taken 



GILLAMORE. 



4«4 



tlie shape of the Gilla Dacker (Lazy 
Fellow), to recover their companions. 

Gil'lamore (3 syl.) or Guillamnr, 

king of Ireland, being slain in battle by 
Arthur, Ireland was added by the con- 
queror to his own dominions. 

How Gillamore again to Ireland he pursued . . . 
And having slain the king, the country waste he laid. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Gillian, landlady of don John and don 
Frederic— Fletcher: The Chances {1620). 

Gil'lian {Dame), tirewoman to lady 
Eveline, and wife of Raoul the huntsman. 
—Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Gills {Solomon), ship's instrument 
maker. A slow, thoughtful old man, 
uncle of Walter Gray, jwho was in the 
house of Mr. Dombey, merchant. Gills 
was very proud of his stock-in-trade, but 
never seemed to sell anything. — Dickens: 
Dombey and Son (1846). 

Gillyflower, from the French giroflie, 
from girqfie ( " a clove," called by Chaucer 
" gilofre "). The common stock, the wall- 
flower, rocket, clove pink, are so called. 
(See Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 
P- 519.) 

Gillyflowers. A nosegay of these 
flowers was given by the fairy Amazo'na 
to Carpil'lona in her flight. The virtue 
of this nosegay was, that so long as the 
princess had it about her person, those 
who knew her before would not recognize 
her. — Comtesse D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales 
{" Princess Carpillona," 1682). 

Gilpin {John), a linen-draper and 
train-band captain, living in London. 
His wife said to him, ' ' Though we have 
been married twenty years, we have taken 
no holiday ; " and at her advice the well- 
to-do linen-draper agreed to make a 
family parly, and dine at the Bell, at 
Edmonton. Mrs. Gilpin, her sister, and 
four children went in the chaise, and 
Gilpin promised to follow on horseback. 
As madam had left the wine behind, 
Gilpin girded it in two stone bottles to 
his belt, and started on his way. The 
horse, being fresh, began to trot, and then 
to gallop ; and John, being a bad rider, 
grasped the mane with both his hands. 
On went the horse, off flew John Gilpin's 
cloak, together with his hat and wig. 
The dogs barked, the children screamed, 
the turnpike-men (thinking he was riding 
for a wager) flung open their gates. He 
flew through Edmonton, and never stopped 
till he reached Ware, when his friend the 



GINEURA. 

calender gave him welcome, and asked 
him to dismount. Gilpin, however, de- 
clined, saying his wife would be expecting 
him. So the calender furnished him with 
another hat and wig, and Gilpin harked 
back again, when similar disasters oc- 
curred, till the horse stopped at his 
house in London. — Cowper : John Gilpin 
(1782). 

(John Gilpin was a Mr. Beyer, of Pater- 
noster Row, who died in 1791, and it was 
lady Austin who told the anecdote to the 
poet. The marriage adventure of commo- 
dore Trunnion, in Peregrine Pickle, is a 
similar adventure. ) 

Giltspur Street, a street in West 
Smithfield, built on the route taken by 
the knights (who wore gilt spurs) on their 
way to Smithfield, where the tournaments 
were held. 

Gines de Passamonte, one of the 
galley-slaves set free by don Quixote. 
Gines had written a history of his life and 
adventures. After being liberated, the 
slaves set upon the knight ; they assulted 
him with stones, robbed him and Sancho 
of everything they valued, broke to pieces 
" Mambrino's helmet," and then made off 
with all possible speed, taking Sancho's 
ass with them. After a time the ass was 
recovered (pt. I. iv. 3). 

" Hark ye, friend," said the galley-slare, " Gines is 
my name, and Passamont6 the title of my family."— 
Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. iii. 8 (1605). 

• . * This Gines reappears in pt. II. ii. 7 
as " Peter the showman," who exhibits 
the story of " Melisendra and don Gay- 
feros." The helmet also is presented 
whole and sound at the inn, where it be- 
comes a matter of dispute whether it is a 
basin or a helmet. 

Gineura, the troth-plight bride of 
Ariodant£s, falsely accused of infidelity, 
and doomed to die unless she found within 
a month a champion to do battle for her 
honour. The duke who accused her felt 
confident that no champion would appear, 
but on the day appointed Ariodantes him- 
self entered the lists. The duke was slain, 
the lady vindicated, and the champion 
became Gineura's husband. — Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso { 1516). Also Geneura. 

IT Shakespeare, in Much Ado about 
Nothing, makes Hero falsely accused of 
infidelity, through the malice of don 
John, who induces Margaret (the lady's 
attendant) to give Borachio a rendezvous 
at the lady's chamber window. While 
this was going on, Claudio, the betrothed 
lover of Hero, was brought to a spot 



GINEVRA. 



435 GIPSIES' HEAD-QUARTERS, 



where he might witness the scene, and, 
believing Margaret to be Hero, was so 
indignant, that next day at the altar he 
denounced Hero as unworthy of his love. 
Benedict challenged Claudio for slander, 
but the combat was prevented by the 
irrest and confession of Borachio. Don 
John, finding his villainy exposed, fled to 
Messina. 

IT Spenser has introduced a similar 
story in his Faerie Queen* , v. 11 (the tale 
of " Irena," q.v.).- 

Gin'evra, the young Italian bride 
who, playing hide-and-seek, hid herself 
in a large trunk. The lid accidentally fell 
down, and was held fast by a spring-lock. 
Many years afterwards the trunk was sold 
and the skeleton discovered. — Rogers; 
Italy (1822). 

"U T. Haynes Bayley wrote a ballad 
called The Mistletoe Bough, on the same 
tradition. He calls the bridegroom 
"young Lovel." 

IT A similar narrative is given by Collet, 
in his Causes Cilebres. 

% Marwell Old Hall, once the residence 
of the Seymours, and subsequently of the 
Dacre family, has a similar tradition 
attached to it, and " the very chest is 
now the property of the Rev. J. Haygarth, 
rector of Upham." — Post-Office Directory. 

IF Bramshall, Hampshire, has a similar 
tale and chest. 

IT The same tale is also told of the 
great house at Malsanger, near Basing- 
stoke. 

Gingerbread {Giles), the hero of an 
English nursery tale. 

Jack the Giant-killer, Giles Gingerbread, and Tom 
Thumb will nourish in wide-spreading and never- 
ceasing popularity. — Washington Irving. 

Ginn or Jan (singular masculine 
Jinnee, feminine Jinniyeh), a species of 
beings created long before Adam. They 
were formed of " smokeless fire " or fire 
of the simoom, and were governed by 
monarchs named suleyman, the last of 
whom was Jan-ibn-Janor Gian-ben-Gian, 
who "built the pyramids of Egypt." 
Prophets were sent to convert them, 
but on their persistent disobedience an 
army of angels drove them from the earth. 
Among the ginn was one named Aza'/el. 
When Adam was created, and God com- 
manded the angels to worship him, Azazel 
refused, saying, " Why should the spirits 
of fire worship a creature made of earth ?" 
Whereupon God changed him into a 
devil, and called him lblis or Eblis 
("despair"). 



Ginnistan , the country of the Ginn.— 

Persian Mythology. 

Gi'ona, a leader of the anabaptists, 
once a servant of comte d'Oberthal, but 
discharged from his service for theft. He 
joined the rebellion of the anabaptists, 
but, with the rest of the conspirators, 
betrayed the "prophet-king," John of 
Leyden, when the emperor arrived with 
his army. — Meyerbeer ; Le Profhete 
(1849). 

Giovan'ni {Don), a Spanish libertine 
of the aristocratic class. His valet, 
Leporello, says, " He had 700 mistresses 
in Italy, 800 in Germany, 91 in France 
and Turkey, and 1003 in Spain." When 
the measure of his iniquity was full, a 
legion of foul fiends carried him off to the 
devouring gulf.— Mozart : Don Giovanni 

(1787). 

(The libretto of this opera is by Lorenro 

da Ponte.) 

• . • The original of this character was 
don Juan Teno'rio, of Seville, who lived 
in the fourteenth century. The traditions 
concerning him were dramatized byTirso 
de Mo'lina ; thence passed into Italy and 
France. Gliick has a musical ballet called 
Don Juan (1765) ; Moliere, a comedy on 
the same subject (1665) ; and Thomas 
Corneille (brother of the Grand Corneille) 
brought out, in 1673, a comedy on the 
same subject, called Le Feston de Pierre, 
which is the second title of Moliere's Don 
Juan. Goldoni, called "The Italian 
Moliere," has also a comedy on the same 
favourite hero. 

Gipsey, the favourite greyhound of 
Charles I. 

One evening, his [Charles /.] dog scraping at the 
door, he commanded me [sir Philif Warwick] to let 
in Gipsey. — Menu irs, 329. 

Gipsey Ring, a flat gold ring, with 
stones let into it, at given distances. So 
called because the stones were originally 
Egyptian pebbles — i.e. agate and jasper. 

Gipsey-wort, botanical name Ly co- 
pus, from two Greek words luk{ou) pous 
{ ' ' wolfs foot "). Threlkeld says, ' ' Gypsies 
do die themselves of a blackish hue with 
the juice of this plant" 

Gipsies' Head-quarters, Yetholm, 
Roxburgh. 

Head-quarters of the gipsies here. 

Double Acrostic (*' Queen "). 

V The tale is that the gipsies are 

wanderers because they refused to shelter 

the Virgin and Child in their flight into 

..—Aventinus : Annales Boiorum, 

viii. 



GIRALDA, 



GLAMORGAN. 



Giralda of Seville, called by the 
Knight of the Mirrors a giantess, whose 
body was of brass, and who, without 
ever shifting her place, was the most 
unsteady and changeable female in the 
world. In fact, this Giralda was no 
other than the brazen statue on a steeple 
in Seville, serving for a weathercock. 

" I fixed the changeable Giralda ... I obliged her 
to stand still ; for during the space of a whole week no 
wind blew but from the north." — Cervantes: Don 
Quixote, II. i. 14 (1615). 

Giraldus Cambrensis, the literary 
name of Girald de Barri. He was 
author of the Itinerarium Cambria, the 
Descriptio Cambrics; and his work on 
Ireland was criticized by John Lynch, 
who called his book Cambrensis Eversus. 
Giraldus was born in Pembroke, and 
lived 1146-1222 (that is, about the time of 
Henry II.). 

Girder {Gibbie, i.e. Gilbert), the 
cooper at Wolfs Hope village. 

jean Girder, wife of the cooper. — Sir 
W. Scott: Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Girdle {Armi'da's), a cestus worn by 
Armi'da, which, like that of Venus, pos- 
sessed the magical charm of provoking 
irresistible love. — Tasso: Jerusalem De- 
livered (1575)- 

Flor'imel's Girdle, the prize of a grand 
tournament, in which sir Sat'yrane (3 syl. ), 
sir Brianor, sir Sanglier, sir Artegal, 
sir Cambel, sir Tri'amond, Brit'omart, 
and others took part It was accidentally 
dropped by Florimel in her flight (bk. 
iii. 7, 31), picked up by sir Satyrane, 
and employed by him for binding the 
monster which frightened Florimel to 
flight ; afterwards it came again into sir 
Satyrane's possession, when he placed it 
for safety in a golden coffer. It was a 
gorgeous girdle, made by Vulcan for 
Venus, and embossed with pearls and 
precious stones ; but its chief merit was 

It gave the virtue of chaste love 
And wifehood true to all that it did bear ; 
But whosoever contrary doth prove, 
Might not the same about her middle wear, 
But it would loose, or else asunder tear. 

Spenser : Fairie Queene, iii. 7 (1590). 

1T Other tests of chastity were : ' 'Arthur's 
drinking-horn," mentioned in the Morte 
d Arthur. The "court mantel," men- 
tioned in the ballad called " The Boy and 
the Mantel," in Percy's Reliques. The 
"enchanted cup," mentioned in Orlando 
Furioso, ii., etc (See Chastity, p. 198.) 
Venus's Girdle, a girdle on which was 
embroidered the passions, desires, joys, 



and pains of love. It was usually called 
a cestus, which means "embroidered," 
and was worn lower down tnan the 
cin'gulum or matron's girdle, but higher 
up than the zone or maiden's girdle. It 
was said to possess the magical power of 
exciting love. Homer describes it thus — 

In this was every art, and every charm. 
To win the wisest, and the coolest warm ; 
Fond love, the gentle vow, the gay desire, 
The kind deceit, the still reviving fire, 
Persuasive speech, and more persuasive sight, 
Silence that spoke, and eloquence of eyes. 

Pope : Iliad, xiv. 

Girdle of Opakka, foresight and 
prudence. 

" The girdle of Opakka, with which Kifri the en- 
chanter is endued, what is it," said Shemshelnar, " but 
foresight and prudence— the best ' girdle ' for the 
sultans of the earth ? "Sir G. Morell\i.e. J. RidUy\ 
Tales of the Genii (" History of Mahoud," tale vii., 
»7Si). 

Girdles, impressed with mystical 
characters, were bound with certain cere- 
monies round women in gestation, to 
accelerate the birth and alleviate the 
pains of labour. It was a Druid custom 
observed by the Gaels, and continued in 
practice till quite modern times. 

Aldo offered to give Erragon, " a hundred steeds, 
children of the rein ; a hundred hawks with fluttering 
wing, . . . and a hundred girdles to bind high-bosomed 
maids, friends of the births of heroes."— Ossian : The 
Battle o/Lora. 

Girnington ( The laird of), previously 
Frank Hayston, laird of Bucklaw, the 
bridegroom of Lucy Ashton. He is found 
wounded by his bride on the wedding 
night, recovers, and leaves the country ; 
but the bride goes mad and dies. — Sir 
W. Scott: Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Gjallar, Heimdall's horn, which he 
blows to give the gods notice when any 
one approaches the bridge Bifrost. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Gladiator {The dying), more correct, 
as some think, Galatian. This famous 
statue, found at Nettuno (the ancient 
Antium), was the work of Agaslas, a 
sculptor of Ephesus. 

Glads'moor {Mr.), almoner of the 

earl of Glenallan, at Glenallan House. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary (time, 
George III.). 

Glamorgan, according to British 
fable, is gla or glyn Morgan (valley or 
glen of Morgan). Cundah' and Morgan 
(says Spenser) were sons of Gonorill and 
Regan, the two elder daughters of king 
Leyr. Cundah chased Morgan into Wales, 
and slew him in the glen which per- 
petuates his name. 



GLASGOW. 



4»7 



GLASS SLIPPER. 



Then gan the bloody brethren both to raine t 
But fierce Cundah gan shortly to envy 
His brother Morgan . . . 
Raisd warre, and him in batteill overthrew; 
Whence as he to those woody hilles did fly. 
Which hight of him Gla-morgan, there him slew. 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii. 10, 33 (1590). 

This is not quite in accordance with 
Geoffrey's account — 

Some restless spirits . . . Inspired Margan with vain 
conceits, . . . who marched with an army through Cune- 
dagius's country, and began to burn all before him j 
but he was met by Cunedagius, with all his forces, who 
attacked Margan, . . . and, putting him to flight, . . . 
killed him in a town of Kambria, which since his death 
has been called Margan to this day.— British History, 
ii. is (114a). 

Glasgow (The bishop of).— Sir W. 
Scott: Castle Dangerous, xix. (time, 
Henry I.). 

Glasgow Arms, an oak tree with 
a bird above it, and a bell hanging from 
one of the branches ; at the foot of the 
tree a salmon with a ring in its mouth. 
The legend is that St. Kentigern built 
the city and hung a bell in an oak tree to 
summon the men to work. This accounts 
for the "oak and bell." Now for the 
rest : A Scottish queen having formed an 
illicit attachment to a soldier, presented 
her paramour with a ring, the gift of her 
royal husband. This coming to the know- 
ledge of the king, he contrived to abstract 
it from the soldier while he was asleep, 
threw it into the Clyde, and then asked 
his queen to show it him. The queen, in 
great alarm, ran to St Kentigern, and 
confessed her crime. The father con- 
fessor went to the Clyde, drew out a 
salmon with the ring in its mouth, handed 
it to the queen, and by this means both 
prevented a scandal and reformed the 
repentant lady. 

IT In 1688 James II., in his escape, 
threw the Great S^al {Clavis regni) into 
the Thames, as he was on his way to 
Sheerness to meet the vessel which was 
to take him to the continent. But the 
Seal was found by a fisherman in his net, 
and delivered to the prince of Orange. 

IT There are several stories somewhat 
similar. One is told of Dame Rebecca 
Berry, wife of Thomas Elton of Stratford 
Bow, and relict of sir John Berry (1696), 
the heroine of the ballad called The Cruel 
Knight. The story runs thus : A knight, 
passing by a cottage, heard the cries of a 
woman in labour. By his knowledge of 
the occult sciences, he knew that the 
mfant was doomed to be his future wife ; 
but he determined to elude his destiny. 
When the child was of a marriageable 
age, he took her to the seaside, intend; 1 g 
to drown her, but relented, and, tlnouiiig 



a ring into the sea, commanded her never 
to see his face again, upon pain of death, 
till she brought back that ring with her. 
The damsel now went as cook to a noble 
family, and one day, as she was preparing 
a cod-fish for dinner, she found the ring 
in the fish, took it to the knight, and thus 
became the bride of sir John Berry. The 
Berry arms show a fish, and in the dexter 
chief a ring. 

11 In Bewdley church, near Ribbesford 
manor, on the door north of the aisle, is 
the effigy of a young huntsman shooting 
a buck, and a salmon. The legend is as 
follows : The daughter of lord Ribbesford 
was in love with a young huntsman 
named John de Horsell, to whom she 
gave a valuable ring. When her father 
asked her what had become of her ring, 
she told him she had lost it while bathing. 
Lord Ribbesford promised, if any one 
found it and brought it to the manor, he 
might claim in reward his daughter in 
marriage. While John de Horsell was 
hunting, a salmon leaped out of a stream 
and was accidentally shot by an arrow 
aimed at a buck. The young lover inserted 
the ring in the salmon's mouth, and sent 
the fish as a present to his lordship, who, 
in compliance with his word, gave him his 
daughter for his bride. 

Glass {Mrs.),a. tobacconist, in London, 
who befriended Jeanie Deans while she 
sojourned in town, whither she had come 
to crave pardon from the queen for Effie 
Deans, her half-sister, lying under sen- 
tence of death for the murder of her in- 
fant born before wedlock. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Heart of Midlothian (time, George 11.). 

Glass Armour. When Chery went 
to encounter the dragon that guarded the 
singing apple, he arrayed himself in glass 
armour, which reflected objects like a 
mirror. Consequently, when the monster 
came against him, seeing its reflection 
in every part of the armour, it fancied 
hundreds of dragons were coming against 
it, and ran away in alarm into a cave, 
which Chery instantly closed up, and thus 
became master of the situation. — Cotn- 
tesse D Aulnoy : Fairy Tales (" Princess 
Fairstar," 1682). 

Glass Slipper. Cinderella's "glass" 
slipper {souliers de verre) is probably a 
blunder for "fur" slippers {souliers de 
vair). At least so Littre" thinks — 

C'est parcequ' on n'a pas conipris cemot, maintenant 
pur usitc, qu'on a imprime dans plasicurs editions du 
cent'- de Cendrillon souliers ae verre (ce qui est 
absurde) au lieu de souliers tU lutf.cld. scubcri 
funnel de vah.—LMrd. 



GLASSE. 



438 



GLEE-MAIDEN. 



*.• All the earliest editions, however, 
have pantoufles en verre, not vair. (See 
Notes and Queries, October 24, 1896, 
P- 33i- ) 

G-lasse (Mrs.), author of a cookery- 
book, immortalized by the saying, " First 
catch [skin] your hare, then cook it." 
Mrs. Glasse is the assumed name of Dr. 
John Hill (1716-1775). 

A great variety of learned dainties which Mrs. Glassa 
herself would not disdain to add to her high-flavoured 
catalogue. —Edinburgh Review. 

I know it all, from a lark to a loin of beef ; and in the 
economy of the table, wouldn't hold a candle to Hannah 
Glasse herself .—Cumberland : First Love, ii. i (1796). 

Glas'tonbury, in Arthurian ro- 
mance, was the burial-place of king 
Arthur. Selden, in his Illustrations of 
Drayton, gives an account of Arthur's 
tomb " betwixt two pillars," and says 
that " Henry II. gave command to Henry 
de Bois (then abbot of Glastonbury) to 
make great search for the body of the 
British king, which was found in a 
wooden coffin some 16 foote deepe, and 
afterwards they found a stone on whose 
lower side was fixed a leaden cross with 
the name inscribed." 

Glastonbury T/iorn. The legend is that 
Joseph of Arimathea stuck his staff into 
the ground in " the sacred isle of Glas- 
tonbury," and that this thorn blossoms 
"on Christmas Day" every year. St. 
Joseph was buried at Glastonbury. 

Not great Arthur's tomb, nor holy Joseph's grave, 
From sacrilege had power their sacred bones to save . . . 
[Here] trees m winter bloom and bear their summer'* 
green. 

Drayton : PolyoUnon, iii. (1612). 

Glatisant, the questing beast. It 
had the head of a serpent, the body of a 
libbard, buttocks of a lion, foot of a hart, 
and in its body " there was a noise like 
that of thirty couple of hounds questing " 
(i.e. in full cry). Sir Palomi'd£s the 
Saracen was for ever following this beast. 
— Sir T. Malory : History of Prince 
Arthur, ii. 52, 53, 149 (1470). 

Glau'ce (2 syl.), nurse of the princess 
Brit'omart. She tried by charms to 
"undo" her lady's love for sir Artegal, 
" but love that is in gentle heart begun, 
no idle charm can remove." Finding her 
sorcery useless, she took the princess to 
consult Merlin, and Merlin told her that 
by marrying Artegal she would -found a 
race of kings from which would arise "a 
royal virgin that shall shake the power of 
Spain." The two now started in que*t of 
the knight, but in time got separated. 
Glauce became " the 'squire " 01 sir 



Scu'damore, but reappears (bk. iii. 12) 
after the combat between Britomart and 
Artegal, reconciles the combatants, and 
the princess consents "to be the love ol 
Artegal, and to take him for her lord" 

bk. iv. 5, 6). — Spenser: Faerie Queene 

1590, 1596). 

GLAUCUS, a fisherman of Bceo'tia. 
He observed that all the fish which he 
laid on the grass received fresh vigour, 
and immediately leaped into the sea. 
This grass had been planted by Kronos, 
and when Glaucus tasted it, he also 
leaped into the sea, and became a pro- 
phetic marine deity. Once a year he 
visited all the coasts of Greece, to utter 
his predictions. Glaucus is the sailors' 
patron deity. 

[By] old soothsaying Glaucus' spell. 

Milton : Comus, 874 (1634). 
As Glaucus, when he tasted of the herb 
That made him peer among the ocean gods. 

Dante : Paradise, i. (13x1). 

Glaucus, son of Hippolytus. Being 
smothered in a tub of honey, he was 
restored to life by [a] dragon given him 
by Escula'pios (probably a medicine so 
called). — Apollodorus : Bibliotheca, 23. 

Glaucus, in lord Lytton's Last Days 

of Pompeii (1834). 

Glaucus, of Chios, inventor of the art 
of soldering metal. — Pausanias : Itiner- 
ary of Greece. 

Glaucus (A Second), one who ruins 
himself by horses. This refers to Glaucus, 
son of Sis'yphos, who was killed by his 
horses. Some say he was trampled to 
death by them, and some that he was 
eaten by them. 

Glaucus, or The Wonders of the 
Shore. The natural history of the beach, 
by C. Kingsley (1855). 

Glaucus's Swop, Glauci et Diomedis 
permutatio, a very foolish exchange. 
Homer (Iliad, vi.) tells us that Glaucus 
changed his golden armour for the iron 
one of Diomedes. The French say, C'est 
le troc de Glaucus et de Diomede. This 
Glaucus was the grandson of Bellerophon. 
(In Greek, "Glaukos."} 

Glee-maiden ( The), Louise, who has 
a love-passage with the son of Robert III. 
of Scotland. After the death of the 
prince, she casts herself down a steep 
precipice, and is never heard of more. — 
Sir IV. Scott: The Fair Maid of Perth 
(1828) (time, Henry IV.). 



GLEM. 



429 



GLORY. 



G-lem, the scene of Arthur's battle, is 
in Northumberland. 

The fight that all day long 
Rang by the white mouth of the violent Glem. 
Tennyson. 

Glenallan (Joscelind dowager count- 
ess of), whose funeral takes place by 
torchlight in the Catholic chapel. 

The earl of Glenallan, son of the dow- 
ager countess. — Sir W. Scott : The Anti- 
quary (time, George III.). 

Glenalvon, heir of lord Randolph. 
When young Norval, the son of lady- 
Randolph, makes his unexpected appear- 
ance, Glenalvon sees in him a rival, whom 
he hates. He insinuates to lord Randolph 
that the young man is a suitor of lady 
Randolph's, and, having excited the pas- 
sion of jealousy, contrives to bring his 
lordship to a place where he witnesses 
their endearments. A fight ensues, in 
which Norval slays Glenalvon, but is him- 
self slain by lord Randolph, who then dis- 
covers too late that the supposed sui tor was 
his wife's son. — Home : Douglas (1757). 

Glenarvon, a novel by lady Caroline 
Lamb (1816). Its object is to represent 
the dangers arising from a devotion to 
fashion. The hero is said to be meant 
for lord Byron. 

Glencoe (2 syl.), the scene of the 
massacre of M'lan and thirty-eight of his 
glenmen, in 1692. All Jacobites were 
commanded to submit to William III. by 
the end of December, 1691. M'lan was 
detained by a heavy fall of snow, and sir 
John Dalrymple, the master of Stair, sent 
captain Campbell to make an example of 
"the rebeL" 

(Talfourd has a drama entitled Glencoe, 
or the Fall of the M' Donalds.) 

Glendale {Sir Richard), a papist 
conspirator with Redgauntlet. — Sir W. 
Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Glendinning (Elspeth) or Elspeth 
Brydone (2 syl.), widow of Simon Glen- 
dinning of the Tower of Glendearg. 

Halbert and Edward Glendinning, sons 
of Elspeth Glendinning. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Glendinning (Sir Halbert), the 
knight of Avcnel, husband of lady Mary 
of Avenel (2 syl.).— Sir W. Scott: The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Glendovc ~>v', plu. Glendoveers, the 
most beautiful of the good spirits of 
Hindu mythology. 

. . . the glendoreers. 
The loveliest of all of heavenly With. 
Seuthey : Curse of Kehama, tL a (1809). 



Glendow'er (Owen), a Welsh noble- 
man, descended from Llewellyn (last of 
the Welsh kings). Sir Edmund Mor- 
timer married one of his daughters. 
Shakespeare makes him a wizard, but 
very highly accomplished. — Shakespeare : 
1 Henry IV. (1597). 

Glengar'ry. So M 'Don aid of Glen- 
garry (who gave in his adhesion to 
William III.) is generally called. (See 
Glencoe. ) 

Glenpro'sing (The old lady), a 
neighbour of old Jasper Yellowley. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

Glenthorn (Lord), the hero of Miss 
Edgeworth's novel called Ennui. Spoiled 
by indolence and bad education, he 
succeeds, by a course of self-discipline, in 
curing his mental and moral faults, and 
in becoming a useful member of society 
(1809). 

The history of lord Glenthorn affords a striking 
picture of ennui, and contains some excellent delinea- 
tions of character. — Chambers : English Literature, 
U.569. 

G-lenvar loch. (Lord), or Nigel Oli- 
faunt, the hero of Scott's novel called 
The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Glinter, the palace of Foresti " the 
peace-maker," son of Balder. It stood 
on pillars of gold, and had a silver roof. 

Globe of Glass (Reynards). Rey- 
nard declared it would reveal what was 
being done, no matter how far off; and 
that it would give information about any- 
thing it was consulted on. This famous 
globe, according to Reynard, was set in a 
wooden frame which no one could injure. 
Reynard asserted that he had sent this 
valuable treasure to the queen as a pre- 
sent ; but it never reached her majesty, as 
it had no existence but in the cunning 
brain of Master Fox. — He in rich von Alk- 
mann: Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Gloria'na, "the greatest glorious 
queen of Faery-land." 

By Gloriana I mean \true\ Glory In my general in- 
tention, but in my particular I conceive the most 
excellent and glorious person of our sovereign tile 
mieen \Eli*abeth\ and her kingdom i* Faerye-Dind.— 
Spenser : Introduction to the Faerie (Jueene (1590). 

Glorious John, John Dry den 
(1631-1701). 

Glorious Preacher ( The), St. John 
Chrysostom (i.e. John Goldenmoutk, 
354-407). 

Glory (Old), sir Francis Burdett 
(1770-1844). 



GLORY HOLE. 



43o 



GLUTTON. 



Glory Hole, a cupboard, ottoman, 
box, or other receptacle, where anything 
may be thrown for the nonce to get it out 
of sight rapidly. A cupboard at the head 
of a staircase for brooms, etc., is so 
called. 

Glosiovellir, the Scandinavian 
paradise. 

Glossin [Gilbert), a knavish lawyer, 
who purchases the Ellangowan estate, 
and is convicted by counsellor Pleydell 
of kidnapping Henry Bertrand the heir. 
Both Glossin and Dirk Hatteraick, his 
accomplice, are sent to prison ; and in 
the night Hatteraick first strangles the 
lawyer and then hangs himself. — Sir W. 
Scott : Guy Mannering (time, George 
II.). 

GLOUCESTER [The duke of), 
brother of Charles II.— Sit W. Scott: 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Gloucester [Richard duke of), in the 
court of king Edward IV. — Sir W. 
Scott: Anne of Geier stein (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Gloucester [Robert of) wrote a 
History of England in rhyme, from the 
age of Brute or Brutus to about 1300. It 
is Geoffrey's Chronicle in bad verse. He 
lived in the reign of Henry III. 

Gloucester [The earl of), in the 
court of king Henry II. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Glover [Simon), the old glover of 
Perth, and father of the "fair maid." 

Catherine Glover, " the fair maid of 
Perth," daughter of Simon the glover, 
and subsequently bride of Henry Smith 
the armourer. — Sir W. Scott: Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Glover [Heins), the betrothed of Trud- 
chen [i.e. Gertrude] Pavilion, daughter of 
the syndic's wife. — Sir W. Scott: Quen- 
tin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Glowrowrum [The old lady), a 
friend of Magnus Troil. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Glubdub'drib, the land of sorcerers 
and magicians, where Gulliver was 
shown many of the great men of anti- 
quity. — Swift: Gulliver's Travels (1726). 

Gliick, a German musical composer, 
greatly patronized by Mary Antoinette. 
Young France set up against him the 
Italian Piccini. Between 1774 and 1780 
every street, coffee-house, school, and 
drawing-room of Paris canvassed the 



merits of these two composers, not on 
the score of their respective talents, but 
as the representatives of the German and 
Italian schools of music. The partisans 
of the German school were called Gliick- 
ists, and those of the Italian school 
Piccinists. 

Est-ce Gliick, est-ce Puccini, 

8ue doit couronner Polymniet 
one entre Gliick et Puccini 
Tout le Parnasse est desuni. 
L'un soutient ce que l'autre nie, 
Et Clio veut battre Uranie. 
Pour moi, qui crains tout mania, 
Plus irresolu que Babouc 
N'epousant Piccini ni Gliick, 
Je n'y connais rien : ergo Gliick. 

IT A similar contest raged in Eng- 
land between the Bononcinists and 
Handelists. The prince of Wales was 
the leader of the Handel or German 
party, and the duke of Marlborough of 
the Bononcini or Italian school. (See 
Tweedledum.) 

Glumdalca, queen of the giants, 
captive in the court of king Arthur. 
The king cast love-glances at her, and 
made queen Dollallolla jealous ; but the 
giantess loved lord Grizzle, and lord 
Grizzle loved the princess Huncamunca, 
and Huncamunca loved the valiant Tom 
Thumb. — Tom Thumb, by Fielding the 
novelist (1730), altered by O'Hara, author 
of Midas (1778). 

Glum-dal'ditch, a girl nine years 
old "and only forty feet high." Being 
such a "little thing," the charge of 
Gulliver was committed to her during 
his sojourn in Brobdingnag. — Swift: 
Gulliver's Travels. 

Soon as Glumdalclitch missed her pleasing care, 
She wept, she blubbered, and she tore her hair. 

Pope. 

Glumms, the male population of 

the imaginary country Nosmnbdsgrsutt, 
visited by Peter Wilkins. The glumms, 
like the females, called gawreys [q.v. ), had 
wings, which served both for flying and 
dress. — Pultock : Peter Wilkins (1750). 

Glutton [The), Vitellius the Roman 
emperor (born A.D. 15, began to reign 
a.d. 69, and died the same year). 
Visiting the field after the battle of 
Bedriac, in Gaul, he exclaimed, "The 
body of a dead enemy is a delightful 
perfume." 

IT Charles IX. of France, when he 
went in grand procession to visit the 
gibbet on which admiral Coligny was 
hanging, had the wretched heartlessness 
to exclaim, in doggerel verse — 

FragTance sweeter than the rom 
Rises from our slaughtered foes. 



GLUTTON. 431 

t Glutton {The), Gabius Apicius, who 
lived during the reign of Tiberius. He 
spent ,£800,000 on the luxuries of the 
table, and when only ^80,000 of his large 
fortune remained, he hanged himself, 
*hinking death preferable to "starvation 
on such a miserable pittance." (See 
Lucullus. ) 

G-na, the messenger of Frigga.— 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Goats. The Pleiades are called In 

Spain The Seven Little Goats. 

So it happened that we passed close to the Seven 
Little Goats.— Cervantes: Don Quixote, II. iii. 5 (1615). 

• . * Sancho Panza affirmed that two 
of the goats were of a green colour, two 
carnation, two blue, and one motley ; 
" but," he adds, '* no he-goat or cuckold 
ever passes beyond the horns of the 
moon." 

Goatsnose, a prophet, born deaf and 
dumb, who uttered his predictions by 
signs. — Rabelais : Pantag'ruel, iii. 20 
(1545). 

Gobbo (Old), the father of Launcelot 
He was stone blind. 

Launcelot Gobbo, son of Old Gobbo. 
He left the service of Shylock the Jew 
for that of Bassa'nio a Christian. Launce- 
lot Gobbo is one of the famous clowns of 
Shakespeare. — Shakespeare : Merchant ef 
Venice (1698). 

Gob'ilyve (Godfrey), the assumed 
name of False Report. He is described 
as a dwarf, with great head, large brows, 
hollow eyes, crooked nose, hairy cheeks, 
a pied beard, hanging lips, and black 
teeth. His neck was short, his shoulders 
awry, his breast fat, his arms long, his 
legs " kewed," and he rode " brigge-a- 
bra gge on a little nag." He told sir 
Graunde Amoure he was wandering over 
the world to find a virtuous wife, but 
hitherto without success. Lady Correc- 
tion met the party, and commanded 
Gobilyve (3 syl.) to be severely beaten 
for a lying varlet. — //awes: The Passe- 
tymeof Plesure, xxix., xxxi., xxxii. (1515). 

Goblin Stories, by the brothers 
Grimm, in German prose (1812). They 
have been translated into English. 

God. Full of the god, full of wine, 
partly intoxicated. 

God made the country, and man made 
the town. — Cowper's Task (" The Sofa "). 
Varro, in his De Re Rustica, has, " Divina 



GODFREY CASE. 



Natura agros dedit, ars humana aedificavit 

urbes." 

God sides with the strongest. Napoleon 
I. said, " Le bon Dieu est toujours du 
cote" des gros bataillons." Julius Caesar 
made the same remark. 

God Save the King'. (See 2 Kings 
xi. 12 ; 1 Sam. x. 24.) To avoid the 
wretched rhyme of " laws" and " voice " 
in our National Anthem, I would suggest 
the following triplet : — 

May she our laws defend, 
Long live the nation's friend. 
And make all discord end : 
God save the Queen. 

God's Acre, a churchyard or ceme- 
tery. 

I like that ancient Saxon phrase which calls 
The burial-gTound God's Acre 1 

Longfellow : Gods Acre. 

God's Table. The Koran informs 
us that God has written down, in what 
is called "The Preserved Table," every 
event, past, present, and to come, from 
the beginning to the end of time. The 
most minute are not omitted (ch. vi.). 

God's Token, a peculiar eruption on 
the skin ; a certain indication of death 
in those afflicted with the plague. 

A Will and a Tolling bell are as present death as 
God's token. — Two W ise Men and ail the rest Fools 
<r6t 9 ). 

Godam, a nickname applied by the 
French to the English, in allusion to a 
once popular oath. 

Godfrey [de Bouillon], the chosen 
chief of the allied crusaders, whQ went to 
wrest Jerusalem from the hands of the 
Saracens. Calm, circumspect, prudent, 
and brave, he despised " worldly empire, 
wealth, and fame." — Tasso ; Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

Godfrey (Sir Edmondbury), a magis- 
trate killed by the papists. He was very 
active in laying bare their nefarious 
schemes, and his body was found pierced 
with his own sword, in 1678. — Sir W. 
Scott : Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

-.* Dryden calls sir Edmondbury 
"Agag," and Dr. Titus Oates he calls 
"Corah." 

Corah might for Agag"s murder call. 
In terms as coarse as Samuel usod to SauL 
Absalom and Achilophel, i. 677, 678 (1681). 

Godfrey (Miss), an heires-;, daughter 
of an Indian governor. — Poote : The 
Liar (1761). 

Godfrey Case, in George Eliot's 
(Mrs. J. W. Cross) novel of Si/us Marner, 
marries Nancy Lammeter (1861^. 



GODINEZ. 



433 



GOETZ VON BERLICHINGEN. 



God'inez [Doctor), a schoolmaster, 
" the most expert fiogger in Oviedo " 
[Ov-e-a'-do]. He taught Gil Bias, and 
"in six years his worthy pupil under- 
stood a little Greek, and was a tolerable 
Latin scholar." — Lesage : Gil Bias, i. 
(1715). 

Godi'va or Godgifa, wife of earl 
Leofric earl of Mercia. The tale is that 
she persistently begged her husband to 
remit a certain tax which oppressed the 
people of Coventry. Leofric, annoyed 
at her importunity, told her he would do 
so when she had ridden on horseback 
naked through the city at midday (mean- 
ing never) ; but the countess took him at 
his word, gave orders that all people 
should' shut up their windows and doors, 
and she actually rode naked through the 
town, and delivered the people from the 
tax. The tale further says that all the 
people did as the lady bade them except 
Peeping Tom, who looked out, and was 
struck blind. 

The tale is told by Dugdale, and Is 
supposed to have occurred somewhere 
about 1057. 

*.• Rapin says that the countess com- 
manded all persons to keep within doors, 
and away from windows during her ride. 
One man, named Tom of Coventry, took 
a peep at the lady as she passed by, but 
it cost him his life. 

*.• This legend is told at length by 
Drayton, in his Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Tennyson, in his Godiva, has reproduced 
this story (1842). 

N.B. — Matthew of Westminster (1307) 
is the first to record the story of lady 
Godiva, but the addition of Peeping Tom 
dates from the reign of Charles II. In 
Smithfield Wall is a grotesque figure of 
the inquisitive Tom, " in flowing wig and 
Stuart cravat." 

IT In regard to the terms granted by 
Leofric to lady Godiva, it may be men- 
tioned that Rudder, in his History of 
Gloucester, informs us that "the privilege 
of cutting wood in the Herdiioles was 
granted to the parishioners of St. 
Briavel's Castle, in Gloucestershire, on 
precisely similar terms by the earl of 
Hereford, who was, at the time, lord oi 
Dean Forest" 

Godless Florins, English two- 
shilling pieces issued by Shiel when 
master of the mint. He was a Roman 
Catholic, and left out F.D. {defender of the 
faith) from the legend. They were issued 
and called in the same year (1849). 



I have one of these florins before me. Both F.D. 
and D.G. are omitted. Hence they were both Godless 
and also Graceless Florins. 

Godmanchester Hog's and 
Huntingdon Sturgeon. 

During a very high flood in the meadows between 
Huntingdon and Godmanchester, something was seen 
floating, which the Godmanchester people thought was 
a black hog, and the Huntingdon folk declared was 
a sturgeon. When rescued from the water, it proved 
to be a young donkey. — Lord Braybrooke (Pepys, 
Diary, May 22, 1607). 

Godmer, a British giant, son of 
Albion, slain by Canu'tus one of the 
companions of Brute. 

Those three monstrous stones . . . 
Which that huge son of hideous Albion, 
Great Godmer, threw in fierce contention 
At bold Canutus ; but of him was slain. 

Spenser ; Faerie Queene, ii. 10 (1590). 

Godolphin, a novel by lord Lytton 

(1833). 
Goeniagot's Leap, or *' Lam Goe- 

magot," now called Haw, near Plymouth ; 
the place where the giant fell when Corin'- 
eus (3 syl. ) tossed him down the craggy 
rocks, by which he was mangled to 
pieces. — Geoffrey : British History, i. 16 
(1142). 

V Southey calls the word Lan-ga- 
tndgog. (See GoGMAGOG. ) 

Goemot or Goemagot, a British 
giant, twelve cubits high, and of such 
prodigious strength that he could pull up 
a full-grown oak at one tug. Same as 
Gogmagog (q.v.). 

On a certain day, when Brutus was holding a solemn 
festival to the gods, . . . this giant, with twenty more 
of his companions, came in upon the Britons, among 
whom he made a dreadful slaughter ; but the Britons 
at last . . . killed them every one but Goemagot . . . 
him Brutus preserved alive, out of a desire to see a 
combat between the giant and Corineus, who took 
delight in such encounters. . . . Corineus carried him 
to the top of a high rock, and tossed him into the sea. 
— Geoffrey : British History, i. 16 (1142). 

Goer'vyl, sister of prince Madoc, and 
daughter of Owen late king of North 
Wales. She accompanied her brother to 
America, and formed one of the colony 
of Caer-madoc, south of the Missouri 

twelfth century). — Southey : Madoc 

1805). 

Goethe, a German novelist, poet, etc. 
(1749-1832), published — 

The Achilliad, about 1800. 
Farbenlchre, 1810. 

Hermann and Dorothea (a poem), 1707. 
Metamorphosis 0/ Plants (an essay), 1790 
Werther (a romance), 1774. 

Wilhelm Meister (a romance), pL L to 1794-96} 
pt. ii, 1 82 1. 

• . • For dramatic works, see Faust, etc. 
Appendix II. 

Goetz von Berlichingen, or 

Gottfried of the Iron Hand, a famous 



GOFFE. 



433 



GOLD HAIR. 



German burgrave, who lost his right 
hand at the siege of Landshut. The iron 
hand which replaced the one he had lost 
is still shown at Juxthausen, the place of 
his birth. Gottfried took a prominent 
part in the wars of independence against 
the electors of Brandenberg and Bavaria, 
in the sixteenth century (1480-1562). (See 
Silver Hand.) 

(Goethe has made this the title and 
subject of an historical drama. ) 

Goffe {Captain), captain of the pirate 
▼esseL— Sir W. Scott: The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

Gog", according to Ezek. xxxviii., 
xxxbc, was "prince of Magog" (a 
country or people). Calmet says Cam- 
by'ses king of Persia is meant ; but others 
think Antiochus Epiph'anSs is alluded to. 

Gog", in Rev. xx. 7-9, means Anti- 
christ. Gog and Magog, in conjunction, 
mean all princes of the earth who are 
enemies of the Christian Church. 

(Sale says Gog is a Turkish tribe. — 
Al Koran, xviii. note.) 

Gog" and Magog. Prester John, in 
bis letter to Manuel Comnenus, emperor 
of Constantinople, speaks of Gog and 
Magog as two separate nations tributary 
to him. These, with thirteen others, he 
says, are now shul up behind inaccessible 
mountains, but at the end of the world 
they will be let loose, and will overrun the 
whole earth. — Alt>ericus(Trium Fontium): 
Chronicles (1242). 

IT Sale tells us that Gog and Magog 
are called by the Arabs "Yajuj" and 
" Majuj," which are two nations or tribes 
descended from Japhet, son of Noah. 
Gog, according to some authorities, is a 
Turkish tribe; and Magog is the tribe 
called " Gilan " by Ptolemy, and " Geli " 
or " Galae" by Strabo. — Al Kordn, xviii. 
note. 

IT Respecting the re-appearance of Gog 
and Magog, the Kordn says, " They [the 
dead] shall not return . . . till Gog and 
Magog have a passage opened for them, 
and they [the dead] shall hasten from 
every high hill," i^. the resurrection (ch. 
xxi.). 

Gog and Magog in London. The 
two statues of Guildhall so calle 1 are in 
reality the statues of Gogmagog or Goe- 
magot and Corineus (3 syl.), referred to 
in the next article. (See also Corinkus. ) 
The Albion giant is known by his pole-axe 
and spiked balL Two statues so called 
stood on the same spot in the reign of 



Henry V. ; but those now seen were made 
by Richard Saunders, in 1708, and are 
fourteen feet in height. 

In Hone's time, children and country visitors were 
told that every day, when the giants heard the clock 
strike twelve, they came down to dinner. — Old and 
New London, i. 387. 

Another tale was that they then fell 
foul of each other in angry combat. 

Gog'magog, king of the Albion 
giants, eighteen feet in height, killed by 
Corin in a wrestling-match, and flung by 
him over the Hoe or Haw of Plymouth. 
For this achievement, Brute gave his 
follower all that horn of land now called 
Cornwall, Cor'n[w]all, a contraction of 
Corinall. The contest is described by 
Drayton in his Polyolbion, i. (1612). 

E'en thus unmoved 
Stood Corineus, the sire of Guendolen, 
When, gr a PP un g with his monstrous enemy, 
He the brute vastness held aloft, and bore, 
And headlong hurled, all shattered to the sea, 
Down from the rock's high summit, since that day 
Called Lan-'gaema'gog. 

Southey : Joan of Arc, viiL 395. 

1T Spenser throws the accent of Corineus 
on the second syllable, Southey on the 
first, while Drayton makes it a word of 
four syllables, and accents the third. 

Gog'magog Hill, the higher of the 
two hills some three miles south-east of 
Cambridge. It once belonged to the 
Balsham Hills, but "being rude and 
bearish, regarding neither God nor man," 
it was named in reproach Gogmagog. 
The legend is that this Gogmagog Hill 
was once a huge giant, who fell in love 
with the nymph Granta, and, meeting 
her alone, told her all his heart, saying— 

" Sweeting mine, if thou mine own wilt be, 
I've many a pretty gaud I keep in store for thee: 
A nest of broad-faced owls, and goodly urchins too 
(Nay, nymph, take heed of me, when I begin to woo)} 
And better far than that, a bulchin twp years old, 
A curled-pate calf it is, and oft could have been sold 



And yet besides all this, I've goodly bear-whelps tway. 
Full dainty for my joy when she's disposed to play ; 
And twenty sows of lead to make our wedding ring ; " 

but the saucy nymph only mocked the 
giant, and told his love-story to the 
Muses, and all made him their jest and 
sport and laughter. — Drayton : Poljh 
olbion, xxi. (1622). 

Goitre. 

When we were boys. 
Who would believe that there were mountaineers 
Dew-lapp'd like bulls, whose throats had hanging at em 
Wallets of flesh t 

Shakespcart: The Tempest, act iii. sc. 3 (1609). 

Gold Hair, a true story of Pomic. A 
young girl died there in the odour of 
sanctity, and was buried near the high 
altar of the church of St. Gilles. Years 
after, the pavement was taken up over her 
grave, and thirty double louis were iound, 
a v 



GOLD OF NIBELUNGEN. 



434 



GOLDEN GATE. 



which had been buried in her gold hair at 
her own request. — Browning: Poems 
(1864). 

Gold of Nibelungren (The), un- 
lucky wealth. ' ' To have the gold of 
Nibelungen " is to have a possession 
which seems to bring a curse with it. 
The uncle who murdered ' ' the babes in 
the wood " for their estates and money, 
got the " gold of Nibelungen ; " nothing 
from that moment went well with him — 
his cattle died, his crops failed, his barns 
were destroyed by fire or tempest, and 
he was reduced to utter ruin. (See 
Nibelungen.)— Icelandic Edda. 

Gold of Tolo'sa ( The), ill gains, 
which never prosper. The reference is 
to Caepio the Roman consul, who, on his 
march to Gallia Narbofiensis, stole from 
Tolosa (Toulouse) the gold and silver 
consecrated by the Cimbrian Druids to 
their gods. He was utterly defeated by 
the Cimbrians, and some 112,000 Romans 
were left dead on the field of battle (B.C. 
ioS). (See Harmonia's Necklace.) 

Gold Poured down the Throat. 

Marcus Licin'ius Crassus, surnamed "The 
Rich," one of the first Roman triumvirate, 
tried to make himself master of Parthia, 
but being defeated and brought captive 
to Oro'des king of Parthia, he was put to 
death by having molten gold poured down 
his throat. "Sate thy greed with this," 
said Orod&s. • 

% Manlius Nepos Aquilius tried to 
restore the kings of Bithynia and Cappa- 
do'cia, dethroned by Mithridates ; but 
being unsuccessful and made prisoner, he 
was put to death by Mithridates by molten 
gold poured, down his throat. 

IT In hell, the avaricious are punished 
in the same way, according to the Shep- 
hearde's Calendar. 

And ladles full of melted gold 
Were poured adown their throats. 

The Dead Man's Song (1579). 

Gol'demar (King), a house-spirit, 
sometimes called king Vollmar. He 
lived three years with Neveling von 
Hardenberg, on the Hardenstein at the 
Ruhr, and the chamber in which he lived 
is still called Vollmar's chamber. This 
house-spirit, though sensible to the touch, 
was invisible. It played beautifully on 
the harp, talked freely, revealed secrets, 
and played dice. One day, a person 
determined to discover its whereabouts, 
but Goldemar cut him to pieces and 
cooked the different parts, Never after 



this was there any trace of the spirit 
The roasted fragments disappeared in the 
Lorrain war in 1651, but the pot in which 
the man's head was boiled was built into 
the kitchen wall of Neveling von Harden- 
berg, where it remains to this day. — 
Steinen : German Mythology, 477. 

Golden Ass (The), a romance in 
Latin by Apule'ius (5 syl.), in eleven 
books. It is the adventures of Lucian, a 
young man who had been transformed 
into an ass but still retained his human 
consciousness. It tells us the miseries 
which he suffered at the hands of robbers, 
eunuchs, magistrates, and so on, till the 
time came for him to resume his proper 
form. It is full of wit, racy humour, and 
rich fancy; and contains the exquisite 
episode of Cupid and Psy'che" (bks. iv., 
v., vi.j. 

(This very famous satire, together with 
the Asinus of Lucian, was founded on a 
satire of the same name by Lucius of 
Patrae, and has been imitated in modern 
times by Niccolo Machiavelli. T. Taylor, 
in 1822, published a translation of the 
Aureus Asinus ; and sir G. Head, in 1851. 
Lafontaine has an imitation of the episode ; 
and Mrs. Tighe turned it into Spenserian 
verse in 1805.) 

(Boccaccio has borrowed largely from 
The Golden Ass, and the incidents of the 
robbers in Gil Bias are taken from it.) 

Golden Dragon of Bruges ( The). 
The golden dragon was taken in one of 
the crusades from the church of St. Sophia 
at Constantinople, and placed on the belfry 
of Bruges ; but Philip van Artevelde (2 
syl.) transported it to Ghent, where it 
still adorns the belfry. 

Saw great Artevelde victorious scale the Golden 
Dragon's nest. 

Longfellow: The Belfry 0/ Bruga. 

Golden Fleece ( The), the fleece of 
the ram which transported Phryxos to 
Colchis. When Phryxos arrived there, 
he sacrificed the ram and gave the fleece 
to king ^Eetes, who hung it on a sacred 
oak. It was stolen by Jason, in his 
" Argonautic expedition." 

The Golden Fleece of the North. Fur 
and peltry of Siberia are so called. 

Golden Fountain ( The), a fountain 
which in twenty-four hours would convert 
any metal or mineral into gold. — R. 
Johnson : The Seven Champions of 
Christendom, ii. 4 (1617). 

Golden Gate of Constantinople, 
added by Theodosius to Constantine's 
wall. It consists of a triumphal arch, 



GOLDEN HORN. 

surmounted with a bronze statue of 
Victory. The gate is amply decorated 
with gilt ornaments and inscriptions. 
(See Count Robert of Paris, ii., by sir W. 
Scott.) 

Golden Horn {The), the inlet of 
the Bosph<3rus on which Constantinople 
stands ; so called from its shape and 
beauty. 

Golden Legends ( The ), a collection 
of hagiology, made in the thirteenth 
century by James de Voragine, a Domini- 
can. The legends consist of 177 sections, 
each of which is devoted to a particular 
saint or festival, arranged in the order of 
the calendar. Longfellow wrote a drama- 
tic poem so called (1851). 

Golden Mouth, St. Chrysostora 
(347-407). The name is the Greek 
chrusos stoma, " gold mouth." 

Golden State (The), California, in 
North America. 

Golden Stream ( The), Joannes Da- 
mascenus (died 756). 

Golden-tongned (The), St. Peter of 
Ravenna (433-450). Our equivalent is a 
free translation of the Greek chrysotogos 
(chrusos logos, *' gold discourse"). 

Golden Valley (The), the eastern 
portion of Limerick; so called from its 
great fertility. 

Golden Water ( The). One drop of 
this water in the basin of a fountain would 
fill it. and then throw up a jet deau of 
exquisite device. It was called "golden " 
because the water looked like liquid gold. 
— Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters," 
the last tale). 

(In Chery and Fairstar, by the com- 
tesse D'Aulnoy, the "golden water" is 
called the "dancing water.") 

Goldfinch (Charles), a vulgar, horsy 
fellow, impudent and insolent in manner, 
who flirts with Widow Warren, and con- 
spires with her and the Jew Silky to 
destroy Mr. Warren's will. By this will 
the widow was left ,£' 00 a year, but the 
bulk of the property went to Jack Milford 
his natural son, and Sophia Freelove the 
daughter of Widow Warren by a former 
marriage. (See Beagle, p. 98.) 

Father was a sugar-baker, grandfather a slop-seller, 
I'm a gentleman.— Holcro/t: The Road U Ruin, iL 1 
(«792)- 

Goldiebirds (Messrs.), creditors of 
sir Arthur Wardour.— 5»> IV. Scott: The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Gold-mine (The) or Miller of 



435 



GOLIARDS. 



Grenoble, a drama by E. Stirling 

(1854). (For the plot, see Simon.) 

Gold-mine of Europe (The). 
Transylvania was once so called ; but 
the supply of gold obtained therefrom 
has now very greatly diminished. 

N Gold-mines (King of the) , a powerful, 
handsome prince, who was just about to 
marry the princess All-Fair, when Yellow 
Dwarf claimed her as his betrothed, and 
carried her to Steel Castle on a Spanish 
cat. (For the rest of the tale, see All- 
Fair, p. 28. )— Comtesse dAulnoy : The 
Yellow Dwarf (1682). 

Gold-purse of Spain, Andalu'cia, 
from which city Spain derives its chief 
wealth. 

Goldsmith (Oliver). 

Here lies Nolly Goldsmith, for shortness called Noll, 
Who wrote like an angel, and talked like poor polL 
David Garrick. 

Goldsmith (Rev. J.), one of the many 
pseudonyms adopted by sir Richard 
Phillips, in a series of school books. 
borne other of his false names were the 
Rev. David Blair, James Adair, Rev. C. 
Clarke, etc., with noted French names 
for educational French books. 

Goldsmith's Monument, in West- 
minster Abbey, is by Nollekens. 

Gold'thred (Laivrence), mercer, near 
Cumnor Place. — Sir W. Scott: Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Gold'y. Oliver Goldsmith was so 
called by Dr. Johnson (1728-1774). 

Gol'gotha [" the place of a skull"'], a 
small elevated spot north-west of Jeru- 
salem, where criminals used to be exe- 
cuted. In modern poetry it stands for a 
battle-field or place of great slaughter. 

Except they meant to bathe in reeking wounds, 
Or memorize another Golgotha. 

Shakespeare : Macbeth, act L sc. a (1606). 

•.'In the University of Cambridge, 
the dons' gallery in Great St. Mary's is 
called "Golgotha," because the heads of 
the colleges sit there. 

Gol'gotha ( The City). Temple Bar, 
London, used to be so called because the 
heads of traitors, etc., were at one time 
exposed there after decapitation. This 
was not done from any notion of punish- 
ment, but simply to advertise the fact as 
a warning to evil-doers. Temple Bar 
was removed from the Strand in 1878. 

Goliards ( The), clerical buffoons, 
jongleurs, and minstrels. The Confessio 
Colias, attributed to Walter Mapes, is the 



GOLIGHTLY. 



43« 



GOOD HOPE. 



•upposed confession of a Goliard. His 
three sins were a love of dice, wine, and 
women. 

Golightly (Mr.), the fellow who 
wants to borrow 5^. in Lend Me Five Shil- 
lings, a farce by J. M. Morton. 

Goltho, the friend of Ul'finore (3 
syl. ). He was in love with Birtha, 
daughter of lord As'tragon the sage ; but 
Birtha loved the duke Gondibert. The 
tale being unfinished, the sequel is not 
known. — Davenant; Gondibert (died 1668). 

Cromer or Godmer, a British giant, 
slain by Canu'tus one of the companions 
of Brute. (See Goemot, p. 432.) 

Since Gomer's giant brood inhabited this isle. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xiv. (1613). 

Gomez, a rich banker, 60 years of 
age, married to Elvi'ra, a young wife. 
He is mean, covetous, and jealous. 
Elvi'ra has a liaison with colonel Lo- 
renzo, which Dominick, her father-con- 
fessor, aids and abets ; but the amour is 
constantly thwarted, and it turns out that 
Lorenzo and Elvira are brother and sister. 
— Dry den : The Spanish Fryar (1680). 

Gon'dibert (Duke), of the royal line 
of Lombardy. Prince Oswald of Verona, 
out of jealousy, stirs up a faction fight 
against him, which is limited by agree- 
ment to four combatants on each side. 
Oswald is slain by Gondibert, and Gon- 
dibert is cured of his wounds by lord 
As'tragon, a philosopher and sage. 
Rhodalind, the only child of Aribert 
king of Lombardy, is in love with the 
duke, but the duke is betrothed to Birtha. 
One day, while Gondibert was walking 
with his affianced Birtha a messenger 
from the king came post haste to tell him 
that Aribert had publicly proclaimed him 
his heir, and that Rhodalind was to be 
his bride. Gondibert still told Birtha he 
would remain true to her, and gave her 
an emeraid ring, which would turn pale if 
his love declined. As the tale was never 
finished, the sequel cannot be given. — 
Davenant: Gondibert (died 1668). 

Gon'eril, eldest daughter of king 
Lear, and wife of the duke of Albany. 
She treated her aged father with such 
scant courtesy, that he could not live 
under her roof; and she induced her 
sister Regan to follow her example. 
Subsequently, both the sisters fell in love 
with Edmund, natural son of the earl of 
Gloucester, whom Regan designed to 
marry when she became a widow. 
Goneril, out of jealousy, now poisoned her 



sister, and "after slew herself." Her 
name is proverbial for "filial ingrati- 
tude." — Shakespeare : King Lear (1605). 

Gonin, a buffoon of the sixteenth 
century, who acquired great renown for 
his clever tricks, and gave rise to the 
French phrase, Un tour de maitre Gonin 
("a trick of Master Gonin's "). 

Gonnella, domestic jester to the 
margrave Nicolo d'Este, and to his son 
Borso duke of Ferrara. The horse he 
rode on was ossa atque pellis totus, and, 
like Rosinante 1 , has become proverbial. 
Gonnella's jests were printed in 1506. 

Gonsalez [Gon-zalley], Fernan Gon- 
salez or Gonsalvo, a Spanish hero of the 
tenth century, whose life was twice saved 
by his wife Sancha. His adventures have 
given birth to a host of ballads. 

(There was a Hernandez Gonsalvo of 
Cordova, called "The Great Captain" 
(1443-1515), to whom some of the ballads 
refer, and this is the hero of Florian's 
historical novel entitled Gonzalve de Cor- 
doue (1791), borrowed from the Spanish 
romance called The Civil Wars of Gra- 
nada, by Gines Perez de la Hita.) 

Gonza'lo, an honest old counsellor 
of Alonso king of Naples. — Shakespeare: 
The Tempest (1609). 

Gonzalo, an ambitious but politic 
lord of Venice. — Fletcher: The Laws of 
Candy (1647). 

Good Earl (The), Archibald eighth 
earl of Angus, who died in 1 588. 

Good Even, Good Robin Hood ! 

civility extorted by fear, as "Good Mr. 
Highwayman, good gentlemen 1 " of Mrs. 
Hardcastle in her terror. 

Clapping his rod on the borde. 
No man dare utter a word . . . 
He [IVolsey] said, " How say ye, my lordes?" . . . 
Good even, good Robin Hood. 
Skelton : Why Came ye not to Court ? (died 1539). 

Good Hope (Cape of). When Bar- 
tholomew Diaz first discovered this cape, 
in 1497, he called it ' ' The Cape of 
Storms " (Cabo Tormentoso) ; but John 
II. king of Portugal changed the name 
to that of " Good Hope." 

IT The Euxine Sea (i.e. " the hos- 
pitable sea") was first called " The Axine 
Sea" ("the inhospitable"), from the 
terror with which it was viewed by the 
early Greeks; but it was subsequently 
called by the more courteous name. 
However, the older name is the one 
which now generally prevails ; thus we 
call it in English " The Black Sea," and 



GOOD MAN. 

the Turks, Greeks, and Russians call it 
inhospitable, and not hospitable. 

Good Man (A). Count Cassel says. 
" In Italy a good man means a religious 
one, in France a cheerful one, in Spain a 
wise one, and in England a rich one." — 
Inchbald: Lovers' Vows, ii. 2 (1800). 

Good Regent {The), James Stuart, 
earl of Murray, regent of Scotland after 
the imprisonment of queen Mary. (Born 
1533, regent 1567, assassinated 1570.) 

Goodenough {Dr.), a physician in 
Thackerav's novel, the Adventures of 
Philip (i860). 

Goodfellow {Robin), son of king 
Oberon. When six years old, he was so 
mischievous that his mother threatened 
to whip him, and he ran away ; but fall- 
ing asleep, his father told him he should 
have anything he wished for, with power 
to turn himself into any shape, so long 
as he did harm to none but knaves and 
queans. 

His first exploit was to turn himself into a horse, to 
punish a churl, whom he conveyed into a great plash 
of water and left there, laughing, as he flew off, " Ho, 
ho, ho 1 " He afterwards goes to a farm-house, and, 
taking a fancy to the maid, does her work during the 
night. The maid, watching him, and observing him 
rather bare of clothes, provides him with garments, 
which he puts out, laughing " Ho, ho, ho ! " He next 
changes himself into a Will-o'-the-wisp, to mislead a 
party of merry-makers, and having misled them all 
night, he left them at daybreak, with a " Ho, ho, ho ! " 
At another time, seeing a fellow ill-using a maiden, he 
changed himself into a hare, ran between his legs, and 
then growing into a horse, tossed him into a hedge, 
laughing " Ho, ho, ho ! "—The Mad Pranks and Merry 
yestt of Robin Goodfellow (1580), (Percy Society, 1841)^ 

Goodfellow {Robin), a general name 
for any domestic spirit, as imp, urchin, 
elve, hag, fay, Kit-wi'-the-can'stick, 
spoorn, man-i'-the-oak, Puck, hobgoblin, 
Tom-tumbler, bug, bogie, jack-o'-lantern, 
Friar's lantern, Will-o'-the-wisp, Ariel, 
nixie, kelpie, etc., etc. 

A bigger kind than these German kobolds Is that 
called with us Robin Goodfellows, that would in those 
superstitious times grind corn for a mess of milk, cut 
wood, or do any manner of drudgery work. . . . These 
have several names . . . but we commonly call them 
Pucks. — Burton: Anatomy of Melancholy, 47 (1621). 

Robin Goodfellow, "a shrewd, knavish 
spirit " in Shakespeare's Midsummer 
Nighfs Drea ?n (159-')- 

N.B. — The Goodfellows, being very 
numerous, can hardly be the same as 
Robin son of Oberon, but seem to obtain 
the name because their character was 
similar, and, indeed, Oberon's son must 
be included in the generic name. 

Goodman of Ballengeich, the 

assumed name of James V. of Scotland 
when he made his disguised visits 



437 



GOOSEBERRY PIE. 



through the districts round Edinburgh 
and Stirling. 

If Haroun-al-Raschid, Louis XL, Peter 
" the Great," etc., made similar visits in 
disguise, for the sake of obtaining infor- 
mation by personal inspection. 

Good'man Grist, the miller, a 
friend of the smugglers. — Sir W. Scott: 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Goodman's Fields, Whitechapel, 
London. So called from a large farmer 
of the name of Goodman. 

At this farm I myself in my youth have fetched many 
a ha'p'orth of milk, and never had less than three ale- 
pints in summer and one in winter, always hot from the 
kine, and strained. One Trolop and afterward Good- 
man was the farmer there, and had thirty or forty kine 
to the pail.— Stow : Survey of London (1598). 

Goodricke {Mr.), a Catholic priest 
at Middleman— Sir W. Scott : The Sur- 
geon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Goodsire {Johnnie), a weaver, near 
Charles's Hope farm.— Sir W. Scott: 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Goodwill, a man who had acquired 
j£io,ooo by trade, and wished to give his 
daughter Lucy in marriage to one of his 
relations, in order to keep the money in 
the family ; but Lucy would not have any 
one of the boobies, and made choice instead 
of a strapping footman. Goodwill had 
the good sense to approve of the choice. 
— Fielding : The Virgin Unmasked. 

Goody Blake, a poor old woman 
detected by Harry Gill picking up sticks 
from his farm-land. (See Gill, Harry.) 

Goody Palsgrave, a name of con- 
tempt given to Frederick V. elector pala- 
tine. He is also called the " Snow King " 
and the "Winter King," because the 
protestants made him king of Bohemia in 
the autumn of 1619, and he was set aside 
in the autumn of 1620. 

Goody Two-shoes, a nursery tale 

by Oliver Goldsmith, written in 1765 for 
Newbery, St. Paul's Churchyard. The 
second title is Mrs. Margery Two-shoes. 

Goose Gibbie, a half-witted lad, 
first entrusted to "keep the turkeys," 
but afterwards "advanced to the more 
important office of minding the cows." — 
Sir IV. Scott: Old Mortality (time, 
Charles II.). 

Gooseberry Pie, a mock pindario 
ode by Southey (1799). 

O Jane, with truth I praise thy pla. 
And will not you in Just n ply 
Praise my pindaru ode t 



GOOSEY GODERICH. 



438 



Goosey Q-oderich, Frederick Robin- 
son, created viscount Goderich in 1827. 
So called by Cobbett, for his incapacity 
as a statesman (premier 1827-1828). 

Gor'bodiic, Gorbodug, or Gorbo- 
GUD, a mythical British king, who had 
two sons (Ferrex and Porrex). Ferrex 
was driven by his brother out of the king- 
dom, and on attempting to return with 
a large army, was defeated by him and 
slain. Soon afterwards, Porrex himself 
was murdered in his bed by his own 
mother, who loved Ferrex the better.— 
Geoffrey : British History, ii. 16 (1142). 

And Gorbogud, till far in years he grew ; 
When his ambitious sonnes unto them twayne 
Arraught the rule, and from their father drew ; 
Stout Ferrex and stout Porrex him in prison thrww. 

But oh I the greedy thirst of royall crowne . . . 
Stird Porrex up to put his brother downe ; 
Who unto him assembling fotreigne might, 
Made warre on him, and fell himself in fight ; 
Whose death t' avenge, his mother, mercilesse 
(Most mercilesse of women, Wyden hight), 
Her other Sonne fast sleeping did oppresse, 
And with most cruell hand him murdred pitilesse. 
Spenser: Fagrie Queent, ii. 10, 34, 35 (1590). 

Gor'bodiic, the first historical play in 
the language. The first three acts by 
Thomas Norton, and the last two by 
Thomas Sackville afterwards lord Buck- 
hurst (1562). It is further remarkable 
as being the father of iambic ten-syllable 
blank verse. 

Those who last did tug 
la worse than civil war, the sons of Gorbodug. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Gor'brias, lord-protector of Ibe'ria, 
and father of king Arba'ces (3 syl. ). — 
Beaumont and Fletcher: A King or No 
King (161 1 ). 

Gor'dius, a Phrygian peasant, chosen 
by the Phrygians for their king. He 
consecrated to Jupiter his wagon, and 
tied the yoke to the draught-tree so art- 
fully that the ends of the cord could not 
be discovered. A rumour spread abroad 
that he who untied this knot would be 
king of Asia, and when Alexander the 
Great was shown it, he cut it with his 
sword, saying, "It is thus we loose our 
knots." 

Gordon {The Rev. Mr.), chaplain in 
Cromwell's troop. — Sir W. Scott : Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Gordon {Lord George), leader of the 
" No Popery riots " of 1779. Half mad, 
but really well-intentioned, he counte- 
nanced the most revolting deeds, urged 
on by his secretary Gashford. Lord 
George Gordon died in jail, 1793. — 
Dickens : BarnaAy Rudge (1841). 



GORLOIS. 

Gordo 'nius or Gordon {Bernard), a 

noted physician of the thirteenth century 
in the Rouergue (France), author of 
Lilium Medicines, de Morborum prope 
Omnium Curatione, septem Particulis 
Distributum (Naples, 1480). 

And has Gordonius " the divine, 
In his famous Lily of Medicine . . . 
No remedy potent enough to restore you t 
Longfellow : The Golden Legend. 

Gor'gifouLS, an honest, simple-minded 
citizen of middle life, father of Madelon 
and uncle of Cathos. The two girls have 
had their heads turned by novels, but are 
taught by a harmless trick to discern 
between the easy manners of a gentleman 
and the vulgar pretensions of a lackey. — 
Moliere : Les Pricieuses Ridicules (1659). 

Gorgibus, father of Celie. He is a 
headstrong, unreasonable old man, who 
tells his daughter that she is for ever 
reading novels, and filling her mind with 
ridiculous notions about love. " Vous 
parlez de Dieu bien moins que de Lelie," 
he says, and insists on her giving up 
Lelie for Valere, saying, " S'il ne Test 
amant, il le sera mari," and adds, 
" L'amour est souvent un fruit du 
manage." 

Jetez-moi dans le fea tous ces mechants iciit [L» 
romances] 

?ui gatent tous les jours tant de jeunes esprits ; 
isez moi, comme il faut, au lieu de ces sornettes, 
Les Quatrains de Pibrac, et les doctes Tablettes 
Du conseiller Matthieu ; i'ouvrage est de valeur, 
Et pein de beaux dictons a reciter par cceur. 

Moliire : Sganarelle (1660). 

Gor'loi's (3 syl. ), said by some to be 
the father of king Arthur. He was lord 
of Tintag'el Castle, in Cornwall ; his wife 
was Igrayne (3 syl.) or Igerna, and one 
of his daughters (Bellicent) was, accord- 
ing to some authorities, the wife of Lot 
king of Orkney. 

• . • Gorlois was not the father of Arthur, 
although his wife (Igerna or Igrayne) was 
his mother. 

Then all the kings asked Merlin, " For what cause 
Is that beardless boy Arthur made king?" "Sirs, 
said Merlin, "because he is king Uther's son, born 
in wedlock. . . . More than three hours after the death 
of Gorlois did the king wed the fair Igrayne."— 
Malory : History of Prince Arthur, i. 2, 6 (1470). 

[Uther] was sorry for the death of Gorlois, but re- 
joiced that Igerna was now at liberty to marry again . . . 
they continued to live together with much affection 
and had a son and daughter, whose names were Arthur 
and Anne.— Geoffrey : British History, iii. 20 (1142). 

*.• It is quite impossible to reconcile 
the contradictory accounts of Arthur's 
sister and Lot's wife. Tennyson says 
Bellicent, but the tales compiled by sir 
T. Malory all give Margause. Thus in 
La Mort d' Arthur, i. 2, we read, " King 
Lot of Lothan and of Orkeney wedded 



GORMAL. 



439 



GOTTLlEa 



Margawse [Arthur's sister]" (pt. i. 36), 
"whose sons were Gawaine, Agravaine, 
Gaheris, and Gareth ; " but Tennyson 
says Gareth was ' ' the last tall son of Lot 
and Bellicent." 

Gor'mal, the mountain range of 
Sevo. 

Her arm was white like Gormal's snow ; her bosom 
whiter than the foam of the main when roll the waves 
beneath the wrath of winds. — Fragment of a Norse 
Tale. 

Gosh., the Right Hon. Charles Arbuth" 
not, the most confidential friend of the 
duke of Wellington, with whom he 
lived. 

Gosling (Giles), landlord of the Black 
Bear inn, near Cumnor Place. 

Cicely Gosling, daughter of Giles. — Sir 
W. Scott: Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Gospel Doctor (The), John Wy- 
cliffe(i324-i384). 

Gospel of the Golden Rule, " Do 

as you would be done by," or "As ye 
would that men should do to you, do ye 
also to them." — Luke vi. 31. 

He preached to all men everywhere 
The Gospel of the Golden Rule. 
Longfellow : The Wayside Inn (prelude). 

Gospeller ( The Hot), Dr. R Barnes, 
burnt at Smithfield, 1540. 

Gos'samer (i.e. God's seam or 
thread). The legend is that gossamer is 
the ravellings of the Virgin Mary's 
winding-sheet, which fell away on her 
ascension into heaven 

Gossips (Prince of), Samuel Pepys, 
noted for his gossiping Diary, com- 
mencing January 1, 1659, and continued 
for nine years (1632-1703). 

Goswin, a rich merchant of Bruges, 
who is in reality Florez, son of Gerrard 
king of the beggars. His mistress, Bertha, 
the supposed daughter of Vandunke the 
burgomaster of Bruges, is in reality the 
daughter of the duke of Brabant. — 
Fletcher : The Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Gotham (Merry Tales of the Men of), 
supposed to have been compiled in the 
reign of Henry VIII. by Andrew Borde. 
The legend is that king John, on his way 
to Lynn Regis, intended to pass through 
Goiham, in Nottinghamshire, with his 
army, and sent heralds to prepare his 
way. The men of Gotham were resolved, 
if possible, to prevent this expense and 
depredation, so they resolved to play the 
fool. Some raked the moon out of the 
pond some made a ring to hedge in a bird, 



some did other equally foolish things, and 
the heralds told the king that the Go- 
thamites were utter fools, and advised 
the king to go another way. So the king 
and his heralds were befooled, and the 
men of Gotham saved their bacon. But 
"wise as the men of Gotham" grew 
into a proverb to indicate a fool. 

IF The tale about the Gothamites trying 
to hedge in a cuckoo by joining hands in 
a circle is told of several places. We are 
told that the inhabitants of Towednack, 
in Cornwall, raised a hedge round a 
cuckoo.-which escaped, just clearing the 
top of the enclosure, when one of the 
labourers exclaimed, " What a pity we did 
not raise it a little higher ! " Similar 
tales are told of the people of Coggeshall, 
in Essex. In fact, nearly every county 
has its Gotham, whose inhabitants are 
credited with actions equally wise. (See 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 
54*.) 

Goths ( The last of the), Roderick, the 
thirty-fourth of the Visigoth ic line of 
kings in Spain. He was the son of 
Cordova, who had his eyes put out by 
Viti'za the king of the Visigoths, where- 
upon Roderick rose against Vitiza and 
dethroned him ; but the sons and ad- 
herents of Vitiza applied to the Moors, 
who sent over Tarik with 90,000 men, 
and Roderick was slain at the battle of 
Xerres, A.D. 711. 

*." Southey has an historic poem called 
Roderick, the Last of the Goths. He 
makes "Rusilla" to be the mother of 
Roderick. 

Gothland or Gottland, an island 
called ' ' The eye of the Baltic." Geoffrey 
of Monmouth says that when king Arthur 
had added Ireland to his dominions, he 
sailed to Iceland, which he subdued, and 
then both " Doldavius king of Gothland 
and Uunfasius king of the Orkneys 
voluntarily became his tributaries." — 
British history, ix. 10(1142). 

To Gothland how again this conaueror maketh forth . . . 
Where Iceland first he won, and Orkney after got. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, iv. (161 2). 

Gottlieb [Got'-leed], a cottage farmer, 
with whom prince Henry of Hoheneck 
went to live after he was struck with 
leprosy. The cottager's daughter Elsie 
volunteered to sacrifice her life for the 
cure of the prince, and was ultimately 
married to him. — Hartmann von der 
Aue : Poor Henry (twelfth century). (See 
Longfellow's Golden Legend.) 



GOURLAY. 



440 



GRAAL. 



Gourlay {Ailshie), a privileged fool 
or jester. — Sir W.Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Gourlay (Ai/sie), an old sibyl at the 
death of Alice Gray. — Sir W. Scott: 
Bride of Lam me rmoor (time .William III. ). 

Crourmaz (Don), .a national portrait 
of the Spanish nobility. — Corneille : The 
Cid (1636). 

The character of don Gormaz, for Its very excellence, 
drew down the censure of the French Academy. — Sir 
IV. Scott : The Drama. 

Gow (Old Neill), the fiddler. 

Nathaniel Gow, son of the fiddler. — 
Sir W. Scott : St. Ronan's Well (time, 
George III.). 

Grow (Henry) or Henry Smith, also 
called " Gow Chrom " and " Hal of the 
Wynd," the armourer." Suitor of Ca- 
tharine Glover " the fair maid of Perth," 
whom he marries. — Sir W. Scott: Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Gower ( The Moral), an epithet be- 
stowed by Chaucer on John Gower, the 
poet (1320-1402). 

Gowk Storm, a short storm, such as 
occurs in spring, when the gowk or 
cuckoo comes. 

He trusted the present [disturbance] would prove 
but a gowk storm.— -Sir IV. Scott: Tales of a Grand- 
father, i. 49. 

Gowk-thrapple (Maister), a co- 
venanting preacher. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Waverley (time, George II.). . 

A man of coarse, mechanical, perhaps rather intrinsi- 
cally feeble intellect, with the vehemence of some 
pulpit-drumming Gowk-thrapple.— Carlyle. 

Gowry, the owner of Nightmare 
Abbey, who thinks it most comme il 
faut to be melancholy. 

Scythrop Gowry, his son, in love with 
two young ladies at the same time (Miss 
Marionetta O'Carroll and Miss Celinda 
Toobad). This is a skit on Percy Bysshe 
Shelley, who courted at the same time 
Mary Godwin and Harriett Westbrook, 
and told his father he intended to commit 
suicide. Shelley saw the allusion and took 
it in good part. — Peacocks novel of Night- 
mare Abbey (1818). 

Graaf (Count), a great speculator in 
corn. One year a sad famine prevailed, 
and he expected, like Pharaoh king of 
Egypt, to make an enormous fortune by 
his speculation, but an army of rats, 
pressed by hunger, invaded his barns, and 
then, swarming into the castle, fell on the 
old baron, worried him to death, and 
devoured him. (See Hatto.) 



Graal (Saint) or St. Greal is gene- 
rally said to be the chalice used by Christ 
at the last supper, in which Joseph of 
Arimathea caught the blood of the cruci- 
fied Christ. In all descriptions of the 
graal in Arthurian romances, it is simply 
the visible "presence" of Christ, into 
which the elements are converted after con- 
secration. When sir Galahad "achieved 
the quest of the holy graal," all that is 
meant is that he saw with his bodily eyes 
the visible Saviour into which the holy 
wafer had been transmuted. 

Then the bishop took a wafer, which was made In the 
likeness of bread, and at the lifting up [the elevation of 
the host] there came a figure in the likeness of a child, 
and the visage was as red and as bright as fire, and he 
smote himself into that bread : so they saw that the 
bread was formed of a fleshly man, and then he put it 
into the holy vessel again . . . then [the bishop] took 
the holy vessel and came to sir Galahad as he kneeled 
down, and there he received his Saviour. — Sir T. 
Malory: History of Prince Arthur, pt. iii. 101, zoo. 

\ King Pelles and sir Launcelot caught 
a sight of the St. Graal ; but did not 
"achieve it," like Galahad. 

When they went into the castle to take their repast 
. . . there came a dove to the window, and in its bill 
was a little censer of gold, and there withall was such a 
savor as if all the spicery of the world had been there 
. . . and a damsel, passing fair, bare a vessel of gold 
between her hands, and thereto the king kneeled 
devoutly and said his prayers. . . . " Oh mercy 1" 
said sir Launcelot, "what may this mean?" . . . 
. " This," said the king, "is the holy Sancgreall which y% 
have seen. — Pt. iii. 2. 

IT When sir Bors de Ganis went to 
Corbin, and saw Galahad the son of sir 
Launcelot, he prayed that the boy might 
prove as good a knight as his father, and 
instantly the white dove came with the 
golden censer, and the damsel bearing 
the sancgraal, and told sir Bors that 
Galahad would prove a better knight than 
his father, and would "achieve the Sanc- 
greall ; " then both dove and damsel 
vanished. — Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur, pt. iii. 4. 

IT Sir Percival, the son of sir Pellinore 
king of Wales, after his combat with sir 
Ector de Maris (brother of sir Launcelot), 
caught sight of the holy graal, and both 
sir Percival and sir Ector were cured of 
their wounds thereby. Like sir Bors, he 
(sir Percival) was with sir Galahad when 
the quest was achieved (pt. iii. 14). Sir 
Launcelot was also miraculously cured in 
the same way. — Sir T. Malory, pt. iii. 18. 

^f King Arthur, the queen, and all the 
150 knights saw the holy graal as they 
sat at supper when Galahad was received 
into the fellowship of the Round Table — 

First they heard a crackling and crying of thunder 

. . and in the midst of the blast entered a sun-beam 

more clear by seven times than ever they saw day, and 

all were lighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost . . . thea 

there entered th« hall the holy greal [cotistcrmttd 



GRAAL-BURG. 



44* 



GRADGRIND. 



brtad\ covered with white samite ; but none might see 
it, nor who bare it . . . and when the holy gTeal had 
been borne thro, the hall, the vessel suddenly departed. 
— Sir T. MaUry •' History of Prince Arthur, iii. 35 

(The chief romances of the St. Graal 
are : The Holy Graal, in verse (noo), by 
the old German minnesingers. Titurel 
or the Guardian of the Holy Graal, by 
Wolfram a minnesinger. The Romance 
of Parzival, by Wolfram, translated into 
French by Chretien de Troves, in verse 
(1170); it contains 4018 eight-syllable 
lines. Roman des diverse* Quites des St. 
Graal, by Walter Mapes, in prose ; this 
is a continuation of the Roman de Tristan. 
The Life of Joseph ofArimath'ea, in prose, 
by Robert de Borron. The Holy Graal, 
by Tennyson.) 

Helinandus says, "In French they give the name 
gradal or graal to a large deepish vessel in which rich 
■eats with their gravy are served to the wealthy."— 
Vicentius Bcllovaccnsis : Speculum Hist., xxiii. 147. 

V We find, in the churchwardens' 
account of Wing (Bucks.), 1527, "Three 
Graylls," ie. three gradales, called by 
the Roman Catholics cantatoria. In the 
Athenaum (June 25, 1870) we read, "The 
Saxons called a graal a ' graduale ' ad te 
levavi, from the first three words of the 
(introlt First Sunday in Advent), with 
which the codex begins." 

Graal-burg, a magnificent temple, 
surrounded with towers raised on brazen 
pillars, and containing the holy graal. 
It was founded by king Titurel, on 
mount Salvage, in Spain, and was a 
marvel of magnificence, glittering with 
gold and precious stones. — Wolfram of 
Eschenbach (minnesinger) : Parzival (thir- 
teenth century). 

Grace [Lady), sister of lady Townly, 
and the engaged wife of Mr. Manly. The 
very opposite of a lady of fashion. She 
says — 

" In summer I could pass my leisure hours in reading, 
walking, . . . or sitting under a green tree; in dressing, 
dining, chatting with an agreeable friend; perhaps 
hearing a little music, taking a dish of tea, or a game at 
cards, managing my fan.ily, looking into its accounts, 
playing with my children ... or in a thousand other 
innocent amusements."— Vanbrugh and Cibbtr : The 
Provoked Husband, iii. (1728). 

"No person," says Ceorge Colman, "has ever more 
successfully performed the elegant levities of ' lady 
Townley ' upon the stage, or more happily practised 
the amiable virtues of 'lady Grace ' in the circles of 
society, than Miss Farren (the countess of Derby, 

Grace-be-here Humgridg-eon, a 
corporal in Cromwell's troop. — Sir W. 
Scott: Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Grace de Dieu. (See Harry, the 
Great.) 
Grace'church. London, means the 



gras or grass church. It was built on 
the site of the old grass-market 

Graceless Florins. (See Godless 
Florins, p. 432.) 

Gracio'sa, a lovely princess, who is 
the object of a step-mother's most im- 
placable hatred. The step-mother's name 
is Grognon, and the tale shows how all 
her malicious plots are thwarted by Per- 
cinet, a fairy prince, in love with 
Graciosa. — Percinet and Graciosa (a 
fairy tale). 

Gracio'so, the licensed fool of Span- 
ish drama. He has his coxcomb and 
truncheon, and mingles with the actors 
without aiding or abetting the plot. 
Sometimes he transfers his gibes from the 
actors to the audience, like our circus 
clowns. 

Gradas'so, king of Serica'na, 
"bravest of the pagan knights." He 
went against Charlemagne, with 100, coo 
vassals in his train, "all discrowned 
kings," who never addressed him but on 
their knees. — Bojardo: Orlando Innamo- 
rato (1495); Ariosto : Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Grad'grind [Thomas), a man of 
facts and realities. Everything about 
him is square ; his forehead is square, 
and so is his fore-finger, with which he 
emphasizes all he says. Formerly he 
was in the wholesale hardware line. In 
his greatness he becomes M.P. for Coke- 
town, and he lives at Stone Lodge, a 
mile or so from town. He prides him- 
self on being eminently practical ; and, 
though not a bad man at heart, he blights 
his children by his hard, practical way of 
bringing them up. 

Mrs. Gradgrind, wife of Thomas Grad- 
grind. A little thin woman, always 
taking physic, without receiving from it 
any benefit. She looks like an indif- 
ferently executed transparency without 
light enough behind the figure. She is 
always complaining, always peevish, and 
dies soon after the marriage of her 
daughter Louisa. 

Tom Gradgrind, son of the above, a 
sullen young man, much loved by his 
sister, and holding an office in the bank 
of his brother-in-law, Josiah Bounderby. 
Tom robs the bank, and throws suspicion 
on Stephen Blackpool, one of the hands 
in Tounderby's factory. When found 
out, Tom takes refuge in the circus of the 
town, disguised as a black servant, till 
he effects his escape from England. 



GRADUS. 



GRAND PENDU. 



Louisa Gradgrind, eldest daughter of 
Thomas Gradgrind, M.P. She marries 
Josiah Bounderby, banker and mill- 
owner. Louisa has been so hardened by 
her bringing up, that she appears cold 
and indifferent to everything, but she 
dearly loves her brother Tom. — Dickens : 
Hard Times (1854). 

Gradus, the Oxford pedant, suitor for 
the hand of Elizabeth Doiley, daughter 
of a retired slop-seller. His rival is 
captain Granger. In a test of the 
scholarship of the aspirants, his Greek 
quotation is set aside for the captain's 
English fustian. — Mrs. Cowley: Who's 
the Dupe f 

Graeme (Roland), heir of Avenel 
{2 syl.). He first appears as page to the 
lady of Avenel, then as. page to Mary 
queen of Scots. 

Magdalene Greemt, dame of Heather- 
gill, grandmother of Roland Graeme. 
She appears to Roland disguised as 
Mother Nicneven, an old witch at Kin- 
ross.— Sir W. Scott: The Abbot (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Graeme ( William), the red riever 

[freebooter) at Westburnfiat. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Grsevius or y. G. Grcefe of Saxony, 
editor of several of the Latin classics 
(1632-1703). 

Believe me, lady, I have more satisfaction to behold- 
tog you than I should have in conversing with Graevius 
and Gronovius. — Mrs. Cowley : Who's the Dupe f i. 3. 

(Abraham Gronovius was a famous 
philologist, 1694-177 5.) 

Graham Hamilton, a novel by 
lady Caroline Lamb. Its object is to 
show the infirmities of the most amiable 
and best of minds (1822). 

Gralxame (Colonel yohn), of Claver- 
house, in the royal army under the duke 
of Monmouth. Afterwards viscount of 
Dundee. 

Cornet Richard Graname, the colonel's 
nephew, in the same army. — Sir W. 
Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Grahame's Dike, the Roman wall 
between the friths of the Clyde and 
Forth. 

This wall defended the Britons for a time, but the 
Scots and Picts . . . climbed over it. ... A man named 
Grahame is said to have been the first soldier who got 
over, and the common people still call the remains of 
the wall " Grahame's Dyke."— Sir IV. Scott: Tales of 
a Grandfather. 

Grahams, nicknamed "Of the Hen." 
The reference is this : The Grahams, 
having provided for a great marriage 



feast, found that a raid had been made 
upon their poultry by Donald of the 
Hammer (q.v.). They went in pursuit, 
and a combat took place ; but as the 
fight was for "cocks and hens," it ob- 
tained for the Grahams the nickname of 
Gramoch an Garrigh. 

Grail (The Holy). (See Graal.) 

Gram, Siegfried's sword. 

Grammar. Sigismund, surnamed 
Augustus, said, " Ego sum Imperator 
Romanorum, et supra grammaticam " 
(1520, 1548-1572). 

Grammarians (Prince of), Apol- 
lonios of Alexandria. Priscian called 
him Grammaticorum Princeps (second 
century B.c). 

Grammont (The count of). He 
promised marriage to la belle Hamilton, 
but left England without performing the 
promise ; whereupon the brothers fol- 
lowed him, and asked him if he had not 
forgotten something. " True, true," said 
the count, " excuse my short memory ; " 
and, returning with the brothers, he 
made the young lady countess of Gram- 
mont. 

Granary of Athens, the district 
about Kertch. The buck- wheat of this 
district carried off the prize of the Great 
Exhibition in 1851. 

Granary of Europe. Sicily was 

so called once. 

Granby and Devon. (See Devon,) 

Grand Jument, meant for Diana 
of Poitiers. — Rabelais: Gargantua and 

Pantag'ruel (1533). 

Grand Monarqne [mo-nark'], Louis 
XIV. (1638, 1643-17x5). 

Grand Pendu (Le), in cards, the 
king of diamonds. Whoever draws this 
card in cartomancy, is destined to die by 
the hands of the executioner. (See Le- 

NORMAND.) 

Joachim Murat, when king of Naples, sought the aid 
of Mdlle. Lenormand, by whom he was received with 
her customary haughtiness. The cards being pro- 
duced, Murat cut the Grand Pendu. the portent of ill- 
fortune. Murat cut four times, and in every instance it 
was the king of diamonds.— See IV. H. Wiltshire : 
Playing and other Cards, 162. 

(The card called le pendu in tarot 
cards is represented by a man with his 
hands tied behind his back, and in some 
cases with two bags of money attached 
to his armpits. The man is hanging by 
the right leg to a gibbet. Probably an 
emblematic figure in alchemy.) 



GRAND PRE. 

Grand Pre, a village of Acadia (now 

Nova Scotia), inhabited by a colony from 
Normandy, of very primitive manners, 
preserving the very costume of their old 
Norman forefathers. They had no locks 
to their doors nor bolts to their windows. 
There " the richest man was poor, and the 
poorest lived in abundance." Grand Pre" 
is the scene of Longfellow's Evangeline 
(1849). 

Grandamonr. (See Graunde 

Amour e.) 

Grandison (Sir Charles), the hero 
of a novel by S. Richardson, entitled 
The History of Sir Charles Grandison. 
Sir Charles is the beau-ideal of a perfect 
hero, the union of a good Christian and 
perfect English gentleman ; but such a 
" faultless monster the world ne'er saw." 
Richardson's ideal of this character was 
Robert Nelson, reputed author of the 
Whole Duty of Man (1753). 

Like the old lady mentioned by sir Walter Scott, who 
chose Sir Charles Grandison because she could go to 
sleep for half an hour at any time during its reading 1 , 
and still find the personages just where she left them, 
conversing in the cedar parlour. — Encyclopedia Sri- 
tannica (article " Romance "). 

Grandison is the English Emile, but an Emile com- 
pletely instructed. His discourses are continual pre- 
cepts, and his actions are examples. Miss Biron is the 
object of his affection.— Editor of Arabian Nights 
Continued, iv. 72. 

Grandmother. Lord Byron calls 
the British Review " My Grandmother's 
Review," and says he purchased its 
favourable criticism of Don Juan with 
a bribe. 

For fear some prudish readers should grow skittish, 

I've bribed " My Grandmother's Review," TheBritisht 

I sent it in a letter to the editor, 

Who thanked me duly by return of post . . . 

And if my gentle Muse he please to roast . . i 

All I can say is— that he had the money. 

Byron : Don Juan, i. 209, 210 (1819), 

Grane (2 syl.), Siegfried's horse, 
whose speed outstripped the wind. 

Grane'angowl {Rev. Mr.), chaplain 
to sir Duncan Campbell, at Ardenvohr 
Castle.— Sir W. Scott: Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Granger [Captain), in love with 
Elizabeth Doiley, daughter of a retired 
slop-seller. The old father resolves to 
give her to the Lest scholar, himself being 
judge. Gradus, an Oxford pedant, quotes 
two lines of Greek, in which the word 
panta occurs four times. "Pantry!" 
cries old Doiley ; ** no, no ; you can't per- 
suade me that's Greek." The captain talks 
of " refulgent scintillations in the ambient 
Toid opake ; chrysalic spheroids and 
mstifarous constellations : " and when 



443 



GRAPES PAINTED. 



Gradus says, " It is a rant in English,'' 
the old man boils with indignation. 
" Zounds ! " says he ; " d'ye take me for 
a fool? D'ye think I don't know my 
own mother tongue? 'Twas no more like 
English than I am like Whittington's 
cat ! " and he drives off Gradus as a vile 
impostor. — Mrs, Cowley : Who's the 
Dupet 

Granger. (See Edith, p. 314.) 

Grangousier, father of Gargantua, 
" a good sort of a fellow in his younger 
days, and a notable jester. He loved to 
drink neat, and would eat salt meat " 
bk. i. 3). He married Gargamelle 
3 syl.), daughter of the king of the Par- 
paillons, and had a son named Gargan- 
tua. — Rabelais ; Gargantua, i. 3 (1533). 

*.' *' Grangousier" is meant for John 
d'Albret, king of Navar/e ; " Gargamelle " 
for Catherine de Foix, queen of Navarre ; 
and "Gargantua" for Henri d'Albret, 
king of Navarre. Some fancy that 
" Grangousier " is meant for Louis XII., 
but this cannot be, inasmuch as he is 
distinctly called a " heretic for declaim- 
ing against the saints " (ch. xlv.). 

Grania. (See Dermat O'Dyna.) 

Grantam (Miss), a friend of Miss 
Godfrey, engaged to sir James Elliot. — 
Foote : The Liar (1761). 

Grant'mesnil (Sir Hugh de), one of 
the knights challengers at the tourna- 
ment. — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I.). 

Grantorto, the personification of re- 
bellion in general, and of the evil genius 
of the Irish rebellion of 1 580 in particular. 
Grantorto is represented as a huge giant, 
who withheld from Irena [i.e. Iernl or 
Ireland] her inheritance. Sir Artegal 
[Arthur lord Grey of Wilton], being sent 
to destroy him, challenged him to single 
combat, and having felled him to the 
earth with his sword Chrysa'or, "reft off 
his head to ease him of his pain." — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. 12 (1596). 

Grapes of God. Tennyson calls the 
wine-cup of the eucharist "the chalice 
of the grapes of God," alluding, of course, 
to the symbolical character of the sacra- 
mental wine, which represents the death- 
biood of Christ, shed for the remission 
of sin. 

Where the kneeling hamlet drains 
The chalice of the grapes of Cod. 

Tennyson : In Mcmoriam, %. 

Grapes Painted. Zeuxis of Hera- 



GRAS& 



GRAY. 



clea painted grapes so admirably that 
birds flew to them and tried to eat them. 
(See Horse Painted.) 

Therefore the bee did suck the painted flower, 
And birds of grapes the cunning semblance pecked. 
Sir y. Dairies : Immortality of the Soul, ii. (1622). 

Grass {Cronos), a grass which gives 
those who taste it an irresistible desire 
for the sea. (See under Glatjcus. ) 

Grass ( To give), to acknowledge your- 
self vanquished. A Latin phrase, Her- 
bam dare aut porrigere. — Pliny; Nat. 
Hist., xxii. 4. 

Grasshopper (^4). What animal is 
that which avoids every one, is a com- 
pound of seven animals, and lives in 
desolate places ? 

Damake answered, " It is a grasshopper, which has 
the head of a horse, the neck of an ox, the wings of a 
dragon, the feet of a camel, the tail of a serpent, the 
horns of a stag, and the body of a scorpion."— Count 
Calus : Oriental Tales ("The Four Talismans," 
1743)- 

Grasshopper. (See Gresham, p. 

449-) 

Grass-market (Edinburgh), at one 
time the place of public executions. 

Mitchel, being asked why he had made so wicked 
an attempt on the person of the archbishop \_Sharpe\ 
replied that he did it " for the glory of God." . . . The 
duke said then, " Let Mitchel glorify God in the 
Grass-market."— Higgins : Remarks on Burnet, ii. 
131- 

Gra'tian {Father), the begging friar 
at John Mengs's inn at Kirchhoff. — Sir 
IV. Scott: Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Gratia'no, one of Anthonio's friends. 
He " talked an infinite deal of nothing, 
more than any man in all Venice." 
Gratiano married Nerissa, the waiting- 
gentlewoman of Portia. — Shakespeare: 
Merchant of Venice (1598). 

Gratia'no, brother of Brabantio, and 
uncle of Desdemona. — Shakespeare : 
Othello (161 1). 

Graunde Amoure (Sir), walking 
in a meadow, was told by Fame of a 
beautiful lady named La belle Pucell, 
who resided in the Tower of Musyke. 
He was then conducted by Gouvernance 
and Grace to the Tower of Doctrine, where 
he received instruction from the seven 
Sciences : — Gramer, Logyke, Rethorike, 
Arismetricke, Musyke, Geometry, and 
Astronomy. In the Tower of Musyke 
he met La belle Pucell, with whom he fell 
in love, but they parted for a time. 
Graunde Amoure went to the Tower of 
Chivalry to perfect himself in the arts of 
knighthood, and there he received his 
degree from king Melyz'yus. He then 



started on his adventures, and soon en- 
countered False Report, who joined him 
and told him many a lying tale ; but lady 
Correction, coming up, had False Report 
soundly beaten, and the knight was 
entertained at her castle. Next day he 
left, and came to a wall where hung a 
shield and horn. On blowing the horn, 
a three-headed monster came forth, with 
whom he fought, and cut off the three 
heads, called Falsehood, Imagination, 
and Perjury. He passed the night in the 
house of lady Comfort, who attended to 
his wounds ; and next day he slew a 
giant fifteen feet high and with seven 
heads. Lastly, he slew the monster 
Malyce, made by enchantment of seven 
metals. His achievements over, he 
married La belle Pucell, and lived happily 
till he was arrested by Age, having for 
companions Policye and Avarice. Death 
came at last to carry him off, and Re- 
membrance wrote his epitaph. — S. 
Hawes : Tte Passe-tyme of Plesure (1515). 
Graunde Amoure 's Steed, Galantyse, 
the gift of king Melyz'yus when he con- 
ferred on him the degree of knighthood. 

I myselfe shall give you a worthy stede, 
Called Galantyse, to helpe you in your nede. 
Hawes: The Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxviii. (1515). 

Graunde Amoure' s Sword, Clare Pru- 
dence. 

Drawing my swerde, that was both fahre and bright, 

I clipped Clare Prudence. 

Hawes : The Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxxiii. (1515). 

Grave {The), a poem in blank verse 
by Blair (1743). Il runs to 767 lines. 

The grave, dread thing, 
Men shiver when thou'rt named. Nature, appalled, 
Shakes off her wonted firmness. 

'.'■ Mrs. Clive, in 1872, published nine 
poems, one of which was entitled The 
Grave. 

Grave 'airs (Lady), a lady of very 
dubious virtue, in The Careless Husband, 
by Colley Cibber (1704). 

Mrs. Hamilton [1730-178S], upon her entrance, was 
saluted with a storm of hisses, and advancing to the 
footlights said, " Gemmen and ladies, I s'pose as how 
you hiss me because I wouldn't play 'lady Graveairs' 
last night at Mrs. Bellamy's benefit. I would have 
done so, but she said as how my audience stunk, and 
were all tripe people." The pit roared with laughter, 
and the whole house shouted, " Well said, Mrs! 
Tripe 1 " a title which the fair speechifier retained ever 
after.— Memoir of Mrs. Hamilton (1803). 

GRAY, the hero of J. Fenimore 
Cooper's novel called The Pilot (1823). 

Gray {Old Alice), a former tenant of 
the Ravenswood family. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Bride of Lammertnoor (time, William 
III.). 

Gray (Dr. Gideon) t the surgeon at 
Middlemas. 



GRAY. 

Mrs. Gray, the surgeon's wife. 

Menie Gray, the "surgeon's daughter," 
taken to India and given to Tippoo Saib 
as an addition to his harem ; but, being 
rescued by Hyder Ali, she was restored to 
Hartley, and returned to her country. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Surgeon's Daughter 
(time, George II.). 

Gray {Duncan) wooed a young lass 
called Maggie, but she ' ' coost her head 
fu' high, looked asklent " (away), and 
bade him behave himself. " Duncan 
fleeched, and Duncan prayed," but Meg 
was deaf to his pleadings ; so Duncan 
took himself off in dudgeon. This was 
more than Maggie meant, so she fell sick 
and like to die. As Duncan "could na 
be her death," he came forward manfully 
again, and then " they were crouse 
[merry] and canty bath. Ha, ha 1 the 
wooing o't I " — Burns : Duncan Gray 
(1792). 

Gray {Mary), daughter of a country 
gentleman of Perth. When the plague 
broke out in 1666, Mary Gray and her 
friend Bessy Bell retired to an un- 
frequented spot called Burn Braes, where 
they lived in a secluded cottage, and saw 
no one. A young gentleman brought 
them food, but he caught the plague, 
communicated it to the two ladies, and 
all three died. — Allan Ramsay: Bessy 
Bell and Mary Gray. 

Gray {Auld Robin). Jennie, a Scotch 
lass, was loved by young Jamie ; "but 
saving a crown, he had naething else 
besides." To make that crown a pound, 
young Jamie went to sea, and both were 
to be for Jennie. He had not been gone 
many days when Jennie's mother fell 
sick, her father broke his arm, and their 
cow was stolen ; then auld Robin came 
forward and maintained them both. Auld 
Robin loved the lass, and "wi' tears in 
his ee," said, "Jennie, for their sakes, oh, 
marry me ! " Jennie's heart said " nay," 
for she looked for Jamie back ; but her 
father urged her, and the mother pleaded 
with her eye, and so she consented. 
They had not been married above a 
month when Jamie returned. They met ; 
she gave him one kiss, and, though she 
"gang like a ghaist," she made up her 
mind, like a brave, good lassie, to be a 
gude wife, for auld Robin was very kind 
to her (1772). 

V This ballad was composed by lady 
Anne Lindsay, daughter of the earl of 
Balcarres (afterwards lady Barnard). It 



445 



GREAT EXPECTATIONS. 



was written to an old Scotch tune called 
The Bridegroom Grat when the Sun went 
Down. Auld Robin Gray was her father's 
herdsman. When lady Anne was writing 
the ballad, and was piling distress on 
Jennie, she told her sister that she had 
sent Jamie to sea, made the mother sick, 
and broken the father's arm, but wanted 
a fourth calamity. " Steal the cow, 
sister Anne," said the little Elizabeth; 
and so " the cow was stolen awa' ; " and 
the song completed. 

Gray's Monument, in Westminster 

Abbey, was by Bacon.. 

Graysteel, the sword of Kol, fatal to 
its owner. It passed into several hands, 
and always brought ill-luck with it. — 
Icelandic Edda. 

Great Captain {The), Gonsalvo de 
Cor'dova, el Gran Capitan (1453-1515). 

Manuel I. [Comnenus] emperor of 
Trebizond, is so called also (1120, 1143- 
1180). 

Great Cham of Literature, Dr. 

Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). 

Great Commoner {The), William 
Pitt (1759-1806). 

Great Dauphin {The), Louis the 
son of Louis XIV. (1661-1711). 

(The " Little Dauphin" was the duke 
of Bourgogne, son of the Great or Grand 
Dauphin. Both died before Louis XIV.) 

Great Duke {The), the duke of 
Wellington (1769-1852). 

Bury the Great Duke 

With an empire's lamentation ; 
Let us bury the Great Duke 
To the noise of the mourning of a gTeat nation. 
Tennyson, 

Great Expectations, the autobio- 
graphy of " Pip," a novel in three series, 
by Dickens (i860). Pip was the nephew 
of Joe Gargery, a village blacksmith, by 
whom he was brought up. When only 
seven years old he was encountered in 
the village churchyard by Magwitch, a 
runaway convict, who frightened the 
child into bringing him a file (to file off 
one of his fetters) and some food to eat. 
These Pip purloined from home, and 
carried to the convict very early next morn- 
ing. Miss llavisham, the daughter of a very 
rich brewer, living in Satis House, being 
in want of a little boy to play with Estella, 
a child she had adopted, was persuaded 
to take Pip for the purpose. The boy 
lived at home, but went backwards and 
forwards to play with Estella. After a 



GREAT HARRY. 



GRECIAN DAUGHTER. 



time, Miss Havisham bound Pip appren- 
tice to his uncle Gargery ; but when 
about half his time had expired, Mr. 
Jaggers, an Old Bailey lawyer, informed 
him that a person (whose name he was 
forbidden to reveal) had provided money 
for his education, and that he was to be 
brought up as a gentleman of "great 
expectations." His indentures were 
accordingly cancelled, and he was sent as 
a private pupil to Mr. Matthew Pocket (of 
Harrow and Cambridge). Pip supposed 
that his " unknowed patron" was Miss 
Havisham, but it was Magwitch the 
convict, who had gone to New South 
Wales, where he had acquired great 
wealth as a sheep-farmer. When Pip 
was twenty-three years old, Magwitch 
clandestinely returned _ to England to 
see Pip, and give him a large fortune ; 
but he was arrested as a returned convict, 
condemned to death, and all his pro- 
perty confiscated. He died at New- 
gate, and Pip was left penniless. He 
now entered the service of Cleriker and 
Co. as a clerk, and in eleven years he was 
taken into the firm as a junior partner. 
His love affair was a similar "great 
expectation." He fell in love with Estella, 
the adopted daughter of the rich Miss 
Havisham, but in reality the child of 
Magwitch. But Estella married Bentley 
Drummle, who ill-treated her, spent all 
her money, and left her a penniless 
widow. She and Pip met again after 
this, apparently on most friendly terms, 
but the novel breaks off here, and leaves 
the sequel to the reader's imagination. 
(See Joe Gargery.) 

Great Harry ( The). (See Harry. ) 

Great-Head or Canmore, Malcolm 
III. of Scotland (*, 1057-1093). 

Great-heart {Mr.), the guide of 
Christiana and her family to the Celestial 
City. — Bunyan : Pilgrim's Progess, ii. 
(1684). 

Great Magician [The) or The 
Great Magician of the North, sir Walter 
Scott. So called first by professor John 
Wilson (1771-1832). 

Great Marquis {The), James Gra- 
ham, marquis of Montrose (1612-1650). 

I've told thee how we swept Dundee, 
And tamed the Lindsays' pride; 

But never have I told tliee yet 
How the Great Marquis died. 

Aytoun. 

The Great Marquis, dom Sebas- 
iano Jose de Carvalho, marquis de 
Pombal, greatest of all the Portuguese 
statesmen (1699-1782). 



Great Moralist ( The), Dr. Samue! 

Johnson (1709-1784). 

Great Sea {The). The Mediterra- 
nean Sea was so called by the ancients. 

Great Unknown {The), sir Walter 
Scott, who published his Waverley Noveh 
anonymously (1771-1832). 

Great Unwashed {The). The 
artisan class were first so called by Burke, 
but sir W. Scott popularized the phrase. 

Greaves {Sir Launcelot), a well-bred 
young English squire of the George II. 
period ; handsome, virtuous, and en- 
lightened, but crack-brained. He sets 
out, attended by an old sea-captain, to 
detect fraud and treason, abase inso- 
lence, mortify pride, discourage slander, 
disgrace immodesty, and punish ingrati- 
tude. Sir Launcelot, in fact, is a modern 
don Quixote, and captain Crow is his 
Sancho Panza. — Smollett: The Adven- 
tures of Sir Launcelot Greaves (1760). 

Smollett became editor of the Critical Review, and 
an attack in that journal on admiral Knowles led to a 
trial for libel. The author was sentenced to pay a fine 
of ;£ioo, and suffer three months' imprisonment. He 
consoled himself in prison by writing his novel of 
Launcelot Greaves. — Chambers ; English Literature, 
ii. 65. 

Grecian Daughter {The), Eu- 
phrasia, daughter of Evander a Greek, 
who dethroned Dionysius the Elder, and 
became king of Syracuse. In his old age 
he was himself dethroned by Dionysius 
the Younger, and confined in a dungeon 
in a rock, where he was saved from star- 
vation by his daughter, who fed him with 
" the milk designed for her own babe." 
Timoleon having made himself master of 
Syracuse, Dionysius accidentally en- 
countered Evander his prisoner, and was 
about to kill him, when Euphrasia rushed 
forwards and stabbed the tyrant to the 
heart. — Murphy : The Grecian Daughter 
(1772). 

N.B. — As an historical drama this plot 
is much the same as if the writer had said 
that James I. (of England) abdicated and 
retired to St. Germain, and when his son 
James II. succeeded to the crown, he was 
beheaded at White Hall ; for Murphy 
makes Dionysius the Elder to have been 
dethroned, and going to Corinth to live 
(act i.), and Dionysius the Younger to 
have been slain by the dagger Of Eu- 
phrasia ; whereas Dionysius the Elder 
never was dethroned, but died in Syracuse 
at the age of 63; and Dionysius the 
Younger was not slain in Syracuse, but, 
being dethroned, went to Corinth, where 



GREECE. 

he lived and died in exile. (See Roman 
Daughter.) 

'." The same story Is told of Xantippe (3 syl.) 
daughter of Cimonos. 

This, of course, is not Xantippe the wife of Socratds. 
(See Ckilde Harold, v. 148; and Little Dorrit, xix.) 

Greece ( The two eyes of), Athens and 
Sparta- 
Greedy {Justice), thin as a thread- 
paper, always eating and always hungry. 
He says to sir Giles Overreach (act iii. 1), 
" Oh, I do much honour a chine of beef! 
Oh, I do reverence a loin of veal ! " As a 
justice, he is most venial — the promise of 
a turkey will buy him, but the promise 
of a haunch of venison will out-buy him. 
— M as singer : A New Way to Pay Old 
Debts (1628). 

Greek {A ), a pander ; a merry Greek, 
a foolish Greek, a Corinthian, etc, all 
mean either pander or harlot. Frequently 
used by Shakespeare in Timon of Athens 
(1678) and in Henry IV. (1597-9). 

Greek Church {Fathers of the)-. 
Eusebius, Athana'sius, Basil "the Great," 
Gregory Nazianze'nus, Gregory of Nyssa, 
Cyril of Jerusalem, Chrys'ostom, Epipha'- 
nius, Cyril of Alexandria, and Ephraim 
deacon of Edessa, 

Greek Kalends, never. There were 
no kalends in the Greek system of reckon- 
ing the months. Hence Suetonius says 
it shall be transferred ad Grcecas calendas, 
or, in parliamentary phrase, ' ' to this day 
six months." 

They and their bills ... are left 
To the Greek Kalends. 

Byron : Don Juan, xilL 45 (1834). 

Greeks {Last of the), Philopoe'men of 
Megalop'olis, whose great object was to 
infuse into the Achaeans a military spirit, 
and establish their independence (B.C. 
252-183). 

When Greeks joined Greeks. Clytus 
said to Alexander that Philip was the 
greater warrior — 

I have seen him march. 
And fought beneath his dreadful banner, where 
The boldest at this table would have trembled. 
Nay. frown not, sir. you cannot look me dead ; 
When Greeks joined Greeks, then was the tug of war. 
Lee : Alexander the Great, iv. 2 (1678). 

(Slightly altered into When Greek joins 
Greek, then is the tug of war, this line 
has become a household phrase.) 

To play the Greek, to act like a harlot. 
When Cressid says of Helen, "Then 
she's a merry Greek indeed," she means 
that Helen is no better than a file 
fntblique. Probably Shakespeare had his 
eye upon "fair Hiren," in Peel's play 
tailed The Turkish Mahomet and Hyren 



447 GREEN HORSE. 

the Fair Greek. "A fair Greek " was at 
one time a euphemism for a courtezan. 

Green [Mr. Paddington), a clerk at 
Somerset House. 

Mrs. Paddington Green, his wife. — ■ 
Morton : If I had a Thousand a Year. 

Green ( Verdant), a young man of 
infinite simplicity, who goes to college, 
and is played upon by all the practical 
jokers of alma mater. After he has 
bought his knowledge by experience, 
the butt becomes the " butter" of juve- 
niles greener than himself. Verdant 
Green wore spectacles, which won for 
him the nickname of "Gig-lamps." — 
Cuthbert Bede [Rev. Edw. Bradley] : 
Verdant Gr*^n (i860). 

Green ( Widow), a rich, buxom dame 
of 40, who married first for money, and 
intended to choose her second husband 
"to please her vanity." She fancied 
Waller loved her, and meant to make 
her his wife, but sir William Fondlove 
was her adorer. When the politic widow 
discovered that Waller had fixed his love 
on another, she gave her hand to the old 
beau, sir William ; for if the news got 
wind of her love for Waller, she would be- 
come the laughing-stock of all her friends. 
— Knowles : The Love-Chase (1837). 

Green-Bag Inquiry {The). A 
green bag full of documents, said to be 
seditious, was laid before parliament by 
lord Sidmouth, in 1817. An " inquiry " 
was made into these documents, and it 
was deemed advisable to suspend the 
Habeas Corpus Act, and forbid all sorts 
of political meetings likely to be of a 
seditious character. 

Green Bird. Martyrs, after death, 
partake of the delights of bliss in the 
crops of green birds, which feed on the 
fruits of paradise. — Jalalld ddin. 

Green Bird {The), a bird that told 
one everything it was asked. An oracular 
bird, obtained by Fairstar after the 
failure of Chery and her two brothers. 
It was this bird who revealed to the king 
that Fairstar was his daughter and Chery 
his nephew. — Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy 
Tales{" Fairstar and Prince Chery," 1682). 

Green Flag Army ( The), a Chinese 
militia, scattered through various pro- 
vinces, and containing a million men. (See 
Nineteenth Century, March, 1894, p. 389.) 

Green Horse ( The), the 5th Dragoon 
Guards {not the 5th Dragoons). So called 
from their green velvet facings. 



GREEN HOWARDS. 

Green Howards (The), the 19th 
Foot. So called from the Hon. Charles 
Howard, their colonel from 1738 to 1748. 

Green Isle ( The) or The Emerald 
Isle, Ireland. 

A pugnacity characteristic of the Green Isle.— Sir 
IV. Scott. 

Green Knight (The), sir Pertolope 
(3 syl.), called by Tennyson "Evening 
Star" or "Hesperus." He was one of 
the four brothers who kept the passages 
of Castle Perilous, and was overthrown 
by sir Gareth. — Sir T. Malory : History 
of Prince Arthur, i. 127 (1470); Tenny- 
son : Idylls (" Gareth and Lynette "). 

N.B. — It is evidently a blunder of 
Tennyson to call the Green Knight 
"Evening Star," and the Blue Knight 
" Morning Star." In the old romance 
the combat with the "Green Knight" 
was at dawn, and with the "Blue 
Knight " at sunset. (See Notes and 
Queries, February 16, 1878.) 

Green Knight (The), a pagan 
knight, who demanded Fezon in mar- 
riage, but, being overcome by Orson, was 
obliged to resign his claim. — Valentine 
and Orson (fifteenth century). 

Green Lettuce Lane [St. Law- 
rence, Poultney], a corruption of" Green 
Lattice ; " so called from the green lattice 
gate which used to open into Cannon 
Street. 

Green Linnets, the 39th Foot, now 

the Dorsetshire Regiment. In point of 
fact, the line battalions have white facings 
and scarlet uniforms ; the volunteer bat- 
talion has a green uniform with scarlet 
facings ; and the Cadet Corps (Sherborne 
School) has the same uniform and facings 
as the line battalions, scarlet and white. 

Green Man (The). The man who 
used to let off fireworks was so called in 
he reign of James I. 

Have you any squibs, any green man in yourshows? 
—John Kir ke{R. Johnson]; The Seven Champions 
of Christendom (1617). 

Green Man (The), a gentleman's 
gamekeeper, at one time clad in green. 

But the green man shall I pass by unsung? . . . 
A squire s attendant dad in keeper's green. 

Crabbe : Borough (1810). 

Greenhalgh, messenger of the earl 
of Derby. — Sir IV. Scott : Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Greenhorn (Mr. Gilbert), an attor- 
ney, in partnership with Mr, Gabriel 
Grinderson. 

Mr. Gernigo Greenhorn, father of Mr. 



448 



GRENDEL. 



Gilbert.— Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Greenland, a poem in heroic verse, 
in rhymes, by James Montgomery (1819). 
It contains four cantos. 

Greenleaf (Gilbert), the old archer at 
Douglas Castle.— Sir W. Scott: Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Gregory, a faggot-maker of good 
education, first at a charity school, then 
as waiter on an Oxford student, and then 
as the fag of a travelling physician. 
When compelled to act the doctor, he 
says the disease of his patient arises from 
" propria quae maribus tribuuntur mas- 
cula dicas, ut sunt divorum, Mars, 
Bacchus, Apollo, virorum." And when 
sir Jasper says, "I always thought till 
now that the heart is on the left side, and 
the liver on the right," he replies, "Ay, 
sir, so they were formerly, but we have 
changed all that. " In Moliere's comedy, 
Le Midecin Malgri Lui, Gregory is 
called " Sganarelle," and all these jokes 
are in act ii. sc. 6. — Fielding: The Mock 
Doctor. 

Gregory, father and son, hangmen in 
the seventeenth century. In the time of 
the Gregorys, hangmen were termed 
"esquires." In France, executioners 
were termed "monsieur," even to the 
breaking out of the Revolution. 

Gregory's Day (St.), March ia. 

Sow runcivals timely, and all that is gray ; 
But sow not the white {peas, <r/c.]till St. Gregory's Day. 
Tusser : Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, xxxv. 3 (1557). 

Gregson ( Widow), Darsie Latimer's 
landlady at Shepherd's Bush. — Sir W. 
Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Gregson (Gilbert), the messenger of 
father Buonaventura. — Sir W. Scott: 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Gre'mio, an old man who wishes to 
marry Bianca, but the lady prefers 
Lucentio, a young man. — Shakespeare : 
Taming of the Shrew (1594). 

Grendel, the monster from which 
Beowulf delivered Hrothgar king of 
Denmark. It was half monster, half 
man, whose haunt was the marshes 
among "a monster race." Night after 
night it crept stealthily into the palace 
called Heorot, and slew sometimes as 
many as thirty of the inmates. At length 
Beowulf, at the head of a mixed band of 

warriors, went against it and slew it. 

Beowulf, an Anglo-Saxon epic (sixth 
century). 



GRENVILLE. 

Grenville (Sir Richard), the com- 
mander of the Revenge, in the reign of 
queen Elizabeth. Out of his crew, ninety 
were sick on shore, and only a hundred 
able-bodied men remained on board. 
The Revenge was one of the six ships 
under the command of lord Thomas 
Howard. While cruising near the Azores, 
a Spanish fleet of fifty-three ships made 
towards the English, and lord Howard 
sheered off, saying, " My ships are out 
of gear, and how can six ships-of-the- 
line fight with fifty-three ? " Sir Richard 
Grenville, however, resolved to stay and 
encounter the foe, and "ship after ship 
the whole night long drew back with her 
dead ; some were sunk, more were shat- 
tered ; " and the brave hundred still 
fought on. Sir Richard was wounded 
and his ship riddled, but his cry was still 
" Fight on ! " When resistance was no 
longer possible, he cried, " Sink the ship, 
master gunner 1 sink her ! Split her in 
twain, nor let her fall into the hands of 
the foe ! " But the Spaniards boarded 
her, and praised sir Richard for his heroic 
daring. " 1 have done my duty for my 
queen and faith," he said, and died. The 
Spaniards sent the prize home, but a 
tempest came on, and the Revenge, 
shot-shattered, "went down, to be lost 
evermore in the main." — Tennyson: 
The Revenge, a ballad of the fleet 
(1878). 

(Froude has an essay on the subject. 
Canon Kingsley, in Westward //0/has 
drawn sir Richard Grenville, and alludes 
to the fight. Lord Bacon says the fight 
" was memorable even beyond credit 
[credibility], and to the height of heroic 
fable." Arber published three small 
volumes on sir Richard's noble exploit. 
Gervase Markham has a long poem on 
the subject. Sir Walter Raleigh says, 
" If lord Howard had stood to his guns, 
the Spanish fleet would have been annihi- 
lated." Browning's Hervi Riel (q.v.) 
forms a splendid contrast to Tennyson's 
poem The Revenge. ) 

Gresham and the Pearl. When 

queen Elizabeth visited the Exchange, 
sir Thomas Gresham pledged her health 
in a cup of wine containing a precious 
stone crushed to atoms, and worth 
£15,000. 

Here/; 15,000 at one clap goes 
Instead of sugar ; Gresham drinks the pearl 
Unto his queen and mistress. Pledge it, lord*. 
Htyuood: 1/ You Know not Me, You Know Nobody. 

' .' It is devoutly to be hoped that sir 
Thomas was above such absurd vanity, 



449 GRETNA GREEN MARRIAGES. 

very well for queen Cleopatra, but mots 
than ridiculous in such an imitation. 

Gresham and the Grasshopper. There 
is a vulgar tradition that sir Thomas 
Gresham was a foundling, and that the 
old beldame who brought him up was 
attracted to the spot where she found him, 
by the loud chirping of a grasshopper. 

(This tale arose from the grasshopper, 
which forms the crest of sir Thomas.) 

To sup with sir Thomas Gresham, 
to have no supper. Similarly, ' ' to dine 
with duke Humphrey " is to have no- 
where to dine. The Royal Exchange was 
at one time a common lounging- place 
for idlers. (See Dine, p. 281.) 

Tho' little coin thy purseless pockets line, 
Yet with great company thou'rt taken up ; 

For often with duke Humphrey thou dost dine. 

And often with sir Thomas Gresham sup. 

Hmyman : Quidlibet (Epigram on a Loafer, 163S). 

Gretclien, a German diminutive of 
Margaret ; the heroine of Goethe's Faust. 
Faust meets her on her return from church, 
falls in love with her, and at last seduces 
her. Overcome with shame, Gretchen 
destroys the infant to which she gives 
birth, and is condemned to death. Faust 
attempts to save her ; and, gaining ad- 
mission to the dungeon, finds her huddled 
on a bed of straw, singing wild snatches 
of ballads, quite insane. He tries to 
induce her to flee with him, but in vain. 
At daybreak Faust is taken away, and 
Gretchen, who dies, joins the heavenly 
choir of penitents. 

• .• Gretchen is a perfect union of home- 
liness and simplicity ; though her love is 
strong as death, yet she is a human 
woman throughout, and never a mere ab- 
straction. No character ever drawn takes 
so strong a hold on the heart, and, with all 
her faults, who does not love and pity her ? 

Greth/el (Gammer), the hypothetical 
narrator of the tales edited by the brothers 
Grimm. 

(Said to be Frau Viehmanin, wife of 
a peasant in the suburbs of Hesse Cassel, 
from whose mouth the brothers tran- 
scribed the tales.) 

Gretna Green Marriages. Gretna 

Green is in Dumfriesshire, on the border 
of England and Scotland. According to 
Scotch law, any man and woman taking 
each other for husband and wife before 
witnesses are legally married, and ordi- 
nation is not needful in the celebrant, 
but as a rule one individual assumed the 
monopoly, married the couples in his 
own house, using a form of service, 
and keeping a register of the names. 
a Q 



GREY. 



4S0 



GRIMESBY. 



The first known officiating person was 
named Scott, in the middle of the 
eighteenth century ; and Harry Smith, a 
Berwick billiard-maker, still officiates, 
succeeding William Laing (1897), in 
whose family the " priesthood" had long 
been. The average number of marriages 
used to be above seven hundred a year, but 
since lord Brougham's Act of 1856, which 
requires the residence of one of the parties 
for twenty-one days, Gretna Green mar- 
riages have well-nigh died out. Robert 
Elliott, between 181 1 and 1855, celebrated 
3782 marriages at Gretna Green. 

Grey {Lady Jane), a tragedy by N. 
Rowe (1715). Another by Ross Neil ; 
and one by Tennyson (1876). 

(In French, Laplace (1745), Mde. de 
Stael (1800), Ch. BriTaut (1812), and 
Alexandre Soumet (1844), produced 
tragedies on the same subject. Paul 
Delaroche has a fine picture called " Le 
Supplice de Jane Grey," 1835.) 

Grey (Vivian), a novel by Disraeli 
(lord Beaconsfield), said to be meant for 
the author himself, and Mr. Grey for the 
author's father (1826-7). This was the 
author's first novel. 

Gribouille, the wiseacre who threw 
himself into a river that his clothes might 
not get wetted by the rain. — A French 
Proverbial Saying. 

Gride (Arthur), a mean old usurer, 
who wished to marry Madeline Bray ; 
but Madeline loved Nicholas Nickleby, 
and married him. Gride was murdered. 
— Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Grieux (Le chevalier des), the hero of 
a French novel by the abbe Prevost, called 
Manon Lescaut, translated into English 
by Charlotte Smith. A discreditable con- 
nection existed between des Grieux and 
Manon, and they lived together a disre- 
putable life. After many vicissitudes, 
Manon was transported to New Orleans, 
and des Grieux accompanied her in the 
transport. She fled the colony to escape 
the governor's son, who made love to her 
and died of privation in the wilderness. 
The chevalier returned to France (1697- 
1763)- 

Grieve (Jockie), landlord of an ale- 
house near Charlie's Hope. — Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Manner 772^ (time George II.). 

Griffin (Allan), landlord of the Griffin 
inn, at Perth.— Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth (t.me, Henry IV.). 

Griffin-feet, the mark by which the 



Desert Fairy was known in all her meta- 
morphoses. — Comtesse D'Aulnoy: Fairy 
Tales ("The Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 

Griffiths (Old), steward of the earl 
of Derby.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Griffiths (Samuel), London agent of 
sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet. — Sir W. 
Scott: R edgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Griflet (Sir), knighted by king Arthur 
at the request of Merlin, who told the 
king that sir Griflet would prove " one of 
the best knights of the world, and the 
strongest man of arms." — Sir T. Malory : 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 20 (1470). 

Grildrig", a mannikin. 

She gave me the name "Grildrig," which the family 
took up, and afterwards the whole kingdom. The 
word imports what the Latin calls manunculus, the 
Italian homunceletion, and the English mannikin.— 
Dean Swift: Gulliver's Travels (" Voyage to Brob- 
dingnag," 1726). 

Grim. (See Havelock.) 

Grim (Giant), a huge giant, who tried 
to stop pilgrims on their way to the 
Celestial City. He was slain by Mr. 
Greatheart. — Bunyan: Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress, ii. (1684). 

Grimalkin, a cat, the spirit of a 
witch. Any witch was permitted to 
assume the body of a cat nine times. 
When the "first Witch" (in Macbeth) 
hears a cat mew, she says, " I come, 
Grimalkin " (act i. sc. i). — Shakespeare. 

Grimbard, the brock, in the beast- 
epic of Reynard the Fox, by Heinrich von 
Alkmann (1498). 

Grime, the partner of Item the usurer. 
It is to Grime that Item appeals when he 
wants to fudge his clients. The question, 
"Can we do so, Mr. Grime?" always 
brings the stock answer, "Quite impos- 
sible, Mr. Item."— Holcroft : The De- 
serted Daughter (1784), altered into The 
Steward. 

Grimes (Peter), the drunken, thievish 
son of a steady fisherman. He had a 
boy, whom he killed by ill usa?e, and 
two others he made away with ; but 
escaped conviction through defect of 
evidence. As no one would live with 
him, he turned mad, was lodged in the 
parish poor-house, confessed his crimes 
in delirium, and died. — Crabbe: Borough, 
xxii. (1810). 

Grimes'by (Gaffer), an old farmer at 
Marlborough.— Sir W. Scott: KeniU 
worlh (time, Elizabeth). 



GRIM WIG. 



45* 



GRISSEL. 



Grim-wig 1 , an irascible old gentle- 
man, who hid a very kind heart under a 
rough exterior. He was Mr. Brownlow's 
great friend, and was always declaring 
himself ready to "eat his head" if he 
was mistaken on any point on which he 
passed an opinion. — Dickens: Oliver 
Ttuisl (1Z37). 

Grinder son (Mr. Gabriel), partner 
of Mr. Greenhorn. They are the attor- 
neys who press sir Arthur Wardour for 
the payment of debts. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Grip, the clever raven of Barnaby 
Rudge. During the Gordon riots it 
learnt the cry of " No Popery ! " Other 
of its phrases were: "I'm a devil!" 
" Never say die ! " " Polly, put the 
kettle on ! " etc. — Dickens : Barnaby 
Rudge (1841). 

Gripe (1 syl.), a scrivener, husband 
of Clarissa, but with a tendre for Ara- 
minta the wife of his friend Moneytrap. 
He is a miserly, money-loving, pig- 
headed hunks, but is duped out of ^250 
by his foolish liking for his neighbour's 
wife. — Vanbrugh : The Confederacy 
(1695). 

Gripe (1 syl.), the English name of 
G£ronte, in Otway's version of Moliere's 
comedy of Les Fourberies de Scapin ( 1671). 
His daughter, called in French Hyacinihe, 
is called " Clara," and his son Leandre is 
Anglicized into "Leander." — Otway : The 
Cheats of Scapin. 

Gripe (Sir Francis), a man of 64, 
guardian of Miranda an heiress, and 
father of Charles. He wants to marry 
his ward for the sake of her money, and 
as she cannot obtain her property without 
his consent to her marriage, she pretends 
to be in love with him, and even fixes the 
day ot espousals. " Gardy," quite secure 
mat he is the man of her choice, gives 
his consent to her marriage, and she 
marries sir George Airy, a man o! 24. 
The old man laughs at sir George, whom 
he fancies h<? is duping, but he is himself 
the dupe all through. — Mrs. Centlivre : 
The Busy Body ( 1709). 

December a, 1790, Munden made his bow to the 
Covent Garden audience as "sir Francis Gripe." — 
Memoirs 0/ J. 5. Munden (183a). 

Gripus, a stupid, venal judge, uncle 
of Alcmena, and the betrothed of Phaedra 
(Alcmena's waiting-maid), in Drydcn's 
comedy of Amphitryon (1690). Neither 
Gripus nor Phaedra is among the dramatis 



personcB of Moliere's comedy of Amphi- 
tryon (1668). 

Grisilda or Griselda, the model of 
patience and submission, meant to alle- 
gorize the submission of a holy mind to 
the will of God. Grisilda was the 
daughter of a charcoal-burner, but be- 
came the wife of Walter marquis of 
Saluzzo. Her husband tried her, as God 
tried Job, and with the same result : (1) 
He took away her infant daughter, and 
secretly conveyed it to the queen of 
Pa'via to be brought up, while the 
mother was made to believe that it was 
murdered. (2) Four years later she had 
a son, which was also taken from her, 
and was sent to be brought up with his 
sister. (3) Eight years later, Grisilda 
was divorced, and sent back to her native 
cottage, because her husband, as she was 
told, intended to marry another. When, 
however, lord Walter saw no indication of 
murmuring or jealousy, he told Grisilda 
that the supposed rival was her own 
daughter, and her patience and submis- 
sion met with their full reward. — Chaucer: 
Canterbury Tales ("The Clerk's Tale," 
1388). 

'.* The tale of Grisilda is the last in 
Boccaccio's Decameron. Petrarch ren- 
dered it into a Latin romance, entitled 
De Obedentia et Fide Uxoria Mythologia. 
In the middle of the sixteenth century 
appeared a ballad and also a prose ver- 
sion of Patient Grissel. Miss Edgeworth 
has a domestic novel entitled The Modern 
Griselda (1804). The tale of Grisilda is an 
allegory on the text, "The Lord gave, 
and the Lord hath taken away ; blessed 
be the Name of the Lord." 

Dryden says, "The tale of Grizild was the invention 
of Petrarch, and was sent by him to Boccace, from 
whom it came to Chaucer." — Pre/ace to Fables. 

Griskinis'sa, wife of Artaxaminous 
king of Utopia. The king felt in doubt, 
and asked his minister of state this 
knotty question — 

Shall I my Griskinissa's charms forego, 
Compel her to give up the royal chair, 
And place the rosy Distaffina there? 

The minister reminds the king that 
Distaffina is betrothed to his general. 

And would a king his general supplant T 
1 can't a'hise, upon my soul I can t. 

Rhodes : Fomiastes Furioso (1790). 

Grissel or Grizel. Octavia, the 
wife of Mark Antony, and sister of 
Augustus, is called the "patient Grizel 
of Roman story." 

For patience she will prove a second Grissel. 

Shakespeare : Taming of Ik* 'ikrnm, 
•ct U. tc x (1594). 



GRIZEL DALMAHOY. 45a 

Griz'el Dal'mahoy {Miss), the 
seamstress. — Sir W. Scott; Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.), 

Griz'zie, maidservant to Mrs. Saddle- 
tree. — Sir W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Griz'zie, one of the servants of the 
Rev. Josiah Cargill. — Sir W. Scott: St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Griz'zie, chambermaid at the Golden 
Arms inn, at Kippletringan. — Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Grizzle {Lord), the first peer of the 
realm in the court of king Arthur. He 
is in love with the princess Huncamunca, 
and as the lady is promised in marriage 
to the valiant Tom Thumb, he turns 
traitor, and ' ' leads his rebel rout to the 
palace gate." Here Tom Thumb en- 
counters the rebels, and Glumdalca, the 
giantess, thrusts at the traitor, but misses 
him. Then the "pigmy giant-killer" 
runs him through the body. The black 
cart comes up to drag him off, but the 
dead man tells the carter he need not 
trouble himself, as he intends "to bear 
himself off," and so he does. — Tom 
Thumb, by Fielding the novelist (1730), 
altered by Kane O'Hara (1778). 

Groat'settar {Miss Clara), niece of 
the old lady Glowrowrum, and one of the 

guests at Burgh Westra. 

Miss Maddie Groatsettar, also niece of 
the old lady Glowrowrum, and one of the 
guests at Burgh Westra. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Groffar'ius, king of Aquitania, who 
resisted Brute the mythical great-grand- 
son of ^neas, who landed there on his 
way to Britain. — Drayton: Polyolbion, i. 
(1612). 

Grongar Hill, a descriptive poem in 
eight-syllable verse, containing pictures 
of scenes on the banks of the Wye (1726). 

Gronovius, father and son, critics 
and humanists (father, 1611-1671 ; son, 
1645-1716). 

I have more satisfaction in beholding you than I 
should have in conversing with Gra?vius and Gronovius. 
I had rather possess your approbation than that of the 
elder Scaliger.— Mrs. Cowley : IVho's the Dupe ? i. 3. 

(Scaliger, father (1484-1558), son 
(1540-1609), critics and humanists.) 

Groom {Squire), "a downright, 
English, Newmarket, stable- bred gen- 
tleman-jockey, who, having ruined his 
finances by dogs, grooms, cocks, and 



GRUB. 

horses, . . . thinks to retrieve his affairs 
by a matrimonial alliance with a City 
fortune" (canto i. 1). He is one of the 
suitors of Charlotte Goodchild ; but, 
supposing the report to be true that sne 
has lost her money, he says to her 
guardian — 

" Hark ye ! sir Theodore ; I always make my match 
according to the weight my thing can carry. When I 
offered to take her into my stable, she was sound and 
in good case ; but I hear her wind is touched. If so, I 



would not back her for a shilling. Matrimony is a long 
course, . . . and it won't do."— Macklin ; Love a la 
Mode, ii. i {1779). 

This was Lee Lewes's great part [1740-1803]. One 
morning at rehearsal, Lewes said something not in the 
play. "Hoy, hoy 1 " cried Macklin; "what's that? 
what's that? " " Oh," replied Lewes, " 'tis only a bit 
of my nonsense," " But," said Macklin, gravely, " I 
like my nonsense, Mr. Lewes, better than yours."— 
O'Keefe. 

Grosvenor \Grove x -nr\ Square. 
London. So called because it is built 
on the property of sir Richard Grosvenor, 
who died 1732. 

Grotto of Eph'esus. Near Ephesus 
was a grotto containing a statue of Diana 
attached to a reed presented by Pan. If 
a young woman, charged with dishonour, 
entered this grotto, and the reed gave 
forth musical sounds, she was declared to 
be a pure virgin; but if it gave forth 
hideous noises, she was denounced and 
never seen more. Corinna put the grotto 
to the test, at the desire of Glaucon of 
Lesbos, and was never seen again by the 
eye of man. — Lord Lytton: Tales of 
Miletus, iii. (See Chastity, p. 198, for 
other tests. ) 

Grouse's Day {Saint), the 12th of 

August. 

They were collected with guns and dogs to do 
honour to . . . St. Grouse's day.— London Society 
("Patty's Revenge"). 

Groveby (Old), of Gloomstock Hall, 
aged 65. He is the uncle of sir Harry 
Groveby. Brusque, hasty, self-willed, 
but kind-hearted. 

Sir Harry Groveby, nephew of old 
Groveby, engaged to Maria " the maid 
of the Oaks." — Burgoyne: The Maid of 
the Oaks. 

Groves (Jem), landlord of the Valiant 
Soldier, to which was attached " a good 
dry skittle-ground." — Dickens: The Old 
Curiosity Shop, xxix. (1840). 

Grub (Jonathan), a stock-broker, 
weighted with the three plagues of life — 
a wife, a handsome marriageable daugh- 
ter, and ^"ioo.ooo in the Funds, "any 
one of which is enough to drive a man 
mad ; but all three to be attended to at 
once is too much." 



GRUB STREET. 

Mrs. Grub, a wealthy City woman, who 
has moved from the east to the fashion- 
able west quarter of London, and has 
abandoned merchants and tradespeople 
for the gentry. 

Emily Grub, called Milly, the hand- 
some daughter of Jonathan. She marries 
captain Bevil of the Guards. — O'Brien : 
Cross Purposes (1842). 

Grub Street, near Moorfields, Lon- 
don, once famous for literary hacks and 
inferior literary publications. It is now 
called Milton Street — no compliment to 
our great epic poet. (See Dunciad, i. 38.) 

I'd sooner ballads write and Grub Street lays. 

N.B. — The connection between Grub 
Street literature and Milton is not ap- 
parent However, as Pindar, Hesiod, 
Plutarch, etc., were Boeo'tians, so Foxe 
the martyrologist, and Speed the his- 
torian, resided in Grub Street. 

Grub'binol, a shepherd who sings 
with Bumkinet a dirge on the death of 
Blouzelinda. 

Thus wailed the louts in melancholy strain. 
Till bonny Susan sped across the plain ; 
They seized the lass, in apron clean arrayed. 
And to the ale-house forced the willing maid ; 
In ale and kisses they forgot their cares, 
And Susan Blouzelinda's loss repairs. 

Gay : Pastoral, v. (1714). 

(An imitation of Virgil's Eclogue, v., 
"Daphnis.") 

Gru'dar and Bras'solis. Cairbar 
and Grudar both strove for a spotted 
bull " that lowed on Golbun Heath," in 
Ulster. Each claimed it as his own, and 
at length fought, when Grudar fell. 
Cairbar took the shield of Grudar to 
Brassolis, and said to her, "Fix it on 
high within my hall ; 'tis the armour of 
my foe;" but the maiden, "distracted, 
flew to the spot, where she found the 
youth in his blood," and died. 

Fair was Brassolis on the plain. Stately was Grudar 
on the hill. — Ossian: Fingal, i. 

Grndden [Mrs.), of the Portsmouth 
Theatre. She took the money, dressed 
the ladies, acted any part on an emergency, 
and made herself generally useful. — 
Dickens ; Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Grueby (John), servant to lord 
George Gordon. An honest fellow, who 
remained faithful to his master to the 
bitter end. He twice saved Haredale's 
life ; and, although living under lord 
Gordon and loving him, detested the 
crimes into which his master was be- 
trayed by bad advice and false zeal. — 
Dickens : Barnaby Rudge (1841). 



453 GRYLL. 

Grngeon, one of Fortunio's sever 
attendants. His gift was that he could 
eat any amount of food without satiety. 
When Fortunio first saw him, he was 
eating 60,000 loaves for his breakfast. — 
Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales (" For- 
tunio," 1682). 

Gram'ball {The Rev. Dr.), from 
Oxford, a papist conspirator with Red- 
gauntlet. — Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Grrmibo, a giant in the tale of Tom 
Thumb. A raven, having picked up Tom 
Thumb, dropped him on the flat roof of 
the giant's castle. When old Grumbo 
went there to sniff the air, Tom crept 
up his sleeve ; the giant, feeling tickled, 
shook his sleeve, and Tom fell into the 
sea below. Here he was swallowed by 
a fish, and the fish, being caught, was 
sold for king Arthur's table. It was 
thus that Tom got introduced to the 
great king, by whom he was knighted. 

Grnmio, one of the servants of 
Petruchio. — Shakespeare : Taming 0/ the 
Shrew (1594)- 

Grundy (Mrs.). Dame Ashfield, a 
farmer's wife, is jealous of a neighbouring 
farmer named Grundy. She tells her 
husband that Farmer Grundy got five 
shillings a quarter more for his wheat 
than they did ; that the sun seemed to 
shine on purpose for Farmer Grundy; 
that Dame Grundy's butter was the crack 
butter of the market. She then goes into 
her day-dreams, and says, ' ' If our Nelly 
were to marry a great baronet, I wonder 
what Mrs. Grundy would say?" Her 
husband makes answer — 

"Why dan't thee letten Mrs. Grundy alone? I do 
verily think when thee goest to t'other world, the vurst 
question thee'll ax 'ill be, if Mrs. Grundy's there?"— 
Morton: Speed the Plough, i. i (1798). 

N.B. — The original Mrs. Grundy was 
the wife of the Hon. Felix Grundy, of 
Tennessee, who ruled aristocratic society 
in Washington with a rod of iron. Her 
edicts were law, her presence was essential 
to the success of a fashionable gathering, 
and such an authority she became on 
social topics that the phrase, " Mrs. 
Grundy says [or said] so-and-so," long 
outlived her. 

Gryll, one of those changed by 
Acras'ia into a hog. He abused sir 
Guyon for disenchanting him ; where- 
upon the palmer said to the knight, 
" Let Gryll be Gryll, and have his 



GRYPHON. 



454 



GUELPHO 



hoggish mind." — Spenser : Faerie Queene, 
ii. 12 (1590). 

Only a target light upon his arm 

He careless bore, on which old Gryll was drawn, 
Transformed into a hog. 

P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 

Gryphon, a fabulous monster, having 
the upper part like a vulture or eagle, 
and the lower part like a lion. Gryphons 
were the supposed guardians of gold- 
mines, and were in perpetual strife with 
the Arimas'pians, a people of Scythia, 
who rifled the mines for the adornment 
of their hair. 

As when a gryphon thro' the wilderness. 
With winged course, o'er hill or moory dale, 
Pursues the Arimaspian, who, by stealth, 
Had from his wakeful custody purloined 
The guarded gold. 

Milton: Paradise Lost, ii. 943, etc. (1665). 

The Gryphon, symbolic of the divine 
and human union of Jesus Christ. The 
fore part of the gryphon is an eagle, and 
the hinder part a lion. Thus Dante saw 
in purgatory the car of the Church drawn 
by a gryphon. — Dante : Purgatory, xxix. 
(1308). 

Gua&ia'na, the 'squire of Duran- 
dart£, changed into a river of the same 
name. He was so grieved at leaving his 
master that he plunged instantaneously 
under ground, and when obliged to ap- 
pear " where he might be seen, he glided 
in sullen state to Portugal." — Cervantes ; 
Don Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615). 

Gualber'to (St. ), heir of Valdespe'sa, 
and brought up with the feudal notion 
that he was to be the avenger of blood. 
Anselmo was the murderer he was to lie 
in wait for, and he was to make it the 
duty of his life to have blood for blood. 
One day as he was lying in ambush for 
Anselmo, the vesper bell rang, and Gual- 
berto (3 syl.) fell in prayer, but somehow 
could not pray. The thought struck him 
that if Christ died to forgive sin, it 
could not be right in man to hold it beyond 
forgiveness. At this moment Anselmo 
came up, was attacked, and cried for 
mercy. Gualberto cast away his dagger, 
ran to the neighbouring convent, thanked 
God he had been saved from blood- 
guiltiness, and became a hermit noted 
for his holiness of life. — Southey ; St. 
Gualberto. 

Guards of the Pole, the two stars 
and 7 of the Great Bear, and not the 
star Arctoj. h'ylax, which, Steevens says, 
" literally signifies the guard of the 
Bear," i.e. Booths (not the Polar Guards). 
Shakespeare refers to these two "guards " 
'n Othello, act ii. sc. 1, where he says the 



surge seems to ' ' quench the guards of the 
ever-fixed pole." Hood says they are so 
called " from the Spanish word guardare, 
which is ' to behold,' because they are 
diligently to be looked unto in regard of 
the singular use which they have in 
navigation." — Use of the Celestial Globe 
(i59o). 

How to knowe the houre of the night by the [Polar] 
Gards, by knowing on what point of the compass they 
shall be at midnight every fifteenth day throughout the 
whole year.— Norman: Sa/egard of Sailers (1587). 

Gua'rini (Philip), the 'squire of sir 
Hugo de Lacy.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II. ). 

Guari'nos (Admiral), one of Char- 
lemagne's paladins, taken captive at 
Roncesvalles. He fell to the lot of 
Marlo'tes, a Moslem, who offered him 
his daughter in marriage if he would 
become a disciple of the Arabian pro- 
phet. Guarinos refused, and was kept 
in a dungeon for seven years, when he 
was liberated, that he might take part 
in a joust. The admiral then stabbed 
the Moor to his heart, and, vaulting on 
his grey horse Treb'ozond, escaped to 
France. 

Gu'driin, a lady married to Sigurd 
by the magical arts of her mother ; and 
on the death of Sigurd to Atli (Attila), 
whom she hated for his fierce cruelty, 
and murdered. She then cast herself 
into the sea, and the waves bore her to 
the castle of king Jonakun, who became 
her third husband. — Edda of Samund 
Sigfusson (1130). 

Gu'drun, a model of heroic fortitude 
and pious resignation. She was the 
daughter of king Hettel (Attila), and 
the betrothed of Herwig king of Heligo- 
land, but was carried off by Harmuth 
king of Norway, who killed Hettel. As 
she refused to marry Harmuth, he put 
her to all sorts of menial work. One 
day, Herwig appeared with an army, and 
having gained a decisive victory, married 
Gudrun, and at her intercession pardoned 
Harmuth the cause of her great misery. — 
A North-Saxon Poem (thirteenth cen- 
tury). 

Gud'yill (Old John), butler to lady 
Bellenden.— Sir IV. Scott: Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Guel'pho (3 syl.), son of Actius IV. 
marquis d'Este and of Cunigunda (a 
German). Guelpho was the uncle o^ 
Rinaldo, and next in command to God 
frey. He led an army of 5000 men from 



GUENDOLEN. 

Carynthia, in Germany, to the siege of 
Jerusalem, but most of them were cut 
off by the Persians. Guelpho was noted 
f or his broad shoulders and ample chest. 
~Tasso : J erusalem Delivered, iii. (1575). 

Guen'dolen (3 syl.), a fairy whose 
mother was a human being. King Arthur 
fell in love with her, and she became the 
mother of Gyneth. When Arthur de- 
serted the frail fair one, she offered him 
a parting cup ; but as he took it in his 
hand, a drop of the liquor fell on his 
horse and burnt it so severely that it 
"leapt twenty feet high," ran mad, and 
died. Arthur dashed the cup on the 
ground, whereupon it set fire to the grass 
and consumed the fairy palace. As for 
Guendolen, she was never seen after- 
wards.— Sir W. Scott: The Bridal of 
Triermain, i. 2 ("Lyulph's Tale," 1813). 

Guendolce'na, wife of Locrin (eldest 
son of Brute, whom he succeeded), and 
daughter of Cori'neus (3 syl.). Being 
divorced, she retired to Cornwall, and 
collected an army, which marched against 
Locrin, who "was killed by the shot of 
an arrow." Guendoloena now assumed 
the reins of government, and her first 
act was to throw Estrildis (her rival) and 
her daughter Sabre into the Severn, which 
was called Sabri'na or Sabren from that 
da v. — Geoffrey : British History, ii. 4,5 
(1142). 

Guenever or Guinever, a corrupt 
form of Guanhuma'ra (4 syl.), daughter 
of king Leodegrance of the land of 
Camelyard She was the most beautiful 
of women, was the wi;e of king Arthur, 
but entertained a criminal attachment to 
sir Launcelot du Lac. Respecting the 
latter part of the queen's history, the 
greatest diversity occurs. Thus Geoffrey 
says — 

King Arthur was on his way to Rome . . . when 
news was brought him that his nephew Modred, to 
whose care he had entrusted Britain, had ... set the 
crown upon his own head ; and that the queen Guan- 
huruara . . . had wickedly married him. . . . When 
iing Arthur returned and put Modred and his army to 
flight . . . the queen fled from York to the City of 
Legions [Newport, in South IVates], where she 
resolved to lead a chaste life among the nuns of Julius 
the martyr.— British History, xi. I (1142). 

V Another version is that Arthur, 
being informed of the adulterous conduct 
of Launcelot, went with an army to Ben- 
wick {Brittany), to punish him. That 
Mordred (his son by his o\>n sister), left 
as regent, usurped the crown, proclaimed 
that Arthur was dead, and tried to marry 
Guenever the queen ; but she shut herself 
up in the Tower of London, resolved to 



455 



GUIDERIUS. 



die rather than marry the usurper. 
When she heard of the death of Arthur, 
she "stole away" to Almesbury, "and 
there she let make herself a nun, and 
wore white cloaths and black. " And there 
lived she "in fasting, prayers, and alms- 
deeds, that all marvelled at her virtuous 
life." — Sir T. Malory : History of Prince 
Arthur, iii. 161-170(1470). 

(For Tennyson's account, see Gui- 
nevere.) 

Guene'vra (3 syl.), wife of Nec- 
tabafaus the dwarf, at the cell of the 
hermit of Engaddi. — Sir IV. Scott: The 
Talisman (time, Richard I. ). 

Guer'in or Gueri'no, son of Millon 
king of Alba'nia. On the day of his 
birth his father was dethroned, but the 
child was rescued by a Greek slave, who 
brought it up and surnamed it Meschi'no, 
or "The Wretched." When grown to 
man's estate, Guerin fell in love with 
the princess Elizena, sister of the Greek 
emperor, who held his court at Constan- 
tinople. — An Italian Romance. 

Guesclin's Dust a Talisman. 

Guesclin, or rather Du Guesclin, constable 
of France, laid siege to Chateauneuf-de- 
Randan, in Auvergne. After several 
assaults, the town promised to surrender 
if not relieved within fifteen days. Du 
Guesclin died in this interval, but the 
governor of the town came and laid the 
keys of the city on the dead man's body, 
saying he resigned the place to the hero's 
ashes (1380). 

France . . . demands his bones [NafoU**'*\ 
To carry onward, in the battle's van, 
To form, like Guesclin 's dust, her talisman, 

Byron : Age of Bronze, iv. (1821). 

Gugner, Odin's spear, which never 
failed to hit. It was made by the dwarf 
Eitri. — The Ed das. 

Guide'rius, elder son of Cymibeline 
(3 syl.) king of Britain, and brother of 
Arvir'agus. They were kidnapped in 
infancy by Belarius, out of revenge for 
being unjustly banished, and were brought 
up by him in a cave. When grown to 
manhood, Belarius introduced them to 
the king, and told their story ; where- 
upon Cymbeline received them as his 
sons, and Guiderius succeeded him on the 
throne. — Shakespeare: Cymbeline (1605). 

V Geoffrey calls Cymbeline " Kymbe- 
linus son of Tenuantius ; " ^ays that he 
wa> brought up by Augustus Caesar, and 
adds, "In his days was born our Lord 
Jesus Christ." Kymbeline reigned ten 



GUIDO. 

years, when he was succeeded by Guide- 
rius. The historian says that Kymbeline 
paid the tribute to the Romans, and that 
it was Guiderius who refused to do so, 
" for which reason Claudius the emperor 
marched against him, and he was killed 
by Hamo." — British History, iv. n, 12, 
13 (1142). 

Guido " the Savage," son of Amon 
and Constantia. He was the younger 
brother of Rinaldo. Being wrecked on 
the coast of the Am'azons, he was, com- 
pelled to fight their ten male companions, 
and, having slain them all, to marry ten 
of the Amazons. From .this thraldom 
Guido made his escape, and joined the 
army of Charlemagne. — A riosto : Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Guido [Franceschini], a reduced 
nobleman, who tried to repair his fortune 
by marrying Pompilia, the putative child 
of Pietro and Violante. When the mar- 
riage was consummated, and the money 
secure, Guido ill-treated the putative 
parents ; and Violante, in revenge, de- 
clared that Pompilia was not their child 
at all, but the offspring of a Roman 
wanton. Having made this declaration, 
she next applied to the law-courts for 
the recovery of the money. When 
Guido heard this tale, he was furious, 
and so ill-treated his child-wife that she 
ran away, under the protection of a young 
canon. Guido pursued the fugitives, 
overtook them, and had them arrested ; 
whereupon the canon was suspended for 
three years, and Pompilia sent to a con- 
vent. Here her health gave way, and 
as the birth of a child was expected, she 
was permitted to leave the convent and 
live with her putative parents. Guido, 
having gained admission, murdered all 
three, and was himself executed for the 
crime. — R. Browning: The Ring and the 
Book. 

Guil'denstern, one of Hamlet's 
companions, employed by the king and 
queen to divert him, if possible, from his 
strange and wayward ways. — Shake- 
speare: Hamlet (1596)- 

Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are favourite samples 
of the thorough-paced time-serving court knave . . . 
ticketed and to be hired for any hard or dirty work.— 

Crowden Clarke. 

Guillotiere (4 syl.), the scum of 
Lyons. La Guillotiere is the low quarter, 
where the douches inu tiles find refuge. 

Guillotine (3 syl.). So named from 
Joseph Ignace Guillotin, a French phy- 
sician, who proposed its adoption, to 



456 



GUINEVERE. 



prevent unnecessary pain. Dr. Guillotfn 
did not invent the guillotine, but he im- 
proved the Italian machine (1791). In 
1792 Antoine Louis introduced further 
improvements, and hence the instrument 
is sometimes called Louisette or Louison. 
The original Italian machine was called 
mannaja ; it was a clumsy affair, first 
employed to decapitate Beatrice Cenci in 
Rome, A.D. 1600. 

It was the popular theme for Jests. It was [called 

La mere Gitillotine] the "sharp female," the "best 
cure for headache." It " infallibly prevented the hair 
from turning grey." It " imparted a peculiar delicacy 
to the complexion." It was the "national razor" 
which shaved close. Those " who kissed the guillo- 
tine, looked through the little window and sneezed 
Into the sack." It was the sign of " the regeneration 
of the human racer ' It "superseded the cross." 
Models were worn [as ornaments], — Dickens : A Tale 
of Two Cities, iil. 4 (1859). 

Guinart {Roque), whose true name 
was Pedro Rocha Guinarda, chief of a 
band of robbers who levied black-mail in 
the mountainous districts of Catalonia, 
He is introduced by Cervantes in his tale 
of Don Quixote. 

Guinea {Adventures of a), a novel by 
Charles Johnstone (1761). A guinea, as 
it passes into different hands, is the his- 
torian of the follies and vices of its 
master for the time being; and thus a 
series of scenes and personages are made 
to pass before the reader, somewhat in 
the same manner as in The Devil upon 
Two Sticks and in The Chinese Tales. 

Guinea-hen, a Jille de j'oie, a word 
of contempt and indignity for a woman. 

Ere I would . . . drown myself for the love of a 
guinea-hen, I would change my humanity with a 
baboon.— Shakespeare : Othello, act i. sc. 3 (1611). 

Guinea-pig 1 (A), a gentleman of 
sufficient name to form a bait, who 
allows himself to be put on a directors' 
list for the guinea and lunch which the 
board provides. — City Slang. 

Guin'evere (3 syl.). So Tennyson 
spells the name of Arthur's queen in his 
Idylls. He tells us of the liaison be- 
tween her and "sir Lancelot," and says 
that Modred, having discovered this 
familiarity, " brought his creatures to the 
basement of the tower for testimony." 
Sir Lancelot flung the fellow to the 
ground, and instantly took to horse ; 
while Guinevere fled to the nunnery at 
Almesbury. Here the king took leave 
of her ; and when the abbess died, the 
queen was appointed her successor, and 
remained head of the establishment for 
three years, when she also died. 

V It will be seen that Tennyson 



GUIOMAR. 



457 



GULLIVER. 



departs from the British History by 
Geoffrey, and the History of Prince 
Arthur as edited by sir T. Malory. (See 
Gu EN EVER.) 

Tennyson accents the name GumS- 
ver — 

Leodogran . . . 

Had one fair daughter, and none other child, . . . 

Guinevere, and in her his one delight. 

Coming of Arthur. 

Guiomar, mother of the vain-glorious 
Duar'te.— Fletcher: The Custom of the 
Country (1647). 

Guiscardo, the 'squire, but previously 
the page, of Tancred king of Salerno. 
Sigismunda, the king's daughter, loved 
him, and clandestinely married him. 
When Tancred discovered it, he ordered 
the young man to be waylaid and 
strangled. He then went to his daughter's 
chamber, and reproved her for loving a 
base-born "slave." Sigismunda boldly 
defended her choice, but next day received 
a human heart in a golden casket. It 
needed no prophet to tell her what had 
happened, and she drank a draught of 
poison. Her father entered just in time 
to hear her dying request that she and 
Guiscardo might be buried in the same 
tomb. The royal father 

Too late repented of his cruel deed, 
One common sepulchre for both decreed ; 
Intombed the wretched pair in royal state, 
And on their monument inscribed their fate. 
Dryden ; Sigismunda and Guiscardo (from 
Boccaccio). 

Guise [Henri de Lorraine, due de) 
commenced the Massacre of Bartholomew 
by the assassination of admiral Coligny 
[Co-leen'-e]. Being forbidden to enter 
Paris by order of Henri III., he dis- 
obeyed the injunction, and was mur- 
dered (1550-1588). 

(Henri de Guise has furnished the 
subject of several tragedies. In English 
we have Guise or the Massacre of France, 
by John Webster (1620) ; The Duke of 
Gz-ise, by Dry den and Lee. In French 
we have hints de Blois [the Death of 
Guise), by Francois Raynouard, 1814.) 

Guisla (2 syl.), sister of Pelayo, in 

love with Numac'ian a renegade. "She 
inherited her mother's leprous taint." 
Brought, back to her brother's house by 
Adosinda, she returned to the Moor, 
"cursing the meddling spirit that in- 
terfered with her most shameless love." — 
Soul hey : Roderick, Last of the Goths 
(1814). 

Gui'zor (2 syl. ), groom of the Saracen 
Pollente. His "scalp was bare, betray- 
ing his state of bondage." His office was 



to keep the bridge on Pollent6's territory, 

and to allow no one to pass without pay- 
ing " the passage-penny." This bridge 
was full of trap-doors, through which 
travellers were apt to fall into the river 
below. When Guizor demanded toll of 
sir Artegal, the knight gave him a 
' ' stunning blow, saying, ' Lo ! there's my 
hire ; ' " and the villain dropped down 
dead. — Spenser; Faerie Queene, v. a 
(X596). 

•.* Upton conjectures that "Guizor 
is intended for the due de Guise, and his 
master "PollentS" for Charles IX. of 
France, notorious both for the St. Bar- 
tholomew Massacre. 

Gulbey'az, the sultana. Having 
seen Juan amongst Lambro's captives, 
" passing on his way to sale," she caused 
him to be purchased, and introduced into 
the harem in female attire. On discover- 
ing that he preferred Dudu, one of the 
attendant beauties, to herself, she com- 
manded both to be stitched up in a sack, 
and cast into the Bosphorus. They con- 
trived, however, to make their escape. — 
Byron : Don Juan, vi. (1824). 

Gul'chenraz, surnamed " Gundog- 
di " ("morning"), daughter of Malek- 
al-salem king of Georgia, to whom 
Fum-Hoam the mandarin relates his 
numerous and extraordinary transforma- 
tions or rather metempsychoses. — Gueu- 
lette: Chinese Tales (1723). 

Gul'dienrouz, son of Ali Hassan 

(brother of the emir' Fakreddin) ; the 
" most delicate and lovely youth in the 
whole world." He could "write with 
precision, paint on vellum, sing to the 
lute, write poetry, and dance to perfec- 
tion ; but could neither hurl the lance 
nor curb the steed." Gulchenrouz was 
betrothed to his cousin Nouron'ihar, who 
loved "even his faults; " but they never 
married, for Nouronihar became the wife 
of the caliph Vathek.— Beckford : Vathek 
(1784). 

Gulistan ["the rose garden "\ a 
collection of tales and apophthegms in 
prose and verse by Saadi, a native of 
Shiraz, Persia (thirteenth century). It has 
been translated into English by Gladwin. 

Even beggars, in soliciting alms, will give utterance to 
some appropriate passage from the Gulistan.— J. y. 
Grandville. 

Gulliver (Lemuel), first a surgeon, 
then a sea-captain of several ships. He 
gets wrecked on the coast of I.il'iput, a 
country of pygmies. Subsequently he is 



GULNARE. 



458 



thrown among the people of Brobdingnag, 
giants of tremendous size. In his next 
voyage he is driven to Lapu'ta, an empire 
of quack pretenders to science and knavish 
projectors. And in his fourth voyage he 
visits the Houyhnhnms [ Whin'-nms], 
where horses were the dominant powers. 
— Dean Swift : Travels in Several Remote 
Nations . . . by Lemuel Gulliver (1726). 

Gulna're (3 syl.), daughter of 
Faras'che (3 syl.) whose husband was 
king of an under-sea empire. A usurper 
drove the king her father from his throne, 
and Gulnare sought safety in the Island 
of the Moon. Here she was captured, 
made a slave, sold to the king of Persia, 
and became his favourite, but preserved 
a most obstinate and speechless silence 
for twelve months. Then the king made 
her his wife, and she told him her history. 
In due time a son was born, whom they 
called Beder (" the full moon"). 

• . • Gulnar£ says that the under-sea folk 
are never wetted by the water, that they 
can see as well as we can, that they speak 
the language "of Solomon's seal," and 
can transport themselves instantaneously 
from place to place. — Arabian Nights 
('* Beder and Giauhare" "). 

Gulnare (2 syl.), queen of the harem, 
and the most beautiful of all the slaves of 
Seyd [Seed]. She was rescued by Conrad 
the corsair from the flames of the palace ; 
and, when Conrad was imprisoned, she 
went to his dungeon, confessed her love, 
and proposed that he should murder the 
sultan and flee. As Conrad refused to 
assassinate Seyd, she herself did it, and 
then fled with Conrad to the "Pirate's 
Isle." The rest of the tale is continued 
in Lara, in which Gulnare assumes the 
name of Kaled, and appears as a page. — 
Byron : The Corsair (1814). 

Gulvi'gar ["weigher of gold"], the 
Plutus of Scandinavian mythology. He 
introduced among men the love of gain. 

Gum'midge (Mrs.), the widow of 
Dan'el Peggotty's partner. She kept 
house for Dan'el, who was a bachelor. 
Old Mrs. Gummidge had a craze that she 
. was neglected and uncared for, a waif in 
the wide world, of no use to any one. 
She was always talking of herself as the 
"lone lorn cre'tur." When about to 
sail for Australia, one of the sailors 
asked her to marry him, when "she ups 
with a pail of water and flings it at his 
head." — Dickens ; David Copperfield 
(1849). 



GURNEY. 

Gundof orus, an Indian king for 
whom the apostle Thomas built a palace 
of sethym wood, the roof of which was 
ebony. He made the gates of the horn 
of the " horned snake," that no one with 
poison might be able to pass through. 

Gunpowder. The composition of 
gunpowder is expressly mentioned by 
Roger Bacon, in his treatise De Nullitate 
Magics, published 12 16. 

. . . earth and air were sadly shaken 
By thy humane discovery, friar Bacon. 

Byron : Don yuan, viii. 33 (1833). 

Giinther, king of Burgundy and 
brother of Kriemhild (2 syl.). He re- 
solved to wed Brunhild, the martial queen 
of Issland, and won her by the aid of 
Siegfried ; but the bride behaved so 
obstreperously that the bridegroom had 
again to apply to his friend for assistance. 
Siegfried contrived to get possession of 
her ring and girdle, after which she 
became a submissive wife. Giinther, 
with base ingratitude, was privy to the 
murder of his friend, and was himself 
slain in the dungeon of Etzel by his sister 
Kriemhild. — The Nibelungen Lied. 

(In history, Giinther is called 
" Guntacher," and Etzel " Attila.") 

Gup'py (Mr.), clerk in the office of 
Kenge and Carboy. A weak, common- 
place youth, who has the conceit to 
propose to Esther Summerson, the ward 
in Chancery. — Dickens : Bleak House 
(1852). 

GurgWtus, according to Drayton, 
son of Belinus. This is a mistake, as 
Gurgustus, or rather Gurgustius, was son 
of Rivallo ; and the son of Belinus was 
Gurgiunt Brabtruc. The names given by 
Geoffrey, in his British History, run thus : 
Leir (.Z>a/-),Cunedag his grandson, Rivallo 
his son, Gurgustius his son, Sisillius his 
son, Jago nephew of Gurgustius, Kinmarc 
son of Sisillius, then Gorbogud. Here the 
line is broken, and the new dynasty 
begins with Molmutius of Cornwall, 
then his son Belinus, who was succeeded 
by his son Gurgiunt Brabtruc, whose son 
and successor was Guithelin, called by 
Drayton "Guynteline." — Geoffrey: British 
History, ii., iii. (1142). 

In greatness next succeeds Belinus' worthy son 
Gurgustus, who soon left what his great father won 
To Guynteline his heir. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, viii. (161a). 

Gurney (Gilbert), the hero and title 
of a novel by Theodore Hook. This 
novel is a spiced autobiography of the 
author himself (1835). 



GURNEY. 



459 



GUY MANNERING. 



Gurne J ( Thomas), shorthand writer, 
and author of a work on the subject, 
called Brachygraphy (1705-1770). 

If you would like to see the whole proceedings . . . 
The best is that in shorthand ta'en by Gurney, 
Who to Madrid on purpose made a journey. 

Byron : Don Juan, i. 189 (1819). 

Gurth, the swine-herd and thrall 
of Cedric of Rotherwood. — Sir W. Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Gurton {Gammer), the heroine of an 
old English comedy. The plot turns 
upon the loss of a needle by Gammer 
Gurton, and its subsequent discovery 
sticking in the breeches of her man 
Hodge.— Mr. J. S. Master of Arts (1561). 

Gushington (Angelina), the pseu- 
donym of lady Dufferin. 

Gustavus III. used to say there were 
two things he held in equal abhorrence — 
the German language and tobacco. 

Gusta'vus Vasa (1496-1560), having 
made his escape from Denmark, where 
he had been treacherously carried captive, 
worked as a common labourer for a time 
in the copper-mines of Dalecarlia [Da'-le- 
kar?-ya~\ ; but the tyranny of Christian II. 
of Denmark induced the Dalecarlians to 
revolt, and Gustavus was chosen their 
leader. The rebels made themselves 
masters of Stockhol m ; Christian abdicated, 
and Sweden henceforth became an in- 
dependent kingdom. — Brooke: Gustavus 
Vasa (1730). 

Gus'ter, the Snagsbys' maid-of-all- 
work. A poor, overworked drudge, 
subject to fits. — Dickens: Bleak House 
(185a). 

Gusto Ficaresco [" the love of 
roguery"]. In romances of this class the 
Spaniards especially excel, as don Diego 
de Mondo'za's Lazarillo de Tormes (1553) ; 
Mateo Aleman's Guzman d'Alfarachi 
( x 5 r 9) ! Quevedo's Gran Tacano ; etc. 

Guthrie [John), one of the archers 
of the Scottish guard in the employ of 
Louis XI.— Sir W. Scott: Quentin Dur- 
ward (time, Edward 1 V. ). 

Gutter Lane, Lon Jon, a corrup- 
tion of Guthurun Lane ; so called from a 
Mr. Guthurun or Guthrum. who " pos- 
sessed the chief property therein."— 
Stow : Survey of London (1598). 

Guy (Thomas), the miser and philan- 
thropist. He amassed an immense fortune 
in 1720 by speculations in South Sea 
stock, and, besides devoting large sums 
of money to other charitable objects, 



gave ,£238,292 to found and endow Guy's 
Hospital (1644-1724). 

Guy earl of Warwick, an English 
knight. He proposed marriage to Phelis, 
or Phillis, or Felice, who refused to listen 
to his suit till he had distinguished himself 
by knightly deeds. He first rescued Bla/ich 
daughter of the emperor of Germany, 
then fought against the Saracens, and 
slew the doughty Coldran, Elmage king 
of Tyre, and the Soldan himself. Then, 
returning to England, he was accepted by 
Phelis and married her. In forty days he 
returned to the Holy Land., when he 
redeemed earl Jonas out of prison, slew 
the giant Am'erant, and performed many 
other noble exploits. Again he returned 
to England, just in time to encounter the 
Danish giant Colebrond (2 syl.) or Col- 
brand, which combat is minutely de- 
scribed by Drayton, in his Polyolbion, xii. 
At Windsor he slew a boar "of passing 
might." On Dunsmore Heath he slew 
the dun cow of Dunsmore, a wild and 
cruel monster. In Northumberland he 
slew a winged dragon, "black as any 
cole," with the paws of a lion, and a hide 
which no sword could pierce (Polyolbion, 
xiii.). After this he turned hermit, and 
went daily to crave bread of his wife 
Phelis, who knew him not. On his death- 
bed he sent her a ring, and she closed his 
dying eyes (890-958).— Drayton : Poly- 
olbion. 

Guy Fawkes, the conspirator, went 
under the name of John Johnstone, and 

f>retended to be the servant of Mr. Percy 
1577-1600). 

Guy Mannering, the second of 
Scott's historical novels, published in 
1815, just seven months after Waver ley. 
The interest of the tale is well sustained ; 
but the love-scenes, female characters, 
and Guy Mannering himself are quite 
worthless. Not so the character of 
Dandy Dinmont, the shrewd and witty 
counsellor Pleydell, the desperate sea- 
beaten villainy of Hatteraick, the uncouth 
devotion of that gentlest of all pedants 
poor Dominie Sampson, and the savage 
crazed superstition of the gipsy-dweller 
in Derncleugh (time, George II.). 

Guy Mann ring was the work of six weeks about 
Lnristinas-time, and marks of haste are visible both in 
t e plot and in its development.— Chambers: I-neiish 
1 .. > 'lure, ii. 586. 

The tale of Guy Mannering is as 
follows: The hero is Harry Bertram; 
and the other main characters are bis 



GUYNTELINE. 

sister Lucy, with Guy Mannering and his 
daughter Julia. Bertram's father (laird of 
Ellangowan) is made a magistrate, and 
tries relentlessly to drive away the gipsies, 
who, in consequence, vow vengeance. 
Soon after this his wife dies in child-birth, 
the_ laird himself dies of paralysis, and 
their young son Harry is kidnapped by 
Glossin, a lawyer, who purchases the 
estate. Lucy Bertram is obliged to leave 
her home, and goes first to live with her 
guardian, but afterwards is hospitably 
entertained by Guy Mannering and his 
daughter Julia. She takes with her Dominie 
SampsOn, who is delighted to be em- 
ployed in arranging the colonel's library. 
Meg Merrilies, a gipsy, befriends Harry 
Bertram, aids his escape, and afterwards 
tells him he is the rightful heir of the 
Ellangowan estate. Glossin is sent to 
prison, enters the cell of Dirk Hatteraick, 
a Dutch smuggler, and is strangled by 
him. Harry Bertram marries Julia (Guy 
Mannering's daughter), and Lucy Bertram 
marries Charles Hazlewood (son of sir 
Robert Hazlewood of Hazlewood). 

Guyn'teline or Guith'elin, ac- 
cording to Geoffrey, was son of Gurgiunt 
Brabtruc {British History, iii. n, 12, 13) ; 
but, according to Drayton, he was the 
son of Gurgustus an early British king. 
(See Gurgustus.) His queen was Martia, 
who codified what are called the Martian 
Laws, translated into Anglo-Saxon by 
king Alfred. (See Martian Laws.) 

Gurgustus . . . left what his gTeat father won 
To Guynteline his heir, whose queen . . . 
To wise Mulmutius' laws her Martian first did frame. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Guyon (Sir), the personification of 
"temperance." The victory of tem- 
perance over intemperance is the subject 
of bk. ii. of the Faerie Queene. Sir Guyon 
first lights on Amavia (intemperance of 
grief), a woman who kills herself out 
of grief for her husband ; and he takes 
her infant boy and commits it to the 
care of Medi'na. He next meets Brag- 
gadQccio (intemperance of the tongue), 
who is stripped bare of everything. He 
then encounters Furor (intemperance of 
anger), and delivers Phaon from his hands, 
Intemperance of desire is discomfited in 
the persons of Pyr'ocles and Cym'oclSs ; 
then intemperance of pleasure, or wanton- 
ness, in the person of Phsedria. After his 
victory over wantonness, he sees Mam- 
mon (intemperance of worldly wealth and 
honour) ; but he rejects all his offers, and 
Mammon is foiled. His last and great 
achievement is the destruction of the 



460 



GWYNNE. 



" Bower of Bliss," and the binding in 
chains of adamant the enchantress 
Acrasia (or intemperance generally). 
This enchantress was fearless against 
Force ; but Wisdom and Temperance 
prevailed against her. — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, ii. 12 (1590). 

Guyot (Bertrand), one of the archers 
in the Scottish guard attached to Louis 
XL— Sir W. Scott: Quentin Durward 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Guzman d'Alfara'che (4 syl.), 
hero of a Spanish romance of roguery. 
He begins by being a dupe, but soon 
becomes a knave in the character of 
stable-boy, beggar, swindler, pander, 
student, merchant, and so on. — Mateo 
Aleman (1599). 

(Probably The Life of Guzman Alfarache 
suggested to Lesage The Life of Gil Bias. 
It is certain that Lesage borrowed from 
it the incident of the parasite who obtained 
a capital supper out of the greenhorn by 
terming him the eighth wonder, a. v.) 

Gwenhid'wy, a mermaid. The 
white foamy waves are called her sheep, 
and the ninth wave her ram. 

Take shelter when you see Gwenhidwy driving her 
flock ashore.— Welsh Proverb. 

. . . they watched the great sea fall, 
Wave after wave, each mightier than the last; 
Till last, a ninth one, gathering- half the deep, 
And full of voices, slowly rose and plunged, 
Roaring, and all the wave was in a flame. 

Tennyson: The Holy Grail. 

Gwent, Monmouthshire. 

Not a brook of Morgany [Glamorganshire] nor 
Gwent. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, It. (1612). 

Gwineth'ia (4 syl.), North Wales. 

Which thro" Gwinethia be so famous everywhere. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 

Gwynedd or Gwyneth, North Wales. 

Rhodri Mawr, in 873, moved to Aber'frow 
the seat of government, previously fixed 
at Dyganwy. 

Among the hills of Gwyneth, and Its wilds 

And mountain glens. 

Southey : Madoc, \. 12 (1805). 

Gwynne (Nell), one of the favourites 
of Charles II. She was an actress, but 
in her palmy days was noted for her 
many works of benevolence and kindness 
of heart. The last words of king Charles 
were, " Don't let poor Nelly starve ! " — 
Sir IV. Scott: Peveri I of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

N. B.— The real name of Nell (Eleanor) 
C wynne was Margaret Lymcott. The 
dukes of St. Albans are the descendants 
of this mistress of Charles II. 



GYAS AND CLOANTHUS. 



461 



HADRAMAUT. 



Gyas and Cloan'tlras, two com- 
panions of ^Ene'as, generally mentioned 
together as ' ' fortis Gyas fortisque Cloan- 
thus." The phrase has become prover- 
bial for two very similar characters. — 
Virgil: &neid. 

The " strong Gyas " and the " strong Cloanthus " are 
less distinguished by the poet than the strong Percival 
and the strong Osbaldistones were by outward appear- 
ance.— Sir W. Scott. 

Gyges (2 syl.), one of the Titans. 
He had fifty heads and a hundred hands. 

Gyges, a king of Lydia, of whom 
Apollo said he deemed the poor Arcadian 
Ag'laos more happy than the king Gyges, 
who was proverbial for his wealth. 

Gyges (2 syl.), who dethroned Can- 
daul&s (3 syl. ) king of Lydia, and married 
Nyssia the young widow. Herodotos 
says that Candaules showed Gyges the 
queen in her bath, and the queen, in- 
dignant at this impropriety, induced 
Gyges to kill the king and marry her 
(bk. i. 8). He reigned B.C. 716-678. 

Gyges s Ring rendered the wearer in- 
visible. Plato says that Gyges found the 
ring in the flanks of a brazen horse, and 
was enabled by this talisman to enter the 
king's chamber unseen, and murder him. 

Why did you think that you had Gyges' ring, 
Or the herb [fern seed] that gives invisibility t 
Fletcher : Fair Maid of the Inn, i. i (1647). 

Gynecium, the apartment in which 
the Anglo-Saxon women lived. — Fos~ 
broke: Antiquities, ii. 570 (1824). 

Gyneth, natural daughter of Guen- 
dolen and king Arthur. The king 
promised to give her in marriage to 
the bravest knight in a tournament in 
which the warder was given to her to 
drop when she pleased. The haughty 
beauty saw twenty knights fall, among 
whom was Vanoc, son of Merlin. Im- 
mediately Vanoc fell, Merlin rose, put 
an end to the jousts, and caused Gyneth 
to fall into a trance, from which she was 
never to wake till her hand was claimed 
in marriage by some knight as brave as 
those who had fallen in the tournament. 
After the lapse of 500 years, De Vaux 
undertook to break the spell, and had to 
overcome four temptations, viz. fear, 
avarice, pleasure, and ambition. Having 
succeeded in these encounters, Gyneth 
awoke and became his bride. — Sir W. 
Scott: Bridal of Triermain (18 13). 

Gyp, the college servant of Blushing- 
ton, who stole his tea and sugar, candles, 
and so on. After Blushington came into 



his fortune, he made Gyp his chief 

domestic and private secretary. — Mon- 
crieff: The Bashful Man. 

Gyptian (Saint), a vagrant. 

Percase \J>erchance\ sometimes St. Gvptlan's pil- 

grymage 
Did carie me a month (yea. sometimes more) 
To brake the bowres [to reject the food provided^ 
Bicause they had no better cheere in store. 
Cascrtgn* ; The Fruites of Warn, ioo (died 1557). 



H. B., the initials adopted by Mr. 
Doyle, father of Richard Doyle, in his 
Reform Caricatures (1830). 

H. U. {hard up), an H. U. member of 

society. 

Hackburn {Simon of), a friend of 
Hobbie Elliot, farmer at the Heugh-foot. 
— Sir W. Scott: The Black Dwarf (time, 
Anne). 

Hackum {Captain), a thick-headed 
bully of Alsatia, once a sergeant in 
Flanders. He deserted his colours, fled 
to England, took refuge in Alsatia, and 
assumed the title of captain. — Shadwell : 
Squire of Alsatia (1688). 

Hadad, one of the six Wise Men of 
the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
He left his beloved consort, fairest of the 
daughters of Bethu'rim. At his decease 
she shed no tear, yet was her love ex- 
ceeding that of mortals. — Klopstock: The 
Messiah, v. (1771). 

Had 'away (Jack), a former neigh- 
bour of Nanty Ewart the smuggler- 
captain.— Sir IV. Scott : Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Ha'des (2 syl), the god of the un- 
seen world ; also applied to the grave, or 
the abode of departed spirits. 

N.B.— In the Apostles' Creed, the phrase 
"descended into hell" is equivalent to 
" descended into hades." 

Hadgi (Abdallah el), the soldan's 
envoy.— Sir W. Scott: The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Hadoway (Mrs.), Lovel's landlady 
at Fair port— Sir W. Scott: The Anti- 
quary (time, George III.). 

Hadramaut, a province containing 
the pit where the souls of infidels dweU 



H^MONY. 



46a 



HAIMON. 



after death. The word means "Cham- 
bers of death." — A I Koran. 

Hse'mony, a most potent counter- 
charm, more powerful even than mo'ly 
(q.v.). So called from Haemonia, i.e. 
Thessaly, the land of magic. 

... a small, unsightly root, 
But of divine effect . . . 
The leaf was darkish and had prickles on It ; 
But in another country 

Bore a bright golden flower ; but not in this soil. 
Unknown and like esteemed, and the dull swain 
Treads on it daily with his clouted shoon ; 
And yet more med'cinal is it than Moly 
That Hermes once to wise Ulysses gave. 
He [the shepherd] called it Haemony, and gave it me. 
And bade me keep it, as of sovereign use 
'Gainst all enchantments, mildew, blast, or damp, 
Or ghastly furies' apparition. 

Milton : Comus (1634). 

Hsemos, in Latin H^mus, a chain 
of mountains forming the northern boun- 
dary of Thrace. Very celebrated by 
poets as "the cool Haemus." 

And Haemus' hills with snows eternal crowned. 
Pope : Iliad, ii. 49 (1715). 

Hafed, a gheber, or fire-worshipper, in 
love with Hinda the emir's daughter. 
He was the leader of a band sworn to 
free their country or die in the attempt. 
His rendezvous was betrayed, but when 
the Moslem came to arrest him, he threw 
himself into the sacred fire and was 
burnt to death —Moore : Lalla Rookh 
("The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

Hafiz, the pseudonym of Mr. Stott 
in the Morning Press. Byron calls him 
"grovelling Stott," and adds, "What 
would be the sentiment of the Persian 
Anacreon ... if he could behold his 
name assumed by one Stott of Dormore, 
the most impudent and execrable of 
literary poachers ? " — English Bards and 
Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Hafod. As big a fool as Jack Hafod. 
Jack Hafod was a retainer of Mr. 
Bartlett of Castlemorton, Worcestershire, 
and the ultimus scurrarum of Great 
Britain. He died at the close of the 
eighteenth century. 

Hagan, son of a mortal and a sea- 
goblin, the Achilles of German romance. 
He stabbed Siegfried while drinking from 
a brook, and laid the oody at the door of 
Kriemhild, that she might suppose he had 
been killed by assassins. Hagan, having 
killed Siegfried, then seized the " Nibe- 
lung hoard," and buried it in the Rhine, 
intending to appropriate it. Kriemhild, 
after her marriage with Etzel king of the 
Huns, invited him to the court of her 
husband, and cut off his head. He is 
iescribed as " well grown, strongly built, 



with long sinewy legs, deep broad chest, 
hair slightly grey, of terrible visage, and 
of lordly gait " (stanza 1789). — The 
Nibelungen Lied (1210). 

Ha'garenes (3 syl. ), the descendants 
of Hagar. The Arabs and the Spanish 
Moors are so called. 

Often he [St. James\ hath been seen conquering and 
destroying the Hagarenes — Cervantes : Don Quixote. 
II. iv. 6 (X615). 

Hagenbach. (Sir Archibald von), 
governor of La Ferette. — Sir W. Scott: 
Anne of Geiersteen (time, Edward IV.). 

Hague (1 syl.). This word means 
"meadow," and is called in the Dutch, 
S' Gravenhagen ("the count's hague or 
meadow "). 

Haiatal'nefous (5 syl.), daughter 
and only child of Ar'manos king of the 
"Isle of Ebony." She and Badoura 
were the two wives of prince Camaral'- 
zaman, and gave birth at the same time 
to two princes. Badoura called her son 
Amgiad ("the most glorious") and 
Haiatalnefous called hers Assad ("the 
most happy "). — Arabian Nights (" Cam- 
aralzaman and Badoura"). 

Haidee', ' ' the beauty of the Cy- 
clades," was the daughter of Lambro 
a Greek pirate, living in one of the 
Cyclades. Her mother was a Moorish 
maiden of Fez, who died when Haidee 
was a mere child. Being brought up in 
utter loneliness, she was wholly Nature's 
child. One day, don Juan was cast on 
the shore, the only one saved from a 
shipwrecked crew, tossed about for many 
days in the long-boat. Haidee lighted 
on the lad, and, having nursed him in a 
cave, fell in love with him. A report 
being heard that Lambro was dead, don 
Juan gave a banquet, but in the midst of 
the revelry, the old pirate returned, and 
ordered don Juan to be seized and sold 
as a slave. Haidee broke a blood-vessel 
from grief and fright, and, refusing to 
take any nourishment, died. — Byron : 
Don Juan, ii. 118 ; iii., iv. (1819, 1821). 

Lord Byron appears to have worked up no part of 
his poem with so much beauty and life of description 
as that which narrates the loves of Juan and Haidee.— 
Sir Egerton Brydgts. 

Don Juan is dashed on the shore of the Cyclades, 
where he is found by a beautiful and innocent girl, the 
daughter of an old Greek pirate. There is a very 
superior kind of poetry in the conception of this 
incident : the desolate isle— the utter loneliness of the 
maiden, who is ignorant as she is innocent— the 
helpless condition of the youth,— everything conspires 
to render it a true romance.— Blackwood's Magazine. 

Haimon (The Four Sons of), the 
title of a minnesong in the degeneracy 



HAIR. 



463 HALCYON A WEATHERCOCK. 



of that poetic school which rose in Ger- 
many with the house of Hohenstaufen, 
and went out in the middle of the 
thirteenth century. 

Hair. Every three days, when Cor'- 
sina combed the hair of Fairstar and her 
two brothers, "a great many valuable 
jewels were combed out, which she sold 
at the nearest town." — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales (" Princess Fair- 
star," 1682). 

" I suspected," said Corsina, "that Chery is not the 
bi other of Fairstar, for he has neither a star nor collar 
of gold as Fairstar and her brothers have." " That's 
true," rejoined her husband; "but jewels fall out of 
his hair, as well as out of the others'." — Princess 
Fairstar. 

Hair {Long). Mrs. Astley, an actress 
of the last century, wife of " Old Astley," 
could stand up and cover her feet with 
her flaxen hair. 

She had such luxuriant hair that she could stand 
upright and it covered her to her feet like a veil. She 
was very proud of these flaxen locks ; and a slight 
accident by fire having befallen them, she resolved 
ever after to play in a wig. She used, therefore, to 
wind this immense quantity of hair round her head, and 
put over it a capacious caxon, the consequence of 
which was that her head bore about the same propor- 
tion to the rest of her figure that a whale's skull does 
to its body.— Philip Astley (1742-1814). 

Mdlle. Bois de Chene, exhibited in 
London in 1852-3, had a most profuse 
head of hair, and also a strong black 
beard, large whiskers, and thick hair on 
her ams and legs. 

Charles XII. had in his army a woman 
whose beard was a yard and a half long. 
She was taken prisoner at the battle of 
Pultowa, and presented to the czar in 
1724. 

Johann Mayo, the German painter, had 
a beard which touched the ground when 
he stood up. 

Master George Killingworthe, in the 
court of Ivan ' ' the Terrible " of Russia, 
had a beard five feet two inches long. It 
wis thick, broad, and of a yellowish hue. 
—Hakluyt (1589). 

Hair Cut Off. It was said by the 
Greeks and Romans that life would not 
quit the body of a devoted victim till a 
lock of hair had first been cut from the 
bead of the victim and given to Proser- 
pine. Thus, when Alcestis was about to 
die as a voluntary sacrifice for the life of 
her husband, Than'atos first cut off a lock 
of her hair for the queen of the infernals. 
When Dido slew herself, she could not 
die till Iris had cut off one of her yellow 
lo' ks for the same purpose. — Virgil: 
sEneid, iv. 693-705. 

Iris cut the yellow hair of unhappy Dido, and broko 
the charm. — Holntts : Autocrat «/" the Breakfast 
Table 



Hair Sign of Hank. 

The Parthians and ancient Persians ol 
high rank wore long flowing hair. 

Homer speaks of "the long-haired 
Greeks " by way of honourable dis- 
tinction. Subsequently the Athenian 
cavalry wore long hair, and all Lacedae- 
monian soldiers did the same. 

The Gauls considered long hair a 
notable honour, for which reason Julius 
Caesar obliged them to cut off their hair 
in token of submission. 

The Franks and ancient Germans con- 
sidered long hair a mark of noble birth. 
Hence Clodion the Frank was called 
•* The Long-Haired," and his successors 
are spoken of as les rois chcvelures. 

The Goths looked on long hair as a 
mark of honour, and short hair as a mark 
of thraldom. 

For many centuries long hair was in 
France the distinctive mark of kings and 
nobles. 

Haiz'um (3syl.\, the horse on which 
the archangel Gabriel rode when he led 
a squadron of 3000 angels against the 
Koreishites (3 syl.) in the famous battle 
of Bedr. 

Hakem' or Hakeem, chief of the 

Druses, who resides at Deir-el-Kamar. 
The first hakem was the third Fatimite 
caliph, called B'amr-ellah, who professed 
to be incarnate deity and the last prophet 
who had personal communication between 
God and man. He was slain on mount 
Mokattam, near Cario (Egypt). 

Hakem the khalif vanished erst. 
In what seemed death to uninstructed eyes. 
On red Mokattam's verge. 
R. Browning: The Return of the Druses, L 

Hakim {Adonbec el), Saladin in the 
disguise of a physician. He visited 
Richard Cceur de Lion in sickness ; gave 
him a medicine in which the " talisman " 
had been dipped, and the sick king 
recovered from his fever. — Sir W. Scott . 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Hakluyt Society {The), "for the 
publication of rare and valuable voyages 
travels, and geographical records." 
Instituted in 1846. 

Halcro {Claud), the old bard of 
Magnus Troil the udaller of Zetland. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

(A udaller is one who holds his land by 
alio lial tenure.) 

Halcyon a Weathercock. It is 

said that if the kingfisher or halcyon is 



HALDEN. 464 

hung, it will show which way the wind 
blows by veering about. 

How now stands the wind! 

Into what corner peers my halcyon's billt 

Marlowe: Jew of Malta (1586). 
Or as a halcyon with her turning brest, 
Demonstrates wind from wind and east from west. 
Sterner: Life and Death of Thorn. IVolsey, Card.{iS99). 

Kalden or Half dene (2 syl.), a 
Danish king, who with Basrig or Bagsecg, 
another Scandinavian king, made (in 871) 
a descent upon Wessex, and in that one 
year nine pitched battles were fought 
with the islanders. The first was Engle- 
field, in Berkshire, in which the Danes 
were beaten ; the second was Reading, in 
which the Danes were victorious; the 
third was the famous battle of ^Escesdun 
or Ashdune, in which the Danes were 
defeated with great loss, and king Bag- 
secg was slain. In 909 Halfdene was 
slain in the battle of Wodnesfield (Staf- 
fordshire). 

Reading ye regained . . . 

Where Basrig ye outbraved, and Halden sword to 
■word. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 

Kal'dimund {Sir Ewes), a friend of 
lord Dalgarno. — Sir W. Scott : Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Halifax is halig-fa x, i.e. "holy-hair." 
It was previously called Horton. The 
tradition is that a certain clerk of Horton, 
having been jilted, murdered his quondam 
sweetheart and cut off her head, which he 
hung on a tree. The head was looked 
on with reverence, and came to be re- 
garded as a holy relic. In time it rotted 
away, leaving little filaments spread out 
between the bark and body of the tree, 
like fine threads, and regarded as the 
fax or hair of the holy relic. 

Halkit (Mr. ), a young lawyer in the 
introduction of sir W. Scott's Heart of 
Midlothian (1818). 

Hall (Sir Christopher), an officer in 
the army of Montrose. — Sir W. Scott: 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Hallam's Greek. Henry Hallam 
reviewed, in The Edinburgh, Payne 
Knight's book entitled An Analytical 
Inquiry into the Principles of Taste, and 
lashed most unmercifully some Greek 
verses therein. It was not discovered 
hat the lines were Pindar's till it was 
loo late to cancel the critique. — Crabb 
Robinson : Diary, i. 277. 

Classic Hallam, much renowned for Greek. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Hallelujah. Lass (A), a young 



HAMET. 

woman member of the "Salvation Army " 
organized by " General " Booth. 

One of the best of these short feuilletons is called 
La Petite Lieutenante. It is an account of a young 
girl, a " Hallelujah Lass " of the Swiss Salvation Army. 
— Notes and Queries, September 1, 1896, p. r8i, col. 2. 

Hallelujah Psalms, the last five 
psalms, each of which begins with the 
words, " Praise ye the Lord." 

Haller (Mrs.). At the age of 16 

Adelaide [Mrs. Haller] married the count 
Waldbourg, from whom she eloped. The 
count then led a roving life, and was 
known as " the stranger." The countess, 
repenting of her folly, assumed (for three 
years) the name of Mrs. Haller, and took 
service under the countess of Wintersen, 
whose affection she won by her amiability 
and sweetness of temper. Baron Stein- 
fort fell in love with her, but, hearing her 
tale, interested himself in bringing about 
a reconciliation between Mrs. Haller and 
" the stranger," who happened, at the 
time, to be living in the same neighbour- 
hood. They met and bade adieu, but 
when their children were brought forth 
they relented, and rushed into each 
other's arms.— B. Thompson : The 
Stranger (1797), adapted from Kotzebue. 

In " Mrs. Haller," the powers of Miss O'Neill, aided 
by her beauty, shone forth in the highest perfection, 
and when she appeared in that character, with John 
Kemble as " The Stranger," a spectacle was exhibited 
such as no one ever saw before, or will ever see again. 
— Sir A. Alison. 

Halliday (Tom), a private in the 
royal army. — Sir W. Scott: Old Mor- 
tality (time, Charles II.). 

Hamako, an inspired madman. 
Theodorick, the hermit of Engaddi, is so 
called in the Talisman, a novel by sir W. 
Scott (time, Richard I.). 

Hamako, fool, unloose me ... or I will use my 
dagger 1— Chap. iii. 

Hamarti'a, Sin personified, offspring 
of the red dragon and Eve. " A foul, de- 
formed" monster, " more foul, deformed, 
the sun yet never saw." "A woman 
seemed she in the upper part," but " the 
rest was in serpent form," though out of 
sight. Fully described in canto xii. of 
The Purple Island (1633), by Phineas 
Fletcher. (Greek, hamartia, "sin.") 

Hamet, son of Mandane and Zamti 
(a Chinese mandarin). When the infant 
prince Zaphimri, called " the orphan of 
China," was committed to the care of 
Zamti, Hamet was sent to Corea, and 
placed under the charge of Morat ; but 
when grown to manhood, he led a band 0/ 



HAMET. 



4«S 



HAMOND. 



insurgents against Ti'murkan' the Tartar, 
who had usurped the throne of China. 
He was seized and condemned to death, 
under the conviction that he was 
Zaphimri the prince. Etan (who was the 
real Zaphimri) now came forward to 
acknowledge his rank, and Timurkan, 
unable to ascertain which was the true 
prince, ordered them both to execution. 
At this juncture a party of insurgents 
arrived, Hamet and Zaphimri were set 
at liberty, Timurkan was slain, and 
Zaphimri was raised to the throne of his 
forefathers. — Murphy: The Orphan of 
China (1759)- 

Hamet, one of the black slaves of sir 
Brian de Bois Guilbert preceptor of the 
Knights Templars.— Sir W. Scott: Ivan- 
hoe (time, Richard I.). 

Hamet ( The Cid) or The Cid Hamet 
Benengel'i, the hypothetical Moorish 
chronicler who is fabled by Cervantes to 
have written the adventures of "don 
Quixote." 

O Nature's noblest gift, my gray goose quill ! . . 

Our task complete, Tike Harriet's, shall be free. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

The shrewd Cid Hamet, addressing himself to his 
■en, says, " And now, my slender quSl, whether skil- 
fully cut or otherwise, here from this rack, suspended 
by a wire, shalt thou peacefully live to distant times, 
unless the hand of some rash historian disturb thy 
repose by taking thee down and profaning thee."— 
Cervantes : Don Quixote, last chap. (1615). 

Hamet, the ox, in the beast-epic of 
Reynard the Fox, by Heinrich von Alk- 
mann (1498). 

Hamilton {Lady Emily), sister of 
lord Evan dale.— Sir W. Scott: Old Mor- 
tality (time, Charles II.). 

Hamiltrade (3 syl.), a poor French- 
woman, the first of Charlemagne's nine 
wives. She bore him several children. 

Her neck was tinged with a delicate rose. . . . Her 
locks were bound about her temples with gold and 
purple bands. Her dress was looped up with ruby 
clasps. Her coronet and her purple robes gave her an 
air of surpassing majesty. — LEpine : Croquemit- 
mine. Hi. 

Hamlet, prince of Denmark, a man 
of mind but not of action ; nephew of 
Claudius the reigning king, who had 
married the widowed queen. Hamlet 
loved Ophelia, daughter of Polo'nius the 
lord chamberlain ; but feeling it to be 
his duty to revenge his father's murder, 
he abandoned the idea of marriage, and 
treated Ophelia so strangely, that she 
went mad, and, gathering flowers from 
a brook, fell into the water and was 
drowned. While wasting his energy in 
speculation, Hamlet accepted a challenge 
from Laertgs of a friendly contest with 



foils ; but Laertes used a poisoned rapier, 
with which he stabbed the young prince. 
A scuffle ensued, in which the combatants 
changed weapons, and Laertes being 
stabbed, both died. — Shakespeare : Ham- 
let (1596). 

"The whole play," says Schlegel, "is 
intended to show that calculating con- 
sideration exhausts . . . the power of 
action." Goethe is of the same opinion, 
and says that "Hamlet is a noble nature, 
without the strength of nerve which forms 
a hero. He sinks beneath a burden which 
he cannot bear, and cannot [make up his 
mind to] cast aside." 

• . ' The best actors of " Hamlet " have 
baen Thomas Betterton (1635-1710), 
Robert Wilks (1670-1732), Garrick 
(1716-1779), John Henderson (1747- 
1785), J. P. Kemble (1757-1823), and W. 
H. Betty (1792-1874). Next to these, C 
Kemble (1775-1854), C. M. Young (1777- 
1856), Edmund Kean (1787-1833), Henry 
Irving (1840- ), etc. 

(In the History of Hamblet, Hamlet's 
father is called " Horvendille.") 

Hammer {The), Judas Asamonaeus, 
surnamed Maccabceus, ' ' the hammer " 
(B.C. 166-136). 

Charles Martel (689-741). (See Mar- 

TEL.) 

On pretend qu'on lul donna le surnom de Martel 
parcequ'il avait ecrase comme avec un marteau les 
Sarrasins qui, sous la conduite d'Abderame, avaient 
envahi la France.— Bouillet. 

' .' "Asmodeus" {<?.v.) is quite another 
person. 

Hammer and Scourge of Eng- 
land, sir William Wallace (1270-1305). 

Hammer of Heretics. 

1. Pierre d'Aflly, president of the 
council which condemned John Huss 
(1350-1425). 

2. St. Augustine, "the pillar of 
truth and hammer of heresies " (395- 
430). — Hakewill. 

3. John Faber. So called from the 
title of one of his works, Malleu> Heretic- 
orum (1470-1541). 

Hammer of Scotland, Edward I. 
His son inscribed on his tomb: " Kdwardus 
Longus Scotorum Malleus hie est " (1239, 
1272-1307). 

Hammerlein (Claus), the smith, one 
of the insurgents at Liege. — Sir IV. Scott : 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV. ). 

Hamond, captain of the guard of 
Rollo (" the bloody brother " of Otto, and 
duke of Normandy). He stabs the duke, 
a h 



HAMPDEN, 

and Rollo stabs the captain ; so that they 
kill each other.— Fletcher: The Bloody 
Brother (1639). 

Hampden {John) was born in 
London, but after his marriage lived as a 
country squire. He was imprisoned in 
the gate-house for refusing to pay a tax 
called ship-money, imposed without the 
authority of parliament. The case was 
tried in the Exchequer Chamber, in 1637, 
and given against him. He threw him- 
self heart and soul into the business 
of the Long Parliament, and commanded 
a troop in the parliamentary army. In 
1643 he fell in an encounter with prince 
Rupert ; but he has ever been honoured 
as a patriot, and the defender of the rights 
of the people (1594-1643). 

[Shall] Hampden no more, when suffering Freedom 

calls, 
Encounter Fate, and triumph as he falls ? 

Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, \. (1709). 
Some village Hampden, that with dauntless breast. 
The little tyrant of his fields withstood. 

Gray: Elegy (1749). 

Hamzu-ben-Ahmud, who, on the 
death of hakeem B'amr-ellah (called the 
incarnate deity and last prophet), was 
the most zealous propagator of the new 
faith, out of which the semi-Moham- 
medan sect called Druses subsequently 
arose. 

N.B.— They were not called " Druses " 
till the eleventh century, when one of their 
"apostles," called Durzi, led them from 
Egypt to Syria, and the sect was called by 
his name. 

Han (Sons of), the Chinese ; so called 
from Han, the village in which Lieou- 
pang was chief. Lieou-pang conquered 
all who opposed him, seized the supreme 
power, assumed the name of Kao-hoang- 
tee, and the dynasty, which lasted 422 
years, was " the fifth imperial dynasty, 
or that of Han." It gave thirty emperors, 
and the seat of government was Yn. 
With this dynasty the modern history of 
China begins (B.C. 202 to A.D. 220). 

Hand over Fist, very fast. 

He's making money hand over tst.—Boldrcwood : 
Robbery under Arms, ch. xxviii. 

Hands are said to be of five classes. 

1. Idealistic, delicate, with long and 
pointed fingers. 

2. Realistic, with short square fingers. 

3. Energetic, with spatulated fingers. 

4. Philosophic, with rough fingers, 
knotted at the poinds. 

5. Mixed, with the characteristics 
mixed. 



466 HANDY. 

Both hands are inspected in cheiromancy. 

The ball of the thumb is called the Mount of Venui. 

The hollow of the palm is the Plain of Mars. 

Hand-sale, shaking hands to bind a 
contract or bargain. 

Handel's Monument, in West- 
minster Abbey, is by Roubiliac. It was 
the last work executed by this sculptor. 

Handjar, a Turkish poniard. 

Handsome Englishman ( The). 
The French used to call John Churchill, 
duke of Marlborough, Le Bel Anglais 
(1650-1722). 

Handsome Swordsman (The). 
Joachim Murat was popularly called Le 
Beau Sabreur (1767-1815). 

Handy (Sir Abel), a great contriver 
of inventions which would not work, and 
of retrograde improvements. Thus ' ' his 
infallible axletree " gave way when it 
was used, and the carriage was "smashed 
to pieces." His substitute for gunpowder 
exploded, endangered his life, and set 
fire to the castle. His "extinguishing 
powder " might have reduced the flames, 
but it was not mixed, nor were his patent 
fire-engines in workable order. He said 
to Farmer Ashfield — 

" I have obtained patents for tweezers, tooth-picks, 
and tinder-boxes . . . and have now on hand two 
inventions, . . . one for converting saw-dust into 
deal boards, and the other for cleaning rooms by 
steam-engines."— Act i. sc. x. 

Lady Nelly Handy (his wife), formerly 
a servant in the house of Farmer Ashfield. 
She was full of affectations, overbearing, 
and dogmatical. Lady Nelly tried to 
" forget the dunghill whence she grew, 
and thought herself the Lord knows who." 
Her extravagance was so great that sir 
Abel said his "best coal-pit would not 
find her in white muslin, nor his India 
bonds in shawls and otto of roses." It 
turned out that her first husband Gerald, 
who had been absent twenty years, re- 
appeared and claimed her. Sir Abel will- 
ingly resigned his claim, and gave Gerald 
^5000 to take her off his hands. 

Robert Handy (always called Bob), son 
of sir Abel by his first wife. He fancied 
he could do everything better than any 
one else. He taught the post-boy to drive, 
but broke the horse's knees. He taught 
Farmer Ashfield how to box, but got 
knocked down by liim at the first blow. 
He told Dame Ashfield he had learnt 
lace-making at Mechlin, and that she did 
not make it in the right way ; but he 
spoilt her cushion in showing her how to 
do it. He told lady Handy (his father's 
bride) she did not know how to use the 



HANDY ANDY. 



467 



HAPMOUCHE. 



fan, and showed her ; he told her she did 
not know how to curtsey, and showed 
her. Being pestered by this popinjay 
beyond endurance, she implored her hus- 
band to protect her from further insults. 
Though light-hearted, Bob was "warm, 
steady, and sincere." He married Susan, 
the daughter of Farmer Ashfield. — Mor- 
ton: Speed the Plough (1798). 

Handy Andy, a novel by S. Lover 
(1842). 

Hang up his Fiddle {To), to give 
a thing up as hopeless or as a bad job ; 
to decamp ; to discontinue. 

When a man loses his temper, and ain't cool, he 
might as well hang up his fiddle. — Sam Slick. 

If a man at 42 is not in a fair way to get his share of 
the world's spoils, he might as well hang up his fiddle, 
and be content to dig his way through life as best he 
may.— Dow : Sermons, p. 78. 

Hang* up his Fiddle with his 

Hat ( To), to lose all cheerfulness on 
return home ; to be merry abroad and 
morose at home. 

Mr. N. can te very agreeable when I am absent, and 
anywhere but at home. I always say, he hangs his 
fiddle up with his hat.— Theodore Hook : Gilbert 
Gutrney. 

The Provencals have a proverb, Gau 
de carriers, doulou doustan ("Joy abroad, 
grief at home"). (See Daudet's novel 
Numa Roumestan. The gist of the story 
turns on this proverb.) 

Hanging Judge (The), sir Francis 
Page (1718-1741). 

The earl of Norbury, chief justice of 
the Common Pleas in Ireland from 1820 
to 1827, was also stigmatized with the 
same unenviable title. 

Hank. / have him at a hank. Je le 
Hens dans mes filets. Here hank means 
the quantity of thread, etc., tied into one 
skein or hank. 

Hank for Hank, on perfect equality, 
neither being able to outrun the other. 
In sea phrase it means the situation of 
two vessels which run the same road, and 
zxc par le travers fun de I 'autre. 

1>.e Dolphin and Cerberus turned up the river hank 
for hank, neither being able to get the windward of 
the other. 

*.• Hanks are rings used instead of 
grommets to confine the staysails. 

Hannah, housekeeper to Mr. Fairford 
the lawyer. — Sir IV. Scott: Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Hannah, the heroine of Mrs. Inch- 
bald's story of Nature and Art ( 1796). 

Hannibal ad Port as ! or Atfila ad 
portal I a cry of alarm at the near ap- 



proach of a formidable enemy, especially 
an army of invaders. Attila and Hanni- 
bal were to the Romans the " scourges of 
the gods." 

Hanno, a slave, chiefly famous for 
the description o his death. — Dr. John 
Moore : Zeluco (a novel, 1789). 

Hanover Sat. The Jacobites used 
to affirm that the rat was brought over by 
the Hanoverians when they succeeded to 
the crown. 

Curse me the British vermin, the rat, — 
I know not whether he came in the Hanover ship. 
Tennyson : Maud, II. v. 6. 

Hans, a simple-minded boy of five 
and twenty, in love with Esther, but too 
shy to ask her in marriage. He is a 
" Modus " in a lower social grade ; Esther 
is a " cousin Helen," who laughs at him, 
loves him, and teaches him how to make 
love to her and win her.— Know les : The 
Maid of Mariendorpt ( 1838). 

Hans, the pious ferryman on the 
banks of the Rhine. — Sir IV. Scott: Anne 
of Geierstein (lime, Edward IV.). 

Hans (Adrian), a Dutch merchant, 
killed at Boston.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril 
of t lie Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Hans of Iceland, a novel by Victor 
Hugo (1824). Hans is a stern, savage, 
Northern monster, ghastly and fascinat- 
ing. 

Hans von Rippach [Rfy-pak], i.e. 
Jack of Rippach. Rippach is a village 
near Leipsic. This Hans von Rippach 
is a "Mons. Nong-tong-pas," that is, a 
person asked for, who does not exist. 
The "joke" is to ring a house up at 
some unseasonable hour, and ask for 
Herr Hans von Rippach or Mons. Nong- 
tong-pas. 

Hanson (Neil), a soldier in the castle 
of Garde Doloureuse. — Sir IV. Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Hanswurst, the " Jack Pudding" of 
old German comedy, but almost anni- 
hilated by Gottsched, in the middle of the 
eighteenth century. He was clumsy, huge 
in person, an immense gourmand, and 
fond of vulgar practical jokes. 

N. 13. — The French "Jean Potage," 
the Italian "Macaroni," and the Dutch 
" Pickel Herringe," were similar charac- 
ters. 

Hapmouche (2 syl.), i.e. " fly- 
catcher," the giant who first hit upon tha 
plan of smoking pork and neats' tongues. 
— Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, ii. z (1533). 



HAPPER. 468 

Happer or Hob, the miller who 

supplies St. Mary's Convent. 

Mysie Happer, the miller's daughter. 
Afterwards, in disguise, she acts as the 
page of sir Piercie Shafton, whom she 
marries. — Sir W. Scott: The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Happuck, a magician, brother of 
Ulin the enchantress. He was the in- 
stigator of rebellion, and intended to kill 
the sultan Misnar at a review, but Misnar 
had given orders to a body of archers to 
shoot the man who was left standing 
when the rest of the soldiers fell pros- 
trate in adoration. Misner went to the 
review, and commanded the army to give 
thanks to Allah for their victory, when 
all fell prostrate except Rappuck, who 
was thus detected, and instantly de- 
spatched. — Sir C. Morel I \James Ridley] : 
Tales of the Genii ("The Enchanter's 
Tale," vi., 1751). 

Have we prevailed against Ulin and Happuck, Olio- 
mand and Tasnar, Ahaback and Desra ; and shall we 
fear the contrivance of a poor vizier? — Tales of the 
Genii, vii. (1751)- 

Happy Old Couple ( The), a ballad 
which tells the tale of Darby and Joan 
(q.v.). 

Happy Valley {The), in the king- 
dom of Amhara. It was here the royal 
princes and princesses of Abyssinia lived. 
It was surrounded by high mountains, 
and was accessible only by one spot 
under a cave. This spot was concealed 
by woods and closed by iron gates. — Dr. 
Johnson : Rasselas (1759). 

Har'apha, a descendant of Anak the 
giant of Gath. He went to mock Sam- 
son in prison, but durst not venture 
within his reach. — Milton; Samson 
Agonistes (1632). 

Har'bothel {Master Fabian), the 
'squire of sir Aymer de Valence. — Sir W. 
Scott: Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Hard Times, a novel by C. Dickens 
(1854), dramatized in 1867, and called 
Under the Earth, or The Sons of Toil. 
Bounderby, a street arab, raised himself 
to banker and cotton prince. When 55 
years of age, he proposed marriage to 
Louisa, daughter of Thomas Gradgrind, 
Esq. , J. P. , and was accepted. One night 
the bank was robbed of ^150, and Boun- 
derby believed Stephen Blackpool to be 
the thief, because he had dismissed him, 
being obnoxious to the mill hands ; but 
the culprit was Tom Gradgrind, the 
banker's brother-in-law, who lay perdu 
for a while, and then escaped out of the 



HARDY. 

country. In the dramatized version, the 
bank was not robbed at all, but Tom 
merely removed the money to another 
drawer for safe custody. 

Hardcastle {Squire), a jovial, prosy, 
but hospitable country gentleman of the 
old school. He loves to tell his long- 
winded stories about prince Eugene and 
the duke of Marlborough. He says, " I 
love everything that's old — old friends, 
old times, old manners, old books, old 
wine " (act i. 1), and he might have added, 
" old stories." 

Mrs. Hardcastle, a very "genteel" 
lady indeed. Mr. Hardcastle is her 
second husband, and Tony Lumpkin her 
son by her former husband. She is fond 
of ' ' genteel " society, and the last fashions. 
Mrs. Hardcastle says, "There's nothing 
in the world I love to talk of so much as 
London and the fashions, though I was 
never there myself" (act ii. 1). Her mis- 
taking her husband for a highwayman, 
and imploring him on her knees to take 
their watches, money, all they have got, 
but to spare their lives : " Here, good 
gentleman, whet your rage upon me, take 
my money, my life, but spare my child 1 " 
is infinitely comic (act iv. sc 1). 

The princess, like Mrs. Hardcastle, was jolted to • 
jelly.— Lord Lennox ; Celebrities, i. i. 

Miss Hardcastle, the pretty, bright- 
eyed, lively daughter of squire Hard- 
castle. She is in love with young 
Marlow, and "stoops" to a pardonable 
deceit " to conquer" his bashfulness and 
win him. — Goldsmith : She Stoops to 
Conquer (1773). 

Har'die {Mr.), a young lawyer, in the 
introduction of sir W. Scott's Heart of 
Midlothian (1818). 

Hardouin (2 syl.). Jean Hardouin, 
the Jesuit, was librarian to Louis XIV. 
He doubted the truth of all received 
history ; denied that the ALne'id was the 
work of Virgil, or the Odes of Horace the 
production of that poet. He placed no 
credence in medals and coins ; regarded 
all councils before that of Trent as 
chimerical ; and looked on all Jansenists 
as infidels (1646-1729). 

Hardy {Mr.), father of Letitia. A 
worthy little fellow enough, but with the 
unfortunate gift of "foreseeing" every- 
thing (act v. sc. 4). 

Letitia Hardy, his daughter, the fiancie 
of Dor'icourt. A girl of great spirit and 
ingenuity, beautiful and clever. Don- 
court dislikes her without knowing her, 
simply because he has been betrothed to 



HARE'S BREAD. 



469 



HARMACHIS. 



her by his parents ; but she wins him by 

stratagem. She first assumes the airs 
and manners of a raw country hoyden, 
and disgusts the fastidious man of 
fashion. She then appears at a masque- 
rade, and wins him by her many attrac- 
tions. The marriage is performed at 
midnight, and, till the ceremony is over, 
Doricourt has no suspicion that the fair 
masquerader is his affianced Miss Hardy. 
— Mrs. Cowley: The Belle's Stratagem 
(1780). 

Hare's Bread, Pain de lievre, sup- 
posed to be a bread-food with hares. 
This plant is the arum or cuckoo-pint, 
from which arrowroot is often made. 

Harebell. The harebell of England 
is the wild hyacinth, but the Scottish 
harebell is a campanula, generally called 
the "bluebell of Scotland." Hare, 
meaning "wild," or "heath," enters 
into several flower-names, as " hare's 
blossom," "hare's foot," "hare's tail" 
(a grass), "hare's bread," etc. ; some of 
which are also called heath, as "heath 
bell," the bluebell of Scotland, etc. 

Hare'dale (Geoffrey), brother of 
Reuben the uncle of Emma Haredale. 
He was a papist, and incurred the malig- 
nant hatred of Gashford (lord George 
Gordon's secretary) by exposing him in 
Westminster Hall. Geoffrey Haredale 
killed sir John Chester in a duel, but 
made good his escape, and ended his 
days in a monastery. 

Reuben Haredale (2 syl.), brother of 
Geoffrey, and father of Emma Haredale. 
He was murdered. 

Emma Haredale, daughter of Reuben, 
and niece of Geoffrey with whom she 
lived at "The Warren." Edward Chester 
loved Emma Haredale. — Dickens: Bar- 
naby Rudge (1841). 

Harefoot (Harold). So Harold I. 
was called, because he was swift of foot 
as a hare (1035-1040). 

Har grave, a man of fashion. The 
hero and title of a novel by Mrs. Trol- 
lope(i8 4 3). 

Harlequin. Menage derives the word 
from Achille de Harley, a comedian of 
Paris (1536-1616). 

Sous le regne de Henri III., une troupe de comediens 
Italiens vins donner des representations a Paris. L'un 
de ces comediens, celui qui avait le talent de plaire le 
plus au public, fut tres bien accueilli par la fainille de 
Harl.iy, qui complait alors painii ses membres le celebre 
president de ce nom. Les camarades lui donnercnt, a 
cause de 1'aniite que lui avait temoitfiiee cctte fainille, 
lc surnom d'Harlequino (petit Harlay) ; d'llarlequin 
fes Parisians fireat Arelequim, «t c'est ainsi que le nom 



de l'un de nos plus grands magistrats est derenu en 
francisant, celui du bouffon le plus trivial des theatres 
de foire. —Revue de Deux Mondes. 

Harley, "the man of feeling." A 
man of the finest sensibilities and un- 
bounded benevolence, but bashful as a 
maiden. — Mackenzie: The Man of Feeling 

The principal object of Mackenzie is ... to reach 
and sustain a tone of moral pathos by representing 
the effect of incidents . . . upon the human mind 
. . . especially those which are just, honourable, and 
Intelligent.— Sir W. Scott. 

Harlot (The Infamaus Northern), 
Elizabeth Petrowna empress of Russia 
(1709-1761). 

Har'lowe (Clarissa), a young lady, 
who, to avoid a marriage to which her 
heart cannot consent, but to which she 
is urged by her parents, casts herself on 
the protection of a lover, who most 
scandalously abuses the confidence re- 
posed in him. He afterwards proposes 
marriage ; but she rejects his proposal, 
and retires to a solitary dwelling, where 
she pines to death with grief and shame. 
— Richardson : The History of Clarissa 
Harlowe (1749). 

The dignity of Clarissa under her disgrace . . . 
reminds us of the saying of the ancient poet, that a 
good man struggling with the tide of adversity and 
surmounting it, is a sight upon which the immortal 
gods might look down with pleasure.— Sir W. Scott. 

The moral elevation of this heroine, the saintly purity 
which she preserves amidst scenes of the deepest de- 
pravity and the most seductive gaiety, and the never- 
failing sweetness and benevolence of her temper, 
render Clarissa one of the brightest triumphs of the 
whole range of imaginative literature.— Chambers : 
English Literature, ii. 161. 

Harl'weston Fountains, near St. 
Neot's, in Huntingdon. There are two 
one salt and the other fresh. The sal 
fountain is said to cure dimness of sight, 
and the sweet fountain to cure the itch 
and leprosy. Drayton tells the legend ot 
these two fountains at the beginning oi 
song xxii. of his Polyolbton (1622). 

Harm set, Harm get. 

On est souvent pres dans son propre pleg*. (See 
HOIST.) 
In German— 

Wer einem eine Grube gritt 
Feillt oft selbst hinein. 

Har'machis (-kis), the hypothetical 
writer of Rider Haggard's Cleopatra, 
Harmachis is suppo ed to be a model of 
manly strength and beauty, and, being 
the direct descendant of the Pharaohs of 
Egypt, was crowned king by the revolters 
against the Macedonian Cleopatra. He 
entered the court with intent to kill 
Cleopatra, but fell in love with her, and 
Cleopatra, to serve her ends, encouraged 
his suit till Antony came on the scene. 



HARMON. 



470 



Charmlon, the favourite of Cleopatra, 
being in love with Harmachis, was 
jealous of the queen, and plotted with 
him to compass her death and the down- 
fall of the triumvir. They succeed. 
Charmion kills herself, and Harmachis 
ends his life in captivity.— H. Rider Hag- 
gard: Cleopatra (1889). 

Harmon {John), alias John Roke- 

smith, Mr. Boffin's secretary. He lodged 
with the Wilfers, and ultimately married 
Bella Wilfer. He is described as "a 
dark gentleman, 30 at the utmost, with 
an expressive, one might say, a hand- 
some face."— Dickens : Our Mutual 
Friend (1864). 

• . • For explanation of the mystery, see 
vol. I. ii. 13. 

Harmo'nia's Necklace or Brace- 
let, an unlucky possession, something 
which brings evil to its possessor. Har- 
monia was the daughter of Mars and 
Venus. On the day of her marriage with 
king Cadmos, she received a necklace 
made by Vulcan for Venus. This 
unlucky ornament afterwards passed to 
Sem'ele\ then to Jocasta, then to Argla 
(wife of Polynlces), then Eriphyle, but 
was equally fatal in every case. Finally 
it was hung in the temple of Apollo at 
Delphos. It was made by the Cyclops, 
of emeralds and cut diamonds. (See 
Unlucky.) — Ovid: Metaph. % iv. 5; 
Statius: Thebaid, ii. 

"Harmon'ia," also called Hermon'ea, !s frequently 
confounded with Hermione (called in English Her- 
mi'-o-ne) daughter of Menelaos and Helen, quite 
another person ; but many persons talk of " Her- 
mione's Necklace." (See HERMIONE; GOLD OP 
NIBELUNGEN ; and GOLD OF TOLOSA.) 

Harmonious Blacksmith [The). 
The tale is that one day, while Handel 
was walking through Edgware, he sought 
shelter from a shower in a smithy, where 
the blacksmith was singing, and accom- 
panied himself with the strokes of his 
hammer on the anvil ; and this furnished 
Handel with the score of his famous 
" Harmonious Blacksmith." In Whit- 
church, Middlesex, there is a tombstone 
. to William Powell, buried February 27, 
1780, commemorating the event, erected 
by subscription in 1868. The blacksmith 
Powell was parish clerk at the time. (See 
Schoelcher : Life of Handel, 65.) 

The truth of this very plausible tale is denied by ■ 
correspondent in Notes and Queries, March 21, 1896, 

&230. At any rate, the name of Powell seems to be 
correct. 

% A similar tale is told of Pythagoras. 

Intently considering whether it would be possible to 
devise a certain instrumental aid to the hearing, . . . 



HAROLD. 

he one day passed near a stithy, and was struck by the 
sound produced as the hammers beat out a piece of 
iron on an anvil. . . . He recognized in these sounds 
the diapason, the diapente, and the diatessaron har- 
mony. . . . Going then into the stithy, he discovered 
that the difference of sound arose from the different 
sizes of the hammers, and not from the difference of 
force employed in giving the strokes, nor yet from any 
difference in the shape of the hammers. . . . From this 
hint he constructed his musical scale.— Iamblichus : 
Li/e of Pythagoras, xxvi. 

IT The same tale is also told of Tubal- 
cain. 

Tuball hadde greete lykynge to here the hamers 
sowne, and he fonde proporcions and acorde of 
melodye by weyght of the hamers; and so he used 
them moche in the acorde of melodye, but he was not 
fynder of the Instrumentes of musyke.— Higdttt : 
Polycronycon. 

Harmony (Mr.), a general peace- 
maker. When he found persons at 
variance, he went to them separately, 
and told them how highly the other 
spoke and thought of him or her. If 
it were man and wife, he would tell the 
wife how highly her husband esteemed 
her, and would apply the " oiled feather " 
in a similar way to the husband. " We 
all have our faults," he would say, " and 
So-and-so knows it, and grieves at his 
infirmity of temper ; but though he con- 
tends with you, he praised you to me this 
morning in the highest terms." By this 
means he succeeded in smoothing many 
a ruffled mind. — Inchbald: Every On* 
has His Fault (1794). 

Harness Prize, a prize competed for 
triennially, on some Shakespearian subject 
The prize consists of three years' accumu- 
lated interest of ^500. It was founded 
by the Rev. Mr. Harness, and accepted 
by the University of Cambridge. The 
first prize was awarded in 1874. 

Harold " the Dauntless," son ol 
Witikind the Dane. " He was rocked 
on a buckler, and fed from a blade." 
Harold married Eivir, a Danish maid, 
who had waited on him as a page. — Sir 
W. Scott: Harold the Dauntless (1817). 

Harold (Childe), a man of good 
birth, lofty bearing, and peerless intel- 
lect, who has exhausted by dissipation 
the pleasures of youth, and travels. Sir 
Walter Scott calls him "lord Byron in a 
fancy dress." In canto i. the childe 
visits Portugal and Spain (1809) ; in 
canto ii., Turkey in Europe (1810) ; in 
canto hi., Belgium and Switzerland 
(1816); in canto iv., Venice, Rome, anr 1 
Florence (1817). 

(Lord Byron was only 21 when he 
began Childe Harold, and ,28 when ht 
finished it.) 



HAROLD. 



471 



HARRIOT. 



Harold, an historical romance con- 
taining an account of the battle of 
Hastings, where this last of the Saxon 
kings was slain, and William the Norman 
succeeded to the crown of England. — 
Lord Lytton (1850). 

Tennyson wrote a dramatic poem on the same 
subject (1876). 

Harold Transome (2 syl.), son of 
Mrs. Transome and Matthew Jermyn the 
lawyer ; he was in love with Esther Lyon, 
but his love was not reciprocated. — 
George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross) : Felix 
Holt, the Radical (1866). 

Earoxm-al-Raschid, caliph, of 
the Abbasside race, contemporary with 
Charlemagne, and, like him, a patron of 
literature and the arts. The court of this 
caliph was most splendid, and under him 
the caliphate attained its greatest degree 
of prosperity (765-809). 

*.* Many of the tales in the Arabian 
Nights are placed in the caliphate of 
Haroun-al-Raschid, as the histories of 
" Am'ineY' " Sinbad the Sailor," " Aboul- 
hasson and Shemselnihar," " Noureddin," 
" Codadad and his Brothers," "Sleeper 
Awakened," and "Cogia Hassan." In 
the third of these the caliph is a prin- 
cipal actor. 

Har'pagon, the miser, father of 
Cl£ante (2 syl.) and Elise (2 syl.). Both 
Harpagon and his son desire to marry 
Mariane (3 syl. ) ; but the father, having 
lost a casket of money, is asked which 
he prefers — his casket or Mariane, and 
as the miser prefers the money, Clgante 
marries the lady. Harpagon imagines 
that every one is going to rob him, and 
when he loses his casket, seizes his own 
arm in the frenzy of passion. He pro- 
poses to give his daughter in marriage to 
an old man named Anselme, because no 
11 dot " will be required ; and when Valere 
(who is Elise's lover) urges reason after 
reason against the unnatural alliance, the 
miser makes but one reply, "sans dot." 
"Ah," says Valere, " il est vrai, cela 
ferme la bouche a tout, sans dot." Har- 

f>agon, at another time, solicits Jacques 
1 syl.) to tell him what folks say of him ; 
and when Jacques replies he cannot do 
so, as it would make him angry, the 
miser answers, " Point de tout, au con- 
traire, c'est me faire plaisir." But when 
told that he is called a miser and a 
skinflint, he towers with rage, and beats 
Jacques in his uncontrolled passion. 

•Le seigneur Harpagon est de tous les humalni 
fhuiuaiu to moins huinain, le moxtel d« tous les mortels 



le plus dur et le plus serre " (H. 5). Jacques says to 
him, "Jamais on ne parle de vous que sous les noma 
d'avare, de ladre, de vilain, et de fesse-Matthiae " (Hi. 
*,).—Moliere : L'Avare(z66j). 

Har'palus, in Spenser's Colin Clout's 
Come Home Again, is said to be meant 
for the earl of Dorset (1595). 

Harpax, centurion of the "Immortal 
Guard."— Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Harpe (2 syl. ), the cutlass with which 
Mercury killed Argus, and with which 
Perseus (2 syl. ) subsequently cut off the 
head of Medusa. 

Harpier, a familiar spirit of mediaeval 

demonology. 

Harpier cries, " 'Tis time, 'tis time I " 
Shakespeare : Macbeth, act iv. sc. i (1606). 

Harpoc'rates (4 syl.), the god of 
silence. Cupid bribed him with a rose 
not to divulge the amours of Venus. 
Harpocrat£s is generally represented with 
his second finger on his mouth. 

He also symbolized the sun at the end 
of winter, and is represented with a 
cornucopia in one hand and a lotus in 
the other. The lotus is dedicated to the 
sun, because it opens at sunrise and 
closes at sunset. 

I assured my mistress she might make herself quite 
easy on that score [i.e. my making mention of what 
was told me], for I was the Harpocrates of trusty 
valets.— Lesage : Gil Bias, iv. a (1724). 

Harriet, the elder daughter of sir 
David and lady Dunder, of Dunder Hall. 
She was in love with Scruple, whom she 
accidentally met at Calais ; but her 
parents arranged that she should marry 
lord Snolts, a stumpy, "gummy" old 
nobleman of five and forty. To prevent 
this hateful marriage, Harriet consented 
to elope with Scruple ; but the flight 
was intercepted by sir David, who, to 
prevent a scandal, consented to the mar- 
riage, and discovered that Scruple, both 
in family and fortune, was a suitable 
son-in-law. — Colman : Ways and Means 
(1788). 

Harriet [Mowbray], the daughter 
of colonel Mowbray, an orphan without 
fortune, without friends, without a pro- 
tector. She marries clandestinely Charles 
Eustace.— J. Poole: The Scapegoat. 

Harrington, a novel by Maria 

Edgeworth (1811). 

Harriot [Russet], the simple, 
unsophisticated daughter of Mr. Russet. 
She loves Mr. Oakly, and marries him, 
but becomes a "jealous wife," watching 



HARRIS. 



47a 



'ARTLEY. 



her husband like a lynx, to find out some 
proof of infidelity, and distorting every 
casual remark as evidence thereof Her 
aunt, lady Freelove, tries to make her a 
woman of fashion, but without success. 
Ultimately, she is cured of her idiosyn- 
crasy. — Colman : The Jealous Wife 
(1761). 

Harris {Mrs.), a purely imaginary 
character, existing only in the brain of 
Mrs. Sarah Gamp, and brought forth on 
all occasions to corroborate the opinions 
and trumpet the praises of Mrs. Gamp 
the monthly nurse. 

•"Mrs. Harris,' I says to her, ... 'if I could afford 
to lay out all my fellow-creeturs for nothink, I would 
gladly do it ; sich is the love I bears 'em.' " Again : 
" What ! " said Mrs. Gamp, " you bage creetur I Have 
I know'd Mrs. Harris five and thirty year, to be told at 
last that there an't no sich a person livin'? Have I stood 
her friend in all her troubles, -great and small, for it to 
come to sich a end as this, with her own sweet picter 
hanging up afore you all the time, to shame your 
Bragian words ? Go along with you 1 "—Die/kens : 
Martin Chuzzlewit, xlix. (1843). 

Mrs. Harris is the "Mde. Benoiton" of French 
comedy. — The Times. 

'.' Mrs. Gamp and Mrs. Harris have 
Parisian sisters in Mde. Pochet and 
Mde. Gibou, by Henri Monnier (1805- 
x877). 

Harris. (See Slawken-Bergius.) 

Harrison (Dr.), the model of 
benevolence, who nevertheless takes in 
execution the goods and person of his 
friend Booth, because Booth, while plead- 
ing poverty, was buying expensive and 
needless jewellery. — Fielding: Amelia 
(i75i)- 

Harrison (Major-General), one of 
the parliamentary commissioners. — Sir 
W. Scott: Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Harrison, the old steward of lady 
Bellenden, of the Tower of Tillietudlem. 
— Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality (time, 
Charles II.). 

Har'rowby (John), of Stocks Green, 
a homely, kind-hearted, honest Kentish 
farmer, with whom lieutenant Worth- 
ington and his daughter Emily take 
lodgings. Though most desirous of 
showing his lodger kindness, he is con- 
stantly wounding his susceptibilities from 
blunt honesty and want of tact. 

Dame Harrowby, wife of Farmer Har- 
rowby 

Stphen Harrowby, son of Farmer 
Harrowby, who has a mania for soldier- 
ing, and calls himself "a perspiring 
young hero." 



Mary Harrowby, daughter of Farmer 
Harrowby. — Colman: The Poor Gentle- 
man (1802). 

HARRY (Sir), the servant of a 
baronet. He assumed the airs and title 
of his master, and was addressed as 
"Baronet," or "sir Harry." He even 
quotes a bit of Latin : " O tempora ! O 
Moses ! "—Rev. J. Townley: High Life 
Below Stairs (1759). 

Harry (Blind), a British minstrel, who 
wrote in ten-syllable couplets the romance 
of Wallace (about 1400). 

Harry (Blind), the minstrel, friend of 
Henry Smith. —Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Harry (The Great), a man-of-war 
built in the reign of Henry VII. It was 
destroyed by fire in 1553. 

Towered the Great Harry, crank and talL 

Longfellow: The Building of the Ship. 

N.B. — Henri Grace de Dieu was 
quite another vessel. It was built by 
Henry VIII., and was 1000 tons burthen. 

Harry Paddington, a highway- 
man in the gang of captain Macheath. 
Peachum calls him "a poor, petty-lar- 
ceny rascal, without the least genius ; " 
and says, ' ■ even if the fellow were to live 
six months, he would never come to the 
gallows with credit. " — Gay : The Beggar's 
Opera (1727}. 

Hart Royal (A). A stag not less 
than six years old is a hart, and if it had 
been hunted by the king and escaped 
alive it was called a hart royal. If in 
the hunt a hart wandered out of the 
forest, the king issued a proclamation 
that no one should hurt it, and when it 
was brought back to the forest it was 
called a ' ' hart royal proclaimed." Every 
hart royal has its antlers. 

Hart 'house (2 syl.), a young man 
who begins life as a cornet of dragoons, 
but, being bored with everything, coaches 
himself up in statistics, and comes to 
Coketown to study facts. He falls in 
love with Louisa [ntfe Gradgrind], wife 
of Josiah Bounderby, banker and mill- 
owner, but, failing to induce the young 
wife to elope with him, he leaves the 
place. — Dickens: Hard Times (1854). 

Hartley (Adam), afterwards Dr. 
Hartley. Apprentice to Dr. Gray. — Sit 
W. Scott : The Surgeon's Daughter (time, 
George II.). 



HARTWELL. 

Hartwell (Lady), a widow, courted 
by Fountain, Bellamore, and Harebrain. 
— Fletcher: Wit without Money (1639). 

Hardt and Marut, two angels 
sent by Allah to administer justice upon 
earth, because there was no righteous 
judgment among men. They acted well 
till Zoha'ra, a beautiful woman, applied 
to them, and then they both fell in love 
with her. She asked them to tell her the 
secret name of God, and immediately she 
uttered it, she was borne upwards into 
heaven, where she became the planet 
Venus. As for the two angels, they were 
imprisoned in a cave near Babylon. — 
Sale's Kordn, ii. 

Allah bade 
That two untempted spirits should descend. 



473 



HASTINGS. 



Judges on earth. Haruth and Maruth went. 
The chosen sentencers. They fairly heard 
The appeals of men. ... At length 



A woman came before them ; beautiful 
Zohara was, etc 

Southey: Thalaba the Destroyer, iv. (1797). 

Harvest Bells, the Gentiana 
pneumonthe, the flowers of which are 
bell-shaped, intensely blue, in pride about 
September. 

HASSAN, caliph of the Ottoman 
empire, noted for his splendour and hos- 
pitality. In his seraglio was a beautiful 
young slave named Leila (2 syl. ), who had 
formed an attachment to " the Giaour " 
(2 syl.). Leila is put to death by the 
emir, and Hassan is slain neai mount 
Parnassus by the giaour \djow'-er\ — 
Byron ; The Giaour (1813). 

Hassan, the story-teller, in the retinue 
of the Arabian physician. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Hassan (A I), the Arabian emir of 
Persia, father of Hinda. He won the 
battle of Cadessia, and thus became 
master of Persia. — Moore 1 Ixtlla Rookh 
("The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

Hassan, sumamed Al Habbal ("the 
ropemaker"), and subsequently Cogia 
("merchant"); his full name was then 
Cogia Hassan Alhabbal. Two friends, 
named Saad and Saadi, tried an experi- 
ment on him. Saadi gave him 200 pi' cos 
of gold, in order to see if it would raise 
him from extreme poverty to affluence. 
Hassan took ten pieces for immediate use, 
and sewed the rest in his turban ; but a 
kite pounced on his turban and carried it 
awny. The two friends, after a time, 
visited Hassan again, but found him in 
the same state of poverty; and, havii g 
heard his tale, Saadi gave him another 



200 pieces of gold. Again he took out ten 
pieces, and, wrapping the rest in a linen 
rag, hid it in a jar of bran. While Has- 
san was at work, his wife exchanged this 
jar of bran for fuller's earth, and again 
the condition of the man was not bettered 
by the gift. Saad now gave the rope- 
maker a small piece of lead, and this 
made his fortune thus : A fisherman 
wanted a piece of lead for his nets, and 
promised to give Hassan for Saad's piece 
whatever he caught in his first draught. 
This was a large fish, and in it the wife 
found a splendid diamond, which was sold 
for ioo.ooo pieces of gold. Hassan now 
became very rich, and when the two friends 
visited him again, they found him a man 
of consequence. He asked them to stay 
with him, and took them to his country 
bouse, when one of his sons showed him 
a curious nest, made out of a turban. 
This was the very turban which the kite 
had carried off, and the money was found 
in the lining. As they returned to the 
city, they stopped and purchased a jar of 
bran. This happened to be the very jar 
which the wife had given in exchange, 
and the money was discovered wrapped 
in linen at the bottom. Hassan was 
delighted, and gave the 380 pieces to the 
poor. — Arabian Nights ("Cogia Hassan 
Alhabbal "). 

Hassan (Abou), the son of a rich 

merchant of Bagdad, and the hero of the 
tale called " The Sleeper Awakened " 
(a.v.). — Arabian Nights. 

Hassan Agfa, an infamous renegade, 
who reigned in Algiers, and was the 
sovereign there when Cervantes (author 
of Don Quixote) was taken captive by a 
Barbary corsair in 1574. Subsequently, 
Hassan bought the captive for 500 ducats, 
and he remained a slave till he was re- 
deemed by a friar for 1000 ducats. 

Every day this Hassan Aga was hanging one, Im- 
paling another, cutting off the ears or breaking the 
limbs of a third . . . out of mere wantonness.— 
Cervantes (1605). 

Hassan ben Sabah, the old man 

of the mountain, founder of the sect 
called the Assassins. 

Dr. Adam Clark has supplemented 
Rymer's Fasdera with two letters by this 
sheik. This is not the place to point out 
the want of judgment in these addenda, 

Hastie (Robin), the smuggler and 
publican at Annan. — Sir W. Scott : Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Hastings, the friend of young 



HASTINGS. 



474 



HATTO. 



Marlow, who entered with* him the house 
of squire Hardcastle, which they mistook 
for an inn. Here the two young men 
met Miss Hardcastle and Miss Neville. 
Marlow became the husband of the 
former ; and Hastings, by the aid of Tony 
Lumpkin, won the latter. — Goldsmith: 
She Stoops to Conquer (1773). 

Hastings, one of the court of king 
Edward IV.— Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV. ). 

Haswell, the benevolent physician 
who visited the Indian prisons, and for 
his moderation, benevolence, and judg- 
ment, received the sultan's signet, which 
gave him unlimited power. — Mrs. Inch- 
bald: Such Things Are (1786). 

Hat (A White) used to be a mark of 
radical proclivities, because orator Hunt, 
the great demagogue, used to wear a 
white hat during the Wellington and 
Peel administration. 

Hat worn in the Royal Pre- 
sence. Lord Kingsale acquired the 
right of wearing his hat in the presence 
of royalty by a grant from king John. 
Lord Forester is possessed of the same 
right, from a grant confirmed by Henry 
VIII. 

N.B.— All Spanish grandees had, at 
one time, the privilege of being covered 
in the presence of the monarch. Hence, 
when the duke of Alva presented himself 
before Margaret duchess of Parma, she 
bade him to remain covered. — Motley: 
The Dutch Republic, part iii. 

Hats and Caps, two political 
factions of Sweden in the eighteenth 
century. The ' ' Hats " were partisans in 
the French interest, and were so called 
because they wore French chapeaux. 
The "Caps" were partisans in the 
Russian interest, and were so called be- 
cause they wore the Russian caps as a 
badge of their party. 

Hatchet, a harlot. (See Rabelais : 
Pantag'ruel, bk. iv. prologue.) 

Hatchway {Lieutenant Jack), a 
. retired naval officer on half-pay, living 
with commodore Trunnion as a com- 
panion. — Smollett: The Adve?itures of 
Peregrin* Pickle (1751). 

Who can read the calamities of Trunnion and 
Hatchway, when run away with by their mettled 
steeds . . . without a good hearty bunt of honest 
aughteri— Sir W. Scott. 

Hatef [i.e. the deadly], one of Ma- 
homet's swords, confiscated from the 
Jews when they were exiled from Medi'na. 



Hater. Dr. Johnson said, "Sir, 1 
like a good hater." This is not alto- 
gether out of character with the words, 
" Thou art neither cold nor hot : I would 
thou wert cold or hot " (Rev. iii. 15). 

Rough Johnson, the great moralist, professed 
Right honestly he "liked an honest hater." 

Byron : Don yuan, xiii. 7 (i8»i). 

Hatim (Generous as), an Arabian 
expression. Hatim was a Bedouin chief, 
famous for his warlike deeds and bound- 
less generosity. His son was contem- 
porary with Mahomet the prophet. 

Hatter. Mad as a hatter, or mad 
as a viper. Atter is Anglo-Saxon for 
" adder " or " viper," so called from its 
venomous character ; dter, ' ' poison ; " 
atter-drink or dttor-drink, ' ' a poisonous 
drink ; " dttor-Hc, " snake-like." 

Hatteraick (Dirk), alias Jans Jan- 
son, a Dutch smuggler-captain, and 
accomplice of lawyer Glossin in kid- 
napping Henry Bertrand. Meg Merrilies 
conducts young Hazlewood and others to 
the smuggler's cave, when Hatteraick 
shoots her, is seized, and imprisoned. 
Lawyer Glossin visits the villain in 
prison, when a quarrel ensues, in which 
Hatteraick strangles the lawyer, and then 
hangs himself. — Sir IV. Scott: Guy Man- 
nering (time, George II.). 

Hatto, archbishop of Mentz, was 
devoured by mice in the Mouse-tower, 
situate in a little green island in the 
midst of the Rhine, near the town of 
Bing'en. Some say he was eaten by rats, 
and Southey, in his ballad called God's 
Judgment on a Wicked Bishop, has 
adopted the latter tradition. 

This Hatto, in the time of the great famine of 914, 
when he saw the poor exceedingly oppressed by 
famine, assembled a great company of them together 
into a barne at Kaub, and burnt them . . . because he 
thought the famine would sooner cease If those poor 
folks were despatched out of the world, for, like mice, 
they only devour food, and are of no good whatsoever 
. . . But God . . . sent against him a plague of mice, 
. . . and the prelate retreated to a tower in the Rhine 
as a sanctuary ; . . . but the mice chased him continu- 
ally, . . . and at last he was most miserably devoured 
by those sillie creatures. — Coryat : Crudities, 571, 572. 

(Giraldus Cambrensis, in his Itinerary, 
xi. 2, says, " the larger sort of mice are 
called rati." This may account for the 
substitution of rats for mice in the 
legend. ) 

IT The legend of Hatto is very common, 
as the following stories will prove : — 

( 1 ) Widerolf, bishop of Strasburg (997), 
was devoured by mice in the seventeenth 
year of his episcopate, because he sup- 



HATTON. 

pressed the convent of Seltzen on the 
Rhine. 

(2) Bishop Adolf, of Cologne, was de- 
voured by mice or rats in 11 12. 

(3) Freiherrvon Giittingen collected the 
poor in a great barn, and burnt them to 
death, mocking their cries of agony. 
He, like Hatto, was invaded by mice, 
ran to his castle of Giittingen, in the 
lake of Constance, whither the vermin 
pursued him, and ate him alive. The 
Swiss legend says the castle sank in the 
lake, and may still be seen. Freiherr 
von Giittingen had three castles, one of 
which was Moosburg. 

(4) Count Graaf, in order to enrich 
himself, bought up all the corn. One 
year a sad famine prevailed, and the. 
count expected to reap a rich harvest by 
his speculation ; but an army of rats, 
pressed by hunger, invaded his barns, 
and, swarming into his Rhine tower, fell 
on the old baron, worried him to d-eath, 
and then devoured him. — Legends of the 
Rhine. 

(5) A similar story is told by William 
of Malmesbury, History, ii. 313 (Bohn's 
edit.). 

(Some of the legends state that the 
" mice " were in reality " the souls of the 
murdered people.") 

Mauth, in German, means a toll or custom-house, 
and probably gave rise to these traditions, for a toll on 
corn was always unpopular. Mauth tower, Maus 
tower, and Moose tower are quite near enough to be 
interchangeable. 

Hatton (Sir Christopher), " the 
dancing chancellor." He first attracted 
the attention of queen Elizabeth by his 
graceful dancing at a masque. He was 
made by her chancellor and knight of 
the Garter. 

IT M. De Lauzun, the favourite of 
Louis XIV., owed his fortune also to the 
manner in which he danced in the king's 
quadrille. 

You'll know sir Christopher by his turning out his 
toes, — famous, you know, for his dancing. — Sheridan : 
The Critic, ii. i (1770). 

Haud passibus sequis ( ' ' not with 
equal strides "), a rival, but not an equal. 
Impar congressus Achilli. 

Haunted Man ( The), Redlaw. in the 
Christmas tale so called by Dickens 
(1847). 

Hautlieu (Sir Artevan de), in the in- 
troduction of sir W. Scott's Count Robert 
of Pans (time, kufus). 

Hautlieu ( The lady Margaret de), fi rst 
disguised as sister Ursula, and afterwards 



475 HAVISHAM. 

affianced to sir Malcolm Fleming. — Sir 
I V. Scott : Castle Dangerous (time, Henry 

Hautlieu =■ Ho-la. 

Havelok (2 syl.) or Hablok, the 

orphan son of Birkabegn king of Den- 
mark, was exposed at sea through the 
treachery of his guardians. The raft 
drifted to the coast of Lincolnshire, 
where it was discovered by Grim, a fisher- 
man, who reared the young foundling as 
his own son. It happened that some 
twenty years later certain English nobles 
usurped the dominions of an English 
princess, and, to prevent her gaining any 
access of power by a noble alliance, 
resolved to marry her to a peasant. 
Young Havelok was selected as the 
bridegroom, but having discovered the 
story of his birth, he applied to his 
father Birkabegn for aid in recovering 
his wife's possessions. The king afforded 
him the aid required, and the young 
foundling became in due time both king 
of Denmark and king of that part of 
England which belonged to him in right 
of his wife. — Haveloc the Dane (by the 
trouveurs). 

The ancient seal of the town of Grimsby contained 
the names of " Gryme and Havloc" 

Havisham (Miss), an old spinster 
who lived in Satis House, the daughter of 
a rich brewer. She was engaged to be 
married to Compeyson, who threw her 
over on the wedding morn. From this 
moment she became fossilized, always 
wore her wedding-dress, with a lace veil 
from head to foot, white satin shoes, 
bridal flowers in her hair, jewels round 
her neck and on her fingers. She adopted 
a little girl, three years old, who married 
and left her. She somehow set fire to 
herself, and, though Pip succeeded in 
saving her, she died soon after from the 
shock ; and Satis House was pulled down. 

Estella Havisham, the adopted child of 
Miss Havisham, by whom she was brought 
up. She was proud, handsome, and self- 
possessed. Pip loved her, and probably 
she reciprocated his love, but she married 
Bentley Drummle, who ill-treated her, 
and died, leaving her a young widow. 
The tale ends with these words — 

I [Pi/>~\ took her hand in mine, and we went out of 
the ruined place. As the morning mists had risen 
. . . when I first left the forge, so the evening were 
rising now; and . . . I saw no shadow of another part* 
Ing from her. — Dickens : Great Expectations (i860). 

N. B. — Estella was the natural daughter 
of Mag witch (the convict) and Molly 



HAVRE. 



476 



HEADSTONE. 



the housekeper of Mr. Jaggers the lawyer. 
It was Jaggers who introduced the child 
at the age of three to Miss Havisham to 
adopt. 

Havre, in France, is a contraction of 
Le havre de notre dame de Grace. 

Haw'cubite (3 syL), a street bully. 
After the R estoration, we had a succession 
of these disturbers of the peace : first 
came the Muns, then followed the Tityre 
Tiis, the Hectors, the Scourers, the 
Nickers, the Hawcubites, and after them 
the Mohawks, the most dreaded of alL 

Hawk (Sir Mulberry), the bear- 
leader of lord Frederick Verisopht. He 
is a most unprincipled roue", who sponges 
on his lordship, snubs^him, and despises 
him. "Sir Mulberry was remarkable for 
his tact in ruining young gentlemen of 
fortune. " 

With all the boldness of an original genius, sir Mul- 
berry had struck out an entirely new course of treat- 
ment, quite opposed to the usual method, his cnstom 
being . , . to keep down those he took in hand, and to 

five them their own way . . . Thus he made them his 
utts in a double sense, for he emptied them with good 
address, and made them the laughing-stocks of society. 
—Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby, xix. (1838). 

Hawk. To know a hawk from a hand- 
saw, a corruption of "from a hernshaw " 
(i.e. a heron), meaning that one is so 
ignorant that he does not know a hawk 
from a heron — the bird of prey from the 
game flown at. The Latin proverb is, 
Ignorat quid distent cera lupfnis (" He 
does not know sterling money from 
counters"). Counters used in games 
were by the Romans called " lupins." 

Hawkey e. So Deer slayer (Natty 
Bumppo)- is called by the red man, or 
Mingo. — Fenimore Cooper: The Deer- 
slayer, chap. vii. (1841). 

Hawkins, boatswain of the pirate 
vessel.— Sir W. Scott: The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

Hawthorn, a jolly, generous old 
fellow, of jovial spirit, and ready to do 
any one a kindness ; consequently, every- 
body loves him. He is one of those rare, 
unselfish beings, who " loves his neigh- 
bour better than himself." — Bickerstaff : 
Love in a Village (1762). 

Dignum[i76s-i827], in such parts as " Hawthorn,"was 
superior to every actor since the days of Beard.— Dic- 
tionary 0/ Musicians. 

Hay (Colonel), in the king's army. — 
Sir IV. Scott: Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I.). 

Hay (J«hn) fisherman near Elian- 



go wan. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

Haydn could never compose a single 
bar of music unless he could see on his 
finger the diamond ring given him by 
Frederick II. 

Haysel or Haysele, means the hay- 
time or season ; as barksel is the season 
for stripping the oak bark for tanning. 
(Anglo-Saxon, .^s/," season," "time.") In 
East Anglia these terms are still in use^ 
men give each other ' ' the sal of the 
daj ; " and speaking of a scapegrace's 
irregularities, he is said to come in "at 
all meals and sals." 

Hayston (Frank), laird of Bucklaw 
and afterwards of Girnington. In order 
to retrieve a broken fortune, a marriage 
was arranged between Hayston and Lucy 
Ashton. Lucy, being told that her plighted 
lover (Edgar master of Ravenswood) was 
unfaithful, assented to the family arrange- 
ment, but stabbed her husband on the 
wedding night, went mad, and died. 
Frank Hayston recovered from his wound 
and went abroad. — Sir IV. Scott: Bride 
of Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

(In Donizetti's opera, Hayston is 
called " Arturio.") 

Hazlewood (Sir Robert), the old 
baronet of Hazlewood. 

Charles Hazlewood, son of sir Robert. 
In love with Lucy Bertram, whom he 
marries. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Manner ing 
(time, George II. ). 

Headed. Soft-headed. To have one's 
upper rooms unfurnished. In French, 
Avoir bien des chambres a louet dans sa 
tete. 

Heading's of a Chapter (The), a 
brief summary of the contents. The heads 
of a sermon are its main divisions ; the 
heads of a speech, the items dwelt on. 

Head'rigg (Cuddie), a ploughman in 
lady Bellenden's service. (Cuddie = 
Cuthbert.)— SirW. Scott: Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Headstone (Bradley), a schoolmaster, 
of very determinate character and violent 
passion. He loves Lizzie Hexham with 
an irresistible mad love, and tries to kill 
Eugene Wrayburn out of jealousy. Grap- 
pling with Rogue Riderhood on Plash- 
wood Bridge, Riderhood fell backwards 
into the smooth pit, and Headstone over 
him. Both of them perished in the grasp 
of a death-struggle. — Dickens : Out 
Mutual Friend (1864). 






HEART OF ENGLAND. 477 

Heart of England ( The) , Warwick- 
shire, the middle county. 

That shire which we "The Heart of England " call. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Heart of Midlothian, the old jail 
or tolbooth of Edinburgh, taken down in 
1817. 

Sir Walter Scott has a novel so called 
(18 18), the plot of which is as follows : — 
Effie Deans, the daughter of a Scotch 
cow-feeder, is seduced by George Staun- 
ton, son of the rector of Willingham ; 
and Jeanie is cited as a witness on the 
trial which ensues, by which Effie is 
sentenced to death for child-murder. 
Jeanie promises to go to London and ask 
the king to pardon her half-sister, and, 
after various perils, arrives at her desti- 
nation. She lays her case before the duke 
of Argyll, who takes her in his carriage to 
Richmond, and obtains for her an inter- 
view with the queen, who promises to 
intercede with his majesty (George II.) 
on her sister's behalf. In due time the 
royal pardon is sent to Edinburgh, Effie 
is released, and marries her seducer, now 
sir George Staunton ; but soon after the 
marriage sir George is shot by a gipsy 
boy, who is in reality his illegitimate 
son. On the death of her husband, lady 
Staunton retires to a convent on the Con- 
tinent. Jeanie marries Reuben Butler 
the presbyterian minister. The novel 
opens with the Porteous riots. 

Heartall ( Governor), an old bachelor, 
peppery in temper, but with a generous 
heart and unbounded benevolence. He is 
as simple-minded as a child, and loves 
his young nephew almost to adoration. 

Frank Heartall, the governor's nephew ; 
impulsive, free-handed, and free-hearted, 
benevolent and frank. He falls in love 
with the Widow Cheerly, the daughter of 
colonel Woodley, whom he sees first at 
the opera. Ferret, a calumniating rascal, 
tries to do mischief, but is utterly foiled. 
— Cherry : The Soldier s Daughter (1804). 

Heartfree [Jack), a railer against 
women and against marriage. He falls 
half in love with lady Fanciful, on whom 
he rails, and marries Belinda. — Van- 
brugh : The Provoked Wife (1693). 

Hearth Tax (The), 1662, a tax of 
two shillings for every stove and fire- 
hearth, payable on the feast of St. 
Michael and the feast of "the Blessed 
Virgin Mary" (13, 14 Car. II. cap. 20). 
Repealed in 1689 by William III. 

Heartwell, Modely's friend. He 



HEBREW MELODIES. 



falls in love with Flora, a niece of old 
Farmer Freehold. They marry, and are 
happy. — J. P. Kemble: The Farm-house. 
Heathen Chinee ( The), a humorous 
poem by Bret Harte, an American hu- 
mourist. It begins thus — 

Which I wish to remark,— 

And my language is plain,— 
That for ways that are dark. 

And for tricks that are vain. 
The heathen Chinee is peculiar. 

Which the same I would rise to explain. 
Bret Harte: The Heathen Chinee (187$. 

Heatherblutter (John), gamekeeper 
of the baron of Bradwardine (3 syl. ) at 
Tully Veolan. — Sir W. Scott : Waver ley 
(time, George II.). 

Heaven, according to Dante, begins 
from the top of mount Purgatory, and 
rises upwards through the seven planetary 
spheres, the sphere of the fixed stars, the 
primum mobile, and terminates with the 
empyreum, which is the seat of God. 
(See Paradise.) Milton preserves the 
same divisions. He says, * ' they who to 
be sure of paradise, dying put on the garb 
of monks " — 

. . . pass the planets seven, and pass the " fixt. 
And that crystallin sphere whose balance weighs 
The trepidation talked, and that first moved . . . and 

now 
At foot of heaven's ascent they lift their feet, when lo 1 
A violent cross wind . . . blows them . . . awry 
Into the devious air. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iii. 481, etc (1665). 

Heaven and Earth (A Mystery), a 
dramatic poem by lord Byron (1822), 
founded on the text — 

And it came to pass . . . that the sons of God saw 
the daughters of men, that they were fair ; and they 
took them wives of all whom they chose.— Gen. vi. a. 

Heaven-sent Minister (The), 
William Pitt (1759-1806). 

Hebe (2 syl.), goddess of youth, and 
cup-bearer of the immortals before 
Ganymede superseded her. She was the 
wife of Hercules, and had the power of 
making the aged young again. (Sf** 
Plousina.) 

Hebes are they to hand ambrosia, mix 
The nectar. 

Tennyson : The Princess, ill. 

Hebreo'ram Contuber'nium, the 

Ghetto of Rome ; so called because it was 
the quarter assigned to the Jews. It was 
guarded by Roman halberdiers, who 
opened the five massive gates at sunrise 
to let the Jews into the city, and closed 
them at sunset. In London the Jews' 
quarter was Jewry. 

Hebrew Melodies, a series of 
twenty-three p**"*ns, by lord Byron : the 
last but one is that exquisite poem, The 
Destruction of [the army of] Sennacherib 



HEBRON. 



478 



HEIMDALL. 



Heb'ron, in the first part of Absalom 
and Achitophel, by Dryden, stands for 
Holland ; but in the second part, by 
Tate, it stands for Scotland. Hebronite 
similarly means in one case a Hollander, 
and in the other a Scotchman. 

Hec'ate (2 syl.), called in classic 
mythology Hed-a-te (3 syl.) ; a triple 
deity, being Luna in heaven, Dian'a on 
earth, and Proserpine (3 syl.) in hell. 
Hecate presided over magic and enchant- 
ments, and was generally represented as 
having the head of a horse, dog, or boar, 
though sometimes she is represented with 
three bodies, and three heads looking 
different ways. Shakespeare introduces 
her in his tragedy of Macbeth (act iii. 
sc. 5), as queen of the witches ; but the 
witches of Macbeth have been largely 
borrowed from a drama called The H itch, 
by Thorn. Middleton (died 1626). The 
following is a specimen of this indebted- 
ness : — 

Hecate. Black spirits and white, red spirits and grey. 

Mingle, mingle, mingle, you that mingle may . . . 
1st Witch, Here's the blood of a bat. 
Hecate. Put in that, oh put in that 
and Witch. Here's libbard's bane. 
Hecate. Put in again, etc., etc. 

Middleton : The Witch. 
And yonder pale-faced Hecate there, the moon, 
Doth give consent to that is done in darkness. 

Kyd : The Spanish Tragedy (iS97>- 

Hector, one of the sons of Priam 
king of Troy. This bravest and ablest 
of all the Trojan chiefs was generalissimo 
of the allied armies, and was slain in the 
last year of the war by Achillas, who, 
with barbarous fury, dragged the dead 
body insultingly thrice round the tomb of 
Patroclos and the walls of the beleagured 
city. — Homer: Iliad. 

Hector de Mares (1 syl.), or 
Marys, a knight of the Round Table, 
brother of sir Launcelot du Lac. 

The gentle Gaw'ain's courteous love, 
Hector de Mares, and Pellinore. 
Sir W. Scott: Bridal of Trier main, ii. 13 (1813). 

Hector of Germany, Joachim II. 
elector of Brandenburg (1514-1571). 

Hector of the Mist, an outlaw, 
killed by Allan M'Aulay.— Sir W. Scott: 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Hectors, street bullies. Since the 
Restoration, we have had a succession of 
street brawlers, as the Muns, the Tityre 
Tus, the Hectors, the Scourers, the 
Nickers, the Hawcubites, and, lastly, the 
Mohawks, worst of them all. 

Hedge-hog, i.e. the edge-hog— the 
' ho^ " with spines or sharp points. 



Hedging", in the language of the turf, 
is so betting pro and con. that, whether the 
race is won or lost, the better is the 
gainer. 

Heels (Out at). Out at heels. In 
French, // a des bas trouis, or Les bas ont 
des trous aux talons. 

Heeltap [Crispin), a cobbler, and 
one of the corporation of Garratt, of 
which Jerry Sneak is chosen mayor. — 
Foote : The Mayor of Garratt (1763). 

Heep (Uri'ah), a. detestable sneak, 
who is everlastingly forcing on one's 
attention that he is so 'umble. Uriah 
is Mr. Wickfield's clerk, and, with all 
his ostentatious 'umility, is most design- 
ing, malignant, and intermeddling. His 
infamy is dragged to light by Mr. 
Micawber. 

" I am well aware that I am the 'umblest person going, 
let the other be who he may. My mother is likewise 
a very 'umble person. We live in an 'umble abode, 
Master Copperneld, but have much to be thankful for. 
My father's former calling was 'umble — he was a 
sexton."— Dickens: David Copperfield, xvi. (1849). 

Heidelberg (Mrs.), the widow of a 
wealthy Dutch merchant, who kept her 
brother's house (Mr. Sterling, a City 
merchant). She was very vulgar, and, 
"knowing the strength of her purse, 
domineered on the credit of it." Mrs. 
Heidelberg had most exalted not ons 
"of the qualaty," and a "perfect con- 
tempt for everything that did not smack 
of high life." Her English was certainly 
faulty, as the following specimens will 
show '.—farden, wulgar, spurrir, pertest, 
Swish, kivers, purliteness, etc. She spoke 
of a pictur by Raphael-Angelo, a po-shay, 
dish-abille, parfet naturals [idiots], most 
genteelest, and so on. When thwarted in 
her overbearing ways, she threatened to 
leave the house and go to Holland to live 
with her husband's cousin, Mr. Vander- 
spracken. — Colman and Garrick : The 
Clandestine Marriage (1766). 

Heimdall (2 syl.), in Celtic mytho- 
logy, was the son of nine virgin sisters. 
He dwelt in the celestial fort Himins- 
biorg, under the extremity of the rain- 
bow. His ear was so acute that he could 
hear " the wool grow on the sheep's 
back, and the grass in the meadows." 
Heimdall was the watch or sentinel of 
Asgard (Olympus), and even in his sleep 
was able to see everything that transpired. 
(See Fine-kar, p. 367.) 

Heimdall s Horn. At the end of th« 
world, Heimdall will wake the gods with 
his horn, when they will be attacked by 



HEINRICH. 



479 



HELEN. 



Muspell, Loki, the wolf Fenris, and the 
lerpent jormungandar. 

And much he talked of . . . 
And Heimdal's hom and the day of doom. 
Longfellow : The Wayside Inn (interlude, 1863). 

Heinrich (Poor) or "Poor Henry," 
the hero and title of a minnesong, by 
Hartmann von der Aue [Our], Heinrich 
was a rich nobleman, struck with leprosy, 
and was told he would never recover till 
some virgin of spotless purity volun- 
teered to die on his behalf. As Heinrich 
neither hoped nor even wished for such 
a sacrifice, he gave the main part of his 
possessions to the poor, and went to live 
with a poor tenant farmer, who was one 
of his vassals. The daughter of this 
farmer heard by accident on what the 
cure of the leper depended, and went to 
Salerno to offer herself as the victim. 
No sooner was the offer made than the 
lord was cured, and the damsel became 
his wife (twelfth century). 

(This tale forms the subject of Long- 
fellow's Golden Legend, 1851.) 

Heir-at-Law. Baron Duberly being 
dead, his "heir-at-law " was Henry Mor- 
land, supposed to be drowned at sea, and 
the next heir was Daniel Dowlas, a 
shandler of Gosport. Scarcely had 
Daniel been raised to his new dignity, 
when Henry Morland, who had been 
cast on Cape Breton, made his appear- 
ance, and the whole aspect of affairs was 
changed. That Dowlas might still live 
in comfort, suitable to his limited am- 
bition, the heir of the barony settled on 
him a small life annuity. — Co/man : Heir- 
at-Law (1797). 

Heir of Linne (The), a ballad in 
two parts, date and author unknown. 
Having spent all his money in riotous 
living, he sold his estates to John o' the 
Scales for a third of their value, reserving 
for himself only "a poor and lanesome 
lodge, that stood far off in a lonely glen " 
— in accordance with his father's dying 
wish — 

For when ail the world doth frown on the*. 
Thou there shalt find a faithful friend. 

After he had spent this money also, he 
hied to the lodge, and hung himself with 
a rope he found hanging there ; this rope 
broke, and in his fall he discovered three 
chests full of money. He now went and 
asked John o' the Scales to lend him forty 
pence, which he refused to do. One of 
the guests reproved him, saying he had 
made a capital bargain. " Bargain I " 
cried Scales , " why, he shall have it back 



for a hundred marks less than I gave for 
it." " Done ! " said the heir of Linne, and, 
to John's mortification, laid the money on 
the table. Thus he recovered his estates, 
and made the guest who befriended him 
his forester and bailiff. 

Heir of Redcliffe ( The), a novel by 

Miss Young (1853). 

HeVa, queen of the dead. She is 
daughter of Loki and Angurbo'da (a 
giantess). Her abode, called Helheim, 
was a vast castle in Niflheim, in the midst 
of eternal snow and darkness. 

Down the yawning steep he rode. 
That leads to Hela's drear abode. 

Gray ; Descent of Odin (1757). 

HELEN, wife of Menelaos of Sparta. 
She eloped with Paris, a Trojan prince, 
while he was the guest of the Spartan 
king. Menelaos, to avenge this wrong, 
induced the allied armies of Greece to in- 
invest Troy ; and, after a siege often years, 
the city was taken and burnt to the ground. 

IT A parallel incident occurred in 
Ireland. Dervorghal, wife of Tiernan 
O'Ruark, an Irish chief who held the 
county of Leitrim, eloped with Dermod 
M'Murchad prince of Leinster. Tiernan 
induced O'Connor king of Connaught to 
avenge this wrong. So O'Connor drove 
Dermod from his throne. Dermod ap- 
plied to Henry II. of England, and this 
was the incident which brought about 
the conquest of Ireland (1172). — Leland: 
History of Ireland (1773). (See also 
Florinda, p. 377.) 

Helen, the heroine of Miss Edge- 
worth's novel of the same name. This 
was her last and most popular tale (1834). 

Helen, cousin of Modus the book- 
worm. She loved her cousin, and taught 
him there was a better " art of love " than 
that written by Ovid. — Knowles : The 
Hunchback (1831), 

Miss Taylor was the original "Helen," and her per- 
formance was universally pronounced to be exquisite 
and unsurpassable. On one occasion, Mr. Knowles 
admired a rose which Miss Taylor wore in the part, and 
after the play she sent it him. The poet, in reply, sent 
the lady a copy of verses. —Walter Lacy. 

Helen (Lady), in love with sir Edward 
Mortimer. Her uncle insulted sir 
Edward in a county assembly, struck 
him down, and trampled on him. Sir 
Edward, returning home, encountered th& 
drunken ruffian and murdered him. He 
was tried for the crime, and acquitted 
" without a stain upon his character ; " but 
the knowledge of his deed preyed upon 
his mind, so that he could not marry the 



HELEN. 



480 



HELENA. 



niece of the murdered man. After lead- 
ing a life of utter wretchedness, sir 
Edward told Helen that he was the 
murderer of her uncle, and died. — 
Colman: The Iron Chest (1796). 

Helen [Hesketh" the heroine of 
Lockhart's novel calle^ Reginald Dalton 
(1823). 

Helen [Mowbray], in love with Wal- 
singham. " Of all grace the pattern — 
person, feature, mind, heart, everything, 
as nature had essayed to frame a work 
where none could find a flaw." Allured 
by lord Athunree to a house of ill-fame, 
under pretence of doing a work of charity, 
she was seen by Walsingham as she came 
out, and he abandoned her as a wanton. 
She then assumed male attire, with the 
name" of Eustace. Walsingham became 
her friend, was told that Eustace was 
Helen's brother, and finally discovered 
that Eustace was Helen herself. The 
mystery being cleared up, they became 
man and wife. — Knowles ; Woman s Wit, 
etc. (1838). 

Helen of Xirconnell, a ballad. 
The story is that Helen, a Scotch lady, 
was the lady-love of Adam Flemming; 
and one day standing on the banks of a 
river, a rival suitor pointed his gun at 
Adam, when Helen threw herself before 
him and was shot dead. The two rivals 
then fought, and the murderer fell and 
was slain. 

•.• Wordsworth embodies the same 
story in his Ellen Irwin; and John 
Mayne, a ballad, was published by sir 
Walter Scott in 1815. 

Helen of One's Troy, the ambi- 
tion of our heart, the object for which 
we live and die. The allusion, of course, 
is to that Helen who eloped with Paris, 

ind thus brought about the siege and 

lestruction of Troy. 

For which men all the life they here enjoy 
Still fight, as for the Helens of their Troy. 

Lord Brooke : Treatie of Humane Learning 
(1554-1628). 

Helen's Pire {feu dHilene), a 
corposant, called "St. Helme's" or "St. 
Elmo's fire " by the Spaniards ; the " fires 
of St. Peter and St. Nicholas " by the 
Italians; and "Castor and Pollux" by 
the ancient Romans. This electric light 
will sometimes play about the masts of 
ships. If only one appears, foul weather 
may be looked for ; but if two or more 
flames appear, the worst of the storm 
is over. 



Whene'er the sons of Led* shed 
Their star-lamps on our vessel's head. 
The storm-winds cease, the troubled spray 
Falls from the rocks, clouds pass away, 
And on the bosom of the deep 
In peace the angTy billows sleep. 

E. C. B.—Horau: Odes, xIL 35-31, 

Hel'ena {St. ), daughter of Coel duke 
of Colchester and afterwards king ot 
Britain. She married Constantius (a 
Roman senator, who succeeded "Old 
king Cole "), and became the mother of 
Cons"tantine the Great. Constantius died 
at York ( A.D. 306). Helena is said to have 
discovered at Jerusalem the sepulchre 
and cross of Jesus Christ. — Geoffrey: 
British History, v. 6 (1142). 

IT This legend is told of the Col- 
chester arms, which consist of a cross and 
three crowns (two atop and one at the 
foot of the cross). 

At a considerable depth beneath the surface of the 
earth were found three crosses, which were instantly 
recognized as those on which Christ and the two thieves 
had suffered death. To ascertain which was the true 
cross, a female corpse was placed on all three alter- 
nately ; the two first tried produced no effect, but the 
third instantly reanimated the body.— Brady ; Clavis 
Calendaria, 181. 

Herself in person went to seek that holy cross 
Whereon our Saviour died, which found, as It was 

sought ; 
From Salem unto Rome triumphantly she brought. 
Drayton ; Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

Hel'ena, only daughter of Gerard de 
Narbon the physician. She was left 
under the charge of the countess of 
Rousillon, whose son Bertram she fell in 
love with. The king sent for Bertram 
to the palace, and Helena, hearing the 
king was ill, obtained permission of the 
countess to give him a prescription left 
by her late father. The medicine cured 
the king, and the king, in gratitude, 
promised to make her the wife of any one 
of his courtiers that she chose. Helena 
selected Bertram, and they were married ; 
but the haughty count, hating the alliance, 
left France, to join the army of the duke 
of Florence. Helena, in the mean time, 
started on a pilgrimage to the shrine of 
St. Jacques le Grand, carrying with her a 
letter from her husband, stating that he 
would never see her more ' ' till she could 
get the ring from off his finger." On her 
way to the shrine, she lodged at Florence 
with a widow, the mother of Diana, with 
whom Bertram was wantonly in love. 
Helena was permitted to pass herself off 
as Diana, and receive his visits, in one ot 
which they exchanged rings. Both soon 
after this returned to the countess de 
Rousillon, where the king was, and the 
king, seeing on Bertram's finger the ring 
which he gave to Helena, had him 
arrested on suspicion of murder. Helena 



HELENA. 



481 



HELL KETTLES. 



now explained the matter, and all was 
well, for all ended well. — Shakespeare: 
All's Well that Ends Well (1598). 

Helena is a young woman seeking a man in marriage. 
The ordinary laws of courtship are reversed, the 
habitual feelings are violated ; yet with such exquisite 
address this dangerous subject is handled, that 
Helena's forwardness loses her no honour. Delicacy 
dispenses with her laws in her favour. — CharUs Lamb. 

Helena, a young Athenian lady, in 
love with Demetrius. She was the play- 
mate of Her'mia, with whom she grew up, 
as "two cherries on one stalk." Egeus 
(3 &?-)• tne father of Hermia, promised 
his daughter in marriage to Demetrius ; 
but when Demetrius saw that Hermia 
loved Lysander, he turned to Helena, who 
loved him dearly, and married her, — 
Shakespeare : Midsummer Nighfs Dream 
(1592). 

Hel'ice (3 syl.), the Great Bear. 

Night on the earth poured darkness; on the sea 
The wakeful sailor to Orion's Star 
And Helice turned heedful. 
Apolldnius Rhodius: The Argonautie Expedition. 

Helicon, a mountain of Boeo'tia, 
sacred to the Muses. 

From Helicon's harmonious springs 

A thousand rills their mazy progress take. 

Gray : Progress of Poesy (1757). 

Hel'inore {Dame), wife of Malbecco, 
who was jealous of her, and not without 
cause. When sir Paridel, sir Sat'yrane 
(3 syl.), and Britomart (as the Squire of 
Dames) took refuge in Malbecco's house, 
Dame Helinore and sir Paridel had many 
"false belgardes" at each other, and 
talked love with glances which needed no 
interpreter. Helinore, having set fire to 
the closet where Malbecco kept his 
treasures, eloped with Paridel, while the 
old miser stopped to put out the fire. 
Paridel soon tired of the dame, and cast 
her off. leaving her to roam whither she 
listed. She was taken up by the satyrs, 
who made her their dairy-woman, and 
crowned her queen of the May. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, iii. 9, 10 (1590). 

Heliotrope renders the bearer of it 
nvisible. Boccaccio calls it a stone, but 
Solinus says it is the herb so called. 
(See Invisibility.) 

Amid this dread exuberance of woe 
Ran naked spirits, winged with horrid fear ; 
Nor hope had they of crevice where to hide. 
Or heliotrope to charm them out of view. 

Dante : Inferno, xxiv. (1300). 



Heliotrope Is a stone of such extraordinary virtue 
that the bearer of it is effectually concealed from the 
sight of all present.— Boccaccio : Decameron (day viii. 3). 

Viridi colore est gemma heliotropion, non ita acuto sed 
nubilo magis et represso, stellis punicels superspersa. 
Causa nominis de effecru lapidis est et potestate. 
Dejecta in labris seneis radios solis mutat sanguineo 
re perc ussu, utraque aqua splendorem aeris abjicit et 
■•■•Ul- Etiim iilud posse dicitur, ut herba ejusriem 



nominis mixta et praecantationibus legitimis consecrata 
eum, a quocunque gestabitur, subtrahat visibus ©b 
viorum. — Solinus : Geo? , xL 

Hel Keplein, a mantle of invisibility, 
belonging to the dwarf-king Laurin. (See 
Invisibility. ) — The Heldenbuch (thir- 
teenth century). 

Hell,accordingto Mohammedan belief, 
is divided into seven compartments : (i) 
for Mohammedans, (2) for Jews, (3) for 
Christians, (4) for Sabians, (5) for 
Magians, (6) for idolaters, (7) for hypo- 
crites. All but idolaters and unbelievers 
will be in time released from torment. 

Hell, Dante" says, is a vast funnel, 
divided into eight circles, with ledges more 
or less rugged. Each circle, of course, is 
narrower than the one above, and the last 
goes down to the very centre of the earth. 
Before the circles begin, there is a neutral 
land and a Umbo. In the neutral land 
wander those not bad enough for hell 
nor good enough for heaven ; in the limbo, 
those who knew no sin but were not 
baptized Christians. Coming then to hell 
proper, circle 1, he says, is compassed 
by the river Acheron, and in this division 
of inferno dwell the spirits of the heathen 
philosophers. Circle 2 is presided over 
by Minos, and here are the spirits of those 
guilty of carnal and sinful love. Circle 
3 is guarded by Cerbgrus, and this is the 
region set apart for gluttons. Circle 4, 
presided over by Plutus, is the realm 
of the avaricious. Circle 5 contains the 
Stygian Lake, and here flounder in deep 
mud those who in life put no restraint on 
their anger. Circle 6 (in the city of 
Dis) is for those who did violence to men 
by force or fraud. Circle 7 (in the city 
of Dis) is for suicides. Circle 8 (also in 
the city of Dis) is for blasphemers and 
heretics. After the eight circles come 
the ten pits or chasms of Malebolgfi 
(4 syl.), the last of which is in the centre 
of the earth, and here, he says, is the 
frozen river of Cocy'tus. (See Inferno.) 

Hell Pire Clubs. Several clubs 
bearing this significant title existed in 
London during the early part of the 
eighteenth century. Little is known of 
their constitution and proceedings, but 
Robert Lloyd (1737-1764), author of The 
Actor and certain other fugitive poems, 
was a member of one of them. They were 
suppressed. 

Hell Kettles, three black piu of 
boiling heat snd sulphurous vapour, 00 
a 1 



HELL PAVED, ETC 



483 



HENNEBERQ. 



the banks of the Skern, in Northumber- 
land. 

The Skern . . . spieth near her bank 

Three black and horrid pits, which for their sulpherous 

[sic} sweat 
M Hell Kettles" rightly called. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxix. (1623). 

N.B. — One of the caverns is 19 feet 6 
inches deep, another is 14 feet deep, and 
the third is 17 feet. These three com- 
municate with each other. There is a 
fourth si feet deep, which is quite separate 
from the other three. 

Hell Paved with Good Inten- 
tions. — A Portuguese Proverb. 

. . saying " they meant well." 
Tls pity "that such meanings should pave hell." 
Byron : Don Juan, viii. as (i8ai). 

Hellebore (3 syl.), celebrated in 
maniacal cases. 

And melancholy cures by sovereign hellebore. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Hellespont. Leander used to swim 
across the Hellespont to visit Hero, a 
priestess of Sestos. Lord Byron and 
lieutenant Ekenhead repeated the feat, ac- 
complishing it in seventy minutes ; the dis- 
tance is four miles (allowing for drifting). 

He conld, perhaps, have passed the Hellespont, 
As once (a feat on which ourselves we prided) 
Leander, Mr. Ekenhead, and I did. 

Byron : Don Juan, ii. 105 (1810). 

Hellica'nus, the able and honest 
minister of Per'iclSs, to whom he left the 
charge of Tyre during his absence. 
Being offered the crown, Hellicanus nobly 
declined the offer, and remained faithful 
to the prince throughout.— Shakespeare : 
Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Helmet of Invisibility. The 

helmet of Perseus (2 syl.) rendered the 
wearer invisible. This was in reality the 
•• Helmet of Ha'dfis ; " and after Perseus 
had slain Medu'sa he returned it, together 
with the winged sandals and magic 
wallet. The " gorgon's head" he pre- 
sented to Minerva, who placed it in the 
middle of her aegis. (See Invisibility. ) 

IT Mambrino's helmet had the same 
magical power, though don Quixote, even 
in his midsummer madness, never thought 
himself invisible when he donned the 
barber's basin. 

Heloise. La Nouvelle Hiloise, a ro- 
mance by Jean Jacques Rousseau (1761). 

Helvetia, Switzerland, modernized 
Latin for Ager Helvetiorum. 

England's glory and Helvetia's charms. 

Campbell: Pleasures of If ope, L (1799)- 

The Helvetian Mountains, the Swiss 
Alp* 



'Twas sunset, and the ranz-dez-vaches was sung, 
And lights were o'er th Helvetian Mountains flung. 
That tinged the lakes like molten gold below. 

Campbell : Theodoric (1824). 

He'mera, sister of prince Memnon, 
mentioned by Dictys Cretensis. Milton, 
in his // Penseroso, speaks of "prince 
Memnon's sister" (1638). 

Hemjunah., princess of Cassimir', 
daughter of the sultan Zebene'zer ; 
betrothed at the age of 13 to the prince 
of Georgia. As Hemjunah had never 
seen the prince, she ran away to avoid 
a forced marriage, and was changed by 
Ulin the enchanter into a toad. In this 
form she became acquainted with Misnar 
sultan of India, who had likewise been 
transformed into a toad by Ulin. Misnar 
was disenchanted by a dervise, and slew 
Ulin ; whereupon the princess recovered 
her proper shape, and returned home. A 
rebellion broke out in Cassimir, but the 
" angel of death " destroyed the rebel 
army, and Zebenezer was restored to his 
throne. His surprise was unbounded 
when he found that the prince of Georgia 
and the sultan of India were one and the 
same person ; and Hemjunah said, ' ' Be 
assured, O sultan, that I shall not refuse 
the hand of the prince of Georgia, even if 
my father commands my obedience." — Sir 
C. Morell \J. Ridley] : Tales of the Genii 
(" Princess of Cassimir," viii., 1751). 

Hemlock. Socrates the Wise and 
Phocion the Good were both by the Athe- 
nians condemned to death by hemlock 
juice, Socrates, at the age of 70 (B.C. 399) 
and Phocion at the age of 85 (B.C. 317). 

Hemps'kirke (2 syl.), a captain 
serving under Wolfort the usurper of the 
earldom of Flanders. — Fletcher : The 
Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Hen and Chickens (The), the 
Pleiades. Called in Basque Oiloa Chitue- 
kin (same meaning). — Miss Frere: Old 
Deccan Days, 27. 

Henbane makes those who chance to 
eat of it "bray like asses or neigh like 
horses." 

Hen'derson (Ettas), chaplain at 
Lochleven Castle.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Henley {Orator), John Henley (1757- 
1788). 

Henneberg (Count). One day a 
beggar-woman asked count Henneberg's 
wife for alms. The countess twitted her 
for carrying twins, whereupon the woman 
cursed her, with the assurance that " her 
ladyship should be the mother of 365 



HENRIADE. 



483 HENRY II. AND BECKET. 



children." The legend says that the 
countess bore them at one birth, but 
none of them lived any length of time. 
All the girls were named Elizabeth, and 
all the boys John. They are buried, we 
are told, at the Hague. 

Henriade {The), an historical poem 
in ten chants, by Voltaire (1724). The 
subject is the struggle of Henri IV. with 
the League. There are some well-drawn 
characters, some good descriptions, and 
the verse is harmonious ; but Voltaire him- 
self said, " Les Francais n'ont pas la tete 
epique," and the Henriade is not an epic. 

Henrietta Maria, widow of king 
Charles I., introduced in sir W. Scott's 
Peveril of the Peak (1823). 

Henrietta Street, Cavendish 
Square, London, is so called in compli- 
ment to Henrietta Cavendish, daughter of 
John Holies duke of Newcastle, and wife 
of Edward second earl of Oxford and 
Mortimer. From these come ' ' Edward 
Street," "Henrietta Street," "Cavendish 
Square," and " Holies Street." (See 
Portland Place.) 

Henriette (3 syl.), daughter of 
Chrysale (2 syl.) and Philaminte (3 syl.). 
She is in love with Clitandre, and ulti- 
mately becomes his wife. Philaminte, 
who is a blue-stocking, wants Henriette 
to marry Trissotin a bel esprit; and 
Armande the sister, also a has bleu, 
thinks that Henriette ought to devote 
her life to science and philosophy ; but 
Henriette loves woman's work far better, 
and thinks that her natural province is 
domestic life, with wifely and motherly 
duties. Her father Chrysale takes the 
same views of woman's life as his 
daughter Henriette, but he is quite under 
the thumb of his strong-minded wife. 
However, love at last prevails, and 
Henriette is given in marriage to the 
man of her choice. The French call 
Henriette " the type of a perfect woman," 
i.e. a thorough woman. — Moliire: I^es 
Femmes Savantes (1672). 

Henrique [Don), an uxorious lord, 
cruel to his younger brother don Jamie. 
Don Henrique is the father of Asca'nio, 
and the supposed husband of Violan'te 
(4 syl.). — Beaumont and Fletcher: The 
Spanish Curate (1622). 

HENRY, a soldier engaged to 
Louisa. Some rumours of gallantry to 
Henry's disadvantage having readied the 
village, he is told that Louisa is about to 



be married to another. In his despair he 
gives himself up as a deserter, and is 
condemned to death. Louisa now goes 
to the king, explains to him the whole 
matter, obtains her sweetheart's pardon, 
and reaches the jail just as the muffled 
drums begin to beat the death march. — 
Dibdin : The Deserter (1770). 

Henry, son of sir Philip Blandford's 
brother. Both the brothers loved the 
same lady, but the younger married 
her ; and sir Philip, in his rage, stabbed 
him, as it was thought, mortally. In due 
time, the young ' ' widow " had a son 
(Henry), a very high-minded, chivalrous 
young man, greatly beloved by every one. 
After twenty years, his father reappeared 
under the name of Morrington, and Henry 
married his cousin Emma Blandford. — 
Morton : Speed the Plough (1798). 

Henry (Poor), prince of Hoheneck, in 
Bavaria. Being struck with leprosy, he 
quitted his lordly castle, gave largely to 
the poor, and retired to live with a small 
cottage farmer named Gottlieb [Got.leeb], 
one of his vassals. He was told that he 
would never be cured till a virgin, chaste 
and spotless, offered to die on his behalf. 
Elsie, the farmer's daughter, offered her- 
self, and after great resistance the prince 
accompanied her to Salerno to complete 
the sacrifice. When he arrived at the 
city, either the exercise, the excitement, 
or the charm of some relic, no matter 
what, had effected an entire cure, and 
when he took Elsie into the cathedral, 
the only sacrifice she had to make was 
that of her maiden name for lady Alicia, 
wife of prince Henry of Hoheneck. — 
Hartmann von der Aue (minnesinger) : 
Poor Henry (twelfth century). 

(This tale is the subject of Longfellow's 
Golden Legend, 1851.) 

Henry II., king of England, intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott, both in The 
Betrothed and in The Talisman (1825). 

Henry II. and Thomas a 

Becket. The story of Raymond and 
Pierre de Castelneau presents a marvel- 
lously exact parallel. Pierre de Castel- 
neau, like Becket, was called "a martyr." 
Raymond comte de Toulouse said, in the 
hearing of others, "Que ce prgtre, a lui 
seul, l'empechait devivre en paixchezlin." 
On January 15, 1208, while Pierre was at 
Mass, two men drew near, and one of 
them thrust a lance into his side. Pierre 
fell, saying as he fell, " Seigneur, pardon- 
nez-lui comme je lui pardonne." — Mgr, 



HENRY IV. 



484 



HERBERT. 



Guerin: Les Petits Bollandistes, vol. L 
P- 372. 

Henry IV., in two parts. 1 Henry 
IV., from the deposition of Richard II. to 
the defeat and death of Henry Percy 
{Hotspur) at the battle of Shrewsbury, 
July 23, 1403. This part contains amongst 
the dramatis persona the prince of 
Wales, sir John Falstaff, with Poins, 
Gadshill, Bardolph, Peto, and Mistress 
Quickly. — Shakespeare (1597). 

2 Henry IV. continues the history from 
the battle of Shrewsbury to the death of 
the king. This part contains the same 
characters as those stated above (1598). 

Henry V. continues the history of the 
two preceding plays, and contains an 
account of the battle of Agincourt, 
October 25, 1415. Intact ii. sc. 3 Mrs. 
Quickly (now married to Pistol) relates 
the death of sir John Falstaff, and pre- 
paration for the marriage of Henry with 
princess Katherine, daughter of Charles 
VI. king of France. — Shakespeare 
(" Plaide by the Queenes Magesties 
players, 1598," and printed in 1600). 

Henry VI., in three parts. Part 1, 
from the accession of Henry VI. to his 
marriage with Margaret of Anjou, a period 
of 23 years. It opens with the funeral 
procession of Henry V. This part con- 
tains the victories of Joan of Arc, the 
restitution of France to Charles the 
dauphin, nominally the viceroy of Henry 
VI., but really an independent king, and 
the loss of France to the English sceptre 
by right of conquest. — Shakespeare (1596). 

2 Henry VI. begins with the marriage 
of the king to Margaret of Anjou, and 
terminates with the battle of St. Albans, 
in May, 1455, in which Richard duke of 
York took the king prisoner. This part 
contains the commencement of the wars 
of the White and Red Roses, the death of 
the good duke Humphrey, and the rebel- 
lion of Jack Cade. — Shakespeare (1597). 

3 Henry VI. This part ends with 
the accession of Edward IV. , who sends 
Margaret of Anjou, the queen consort of 
Henry VI. , back to France. — Shakespeare, 

. It first appeared in 1595. 

The contentions of the two Roses continued til 
Henry VII. (a Lancastrian) married Elizabeth the 
daughter of Edward IV. (of York), and rightful heir to 
the throne. By this marriage the two factions of York 
and Lancaster were united. 

Henry VIII. contains the divorce of 
Katharine, marriage of the king to Anne 
Boleyn, and birth of Elizabeth. It con- 
tains also the fall and death of cardinal 



Wolsey.— Shakespeare (1613, printed in 
folio 1623). 

Henry {Patrick), statesman of Vir- 
ginia (1736-1799), celebrated for his elo- 
quent advocacy of the people's rights and 
American independence in the colonial 
legislature and the Continental Congress. 

Henry, the forest-bom Demosthenes, 
Whose thunder shook the Philip of the seas [Great 
Britain). 

Byron : Age of Bronze, viiL (1821). 

He'orot, the magnificent palace built 
by Hrothgar king of Denmark. Here * ' he 
distributed rings [treasure"] at the feast." 

Then was for the sons of the Geats a bench cleared in 
the beer hall ; there the bold spirit, free from quarrel, 
went to sir. The thane observed his rank, and bore in 
his hand the twisted ale-cup . . . meanwhile the poet 
sang serene in Heorot ; there was joy of heroes, no 
little pomp of Danes and Westerns.— Kemble's transla- 
tion, Beowulf (Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth century). 

Heos'phoros, the morning star. 

O my light-bearer . . . 
Al, ai, Heosphoros I 
Mrs. Browning: A Drama 0/ Exile (1850). 

He'par, the Liver personified, the 
arch-city in The Purple Island, by Phineas 
Fletcher. Fully described in canto iii. 
(1633)- 

Hephses'tos, the Greek name for 
Vulcan. The Vulcanic period of geology 
is that unknown period before the creation 
of man, when the molten granite and 
buried metals were upheaved by internal 
heat, through overlying strata, sometimes 
even to the very surface of the earth. 

The early dawn and dusk of Time, 
The reign of dateless old Hephaestus. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend (1851). 

Heraldic Supporters. Heraldic 
supporters do not appear to the arms of 
the kings of England before the time of 
Richard II., although a lion or and an 
eagle or falcon proper have been assigned 
to Edward III. 

RICHARD II.— Two white harts collared and chained 
or; in Westminster Hall, they are represented as 
angels instead. 

Henry IV.— A white antelope and white swan. 

Henry V.— A lion and an antelope. 

HENRY VI.— A lion and an antelope. 

Edward IV.— A lion and black bull. 

Edward V.— A yellow and a white lion. 

Richard III.— A yellow lion and white boar. 

HENRY VII.— A lion and a red dragon. 

HENRY VIIL— A lion and a silver greyhound, 

Edward VI.— Lion and dragon. 

MARY.— A lion and a greyhound. 

Elizabeth.— A lion and a greyhound. 

JAMES I. for the first time clearly defined the royal 
supporters, adopting the lion of England and unicorn 
of Scotland, as they have since been borne. 

As a matter of fact, till the time of James I. the 
supporters varied a great deal. 

Herbert {Sir William), friend of sir 
Hugo de Lacy.— Sir IV. Scott: TJu 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.), 

Herbert [Pocket]. (Sec under 
Pocket.) 



HERCULES. 



48S 



HERETICS. 



Her'cules shot Nessus for offering 
insult to his wife Di'-i-a-nl-ra, and the 
dying centaur told Diianira that if she 
dipped in his blood her husband's shirt, 
she would secure his love for ever. Her- 
cules, being about to offer sacrifice, sent 
Lichas for ihe shirt; but no sooner was 
it wanned by the heat of his body than 
it caused such excruciating agony that 
the hero went mad, and, seizing Lichas, 
he flung him into the sea. 

{Hercules Raving {Furens) is the subject 
of a Greek tragedy by Eurip'idgs, and of 
a Latin one by Sen'eca.) 

Ki when AlcTdes . . . felt the envenomed robe, and tore, 
Thro' pain, up by the roots Thessalian pines, 
And Lichas from the top of CEta [a mount\ threw 
Into the Euboic Sea {the Archipelago]. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, u. 542, etc. (1665). 

(Diodorus says there were three Her- 
culgses ; Cicero recognizes six (three of 
which were Greeks, one Egyptian, one 
Cretan, and one Indian) ; Varro says 
there were forty-three. ) 

Hercules' s Choice. When Hercules was 
a young man, he was accosted by two 
women, Pleasure and Virtue, and asked to 
choose which he would follow. Pleasure 
promised him all carnal delights, but 
Virtue promised him immortality. Her- 
cules gave his hand to the latter, and 
hence led a life of great toil, but was 
ultimately received amongst the immor- 
tals. — Xenophon. 

(Mrs. Barbauld has borrowed this 
allegory, but instead of Hercules has 
substituted Melissa, " a young girl," who 
is accosted by Dissipation and House- 
wifery. While somewhat in doubt which 
to follow, Dissipation's mask falls off, and 
immediately Melissa beholds such a "wan 
and ghastly countenance," that she turns 
away in horror, and gives her hand to the 
more sober of the two ladies.— Evenings 
at Home, xix. , 1795. ) 

{The Judgment of Hercules is the title 
of a moral poem by Shenstone, 1741. ) 

Herculis's Horse, Arion, given him by 
Adrastos. It had the gift of human 
speech, and its feet on the right side were 
those of a man. 

Herculis's Pillars, Calpe and Ab'yla, 
one at Gibraltar and the other at Ceuta 
{ku-tah). They were torn asunder by 
Alcides on his route to Gades {Cadiz). 

Hercules' s Ports : (1) " Herculis Corsani 
Portus " (now called Porto-Ercolo, in 
Etruria) ; (2) "Herculis Liburni Portus" 
(now called Livorno, i.e. Leghorn); (3) 
" Herculis Monoeci Portus " (now called 
Monaco, near Nice). 

The Attic Herculis, Theseus (2 syl.). 



who went about, like Hercules, destroy- 
ing robbers, and performing most won- 
derful exploits. 

The Cretan Hercules. All the three 
Idaean Dactyls were so called : viz. 
Celmis ("the smelter"), Damnamgneus 
("the hammer"), and Acmon ("the 
anvil "). 

The Egyptian Hercufes, Sesostris (fi. 
B.C. i5oo)T Another was Som or Chon, 
called by Pausanias, Macgris son of 
Amon. 

The English Herculis, Guy earl of 
Warwick (890-958). 

Warwick . . . thou English Hercules. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

The Farnesi Hercules, a statue, the 
work of Glykon, copied from one by 
Lysip'pos. Called Farne'sg (3 syl.) from 
its being placed in the Farnese palace of 
Rome, where were at one time collected 
also the "Tori di Farnese," the " Flora 
di Farnese," and the " Gladiatorg di 
Farnesg." The " Hercules " and " Toro " 
are now at Naples. The " Farnese Her- 
cules " represents the hero exhausted by 
toil, leaning on his club ; and in his left 
hand, which rests on his back, he holds 
one of the apples of the Hesperides. 

• . * A copy of this famous statue stands 
in the Tuilleries gardens of Paris. An 
excellent description of the statue is given 
by Thomson, in his Liberty, iv. 

The Indian Hercules, Dorsanes, who 
married Pandaea, and became the pro- 
genitor of the Indian kings. Belus is 
sometimes called "The Indian Hercules." 

The Jewish Hercules, Samson (died 
B.C. 1 152). 

The Hercules of the North American 
Indians, Kwasind {q.v. ). 

The Russian Hercules, Rustum. 

The Swedish Hercules, Starchatgrus 
(first Christian century). 

The Hercules of Music, Christoph von 
Gluck (1714-1787). 

Hercules Secundus. Commodus, the 
Roman emperor, gave himself this title. 
He was a gigantic idiot, who killed 100 
lions, and overthrew 1000 gladiators in 
the amphitheatre (161, 180-192). 

Heren-Suge (The), a seven-headed 
hydra of Basque mythology, like the 
Deccan cobras. 

Herennius, the man who murdered 
Cicero. 

Heretics (Hammer of) Pierre d'Ailly 
(1350-1425). 

John Faber is also called " The 
Hammer of Heretics," from the title of 



HERETICS 



HERMES TRISMEGISTUS. 



one of his works (1470-1541). (See 
Hammer.) 

Heretics (Scientific.) 

Feargal bishop of Saltzburg, an Irish- 
man, was denounced as a heretic for 
asserting the existence of antipodes 

(*-784). 

Galileo, the astronomer, was cast into 
prison for maintaining the " heretical 
opinion " that the earth moved round the 
sun (1564-1642). 

Giordano Bruno was burnt alive for 
maintaining that matter is the mother of 
all things (1550-1600). 

Her'eward (3 syl.), one of the 
Varangian guard of Alexius Comnenus, 
emperor of Greece. — Sir W. Scott : Count 
Robert of Paris (timer Rufus). 

Here ward the Wake (or Vigilant), 
lord of Born, in Lincolnshire. He plun- 
dered and burnt the abbey of Peter- 
borough (1070) ; established his camp in 
the Isle of Ely, where he was joined by 
earl Morcar (1071); he was blockaded 
for three months by William I., but made 
his escape with some of his followers. 
This is the name and subject of one of 
Kingsley's novels. 

Her'iot (Master George), goldsmith 
%m James I. ; guardian of lady Hermione. 
— Sir W. Scott: Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James I. ). 

Herman, a deaf-and-dumb boy, jailer 
of the dungeon of the Giant's Mount. 
Meeting Ulrica, he tries to seize her, when 
a flash of lightning strikes the bridge on 
which he stands, and Herman is thrown 
into the torrent. — Stirling: The Prisoner 
of State (1847). 

Herman {Sir), of Goodalricke, one of 
the preceptors of the Knights Templars. — 
Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Hermann, the hero of Goethe's poem 
Hermann und Dorothea. Goethe tells us 
that the object of this poem is to " show, 
as in a mirror, the great movements and 
changes of the world's stage." 

Hermaphrodite (4 syl.), son of 
Venus and Mercury. At the age of 15, 
he bathed in a fountain of Caria, when 
Sal'macis, the fountain nymph, fell in love 
with him, and prayed the gods to make 
the two one body. Her prayers being 
heard, the two became united into one, 
but still preserved the double sex. 

Not that bright spring where fair Hermaphrodite 
Grew into one with wanton Salmasis . . . 
. . . may dare compare with this. 

A Fletcher ; The Purple Island, v. (1633). 



Hermegild or Hermyngyld, wife 
of the lord-constable of Northumberland. 
She was converted by Constance, but was 
murdered by a knight whose suit had 
been rejected by the young guest, in order 
to bring her into trouble. The villainy 
being discovered, the knight was executed, 
and Constance married the king, whose 
name was Alia. Hermegild, at the 
bidding of Constance, restored sight to 
a blind Briton. — Chaucer: Canterbury 
Tales (" Man of Law's Tale," 1388). 

(The word is spelt " Custaunce " 7 
times, " Constance " 15 times, and " Con- 
staunce " 17 times, in the tale.) 

Hermegild, a friend of Oswald, in 
love with Gartha (Oswald's sister). He 
was a man in the middle age of life, of 
counsel sage, and great prudence. When 
Hubert (the brother of Oswald) and 
Gartha wished to stir up a civil war to 
avenge the death of Oswald, who had 
been slain in single combat with prince 
Gondibert, Hermegild wisely deterred 
them from the rash attempt, and diverted 
the anger of the camp by funeral obsequies 
of a most imposing character. The tale 
of Gondibert being unfinished, the sequel 
is not known. — Davenant : Gondibert 
(died 1688). 

Her'mes (2 syl.), son of Maia ; patron 
of commerce. Akenside makes Hermes 
say to the Thames, referring to the 
merchant-ships of England — 

By you [ships'] my function and my honoured nam* 

Do I possess ; while o'er the Baetic vale. 

Or thro' the towers of Memphis, or the palms 

By sacred Ganges watered, I conduct 

The English merchant. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads (1767) 

(The Bsetis is the Guadalquivir ; and 
the Baetic vale, Granada and Andalucia. ) 

Hermes (2 syl. ), the same as Mercury, 
and applied both to the god and to the 
metal. Milten calls quicksilver " volatil 
Hermes." 

So when we see the liquid metal fall, 
Which chemists by the name of Hermes call. 
Hoole's A riosto, viiL 

Hermes {St.), same as St. Elmo, 
Suerpo Santo, Castor and Pollux, etc. 
An electric light, seen occasionally on 
ships' masts. 

"They shall see the fire which saylors call St. 
Hermes, fly uppon their shippe, and alight upon the 
toppe of the mast." — De Loier : Treatise to Spectres, 67 
(1605). 

Hermes Trismegis'tus [" Hermts 
thr ice-greatest "\ the Egyptian Thoth, to 
whom is ascribed a host of inventions : 
as the art of writing in hieroglyphics, the 



HERMESIND. 



487 



HERMIT. 



first Egyptian code of laws, the art of 
harmony, the science of astrology, the 
invention of the lute and lyre, magic, etc. 
(twentieth century B.C.). 

The school of Hermes Trismegistus, 
Who uttered his oracles sublime 
Before the Olympiads. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend (1851). 

Her'mesind (3 syl.), daughter of 
Pelayo and Gaudio'sa. She was plighted 
to Alphonso, son of lord Pedro of Can- 
tabria. Both Alphonso and Hermesind 
at death were buried in the cave of St. 
Antony, in Covadonga. 

Beauty and grace and innocence in her 
Ir. heavenly union shone. One who had held 
The faith of elder Greece would sure have thought 
She was some glorious nymph of seed divine. 



Oread or Dryad . . . yea, she seemed 
Angel or soul beatified, f 
Of Bliss ... to earth re-sent. 



Angel or soul beatified, from realms 
earth re-sent. 
Soutkty: Roderick, etc., rvL (1814). 

Her'mia, daughter of Ege'us (3 syl.) 
of Athens, and promised by him in 
marriage to Demetrius. — Shakespeare : 
Midsummer Night 's Dream (1592). 

For the tale, see DEMETRIUS. 

Herm'ion, the young wife of Damon 
" the Pythagore'an " and senator of Syra- 
cuse. — Banim : Damon and Pythias 
(1825). 

HERMIONE (4 syl. ), only daughter 
of Menela'os and Helen. She became 
the wife of Pyrrhos or Neoptolemos, son 
of Achilles ; but Orestes assassinated 
Pyrrhos and married Hermlong, who had 
been already betrothed to him. 

•.* In English, generally called Her- 
mi'one (4 syl. ), accented on the i. 

Her mi one (4 syl.), or Harmon 'ea, 
wife of Cadmus. Leaving Thebes, Cad- 
mus and his wife went to Illyr'ia, and were 
both changed into serpents for having 
killed a serpent sacred to Mars. — Ovid: 
Metamorphoses, iv. 590, etc. 

Never since of serpent-kind 
Leveller, not those that in Illyria [were] changed— 
Hermione and Cadmus. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, Ix. 505, etc. (1665). 

(Here Hermione should be Harmon'ia. 
Hermbne was the wife of Pyrrhus (Neo- 
ptolemus. See below. ) 

Hermione (4 syl.), wife of Leontes 
king of Sicily. The king, being jealous, 
sent her to prison, where she gave birth 
to a daughter, who, at the king's com- 
mand, was to be placed on a desert shore 
and left to perish. The child was driven 
by a storm to the ' ' coast " of Bohemia, 
and brought up by a shepherd who called 
her Per'dita. Florfzel, the son of Polix- 
enfis king of Bohemia, fell in love with 
her, and they fled to S'cily to escape the 



vengeance of the angry king. Being 
introduced to Leontes, it was soon dis- 
covered that Perdita was his lost daugh- 
ter, and Polixenes gladly consented to 
the union he had before objected to. 
Pauli'na (a lady about the court) now 
asked the royal party to her house to 
inspect a statue of Hermione, which 
turned out to be the living queen herself. 
—Shakespeare: The Winters Tale (1594). 

Shakespeare and Scott, like Milton, always throw 
the accent on the second syllable, Her-mi '-o-ne. 

Hermi'one (4 syl.), only daughter of 
Helen and Menela'os (4 syl.) king of 
Sparta. She was betrothed to Orestes, 
but, after the fall of Troy, was promised 
by her father In marriage to Pyrrhus king 
of Epirus. Orestes madly loved her, 
but Hermione as madly loved Pyrrhus. 
When Pyrrhus fixed his affections on 
Androm'ache (widow of Hector, and 
his captive), the pride and jealousy of 
Hermione" were roused. At this crisis, 
an embassy led by Orestes arrived at the 
court of Pyrrhus, to demand the death 
of Asty'anax, the son of Andromache and 
Hector, lest when he grew to manhood 
he might seek to avenge his father's 
death. Pyrrhus declined to give up the 
boy, and married Andromache. The 
passion of Hermione was now goaded to 
madness ; and when she heard that the 
Greek ambassadors had fallen on Pyrrhus 
and murdered him, she stabbed herself 
and died. — Ambrose Philips: The Dis- 
tressed Mother (17 12). 

(This was a famous part with Mrs. 
Porter p-1762), and with Miss Young 
better known as Mrs. Pope, 1740-1797.) 

Hermi'one (4 syl.), daughter of Dan- 
nisch emend the Persian sorcerer, men- 
tioned in Donnerhugel's narrative. — Sir 
W. Scott: Anne of GeiersUin (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Hermi'one {The lady) or lady Er- 
min'ia Pauletti, privately married to lord 
Dalgarno. — Sir IV. Scott: Fortunes of 
Nigel (time, James I.). 

Hermit, the pseudonym of the poet 
Hayley, the friend of Cowper. 

Hermit (The), a ballad by Goldsmith 
(1766). It resembles The Friar of Orders 
Gray in Percy's Reliques, but was pub- 
lished before it. The hero and heroine 
are Edwin and Angelina (q . v. ). It con- 
tains the well-known lines — 

Man wants but little here below. 
Nor wants that little long. 

*.' Parnell wrote a poem called The 



HERMIT AND THE YOUTH. 488 



HERO. 



Hermit (1710). It opens with these 
lines — 

Far in a wild, unknown to public view. 
From youth to age a reverend hermit grew; 
The moss his bed, the cave his humble cell, 
His food the fruits, his drink the crystal well : 
Remote from men, with God he passed his days. 
Prayer all his business, all his pleasure praise. 

The English Hermit, Roger Crab, who 
subsisted on three farthings a week, his 
food being bran, herbs, roots, dock leaves, 
and mallows (*-i68o). 

Peter the Hermit, the instigator of the 
first crusade (1050-1115). 

Hermit and the Youth [The). 
A hermit, desirous to study the ways of 
Providence, met with a youth, who became 
his companion. The first night, they 
were most hospitably entertained by a 
nobleman, but at parting the young man 
stole his entertainer's golden goblet. 
Next day, they obtained with difficulty of 
a miser shelter from a severe storm, and 
at parting the youth gave him the golden 
goblet. Next night, they were modestly 
but freely welcomed by one of the middle 
class, and at parting the youth "crept 
to the cradle where an infant slept, and 
wrung its neck ; " it was the only child of 
their kind host. Leaving the hospitable 
roof, they lost their way, and were set 
right by a guide, whom the youth pushed 
into a river, and he was drowned. The 
hermit began to curse the youth, when 
lo 1 he turned into an angel, who thus 
explained his acts — 

" I stole the goblet from the rich lord to teach him 
not to trust in uncertain riches. I gave the goblet to 
the miser to teach him that kindness always meets its 
reward. I strangled the infant because the man loved 
it better than he loved God. I pushed the guide into 
the river because he intended at night-fall to commit a 
robbery." The hermit bent his head and cried, " The 
ways of the Lord are past finding out ! but He doeth 
all things well. Teach me to say with faith, ' Thy will 
be done 1 ' " — Parnell (1670-1717). 

IT In the Talmud is a similar and better 
allegory. Rabbi Jachanan accompanied 
Elijah on a journey, and they came to the 
house of a poor man, whose only treasure 
was a cow. The man and his wife ran 
to meet and welcome the strangers, but 
next morning the poor man's cow died. 
Next night, they were coldly received by 
a proud, rich man, who fed them only 
with bread and water ; and next morning 
Elijah sent for a mason to repair a wall 
which was falling down, in return for the 
hospitality received. Next night, they 
entered a synagogue, and asked, " Who 
will give a night's lodging to two tra- 
vellers ? " but none offered to do so. At 
parting Elijah said, " I hope you will all 
be made presidents 1 " The following night 



they were lodged by the members of 
another synagogue in the best hotel of 
the place, and at parting Elijah said, 
"May the Lord appoint over you but 
one president 1 " The rabbi, unable to 
keep silence any longer, begged Elijah to 
explain the meaning of his dealings with 
men ; and Elijah replied — 

"In regard to the poor man who received us to 
hospitably, it was decreed that his wife was to die that 
night, but in reward of his kindness, God took the covr 
instead of the wife. I repaired the wall of the rich 
miser because a chest of gold was concealed near the 
place, and if the miser had repaired the wall he would 
have discovered the treasure. I said to the inhospitable 
synagogue, ' May each member be president ! ' because 
no one can serve two masters. I said to the hospitable 
synagogue, ' May you have but one president 1 ' because 
with one head there can be no divisions of counsel. 
Say not, therefore, to the Lord, ' What doest Thou?" 
but say in thy heart, ' Must not the Lord of all the 
earth do right V—The Talmud ("Trust in God"). 
(See Gcsta Romanorum, lxxx.) 

(See also Tale 80 of the Gesla Roman,' 
drum ; Voltaire's Zadig is a similar alle- 
gory.) 

Her mite [Tristan r) or "Tristan of 
the Hospital," provost-marshal of France. 
He was the main instrument in carrying 
out the nefarious schemes of Louis XI., 
who used to call him his "gossip." 
Tristan was a stout, middle-sized man, 
with a hang-dog visage and most re- 
pulsive smile. — Sir W. Scott: Quentin 
Durward and Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Hero, daughter of Leonato governor 
of Messi'na. She was of a quiet, serious 
disposition, and formed a good contrast 
to the gay, witty rattle-pate, called Bea- 
trice, her cousin. Hero was about to be 
married to lord Claudio, when don John 
played on her a most infamous practical 
joke out of malice. He bribed Hero's 
waiting-woman to dress in Hero's clothes, 
and to talk with him by moonlight from 
the chamber balcony; he then induced 
Claudio to hide himself in the garden, to 
overhear what was said. Claudio, think- 
ing the person to be Hero, was furious, 
and next day at the altar rejected the 
bride with scorn. The priest, convinced 
of Hero's innocence, gave out that she 
was dead, the servant confessed the trick, 
don John took to flight, and Hero married 
Claudio her betrothed. — Shakespeare : 
Much Ado About Nothing (1600). 

Hero [Sutton], niece of sir William 
Sutton, and beloved by sir Valentine de 
Grey. Hero "was fair as no eye ever 
fairer saw, of noble stature, head of 
antique mould, magnificent as far as may 
consist with softness, features full of 
thought and moods, wishes and fancies, 



HERO AND LEANDER. 489 

and limbs the paragon of symmetry." 
Having offended her lover by waltzing 
with lord Athunree, she assumed the garb 
of a quakeress, called herself ' ' Ruth," and 
got introduced to sir Valentine, who 
proposed marriage to her, and then dis- 
covered that Hero was Ruth, and Ruth 
was Hero. — Knowles: Woman's Wit, 
etc. (1838). 

Hero and Leander (3 syl.). Hero, 
a priestess of Venus, fell in love with 
Leander, who swam across the Hellespont 
every night to visit her. One night he 
was drowned in so doing, and Hero in 
grief threw herself into the same sea. — 
Musceus • Leander and Hero. 

•.* A poem in six sestrads, by Mario w 
and Chapman (1596). 

\ Thomas Hood wrote a poem on the 
same subject (1827). 

f Stapleton wrote a tragedy in 1669, 
Jackman an opera burletta (eighteenth 
century), and Marston a romance (1867), 
on the same subject. 

Hero of Fable (The), the due de 
Guise. Called by the French L'Hero de 
la Fable (1614-1664). 

Hero of History (The), the due 

d'Enghien {Darn-zjeah' n\ Called by the 
French L'Hero de fHistoire. This was 
Le grand Conde (1621-1687). 

Hero of Modern Italy, Garibaldi 
(1807-1882). 

Hero Worship, etc., a series of 
lectures by Carlyle (1840). 

Hero'dias, Herod, and John the 
Baptist. The Bible account is repeated 
in that of the duke of Gosbert of Wiirtz- 
burg, Geilana, and St. Kilian. Kilian 
reproved the duke for living with his 
brother's wife, and Geilana caused him to 
be put to death. 

Herod'otos of Old London, J. 
Stow (1525-1605). 

Hero 'ides (4 syl.) or Epistola Herot- 
dum, in Latin hexameter and pentameter 
verse, by Ovid. By poetic fiction supposed 
to have been written by women famous 
in story, and their husbands either absent 
or about to leave them ; as Penelope (4 
syl.) to Ulysses, Phyllis to Demoph'oon, 
Briseis (2 syl.) to Achilles, CEnone (3 
syl.) to Paris, Dido to iEneas, Medea to 
Jason, and so on. 

*.• The word herois (3 syl.) means a 
lady of first rank, plural heroides, 

Her'on (Sir George), of Chip-chace, 



HERWIG. 

an officer with sir John Foster. — Sir W. 
Scott : The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Heros'tratos or Erostratos, the 
Ephesian who set fire to the temple of 
Ephesus (one of the seven wonders of the 
world) merely to immortalize his name. 
The Ephesians made it penal even to 
mention his name. 

Herostratus shall prove vice governs fame. 

Who built that church he burnt hath lost his name. 

Lord Brooke : Inquisition upon Fame (1554-1628). 

Herries (Lord), a friend of queen 
Mary of Scotland, and attending on her 
at Dundrennan. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Herring (Good red). 



Neuters in the middle way of steering, 
Are neither fish, nor flesh, nor good red herring. 
Dryden : Duke of Guise (1661). 

Herring Fond (The), the ocean 
between the British Isles and America. 

" What is your opinion, pray, on the institutions the 
ether side of the Herring Pond 1 "— Jennie 0/ the 
Prince's, i. 

Herschel (Sit P. Wm.) discovered 
the eighth planet, at first called the 
Georgium sidus, in honour of George III., 
but now called Urdnus. In allusion to 
this, Campbell says he 

Gave the lyre of heaven another string. 

Pleasures of Hope, L (1799). 

Herswin (Dame), wife of Isengrin, the 
wolf, in the beast-epic of Reynard the 
Fox, by Heinrich von Alkmaar (1498). 

Herta, now called St. Kilda, one of 
the Heb'ridfe. 

Hertford (The marquis of), in the 
court of Charles II. —Sir W. Scott: 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

••Hertford" called Harford. 

Her Trippa, meant for Henry Cor- 
nelius Agrippa of Nettesheim, philosopher 
and physician. " Her" is a contraction 
of He'ricus, and " Trippa " a play on the 
words Agrippa and tripe. — Rabelais: 
Pantag'ruel, iii. 25 (1545). 

Herve Kiel, a Breton sailor, who 
saved the French squadron when beaten 
at Cape la Hogue and flying before the 
English, by piloting it into the harbour 
of St. Malo (May 31, 1692). He was so 
unconscious of the service he had 
rendered, that, when desired to name his 
reward, he begged for a whole day's 
holiday to see his wife. He lived at Le 
Croisic. Browning has a poem called 
Herve" Riel (1867). 

Herwig, king of Heligoland, be- 
trothed to Gudrun, daughter of king 
Hettel (Aitila). (See Gudrun, p. 454.) 



HERZOG. 490 

Her zog (Duke), commander-in-chief 
of the ancient Teutons (Germans). The 
herzog was elected by the freemen of the 
tribe ; but in times of war and danger, 
when several tribes united, the princes 
selected a leader, who was also called a 
1 'herzog, " similar to the Gaulish ' 'brennus" 
or "bren," and the Celtic "pendragon" 
or head chief. 

Heskett (Ralph), landlord of the 
village ale-house where Robin Oig and 
Harry Wakefield fought. 

Dame Heskett, Ralph's wife.— Sir W. 
Scott: The Two Drovers (time, George 
III.). 

Hesper'ia. Italy was so called by 
the Greeks, because it was to them the 
"Western Land." The Romans, for a 
similar reason, transferred the name to 
Spain. 

Hesper'ides (4 syl.), the women who 
guarded the golden apples which Earth 
gave to Here 1 (Juno) at her marriage with 
Zeus (Jove). They were assisted by the 
dragon Ladon. The orchards in which 
the golden apples grew were the Hes- 
perian Fields. The island is one of the 
Cape Verd Isles, in the Atlantic 

Wilt thou fly 
With laughing Autumn to the Atlantic Isles, 
And range with him th' Hesperian fields, and see 
Where'er his fingers touch the fruitful grove. 
The branches shoot with gold? 
Akenside : Pleasures of Imagination, 1. (i744)> 

Hesperus, the knight called by 
Tennyson "Evening Star;" but called 
in the History of Prince Arthur, " the 
Green Knight" or sir Pertolope (3 syl.). 
One of the four brothers who kept the 
passages of Castle Perilous. — Tennyson : 
Idylls ("Gareth and Lynette"); sir T. 
Malory: History of Prince Arthur, i. 127 
(1470). 

N.B. — It is a manifest blunder to call 
the Green Knight "Hesperus the Even- 
ing Star," and the Blue Knight the 
"Morning Star." The old romance 
makes the combat with the " Green 
Knight" at dawn, and with the "Blue 
Knight" at sunset. The error has arisen 
from not bearing in mind that our fore- 
fathers began the day with the preceding 
eve, and ended it at sunset. Malory calls 
the lady Linet. 

Hesperus (The Wreck of the), a 
ballad by Longfellow (1842). 

Hettly (May), an old servant of 
Davie Deans. — Sir W. Scott : Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Heukbane (Mrs.), the butcher's wife 



HIBERNIA. 



at Fairport, and a friend of Mrs. Mail- 
setter.— Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Hew, son of lady Helen of " Mirry- 
land town " (Milan), enticed by an apple 
presented to him by a Jewish maiden, 
who then " stabbed him with a penknife, 
rolled the body in lead, and cast it into a 
well." Lady Helen went in search of her 
child, and its ghost cried out from the 
bottom of the well — 

The lead is wondrous heavy, mither j 

The well is wondrous deep ; 
A keen penknife sticks in my heart ; 

A word I dunae speik. 

Percy: Reliques, t, j. 

(See Hugh of Lincoln ; The 
Prioress's Tale, one of Chaucer's 
Canterbury Tales.) 

Hewit (Godfrey Bertram), natural 
son of Mr. Godfrey Bertram. — Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Hiawa'tha, the prophet-teacher, son 
of Mudjekee'wis (the west wind) and 
Weno'nah daughter of Noko'mis. He 
represents the progress of civilization 
among the North American Indians. 
Hiawatha first wrestled with Monda'min 
(maize), and, having subdued it, gave it 
to man for food. He then taught man 
navigation ; then he subdued Mishe 
Nah'ma (the sturgeon), and taught the 
Indians how to make oil therefrom for 
winter. His next exploit was against 
the magician Megissog'non, the author 
of disease and death ; having slain this 
monster, he taught man the science of 
medicine. He then married Minneha'ha 
(laughing water), and taught man to be 
the husband of one wife, and the comforts 
of domestic peace. Lastly, he taught 
man picture-writing. When the white 
men came with the gospel, Hiawatha 
ascended to the kingdom of Pone'mah, 
the land of the hereafter. — Longfellow : 
Hiawatha (1855). 

Hiawatha's Moccasons. When Hia- 
watha put on his moccasons, he could 
measure a mile at a single stride. 

He had moccasons enchanted, 
Magic moccasons of deer-skin ; 
When he bound them round his ankles 
At each stride a mile he measured t 

Longfellow : Hiaivatha, It. 

Hiawatha's Great Friends, Chibia'bos 
(the sweetest of all musicians) and 
Kwa'sind (the strongest of all mortals). 
— Longfellow : Hiawatha, vi. 

Hiber'nia, Ireland. Ferae 1 is simply 
a contraction of the same word. Pliny 
says that "Irish mothers feed their in- 
fants with swords instead of spoon*. H 



HIC JACET. 

Hie Jacet, an epitaph, a funeral. 
The first words on old tombstones = 
Here lies . . . etc. 

The merit of service Is seldom attributed to the true 
. . . performer. I would have that drum ... or hie 
jacet [that is, die in my attempt to get it\— Shake- 
speare : AWs Well that Ends Well (1598). 

Kick'athrift [Tom or Jack), a poor 
labourer in the time of the Conquest, of 
such enormous strength that he killed, 
with an axletree and cartwheel, a huge 
giant, who lived in a marsh at Tylney, 
in Norfolk. He was knighted, and made 
governor of Thanet. Hickathrift is some- 
times called Hickafric. 

When a man sits down to write a history, though It 
be but the history of Jack Hickathrift, ... he knows 
no more than his heels what lets ... he is to meet 
with in his way. — Sterne. 

Hick'ory {Old), general Andrew 
Jackson. He was first called " Tough," 
then "Tough as Hickory," and, lastly, 
"Old Hickory." Another story is that 
in 1813, when engaged in war with the 
Creek Indians, he fell short of supplies, 
and fed his men on hickory nuts (1767- 

1845)- 

• . * This general Andrew Jackson must 
not be confounded with general Thomas 
Jackson, better known as "Stone-wall" 
Jackson (1826-1863). 

Hi'erocles (4 syl.), the first person 
•ho compiled jokes and ton mots. After 
1 lifelong labour, he got together twenty- 
e ght, which he left to the world as his 
legacy. Hence arose the phrase, An 
Hierodlean legacy, no legacy at all, a 
legacy of empty promises, or a legacy of 
no worth. 

One of his anecdotes Is that of a man 
who wanted to sell his house, and carried 
about a brick to show as a specimen 
of it. 

He that tries to recommend Shakespeare by select 
quotations, will succeed like the pedant in Hierocles, 
who, when he offered his house for sale, carried a brick 
fai his pocket as a specimen. — Dr. Johnson : Preface 
to Shakespeare. 

Hieron'imo, the chief character of 
Thomas Kyd's drama in two parts, pt. i. 
being caked Hieronimo, and pt. ii. The 
Spanish Tragedy or Hieronimo is Mad 
Again. In the latter play, Horatio, only 
son of Hieronimo, sitting with Belim- 
pe'ria in an alcove, is murdered by his 
rival Balthazar and the lady's brother 
Lorenzo. The murderers hang the dead 
body on a tree in the garden, and Hie- 
ronimo, aroused by the screams of Be- 
limperia, rushing into the garden, sees 
the dead body of his son, and goes raving 
mad (1588). 



491 



HIGHGATE. 



Higden {Mrs. Betty), an old woman 
nearly four score, very poor, but hating 
the union-house more than she feared 
death. Betty Higden kept a mangle, 
and " minded young children " at four- 
pence a week. A poor workhouse lad 
named Sloppy helped her to turn the 
mangle. Mrs. Boffin wished to adopt 
Johnny, Betty's infant grandchild, but 
he died at the Children's Hospital. 

She was one of those old women, was Mrs. Betty 
Higden, who, by dint of an indomitable purpose and a 
strong constitution, fight out many years ; an active old 
woman, with a bright dark eye and a resolute face, 
yet quite a tender creature, too. — Dickens : Our 
Mutual Friend, L 16 (1864). 

Higg, " the son of Snell," the lame 
witness at the trial of Rebecca. — Sir W. 
Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Higgen, Frigg, Snapp, and Fer- 
ret, knavish beggars in The Beggars 1 
Bush, a drama by Fletcher (1622). 

High and Low Heels, two factions 

in LillipuL So called from the high and 
low heels of their shoes, badges of the two 
factions. The High-heels (tories and the 
high-church party) were the most friendly 
to the ancient constitution of the empire, 
but the emperor employed the Low-heels 
{whigs and low-churchmen) as his 
ministers of state. — Swift : Gulliver's 
Travels {" Lilliput," 1726). 

High Life Below Stairs, a farce 
by the Rev. James Townley. Mr. Lovel, 
a wealthy commoner, suspects his ser- 
vants of " wasting his substance in 
riotous living ; " so, pretending to go to 
his country seat in Devonshire, he as- 
sumes the character of a country bump- 
kin from Essex, and places himself 
under the charge of his own butler, to 
learn the duties of a gentleman's servant. 
As the master is away, Philip (the butler) 
invites a large party to supper, and sup- 
plies them with the choicest wines. The 
servants all assume their masters' titles, 
and address each other as " My lord 
duke," "sir Harry," "My lady Char- 
lotte," "My lady Bab," etc., and mimic 
the airs of their employers. In the midst 
of the banquet, Lovel appears in his true 
character, breaks up the party, and dis- 
misses his household, retaining only one 
of the lot, named Tom, to whom he 
entrusts the charge of the silver and plate 
(1759). 

High gate (a suburb of London). 
Drayton says that Highgate was so 
called because Brute, the mythical 
Trojan founder of the British empire, 



HIGHLAND MARY. 49a 

"appointed it for a gate of London ; " but 
others tell us that it was so called from 
a gate set up there, some 400 years 
ago, to receive tolls for the bishop of 
London. 

Then Highgate boasts his way which men do most 

frequent, • . . 
Appointed for a gate of London to have been. 
When first the mighty Brute that city did begin. 

Drayton: Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Highland Mary. (See Mary in 
Heaven.) 

Highwaymen [Noted). 

Claude Duval (*-i67o). Introduced 
in White Friars, by Miss Robinson. 

Tom King. 

James Whitney (1660-1694), aged 34. 

Jonathan Wild of Wolverhampton 
(1682-1725), aged 43. Hero and title of 
a novel by Fielding (1744). 

Jack Sheppard of Spitalfields (1701- 
1724), aged 24. Hero and title of a 
novel by Defoe (1724) ; and one by H. 
Ainsworth (1839). 

Dick Turpin, executed at York 
(1711-1739). Hero of a novel by H. 
Ainsworth. 

Galloping Dick, executed at Ayles- 
bury in 1800. 

Captain Grant, the Irish highway- 
man, executed at Maryborough, in 1816. 

Samuel Greenwood, executed at Old 
Bailey, 1822. 

William Rea, executed at Old Bailey, 
1828. 

Hi'gre (2 syl.), a roaring of the 
waters when the tide comes up the 
H umber. 



For when my Higre comes I make my either shore 
E'en tremble with the sound that I afar do send. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 

Hilarius {Brother), refectioner at St. 
Mary's. — Sir W. Scott : The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Hildebrand, pope Gregory VII. 
(1013, 1073-1085). He demanded for 
the Church the right of " investiture" or 
presentation to all ecclesiastical benefices, 
and the superiority of the ecclesiastical to 
the temporal authority ; he enforced the 
celibacy of all clergymen, resisted simony, 
and greatly advanced the dominion of 
the popes. 

We need another Hildebrand to shake 
And purify us. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend (1851). 

Hil'debrand (Meister), the Nestor of 
German romance, a magician and cham- 
pion. 

*.* Maugis, among the paladins of 
Charlemagne, sustained a similar twofold 
character. 



HINGES. 

Hil'debrod {Jacob duke), president 
of the Alsatian Club.— Sir W. Scott: 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Hil'desheim. The monk of Hilde- 
sheim, doubting how a thousand years 
with God could be "only one day," 
listened to the melody of a bird in a green 
wood, as he supposed, for only three 
minutes, but found the time had in reality 
been a hundred years. (See Felix, p. 
36i-) 

Hill {Dr. John), whose pseudonym 
was " Mrs. Glasse." Garrick said of 
him — 

For physic and farces, 
His equal there scarce is, 
For his farces are physic, and his physic * farce Is. 

Hillary {Tom), apprentice of Mr. 
Lawford the town clerk. Afterwards 
captain Hillary. — Sir W. Scott : The 
Surgeon s Daughter (time, George II.). 

Hinch'np {Dame), a peasant, at the 
execution of Meg Murdochson. — Sir W. 
Scott : Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Hind and Panther ( The), a poem 
by Dryden (1687), in defence of the 
Catholic religion. The hind is the Latin 
Church, and the panther is the Church of 
England. James II. is the lion which 
protects the hind from the bear {Inde- 
pendents), the wolf {Presbyterians), the 
hare {Quakers), the ape {Freethinkers), 
the boar {Anabaptists), 'and the fox 
{Arians). 

'.' The City and Country Mouse, by 
Prior and Montague (earl of Halifax), is a 
parody in ridicule of the Hind and 
Panther. Dryden says — 

A milk-white hind, immortal and unchanged. 
Fed on the lawns, and in the forest ranged ; 
Without unspotted, innocent within, 
She feared no danger, for she knew no sin. 

The parody is — 

A milk-white mouse, Immortal and unchanged. 
Fed on soft cheese, and o'er the dairy ranged ; 
Without unspotted, innocent within, 
She feared no danger, for she knew no ginn. 

Hinda, daughter of Al Hassan the 
Arabian emir of Persia. Her lover Hafed, 
a Gheber or fire-worshipper, was the 
sworn enemy of the emir. Al Hassan sent 
Hinda away, but she was taken captive 
by>Hafed's party. Hafed, being betrayed 
to Al Hassan, burnt himself to death in 
the sacred fire, and Hinda cast herself 
into the sea. — Moore : Lalla Rookh{" The 
Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

Hinges {Harmonious). The doors of 



HINZELMANN. 

the harem of Fakreddin turned on har- 
monious hinges. — Beckford: Vathek 
(1784). 

Hinzelmann, the most famous 
house-spirit or kobold of German legend. 
He lived four years in the old castle of 
Hudemtihlen, and then disappeared for 
ever (1588). 

Hipcut Hill, famous for cowslips. 
The rendezvous of Pigvviggen and queen 
Mab was a cowslip on Hipcut Hill. — 
Drayton : Nymphidia (1563-1631). 

Hip'pocrene (3 syl.), the fountain 
of the Muses. Longfellow calls poetic 
inspiration "a maddening draught of 
Hippocrene." — Goblet of Life. 

Hippol'ito. So Browning spells the 
name of the son of Theseus (2 syl. ) and 
An'tiope. Hippolito fled all intercourse 
with woman. Phaedra, his step-mother, 
tried to seduce him, and when he resisted 
her solicitations, accused him to her 
husband of attempting to dishonour her. 
After death he was restored to life under 
the name of Virbius (vir-bis, "twice a 
man"). (See Hippolytos.) 

Hyppolito, a youth who never knew a woman. 

R. Browning. 

Hippol'yta, queen of the Am'azons, 
and daughter of Mars. She was famous 
for a girdle given her by the war-god, 
which Hercules had to obtain possession 
of, as one of his twelve labours. 

'.' Shakespeare has introduced Hip- 
polyta in his Midsummer Night's Dream, 
and betroths her to Theseus (2 syl.) 
duke of Athens ; but according to classic 
fable, it was her sister An'tiope (4 syl.) 
who married Theseus. 

Hippol'yta, a rich lady wantonly in 
love with Arnoldo. By the cross pur- 
poses of the plot, Leopold a sea-captain 
is enamoured of Hippolyta, Arnoldo is 
contracted to the chaste Zeno'cia, and 
Zenocia is dishonourably pursued by the 
governor count Clo'dio. — Fletcher: The 
Custom of the Country (1647). 

Hippol'ytos (in Latin, Hippolytus), 
son of Theseus (2 syl. ). He provoked the 
anger of Venus by disregarding her love ; 
and Venus, in revenge, made Phaedra 
(his step-mother) fall in love with him. 
When Hippolytos repulsed her advances, 
she accused him to her husband of seek- 
ing to dishonour her. Theseus prayed 
Neptune to punish the young man, and 
the sea-god, while the young man was 
driving in his chaitot, scared the horses 



493 



HISTORIC DOUBTS. 



with sea-calves. Hippolytos was thrown 
from the chariot and killed, but Diana 
restored him to life again. (See Hippo- 
lito.) 

Hippolytos himself would leave Diana 
To follow such a Venus. 
Massinger: A New Way to Pay Old Debts, UL I (aftaB) 

Hippom'enes (4 syl.), a Grecian 
prince who outstripped Atalanta in a foot- 
race, by dropping three golden apples, 
which she stopped to pick up. By this 
conquest he won Atalanta to wife. 

E'en here, in this region of wonders, I find 
That light-footed Fancy leaves Truth far behind ; 
Or, at least, like Hippomenes, turns her astray 
By the golden illusions he flings in her way. 

T.Moore. 

Hippopot'amus, symbol of impiety 
and ingratitude. Lear says that "in- 
gratitude in a child is more hideous than 
the sea-monster." 

The hippopotamus killeth his sir*, and ravisheth his 
dam.— Sandys : Travels (1615). 

Hippot'ades (4 syl.), Efilus, the wind- 
god, son of Hippota. 



[He] questioned every gust of rugged wings 
~hat blows from off each beaked promontory : 



They knew not of his story ; 
And sage Hippotades their answer brings. 
That not a blast was from his dungeon strayed. 
Milton : Lycidas, 92, etc (1638). 

Hir en, a strumpet. From Peele's play 
The Turkish Mahomet and Hyren the Fair 
Greek (1584). 

In Italian called a courtezan ; in Spline a margarite; 
in French un curtain ; in English ... a punk. 

" There be sirens in the sea of the world. Syrens T 
Hirens. as they are now called. What a number of 
these sirens [hirens\ cockatrices, courteghians, in 
plain English, harlots, swimme amongst as t "— 
Adams : Spiritual Navigator (1615). 

Hiroux {Jean), the French "Bill 
Sikes," with all the tragic elements elimi- 
nated. 

Pres. Where do you live? yean. Haven't got any. 
Pres. Where were you born! yean. At Galard. 
Pres. Where is that t yean. At Galard. 
Pres. What department t yean. Galard. 

Henri Monnier: Popular Scenes drawn -with 
Pen and Ink (1825). 

Hislop (John), the old carrier at Old 
St. Ronan's.— Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Hispa'nia, Spain. 

Historia Britonum, a very brief 
epitome of historic legends, from Adam 
to A.D. 547, with the life of St. Patrick 
and the legend of king Arthur, by Nen- 
nius, abbot of Bangor (seventh century). 
(An English translation is contained in 
Bohn's Six Old English Chronicles.) 

Historic Doubts (respecting the life 
and reign of Richard III. *, by Horace 
Walpole, earl of Oxford (1768). 



HISTORICUS. 

Historic Doubts relative to Napoleon, 
by bishop Whately (1821). The object is 
to show that the doubts applied by un- 
believers to the Gospel history might be 
applied to Napoleon, but would be mani- 
festly absurd. 

Histor'icus, the name assumed by 
sir William Vernon Harcourt, for many 
years the most slashing writer in the 
Saturday Review, and a contributor to 
the Times. 

History {Father of). Herod'otos, the 
Greek historian, is so called by Cicero 
(B.C. 484-408). 

Father of Ecclesiastical History, Poly- 
gnotos of Thaos (fl. B.C. 463-435). The 
Venerable Bede is so called sometimes 

(672-735)- 

Fattier of French History, Andre* 
Duchesne (1584-1640). 

Histrio-mastix, a tirade against 
theatrical exhibitions, by William Prynne 
(1633). 

For this book archbishop Laud arraigned Prynne 
before the Star Chamber ; and he was condemned to 
pay a fine of £5000 (egual to about .£50,000 of our 
money), to stand twice in the pillory, and lose his ears, 
to have his book burnt by the common hangman, to be 
disbarred, and imprisoned for life. This iniquitous 
sentence was actually carried out in the reign of 
Charles I. 

Ho'amen, an Indian tribe settled on 
a south branch of the Missouri, having 
Az'tlan for their imperial city. The 
Az'tecas conquered the tribe, deposed the 
queen, and seized their territory by right 
of conquest. When Madoc landed on 
the American shore, he took the part of 
the Hoamen, and succeeded in restoring 
them to their rights. The Aztecas then 
migrated to Mexico (twelfth century). — 
Sou they : Madoc (1805). 

Hoare (i syl.), 37, Fleet Street, Lon- 
don. The golden bottle displayed over 
the fanlight is the sign of James Hoare, a 
cooper, who founded the bank. The 
legend is that it contains the leather 
bottle or purse of James Hoare, and the 
half-crown with which he started business 
in 1677. 

Hob Miller of Twyford, an insur- 
gent.— Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

Hob or Happer, miller at St. Mary's 
Convent. 

Mysie Happer, the miller's daughter. 
She marries sir Piercie Shafton. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Hobbes's Voyage, a leap in the 
dark. Thomas Hobbes, on the point of 



494 



HOBBY-HORSE. 



death, said, " Now I am about to take my 
last voyage, a great leap in the dark ' 
(1588-1679). 

'Tis enough. IH not fail. So now I am in for 
Hobbes's voyage— a great leap in the dark [this leap 
was matrimony].— Vanbrugh : The Provoked Wife, 
▼• 3 (1607). 

Hob'bididance (4 syl.), the prince of 
dumbness, and one of the five fiends that 
possessed "poor Tom." — Shakespeare: 
King Lear, act iv. sc. 1 (1605). 

(This name is taken from Harsnett's 
Declaration 0/ Egregious Popish Impos- 
tures, 1561-1631.) 

Hobbie o' Sorbie'trees, one of the 

huntsmen near Charlie's Hope farm. — 
Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Hob'bima ( The English), John Crome 
of Norwich, whose last words were, " O 
Hobbima, Hobbima, how I do love thee I " 
(1769-1821). 

The Scotch Hob'bima, P. Nasmyth 
(1831-1890). 

'.' Minderhout Hobbima, a famous 
landscape painter of Amsterdam (1638- 
1709). 

Hobbinol. (See Hobinol.) 

Hobbinol'ia or " Rural Games," a 
burlesque poem in blank verse, by William 
Somerville(i74o). Hobbinol was the squire 
of his village, and had a son, who with 
Ganderetta were chosen king and queen 
of May. 

Hobbler or Clopinel, Jehan de 
Meung, the French poet, who was lame 
(1260-1320). Meung was called by his 
contemporaries Pere de I' Eloquence. 

' .' Tyrtaeus, the Greek elegiac poet, 
was called ' ' Hobbler " because he intro- 
duced the alternate pentameter verse, 
which is one foot shorter than the old 
heroic metre. 

Hobbler [The Rev. Dr.), at Ellieslaw 
Castle, one of the Jacobite conspirators 
with the laird of Ellieslaw.— Sir IV. Scott: 
The Black Dwarfisms, Anne). 

Hobby-de-Hoy, a lad from 14 to 21. 

1-7. The first seven years, bring up as a child ; 
7-14. The next to learning, for waxing too wild ; 
14-21. The next, to keep under sir Hobbard de Hoy ! 
21-28. The next, a man, and no longer a boy. 

Tusser : Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, 1. (1557). 

Hobby-horse, in the morris-dance, 
a pasteboard horse which a man carries 
and dances about in, displaying tricks of 
legerdemain, such as threading a needle, 
running daggers through his cheeks, etc. 



HOBBY-HORSE. 

The horse had a ladle in its mouth for the 
collection of half-pence. The colour of 
the hobby-horse was a reddish white, and 
the man inside wore a doublet, red on 
one side and yellow on the other. (See 
Morris-Dance.) 

Clo. They should be morris-dancers by their ginglo, 
but they have no napkins. 

Coc. No, nor a hobby-horse.— B. Jonson: TKt 
Metamorphosed Gipsies. 

N. B.— In Norwich, till the middle of the 
nineteenth century, a kind of hobby-horse 
was carried about. It represented a huge 
dragon, and was preceded by whifflers, 
who flourished their swords with wonder- 
ful agility to keep off the crowd. When 
the procession was discontinued, " Snap " 
was deposited in Guild Hall, Norwich. 

Hobby-horse, a favourite pursuit, a 
corruption of hobby-hause ("hawk-toss- 
ing "), a favourite diversion in the days 
of falconry. The term has become con- 
founded with the wicker hobby-horse, in 
which some one, being placed, was made 
to take part in a morris-dance. 

Why can't you ride your hobby-horse without desiring 
to place me on a pillion behind you ^— Sheridan : The 

emu, 1. 1 (1779). 

Hobby-horse ( The), one of the mas- 
quers at Kennaquhair Abbey — Sir W. 
Scott: The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Hobinol or Hobbinol is Gabriel 
Harvey, physician, LL.D., a friend and 
college chum of Edmund Spenser the 
poet. Spenser, in Eclogue iv. makes 
Thenot inquire, "What gars thee to 
weep?" and Hobinol replies it is because 
his friend Colin, having been flouted by 
Rosalind (Eclogue i.), has broken his pipe 
and seems heart-broken with grief. The- 
not then begs Hobinol to sing to him one 
of Colin's own songs, and Hobinol sings 
the lay of ' ' Elisa queen of the shepherds " 
(queen Elizabeth), daughter of Syrinx and 
Pan (Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII.). 
He says Phoebus thrust out his golden 
head to gaze on her. and was amazed to 
see a sun on earth brighter and more 
dazzling than his own. The Graces re- 
quested she might make a fourth grace, 
and she was received amongst them and 
reigned with them in heaven. The shep- 
herds then strewed flowers to the queen, 
and Elisa dismissed them, saying that at 
the proper season she would reward them 
with ripe damsons (Eclogue iv. ). Eclogue 
ix. is a dialogue between Hobinol and 
Diggon Davie, upon Popish abuses. (See 
Diggon Davie. )— Spenser ; Shephearde's 
Calendar (157a). 



495 



HODGE. 



Hobnel'ia, a shepherdess, in love with 
Lubberkin, who disregarded her. She 
tried by spells to win his love, and after 
every spell she said — 

With my sharp heel I three times mark the ground, 
And turn me thrice around, around, around. 

Gay : Pastoral, iv. (1714). 

(An imitation of Virgil's Bucolic, viii, 
" Pharmaceutria.") 

Hob'son ( Tobias), a carrier who lived 
at Cambridge in the seventeenth century. 
He kept a livery stable, but obliged the 
university students to take his hacks in 
rotation. Hence the term Hobson's choice 
came to signify " this or none." Milton 
(in 1660] wrote two humorous poems on 
the death of the old carrier. 

Hochspring'en (The young duke 
of), introduced in Donnerhugel's narra- 
tive. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of G tier stein 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Hocus (Humphry), "the attorney" 
into whose hands John Bull and his 
friends put the law-suit they carried on 
against Lewis Baboon (Louis XIV.). 
Of course, Humphry Hocus is John 
Churchill, duke of Marlborough, who 
commanded the army employed against 
the Grand Monarque. 

Hocus was an old cunning attorney ; and though this 
was the first considerable suit he was ever engaged in, 
he showed himself superior in address to most of his 
profession. He always kept good clerks. He loved 
money, was smooth-tongued, gave good words, and 
seldom lost his temper . . . He provided plentifully for 
his family ; but he loved himself better than them all. 
The neighbours reported that he was hen-pecked, 
which was impossible by such a mild-spirited woman as 
his wife was [his wife was a desperate termagant].— 
Dr. Arbuthnot: History of John Bull, v. (171a). 

Hodei'rah (3 syl.), husband of Zei'- 
nab (2 syl.) and father of Thalaba. He 
died while Thalaba was a mere lad. — 
Southey: Thalaba the Destroyer, i. (1797). 

Hodeken [i.e. little hat], a German 
kobold or domestic fairy, noted for his 
little felt hat. 

Ho'der, the Scandinavian god of 
darkness, typical of night. He is called 
the blind old god. Balder is the god of 
light, typical of day. According to fable, 
Hdder killed Balder with an arrow made 
of mistletoe, but the gods restored him to 
life again. 

HOder, the blind old god. 
Whose feet are shod with silence. 

Longfellow: Teener's Death. 

Hodg;e, Gammer Gurton's goodman, 
whose breeches she was repairing when 
she lost her needle. — Mr. S. Master oj 
Arts: Gammer Gurton's Needle '1551^ 



HODGES. 



496 HOLLAND IN ENGLAND. 



V Mr. S. is said to be J. Still, after- 
wards bishop of Bath and Wells, but in 
1551 he was only eight years old. 

Hodges [John), one of Waverley's 
servants. — Sir W. Scott: Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Hodges [Joe), landlord of Bertram, by 
the lake near Merwyn Hall. — Sir IV. 
Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Hodge 'son {Gaffer), a puritan.— Sir 
W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Hoel (2 syl.), king of the Armorican 
Britons, and nephew Of king Arthur. 
Hoel sent an army of 15,000 men to 
assist his uncle against the Saxons (501). 
In 509, being driven from his kingdom 
by Clovis, he took Tefuge in England ; 
but in 513 he recovered his throne, and 
died in 545. 

[Arthur], calling to his aid 
His kinsman Howel, brought from Brittany the less, 
Their armies they unite . . . [and conquer the Saxons 
mt Lincoln], 

Drayt&n : Polyolbion, lv. (1613). 

Ho'el, son of prince Hoel and Lla'ian. 
Prince Hoel was slain in battle by his 
half-brother David king of North Wales ; 
and Llaian, with her son, followed the 
fortunes of prince Madoc, who migrated 
to North America. Young Hoel was 
kidnapped by Ocell'opan, an Az'tec, and 
carried to Az'tlan for a propitiatory 
sacrifice to the Aztecan gods. He was 
confined in a cavern without food; but 
Co'atel, a young Aztecan wife, took pity 
'jn him, visited him, supplied him with 
food, and assisted Madoc to release him. 
— Southey : Madoc (1805). 

Koernescar, a German mode of 
punishment, which consisted in carrying 
a dog on one's shoulders for a certain 
number of miles. 

Plusieurs comtes accuses de malversation, de la peine 
humiliante du hamescar, peine consistent a faire 
porter un chien pendant plusieurs milles sur les epaules 
du condamne. — Cocheris ; L' Empire d A llemagnc. 

Ho'garth {William), called "The 
Juvenal of Painters " (1695-1764). 

The Scottish Ho'garth, David Allan 
(1744-1796). 

The Hogarth of Novelists, Henry 
Fielding (1707-1754). 

Hog Lane, Whitechapel, London ; 
afterwards called " Petticoat Lane," and 
now ' • Middlesex Street." 

Hohenlin'den, in Bavaria, famous 
for the battle fought in November, 1801, 
between the Austrians under Klenau, and 
the French under Moreau. The French 



remained the victors, with 10,000 prisoners, 
Campbell wrote a poem so called. 

"Tis morn ; but scarce yon level sun 
Can pierce the war-clouds, rolling dun. 
Where furious Frank and fiery Hun 

Shout in their sulphurous canopy. 

Campbell: Battle of Hohenlinden (1801). 

Hoist with his own Petard, 

caught in his own trap. 

For 'tis the sport to have the enginer 
Hoist with his own petar. 
Shakespeare : Hamlet, act iil. sc. 4 (1596). 

Hold'enough {Master Nehemiah), 
presbyterian preacher, ejected from ni 
pulpit by a military preacher. — Sir W. 
Scott: Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Holdfast {Aminadab), a friend of 
Simon Pure. — Mrs. Centlivre: A Bold 
Stroke for a Wife (1717). 

Holiday. When Anaxag'oras, at 
the point of death, was asked what 
honour should be conferred on him, he 
replied, •* Give the boys a holiday" (B.C. 
500-428). 

Holiday {Erasmus), schoolmaster in 
the Vale of Whitehorse. — Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Holiday Phrases, set speeches, 
high-flown phrases. So holiday manners, 
holiday clothes, meaning the "best" or 
those put on to make the best appear- 
ance. Hotspur, speaking of a fop sent to 
demand his prisoners, says to the king — 

In many holiday and lady terms 
He questioned me. 
Shakespeare: 1 Henry IV. act i. sc. 3 (1597). 

Holiday Romance (A), by Charles 
Dickens (1868). 

Holipher'nes (4 syl. ), called ' * English 
Henry," was one of the Christian knights 
in the allied army of Godfrey, in the first 
crusade. He was slain by Dragu'tes 
'3 syl.). (See Holofernes.)— Tasso : 
"erusalem Delivered, ix. (1575). 

Holland. Voltaire took leave of this 
country of paradoxes in the alliteration 
following : — •* Adieu ! canaux canards, 
canaille " (Adieu ! dykes, ducks, and 
drunkards). Lord Byron calls it — 

The waterland of Dutchmen and of ditches. 

Whose juniper expresses its best juice. 
The poor man's sparkling substitute for riches, 
Don yuan, x. 63 (x8ax), 

S. Butler says — 

A land that rides at anchor, and Is not moored. 
In which men do not live, but go aboard. 

Hudibras (1663-1678). 

Holland in England, one of the 

three districts of Lincolnshire. Where 
Boston stands used to be called M High 
Holland." The other two districts are 
Lindsey, the highest land ; and Kesteven, 



% 



HOLLES STREET. 



497 



HOME, SWEET HOME. 



the western part, famous for its heaths. 
Holland, the fen-lands in the south-east. 

And for that part of me [Lincoln*,] which men " High 

Holland ,r call, 
Where Boston seated Is, by plenteous Wytham's 

fall . . . 
No other tract of land doth like abundance yield. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxv. (162a). 

Holies Street (London). So called 
fiom John Holies duke of Newcastle, 
father of Henrietta Cavendish countess 
of Oxford and Mortimer. (See Hen- 
rietta Street, p. 483.) 

Holly-tree Inn {Boots at the). (See 
Cobb, p. 222.) 

Holman (Lieutenant James), the 
blind traveller (1787-1857). 

Holofer'nes (\syl. ), a pedantic school- 
master, who speaks like a dictionary. 
The character is meant for John Florio, 
a teacher of Italian in London, who 
published, in 1598, a dictionary called 
A World of Words. He provoked the 
retort by condemning wholesale the 
English dramas, which, he said, were 
"neither right comedies, nor right 
tragedies, but perverted histories without 
decorum." The following sentence is a 
specimen of the style in which he talked : — 

The deer was ... in sanguis (blood), ripe as a 
pomewater who now hangeth like a jewel in the ear of 
calo (the sky, the welkin, the heaven) ; and anon falleth 
like a crab on the face of terra (the soil, the land, the 
earth). — Shakespeare : Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. sc. 
a (1594)- 

(Holofernes is an imperfect anagram of 
"Joh'nes Florio," the first and last letters 
being omitted.) 

Holofernes, lieutenant-general of 
the armies of Nabuchodonosor, king of 
Assyria. When he laid siege to Bethulia, 
he cut off the water supply, and the Jews 
promised to surrender if God did not 
succour them within five days. In this 
interim Judith killed Holofernes with a 
tent-nail. — Judith. 

'.' There was yet another Holofernes, 
fore-king mentioned in the Hungarian 
folk-tale of Magic Helen. (See the col- 
lection made by count Mailath.) 

Hol'opherne {Thubal), the great 
sophister, who, in the course of five years 
and three months, taught Gargantua to 
say his A B C backwards. — Rabelais: 
Gargantua, i. 14 (1533). 

Holy Bottle (The Oracle of the), 
the object of PantagVuel's search. He 
visited various lands with his friend 
Panurge (2 syl.), the last place being 
the island of Lantern-land, where the 
" bottle ' was kept in an alabaster fount 



in a magnificent temple. When the 
party arrived at the sacred spot, the 
priestess threw something into the fount ; 
whereupon the water began to bubble, 
and the word "Drink" issued from the 
"bottle." So the whole party set to 
drinking Falernian wine, and, being 
inspired with drunkenness, raved with 
prophetic madness ; and so the romance 
ends. — Rabelais: Pantag'ruel (1545). 

Like PantagTuel and his companions in quest of th 
* Oracle of the Bottle."— Sterne. 

Holy Brotherhood (The), in 
Spain called Santa Hermandad, was an 
association for the suppression of high- 
way robbery. 

The thieves, . . . believing; the Holy Brotherhood 
was coming, . . . pot up in a hurry, ana alarmed their 
companions.— Lesagt : Gil Bias, L (1715). 

Holy Island, Lindisfarne, in the 
German Sea, about eight miles from 
Berwick-upon-Tweed. It was once the 
see of the famous St. Cuthbert, but now 
the bishopric is that of Durham. The 
ruins of the old cathedral are still visible. 

Ireland used to be so called, on account 
of its numerous saints. 

Guernsey was so called in the tenth 
century, on account of the great number 
of monks residing there. 

Riigen was so called by the Slavonic 
Varini. 

Holy Living and Dying, by bishop 
Jeremy Taylor (1650). 

Holy Maid of Kent, Elizabeth 
Barton, who incited the Roman Catholics 
to resist the progress of the Reformation, 
and pretended to act under divine in- 
spiration. She was executed in 1534 
for "predicting" that the king (Henry 
VIII.) would die a sudden death if he 
divorced queen Katharine and married 
Anne Boleyn. At one time she was 
thought to be inspired with a prophetic 
gift, and even the lord chancellor, sir 
Thomas More, was inclined to think so. 

Holy Mother of the Russians. 

Moscow is so called. 

Holy War (The), by John Bunyan 
(1684). 

Holywell Street, London. So 
called from a spring of water "most 
sweet, salubrious, and clear, whose runnels 
murmur over the shining stones." 

• . * Other similar wells in the suburbs 
of London were Clerkenwell and St. 
Clement's Well. 

Home, Sweet Home. The wordi 
of this popular song are by John Howard 

• K 



HOMER. 



498 



HOMESPUN. 



Payne, an American. It is introduced 
in his melodrama called Clari, or The 
Maid of Milan. The music is by sir 
Henry Bishop. 

Homer, a Greek epic poet, author of 
the Iliad and the Odyssey, in Greek 
hexameters. The Iliad is supposed to 
have been composed somewhere about 
B.C. 962, and the Odyssey about B.C. 927. 
They were reduced to writing by Pisis- 
tratos of Athens, B.C. 531. They are not 
"Attic" Greek, but the Greek of Asia 
Minor. (For the tales, see Iliad and 
Odyssey. ) 

• . • The following have translated into 
English verse both poems. The first date 
is for the Iliad, and the second date for 
the Odyssey : — 

Bryant, 1870, 1871 ; Chapman, in Alexandrian metre, 
1598, 1614 ; Collins, 1861, 1870 ; Conington and Worsley, 
in Spenserean metre, both in 1614 ; Cowper, in blank 
verse, both in 1791 ; Hobbes, both in 1677 ! Morgate, 
i860, 1865; Ogilby, 1660, 1669; Pope, 1719, 1723. 

IT The following have translated into 
English verse the Iliad only : — 

Baxter, 1834 ; Brandreth, 1846 ; Cordery, 1870 ; Dart, 
1865 ; lord Derby, 1867 ; Hall, 1581 ; Herschel, 1866 ; 
Green, 1865 ; Macpherson, 1773 ; Merivale, 1869 ; Mor- 
tice, 1809; Newman, 1871; Selwyn, 1865; Simcox, 
S865 ; Wright, 1859. 

Tickle translated into English verse 
bk. i. of the Iliad. 

% The following have translated into 
English verse the Odyssey only : — 

Cary, 18*3; Edginton, 1869; Merry, 1871; Musgrave, 
1*9- 

The British Homer. Milton is so called 
on Gray's monument in Westminster 
Abbey. 

No more the Grecian muse unrivalled reigns; 

To Britain let the nations homage pay : 
She felt a Homer's fire in Milton's strains, 

A Pindar's rapture in the lyre of Gray. 

The Casket Homer, an edition of Homer 
corrected by Aristotle, which Alexander 
the Great carried about with him, and 
placed in a golden casket richly studded 
with gems, found in the tent of Darius. 
Alexander said there was but one thing 
in the world worthy to be kept in so 
precious a casket, and that was Aristotle's 
Homer. 

The Celtic Homer, Ossian, son of Fingal 
king of Morven. 

The Oriental Homer, Ferdusi, the 
Persian poet, who wrote the Chdh Nameh, 
or history of the Persian kings. It con- 
tains 120,000 verses, and was the work of 
thirty years (940-1020). 

The Prose Homer, Henry Fielding the 
novelist Byron calls him "The Prose 
Homer of Human Nature " (1707-1764). 



The Scottish Homer, William Wilkie, 
author of The Epigon'iad (1721-1772). 

The Homer of our Dramatic Poets. 
Shakespeare is so called by Dryden 
(1564-1616). 

Shakespeare was the Homer or father of our dramatic 
poets; Jonson was the VirgiL I admire rare Ben, but 
I love Shakespeare.— Dryden. 

The Homer of Ferra'ra. Ariosto was 
called by Tasso, Omero Ferraresi (1474- 
1533)- 

The Homer of the Franks. Angilbert 
was so called by Charlemagne. He died 
814. 

The Homer of the French Drama. 
Pierre Corneille was so called by sir 
Walter Scott (1606-1684). 

The Homer of Philosophers, Plato (B.C. 
429-347). 

Homer the Younger, Philiscos, one of 
the seven Pleiad poets of Alexandria, in 
the time of Ptolemy Philadelphos. 

Homer a Cure for the Ague. It is an old 
superstition that if the fourth book of the 
Iliad is laid under the head of a patient 
suffering from quartan ague, it will cure 
him at once. Serenus Sammonicus, 
preceptor of Gordian, a noted physician, 
says — 

Maeoniae Iliados quartum suppone timentL 

Prec. so. 

Homeric Characters. 

Agamemnon, haughty and imperious ; 
Achilles, brave, impatient of command, 
and relentless ; Diomed, brave as Achil- 
les, but obedient to authority ; Ajax the 
Greater, a giant in stature, foolhardy, 
arrogant, and conceited ; Nestor, a sage 
old man, garrulous on the glories of his 
youthful days ; Ulysses, wise, crafty, 
and arrogant ; Patroclos, a gentle 
friend ; Thersites, a scurrilous dema- 
gogue. 

Hector, the protector and father of 
his country, a brave soldier, an affection- 
ate husband, a wise counsellor, and a 
model prince ; Sarpedon, the favourite 
of the gods, gallant and generous ; 
Paris, a gallant and a fop ; Troilus, 
"the prince of chivalry;" Priam, a 
broken-spirited old monarch. 

Helen, a heartless beauty, faithless, 
and fond of pleasure ; Androm'ache\ a 
fond young mother and affectionate wife ; 
Cassandra, a querulous, croaking pro- 
phetess ; Hkcuba, an old she-bear robbed 
of her whelps. 

Homespun (Zekiel), a farmer of 
Castleton. Being turned out of his farm, 
he goes to London to seek his fortune 
Though quite illiterate, he has warm 



HOMILIES. 499 

affections, noble principles, and a most 
ingenuous mind. Zekiel wins ^£20,000 by 
a lottery ticket, bought by his deceased 
father. 

Cicely Homespun, sister of Zekiel, be- 
trothed to Dick Dowlas (for a short time 
the Hon. Dick Dowlas). When Cicely 
went to London with her brother, she 
took a situation with Caroline Dormer. 
Miss Dormer married 'the heir-at-law" 
of baron Duberly, and Cicely married 
Dick Dowlas. — Coltnan : The Heir-at- 
Law (1797). 

Homilies (The Book of), under the 
direction of archbishop Cranmer (1547). 

Hominy (Mrs.), philosopher and 
authoress, wife of major Hominy, and 
"mother of the modern Gracchi," as she 
called her daughter, who lived at New 
Thermopylae, three days this side of 
" Eden," in America. Mrs. Hominy 
was considered by her countrymen a 
"very choice spirit" — Dickens: Martin 
Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Homo, man. Said to be a corruption 
of OMO ; the two O's represent the two 
eyes, and the M the rest of the human 
face. Dante says the gaunt face of a 
starved man resembles the letter " M." 

Who reads the name 
For man upon his forehead, there the M 
Had traced most plainly. 

Dante ; Purgatory, xxiii. (1308). 

N.B. — The two downstrokes represent 
the contour, and the V of the letter repre- 
sents the nose. Hence the human face 
is |°V°| 

Honeim's Shoes. / have brought 
nothing back but Honeim's shoes. A 
Chinese proverb, meaning, " Mine has 
been a bootless errand." The tale is that 
an Arab went to one Honeim to buy a 
pair of shoes; but, after the usual 
haggling, he said they were too dear, and 
left the stall. Honeim knew the road 
the man would take, and, running on in 
advance, dropped one of the shoes on 
purpose. Presently up came the man, 
sees the shoe in the road, and says, 
" How marvellously like is this to 
Honeim's shoes ! If now I could find the 
fellow, I would pick up this." So he 
looked all about, but without success, 
and passed on. In the mean time 
Honeim had run half a league further, 
and dropped the other shoe, and when 
the Arab came to the spot and saw it, he 
regretted that he had not picked up the 
first shoe ; but, tying his camel to a tree, 



HONESTY. 

he ran back to fetch it. On returning to 
the place again, he found his camel had 
been stolen, and when he arrived at 
home and was asked what he had 
brought back, he replied, " Nothing but 
Honeim's shoes." 

f Moses Primrose and the green 
spectacles may be compared with the 
Arab and Honeim's shoes. 

Honest George. General George 
Monk, duke of Albemarle, was so called 
by the Cromwellites (1608 -1670). 

Honest Man. Diogenes, being asked 
one day what he was searching for so 
diligently that he needed the light of a 
lantern in broad.day, replied, "An honest 
man." 

Searched with lantern-light to find an honest man. 
Southey : Roderick, etc., xxi. (18x4). 
SHU will he hold his lantern up to scan 
The face of monarchs for an honest man. 

Byron : Age 0/ Bronze, x. (1821). 

Honest Thieves (The). The 
"thieves" are Ruth and Arabella, two 
heiresses, brought up by justice Day, 
trustee of the estates of Ruth and guar- 
dian of Arabella. The two girls wish 
to marry colonel Careless and captain 
Manly, but do not know how to get 
possession of their property, which is in 
the hands of justice Day. It so happens 
that Day goes to pay a visit, and the two 
girls, finding the key of his strong box, 
help themselves to the deeds, etc., to 
which they are respectively entitled. 
Mrs. Day, on her return, accuses them 
of robbery; but Manly says, "Madam, 
they have taken nothing but what is 
their own. They are honest thieves, I 
assure you." — T. Knight (a farce). 

(This is a mere rifacimento of The 
Committee (1670), by the Hon. sir R. 
Howard. Most of the names are identical , 
but "captain Manly" is substituted for 
colonel Blunt.) 

Honesty. Timour used to boast that 
during his reign a child might carry a 
purse of gold from furthest east to 
furthest west of his vast empire without 
fear of being robbed or molested.— Gib- 
bon: Decline and Fall, etc. (1776-88). 

1T A similar state of things existed in 
Ireland, brought about by the adminis- 
tration of king Brien. A young lady of 
great beauty, adorned with jewels, under- 
took a journey alone from one end of the 
kingdom to the other; but no attempt 
was made upon her honour, nor was she 
robbed of her jewels. — Warner : History 
0/ Ireland, i. 10. 



HONEY. 



500 



HONOUR. 



* . • Thomas Moore has made this the 
subject of one of his Irish Melodies, i. 
( ' ' Rich and Rare were the Gems she 
Wore," 1814). 

Honey. Glaucus, son of Minos, was 
smothered in a cask of laoney. 

Honeycomb ( Will), a fine gentle- 
man, and great authority on the fashions 
of the day. He was one of the members 
of the imaginary club from which the 
Spectator issued. — The Spectator (1711- 
1713)- 

Sir Roger de Coverley, a country gentleman, to whom 
reference was made when matters connected with rural 
affairs were in question ; Will Honeycomb gave law on 
all things concerning the gay world ; captain Sentry 
stood up for the army; and sir Andrew Freeport repre- 
sented the commercial interest. — Chambers : English 
Literature, i. 603. __ 

Honey combe [Mr.), the uxorious 
husband of Mrs. Honeycombe, and father 
of Polly. Self-willed, passionate, and 
tyrannical. He thinks to bully Polly 
out of her love-nonsense, and by locking 
her in her chamber to keep her safe, 
forgetting that "love laughs at lock- 
smiths," and "where there's a will there's 
a way." 

Mrs. Honeycombe, the dram-drinking, 
maudling, foolish wife of Mr. Honey- 
combe, always ogling him, calling him 
"lovey," "sweeting," or "dearie," but 
generally muzzy, and obfuscated with 
cordials or other messes. 

Polly Honeycombe, the daughter of Mr. 
and Mrs. Honeycombe; educated by 
novels, and as full of romance as don 
Quixote. Mr. Ledger, a stockbroker, 
pays his addresses to her ; but she hates 
him, and determines to elope with Mr. 
Scribble, an attorney's clerk, and nephew 
of her nurse. This folly, however, is 
happily interrupted. — Colman : Polly 
Honeycombe (1760). 

Honeyman {Charles), a free-and- 
easy clergyman, of social habits and 
fluent speech. — Thackeray: The New- 
comes (1855). 

Honeymoon (The), a comedy by 
J. Tobin (1804). The general scheme 
resembles that of the Taming of the Shrerv, 
viz. breaking-in an unruly colt of high 
mettle to the harness of wifely life. The 
duke of Aranza marries the proud, over- 
bearing, but beautiful Juliana, eldest 
daughter of Balthazar. After marriage, 
he takes her to a mean hut, and pretends 
he is only a peasant, who must work for 
his daily bread, and that his wife must 
do the household drudgery. He acts 



with great gentleness and affection ; and 
by the end of the month, Juliana, being 
thoroughly reformed, is introduced to 
the castle, where she finds that her hus- 
band after all is the duke, and that she is 
the duchess of Aranza. It is an excellent 
and well-written comedy. 

Honeywood, " the good-natured 
man," whose property is made the prey 
of swindlers. His uncle, sir William 
Honeywood, in order to rescue him from 
sharpers, causes him to be seized for a 
bill to which he has lent his name "to a 
friend who absconded." By this arrest 
the young man is taught to discriminate 
between real friends and designing 
knaves. Honeywood dotes on Miss 
Richland, but, fancying that she loves 
Mr. Lofty, forbears to avow his love ; 
eventually, however, all comes right. 
Honeywood promises to "reserve his 
pity for real distress, and his friendship 
for true merit." 

Though inclined to the right, \he\ had not courage to 
condemn the wrong. [His] charity was but injustice ; 
[his] benevolence but weakness ; and [Aw] friendship 
but credulity.— The Good-natured Man, act v. 

Sir William Honeywood, uncle of Mr. 
Honeywood "the good-natured man." 
Sir William sees with regret the faults 
of his nephew, and tries to correct them. 
He is a dignified and high-minded gen- 
tleman. — Goldsmith: The Good-natured 
Man (1767). 

Hono'ra, daughter of general Archas, 
"the loyal subject " of the great-duke of 
Moscovia, and sister of Viola. — Beau- 
mont (?) and Fletcher: The Loyal Subject 
(16 18). (Beaumont died 1616.) 

Hono'ria, a fair but haughty dame, 
greatly loved by Theodore of Ravenna ; 
but the lady "hated him alone," and 
" the more he loved the more she dis- 
dained." One day, she saw the ghost 
of Guido Cavalcanti hunting with two 
mastiffs a damsel who despised his love 
and who was doomed to suffer a year for 
every month she had tormented him. 
Her torture was to be hunted by dogs, 
torn to pieces, disemboweled, and re- 
stored to life again every Friday. This 
vision so acted on the mind of Honoria, 
that she no longer resisted the love of 
Theodore, but, ' ' with the full consent of 
all, she changed her state." — Dry den: 
Theodore and Honoria (a poem). 

•.* This tale is from Boccaccio's De- 
cameron (day v. 8). 

Honour (Mrs.), the waiting gentle- 



HONOUR AND GLORY GRIFFITHS. 501 



HOPE 



woman of Sophia Western. — Fielding: 
Tom yones (1749). 

This is worse than Sophy Western and Mrs. Hv/flour 
about Tom Jones's broken arm.— Professor Wilson. 

Honour and Glory Griffiths. 

Captain Griffiths, in the reign of William 
IV., was so called, because he used to 
address his letters to the Admiralty, to 
"Their Honours and Glories at the 
Admiralty." 

Honour of the Spear, a tourna- 
ment. 

He came to Runa's echoing halls, and sought the 
honour of the spear.— Ossian: The War of litis- 
Thona. 

Honour paid to Learning. A 

Spaniard travelled from Cadiz to Rome, 
solely for the purpose of beholding Livy 
the historian, and, after he had seen him, 
returned home again. 

IT When Alexander besieged Thebes, 
he spared the house of Pindar out of 
reverence to the great poet (See Wis- 
dom, honour paid to ; HOME!, p. 498.) 

Honours {Crushed by his or her). 

(1) Tarpeia (3 syl.), daughter of Tar- 
pems (governor of the citadel of Rome), 
promised to open the gates to Tatius, if 
his soldiers would give her the ornaments 
they wore on their arms. As the soldiers 
entered the gate, they threw on her their 
shields, and crushed her to death, saying, 
' ' These are the ornaments we Sabines 
wear on our arms." 

(2) Draco, the Athenian legislator, was 
crushed to death in the theatre of ^Eglna 
by the number of caps and cloaks 
showered on him by the audience, as a 
mark of honour. 

(3) Elagab'alus, the Roman emperor, 
invited the leading men of Rome to a 
banquet, and, under pretence of showing 
them honour, rained roses upon them till 
they were smothered to death. 

Hood {Robin), a famous English out- 
law. Stow places him in the reign of 
Richard I., but others make him live at 
divers periods between Coeur de Lion and 
Edward II. His chief haunt was Sher- 
wood Forest, in Nottinghamshire. Ancient 
ballads abound with anecdotes of his per- 
sonal courage, his skill in archery, his 
generosity, and his great popularity. It is 
said that he robbed the rich, but gave 
largely to the poor ; and that he pro- 
tected women and children with chivalrous 
magnanimity. According to tradition, he 
was treacherously bled to death by a nun, 
at the command of his kinsman, the prior 
of Kirkless, in Notts. 



Stukeley asserts that Robin Hood was 
Robert Fitzooth, earl of Huntingdon ; 
and it is probable that his name hood, 
like capet given to the French king 
Hugues, refers to the cape or hood which 
he usually wore. 

(The chief incidents of his life are 
recorded by Stow. Ritson has collected 
a volume of songs, ballads, and anecdotes 
called Robin Hood . . . that Celebrated 
English Outlaw (1795). Sir W. Scott has 
introduced him in his novel called Ivan- 
hoe, which makes the outlaw contemporary 
with Coeur de Lion. He is also men- 
tioned by Scott in The Talisman. 

Robin Hoods Chaplain, friar Tuck. 

Robin Hoods Men. The most noted 
were Little John, whose surname was 
Nailor ; William Scarlet, Scathelooke (2 
syl.), or Scadlock, sometimes called two 
brothers ; Will Stutly or Stukely ; and 
Mutch the miller's son. 

Chief, beside the butts, there stand 

Bold Robin Hood and all his band : 

Friar Tuck with staff and cowl, 

Old Scathelooke (2 syl.) with his surly scowl. 

Maid Marian fair as ivory bone, 

Scarlet, and Mutch, and Little John. 

Str Walter Scott. 

Robin Hoods Mistress, the Maid 
Marian. 

Hoods. Blue hoods, the party badge 
of Navarre ; red hoods, the party badge 
of Paris ; blue and red hoods, the party 
badge of Charles [V.], when dauphin ; 
white hoods, the party badge of the 
Burgundians. 

Hookem {Mr.), partner of lawyer 
Clippurse at Waverley Honour. — Sir W. 
Scott: Waverley (time, George II.). 

Hop {Robin), the hop plant. 

Get into thy hop-yard, for now it is time 

To teach Robin Hop on his pole how to climb. 

Tusser: Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, xli. 17 (1557). 

Hope. The name of the first woman, 
according to Grecian mythology, was 
Panddra, made by Hephaestos ( Vulcan) 
out of earth. She was called Pandora 
(" all-gifted ") because all the deities con- 
tributed something to her charms. She 
married Epime'theus (4 syl.), in whose 
house was a box which no mortal might 
open. Curiosity induced Pandora to peep 
into it, when out flew all the ills of 
humanity, and she had but just time to 
close the lid before the escape of Hope. 

When man and nature mourned their first decay . , 
All, all forsook the friendless, guilty mind. 
But Hope — the charmer lingered still behind. 

Campbell: Pleasures *J II oft, L (1799)1 



HOPE. 

Hope (The Bard of), Thomas Camp- 
bell, who wrote The Pleasures of Hope, in 
two parts (1777-1844). 

Hope ( The Cape of Good), originally 
called "The Cape of Storms." 

IT Similarly, the Euxine (i.e. " hos- 
pitable") Sea was originally called by 
the Greeks the Axine (i.e. " the in- 
hospitable ") Sea. 

(For the "Spirit of the Cape," see 
Spirit.) 

Hope Diamond (The), a blue 

brilliant, weighing 44^ carats. 

It is supposed that this diamond is the 
same as the blue diamond bought by 
Louis XIV., in 1668, of Tavernier. It 
weighed in the rough 112^ carats, and 
after being cut 67J carats. In 1792 it 
was lost. In 1830, Mr. Daniel Eliason 
came into possession of a blue diamond 
without any antecedent history ; this 
was bought by Mr. Henry Thomas Hope, 
and is called " The Hope Diamond." 

Hope of Troy (The), Hector. 

[He] stood against them, as the Hope of Troy 
Against the Greeks. 

Shakespeare: 3 Henry VI. act IL sc. 1 (159a). 

Hope the Motive Power of All. 

The ambitious prince doth hope to conquer all ; 

The dukes, earls, lords, and knights hope to be kings ; 
The prelates hope to push for popish pall ; 

The lawyers hope to purchase wondrous things J 

The merchants hope for no less reckonings ; 
The peasant hopes to get a ferme [farm] at least ; 
All men are guests where Hope doth hold the feast. 

Gmscoigne : The Fruites of Warre, 88 (died 1377). 

Hopeful, a companion of Christian 
after the death of Faithful at Vanity 
Fair. — Bunyan : The Pilgrim's Progress, 
i. (1678). 

Hopkins (Matthew), of Manningtree, 
in Essex, the witch-finder. In one year 
he caused sixty persons to be hanged as 
reputed witches. 

Between three and four thousand persons suffered 
death for witchcraft between 1643 and 1661.— Dr. Z. 
Grey. 

Hopkins (Nicholas), a Chartreux friar, 
who prophesied "that neither the king 
[Henry VIII.'] nor his heirs should 
prosper, but that the duke of Buckingham 
should govern England." 

istGcnt. The devil-monk, Hopkins, hath made this 

mischief. 
•md Gent. That was he that fed him with his prophecies. 
Shakespeare : Henry VIII. act ii. sc. 1 (1601). 

Hop-o'-my-Thumb, a character in 
several nursery tales. Tom Thumb and 
Hop-o'-my-Thumb are not the same, 
although they are often confounded with 
each other. Tom Thumb was the son of 



Soa 



HORACE. 



peasants, knighted by king Arthur, and 
killed by a spider. Hop-o'-my-Thumb 
was a nix, the same as the German 
daumling, the French le petit pouce, and 
the Scotch Tom-a-lin or Tamlane. He 
was not a human dwarf, but a fay of 
usual fairy proportions. 

You Stump-o'-the-gutter, you Hop-o'-my-Thumb, 
Your husband must from Lilliput come. 

Kane O'Hara : Midas (1778). 

Horace, the latin poet (b.c. 65-8). 
Translated into English verse by Francis, 
Lonsdale and Lee (1873), l° r d Ravens- 
worth, Robinson, etc. 

Odes: by Forsyth, 1876; Hawkins (Thomas), 1625; 
Hoveden, 1874; lord Lytton (good), 1869; Theodoie 
Martin (good), 1869; professor Newman, 1875. Bks. 
i., ii., by Jones, 1865; by J W. Smith, 1867; four books 
by Yardley, 1869. 

V James and Horace Smith published, in 1813, the 
first two books adapted to modem times. 

Epodes : by Hughes, 1867; Martin (good), 1869; R. 
Wood, 1872. 

V Pope wrote some imitations of Horace. 
Carmen Seculare (4 syl. ) : by Mathews, 1867. 
Satires : by Conington (good), 1869 ; Mathews, 

1847; Martin (good), 1869; Millington, 1870; Wood, 
1870. One Satire, Hughes, 1867. 

V Pope wrote some imitations of these Satires. 
Epistles : by Conington (good), 1869 ; Martin (good}, 

1869; Millington, 1870. 

Ars Poetica: by Conington (good), 1869; Wood, 
1873. 

The English Horace. Ben Jonson is 
so called by Dekker the dramatist (1574- 

1637). 

Cowley was preposterously called by 
George duke of Buckingham ' ' The Pindar, 
Horace, and Virgil of England" (1618- 
1667). 

The French Horace, Jean Macrinus or 
Salmon (1490-1557). 

Pierre Jean de Beranger is called "The 
Horace of France," and " The French 
Burns" (1780-1857). 

The Portuguese Horace, A. Ferreira 
(1528-1569). 

The Spanish Horace. Both Lupercio 
Argen'sola and his brother Bartolome are 
so called. 

Horace, son of Oronte (2 syl.) and 
lover of Agnes. He first sees Agnes in a 
balcony, and takes off his hat in passing. 
Agnes returns his salute, " pour ne point 
nianquer a la civiliteV' He again takes 
off his hat, and she again returns the 
compliment. He bows a third time, and 
she returns his "politeness " a third time. 
"II passe, vient, repasse, et toujours me 
fait a chaque fois reverence, et moi 
nouvelle r£ve>ence aussi je lui rendois." 
An intimacy is soon established, which 
ripens into love. Oronte tells his son he 
intends him to marry the daughter of 
Enrique (2 syl.), which he refuses to do; 
but it turns out that Agnes is in fact 



HORACE DE BRIENNE. 



S°3 



HORN. 



Enrique's daughter, so that love and 
obedience are easily reconciled. — Moliere : 
L'icole des Femmes (1662). 

Horace de Brienne (2 syl.), en- 
gaged to Diana de Lascours ; but after the 
discovery of Ogari'ta [alias Martha, 
Diana's sister], he falls in love with her, 
and marries her with the free consent 
of his former choice. — Stirling: The 
Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Horse Pauli'n®, by Paley (1790), in 
which the truth of the Acts is supposed 
to be corroborated by allusions in the 
Epistles of Paul 

Horatia, daughter of Horatius " the 
Roman father." She was engaged to 
Caius Curiatius, whom her surviving 
brother slew in the well-known combat 
of the three Romans and three Albans. 
For the purpose of being killed, she in- 
sulted her brother Publius in his triumph, 
and spoke disdainfully of his " patriotic 
love," which he preferred to filial and 
brotherly affection. In his anger he 
stabbed his sister with his sword. — 
Whitehead : The Roman Father (1741). 

Hora'tio, the intimate friend of prince 
Hamlet. — Shakespeare : Hamlet Prince of 
Denmark (1596). 

Hora'tio, the friend and brother-in-law 
of lord Al'tamont, who discovers by 
accident that Calista, lord Altamont's 
bride, has been seduced by Lothario, and 
informs lord Altamont of it. A duel 
ensues between the bridegroom and the 
libertine, in which Lothario is killed ; and 
Calista stabs herself. — Rowe: The Fair 
Penitent (1703). 

Horatius, "the Roman father." 
He is the father of the three Horatii 
chosen by the Roman senate to espouse 
the cause of Rome against the Albans. 
He glories in the choice, preferring his 
country to his offspring. His daughter, 
Horatia, was espoused to one of the 
Curiatii, and was slain by her surviving 
brother for taunting him with murder 
under the name of patriotism. The old 
man now renounced his son, and would 
have given him up to justice, but king 
and people interposed in his behalf. 

Publius Horatius, the surviving son 
of "the Roman father." He pretended 
flight, and as the Curiatii pursued, "but 
not with equal speed," he slew them one 
by one as they came up. — Whitehead : 
The Roman Father (1741). 

Horatius [Codes], captain of the 



bridge-gate over the Tiber. When Por 7 - 
sena brought his host to replace Tarquin 
on the throne, the march on the city 
was so sudden and rapid, that the consul 
said, ' ' The foe will be upon us before 
we can cut down the bridge." Horatius 
exclaimed, "If two men will join me, I 
will undertake to give the enemy play 
till the bridge is cut down." Spurius 
Lartius and Herminius volunteered to join 
him in this bold enterprise. Three men 
came against them and were cut down. 
Three others met the same fate. Then 
the lord of Luna came with his brand 
" which none but he could wield," but the 
Tuscan was also despatched. Horatius 
then ordered his two companions to make 
good their escape, and they just crossed 
the bridge as it fell in with a crash. The 
bridge being down, Horatius threw him- 
self into the Tiber and swam safe to 
shore, amidst the applauding shouts of 
both armies. — Macaulay : Lays of Ancient 
Rome {" Horatius," 1842). 

Horatius Codes of the Tyrol. Alexandre 
Davy Dumas was so called for his defence 
of the bridge of Brixen, in 1798. 

Horatius Codes of Horn, John Haring 
of Horn. The exploit which won him the 
name was the following: In 1573 the prince 
of Orange sent Sonoy, the governor of 
North Holland, to attack the Diemerdyk, 
but the Spaniards routed the force. John 
Haring planted himself alone upon the 
dyke, where it was so narrow that two 
men could hardly stand abreast. Here, 
sword in hand, he opposed and held in 
check 1000 Spaniards till all his comrades 
had made good their retreat ; then plung- 
ing into the sea, untouched by spear or 
gun, he effected his escape. — Motley ; The 
Dutch Republic, iv. 8. 

Horehound (2 syl) or Marru*bium 
vulgare ("white horehound"), used in 
coughs and pulmonary disorders, either in 
the form of tea or solid candy. Black 
horehound or Ballota nigra is recom- 
mended in hysteria. 

For comforting the spleen and liver, get for julc* 
Pale horehound. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Horn {The Cape). So named by 
Schouten, a Dutch mariner, who first 
rounded it. He was born at Hoorn, in 
North Holland, and named the cape after 
his own native town. 

Horn {King), hero of a French metrical 
romance, the original of our Childe Home 
or The Geste of Kyng Horn. The French 
romance is ascribed to Mestre Thomas ; 



HORN. 

and Dr. Percy thinks the English romance 
is of the twelfth century, but this is pro- 
bably at least a century too early. 

(King Horn rs given in Ritson's Ancient 
English Metrical Romances; and was 
published by the Roxburghe and Early 
English Text Societies.) 

Horn. *• Poor Tom, thy horn is dry " 
{King Lear, act iii. sc. 3). Crazy beggars 
used to carry a cow's horn slung behind. 
It was their wont to enter schoolrooms to 
awe naughty children, and for this service 
the schoolmasters gave them a mug of 
drink, which was poured into their 
"horn." 

Horn of Chastity and Fidelity. 

Morgan la Faye sent king Arthur a 
drinking-horn, from which no lady could 
drink who was not true to her husband, 
and no knight who was not feal to his 
liege lord. Sir Lamorake sent this horn 
as a taunt to sir Mark king of Cornwall. — 
Sir T. Malory : History of Prince Arthur, 
ii. 34 (1470). 

Tl Ariosto's enchanted cup had the 
same property. 

IT The cuckold's drinking-horn was a 
vessel from which no "cuckold could 
drink without spilling the liquor." (See 
Caradoc, p. 177.) 

IT La coupe enchantie of Lafontaine 
was another test horn. (See Chastity, 
p. 198.) 

Home, in the proverb Til chance it, 
as old Home did his neck, refers to Home, 
a clergyman in Nottinghamshire, who 
committed murder, but escaped to the 
Continent. After several years, he de- 
termined to return to England, and when 
told of the danger of so doing, replied, 
" I'll chance it." He did chance it ; but 
being apprehended, was tried, condemned, 
and executed. — The Newgate Calendar. 

IT Magwitch, having acquired a large 
fortune in Australia as a sheep-farmer, 
tried the same thing, but was arrested, 
tried, and condemned to death. — Dickens : 
Great Expectations (1861). 

Horner {Jack), the little boy who sat 
in a corner to eat his Christmas pie, and 
thought himself wondrously clever be- 
cause with his thumb he contrived to pull 
out a plum. 

Little Jack Horner sat In a comer, 

Eating his Christmas pie ; 
He put in his thumb, and pulled out a plum. 

Saying, " Waat a good boy am 1 1 ' 

Nursery Rhyme. 

*.* In Notes and Queries, xvi. 156, 
several explanations are offered, ascribing 



5<M 



HORSE. 



a political meaning to the words quoted 
— Jack Horner being elevated to a king's 
messenger or king's steward, and the 
"plurr " pulled out so cleverly being a 
va'UrtDle deed which the messenger 
tostracted. Some say he was the steward 
of the abbot of Glastonbury, and that the 
" plum " was the title-deeds of the manor 
of Wells. 

HORSE. The first to ride and tame a 
horse for the use of man was Melizyus 
king of Thessaly. (See Melizyus. ) 

(For names of noted horses, ancient and 
modern, see Dictionary of Phrase and 
Fable, p. 621, col. 2 to p. 627, col. 2.) 

The Black Horse, the 7th Dragoon 
Guards {not the 7th Dragoons). They 
have black velvet facings, and their 
plume is black and white. At one time 
they rode black horses. 

The Green Horse, the 5th Dragoon 
Guards. (These are called ' ' The Princess 
Charlotte of Wales' . . .") Facings dark 
green velvet, but the plume is red and 
white. 

The White Horse, the 3rd Dragoon 
Guards. (These ,are called "The Prince 
of Wales' . . .") 

(All the Dragoon Guards have velvet 
facings, except the 6th (or " Carabiniers"), 
which have white cloth facings. By 
" facings " are meant the collar and cuffs. ) 

N.B. — "The white horse within the 
Garter" is not the heraldic insignia of the 
White Horse Regiment or 3rd Dragoon 
Guards, but of the 3rd Hussars (or ' ' The 
King's Own"), who have also a white 
plume. This regiment used to be called 
" The 3rd Light Dragoons." 

The Royal Horse, the Blues. 

Horse {The Wooden), a huge horse 
constructed by Ulysses and Diomed, for 
secreting soldiers. The Trojans were 
told by Sinon it was an offering made 
by the Greeks to the sea-god, to ensure 
a safe home-voyage, adding that the 
blessing would pass from the Greeks to 
the Trojans if the horse were placed 
within the city walls. The credulous 
Trojans drew the monster into the city ; 
but at night Sinon released the soldiers 
from the horse and opened the gates to 
the Greek army. The sentinels were 
slain, the city fired in several places, and 
the inhabitants put to the sword. The 
tale of the ' ' Wooden Horse " forms no 
part of Homer's Iliad, but is told by Virgil 
in his sEne'id. Virgil borrowed the tale 
from Arctinos of Miletus, one of the 
Cyclic poets, who related the story of the 



HORSE. 



SOS 



HORST. 



"Wooden Horse" and the "burning of 
Troy." 

1[ A very similar stratagem was em- 
ployed in the seventh century a.d. by 
Abu Obeidah in the siege of Arrestan, in 
Syria. He obtained leave of the governor 
to deposit in the citadel some old lumber 
which impeded his march. Twenty boxes 
(filled with soldiers) were accordingly 
placed there, and Abu, like the Greeks, 
pretended to march homewards. At night 
the soldiers removed the sliding bottoms 
of the boxes, killed the sentries, opened 
the city gates, and took the town. — 
Ockley : History of the Saracens, i. 187. 

IT The capture of Sark was effected by 
a similar trick. A gentleman of the 
Netherlands, with one ship, asked per- 
mission of the French to bury one of his 
crew in the chapel. The request was 
granted, but the coffin was full of arms. 
The pretended mourners, being well pro- 
vided with arms, fell on the guards and 
took the island by surprise. — Percy: 
Anecdotes, 249. (See Forty Thieves, 
p. 388.) 

If Muskat is said to have been taken 
by the Arabs, in the seventeenth century, 
by means of a somewhat similar strata- 
gem. They entered the town in the guise 
of peaceful peasants, hiding their arms in 
bundles of firewood, and took the oppor- 
tunity of the Portuguese garrison being 
assembled without arms at chapel to at- 
tack and massacre them. — Ross: Annals 
of Omar, 

Merlin's Wooden Horse, Clavileno. 
This was the horse on which don Quixote 
effected the disenchantment of the infanta 
Antonomasia and others. (See CLAVI- 
LENO, p. 215.) 

Horse (The Enchanted), a wooden 
horse with two pegs. By turning one of 
the pegs the horse rose into the air, and 
by turning the other it descended where 
and when the rider listed. It was given 
by an Indian to the shah of Persia, as a 
New Year's gift. (See Firouz Schah, 
P- 369.)— Arabian Nights ("The En- 
chanted Horse"). (See Horse of Brass.) 

Horse. The 15 points of a good horse. 

A good horse sholde have three propyrtees of a 
man, three of a woman, three of a foxe, three of a 
haare, and three of an asse. Of a man, bolde, prowde, 
and hardye. Of a -woman, fayre-breastcd, faire of 
heere, and easy to move. Of A/oxe, a fair taylle, short 
eers, with a good trotte. Of a haare, a grate eye, a 
dry head, and well rennynge. Of an asse, a bygge 
chynn. a flat legge, and a good hoof.— Wynkyn de 
trorcU (1496), 

Horse - hair breeds Animals. 
According to legend, if the hair of a horse 



is dropped into corrupted water, it will 
turn to an animal. 

A horse-hair laid in a pale-full of turbid water, will 
In a short time stir, and become a living creature.— 
Holinshed; Description of England, 244. 

Horse Neighing", a Royal Lot. 

On the death of Smerdis, the several 
competitors for the Persian crown agreed 
that he whose horse neighed first should 
be appointed king. The horse of Darius 
neighed first, and Darius was made king. 
Lord Brooke calls him a Scythian ; he 
was son of Hystasp6s the satrap. 

The brave Scythian 
Who found more sweetness in his horse's neighing 
Than all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing. 

Lord Brooke. 

Horse Fainted True to Life (A). 
Apelles of Cos painted Alexander's horse 
so wonderfully well that a real horse, 
seeing it, began to neigh at it, supposing 
it to be alive. 

If Myro the statuary made a cow so true 
to life that several bulls were deceived by it. 

IT Velasquez painted a Spanish admiral 
so true to life that Felipe IV., mistaking 
it for the man himself, reproved the sup- 
posed officer sharply for wasting his time 
in a painter's studio when he ought to be 
with his fleet. 

If Zeuxis painted some grapes so ad- 
mirably that birds flew at them, thinking 
them real fruit. 

11 Parrhasios of Ephesus painted a 
curtain so inimitably that Zeuxis thought 
it to be a real curtain, and bade the artist 
draw it aside that he might see the 
painting behind. 

IT Quintin Matsys of Antwerp painted 
a bee on the outstretched leg of a fallen 
angel so naturally that when old Mandyn, 
the artist, returned to his studio, he tried 
to frighten it away with his pocket-hand- 
kerchief. 

Horse of Brass (The), a present 
from the king of Araby and Ind to 
Cambuscan' king of Tartary. A person 
whispered in its ear where he wished to 
go, and, having mounted, turned a pin, 
whereupon the brazen steed rose in the 
air as high as the rider wished, and 
within twenty-four hours landed him at 
the end of his journey. 

This steed of brass, that easily and well 



Can, in the space of a day natural, 
■body into every place 
To which your hearte willetn for to 



Rcarcn your body into every place 
To which your hearte willetn for to pace. 
Chaucer. Canterbury Tales ("The Squire si ale, "1388). 

(See Horse, The Enchanted. ) 

Horst (Conrade), one of the insur- 
gents at Liege.— Sir W. Scott: Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV. ). 



HORTENSE. 



506 HOUSE THAT JACK BUILT. 



Hortense' (2 syl.), the vindictive 
French maidservant of lady Dedlock. 
In revenge for the partiality shown by 
lady Dedlock to Rosa the village beauty, 
Hortense murdered Mr. Tulkinghorn, and 
tried to throw the suspicion of the crime 
on lady Dedlock. — Dickens: Bleak House 
(1852). 

Horten'sio, a suitor to Bianca the 
younger sister of Katharina "the Shrew." 
Katharina and Bianca are the daughters 
of Baptista. — Shakespeare: Taming of 
the Shrew (1594). 

Horten'sio, noted for his chivalrous 
love and valour. — Massinger : The Bash' 
ful Lover (1636). 

Horwendillus, the court at which 
Hamlet lived. _ 

This is that Hamlet . . . who lived at the court of 
Horwendillus, 500 years before we were born. — Hazlitt. 

Hosier's Ghost {Admiral), a ballad 
by Richard Glover (1739). Admiral Hosier 
was sent with twenty sail to the Spanish 
West Indies, to block up the galleons of 
that country. He arrived at the Basti- 
mentos, near Portobello, but had strict 
orders not to attack the foe. His men 
perished by disease, but not in fight, and 
the admiral himself died of a broken 
heart. After Vernon's victory, Hosier 
and his 3000 men rose, "all in dreary 
hammocks shrouded, which for winding- 
sheets they wore," and lamented the 
cruel orders that forbade them to attack 
the foe, for " with twenty ships he surely 
could have achieved what Vernon did 
with only six." (See Grenville, p. 449.) 

Hospital of Compassion, the 
house of correction. 

A troop of alguazels carried me to the hospital of 
compassion.— Lesage : Gil Bias, Til. 7 (1735). 

Hotspur. So Harry Percy, son of 
the earl of Northumberland, was called 
from his fiery temper, over which he had 
no control. — Shakespeare : x and 2 Henry 
IV. (1597)- 

William Bensley [1738-1817] had the true poetic en- 
thusiasm. . . . None that I remember possessed even 
a p6rtion of that fine madness which he threw out in 
Hotspur's fine rant about glory. His voice had the 
dissonance and at times the inspiring effect of the 
trumpet. — Charles Lamb. 

Hotspur of Debate (The), lord 
Derby, called by lord Lytton, in New 
Timon, "The Rupert of Debate" (1799- 
1869). 

Houd (1 syl.), a prophet sent to 
preach repentance to the Adites (2 syl.), 
and to reprove their king Shedad for his 
pride. As the Adites and their king 
refused to hear the prophet, God sent on 



the kingdom first a drought of three 
years' duration, and then the Sarsar or 
icy wind, for seven days, so that all the 
people perished. Houd is written " Hud " 
in Sale's Koran, i. 

Then stood the prophet Houd and cried, 
" Woe ! woe to Irem ! woe to Ad I 
Death is gone up into her palaces 1 

Woel woe! a day of guilt and punishment! 
A day of desolation 1 " 

Southey : Thalaba the Destroyer, i. 41 (1797) 

Hough/ton (Sergeant), in Waverley's 
regiment. — Sir IV. Scott : Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Hounslow, one of a gang of thieves 
that conspired to break into lady Bounti- 
ful's house. — Farquhar : The Beaux' 
Stratagem (1705). 

Houri, plu. Houris, the virgins of 
paradise ; so called from their large black 
eyes (hUr al oyHn). According to Mo- 
hammedan faith, an intercourse with these 
lovely women is to constitute the chief 
delight to the faithful in the "world to 
come." — Al Kordn. 

Hours of Idleness, the first series 
of poems published, in 1807, by lord 
Byron. The severe criticism in the Edin- 
burgh Review brought forth the satire 
called English Bards and Scotch Re- 
viewers (1809). 

House judged by a Brick. Hie- 

rSclds, the compiler of a book of jests, 
tells us of a pedant who carried about a 
brick as a specimen of the house which 
he wished to sell. 

He that tries to recommend Shakespeare by select 
quotations, will succeed like the pedant in Hierocles, 
who, when he offered his house to sale, carried a brick 
in his pocket as a specimen.— Dr. Johnson : Pre/ace 
to Shakespeare. 

House of Fame, a magnificent 
palace erected on a lofty mountain of ice, 
and supported by rows of pillars on which 
are inscribed the names of illustrious 
poets. Here the goddess of fame sits 
on a throne, and dispenses her capricious 
judgments to the crowd who come to seek 
her favours. — Chaucer : House of Fame. 

House that Jack Built (The), a 
cumulative nursery story, in which every 
preceding statement is repeated after the 
introduction of a new one ; thus — 



the house that Jack built, 
the malt that lay in . . . 
the rat that eat . . . 
the cat that killed . . , 
the dog that worried . . . 
the cow with the crumpled horn. 



1. [Thisis]\ 
a. [This is. 

3. [This is 

4. [ This is 
$. t This is 

6. [This is 

tossed . . . 

7. [This is] the maiden all forlorn, that milked . . . 

8. [This is] the man all tattered and torn, that 

kissed . . . 

9. This is (he priest all shaven and shorn, tha* 

married . . 



HOUSEHOLD WORDS. 

IF A similar accumulation occurs in 
another nursery tale, with this difference 
— the several clauses are repeated twice : 
once by entreaty of the old woman to 
perform some service to get her pig to 
cross over a bridge that she may get 
home ; and then the reverse way, when 
each begins the task requested of them. 
It begins with a statement that an old 
woman went to market to buy a pig ; 
they came to a bridge, which the pig 
would not go over, so the old woman 
called to a stick, and said — 

i. [Stick, stick, beat pig, for] pig won't go oyer the 
bridge, and I shan't get home to-night. 

2. [Fire, /ire] bum stick, stick won't beat pig . . . 

3. [IVater, water] quench fire, fire won't . . . 

4. [Ox, ox] drink water, water won't . . . 

5. [Butcher, butcher] kill ox, ox won't • . . 

6. [Rope, rope] hang butcher, butcher wont ... 

7. [Rat, rat] gnaw rope, rope won't . . . 

8. Cat, cat, kill rat, rat won't .... 
Then the cat began to kill the rat, and the rat began 

to gnaw the rope, and the rope began . . . etc., and 
the pig went over the bridge, and so the old woman 
got home that night. 

tT Dr. Doran gave the following Hebrew 
" parable ' in Notes and Queries: — 

1. [This is] the kid that my father bought for two 

zuzim [=»$rf.]. 

2. [This is] the cat that eat . . . 

3. [This is] the dog that bit . . . 

4. [This is] the stick that beat . . . 

5. [This is] the fire that burnt . . . 

6. [ This is] the water that quenched . . , 

7. [This is] the ox that drank . . . 

8. [ This is] the butcher that killed . . . 

9. This is the angel, the angel of death, thmt slew . . . 

•.* While correcting these proofs, a 
native of South Africa informs me that 
he has often heard the Kafirs tell their 
children the same story. 

Household Words, a weekly 
periodical by Charles Dickens (1850-1857); 
it gave place to Once a Week, which, since 
1859, has been called A lithe Year Round. 

Hous'sain [Prince), the elder brother 
of prince Ahmed. He possessed a carpet 
of such wonderful powers that if any one 
sat upon it it would transport him in a 
moment to any place he liked. Prince 
Houssain bought this carpet at Bisnagar, 
in India. — Arabian Nights (" Ahmed and 
Paribanou "). 

Tie wish of the penman is to him like prince 
Houssain's tapestry in the Kastern fable.— Sir W. Scott. 

\ Solomon's carpet (a.v.) possessed 
the same locomotive power. 

Houyhnhnms [ IVhin'-ims], a race 
of horses endowed with human reason, 
and bearing rule over the race of man. — 
Swift: Gulliver's Travels (1726). 

"Trae, true, ay, too true," replied the Domlne, his 
Douyhnluuu laiiL'h sinking Into a a hysterical giggle. — 
Sir Af. ScoU: Guy Mannering (1815). 



507 HOYDEN. 

How they brought the Good 
News from Ghent (16— ), a ballad by 
R. Browning (1845). A purelj imaginary 
incident. 

Howard, in the court of Edward IV. 
— Sir W. Scott: Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

How'atson (luckie), midwife at 
Ellangowan. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Man- 
nering [time, George II.). 

Howden {Mrs.), saleswoman. — Sir 
W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Howe (Miss), the friend of Clarissa 
Harlowe, to whom she presents a strong 
contrast. She has more worldly wisdom 
and less abstract principle. In questions 
of doubt, Miss Howe would suggest soma 
practical solution, while Clarissa was 
mooningabout hypothetical contingencies. 
She is a girl of high spirit, disinterested 
friendship, and sound common sense. — 
Richardson: Clarissa Harlowe (1749). 

Howel or Hoel, king of the West 
Welsh in the tenth century, surnamed 
" the Good." He is a very famous king, 
especially for his code of laws. This is 
not the Howel or Hoel of Arthurian 
romance, who was duke of Armorica in 
the sixth century. 

What Mulmutian laws, or Martian, ever were 

More excellent than those which our good Howel here 

Ordained to govern Wales ? 

Drayton : Polyolbion, be. (1612). 

Howie (Jamie), bailie to Malcolm 
Bradwardine (3 syl.) of Inchgrabbit. — 
Sir W.Scott: Waverley (time.George II.). 

Howlaglass ( Master) , a preacher and 
friend of justice Maulstatute. — Sir W. 
Scott : Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

Howle'glas (Father), the abbot of 
Unreason, in the revels held at Kenna- 
quhair Abbey.— Sir W.Scott: The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Howleglass (2 syl.), a clever rascal. 
Called " Howleglass," the hero of an old 
German jest-book, popular in England in 
the reign of queen Elizabeth. (See Tyll. ) 

Hoyden (Miss), a lively, ignorant, 
romping, country girl. — Vanbrugh : The 
Relapse (1697). 

(This was Mrs. Jordan's great 
character.) 

Hoyden (Miss), daughter of sir Tun- 
belly Clumsy, a green, ill-educated, 
country girl, living nenr Scarborough. 
She is promised in marriage to lord Fop 



HRASVELG. 



5<* 



HUBBERD. 



pington, but as his lordship is not person- 
ally known either by the knight or his 
daughter, Tom Fashion, the nobleman's 
younger brother, passes himself off as 
lord Foppington, is admitted into the 
tamily, and marries the heiress. — Sheri- 
dan : A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 

(Sheridan's comedy is The Relapse of 
Vanbrugh (1697), abridged, recast, and 
somewhat modernized.) 

Hrasvelgf , the giant who keeps watch 
on the north side of the root of the Tree 
of the World, to devour the dead. His 
shape is that of an eagle. Winds and 
storms are caused by the movement of 
his wings. — Scandinavian Mythology. 

Where the heaven's remotest bound 
With darkness is encompassed round, 
There Hrasvel'ger sits and swings 
The tempest from its eagle wings. 

Edda o/Stemund (by Amos Cottle). 

Hrimfax'i, the horse of Night, from 
whose bit fall the rime-drops that every 
morning bedew the earth. — Scandinavian 
Mythology. 

Hrothgar, king of Denmark, whom 
Beowulf delivered from the monster 
Grendel. Hrothgar built Heorot, a mag- 
nificent palace, and here he distributed 
rings (treasure), and held his feasts ; but 
the monster Grendel, envious of his hap- 
piness, stole into the hall after a feast, 
and put thirty of the thanes to death in 
their sleep. The same ravages were 
repeated night after night, till Beowulf, 
at the head of a mixed band of soldiers, 
went against him and slew him. — Beowulf 
(an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, sixth century). 

Hry'mer, pilot of the ship Nagelfar 
(made of the * ' nails of the dead "). — Scan- 
dinavian Mythology. 

Hub of the Universe. A hub is the 

nave of a wheel, a boss or protuberance ; 
hence the " boss of the world " is much 
the same as the " hub of the universe," 
meaning the thing most prominent or 
important. 

Buyreuth [i.e. Wagnerism]was to be the "hub of the 
universe," as far as dramatic music [is] concerned. — 
Nineteenth Century, September, 1896, p. 361. 

Hubba and Ingwar, two Danish 
chiefs, who, in 870, conquered East Anglia 
and wintered at Thetford, in Norfolk. 
King Edmund fought against them, but 
was beaten and taken prisoner. The 
Danish chiefs offered him his life and 
kingdom if he would renounce Chris- 
tianity and pay them tribute ; but as he 
refused to do so, they tied him to a tree, 
shot at him with arrows, and then cut off 



his head. Edmund was therefore called 
" St. Edmund." Alu'red fought seven 
battles with Hubba, and slew him at 
Abingdon, in Berkshire. 

Alured . . . 

In seven brave foughten fields their champion Hubba 

chased, 
And slew him in the end at Abington [sic]. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xii. (1613). 

Hubbard [Old Mother) went to her 
cupboard to get a bone for her dog, 
but, not finding one, trotted hither and 
thither to fetch sundry articles for his 
behoof. Every time she returned she 
found Master Doggie performing some 
extraordinary feat, and at last, having 
finished all her errands, she made a grand 
curtsey to Master Doggie. The dog, not 
to be outdone in politeness, made his 
mistress a profound bow ; upon which 
the dame said, " Your servant ! " and the 
dog said, " Bow, wow 1 " — Nursery Tale. 

Hubberd [Mother). Mother Hubberd s 
Tale, by Edmund Spenser, is a satirical 
fable in the style of Chaucer, supposed 
to be told by an old woman (Mother 
Hubberd) to relieve the weariness of the 
poet during a time of sickness. The tale 
is this : An ape and a fox went into 
partnership to seek their fortunes. They 
resolved to begin their adventures as 
beggars, so Master Ape dressed himself 
as a broken soldier, and Reynard pre- 
tended to be his dog. After a time they 
came to a farmer, who employed the ape 
as shepherd, but when the rascals had 
so reduced the flock that detection was 
certain, they decamped. Next they tried 
the Church, under advice of a priest; 
Reynard was appointed rector to a living, 
and the ape was his parish clerk. From 
this living they were obliged also to re- 
move. Next they went to court as foreign 
potentates, and drove a splendid business, 
but came to grief ere long. Lastly, they 
saw king Lion asleep, his skin was lying 
beside him, with his crown and sceptre. 
Master Ape stole the regalia, dressed 
himself as king Lion, usurped the royal 
palace, made Reynard his chief minister, 
and collected round him a band of 
monsters, chiefly amphibious, as his 
guard and court. In time, Jupiter sent 
Mercury to rouse king Lion from his 
lethargy ; so he awoke from sleep, broke 
into his palace, and bit off the ape's tail, 
with a part of its ear. 

Since which, all apes but half their ears have left. 
And ol their tails are utterly bereft. 

As for Reynard, he ran away at the 
first alarm, and tried to curry favour with 



HUBBLE. 



509 



HUGH. 



king Lion; but the king only exposed 
him and let him go (1591). 

Hubble (Mr. ), wheelwright ; a tough, 
high-shouldered, stooping old man, of a 
sawdusty fragrance, with his legs extra- 
ordinarily wide apart. 

Mrs. Hubble, a little curly, sharp- 
edged person, who held a conventionally 
juvenile position, because she had married 
Mr. Hubble when she was much younger 
than he.— Dickens: Great Expectations 
(i860). 

HUBERT, chamberlain to king 
John, and "keeper" of young prince 
Arthur. King John conspired with him 
to murder the young prince, and Hubert 
actually employed two ruffians to burn 
out both the boy's eyes with red-hot irons. 
Arthur pleaded so lovingly with Hubert 
to spare his eyes, that he relented ; how- 
ever, the lad was found dead soon after- 
wards, either by accident or foul play. — 
Shakespeare: King John (1596). (See 
Kingship.) 

N.B.— This " Hubert *' was Hubert de 
Burgh, justice of England and earl of 
Kent. 

One would think, had It been possible, that Shake 
speare, when he made king John excuse his intention 
of perpetrating the death of Arthur by his comment on 
Hubert's face, by which he saw the assassin in his 
mind, had Sandford in idea, for he was rather deformed, 
and had a most forbidding countenance.— Dibdin : 
History of the Stage. 

Hubert, an honest lord, in love with 
Jac'ulin daughter of Gerrard king of the 
beggars. — Fletcher: The Beggars' Bush 
(1622). 

Hubert, brother of prince Oswald, 
severely wounded by count Hurgonel in 
the combat provoked by Oswald against 
Gondibert, his rival for the love of 
Rhodalind the heiress of Aribert king of 
Lombardy. — Davenant : Gondibert (died 
1668). 

Hubert, an archer in the service of 
tk Philip de Malvoisin.— Sir W.Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Hubert (St.), patron saint of hunts- 
men. He was son of Bertrand due 
d'Acquitaine, and cousin of king Pepin. 

Huddibras {Sir), a man " more 
huge in strength than wise in works," 
the suitor of Perissa (extravagance). — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii. 2 (1590). 

Hudibras, the hero of a rhyming 
political satire, in three parts, by S. Butler. 
Sir Hudibras is a presbyterian justice in 
the Commonwealth, who sets out with 
bis squire Ralph (an independent) to 



reform abuses, and enforce the observance 
of the laws for the suppression of popular 
sports and amusements (1663, 1664, 1678). 
•.• The Grub Street Journal (1731) 
maintains that the academy figure of 
Hudibras was colonel Rolle of Devon- 
shire, with whom the poet lodged for 
some time, and adds that the name is 
derived from Hugh de Bras, the patron 
saint of the county. Others say that 
sir Samuel Luke was the original, and cite 
the following distich in proof thereof : — 

Tis sung, there's a valiant Mameluke 

In foreign lands ycleped • • [.sir Luke 7J. 

•.' Hudibras is in octo-syllabic lines, 
and has given us the adjective "hudi- 
brastic," to signify poetry in the style and 
measure of Hudibras. 

(It was illustrated by Hogarth in 1726 ; 
and sir George Gilfillan, in his introduc- 
tion to the Works of Butler, gives us an 
excellent abstract of the poem. ) 

Edward Ward published (in 1705-1707) an Imitation 
of Butler's satire, which he called Hudibras Redivivus, 
for which he was twice set in the pillory. 

Hudjadge, a shah of Persia, suffered 
much from sleeplessness, and commanded 
Fitead, his porter and gardener, to tell 
him tales to while away the weary hours. 
Fitead declared himself wholly unable to 
comply with this request. " Then find 
some one who can," said Hudjadge, " or 
suffer death for disobedience." On reach- 
ing home, greatly dejected, he told his 
only daughter, Moradbak, who was 
motherless, and only 14 years old, the 
shah's command, and she undertook 
the task. She told the shah the stories 
called The Oriental Tales, which not 
only amused him, but cured him, and he 
married her. — Comte de Caylus : Oriental 
Tales (1743). (See Thousand-and- 
One.) 

Hudson (Sir Geop-ey), the famous 
dwarf, formerly page to queen Henrietta 
Maria. Sir Geoffrey tells Julian Peveril 
how the late queen had him enclosed in a 
pie and brought to table. — Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

'.* Vandyke has immortalized sir 
Geoffrey by his brush ; and some of his 
clothes are said to be preserved in sir 
Hans Sloane's museum. 

Hudson (Tarn), gamekeeper. — Sir 
W. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Hugh, blacksmith at Ringleburn ; 
a friend of Hobbie Elliot, the Heugh- 
foot farmer.— Sir W. Scott: The Black 
Dwarf (time, Anne). 



HUGH 



5»o 



HUGUENOTS. 



Hugh, servant at the Maypole inn. 
This giant in stature and ringleader in 
the " No Popery riots," was a natural son 
of sir John Chester and a gipsy. He 
loved Dolly Varden, and was very kind 
to Barnaby Rudge, the half-witted lad. 
Hugh was executed for his participation 
in the '* Gordon riots." — Dickens : Bar- 
naby Rudge (1841). 

Hugh count of Vermandois, a 

crusader. — Sir W. Scott: Count Robert 
of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Hugh de Brass {Mr.), in A Regular 
Fix, by J. M. Morton. 

Hugh of Lincoln. Matthew Paris 
asserts that in 1255 the Jews of Lincoln 
kidnapped a boy named Hugh, eight 
years old, crucified -him, and threw his 
body into a pit. Eighteen of the wealthiest 
Jews of Lincoln were hanged for taking 
part in this affair, and the boy was buried 
in state. 

•.* There are several documents in 
Rymer's Fosdera relative to this event. 
The story is told in the Chronicles of 
Matthew Paris. It is the subject of the 
Prioress's Tale in Chaucer {q.v.), and 
Wordsworth has a modernized version of 
Chaucer's tale. 

% A similar story is told of William of 
Norwich, said to have been crucified by 
the Jews in 1137. 

U Percy, in his Reliques, i. 3, has a 
ballad about a boy named Hew {q.v.), 
whose mother was " lady Hew of Mary- 
land town " {Milan). He was enticed by 
an apple given him by a Jewish damsel, 
who "stabbed him with a penknife, rolled 
him in lead, and cast him into a well." 

IT Werner is another boy said to have 
been crucified by the Jews. The place 
of this alleged murder was Bacharach. 

Of the innocent boy, who, some years back. 
Was taken and crucified by the Jews, 
la that ancient town of Bacharach 1 

Longfellow : Golden Legend. 

IT Incredible as it may seem to some 
persons, the belief that Jews require 
Christian blood in some of their religious 
rites is still prevalent in some places. 

In 1 88 1 occurred the notorious case of 
Esther Solymossy, of whose murder the 
Jew of Tisra-Eszlar (a village in Hungary) 
was accused. The trial of the Jew lasted 
two years ; and though the accused was 
acquitted, the villagers generally believed 
him guilty. 

In 1891, at Xanten (in Westphalia), the 
Jew Buschhoff, a butcher, was accused of 
murdering a child of five years old for a 



similar purpose; and although an alibi 
was proved, the villagers insisted on their 
belief. Another case occurred in 1893 at 
Malta, and some since that date. 

Hughie Graham, a ballad about 
Graham, a borderer, who was hanged for 
stealing the bishop's mare. Scott has 
introduced a version of it into his Border 
Minstrelsy. 

Hugo, count of Vermandois* brother 
of Philippe I. of France, and leader of 
the Franks in the first crusade. Hugo 
died before Godfrey was appointed 
general-in-chief of the allied armies (bk. 
i.), but his spirit appeared to Godfrey 
when the army went against the Holy 
City (bk. xviii.). — Tasso: Jerusalem De- 
livered (1575). 

Hugo, brother of Arnold ; very small 
of stature, but brave as a lion. He was 
slain in the faction fight stirred up by 
prince Oswald against duke Gondibert, 
his rival in the love of Rhodalind 
daughter and only child of Aribert king 
of Lombardy. 

Of stature small, but was all over heart, 
And tho' unhappy, all that heart was love. 

Davenant : Gondibert. i. i (died 1668). 

Hugo, natural son of Azo chief of the 
house of Este (2 syl.) and Bianca, who 
died of a broken heart, because, although 
a mother, she was never wed. Hugo 
was betrothed to Parisina, but his father, 
not knowing it, made Parisina his own 
bride. One night Azo heard Parisina 
in her sleep confess her love for Hugo, 
and the angry marquis ordered his son to 
be beheaded. What became of Parisina 
" none knew, and none can ever know." 
— Byron: Parisina (1816). 

Hugo Hugonet, minstrel of the 
earl of Douglas. —Sir W. Scott: Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Hugon {King), the great nursery 
ogre of France. 

Huguenot Pope {The). Philippe 
de Mornay, the great supporter of the 
French huguenots, is called Le Paj>e des 
Huguenots (1549-162^). 

• . • Of course, Philippe de Mornay was 
not one of the " popes of Rome." 

Huguenots {Les), an opera by 
Meyerbeer (1836). The subject of this 
opera is the massacre of the French 
huguenots or protestants, planned by 
Catherine de Medicis on St. Bartho'o- 
mew's Day (August 24, 1572), during 
the wedding festivities of her daughter 
Margherita {Marguerite) and Henri le 



HULDBRAND. 



5" 



HUMPHREY'S CLOCK. 



Bearnais (afterwards Henri IV. of 
France). 

Huldbrand {Sir), the husband of 
Undine. — De la Motte Fouque" : Undine 
(1807). 

Hul'sean Lectures, certain sermons 
preached at Great St. Mary's Church, 
Cambridge, and paid for by a fund, the 
gift of the Rev. John Hulse, of Cheshire, 
in 1777. 

N. B.— Till the year i860, the Hulsean 
Lecturer was called "The Christian Ad- 
vocate." 

Human Understanding {An Essay 
concerning), by John Locke, published in 
1690. Against the dogma of innate ideas, 
and in proof that experience is the key 
of knowledge. 

Humber or Humbert, mythical 
king of the Huns, who invaded England 
during the reign of Locrin, some 1000 
years B.C. In his flight, he was drowned 
in the river Abus, which has ever since 
been called the Humber. — Geoffrey ; 
British History, ii. 2 ; Milton : History 
of England. 

The ancient Britons yet a sceptred king obeyed 
Three hundred years before Rome's great foundation 

laid; 
And had a thousand years an empire strongly stood 
Ere Caesar to her shores here stemmed the circling 

flood; 
And long before borne arms against the barbarous 

Hun. 
Here landing with intent the isle to overrun ; 
And, following them in flight, their general Humberd 

drowned, 
In that great arm of sea by his great name renowned. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, viii. (1612) ; see also xxviii. 

Humgrud'geon {Grace-be-here), a 
corporal in Cromwell's troop. — Sir IV. 
Scott : Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Humm {Anthony), chairman of the 
" Brick Lane Branch of the United Grand 
Junction Ebcnezer Temperance Associa- 
tion." — Dickens: The Pickwick Papers 
(1836). 

Huinma, a fabulous bird, of which 
it was said that " the head over which 
the shadow of its wings passes will 
assuredly wear a crown." — Wilkes ; 
South of India, v. 423. 

Belike he thinks 
The humma's liH|ipy win*, have shadowed him, 
And, therefore. Fate with royalty must crown 
His chosen head. 

Southey : Roderick, etc., xxiii. (1814). 

Humourists of the Eighteenth 
Century, by Thackeray (1851-1853). 

Humorous Lieutenant {The), the 
chief character and title of a comedy 



by Beaumont (?) and Fletcher (1647). 
(Beaumont died 1616.) The lieutenant 
has no name. 

Humpback {The). Andrea Sola'ri, 
the ItaJ'an painter, was called Del Gobbo 
(1470-1527). 

Geron'imo Amelunghi was also called 
// Gobo di Pisa (sixteenth century). 

Humphrey {Master), the hypo- 
thetical compiler of the tale entitled 
" Barnaby Rudge " in Master Humphrey s 
Clock, by Charles Dickens (1840). 

Humphrey {Old), pseudonym of 
George Mogridge. 

(George Mogridge also issued several 
books under the popular name of " Peter 
Parley," which was first assumed by S. G. 
Goodrich, in 1828. Several publishers of 
high standing have condescended to palm 
books on the public under this assumed 
name, some written by William Martin, 
and others by names wholly unknown. 

Humphrey {The good duke), Hum- 
phrey Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester, 
youngest son of Henry IV., murdered 
in 1446. 

To dine with duke Humphrey, to go 
without dinner. To stay behind in St. 
Paul's aisles, under pretence of finding 
out the monument of duke Humphrey, 
while others more fortunate go home to 
dinner. 

(It was really the monument of John 
Beauchamp that the "dinnerless" hung 
about, and not that of duke Humphrey. 
John Beauchamp died in 1359, and duke 
Humphrey in 1446.) 

IF A similar phrase is, "To be the guest 
of the cross-legged knights," meaning 
the stone effigies in the Round Church 
(London). Lawyers at one time made 
this church the rendezvous of their 
clients, and here a host of dinnerless 
vagabonds used to loiter about, in the 
hope of picking up a job which would 
furnish them with the means of getting a 
dinner. 

1[ "To dine or sup with sir Thomas 
Gresham " {q.v.) means the same thing, 
the Royal Exchange being at one time 
the great lounge of idlers. 

Tho" little coin thy purscless pockets line. 
Yet with great company thou'rt taken up; 

For often with duke Humphrey thou dost dine. 

And often with sir Thomas Gresham sup. 

Hay man : Quidlibet (Epigram on a Loafer, 1628). 

Humphrey's Clock {Master), the 
name given to a serial by Charles Dickens; 
but only two tales were included in the 



HUMPHRY CLINKER. 

publication ( 1 840-1841 ). These tales were 
Barnaby Rudge and The Old Curiosity 
Shop, both of which were afterwards 
published separately. 

Humphry Clinker. (See Clinker, 
p. 219.) 

Huncamunca {Princess), daughter 
of king Arthur and queen Dollallolla, 
beloved by lord Grizzle and Tom Thumb. 
The king promises her in marriage to the 
"pigmy giant-queller. " Huncamunca 
kills Frizaletta " for killing her mamma." 
But Frizaletta killed the queen for killing 
her sweetheart Noodle, and the queen 
killed Noodle because he was the messen- 
ger of ill news. — Tom Thumb, by Fielding 
the novelist (1730), altered by O'Hara, 
author of Midas (1778). 



Hunchback {The). Master Walter 
' ' the hunchback " was the guardian of 
Julia, and brought her up in the country, 
training her most strictly in knowledge 
and goodness. When grown to woman- 
hood, she was introduced to sir Thomas 
Clifford, and they plighted their troth to 
each other. Then came a change. Clifford 
lost his title and estates, while Julia went 
to London, became a votary of fashion 
and pleasure, abandoned Clifford, and 
promised marriage to Wilford earl of 
Rochdale. The day of espousals came. 
The love of Julia for Clifford revived, 
and she implored her guardian to break 
off the obnoxious marriage. Master 
Walter now showed himself to be the 
earl of Rochdale, and the father of Julia ; 
the marriage with Wilford fell through, 
and Julia became the wife of sir Thomas 
Clifford.— Knowles (1831). 

% Similarly, Maria "the maid of the 
Oaks" was brought up by Old worth as 
his ward, but was in reality his mother- 
less child. — Burgoyne : The Maid of the 
laks (1779)- 

Hunchback ( The Little), the buffoon 
of the sultan of Casgar. Supping with a 
tailor, the little fellow was killed by a 
bone sticking in his throat. The tailor, 
out of fear, carried the body to the house 
of a physician, and the physician, stum- 
bling against it, knocked it downstairs. 
Thinking he had killed the man, he let 
the body down a chimney into the store- 
room of his neighbour, who was a pur- 
veyor. The purveyor, supposing it to be 
a thief, belaboured it soundly ; and then, 
thinking he had killed the little hump- 
back, carried the body into the street, and 



512 HUNGARIAN BROTHERS. 

set it against a wall. A Christian mer- 
chant, reeling home, stumbled against the 
body, and gave it a blow with his fist. 
Just then the patrol came up, and arrested 
the merchant for murder. He was con- 
demned to death ; but the purveyor came 
forward and accused himself of being the 
real offender. The merchant was ac- 
cordingly released, and the purveyor 
condemned to death ; but then the phy- 
sician appeared, and said he had killed 
the man by accident, having knocked 
him downstairs. When the purveyor 
was released, and the physician led away 
to execution, the tailor stepped up, and 
told his tale. All were then taken before 
the sultan, and acquitted ; and the sultan 
ordered the case to be enrolled in the 
archives of his kingdom amongst the 
causes cilebres. — Arabian Nights ("The 
Little Hunchback"). 

IT In the Legends and Stories of Ireland 
(1832-34), by Samuel Lover, is a story 
almost identical, excepting that the 
" deceased " is an old woman. 



Hunchback of Notre Dame. 

(See Quasimodo. ) 

Hundebert, steward to Cedric of 
Rotherwood — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Hundred Fights {Hero of a). Conn, 
son of Cormac king of Ireland. ' Called 
in Irish "Conn Keadcahagh." 

Conn of a hundred fights, sleep in thy grass-grown 
tomb.— O Gnive. 

Admiral Horatio lord Nelson is so 
called (1758-1805). 

Hundred-Handed {The). Briar'eos 
(4 syl.) or iEgaeon, with his brothers 
Gyges and Kottos, were all hundred- 
handed giants. 

Homer makes Briareos 4 syl. ; but 
Shakespeare writes it in the Latin form. 
" Briareus," and makes it 3 syl. 

Then, called by thee, the monster Titan came, 
Whom gods Briareos, men ^Egeon name. 

Pope: Iliad, I (1715). 
He is a gouty Briareus. Many hands. 
And of no use. 
Shakespeare : Troilus and Crtssida, act L sc. 2 (160a). 

Hundwolf, steward to the old lady 
of Baldringham.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Hungarian {An), one half-starved, 
one suffering from hunger. A pun. 

He is hide-bound; he is an Hungarian.— Howell: 
English Proverbs (1660). 

Hungarian Brothers {The), a 
romance by Miss A. M. Porter (1807). 



HUJJIADES. 



5*3 



HUON DE BORDEAUX 



Hunia'des (4 syL), called by the 
Turks "The Devil." He was surnamed 
"Corvlnus," and the family crest was a 
crow (1400-1456). 

The Turks employed the name of Huniad&s to 
frighten their perverse children. He was corruptly 
called "Jancus Lain."— Gibbon: Decline and Fall, 
etc., xiL 166 (1776-88). 

Hunsdon (Lord), cousin of queen 
Elizabeth.— Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth 
time, Elizabeth). 

Hunted Down, a tale by Charles 
Dickens (i860). A Mr. Sampson, chief 
manager of an insurance office, tells us 
how Julius Slinkton, having effected an 
insurance on the life of Alfred Beckwith, 
endeavoured to poison him, in order to get 
the insurance money. Being foiled, how- 
ever, in his attempt, he committed suicide. 

Hunter (Mr. and Mrs. Leo), persons 
who court the society of any celebrity, 
and consequently invite Mr. Pickwick 
and his three friends to an entertainment 
in their house. Mrs. Leo Hunter wrote 
an " Ode to an Expiring Frog," con- 
sidered by her friends a most masterly 
performance. — Dickens: The Pickwick 
Papers (1836). 

Can I view thee panting, lying 
On thy stomach, without sighing; 
Can I un'moved see thee dying 

On a log. expiring frog I 
Say, have fiends in shape of boys. 
With wild halloo, and brutal noise. 
Hunted thee from marshy joys. 

With a dog, expiring frog I 

Ch. xr. 

Hunter (The Mighty), Nimrod ; so 
called in Gen. x. 9. 

Proud Nimrod first the bloody chase [war] began, 
A mighty hunter, and his prey was man. 

Pope : Windsor Forest (1713). 

HUNTINGDON (Henry of), Henry 
archdeacon of Huntingdon (noo-ri68), a 
chronicler who wrote a History of England 
(Historia Anglorum) from the invasion 
of Julius Caesar to the death of Stephen. 
le was a poet also. 

Huntingdon (Robert earl of), gene- 
ally called " Robin Hood" (q.v.). In 1601 
Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle 
produced a drama entitled The Downfall 
of Robert Earl of Huntingdon (attributed 
often to T. Hey wood). Ben Jonson 
began a beautiful pastoral drama on the 
subject of Robin Hood ( The Sad Shepherd, 
or A Tale of Robin Hood), but left only 
two acts of it when he died (1637). We 
have also Robin Hood and his Crew of 
Souldiers, a comedy acted at Nottingham, 
and printed 166 1 ; Robin Hood, an opera 
(1730). J. Ritson edited, in 1795, Robin 
Hood : a Collection of Poems, Songs, and 



Ballads relative to that Celebrated English 
Outlaw. 

Huntingdon (The earl of), in the 
court of queen Elizabeth. — Sir IV. Scott. 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Huntingdon (David earl of ), prince 
royal of Scotland. He appears first as 
sir Kenneth, Knight of the Leopard, and 
afterwards as Zohauk the Nubian slave. 
— Sir W. Scott: The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.). 

Huntingdon Sturgeon and God- 
manchester Hogs. 

During a very high flood in the meadows between 
Huntingdon and Godmanchester, something was seen 
floating, which the Godmanchester people thought was 
a black hog, and the Huntingdon folk declared was a 
sturgeon. When rescued from the waters, it proved 
to be a young donkey.— Bray brook (Pepys : Diary, 
May 22, 1667). 

Huntinglen (The earl of), an old 
Scotch nobleman. — Sir W. Scott: For- 
tunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Huntly ( The marquis of), a royalist. 
— Sir W. Scott: Legend of Montrose (lime, 
Charles I.). 

Huon, a serf, secretary and tutor of 
the countess Catherine, with whom he 
falls in love. He reads with music in 
his voice, talks enchantingly, writes 
admirably, translates "dark languages," 
is "wise in rare philosophy," is master 
of the hautboy, lute, and viol, " proper in 
trunk and limb and feature ; " but the 
proud countess, though she loves him, 
revolts from the idea of marrying a serf. 
At length it comes to the ears of the duke 
that his daughter loves Huon, and the 
duke commands him, on pain of death, 
to marry Catherine, a freed serf. He 
refuses, till the countess interferes ; he 
then marries, and rushes to the wars. 
Here he greatly distinguishes himself, 
and is created a prince, when he learns 
that the Catherine he has wed is not 
Catherine the freed serf, but Catherine the 
countess. — Knowles : Love (1840). 

Huon de Bordeaux [Sir), who 

married Esclairmond, and, when Oberon 
went to paradise, succeeded him as "king 
of all Faery." 

In the second part, Huon visits the 
terrestrial paradise, and encounters Cain, 
the first murderer, in performance of his 
penance. — Huon de Bordeaux. 

N.B. — An abstract of this romance is in 
Dunlop's History of Fiction. (See als ) 
Keightley's Fairy Mythology.) It is also 
the subject of Wieland's Oberon, which 
has been translated by Sotheby. 

■ L 



HUR AL OYUN. 



514 



HYDROMEL. 



Eur al Oyun, the black-eyed 
daughters of paradise, created of pure 
musk. They are free from all bodily 
weakness, and are ever young. Every 
believer will have seventy-two of these 
girls as his household companions in 
paradise, and those who desire children 
will see them grow to maturity in an 
hour. — Al Koran, Sale's notes. 

Hurgonel (Count), the betrothed of 
Orna sister of duke Gondibert. — Dave- 
nant : Gondibert, iii. 1 (died 1668). 

Hurlo-Thrumbo, a burlesque which 
had an extraordinary run at the Haymar- 
ket Theatre. — Samuel Johnson (not Dr. 
S. Johnson): Hurlo-Thrumbo, or The 
Supernatural (1730). 

Consider, then, before, like Hurlo-Thrumbo, 
You aim your club at anv creed on earth, 
That, by the simple accident of birth, 

You might have been high priest to Murabo-Jumbo. 

Hood. 

Hurry, servant of Oldworth of Old- 
worth Oaks. He is always out of breath, 
wholly unable to keep quiet or stand 
still, and proves the truth of the proverb, 
* ' The more haste the worse speed. " He 
fancies all things go wrong if he is not 
bustling about, and he is a constant fidget. 
— Burgoyne: The Maid of the Oaks (1779). 

Poor Weston I "Hurry" was one of his last parts, 
and was taken from real life. I need not tell those 
who remember this genuine representer of nature, 
that In "Hurry" he threw the audience into loud fits 
of mirth without discomposing a muscle of his features 
[1727-1776].— T. Davits. 

Hurtali, a giant who reigned in the 
time of the Flood. 

The Massorets affirm that Hurtali, being too big to 
get into the ark, sat astride upon it, as children stride 
a wooden horse.— Rabelais: Pantag>ruel, ii. i (1545)- 

(Minage says that the rabbins assert 
that it was Og, not Hurtali, who thus 
outrode the Flood. See Le Pelletier, 
chap. xxv. of his Noah's Ark.) 

Husbandry (Five Hundred Points of 
Good), by Tusser (1557). (See Southey's 
Early British Poets. ) 

Hush'ai (2 syl. ), in Dryden's satire of 
Absalom and Achitophel, is Hyde earl of 
Rochester. As Hushai was David's friend 
and wise counsellor, so was Hyde the 
friend and wise counsellor of Charles II. 
As the counsel of Hushai rendered abor- 
tive that of Achitophel, and caused the 
plot of Absalom to miscarry, so the 
counsel of Hyde rendered abortive that 
of lord Shaftesbury, and caused the plot 
of Monmouth to miscarry. 

Hushai, the friend of David in distress ; 
In public storms of manly steel fastness; 
By foreign treaties he informed his youth, 
And joined experience to his native truth. 
Dryden: Absalsm and Athitofhel, i. 825-838 (1681). 



Hut'cheon, the auld domestic in 
Wandering Willie's tale.— Sir W. Scott: 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Hut'cheon, one of Julian Avenel's re- 
tainers. —Sir W. Scott: The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Hutin (Le), Louis X. of France ; so 
called from his expedition against the 
Hutins, a seditious people of Navarre 
and Lyons (1289, 1314-1316). 

Hy'acinth, son of Amyclas the 
Spartan king. He was playing quoits 
with Apollo, when the wind drove the 
quoit of the sun-god against the boy's 
head, and killed him on the spot. From 
the blood grew the flower called hyacinth, 
which bears on its petals the words, " Ai ! 
Ai 1 " (" Alas ! alas ! "). — Grecian Fable. 

Hyacinthe (3 syl), the daughter of 
seigneur Geronte (2 syl. ), who passed in 
Tarentum under the assumed name of 
Pandolphe (2 syl.). When he quitted 
Tarentum, he left behind him his wife 
and daughter Hyacinthe. Octave (2 
syl.) son of Argante (2 syl.) fell in love 
with Hyacinthe (supposing her surname 
to be Pandolphe), and Octave's father 
wanted him to marry the daughter of his 
friend seigneur GeYonte. The young man 
would not listen to his father, and declared 
that Hyacinthe, and Hyacinthe alone, 
should be his wife. It was then explained 
to him that Hyacinthe Pandolphe was the 
same person as Hyacinthe Geronte, and 
that the choice of father and son were in 
exact accord. — Moliire : Les Fourberies 
de Sapin (1671). 

(In The Cheats of Scapin, Otway's ver- 
sion of this play, Hyacinthe is called 
"Clara," her father Geronte "Gripe," and 
Octave is Anglicized into " Octavian.") 

Hyde. (See Jekyll and Hyde. ) 

Hyder Ali Khan Behauder, the 
nawaub of Mysore (2 syl.), disguised as 
the sheik Hali.— Sir W. Scott: The Sur- 
geon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Hydra or Dragon of the Hesperian 
grove. The golden apples of the Hes- 
perian field were guarded by women called 
the HesperidSs, assisted by the hydra or 
dragon named Ladon. 

Her flowery store 
To thee nor Tempe shall refuse, nor watch 
Of winged hydra guard Hesperian fruits 
From thy free spoil. 
Akcnside: Pleasures of Imagination, L (1744). 

Hy'dromel properly means a mix- 
ture of honey and water ; but Mrs. 
Browning, in her Drama of Exile, speaks 



HYDROPSY. 



515 



HYPOCRITE. 



of a " mystic hydromel," which corre- 
sponds to the classic nectar or drink of 
the immortals. This " my-tic hydromel " 
was given to Adam and Eve, and held 
them "immortal" as long as they lived 
in Eden, but when they fell it was poured 
out upon the earth. 

!And\ now our right hand hath no cup remaining . . . 
For] the mystic hydromel is spilt. 

Mrs. Browning : A Drama of Exile (1850). 

Hydropsy, personified by Thomson — 

On limbs enormous, but withal unsound, 
Soft-swoln and wan, here lay pale Hydropsy,— 
Unwieldy man ; with telly monstrous round, 
For ever fed with watery supply, 
For still he drank, and yet was ever dry. 

Castle 0/ Indolence, i. 75 (1748). 

Hymber court [Baron d), one of the 
dukeof Burgundy's officers. —Sir I V. Scott: 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Hymen, god of marriage ; the per- 
sonification of the bridal song ; marriage. 

Till Hymen brought his love-delighted hour, 
There dwelt no joy in Eden's rosy bower . . . 
The world was sad, the garden was a wild, 
And man, the hermit, sighed— till woman smiled. 
Campbell: Pleasures 0/ Hope, ii. (1799). 

Hymettus, a mountain in Attica, 
noted for honey. 

And the brown bees of Hymettus 
Make their honey not so sweet. 

Mrs. Browning : Wine 0/ Cyprus, J, 

Hymn Tunes. (See Dictionary of 
Phrase and Fable, p. 641, coL I.) 

Hyndman [Master), usher to the 
council-chamber at Holyrood. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Hypatia, a novel by Charles Kingsley 
(1853). Hypatia was born in Alexandria, 
a.d. 370. She attracted vast crowds by 
her lectures on philosophy and neo- 
Platonism. She was a most modest, 
graceful, and beautiful young woman, 
but the Christian clergy, headed by 
archbishop Cyril, stirred up the rabble 
against ber. They seized her, dragged 
her into one of the churches of Alexandria, 
and liter<i; y tore her to pieces (a.d. 415). 
.t is one of the saddest tales in history. 

Hyperi'on, the sun. His parents 
were Caelum ami Tellus [heaven and 
earth). Strictly speaking, he was the 
father of the sun, but Homer uses the 
word for the ^un itself. 

When the might 
Of Hyperion from his noon-ti'le throne 
Unbends their languid pinions (i.e. of the -winds\ 
AkensHe : llymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Shakespeare incorrectly throws the 
ace nt on the second syllable: " Hyp r'ion 
to a satyr " [Hamlet, act i. sc. 2). In this 
almost all English poets have erred with 
Shakespeare; but Akenside accents the 



word correctly, and in Fuimus Trots we 
have — 

Blow, gentle Africus, 
Play on our poops, when Hyperion's son 
Shall couch in west. (1633.) 

Placat equo Persis radiis Hyperione cinctum. 

Ovid: Fasti, i. 385. 

• . • Keats has left the fragment of a 
poem entitled Hyperion, of which Byron 
says, ' ' It seems inspired by the Titans, 
and is as sublime as ^Eschylus." 

Hyperion, a romance by Longfellow. 
The hero, Paul Flemming, was heart- 
broken at the loss of a dear friend. He tra- 
velled abroad, to try and assuage his grief, 
and spent a winter in Heidelberg, where he 
buried himself in " old dusty books," and 
held long discussions with his friend the 
baron of Hohenfels. He met an English 
lady, Mary Ashburton, and loved her, but 
pride parted them, and they separ ted 
never to meet again. Paul Flemming 
wandered through many lands, and in a 
little chapel, on a marble tablet, found 
the words of consolation which no friend 
had yet spoken. He determined to face 
life again, and "be strong." The story 
is interwoven with charming translation- 
from German poety ; most of which arc- 
collected in the volume of Longfellow's 
Poems. 

Hypnos, god of sleep, brother of 
Oneiros [dreams) and Thanatos [death). 

In every creature that breathes, from the conqueror 
resting on a field of blood, to the nest-bird cradled in 
its bed of leaves, Hypnos holds a sovereignty which 
nothing mortal can long resist. — Ouida : Folic- Fat ine, 
kL n. 

Hypochondria, personified by 
Thomson — 

And moping here, did Hypochondria sit, 
Mother of spleen, in robes of various dye . . . 
And some her frantic deemed, and some her deemed 
a wit. 

Castle 0/ Indolence, L 75 (1748). 

Hypocrisy is the homage which vice 
renders to virtue. 

LTiypocrisie est un hommage que le vice rend k la 
vertu. — Rochefoucauld. 

Hyp'ocrite [The), Dr. Cantwell in 
the English comely by Isaac Bickerstaff, 
and Tartuffe in the French comedy by 
Moliere. He pretends to great sanctity, 
but makes his "religion" a mere trade 
for getting money, advancing his worldly 
prospects, and for the better indulgence 
of his sensual ploa-urr s Dr. Cantwell is 
made the guest of sir John Lambert (in 
French " Orgon "), who looks on him as a 
saint, and promises him his daughter in 
marriage ; but his mercenary views and 
his love-making to lady Lambert being 



HYPOCRITES. 

at length exposed, sir John forbids him to 
remain in the house, and a tipstaff arrests 
him for a felonious fraud (1768). 

Hyp'ocrites {The). Abdallah ibn 
Ol>ba and his partizans were so called by 
Mahomet. 

Hyp'ocrites (The prince of), 
Tiberius Caesar (B.C. 42, 14 to a.d. 37). 

Hyppolito. (See Hippolytus. ) 

Hyrcan Tiger. Hyrcania is in Asia 
Minor, south-east of the Caspian Sea. 
Bouillet says, ' ' Ce pays elait tout entoure" 
de montagnes remplies de tigres." 

Restore thy fierce and cruel mind 
To Hircan tigres and to ruthless bears. 

Daniel : Sonnets (1594). 
Approach thou like the Russian bear, 
The armed rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger ; 
Take any form but that, and my firm nerves 
Shall never tremble. -^ 

Shakespeare : Macbeth, act iii. sc. 5 (1606). 

Hythloday {Raphael), the imaginary 
adventurer who discovered Utopia, and 
gave an account of it to sir Thomas More. 



Iachimo [ Yak'-i-mo], an Italian liber- 
tine. When Posthu'mus, the husband of 
Imogen, was banished for marrying the 
king's daughter, he went to Rome, and 
in the house of Philario the conversation 
fell on the fidelity of wives. Posthumus 
bet a diamond ring that nothing could 
change the fidelity of Imogen, and 
Iachamo accepted the wager. The liber- 
tine contrived to get into a chest in 
Imogen's chamber, made himself master 
of certain details, and took away iwith 
him a bracelet belonging to Imogen. 
With these vouchers, Iachimo easily per- 
suaded Posthumus that he had won the 
bet, and Posthumus handed over to him 
the ring. A battle subsequently ensued, 
in which Iachimo and other Romans, 
with Imogen disguised as a page, were 
made prisoners, and brought before king 
Cymbeline. Imogen was set free, and 
told to ask a boon. She asked that 
Iachimo might be compelled to say how 
he came by the ring which he had on his 
finger, and the whole villainy was brought 
to light. Posthumus was pardoned, and 
all ended hnppily. — Shakespeare ; Cymbe- 
line (1605). 

• . • The tale of Cymbeline is from the 
Decameron of Boccaccio (day ii. 9), in 



5 i6 IBERIA'S PILOT. 

which Iachimo is called "Ambrose," 
Imogen is " Zineura," her husband Ber- 
nard " Lomellin," and Cymbeline is the 
"sultan." The assumed name of Imo- 
gen is " FideleV' but in Boccaccio it is 
" Sicurano da Finale." 

la' go (2 or 3 syl.), ancient of Othello 
commander of the Venetian army, and 
husband of Emilia. Iago hated Othello, 
both because Cassio (a Florentine) was 
promoted to the lieutenancy over his head, 
and also from a suspicion that the Moor 
had tampered with his wife ; but he con- 
cealed his hatred so artfully that Othello 
felt confident of his "love and honesty." 
Iago strung together such a mass of 
circumstantial evidence in proof of Des- 
demona's love for Cassio, that the Moor 
killed her out of jealousy. One main 
argument was that Desdemona had given 
Cassio the very handkerchief which 
Othello had given her as a love-gift ; but 
in reality Iago had induced his wife 
Emilia to purloin the handkerchief. 
When this villainy was brought to light, 
Othello stabbed Iago ; but his actual 
death is no incident of the tragedy. — 
Shakespeare: Othello (161 1). 

The cool malignity of Iago, silent in his resentment, 
subtle in his designs, and studious at once of his interest 
and his vengeance, . . . are such proofs of Shake- 
speare's skill in human nature is it would be vain to 
seek in any modern writer.— Dr. Johnson. 

(Byron, speaking of John P. Kemble, 
says, "Was not his 'Iago' perfection 
— particularly the last look ? I was close 
to him, and I never saw an English coun- 
tenance half so expressive.") 

Iambic Verse {The Father of), 
Archil'ochos of Paros (B.C. 714-676). 

IANTHE (3 syl.), in The Siege of 
Rhodes, by sir William Davenant (1656). 

Mrs. Betterton was called "Ianthe" by Pepys, in his 
Diary, as having performed that character to his great 
approval. The old gossip greatly admired her, and 
praised her "sweet voice and incomparable acting."— 
IV. C. Russell: Representative Actors. 

Ianthe (3 syl. ), to whom lord Byron 
dedicated his Childe Harold, was lady 
Charlotte Harley, daughter of the earl of 
Oxford (afterwards lady Charlotte Bacon), 
who was only eleven years old at the time 
(1809). 

Ianthe. (See I phis, p. 526.) 

Ianthe, in Shelley's Queen Mai. (See 
Mab.) 

Ibe'ria's Pilot, Christopher Co- 
lumbus. Spain is called ' ' Iberia " and the 
Spaniards the " Ibe'ri. " The river Ebro is 
a corrupt form of the Latin word Ibe'rus. 



IBLIS. 



5*7 



IGERNA. 



Launched with Iberia's pilot from the steep, 
To worlds unknown, ana isles beyond the deep. 
Campbell: The Pleasures of Hope, ii. (i799>- 

Iblis [" despair •"], called Aza'zil before 
he was cast out of heaven. He refused 
to pay homage to Adam, and was rejected 
by God. — A I Koran. 

" We created you, and afterwards formed you, and 
all worshipped except Eblis." . . . And God said unto 
him, "What hindered you from worshipping Adam, 
since I commanded It T He answered, "I am more 
excellent than he. Thou hast created me of fire, but 
him of clay." God said, " Get thee down, therefore, 
from paradise . . . thou shalt be one of the contemp- 
tible."- Al Kordn, Til. 

Ib'rahim or Ii'IUustre Bassa, an 

heroic romance of Mdlle. deScud£ri(i64i). 
Ice'ni (3 syl.), the people of Suffolk, 
Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Hunting- 
donshire. Their metropolis was Venta 
(Cats tor, near Norwich). — Richard of 
Cirencester: Chronicle, vi. 30. 

The Angles, . . . allured with ... the fittness of the 

place 
Where the Icenl lived, did set their kingdom down . . . 
And the East Angles' kingdom those English did instile. 
Drayton: Polyolbioii, xvi. (1613). 

Ida, the name of the princess in 
Tennyson's poem called The Princess 
(1847-1850). 

Idalia, Venus ; so called from 
Ida Hum, a town in Cyprus, where she was 
worshipped. 

I den (Alexander), a poor squire of 
Kent, who slew Jack Cade the rebel, and 
brought the head to king Henry VI., for 
which service the king said to him — 

Iden, kneel down. Rise up a knight. 
We give thee for reward a thousand marks ; 
And will that thou henceforth attend on us. 
Shakespeare: a Henry VI. act v. sc 1 (1591). 

Idenstein (Baron), nephew of gene- 
ral Kleiner governor of Prague. He 
marries Adolpha, who turns out to be the 
sister of Meeta called " The Maid of 
Mariendorpt." — Knowles: The Maid of 
Mariendorpt (1838). 

Identity. (See Mistaken Identity.) 

Idiot ( The Inspired), Oliver Goldsmith. 
So c died by Horace Walpole(i728-i774). 

Idle Lake, the lake on which 
Phasdria (wantonness) cruised in her 
gondola. One had to cross this lake to 
get to Wandering Island. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, ii. (1590). 

Idleness (The lake of). Whoever 
drank thereof grew instantly "faint and 
weary." The Red Cross Knight drank 
of it, and was readily made captive by Or- 
goglio. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, i. (1590). 

Idom'eneus [f-dom'-e-nuce], king of 
Crete. He made a row when he left 
Troy, if the gods would vouchsafe him a 



safe voyage, to sacrifice to them the first 
living being that he encountered in his 
own kingdom. The first living object 
he met was his own son, and when the 
father fulfilled his vow, he was banished 
from his country as a murderer. 

(The reader will instantly call to mind 
Jephthah's rash vow. — Judg. xi.) 

IT Agamemnon vowed to Diana to offer 
up in sacrifice to her the most beautiful 
thing that came into his possession within 
the next twelve months. This was an 
infant daughter ; but Agamemnon de- 
ferred the offering till Iphigeni'a (his 
daughter) was full grown. The fleet, on 
its way to Troy, being wind-bound at 
Aulis, the prophet Kalchas told Agamem- 
non it was because the vow had not been 
fulfilled ; accordingly Iphigenia was laid 
on the altar for sacrifice, but Diana inter- 
posed, carried the victim to Tauris, and 
substituted a hind in her place. Iphigenia 
in Tauris became a priestess of Diana. 

IT Abraham, being about to sacrifice 
his son to Jehovah, was stayed by a 
voice from heaven, and a ram was sub- 
stituted for the lad Isaac. — Gen. xxii. 

Idwal, king of North Wales, and son 
of Roderick the Great. (See Ludwal. ) 

Idy'a, the pastoral name of Britannia, 
"the most beauteous of all the darlings 
of Oceanus." — IV. Browne: Britannia's 
Pastorals (1613). 

Idylls of the King", a series of 
poems by Tennyson (between 1859 and 
1872), in twelve books, with a dedication 
to the memory of the prince consort, and 
an epilogue to the queen. The titles are— 

The Coming of Arthur; Gareth and Lynette ; 
The Marriage o/Geraint; Geraint and Enid ; Balin 
and Balan; Merlin and Vivien; Lancelot and Elaine; 
The Holy Grail; Pelleas and Ettarre ; The Last 
Tournament; Guinevere; The Passing *f Arthur. 

Ier'ne (3 syl.), Ireland. Pytheas 
(contemporary with Aristotle) was the 
first to call the island by this name. 

The green Ierne's shore. 
Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, U. (1799). 

Iger'na, Igerne (3 syl.), or 
Igrayne (3 syl.), wife of Gorlois duke 
of Tintag'el, in Cornwall. Igerna married 
Uther the pendragon of the Britons, and 
thus became the mother of prince Arthur. 
The second marriage took place a few 
hours after the duke's death, but was not 
made public till thirteen days afterwards. 
— Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur (1470). 

• . * Tennyson spells the name Ygerne, 
and makes Uther conquer and slay Gor« 
ioi's, and then forcibly marry the widow 



TGNARO. 



518 



ILIAD. 



Igna'ro, foster-father of Orgoglio. 
The old dotard walked one way and 
looked another. To every question put to 
him, his invariable answer was, " I cannot 
tell." — Spenser : Faerie Queene, i. (1590). 
Tf Lord Flint, chief minister of state 
to one of the sultans of India, used to 
reply to every disagreeable question, 
" My people know, no doubt ; but I 
cannot recollect." — Airs. Inchbald : Such 
Things Are (1786). 

If The Italian witnesses summoned on 
the trial of queen Charlotte, answered to 
almost every question, "Non mi ricordo." 
IT The "Know-Nothings" of the 
United States reply to every question, 
about their secret society, ' ' I know 
nothing about it." 

Ig-na'tius {Father), Joseph Leycester 
Lyne, born 1837, monk of the order of St. 
Benedict (1862). He established a com- 
munity at Llanthony Abbey, where helives. 
Ignatius [Father), the Hon. and Rev. 
George Spencer, superior of the order of 
Passionists (1799-1861). 

Ig'nogfe (3 syl.), daughter of Pan'- 
drasus of Greece, given as wife to Brute 
mythical king of Britain. Spenser calls 
her "Inogene" (3 syl.), and Drayton 
"Innogen." — Geoffrey: British History, 
i. 11 (1142). 

I. H. S. In German, I[esus], H[ei- 
land], S[eligmacher], i.e. Jesus, Saviour, 
Sanctifier. In Greek, I[no-our], 'H[Me- 
repo's], 2[<" t »p1. i.e. Jesus, Our Saviour. 
In Latin, SLesus], H[ominum] S[al- 
vator], i. e. Jesus, Men s Saviour. Those 
who would like an English equivalent may 
adopt J[esus], H[eavenly] S[aviour]. 

The Latin equivalent is attributed to 
St. Bernardine of Sienna (1347). 

Ilderton [Miss Lucy and Miss Nancy), 
cousins to Miss Vere. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Iliad (3 syl.), the tale of the siege of 
Troy, an epic poem in twenty-four books, 
by Homer. Menelaos, king of Sparta, 
received as a guest Paris, a son of Priam 
king of Troy. Paris eloped with Helen, 
his host's wife, and Menelaos induced the 
Greeks to lay siege to Troy, to avenge the 
■ perfidy. The siege lasted ten years, when 
Troy was taken and burnt to the ground. 
Homer's poem is confined to the last year 
of the siege. 

Book I. opens with a pestilence in the 
Grecian camp, sent by the sun-god to 
avenge his priest Chryscs. The case is 
this: ChrysSs wished to ransom his 



daughter, whom Agamemnon, the Greek 
commander-in-chief, kept as a concu- 
bine, but Agamemnon refused to give her 
up ; so the priest prayed to Apollo for 
vengeance, and the god sent a pestilence. 
A council being called, Achillas up- 
braids Agamemnon as the cause of the 
divine wrath, and Agamemnon replies he 
will give up the priest's daughter, but 
shall take instead Achilla's concubine. 
On hearing this, Achillas declares he 
will no longer fight for such an ex- 
tortionate king, and accordingly retires 
to his tent and sulks there. 

II. Jupiter, being induced to take the 
part of Achillas, now sends to Agamem- 
non a lying dream, which induces him to 
believe that he shall take the city at once ; 
but in order to see how the soldiers are 
affected by the retirement of Achilles, the 
king calls them to a council of war, asks 
them if it will not be better to give up 
the siege and return home. He thinks 
the soldiers will shout " no" with one 
voice ; but they rush to their ships, and 
would set sail at once if they were not 
restrained by those privy to the plot. 

III. The soldiers, being brought back, 
are then arrayed for battle. Paris pro- 
poses to decide the contest by single 
combat, and Menelaos accepts the chal- 
lenge. Paris, being overthrown, is carried 
off by Venus, and Agamemnon demands 
that the Trojans shall give up Troy in 
fulfilment of the compact. 

IV. While Agamemnon is speaking, 
Pandarus draws his bow at Menelaos and 
wounds him, and the battle becomes 
general. 

V. Pandarus, who had violated the 
truce, is killed by Diomed. 

VI. Hector, the general of the Trojan 
allied armies, recommends that the Tro- 
jan women in a body should supplicate 
the gods to pardon the sin of Pandarus, 
and in the mean time he and Paris make 
a sally from the city gate. 

VII. Hector fights with Ajax in single 
combat, but the' combatants are parted 
by the heralds, who declare it a drawn 
battle ; so they exchange gifts and re- 
turn to their respective tents. 

VIII. The Grecian host, being discom- 
fited, retreats ; and Hector prepares to 
assault the enemy's camp. 

IX. A deputation is sent to Achillas, 
but the sulky hero remains obdurate. 

X. A night attack is made on the Tro- 
jans bv Diomed and Ulysses ; 

XI. And the three Grecian chiefs 



ILIAD IN A NUTSHELL. 

(Agamemnon, Dlomed, and Ulysses) are 
all wounded. 

XII. The Trojans force the gates of 
the Grecian ramparts. 

XIII. A tremendous battle ensues, in 
which many on both sides are slain. 

XIV. While Jupiter is asleep, Neptune 
interferes in the quarrel in behalf of the 
Greeks ; 

XV. But Jupiter rebukes him, and 
Apollo, taking the side of the Trojans, 
puts the Greeks to a complete rout. The 
Trojans, exulting in their success, prepare 
to set fire to the Grecian camp. 

XVI. In this extremity, Patroctos 
arrays himself in Achilles's armour, and 
leads the Myrmidons to the fight ; but he 
is slain by Hector. 

XVII. Achilles is told of the death of 
his friend ; 

XVIII. Resolves to return to the battle ; 

XIX. And is reconciled to Agamemnon. 

XX. A general battle ensues, in which 
the gods are permitted to take part. 

XXI. The battle rages with great fury, 
the slaughter is frightful ; but the Tro- 
jans, being routed, retreat into their town, 
and close the gates. 

XXII. Achilles slays Hector before he 
is able to enter the gates, and the battle 
is at an end. Nothing now remains but 

XXIII. To burn the body of Patroclos, 
and celebrate the funeral games. 

XXIV. Old Priam, going to the tent 
of Acl iilles, craves the body of his son 
Hector ; Achilles gives it up, and the 
poem concludes with the funeral rites of 
the Trojan hero. 

For English translations In Terse, see under HOMER. 

N. B. — Virgil continues the tale from this 
point. Shows how the city was taken 
and burnt, and then continues with the 
adventures of JEne'&s, who escapes from 
the burning city, makes his way to Italy, 
marries the king's daughter, and succeeds 
to the throne. (See>ENEiD.) 

The French Iliad, The Romance of the 
Rose {q.v. ). 

The German Iliad, The Nibelungen 
Lied {q.v.). 

The Portuguese Iliad, The Lusiad(q.v.). 

The Scotch Iliad, The Epigoniad, by 
William Wilkie {q.v.). 

Iliad in a Nutshell ( The). Pliny 
tells us that the Iliad was once copied in 
so small a hand that the whole of the 
twenty-four books were shut up in a nut- 
shelL— Hist., vii. 21. 

N.B. — Huet, bishop of Avranches, de- 
monstrated the possibility of this being 



519 ILISSUS. 

the case by writing eighty lines of the 
Iliad on the space occupied by one line 
of this dictionary, so that the whole Iliad 
might be got into about two-thirds of a 
single page. 

\ In No. 530 of the Harleian MSS is 
an account of a similar performance by 
Peter Bales, a Chancery clerk in the reign 
of queen Elizabeth. He wrote out, in 
1590, the whole Bible, and enclosed his 
MS. in a walnut-shell. Bales's MS. con- 
tained as many leaves as an ordinary 
Bible, but the size of the leaves was re- 
duced, and the paper was as thin as 
possible. 

(I have myself seen the Ten Command- 
ments, the Lord's Prayer, the Apostles' 
Creed, and "God save the King I" all 
written on a space not larger than a 
silver threepence ; and who has not seen 
a sheet of the Times newspaper reduced 
to the size of a locket ?) 

IT The Iliad in a nutshell is quite out- 
done by the web given to a prince by the 
White Cat. It was wrapped in a millet 
seed, and was 400 yards long. What was 
more wonderful than this : there were 
painted on it all sorts of birds, beasts, 
and fishes ; fruits, trees, and plants; 
rocks and sea-shells ; the sun, moon, stars, 
and planets ; the likenesses of all the 
kings and princes of the world, with their 
wives, mistresses, and children, all dressed 
in the proper costume. 

The prince took out of a box, covered with rubles, a 
walnut, which he cracked, and saw inside it a small 
hazel nut, which he cracked also, and found inside a 
kernel of wax. lie peeled the kernel, and discovered 
a corn of wheat, and in the wheat-corn was a gTain of 
millet, which contained a web 400 yards in length. — 
Comtesse D 'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales ("The White Cat," 
1682). 

Iliad of Old English Litera- 
ture, " The Knight's Tale " of Palamon 
and Arcite (2 syl. ) in Chaucer's Canter- 
bury Tales (1388). (See Arcite, p. 56.) 

Iliad of Woes ( Latin, Ilias male' rum), 
a world of disasters (Cicero, Attic, viii. 
11). Homer's Iliad is an epic of " woe" 
from beginning to end. 

Let others boast of blood, and spoils of foes. 
Fierce rapines, murders, Iliads of woes. 

Drummond : Death of Maliades (i6ia). 

Ilis'sus, one of the rivers on which 
Athens was situated. Plato lays the 
scene of many of the best conversations 
of Socrates on the banks of this river. 

. . . the thymy vale, 
Where oft, enchanted with Socrntic sounds, 
Ilissus pure devolv^ .his tuneful streak. 
In gentler murniurv' 
Akensidt: /'Uasurts o/ Imagination. L (17441. 



ILL LUCK. 



520 



IMOGINE. 



Ill XiUCk always attended those who 
possessed the gold of Nibelungen, the 
gold of Toboso, the sword of Kol called 
Graysteel, Harmonia's necklace, Sher- 
borne, etc. (See each.) 

Illuminated Doctor (The), Ray- 
mond Lully (1235-1315). 

John Tauler, the German mystic, is so 
called also (1294-136 1). 

Ima'us (3 syl.), the Himalaya or 
snow-hills. 

The huge incumbrance of horrific words 
From Asian Taurus, from Imaus stretched 
Athwart the roving Tartar's sullen bounds. 
Thomson : The Seasons (" Autumn," 1730). 

Imis, the daughter and only child of 
an island king. She was enamoured of 
her cousin Philax. 4 fay named Pagan 
loved her, and, seeing she rejected his 
suit, shut up Imis and Philax in the 
" Palace of Revenge." This palace was 
of crystal, and contained everything the 
heart could desire except the power of 
leaving it. For a time, Imis and Philax 
were happy enough, but after a few years 
they longed as much for separation as 
they had once wished to be united. — 
Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales (" Pa- 
lace of Revenge," 1682). 

Imitatione Christi (De), generally 
attributed to Thomas a Kempis (1415). 
English translations by dean Stanhope 
(1866), by bishop Goodwin (1868), by 
Bentham (1874), and many others. 

Imlac of G-oiama, near the mouth 
of the Nile ; the son of a rich merchant. 
Imlac was a great traveller and a poet, 
who accompanied Rasselas in his rambles, 
and returned with him to the " happy 
valley." — Dr. Johnson: Rasselas (1759). 

Immortal Pour of Italy ( The) : 
Dant6 (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-1374), 
Ariosto (1474-1533), and Tasso (1544- 
1595). 

The poets read he o'er and o'er, 

And most of all the Immortal Four 

Of Italy. 

Longfellow : The Wayside Inn (prelude). 

Imogen, daughter of Cym'beline 
(3 syl.) king of Britain, married clan- 
destinely Posthumus Leonatus. Post- 
humus, being banished for the offence, 
retired to Rome. One day, in the house 
of Philario, the conversation turned on 
the merits of wives, and Posthumus bet 
his diamond ring that nothing could 
lempt the fidelity of Imogen. Iachimo 
accepted the wager, laid his plans, and 
after due time induced Posthumus to 



believe that Imogen had played fals<; 
showing, by way of proof, a bracelet, 
which he affirmed she had given him ; 
so Posthumus handed over to him the 
ring given him by Imogen at parting. 
Posthumus now ordered his -servant 
Pisanio to inveigle Imogen to Milford 
Haven, under pretence of seeing her hus- 
band, and to murder her on the road ; 
but Pisanio told Imogen his instructions, 
advised her to enter the service of 
Lucius, the Roman general in Britain, 
as a page, and promised that he would 
make Posthumus believe that she was 
dead. This was done ; and not long 
afterwards a battle ensued, in which the 
Romans were defeated, and Lucius, 
Iachimo, and Imogen were taken pri- 
soners. Posthumus also took part in 
the battle, and obtained for his services 
the royal pardon. The captives being 
brought before Cymbeline, Lucius en- 
treated the king to liberate Imogen. 
The petition was not only granted, but 
Imogen was permitted, at the same time, 
to ask a boon of the British king. She 
only begged that Iachimo should inform 
the court how he came by the ring he 
was wearing on his finger. The whole 
villainy was thus revealed, a reconcilia- 
tion took place, and all ended happily. 
(See Zineura. )— Shakespeare ; Cymbeline 
(1605). 

" Juliet, ' " Rosalind," " the lady Constance, 
" Portia," " lady Macbeth," and the divine " Imogen " 
[all Shakespeare] crowd upon our fancy ; to have seen 
Miss Faucit in these characters is to have seen a 
whole world of poetry revealed.— Dublin University 
Magazine, 1846. 

Im'ogine ( The Fair), the lady be- 
trothed to Alonzo " the Brave," and who 
said to him, when he went to the wars, 
" If ever I marry another, may thy ghost 
be present at the bridal feast, and bear me 
off to the grave." Alonzo fell in battle ; 
Imogine married another ; and, at the 
marriage feast, Alonzo's ghost, claiming 
the fulfilment of the compact, carried 
away the bride. — Lewis ; Alonzo the 
Brave and the Fair Imogine (1795). 

Im'ogine ( The lady), wife of St. Aldo- 
brand. Before her marriage, she was 
courted by count Bertram, but the at- 
tachment fell through, because Bertram 
was outlawed and became the leader of 
a gang of thieves. It so happened one 
day that Bertram, being shipwrecked off 
the coast of Sicily, was conveyed to the 
castle of lady Imogine, and the old at- 
tachment revived on both sides. Bertram 



[MOINDA. 

murdered St. Aldobrand ; Imogine, going 
mad, expired in the arms of Bertram ; 
and Bertram killed himself. — Maturin: 
Bertram (1816). 

Imoin'da (3 syl.), daughter of a 
white man, who went to the court of 
Angola, changed his religion, and grew 
great as commander of the forces. His 
daughter was married to prince Oroonoko. 
Soon afterwards the young prince was 
trapanned by captain Driver, taken to 
Surinam, and sold for a slave. Here he 
met his young wife, whom the lieutenant- 
governor wanted to make his mistress, 
and Oroonoko headed a rising of the 
slaves. The end of the story is that 
Imoinda slew herself ; and Oroonoko, 
having stabbed the lieutenant-governor, 
put an end to his own life. — Southern : 
Oroonoko (1696). 

Impertinent (The Curious), an 
Italian, who, to make trial of his wife's 
fidelity, persuades his friend to try and 
seduce her. The friend succeeds in win- 
ning the lady's love, and the impertinent 
curiosity of the husband is punished by 
the loss of his friend and wife too. — 
Cervantes; Don Quixote, I. iv. 5 (an 
episode, 1605). 

Impostors (Literary). (See Forgers 
and Forgeries.) 

Improvisators. 

(1) Accolti (Bernardo), of Arezzo, 
called the Unico Areti'no (1465-1535). 

(2) Aquilano (Serajino), born at 
Aquila (1466-1500). 

(3) Bandettini (Teresa), (1763-*). 
Marone, Quercio, and Silvio Antoniano 
(eighteenth century). 

(4) Beronicius (P. J.), who could 
convert extempore into Latin or Greek 
verse, a Dutch newspaper or anything 
else which he heard (died 1676). 

(5) Christopher, an Italian, was 
surnamed Altissimo, for his talent in 
improvising (1514). 

(6) Gorilla (Maria Maddelana Fer- 
nandez), of Pistoia. Mde. de Stael has 
borrowed her Corinne from this im- 

firovisatrix. Crowned at Rome in 1776 
1740- 1 800). 

(7) Gianni (Francesco), an Italian, 
made imperial poet by Napoleon, whose 
victories he celebrated in verse (1759- 
1822). 

(8) JehXn (Niir), of Bengal, during 
the sullanship of Jehangher. She was the 
Inventor of the otto of roses (died 1645). 

(9) Karschin (Anna Louisa), of Ger- 
many (1722-1791). 



5« 



INCHCAPE ROCK. 



'lo) MARONE (Andreas), (1474-1527). 

(11) Mazza (Angelo), the most talented 
of all improvisators (1741-1817). 

(12) Metastasio (P. A. D. B.), of 
Assisi, who developed at the age of ten 
a wonderful talent for extemporizing in 
verse ( 1 698-1782). 

(13) Perfetti (Bernardino), of Sienna, 
who received a laurel crown in the capitol, 
an honour conferred only on Petrarch 
and Tasso (1 681-1747). 

(14) Petrarch {Francesco), who in- 
troduced the amusement of improvisation 
(1304-1374). 

(15) Qlterno (Camillo), (1470-1528). 

(16) Rossi, beheaded at Naples in 
1799. 

(17) Serafino d' Aquila. (See above, 
" Aquilano.") 

(18) Serio, beheaded at Naples in 
1799. 

(19) Sgricci (Tommaso), of Tuscany 
(1788-1832). His Death of Charles I., 
Death of Mary Queen of Scots, and Fall of 
Missolonghi are very celebrated. 

(20) Taddei (Rosa), (1801-*). 

(21) Zucchi (Marco Antonio), of 
Verona (*-i764). 

*.* To these add Cicconi, Bindocci, 
Sestini ; the brothers Clercq of Holland, 
Wolf of Altona, Langenschwarz of 
Germany, Eugene de Pradel of France, 
and our own Thomas Hood (1798-1845). 

In Memoriam, a poem in various 
sections, written between the years 1833 
and 1850, by Tennyson, in memory of 
his friend Arthur H. Hallam, who died 
in 1833. 

Inchcape Rock (The), east of the 
Isle of May, twelve miles from all land, 
in the German Sea. Here a warning bell 
was floated on a buoy by the forethought 
of an abbot of Aberbrothok. Southey 
says that Ralph the Rover, in a mischievous 
freak, cut the bell from the buoy, and it 
fell into the depths ; but on his return voy- 
age his boat ran on the rock, and Ralph 
was drowned. 

In old times upon the saide recite there was a bell 
fixed upon a timber, which r.sig continually, being 
moved by the sea, giving notice to saylers of the 
danger. This bell was put there and maintained by 
the abbot of Aberbrothok, but being taken down by a 
sea-pirate, a yeare thereafter he perished upon the 
same rocke, with ship and goodes, in the righteous 
Judgement of God. — Stoddart: .Remarks on Scotland. 

1T A similar story is told of St. Goven's 
bell, in Pembrokeshire. The silver bell 
was stolen one night from the chapel by 
pirates ; but no sooner hid their boat put 
out to sea, than all the crew were wrecked 



INCONSTANT. 



52a 



INFANT ENDOWED. ETC. 



The silver bell was carried by sea-nymphs 
to a well, and whenever the stone of that 
well is struck the bell is heard to moan. 

Inconstant [The], a comedy by G. 
Farquhar (1702). "The inconstant" is 
young Mirabel, who shilly-shallies with 
Oria'na till she saves him from being 
murdered by four bravoes in the house of 
Lamorce (2 syl. ). 

This comedy is a re'chauffe'oi the Wild-goose Chase, 
by Beaumont (?) and Fletcher (1652). (Beaumont died 
16x6.) 

Incorruptible (The). Maximilien 
Robespierre was so called by his friends 
in the Revolution (1756-1794). 

IT "William Shippen," says Horace 
Walpole, "is the only man proof against 
a bribe." 

IT Fabricius, the Roman hero, could 
not be corrupted by bribes, nor influenced 
by threats. Pyrrhus declared it would be 
as easy to divert the sun from its course 
as Fabricius from the path of duty. — 
Roman Story. 

In'cubus, a spirit half human and 
half angelic, living in mid-air between 
the moon and our earth. — Geoffrey : Bri- 
tish History, vi. 18 (1142). 

Indian Pile, one by one. The 
American Indians, when they go on an 
attack, march one by one. The one 
behind carefully steps in the foot-marks 
of the one before, and the last of the file 
obliterates the foot-prints. By this 
means their direction and number are not 
detected. 

Each man followed his leader in Indian file. — Captain 
Burnaby: On Horseback through Asia Minor (1877). 

Indra, god of the elements. His 
palace is described by Southey in The 
Curse of Kehama, vii. 10 (1809). 

Inesilla de Cant ar ilia, daughter 
of a Spanish lute-maker. She had the 
unusual power of charming the male sex 
during the whole course of her life, which 
exceeded 75 years. Idolized by the noble- 
men of the old court, she saw herself 
adored by those of the new. Even in 
her old age she had a noble air, an en- 
chanting wit, and graces peculiar to her- 
self suited to her years. — Lesage : Gil 
Bias, viii. 1 (1735). 

I'nez of Cadiz, addressed in Childe 
Harold, i. (after stanza 84). Nothing 
known of her. 

I'nez (Donna), mother of don Juan. 
She trained her son according to pre- 
scribed rules with the strictest propriety, 



and designed to make him a model of all 
virtues. Her husband was don Jose\ 
whom she worried to death by her prudery 
and want of sympathy. Donna Inez 
was a "blue-stocking," learned in all 
the sciences, her favourite one being 
"the mathematical." She knew every 
European language, "a little Latin and 
less Greek." In a word, she was "per 
feet as perfect is," according to the 
standard of Miss Edgeworth, Mrs. Trim- 
mer, and Hannah More, but had "a 
great opinion of her own good qualities." 
Like Tennyson's "Maud," this paragon 
of women was, to those who did not look 
too narrowly, "faultily faultless, icily 
regular, splendidly null." — Byron: Don 
Juan, i. 10-30 (1819). 

Inez de Castro, crowned six years 
after her death. The tale is this: Don 
Pedro, son of Alfonso IV. of Portugal, 
privately married, in 1345, the "beauty of 
Castile," and Alfonso was so indignant 
that he commanded her to be put to death 
(1355). Two years afterwards, don Pedro 
succeeded to the crown, and in 1361 had 
the body of Inez exhumed and crowned. 

•.-• Camoens, the Portuguese poet, has 
introduced this story in his Lusiad. A. 
Ferreira, another Portuguese poet, has a 
tragedy called Inez de Castro (1554); 
Lamotte produced a tragedy with the 
same title (1723) ; and Guiraud another 
in 1826. (See next art.) 

Inez de Castro, the bride of prince 
Pedro of Portugal, to whom she was 
clandestinely married. The king Alfonso 
and his minister Gonzalez, not knowing 
of this marriage, arranged a marriage for 
the young prince with a Spanish princess, 
and when the prince refused his consent, 
Gonzalez ferreted out the cause, and 
compelled Inez to drink poison. He then 
put the young prince under arrest, but as 
he was being led away, the announce- 
ment came that Alfonso was dead and 
don Pedro was his successor. The tables 
were now turned, for Pedro was instantly 
released, and Gonzalez led to execution. 
— Rose Neil : Inez de Castro, or The Bride 
of Portugal. (See previous art.) 

Infant Endowed with. Speech. 

The imam Abzenderoud excited the envy 
of his confraternity by his superior virtue 
and piety, so they suborned a woman to 
father a child upon him. The imam 
prayed to Mahomet to reveal the truth, 
whereupon the new-born infant told in 
good Arabic who his father was, and 



INFANT OF LUBECK. 

Abzenderoud was acquitted with honour. 
—Gueulette : Chinese Tales ("Imam 
Abzenderoud," 1723). 

Infant of Lubeck, Christian Henry 
Heinecken. At one year old he knew the 
chief events of the Pentateuch ! ! at thir- 
teen months he knew the history of the 
Old Testament ! 1 at fourteen months he 
knew the history of the New Testament 1 1 
at two and a half years he could answer 
any ordinary question of history or geo- 
graphy 1 ! and at three years old he 
knew German, French, and Latin ! I (See 
Precocious Genius.) 

Inferno ( T/ie), in thirty-four cantos, 
by Dante [Alighieri] (1300). While wan- 
dering through a wood (this life), the 
poet comes to a mountain (fame), and 
begins to climb it, but first a panther 
(pleasure), then a lion (ambition), and 
then a she-wolf (avarice) stand in his 
path to stay him. The appearance of 
Virgil (human wisdotn), however, en- 
courages him (canto i.), and the Mantuan 
tells him he is sent by three ladies 
[Beatrice (faith), Lucia (grace), and 
Mercy] to conduct him through the 
realms of hell (canto ii. ). On they pro- 
ceed together till they come to a portal 
bearing this inscription : ALL HOPE 

ABANDON, YE WHO ENTER HERE; they 

pass through, and come to that neutral 
realm, where dwell the spirits of those 
not good enough for heaven nor bad 
enough for hell, "the praiseless and the 
blameless dead." Passing through this 
border-land, they command old Charon 
to ferry them across the Achgron to 
Limbo (canto iii.), and here they behold 
the ghosts of the unbaptized, " blameless 
of sin " but not members of the Christian 
Church. Homer is here, Horace, Ovid, 
and Lucan, who enroll DantS "sixth of 
the sacred band." On leaving Limbo, our 
adventurer follows his guide through the 
seven gates which lead to the inferno, an 
enormous funnel-shaped pit, divided into 
stages. The outer, or first "circle," is 
a vast meadow, in which roam Electra 
(mother of Dardanus the founder of 
Troy), Hector, ^Ene'as, and Julius Caesar ; 
Camilla and Penthesile'a ; Latinus and 
Junius Brutus ; Lucretia, Marcia (Cato's 
wife), Julia (Pompey's wife), and Cor- 
nelia; and here "apart retired," they 
see Saladin, the rival of Richard the 
Lion-heart. Linos is here and Orpheus ; 
Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato ; Demo- 
crTtos who ascribed creation to blind 
chance, Diogenes the cynic, Heraclltos, 



533 



INFERNO. 



Emped'ocles, Anaxag'oras, Thalfis, Dlos- 
cor'ides, and Zeno ; Cicero and Seneca, 
Euclid and Ptolemy, Hippocrates and 
Galen, Avlcen, and Averroes the Arabian 
translator and commentator of Aristotle 
(canto iv. ). From the first stage they 
descend to the second, where Minos sits 
in judgment on the ghosts brought before 
him. He indicates what circle a ghost is 
to occupy by twisting his tail round his 
body : two twists signify that the ghost 
is to be banished to the second circle ; 
three twists, that it is to be consigned to 
the third circle, and so on. Here, says 
the poet, "light was silent all," but 
shrieks and groans and blasphemies 
were terrible to hear. This circle is the 
hell of carnal and sinful love, where 
Dante recognizes Semiramis, Dido, Cleo- 
patra, and Helen ; Achilles and Paris ; 
Tristan, the lover of his uncle's wife 
Isolde" ; Lancelot, the lover of queen Guin- 
ever ; and Francesca, the lover of Paolo 
her brother-in-law (canto v.). The third 
circle is a place of deeper woe. Here 
fall in ceaseless showers, hail, black rain, 
and sleety flaw ; the air is cold and dun ; 
and a foul stench rises from the soil. 
CerbSrus keeps watch here, and this part 
of the inferno is set apart for gluttons, 
like Ciacco (2 syl.). From this stage the 
two poets pass on to the ' ' fourth steep 
ledge," presided over by Plutus (canto vi.), 
a realm which "hems in all the woe of 
all the universe." Here are gathered the 
souls of the avaricious, who wasted their 
talents, and made no right use of their 
wealth. Crossing this region, they come 
to the " fifth steep," and see the Stygian 
Lake of inky hue. This circle is a huge 
bog in which " the miry tribe " flounder, 
and "gulp the muddy lees." It is the 
abode of those who put no restraint upon 
their anger (canto vii.). Next comes the 
city of Dis, where the souls of heretics 
are ' ' interred in vaults " (cantos viii. , ix. ). 
Here Dante recognizes Farina'ta (a leader 
of the Ghibelline faction), and is informed 
that the emperor Frederick II. and car- 
dinal Ubaldini are amongst the number 
(canto x. ). The city of Dis contains the 
next three circles (canto xi. ), through 
which Nessus conducts them ; and here 
they see the Minotaur and the Centaurs, 
as Chiron who nursed Achilles and Pholus 
the passionate. The first circle of Dis 
(the sixth) is for tho^e who by force or 
fraud have done violence to man, as 
Alexander the Great, Dionysius of Syra- 
cuse, Attila, Sextus, and Pyrrhus (canto 
xii.). The next (the seventh circle) is for 



INFERNO. 



S«4 



INI. 



those who have done violence to them- 
selves, as suicides ; here are the Harpies, 
and here the souls are transformed to 
trees (canto xiii.). The eighth circle is 
for the souls of those who have done 
violence to God, as blasphemers and 
heretics ; it is a hell of burning, where it 
snows flakes of fire. Here is Cap'aneus 
(3 s yl-) (canto xiv.), and here Dante" held 
converse with Brunetto, his old school- 
master (canto xv.). Having reached the 
confines of the realm of Dis, Ger'yon 
carries Dante* into the region of MalebolgS 
(4 syl.), a horrible hell, containing ten 
pits or chasms (canto xvii.) : In the first 
is Jason ; the second is for harlots (canto 
xviii.); in the third is Simon Magus, 
"who prostituted the things of God for 
gold ; " in the fourth pope Nicholas III. 
(canto xix.) ; in the fifth, the ghosts had 
their heads "reversed at the neck-bone," 
and here are Amphiaraos, Tiresias who 
was first a woman and then a man, 
Michael Scott the magician, with all 
witches and diviners (canto xx.) ; in the 
sixth, Caiaphas and Annas his father-in- 
law (canto xxiii.) ; in the seventh, robbers 
of churches, as Vanni Fucci, who robbed 
the sacristy of St. James's, in Pistoia, and 
charged Vanni della Nona with the crime, 
for which she suffered death (canto xxiv.) ; 
in the eighth, Ulysses and Diomed, who 
were punished for the stratagem of the 
Wooden Horse (cantos xxvi. , xxvii. ) ; in 
the ninth, Mahomet and Ali, "horribly 
mangled" (canto xxviii.l; in the tenth, 
alchemists (canto xxix.), coiners and 
forgers, Potiphar's wife, Sinon the Greek 
who deluded the Trojans (canto xxx.), 
Nimrod, Ephialt£s, and Antaeus, with 
other giants (canto xxxi.). Antaeus 
carries the two visitors into the nether- 
most gulf, where Judas and Lucifer are 
confined. It is a region of thick-ribbed 
ice, and here they see the frozen river of 
Cocy'tus (canto xxxii. ). The last persons 
the poet sees are Brutus and Cassius, the 
murderers of Julius Caesar (canto xxxiv.). 
Dant§ and his conductor Virgil then 
make their exit on the "southern hemi- 
sphere," where once was Eden, and where 
the moon rises when here evening sets." 
This is done that the poet may visit 
Purgatory, which is situate in mid-ocean, 
somewhere near the antipodes of Judaea. 

Canto xvi. opens with a description of Fraud, canto 
xxxiii. contains the tale of Ugoli'no, and canto xxxiv. 
the description of Lucifer. 

' . * The best translations of the Inferno 
into English verse are those by Cary 
(blank verse), 1814; by Wright (in triple 



rhyme), 1853 ; and by Geo. Musgrave 
(in Spenserian metre), 1893. (See Divina 
Comedia, p. 284.) 

-ing, a patronymic, meaning " son 
of," "descendant of," " of the same clan 
as." 

Anglo-Saxon, -ing, as Brown-ing, 
Leam-ing-ton, the town on the Leam. 

English, -son, as John-son, William- 
son, Robert-son, etc. 

Frisian, ingur. 

Norse, ungar. 

Gaelic (Scotch), Mac, as MacKenzie, 
MacNeil, MacDonald. 

Irish, O', as O' Bryan, O'Connor. 

Norman French, as Fitz-, as Fitz- 
william, Fitz-herbert. 

Welsh (British), Ap- t often contracted 
into P, as Pritchard, Apdavis, Apjones. 

Ingelram {Abbot), formerly superior 
of St. Mary's Convent.— Sir W. Scott: 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Inglewood {Squire), a magistrate 
near Osbaldistone Hall.— Sir W. Scott: 
Rob Roy (time, George I. ). 

Inglis {Corporal), in the royal army 
under the leadership of the duke of Mon- 
mouth.— Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Ingoldsby {Thomas), the assumed 
name of the Rev. Richard Harris Bar- 
ham, author of Ingoldsby Legends (1788- 
1845)- 

Ingoldsby Legends {The), a series 
of legendary tales in prose and verse, 
supposed to have been found in the 
family chest of the Ingoldsby family, and 
told by Thomas Ingoldsby (see above). 
The verse- legends are noted for their 
rhymes. The Jackdaw of Rheims {q.v.) 
is especially celebrated. 

Ini, Ine, or Ina, king of Wessex ; 
his wife was ^Ethelburh ; both were of 
the royal line of Cerdic. After a grand 
banquet, king Ini set forth to sojourn in 
another of his palaces, and his queen 
privately instructed his steward to " fill 
the house they quitted with rubbish and 
offal, to put a sow and litter of pigs in 
the royal bed, and to dismantle the room 
entirely." When the king and queen had 
gone about a mile or so, the queen en- 
treated her husband to return to the house 
they had quitted, and great was his 
astonishment to behold the change. 
iEthelburh then said, " Behold what 
vanity of vanities is all earthly greatness ! 
Where now are the good things you saw 






INIS-THONA. 

here but a few hours ago ? See how foul 
a beast occupies the royal bed. So will 
it be with you, unless you leave earthly 
things for heavenly." So the king abdi- 
cated his kingdom, went to Rome, and 
dwelt there as a pilgrim for the rest of 
his life. 

... in fame great Ina might pretend 
With any king since first the Saxons came to shore. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xi. (1613). 

Inis-Thona, an island of Scandi- 
navia. — Ossian. 

In'istore, the Orkney Islands. 

Let no vessel of the kingdom of snow [Norway] 
bound on the dark-rolling waves of Inistore. — Ossian : 
Fingal, i. 

Inkle and Tar'ico, hero and 
heroine of a story by sir Richard Steele, 
in the Spectator (No. n). Inkle is a 
young Englishman who is lost in the 
Spanish main. He falls in love with 
Yarico, an Indian maiden, with whom he 
consorts ; but no sooner does a vessel 
arrive to take him to Barbadoes than he 
sells Yarico as a slave. 

Colman has dramatized this tale (1787). 

Inn. The well-known lines subjoined 
were written by Shenstone at an inn at 
Henley — 

Whoe'er has travelled Life's dull round, 
Where'er his stages may have been, 

May sigh to think he still has found 
His wannest welcome at an inn. 

Innisfail or Inisfail, an ancient 
name of Ireland (isle of destiny). 

Oh, once the harp of Innisfail 

Was strung full high to notes of gladness J 
But yet it often told a tale 
Of more prevailing sadness. 

Campbell: O'Connor's Child, L 
I raised my sails, and rushed into the bay of Croma, 
into Croma's sounding bay in lovely Inisfail.— Ossian : 
Croma. 

Innocents (The), the babes of 
Bethlehem cut off by Herod the Great. 

•.• John Baptist Marino, an Italian 
poet, has a poem on The Massacre of 
the Innocents (1569-1625). 

Innogfen or Inogene (3 syl), wife 
of Brute (1 syl.) mythical king of 
Britain. She was daughter of Pan'- 
drasos of Greece. 

Thus Brute this realme unto his rule subdewd . . . 
And left three sons, his famous progeny, 
Bom of fayre Inogene of Italy. 

Spenser : Faerie Queene, il. 10 (1590). 
And for a lasting league of amity and peace. 
Bright Innogen, his child, for wife to Brutus gave. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, i. (1612). 

Insane Root ( The), hemlock. It is 
said that those who eat hemlock can see 
objects otherwise invisible. Thus when 
Banquo had encountered the witches, 



525 



INVISIBILITY. 



who vanished as mysteriously as they 
appeared, he says to Macbeth, "Were 
such things [really] here ... or have 
we eaten [hemlock] the insane root, that 
takes the reason prisoner," so that our 
eyes see things that are not? — Shake- 
speare: Macbeth, act i. sc. 3 (1606). 

Inspired Idiot ( The). Oliver Gold- 
smith was so called by Horace Walpole 
(1728-1774). 

Insnliri, the district of Lombardy, 
which contained Milan, Como, Pa'via, 
Lodi, Nova'ra, and Vercelli. 

Intellectual System (The), by 
Cudworth (1678). It professes to con- 
fute to demonstration all the arguments 
in favour of atheism. In 1731 was pub- 
lished his attack on The Leviathan of 
Hobbes, in a treatise called Eternal and 
Immutable Morality (1617-1688). 

Intercepted Letters (or The 

Twopenny Postbag), by Thomas Brown 
the younger [T. Moore]. A series of 
satirical poems published in 181 1. There 
are eight letters, supposed to have been 
dropped by the postman, bought for a 
trifle by "Thomas Brown," and turned 
into verse. They are exposies of the 
foibles of persons in " high life." 

Interpreter (Mr.), in Bunyan's 
Pilgrim's Progress, means the Holy 
Ghost as it operates on the heart of a 
believer. He is lord of a house a little 
beyond the Wicket Gate. — Pt. i. (1678). 

Inveraschalloch, one of the High- 
landers at the Clachan of Aberfoyle.— 
Sir W. Scott : Rob Roy (time, George I. ). 

Invin'cible Doctor ( The), William 
of Occam ; also called Doctor Singuldris 
(1270-1347). 

Invisible Knight (The), sir Gar- 
Ion, brother of king Pellam (nigh of kin 
to Joseph of Arimathy). 

" He is sir Garlon," said the knight, " he with th« 
black face, he is the marvellest knight living, for he 
goeth invisible."— Sir T. Malory: Ilislory of Prince 
Arthur, i. 39 (1470). 

Invisibility is obtained by amulets, 
dress, herbs, rings, stones, etc. 

(1) Amulets : as the capon-stone called 
"Alectoria," which rendered those in- 
visible who carried it about their person. 
— Mirror of Stones. 

(2) Dress: as Albric's cloak called 
"Tarnkappe" (2 syl.), which Siegfried 
got possession of (The Nibelurtgen 
Lied); the mantle of Hel Kcplein (q.v.). 



INVULNERABILITY. 



526 



IRAS. 



Jack the Giant-killer had a cloak of invisi- 
bility as well as a cap of knowledge. The 
helmet of Perseus or Hades {Greek Fable) 
and Mambrino's helmet rendered the 
wearers invisible. The moros musphonon 
was a girdle of invisibility [Mrs. Cent- 
livre : A Bold Stroke for a Wife). 

(3) Herbs : as fern seed, mentioned by 
Shakespeare, and Beaumont and Fletcher. 

(4) Rings. : as Gyges's ring, taken from 
the flanks of a brazen horse. When the 
stone was turned inwards, the wearer was 
invisible (Plato). The ring of Otnit 
king of Lombardy, according to The 
Heldenbuch, possessed a similar virtue. 
Reynard's wonderful ring had three 
colours, one of which (the green) caused 
the wearer to be invisible {Reynard the 
Fox, 1498) ; this was_ the gem called 
heliotrope. 

(5) Stones: as heliotrope, mentioned 
by Boccaccio in his Decameron (day viii. 
3). It is of a green hue. Solinus attri- 
butes this power to the herb heliotrope : 
" Herba ejusdem nominis . . . eum, a 
quocunque gestabitur, subtrahit visibus 
obviorum." — Geog., xl. 

(6) Poignard : the poignard of Seidel- 
Beckir rendered the person who bore it, 
and others also, invisible. (See Seidel ; 
Superstitions, article, The Blood of a 
Dog,) 

Invulnerability. (1) Stones taken 
from the cassan plant, which grows in 
Panten, will render the possessor invul- 
nerable. — Odoricus : In Hakluyt. 

(2) A dip in the river Styx rendered 
Achillas invulnerable. 

1 3) Luned's ring. (See Ring.) 

(4) Medea rendered Jason proof against 
wounds and fire by anointing him with 
the Promethe'an unguent. — Greek Fable. 

(5) Siegfried was rendered invulnerable 
by anointing his body with dragon's 
blood. — Nibclungen Lied. 

Ion, the title and hero of a tragedy by 
T. N. Talfourd (1835). The oracle of 
Delphi had declared that the pestilence 
which raged in Argos was sent by way of 
punishment for the misrule of the race 
of Argos, and that the vengeance of the 
gods could be averted only by the extir- 
pation of the guilty race. Ion, the son 
of the king, offered himself a willing 
sacrifice, and as he was dying, Irus entered 
and announced that " the pestilence was 
abating." The heroine is Clemanthe. 

lo'na, an island of Scotland south of 
Staffa, noted for its Culdee institutions, 
•stablished by St. Columb in 563. It is 



now called " Icolm-kill," and in Macbeth, 
act ii. sc. 4, " Colnies-kill " {kill means 
" burying-ground "). 

Unscathed they left Iona's strand 
When the opal morn first flushed the sky. 

Campbell : Reullura. 

Iona's Saint, St. Columb, seen on 
the top of the church spires, on certain 
evenings every year, counting the sur- 
rounding islands, to see that none of them 
have been sunk by the power of witchcraft. 

As Iona's saint, a giant form, 
Throned on his towers conversing with the storm . . . 
Counts every wave-worn isle and mountain hoar 
From Kilda to the green Ierne's shore [from the 
Hebrides to Ireland], 

Campbell : The Pleasures of Hope, ii. {1799). 

I-pal-ne-mo'-ani [i.e. He by whom 
we live], an epithet of God used by the 
ancient Mexicans. 

" We know him," they reply, 
" The great ' Forever-One,' the God of gods, 
Ipalnemoani." 

Southey: Madoc, I 8 (1805). 

Iphigeni'a, daughter of Agamemnon 
king of Argos. (For the tale of her im- 
molation, see under Idomeneus, p. 517.) 

When, a new Iphigene, she went to Tauris. 

Byron : Don yuan, x. 49 (1821). 

N. B. — Cary, in his translation of Dante, 
accents the name incorrectly on the third 
syllable. 

Whence, on the altai Iphige'nla mourned 
Her virgin beauty. 

Dante: Paradise, v. (131 1). 

Iphis, the woman who was changed 
to a man. The tale is this : Iphis was 
the daughter of Lygdus and Telethusa 
of Crete. Lygdus gave orders that if the 
child about to be born was a girl, it was 
to be put to death. It happened to be a 
girl ; but the mother, to save it, brought 
it up as a boy. In due time, the father 
betrothed Iphis to Ianthe\ and the mother, 
in terror, prayed to Isis for help. Her 
prayer was heard, for Isis changed Iphis 
into a man on the day of espousals. — 
Ovid, Metaph., ix. 12; xiv. 699. 

\ Caeneus [Se-nuce] was born of the 
female sex, but Neptune changed her 
into a man. -tineas found her in hadfis 
changed back again. (See CiENEUS, p. 
164.) 

II Tiresias, the Theban prophet, was 
converted into a girl for striking two 
serpents, and married. He afterwards 
recovered his sex, and declared that the 
pleasures of a woman were tenfold greater 
than those of a man. 

I'ran, the empire of Persia. 

Iras, a female attendant on Cleop'atra. 
When Cleopatra had arrayed herself with 



IREBY. 



S«7 



IRIS AND THE DYING. 



robe and crown, prior to applying the 
asps, she said to her two female attend- 
ants, " Come, take the last warmth of my 
lips. Farewell, kind Charmian I Iras, 
farewell ! " And having kissed them, 
Iras fell down dead, either broken-hearted, 
or else because she had already applied 
an asp to her arm, as Charmian did a 
little later. — Shakespeare: Antony and 
Cleopatra (1608) ; and Dry den : All for 
Love (1670, etc.). 

Ireby {Mr.), a country squire. — Sir 
W. Scott: Two Drovers (time, George 
III.). 

Ireland (S. W. H.), a literary forger. 
H is chief forgery is Miscellaneous Papers 
and Instruments, under the hand and seal 
of William Shakespeare, including the 
tragedy of King Lear and a small frag- 
ment of Hamlet, from the original, 1796, 
folio, £4 4s. (1795). 

V His most impudent forgery was the 
production of a new play, which he tried 
to palm off as Shakespeare's. It was 
called Vortigern and Rowena, and was 
actually represented at Drury Lane 
Theatre in 1796. (See Forgers and 
Forgeries, p. 384.) 

Weeps o'er false Shakesperian lore 
Which sprang from Maisterre Ireland's store, 
Whose impudence deserves the rod 
For having aped the Muse's god. 

Chalcographomania. 

Ireland [The Fair Maid of), the ignis 
fatuus. 

He had read ... of ... the ignis fatuus, ... by 
some called " Will-with-the-whisp," or " Jack-with-the- 
lantera," and likewise . . . "The Fair Maid of Ire- 
land."— Ben Jonson : The Seven Champions 0/ 
Christendom, L j (1617). 

Ireland's Scholarships {Dean), 
four scholarships of ^30 a year, in the 
University of Oxford, founded by Dr. 
IreUnd, dean of Westminster, in 1825. 

Ireland's Three Saints. The 

three great saints of Ireland are St. 
Patrick, St. Columb, and St. Bridget. 

Ireland's Three Tragedies: (1) 

The Death of the Children of Touran ; 

(2) The Death of the Children of Lir ; and 

(3) The Death of the Children of Usnach 
(all which see). — (J Flanagan: Trans- 
actions of the Gaelic Society of Dublin, i. 

Irem [The Garden of), mentioned in 
the Koran, lxxxix. It was the most 
beautiful of all earthly paradises, laid out 
for Shedad' king of Ai ; but no sooner 
was it finished, than il was struck with 



the lightning-wand of the death-angel, 
and was never after visible to the eye of 
man. 

The paradise of Irem this . . . 
A garden more surpassing fair 
Than that before whose gate 
The lighting of the cherub's fiery sword 
Waves wide, to bar access. 
Sou they : Thabala the Destroyer, L as (1797). 

Ire'na, Ireland personified. Her in- 
heritance was withheld by Grantorto 
[rebellion), and sir Artegal was sent by 
the queen of Faerie-land to succour her. 
Grantorto being slain, Irena was restored, 
in 1580, to her inheritance. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, v. (1596). 

Ire'ne (3 syl. ), daughter of Horush 
Barbarossa the Greek renegade and cor- 
sair-king of Algiers. She was rescued in 
the siege of Algiers by Selim, son of the 
Moorish king, who fell in love with her. 
When she heard of the conspiracy to kill 
Barbarossa, she warned her father ; but 
it was too late : the insurgents succeeded, 
Barbarossa was slain by Othman, and 
Selim married Irene. — J. Brown, Bar- 
barossa (1742). 

Ire'ne (3 syl.), wife of Alexius Com- 
ne'nus emperor of Greece. — SirW. Scott: 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus*). 

* . • Dr. Johnson wrote a tragedy called 
Irene {1737). 

Ire'nns, Peaceableness personified. 
(Greek, eirene, "peace.") — Phineas Flet- 
cher : The Purple Island, x. (1633). 

I'ris, a messenger, a go-between. Iiis 
was the messenger of Juno. 

Wheresoe'er thou art in this world's globe, 
111 have an Iris that shall find thee out. 
Shakespeare : 2 Henry VJ, act v.sca (iS9*)- 

Iris and the Dying". One of the 

duties of Iris was to cut off a lock of hair 
(claimed by Proserpine) from those 
devoted to death, and, till this was done, 
Death refused to accept the victim. Thus, 
when Dido mounted the funeral pile, she 
lingered in suffering till Iris was sent by 
Juno to cut off a lock of her hair as an 
offering to the black queen, but immedi- 
ately this was done her spirit left the 
body. Than'atos did the same office to 
Alcestis when she gave her life for that of 
her husband. In all sacrifices, a forelock 
was first cut from the head of the victim 
as an offering to Proserpine. — See Eu- 
ripides: Alcestis; Virgil : sEneid, iv. 

" Hunc ego Diti 
Sacrum jussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo." 
Sic ait, et dextra crinem secat . . . atque in ventot 
vita recessit. 

Virgil: Aintid, It. 






IRISH CHARACTER. 

Irish Character {Sketches of), by 
Mrs. Hall (1829). In 1840 she published 
Stories of the Irish Peasantry. 

Irish Whisky Drinker (The), 
John Sheehan, a barrister, who, with 
" Everard Clive of Tipperary Hall," wrote 
a series of pasquinades in verse, which 
were published in Bentley's Miscellany, in 
1846, and attracted considerable attention. 

Irish Widow (The), a farce by 
Garrick (1757). (For the plot, see Brady. ) 

Irishmen of Islam (The), The 
Moors of Morocco. 

Irol'do, the friend of Prasildo of 
Babylon. Prasildo falls in love with 
Tisbi'na, his friend's wife, and, to escape 
infamy, Iroldo and Tisbina take "poison." 
Prasildo, hearing from the apothecary 
that the supposed poison is innocuous, 
goes and tells them so, whereupon Iroldo 
is so struck with his friend's generosity, 
that he quits Babylon, leaving Tisbina to 
Prasildo. Subsequently, Iroldo's life is in 
peril, and Prasildo saves his friend at the 
hazard of his own life. — Bojardo: Orlando 
Innamorato (1495). 

Irolit'a, a princess in love with prince 
Parcinus, her cousin. The fairy Dan'amo 
wanted Parcinus to marry her daughter 
Az'ira, and therefore used all her endea- 
vours to marry Irolita to Brutus ; but all 
her plans were thwarted, for Parcinus 
married Irolita, and Brutus married 
Azira. 

The beauty of Irolita was worthy the world's admira- 
tion. She was about 14 years old, her hair was brown, 
her complexion blooming as the spring, her mouth 
delicate, her teeth white and even, her smile bewitch- 
ing, her eyes a hazel colour and very piercing, and her 
looks were darts of love.— Cotntesse D Aulnoy: Fairy 
Tales (" Perfect I.ove," 1682). 

Iron Arm. Captain Francois de 
Lanoue, a huguenot, was called Bras de 
Fer. He died at the siege of Lamballe 
(1531-1591). 

Iron Chest (The), a drama by G. 
Colman, based on W. Godwin's novel of 
Caleb Williams. Sir Edward Mortimer 
kept in an iron chest certain documents 
relating to a murder for which he had 
been tried and honourably acquitted. His 
secretary Wilford, out of curiosity, was 
prying into this box, when sir Edward 
entered and threatened to shoot him ; 
but on reflection he spared the young 
man's life, told him all about the murder, 
and swore him to secrecy. Wilford, 
unable to endure the watchful and sus- 
picious eye of his master, ran away ; 



528 IRON MASK. 

but sir Edward dogged him like a blood- 
hound, and at length accused him ol 
robbery. This charge could not be sub- 
stantiated, so Wilford was acquitted. 
Sir Edward confessed himself a murderer, 
and died (1796). 

Iron Crown. Walter earl of Athol 
murdered James I. of Scotland, in Perth, 
hoping to usurp the crown ; but he waa. 
crowned with a red-hot iron crown, which 
ate into his brain, and, of course, killed 
him. 

IT George Dosa, the Hungarian rebel, 
was put to death in 1514, by a similar 
torture, for heading the peasants' rebellion 
against the nobles. (See Luke's Iron 
Crown.) 

Iron Duke (The), the duke of Wel- 
lington (1769-1852). 

Iron Emperor (The), Nicholas of 
Russia (1796, 1826-1855). 

Iron Gates or Demir Kara, a cele- 
brated pass of the Teuthras, through 
which all caravans between Smyrna and 
Brusa must needs pass. 

Iron Hand, Goetz von Berlichingen 

(q.v.), who replaced his right hand, which 
he lost at the siege of Landshut, by an iron 
one (sixteenth century). 

*.* Goethe has made this the subject 
of an historical drama. (See Silver 
Hand.) 

Iron Mask (The Man in the). This 
mysterious man went Dy the name of 
Lestang, but who he was is as much in 
nubibus as the author of the Letters oj 
Junius. The most general opinion is that 
he was count Er'colo Antonio Matthioli, 
a senator of Mantua and private agent of 
Ferdinand Charles duke of Mantua ; and 
that his long imprisonment of twenty-four 
years was for having deceived Louis XIV. 
in a secret treaty for the purchase of the 
fortress of Casale. M. Loiseleur utterly 
denies this solution of the mystery (see 
Temple Bar, 182-4, May, 1872); but 
Marius Topin, in his Man in the Iron 
Mask, maintains that "the man was 
undoubtedly Matthioli." • 

N.B. — The tragedies of Zschokke in 
German (1795), and Fournier in French, 
are based on the supposition that the 
man in the mask was marechal Richelieu, 
a twin-brother of the Grand Monarque, 
and this is the solution given by the abW 
Soulavie. 



IRON TOOTH. 



529 



Iron Tooth, Frederick II. elector of 
Brandenburg [Dent de Fer), (1657, 1688- 
1713)- 

Ironside (Sir), called "The Red 
Knight of the Red Lands." Sir Gareth, 
after fighting with him from dawn to 
dewy eve, subdued him. Tennyson calls 
him Death, and says that Gareth won the 
victory with a single stroke. Sir Ironside 
was the knight who kept the lady Lion6s 
(called by Tennyson ' ' Lyonors ") captive in 
Castle Perilous.— Sir T. Malory : History 
of Prince Arthur, i. 134-137 (1470). 

N.B. — Tennyson seems very greatly to 
have misconceived the exquisite allegory 
of Gareth and Linet. He has not only 
changed the names into Lyonors and 
Linette, but, by beginning the day in the 
modern manner, and not on the eve 
before, he has greatly marred the allegory. 
(See Gareth, pp. 405, 406.) 

Ironside. Edmund II. king of the 
Anglo-Saxons was so called from his 
iron armour (989, 1016-1017). 

Sir Richard Steele signed himself 
" Nestor Ironside " in the Guardian 
(1671-1729). 

Ironsides. So were the soldiers of 
Cromwell called, especially after the 
battle of Marston Moor, where they dis- 
played their iron resolution (1644). 

Ironsides (Captain), uncle of Belfield 
(Brothers), and an old friend of sir Benja- 
min Dove. He is captain of a privateer, and 
a fine specimen of an English naval officer. 

He's true English oak to the heart of him, and a 
fine old seaman-like figure he Is.— Cumberland : The 
Brothers, L 1 (1769). 

Irrefragable Doctor (Tfie), Alex- 
ander Hales, founder of the Scholastic 
theology (*-i245). 

Irtish ( To cross the ferry of the), to 
be " laid on the shelf." The ferry of the 
Irtish is crossed by those who are exiled 
to Siberia. It is regarded in Russia as 
the ferry of political death. 

I'rus, the beggar of Ithaca, who ran 
on errands for Penelope's suitors. When 
UlyssSs returned home dressed as a 
beggar, Irus withstood him, and Ulysses 
broke his jaw with a blow. So poor was 
Irus that he gave birth to the proverbs, 
"As poor as Irus," and "Poorer than 
Irus " (in French, Plus pauvre qu' Irus). 

Without respect esteeming equally 
King Cresus' pompe and Irus povertle. 

SackvilU : A Mirronrfor Magistraytes 
(Induction, 1587). 
Ins grows rich, and Cresus must wax poor. 
. Lord Brooke: Tr**He of JVarres (1554-1688). 



ISABEL. 

Irwin (Mr.), the husband of lady 
Eleanor daughter of lord Norland. His 
lordship discarded her for marrying 
against his will, and Irwin was reduced 
to the verge of starvation. In his des- 
peration Irwin robbed his father-in-law 
on the high-road, but relented and re- 
turned the money. At length the iron 
heart of lord Norland was softened, and he 
relieved the necessities of his son-in-law. 

Lady Eleanor Irwin, wife of Mr. Irwin. 
She retains her love for lord Norland, 
even through all his relentlessness, and 
when she hears that he has adopted a 
son, exclaims, " May the young man 
deserve his love better than I have done ! 
May he be a comfort to his declining 
years, and never disobey him 1 " — Inch- 
bald: Every One has His Fault (1794). 

Irwin (Hannah), former confidante of 
Clara Mowbray.— Sir IV. Scott: St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Isaac [Mendoza], a rich Portuguese 
Jew, short in stature, with a snub nose, 
swarthy skin, and huge beard ; very con- 
ceited, priding himself on his cunning, 
loving to dupe others, but woefully duped 
himself. He chuckles to himself, "I'm 
cunning, I fancy ; a very cunning dog, 
ain't I ? a sly little villain, eh ? a bit 
roguish ; he must be very wide awake 
who can take Isaac in." This conceited 
piece of goods is always duped by every 
one he encounters. He meets Louisa, 
whom he intends to make his wife, but 
she makes him believe she is Clara Guz- 
man. He meets his rival Antonio, whom 
he sends to the supposed Clara, and 
he marries her. He mistakes Louisa's 
duenna for Louisa, and elopes with her. 
So all his wit is outwitted. — Sheridan: 
The Duenna (1775). 

Quick's great parts were " Isaac," " Tony Lumpkin" 
{She Stoofs to Conquer, Goldsmith], " Spado " [Castle 
0/ Andalusia, O'Keefel and " sir Christopher Curry," 
In Inkle and Yarico, by Colman [1748-1831].— Records 
of a Stage Veteran. 

Isaac of York, the father of Re- 
becca. When imprisoned in the dungeon 
of Front de Bceuf s castle, Front de Boeuf 
comes to extort money from him, and 
orders two slaves to chain him to the 
bars of a slow fire, but the party is dis- 
turbed by the sound of a bugle. Ulti- 
mately, both the Jew and his daughter 
leave England and go to live abroad. — > 
Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Isabel, called the " She- wolf of 

France," the adulterous queen of Edward 

II., was daughter of Philippe IV. (le Bel) 

of France. According to one tradition, 

a 11 



ISABELL. 

Isabel murdered her royal husband by 
thrusting a hot iron into his bowels, and 
tearing them from his body. 

She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs, 
That tear'st the bowels of thy mangled mate. 

Gray : The Bard (1757). 

Isabell, sister of lady Hartwell, in 
the comedy of Wit without Money, by 
Beaumont (?) and Fletcher (1639). 

Beaumont died 1616. 

ISABELLA or Isabelle, a pale 
brown colour or buff, similar to that of a 
hare. It is so called from the princess 
Isabella of Austria, daughter of Philip II. 
The tale is that, while besieging Ostend, 
the princess took an oath that she would 
not change her body-linen before the town 
was taken. The siege, however, lasted 
three years, and her linen was so stained 
that it gave name to the colour referred 
to (1601-1604). 

1 The same story is told of Isabella of 
Castile at the siege of Grana'da (1483). 

IT Thomas Dyche, "schoolmaster to 
the charity children of St. Andrew's, 
Holborn, some time before his death, in 
1719, made a vow not to shift his linen 
1 till the Pretender was seated on the 
throne.' " — Smeeton : Biog. Curiosa, p. 13. 



S3© 



ISABELLA. 



The horse that Brightsun was mounted on was as 
black as jet, that of Felix was grey, Chery's was as 
white as milk, and that of the princess Fairstar an 
Isabella.— Comte s se D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales (" Prin- 
cess Fairstar," 1682). 

Isabella, daughter of the king of 
Galicia, in love with Zerbi'no, but Zerbino 
could not marry her because she was a 
pagan. Her lament at the death of Zer- 
bino is one of the best parts of the whole 
poem (bk. xii.). Isabella retires to a 
chapel to bury her lover, and is there 
slain by Rodomont. — Ariosto: Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Isabella, sister of Claudio, insulted 
by the base passion of An'gelo deputy of 
Vienna in the absence of duke Vincentio. 
Isabella is delivered by the duke himself, 
and the deputy is made to marry Mariana, 
to whom he is already betrothed. — Shake- 
speare : Measure for Measure (1603). 

Isabella, wife of Hieronimo, in The 
Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd (1588). 

Isabella, mother of Ludov'ico Sforza 
duke of Milan. — Massinger : The Duke of 
Milan (1622). 

Isabella, a nun who marries Biron 
eldest son of count Baldwin, who disin- 
herits him for this marriage. Biron 
enters the army, and is sent to the 
siege of Candy, where he falls, and (it is 
supposed) dies. For seven years Isabella 



mourns her loss, and is then reduced 
to the utmost want. In her distress she 
begs assistance of her father-in-law, but 
he drives her from the house as a dog. 
Villeroy (2 syl.) offers her marriage, and 
she accepts him ; but the day after her 
espousals Biron returns. Carlos, hearing 
of his brother's return, employs ruffians 
to murder him, and then charges Villeroy 
with the crime ; but one of the ruffians 
impeaches, and Carlos is apprehended. 
Isabella goes mad, and murders herself 
in her distraction.— Southern; The Fatal 
Marriage (1692). 

The part of " Isabella " affords scope for a tragic 
actress scarcely inferior in pathos to " Belvidera."— R. 
Chatnbers : English Literature, i. 588. 

(Mrs. E. Barry, says T. Campbell, was 
unrivalled in this part, 1682-1733.) 

N.B. — Wm. Hamilton painted Mrs. 
Siddons as "Isabella," and the picture 
belongs to the nation. 

Isabella, the coadjutor of Zanga in 
his scheme of revenge against don Alonzo. 
— Young : The Revenge (1721). 

Isabella, princess of Sicily, in love 
with Roberto il Diavolo, but promised in 
marriage to the prince of Grana'da, who 
challenges Roberto to mortal combat, 
from which he is allured by Bertram his 
fiend-father. Alice tells him that Isabella 
is waiting for him at the altar, when a 
struggle ensues between Bertram and 
Alice, one trying to drag him into hell, 
and the other trying to reclaim him to 
the ways of virtue. Alice at length pre- 
vails, but we are not told whether Roberto 
marries the princess. — Meyerbeer: Roberto 
il Diavolo ( 1831). 

Isabella (Donna), daughter of don 
Pedro a Portuguese nobleman, who de- 
signed to marry her to don Guzman, a 
gentleman of large fortune. To avoid 
this hateful marriage, she jumps from a 
window, with a view of escaping from 
the house, and is caught by a colonel 
Briton, an English officer, who conducts 
her to the house of her friend donna 
Violante. Here the colonel calls upon 
her, and don Felix, supposing Violant£ 
to be the object of his visits, becomes 
furiously jealous. After a considerable 
embroglio, the mystery is cleared up, and 
a double marriage takes place. — Mrs. 
Centlivre: The Wonder (ij 14). 

Middle-sized, a lovely brown, a fine pouting lip, eyes 
that roll and languish, and seem to speak the exquisite 
pleasure she could give.— Act v. sc. 1. 

Isabella (The countess), wife of Ro- 
berto. After a long series of crimes of in- 
fidelity to her husband, and of murder, she 



ISABELLA. 



53* 



ISIDORE. 



it brought to execution. — Morton: The 
Wonder of Women, or Sophonisba (1605). 

Isabella ( The lady), a beautiful young 
girl, who accompanied her father on a 
chase. Her step-mother requested her 
to return, and tell the cook to prepare the 
milk-white doe for dinner. Lady Isabella 
did as she was told, and the cook replied, 
" Thou art the doe that I must dress." 
The scullion-boy exclaimed, "Oh, save 
the lady's life, and make thy pies of me ! " 
But the cook heeded him not. When the 
lord returned and asked for his daughter, 
the scullion-boy made answer, " If my 
lord would see his daughter, let him cut 
the pasty before him." The father, 
horrified at the whole affair, adjudged 
the step-mother to be burnt alive, and 
the cook to stand in boiling lead, but the 
scullion-boy he made his heir. — Percy : 
Reliques, iii. 2. 

Isabella or The Pot of Basil, a story 
from Boccaccio turned into verse by 
Keats (1820). 

Isabelle, sister of Leonor, an orphan ; 
brought up by Sganarelle according to 
his own notions of training a girl to make 
him a good wife. She was to dress in 
serge, to keep to the house, to occupy 
herself in domestic affairs, to sew, knit, 
and look alter the linen, to hear no flat- 
tery, attend no places of public amuse- 
ment, never to be left to her own devices, 
but to run in harness like a mill-horse. 
The result was that she duped Sganarelle 
and married Valere. (See Lf.onor.) — 
Moliere : Licole des Maris (1661). 

Isabinda, daughter of sir Jealous 
Traffick a merchant. Her father is re- 
solved she shall marry don Diego Bar- 
binetto, but she is in love with Charles 
Gripe ; and Charles, in the dress of a 
Spaniard, passing himself off as the 
Spanish don, marries her. — Mrs. Cent- 
livre: The Busy Body (1709). 

Isenbras {Sir), a hero of mediaeval 
romance. Sir Isenbras was at first proud 
and presumptuous, but adversity made 
him humble and penitent. In this stage 
he carried two children of a poor wood- 
cutter across a ford on his horse. 

•.' Millais has taken sir Isenbras carry- 
ing the children across the ferry, as the 
subject of one of his pictures. 

I warne you first at the begynninge 

That I will make no vain carpinge [prate] . . . 

Of Octoriane and Isembrase. 

William of Nassington. 

X'sengrin {Sir) or Sir Isengrim, 
the wolf, afterwards created earl of Pit- 



wood, in the beast-epic of Reynard the 
Fox. Sir Isengrin typifies the barons, 
and Reynard the Church. The gist of 
the tale is to show how Reynard over- 
reaches his uncle Wolf (1498). 

Iseult of Brittany, the lady-love of 
Tristram. Tennyson tells the tale in 
The Last Tourna?nent {Idylls of the King). 

(Matthew Arnold wrote Tristram and 
Iseult. SeeYsOLDE.) 

Isliah, the name of Eve before the 
Fall ; so called because she was taken out 
of ish, i.e. "man" {Gen. ii. 23); but 
after the expulsion from paradise Adam 
called his wife Eve or Havah, i.e. "the 
mother of all living " {Gen. iii. 20). 

Ishban, meant for sir Robert Clayton. 
There is no such name in the Bible as 
Ishban ; but Tate speaks of ' ' extorting 
Ishban" pursued by " bankrupt heirs. " 
He says he had occupied himself long in 
cheating, but then undertook to ' ' reform 
the state." 

Ishban of conscience suited to his trade. 
As good a saint as usurer e'er made . . . 
Could David . . . scandalize our peerage with his 

name . . . 
He'd e'en turn loyal to be made a peer. 

TaU : Absalom and Achitophel, ii. (1682). 

Ish/boslieth, in Dryden's satire of 
Absalom and Achitophel, is meant for 
Richard Cromwell, whose father Oliver 
is called "Saul." As Ishbosheth was 
the only surviving son of Saul, so Richard 
was the only surviving son of Cromwell. 
As Ishbosheth was accepted king on the 
death of his father by all except the tribe 
of Judah, so Richard was acknowledged 
"protector" by all except the royalists. 
As Ishbosheth reigned only a few months, 
so Richard, after a few months, retired 
into private life. 

Thev who, when Saul was dead, without a blow 
Made foolish Ishbosheth the crown forego. 

Drydcn : Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 

Isli'monie (3 syl.), the petrified city in 
Upper Egypt, full of inhabitants all turned 
to stone. — Perry : View of the Levant. 

(Captain Marry at has borrowed this 
idea in his Pacha of Many Tales.) 

I'sidore (3 syl.), a Greek slave, the 
concubine of don Pedre a Sicilian noble- 
man. This slave is beloved by Adraste 
(2 syl.) a French gentleman, who plots to 
allure her away. He first gets introduced 
as a portrait-painter, and reveals his love. 
Isidore listens with pleasure, and promises 
to elope with him. He then sends his 
slave Zai'de to complain to don Pedre of 
ill-treatment, and to crave protection. 
Don Pedre promises to stand her friend, 
and at this moment Adraste appears and 



isia 

demands that she be given up to the 

punishment she deserves. Pedre inter- 
cedes ; Adraste seems to relent ; and the 
Sicilian calls to the young slave to 
appear. Instead of Zai'de, Isidore comes 
forth in Zai'de's veil. "There," says 
Pe"dre, " I have arranged everything. 
Take her, and use her well." " I will 
do so," says the Frenchman, and leads 
off the Greek slave. — Moliere : Le Sicilien 
ou L! Amour Peindre (1667). 

Isis (Egyptian), the Moon personified. 
Called "the great mother goddess, mother 
of Horus " {Cleopatra, p. 37). The sun is 
Osi'rls. 

Mother Isis was arisen, and threw her gleaming robe 
across the bosom of the earth.— H. Rider Haggard : 
Cleofmtra, ch. iii. 
They [the priests] wore rich mitres shaped like the 

moon, 
To show that Isis doth the moon portend, 
Like as Osiris signifies the sun. 

Spenser: Falrie Queene, r. 7 (1596). 

Isis, a poem by Mason (1748), being 
an attack on Oxford Jacobinism. Warton 
replied to it in what he calls The Triumph 
;/ Isis (1749). 

Iskander "Beg= Alexander the Great, 
George Castriot (1414-1467). (See Skan- 

DERBEG.) 

Iskander with the Two Horns, 

Alexander the Great. 

This Friday is the 18th day of the moon of Safar, In 
the year 653 [i.e. of the heg'ira, or A.D. 1255] since the 
retreat of the great prophet from Mecca to Medi'na ; 
and in the year 7320 of the epoch of the great Iskander 
with the two horns.— A radian Nights (" The Tailor's 
Story "). 

Island of the Seven Cities, a 

kind of Dixie's land, where seven bishops, 
who quitted Spain during the dominion 
of the Moors, founded seven cities. The 
legend says that many have visited the 
island, but no one has ever quitted it. 

Islands of the Blest, called by the 
Greeks "Happy Islands," and by the 
Latins "Fortunate Islands ;" imaginary 
islands somewhere in the West, where the 
favourites of the gods are conveyed at 
death, and dwell in everlasting joy. 

Their place of birth alone is mute 
To sounds that echo further west 
Than your sire's Islands of the Blest. 

Byron, 

Isle of Lanterns, an imaginary 
country, inhabited by pretenders to know- 
ledge, called " Lanternois." — Rabelais: 
Pantag'ruel, v. 32, 33 (1545). 

IT Lucian has a similar conceit, called 
The City of Lanterns ; and dean Swift, in 
his Gullivers Travels, makes his hero visit 
Laputa, which is an empire of quacks, 
false projectors, and pretenders to sc ence. 



S3a 



ISOLT. 



Isle of Mist, the Isle of Skye, whose 
high hills are almost always shrouded in 
mist. 

Nor sleep thy hand by thy side, chief of the Isle ot 

Mist.— Ossian : Fingal, i. 

Isle of Saints, Ireland. So called 
in the early Middle Ages, from the 
readiness with which its people accepted 
the Christian faith ; and also from the 
number of its learned ecclesiastics. 

Islington {The marquis of), one of 
the companions of Billy Barlow the noted 
archer. Henry VIII. jocosely created 
Barlow " duke of Shoreditch," and his 
two companions " earl of Pancras " and 
" marquis of Islington." 

Ismael " the Infidel," one of the 
Immortal Guard.— Sir W. Scott; Count 
Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

(Lord Lytton, at the age of 15, wrote 
an Oriental tale so called. It was pub- 
lished in 1820.) 

Isme'ne and Isme'nias, a love 
story in Greek by Eustathius, in the twelfth 
century. It is puerile in its delineation 
of character, and full of plagiarisms ; but 
many of its details have been copied 
by D'Urfe, Montemayor, and others. 
Ismene" is the " dear and near and true " 
lady of Isme'nias. 

N.B. — Through the translation by 
Godfrey of Viterbo, the tale of Ismene 
and Ismenias forms the basis of Gower's 
Confeisso A mantis, and Shakespeare's 
Pericles Prince of Tyre. 

Isnte'no, a magician, once a Christian, 
but afterwards a renegade to Islam. He 
was killed by a stone hurled from an 
engine. — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered, 
xviii. (1575). 

Isocrates {The French), Esprit 
Fleshier, bishop of Nismes (1632-1710). 

Isoline (3 syl.), the high-minded and 
heroic daughter of the French governor of 
Messi'na, and bride of Fernando (son of 
John of Proclda). Isoline was true to 
her husband, and true to her father, who 
had opposite interests in Sicily. Both 
fell victims to the butchery called the 
"Sicilian Vespers" (March 30, 1282), 
and Isoline died of a broken heart. — 
Knowles : John of Procida (1840). 

Isolt (so Tennyson, in The Last 
Tournament, spells the name Ysolt, 
q.v.). There are two ladies connected 
with Arthurian romance of this name : 
one, Isolt "the Fair," daughter of Anguish 
king of Ireland ; and the other Isolt " of 
the White Hands," daughter of Howell 



ISOND. 533 

kteg of Bnttany. Isolt the Fair was the 
wife of sir Mark king of Cornwall, but 
Isolt of the White Hands was the wife of 
sir Tristram. Sir Tristram loved Isolt 
the Fair ; and Isolt hated sir Mark, her 
husband, with the same measure that she 
loved sir Tristram, her nephew-in-law. 
Tennyson's tale of the death of sir Tris- 
tram is so at variance with the romance, 
that it must be given separately. He 
says that sir Tristram was one day 
dallying with Isolt the Fair, and put a 
ruby carcanet round her neck. Then, 
as he kissed her throat — 

Out of the dark, just as the lips had touched, 
Behind him rose a shadow and a shriek— 
** Mark's way 1 " said Mark, and clove him thro' the brain. 
Tennyson : The Last Tournament. (See ISOND.) 

Isond, called La Beale Isond, daughter 
of Anguish king of Ireland. When sir 
Tristram vanquished sir Marhaus, he went 
to Ireland to be cured of his wounds. La 
Beale Isond was his leech, and fell in love 
with him ; but she married sir Mark the 
dastard king of Cornwall. This marriage 
was a very unhappy one, for Isond hated 
Mark as much as she loved sir Tristram, 
with whom she eloped and lived in Joyous 
Guard Castle, but was in time restored to 
her husband, and Tristram married Isond 
the Fair-handed. In the process of time, 
Tristram, being severely wounded, sent for 
La Beale Isond, who alone could cure him, 
and if the lady consented to come the 
vessel was to hoist a white flag. The 
ship hove in sight, and Tristram's wife, out 
of jealousy, told him it carried a black flag 
at the mast-head. On hearing this, sir 
Tristram fell back on his bed, and died. 
When La Beale Isond landed, and heard 
that sir Tristram was dead, she flung 
herself on the body, and died also. The 
two were buried in one grave, on which 
a rose and vine were planted, which grew 
up and so intermingled their branches that 
no man could .separate them. — Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, ii. (1470). 

V Sir Palimedes the Saracen (i.e. 
unbaptizcd) also loved La Beale Isond, 
but met with no encouragement. Sir 
Kay Hedius died for love of her. — History 
of Prince Arthur, ii. 172. (See Isolt.) 

Isond, called le Blanch Mains, daugh- 
ter of Howell king of Britain {i.e. 
Brittany). Sir Tristram fell in love with 
her for her name's sake ; but, though he 
married her, his love for La Beale Isond, 
wife of his uncle Mark, grew stronger and 
stronger. When sir Tristram was dying 
and sent for his uncle's wife, it was Isond 
U Blanch Mains who told him the ship 



ISTAKHAR. 

was in sight, but carried a black flag at 
the mast-head ; on hearing which sir 
Tristram bowed his head and died. — 
Sir T. Malory : History of Prince Arthur, 
ii. 35, etc. (1470). (See Isolt.) 

Is'rael, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, means England. As David 
was king of Israel, so Charles II. was 
king of England. Of his son, the duke 
of Monmouth, the poet says — 

Early in foreign fields he won renown 
With kings and states allied to Israel's crown. 
Dry den : Absalom and Achitophel, L (1681). 

Israelites (3 syl.), Jewish money- 
lenders. 

... all the Israelites are fit to mob Its 
Next owner, for their . . . post-obits. 

Byron : Don yuan, L i«S (rf 19). 

Is'rafil, the angel who will sound 
the "resurrection blast." Then Gabriel 
and Michael will call together the " dry 
bones " to judgment. When Israfil puts 
the trumpet to his mouth, the souls of the 
dead will be cast into the trumpet, and 
when he blows, out will they fly like bees, 
and fill the whole space between earth and 
heaven. Then will they enter their respec- 
tive bodies, Mahomet leading the way. — 
Sale : Kordn (Preliminary discourse, iv.). 

(Israfil is the angel of melody in 
paradise. It is said that his ravishing 
songs, accompanied by the daughters of 
paradise and the clanging of bells, will 
give delight to the faithful.) 

Is'sachar, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, is meant for Thomas Thynne, 
of Longleate Hall, a friend to the duke of 
Monmouth. There seems to be a very 
slight analogy between Thomas Thynne 
and Issachar son of Jacob. If the tribe 
(compared to an ass overburdened) is 
alluded to, the poet could hardly have 
called the rich commoner ' ' wise Issachar." 

N. B. — Mr. Thynne and count Konings- 
mark both wished to marry the widow of 
Henry Cavendish earl of Ogle. Her friends 
contracted her to the rich commoner, but 
before the marriage was consummated, he 
was murdered. Three months afterwards, 
the widow married the duke of Somerset 

Hospitable treats did most commend 
Wise Issachar, his wealthy western friend. 
Dryden: Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 



Issland, the kingdom of Brunhild. — 
The Nibclungen Lied. 

Istakhar, in Fars (Persia), upon a 
rock. (The word means " the throne of 
Jemshid.") It is also called " Chil'- 
Minar'," or the forty pillars. The Greeks 
called it Persep'olis. Istakhar was th« 



ISUMBRAS. 



534 



IVANOVITCH. 



cemetery of the Persian kings, and a 

royal treasury. 

She was fired with impatience to behold the superb 
tombs of Istakhar, and the palace of forty columns.— 
Beckford: I'athek (1786). 

Isumbras {Sir) or Ysumbras. (See 

ISENBRAS, p. 531.) 

Itadacfc. {Colman), surnamed "The 
Thirsty." In consequence of his rigid 
observance of the rule of St. Patrick, he 
refused to drink one single drop of water ; 
but his thirst in the harvest-time was so 
great that it caused his death. 

Italy, a poem in heroic verse, by 
Samuel Rogers (1822). It is in two 
parts, each part in twenty-two sub- 
divisions. The stories, he tells us, are 
taken from old chronicles. 

Item, a money-broker. He was a 
thorough villain, who could "bully, 
cajole, curse, fawn, flatter, and filch." 
Mr. Item always advised his clients not 
to sign away their money, but at the 
same time stated to them the imperative 
necessity of so doing. " I would advise 
you strongly not to put your hand to that 
paper, though Heaven knows how else 
you can satisfy these duns and escape 
imprisonment." — Holcroft : The Deserted 
Daughter (altered into The Steward). 

Ith'acan Suitors. During the 
absence of Ulysses king of Ithaca in 
the Trojan war, his wife Penel'ope was 
pestered by numerous suitors, who as- 
sumed that Ulysses, from his long absence. 
must be dead. Penelopg put them off 
by saying she would finish a certain 
robe which she was making for Laertes, 
her father-in-law, before she gave her 
final answer to any of them ; but at night 
she undid all the work she had woven 
during the day. At length, Ulysses re- 
turned, and relieved her of her perplexity. 

All the ladies, each at each, 
Like the Ithacensian suitors in old time, 
Stared with great eyes and laughed with alien lips. 
Tennyson : The Princess, iv. 

Itli'ocles (3 syl. ), in love with Calantha 
princess of Sparta. Ithocles induces his 
sister Penthea to break the matter to the 
princess, and in time she not only becomes 
reconciled to his love, but also requites it, 
and her father consents to the marriage. 
During a court festival, Calantha is in- 
formed by a messenger that her father has 
suddenly died, by a second that Penthea 
has starved herself to death, and by a 
third lhat Ithocles has been murdered by 
Or'gilus out of revenge. — Ford: The 
Broken Heart (1633). 



Itlm'riel (4 syl.), a cherub sent by 
Gabriel to find out Satan. He finds him 
squatting like a toad beside Eve as she 
lay asleep, and brings him before Gabriel 
(The word means " God's discovery.") — 
Milton : Paradise Lost, iv. 788 (1665). 

Ithuriel! s Spear, the spear of the angel 
Ithuriel, whose slightest touch exposed 
deceit. Hence, when Satan squatted like 
a toad " close to the ear of Eve," 
Ithuriel only touched the creature with 
his spear, and it resumed the form of 
Satan. 

. . , for no falsehood can endure 
Touch of celestial temper, but returns 
Of force to its own likeness. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iv. (1665). 

Itlm'riel, the guardian angel of Judas 
Iscariot. After Satan entered into the 
heart of the traitor, Ithuriel was given to 
Simon Peter as his second angel. — K lop- 
stock: The Messiah, iii. , iv. (1748, 1771). 

Ivan the Terrible, Ivan IV. of 
Russia, a man of great energy, but in- 
famous for his cruelties. He was the first 
to adopt the title of czar (1529, 1533-1584). 

I'vanhoe {3 syl.), a novel by sir W. 
Scott (1820). A brilliant and splendid 
romance. Rebecca, the Jewess, was 
Scott's favourite character. The scene is 
laid in England in the reign of Richard 
I., and we are introduced to Robin Hood 
in Sherwood Forest, banquets in Saxon 
halls, tournaments, and all the pomp of 
ancient chivalry. Rowena, the heroine, 
is quite thrown into the shade by the 
gentle, meek, yet high-souled Rebecca. 

Ivanhoe {Sir Wilfred, knight of), 
the favourite of Richard I., and the dis- 
inherited son of Cedric of Rotherwood. 
Disguised as a palmer, he goes to Rother- 
wood, and meets there Rowe'nahis father's 
ward, with whom he falls in love ; but 
we hear little more of him except as the 
friend of Rebecca and her father Isaac of 
York, to both of whom he shows repeated 
acts of kindness, and completely wins 
the affections of the beautiful Jewess. In 
the grand tournament, Ivanhoe \V van- 
no] appears as the " Desdichado ' or the 
"Disinherited Knight," and overthrows 
all comers. King Richard pleads for him 
to Cedric, reconciles the father to his son, 
and the young knight marries Rowena. — 
Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Ivan'ovitch. [son of Ivan or John\ 
the popular name of a Russian. Similar 
to our "John-son," the Danish "Jan-sen," 
and the Scotch " Mac Ina." 



VAN IVANOVITCH. 



535 



IXION. 



N. B. — The popular name of the English 
as a people is John Bull ; of the Germans, 
Cousin Michael ; of the French, Jean 
Crapaud; of the Chinese, John China- 
man ; of the North American States, 
Brother Jonathan; of the Welsh, Taffy; of 
the Scotch, Sandy ; of the Swiss, Colin 
Tampon ; of the Russians, Ivan ; etc 

Ivan Ivanovitch, a poem by R. 
Browning {Dramatic Idylls, 1879). The 
story, which takes place in Russia about 
1 ' Peter's [the Great] time, when hearts 
were great, not small," is as follows : 
Ivan Ivanovitch, a Russian carpenter, is 
working at a "huge shipmast trunk," 
when a sledge dashes up to the workyard 
with a half-frozen, fainting woman in it, 
who is recognized by the crowd assembled 
as " Dmitri's wife." She tells them that 
on her journey home in the sledge, with 
her three children, she is overtaken by 
wolves, and, to save herself, throws the 
children to the beasts. Ivan Ivanovitch 
takes the law into his own hands, and slays 
her with an axe as she lies before him. 
The village pope judges that he has done 
right in killing so vile a mother, and the 
crowd go to Ivan's house to tell him he is 
acquitted. They find him calmly making 
a model of the Kremlin, with his children 
round him, and when " they told him he 
was free as air to walk about," "How 
otherwise ? " asked he, so sure is he that 
he acted as God's servant. 

Iverach (Allan), or steward of In- 
veraschalloch with Gallraith, at the 
Clachan of Aberfoyle.— Sir W. Scott: 
Rob Roy (time, George L). 

Ives (St.), originally called Slepe. 
Its name was changed in honour of St 
Ive, a Persian missionary. 

From Persia, led by zea., St. Ive this Island sought, 
And near our eastern fens a fit place finding, taught 
The faith ; which place from him alone the name 

derives. 
And of that tainted man has since been called St. Ives. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xxiv. (i6sa). 

Ivory Gate of Dreams. Dreams 

which delude pass through the ivory gate, 
but those which come true through the 
horn gate. This whim depends upon two 
puns : ivory, in Greek, L c elephas, and the 
verb elephairo means " to cheat ;" horn, 
in Greek is keras, and the verb karanoo 
means "to accomplish." 

Sunt gemirue somni portae, quarum altera fertur 
Cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus umbris ; 
Altera candenti perfecta nitens elcphanto, 
6*d falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes. 

Virgil: sEntid, vi 893-* 



From gate of horn or ivory, dreams are sent ; 
These to deceive, and those for warning meant 
E. C. B. 

The title, The Ivory Gate, was used foi 
a novel by sir Walter Besant in 1892. 

Ivory Shoulder. Demeter ate the 
shoulder of Pelops, served up by Tan - 
talos ; so when the gods restored the 
body to life, Demeter supplied the lack- 
ing shoulder by one made of ivory. 

1[ Pythag'oras had a golden thigh, 
which he showed to Ab'aris the Hyper- 
borean priest. 

Not Pelops' shoulder whiter than her hands. 
Nor snowy swans that jet on Isca's sands. 
Browne : Britannia's Pastorals, ii. 3 (1613). 

Ivory Tube of prince Ali, a 

sort of telescope, which showed the per- 
son who looked through it whatever he 
wished most to see. — Arabian Nights 
("Ahmed and Pari-Banou "). 

Ivry, in France, famous for the battle 
won by Henry of Navarre over the 
League (1590). 

Hurrah I hurrah I a single field 
Hath turned the chance of war. 

Hurrah ! hurrah I for Ivry, 
And Henry of Navarre. 

Macaulay : Lays (" Ivry," 1843). 

Ivy Lane, London ; so called from 
the houses of the prebendaries of St 
Paul's, overgrown with ivy. 

I'wein, a knight of the Round Table. 
He slays the possessor of an enchanted 
fountain, and marries the widow, whose 
name is Laudine. Gaw'ein or Gawain 
urges him to new exploits, so he quits 
his wife for a year in quest of adventures, 
and as he does not return at the stated 
time, Laudine loses all love for him. On 
his return, he goes mad, and wanders in 
the woods, where he is cured by three 
sorcerers. He now helps a lion fighting 
against a dragon, and the lion becomes 
his faithful companion. He goes to the 
enchanted fountain, and there finds 
Lunet' prisoner. While struggling with 
the enchanted fountain, Lunet aids him 
with her ring, and he in turn saves her 
life. By the help of his lion, Iwein kills 
several giants, delivers three hundred 
virgins, and, on his return to king 
Arthur's court, marries Lunet. — Hart- 
mann von der Aue (thirteenth century). 

Ixi'on, king of the Lap'ithae, at- 
tempted to win the love of Here (7«no) ', 
but Zeus substituted a cloud for the 
goddess, and a centaur was born. 



536 JACK AND THE BEAN-STALR. 



J. 



J. (in Punch), the signature of Douglas 
Jerrold, who first contributed to No. 9 of 
the serial (1 803-1858). 

Jaafer, who carried the sacred banner 
of the prophet at the battle of Muta. 
When one hand was lopped off, he 
clutched the banner with the other ; this 
hand also being lost, he held it with his 
two stumps. When, at length, his head 
was cleft from his body, he contrived so 
to fall as to detain the banner till it was 
seized by Abdallah, and handed to Khaled. 

H CYNiEGiROS, in the battle of Mara- 
thon, seized one of the Persian ships with 
his right hand. When this was lopped off, 
he laid hold of it with his left ; and when 
this was also cut off, he seized it with his 
teeth, and held on till he lost his head. 

% Admiral Ben bow, in an engage- 
ment with the French near St. Martha, in 
1701, was carried on deck on a wooden 
frame after both his legs and thighs were 
shivered into splinters by chain-shot. 

IT Almeyda, the Portuguese governor 
of India, had himself propped against the 
mainmast after both his legs were shot off. 

Jabos {Jock), postilion at the Golden 
Arms inn, Kippletringan, of which Mrs. 
M'Candlish was landlady. — Sir W. Scott : 
Guy Mannering (time, George II. ). 

Ja'cliin, the parish clerk, who pur- 
loined the sacramental money, and died 
disgraced. — Crabbe: Borough (1810). 

Jacinta, a first-rate cook, ' ■ who de- 
served to be housekeeper to the patriarch 
of the Indies," but was only cook to the 
licentiate Sedillo of Valladolid. — Ch. ii. 1. 



The cook, who was no less dexterous than 
Jacinta, was assisted by the coachman in dressing the 
victuals.— Ltsage : Gil Bias, UL 10 (1715). 

Jacin'tha, the supposed wife of 
Octa'vio, and formerly contracted to don 
Henrique (2 syl.) an uxorious Spanish 
nobleman. — Fletcher : The Spanish 
Curate (1622). 

Jacin'tha, the wealthy ward of Mr. 
Strickland ; in love with Bellamy. Ja- 
cintha is staid but resolute, and, though 
"she elopes down a ladder of ropes" 
in boy's costume, has plenty of good sense 
and female modesty. — Dr. Hoadley : The 
Suspicious Husband ( 1747). 

Jack, in Dr. Arbuthnot's History of 
John Bull, is meant for John Calvin. In 



Swift's Tale of a Tub, Calvin is intro. 
duced as Jack. " Martin " in both these 
tales means Martin Luther. 

Jack (Colonel), the hero of Defoe's 
novel entitled The History of the Most 
Remarkable Life and Extraordinary 
Adventures of the truly Hon. Colonel, 
Jacque, vulgarly called Colonel J ack. The 
colonel (born a gentleman and bred a 
pickpocket) goes to Virginia, and passes 
through all the stages of colonial life, 
from that of "slavie" to that of an 
owner of slaves and plantations. 

The transition from their refined Oron'dates and 
Stati'ras to the society of captain \sic\ Jack and Moll 
Flanders ... is (to use a phrase of Sterne) like turning 
from Alexander the Great to Alexander the copper- 
smith. — Encyclopedia Britannica {article "Ro- 
mance "). 

Jack, the wooden figure of a man 
which formerly struck on a bell at certain 
times during divine service. Several of 
these figures still remain in churches in 
East Anglia. (See Jaquemart, p. 539.) 

Jack Amend-all, a nickname given 
to Jack Cade the rebel, who promised to 
remedy all abuses (*-i45o). As a speci- 
men of his reforms, take the following 
examples : — 

I, your captain, am brare, and vow reformation. 
There shall be in England seven half-penny loaves sold 
for a penny; the three-hooped pot shall have ten 
hoops ; and I will make it felony to drink small beer. 
. . . When I am king, there shall be no money ; all 
shall eat and drink on my score ; and I will apparel all 
In one livery. — Shakespeare : a Henry VI. act iv. sc. a 

Jack and Jill, said to be the Saxon 
and Norman stocks united. "Jack" is 
the Saxon John, and '* Jill " the French 
Julienne. 

Jack and Ml went up the hill 

To fetch a pail of water; 
Jack fell down and cracked his crown, 

And Jill came tumbling after. 

Nursery Rhym*. 

Or thus, by Samuel Wilberforce — 

Twas not on Alpine Ice or snow, 

But homely English soil ; 
" Excelsior 1 " their motto was : 

They spared nor time nor toil ; 
They did not go for fame or wealth. 

But went at duty's call ; 
And tho' united in their aim, 

Were severed in their fall. 

Jack and the Bean-Stalk. Jack 

was a very poor lad, sent by his mother 
to sell a cow, which he parted with to a 
butcher for a few beans. His mother, in 
her rage, threw the beans away ; but one 
of them grew during the night as high 
as the heavens. Jack climbed the stalk, 
and, by the direction of a fairy, came to 
a giant's castle, where he begged food and 
rest. This he did thrice, and in his three 
visits stole the giant's red hen which laid 
golden eggs, his money-bags, and his 



JACK-A-LENT. 



537 



harp. As he ran off with the last treasure, 
the harp cried out, " Master ! master I " 
which woke the giant, who ran after 
Jack ; but the nimble lad cut the bean- 
stalk with an axe, and the giant was killed 
in his fall. 

(This is said to be an allegory |of the 
Teutonic Al-fader : the "red hen " repre- 
senting the all-producing sun, the"money- 
bags " the fertilizing rain, and the "harp " 
the winds.) 

Jack-a-Lent, a kind of aunt Sally 
set up during Lent to be pitched at ; 
hence a puppet, a sheepish booby, a boy- 
page, a scarecrow. Mrs. Page says to 
Robin, Falstaff's page — 

You little Jack-a-Lent, hare you been true to us t— 
Shakespeare : Merry Wives of Windsor, act UL sc 3 
(1603). 

Jack-in-the-Gr een, one of the May- 
day mummers. 

(Dr. Owen Pugh says that Jack-in-the- 
Green represents Melvas king of Somerset- 
shire, disguised in green boughs and 
lying in ambush for queen Guenever the 
wife of king Arthur, as she was returning 
from a hunting expedition.) 

Jack of Newbery, John Winch- 
comb, the greatest clothier of the world 
in the reign of Henry VIII. He kept a 
hundred looms in his own house at New- 
bery, and equipped at his own expense 
a hundred of his men to aid the king 
against the Scotch in Flodden Field (1513). 

(Thomas Delony published, in 1633, a 
tale so called. ) 

Jack Robinson. This famous comic 
song is by Hudson, tobacconist, No. 98, 
Shoe Lane, London, in the early part of 
the nineteenth century. The last line is, 
"And he was off before you could say 
'Jack Robinson.'" The tune to which 
the words are sung is the Sailors' Horn- 
pipe. Halliwell quotes these two lines 
from an "old play "— '■ 

A warke it ys as easie to be doone 
As 'tys to saye, Jackt I robys on. 

Archaic Dictionary. 

Jack Sprat, of nursery rhymes. 

Jack Sprat could eat no fat. 
His wife could eat no lean; 

And so betwixt 'em both 
They licked the platter clean. 

Jack the Giant-Killer, a series of 
nursery tales to show the mastery of skill 
and wit over brute strength. Jack en- 
counters various giants, but outwits them 
all. The following would illustrate the 
sort of combat : Suppose they came to a 
thick iron door, the giant would belabour 



JACK'S. 

it with his club hour after hour without 
effect ; but Jack would apply a delicate 
key, and the door would open at once. 
This is not one of the stories, but will 
serve to illustrate the sundry contests. 
Jack was a "valiant Cornishman," and 
his first exploit was to kill the giant 
Cormoran, by digging a deep pit which 
he filmed over with grass, etc. The giant 
fell into the pit, and Jack knocked him 
on the head with a hatchet. Jack after- 
wards obtained a coat of invisibility, a 
cap of knowledge, a resistless sword, and 
shoes of swiftness. Thus armed, he almost 
rid Wales of its giants. 

Our Jack the Giant-killer is clearly the last modern 
transmutation of the old British legend told by Geoffrey 
of Monmouth, of Corineus the Trojan, the companion 
of the Trojan Brutus when he first settled in Britain.— 
Mossoh. 

Jack-with-a-Lantern. This me- 
teoric phenomenon, when seen on the 
ground or a little above it, is called by 
sundry names, as Brenning-drake, Burn- 
ing candle, Corpse candles, Dank Will, 
Death-fires, Dick-a-Tuesday, Elf-fire, the 
Fair maid of Ireland, Friar's lantern, 
Gillion-a-burnt-tail, Gyl Burnt-tail, Ignis 
fatuus, Jack-o'-lantern, Jack-with-a-lan- 
tern, Kit-o'-the-canstick, Kitty-wiVa- 
wisp, Mad Crisp, Peg-a-lantern, Puck, 
Robin Goodfellow, Shot stars, Spittle of 
the stars, Star jelly, a Sylham lamp, a 
Walking fire, Wandering fires, Wandering 
wild-fire, Will-with-a-wisp. 

(Those led astray by these " fool fires" 
are said to be Elf-led, Mab-led, or Puck- 
led.) 

N.B. — When seen on the tips of the 
fingers, the hair of the head, mast-tops, 
and so on, the phenomenon is called 
Castor and Pollux (if double), Cuerpo 
Santo (Spanish), Corpusants, Dipsas, St. 
Elmo or Fires of St. Elmo (Spanish), St. 
Ermyn, Feu d'H61ene (French), Fire- 
drakes, Fuole or Looke Fuole, Haggs, 
Helen (if single), St. Hel'ena, St. Helme's 
fires, Leda's twins, St. Peter and SL 
Nicholas (Italian) or Fires of St Peter 
and St. Nicholas. 

(The superstitions connected with these 
"fool-fires" are: That they are souls 
broken out from purgatory, come to earth 
to obtain prayers and masses for their 
deliverance ; that they are the mucus 
sneezed from the nostrils of rheumatic 
planets ; that they are ominous of death ; 
that they indicate hid treasures ; etc.) 

Jack's, a noted coffee-house, where 
London and country millers used to 
; ssemble to examine their purchases after 



JACKS. 

the market was closed. It stood in the 
rear of old 'Change, London. 

Jacks ( The Two Genial), Jack Munden 
and Jack Dowton. Planche" says, " They 
were never called anything else." The 
former was Joseph Munden (1758-1832), 
and the latter William Dowton (1764- 
1851). — Planchi: Recollections, etc., i. 28. 

Jackdaw of Rheims ( The), one of 
the Ingoldsby legends {g.v. ). It describes 
how a jackdaw stole a cardinal's ring, and 
the cardinal laid a curse on the thief. The 
jackdaw soon became a most pitiable 
object ; but ultimately the ring was found 
in the jackdaw's nest ; the curse was re- 
moved, the jackdaw recovered, left off his 
thievish tricks, became a most sancti- 
monious bird, and at death was canonized 
as "Jim Crow." (See Rheims, etc.) 

Jacob the Scourge of Grammar, 

Giles Jacob, master of Romsey, in South- 
amptonshire, brought up for an attorney. 
Author of a Law Dictionary, Lives and 
Characters of English Poets, etc (1686- 
1744). 

Jacob's Ladder, a meteoric appear- 
ance resembling broad beams of light 
from heaven to earth. A somewhat 
similar phenomenon may be seen when 
the sun shines through the chink or hole 
of a closed shutter. The allusion is, of 
course, to the ladder which Jacob dreamt 
about {Gen. xxviii. 12). 

Jacob's Staff, a mathematical instru- 
ment for taking heights and distances. 

Reach, then, a soaring quill, that I may write 
As with a Jacob's Staff to take her height. 
Cleveland : The Hecatomb to his Mistress (1641). 

Jac'omo, an irascible captain and a 
woman-hater. Frank (the sister of Fre- 
derick) is in love with him. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher: The Captain (1613). 

Jacques (1 syl.), one of the domestic 
men-servants of the duke of Aranza. 
The duke, in order to tame down the 
overbearing spirit of his bride, pretends 
to be a peasant, and deputes Jacques to 
represent the duke for the nonce. Juliana, 
the duke's bride, lays her grievance before 
"duke" Jacques, but of course receives 
no redress, although she learns that if a 
Jacques is "duke," the " peasant "Aranza 
is the better man. — Tobin: The Honey- 
moon (1804). 

Jacques {Pauvre), the absent sweet- 
heart of a love-lorn maiden. Marie 
Antoinette sent to Switzerland for a lass 
to attend the dairy of her " Swiss village " 



538 



JAGGERS. 



in miniature, which she arranged in the 
Little Trianon (Paris). The lass was 
heard sighing for pauvre J 'acques, and this 
was made a capital sentimental amuse- 
ment for the court idlers. The swain was 
sent for, and the marriage consummated. 

Pauvre Jacques, quand j'etais pres de lol 

Je ne sentais pas ma misere; 
Mais a present que tu vis loin de mol 

Je manque de tout sur la terre. 

Marquis de Travenet : Pauvre Jacquts. 

Jacques. (See Jaques. ) 

Jac'ulin, daughter of Gerrard king 
of the beggars, beloved by lord Hubert. 
— Fletcher : The Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Jamer, a young man befriended by 
Priuli, a proud Venetian senator. Jaffier 
rescued the senator's daughter Belvidera 
from shipwreck, and afterwards married 
her clandestinely. The old man now 
discarded both, and Pierre induced Jaffier 
to join a junto for the murder of the 
senators. Jaffier revealed the conspiracy 
to his wife, and Belvidera, in order to 
save her father, induced her husband to 
disclose it to Priuli, under promise of free 
pardon to the conspirators. The pardon, 
however, was limited to Jaffier, and the 
rest were ordered to torture and death. 
Jaffier now sought out his friend Pierre, 
and, as he was led to execution, stabbed 
him to prevent his being broken on the 
wheel, and then killed himself. Belvidera 
went mad and died. — Otway : Venice 
Preserved (1682!. 

• . * Betterton ( 1635-1710), Robert Wilks 
(1670-1732), Spranger Barry (1719-1777), 
C. M. Young (1777-1856), and W. C. 
Macready (1793-1873), are celebrated for 
this character. 

Jaga-naut, the seven-headed idol of 
the Hindus, described by Southey in the 
Curse of Kehama, xiv. (1809). 

Jagfgers, a lawyer of Little Britain, 
London. He was a burly man, of an 
exceedingly dark complexion, with a large 
head and large hand. He had bushy black 
eyebrows that stood up bristling, sharp 
suspicious eyes set very deep in his head, 
and strong black dots where his beard 
and whiskers would have been if he had 
let them. His hands smelt strongly of 
scented soap, he wore a very large watch- 
chain, was in the constant habit of biting 
his fore-finger, and when he spoke to any 
one, he threw his fore-finger at him 
pointedly. A hard, logical man was Mr. 
Jaggers, who required an answer to be 
"yes" or "no," allowed no one to express 
an opinion, but only to state facts in thfl 



JAIRUS'S DAUGHTER. 

fewest possible words. Magwitch ap- 
pointed him Pip's guardian, and he was 
Miss Havisham's man of business. — 
Dickens : Great Expectations (i860). 

Jairus's daughter, restored to 
life by Jesus, is called by Klopstock Cidli. 
— Klopstock; The Messiah, iv. (1771). 

Jalut, the Arabic name for Goliath. — 
Sale: Al Koran, xvii. 

James {Prince), youngest son of king 
Robert III. of Scotland, introduced by sir 
W. Scott in The Fair Maid of Perth 
(1828). 

James I. of England, introduced by 
sir W. Scott in The Fortunes of Nigel 
(1822). 

Ja'mie {Don), younger brother of don 
Henrique (2 syl. ), by whom he is cruelly 
treated. — Fletcher : The Spanish Curate 
(1622). 

Jamie Duffs. Weepers are so called, 
from a noted Scotchman of the eighteenth 
century, whose craze was to follow funerals 
in deep mourning costume. — Kay; Ori- 
ginal Portraits, i. 7 ; ii. 9, 17, 95. 

Ja'mieson {Bet), nurse at Dr. Gray's, 

surgeon at Middlemas. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George 
II.). 

Jam.sh.id, king of the genii, famous 
for a golden cup filled with the elixir of 
life. The cup was hidden by the genii, 
but found when digging the foundations 
of Persep'olis. 

I know, too, where the genii hid 
The jewelled cup of their king Jamshid, 
With life's elixir sparkling high. 
Moore : Lalla Rookh (" Paradise and the Peri, ' 1817). 

Jane Eyre, heroine of a novel so 
called by Currer Bell (Charlotte Bronte"). 

Jane Shore. (See Shore.) 
Jan'et, the Scotch laundress of David 
Ramsay the watchmaker. — Sir W. Scott : 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I. ). 

Jan'et of Tomahourich \Muhme) % 

aunt of Robin Oig M'Combich a Highland 
drover. — Sir W. Scott: The Two Drovers 
(time, George III.). 

Janet's Repentance, one of the 

tales in Scenes of Clerical Life, by George 
Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross) (1858). 

Jannekin {Little), apprentice of 
Henry Smith the armourer. — Sir W. 
Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, Hnry 
IV.), 



539 



JAQUES. 



Jannie Duff, with her little sister 
and brother, were sent to gather broom, 
and were lost in the bush (Australia). 
The parents called in the aid of the 
native blacks to find them, and on 
the ninth day they were discovered. 
"Father," cried the little boy, "why 
didn't you come before ? We cooed quite 
loud, but you never came." The sister 
only said, "Cold ! " and sank in stupor. 
Jannie had stripped herself to cover little 
Frank, and had spread her frock over her 
sister to keep her warm, and there all 
three were found almost dead, lying 
under a bush. 

Janot [Zha-nd], a simpleton, one who 
exercises silly ingenuity or says vapid 
and silly things. 

Without being a Janot, who has not sometimes in 
conversation committed a Janotism?— Owrry-" Trans. 

January and May. January is an 
old Lombard baron, some 60 years of age, 
who marries a girl named May. This 
young wife loves Damyan, a young 
squire. One day, the old baron found 
them in close embrace ; but May persuaded 
her husband that his eyes were so dim he 
had made a mistake, and the old baron, 
too willing to believe, allowed himself to 
give credit to the tale. — Chaucer: Canter- 
bury Tales (" The Merchant's Tale," 
1388). 

(Modernized by Ogle and Pope, 1741.) 

Jaquemart, the automata of a clock, 
consisting of a man and woman who 
strike the hours on a bell. So called 
from Jean Jaquemart of Dijon, a clock- 
maker, who devised this piece of mechan- 
ism. Menage erroneously derives the 
word from jaccomarchiardus ("a coat of 
mail "), " because watchmen watched the 
clock of Dijon fitted with a jaquemart." 

Jaquenetta, a country wench courted 
by don Adriano de Armado. — Shake- 
speare : Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 

Jaques, one of the lords attendant on 
the banished duke in the forest of Arden. 
A philosophic idler, cynical, sullen, con- 
templative, and moralizing. He could 
"suck melancholy out of a song, as a 
weasel sucks eggs." Jajues resents 
Orlando's passion for Rosalind, and 
quits the duke as soon as he is restored 
to his dukedom. — Shakespeare : As You 
Like It (1598). 

N.B. — Sometimes Shakespeare makes 
one syllable and sometimes two syllables 
of the word. Sir W. Scott makes one 



JAQUES* 

syllable of it, but Charles Lamb two. 
For example — 

Whom humorous Jaques with envy viewed (i syl.). 
Sir W Scott. 

Where Jaques fed his solitary vein (i syl.),— Lamb. 

The "Jaques" of [Charles M. Young, 1777-1856] is 
indeed most musical, most melancholy, attuned to the 
very wood-walks among which he muses. — New 
Monthly Magazine (1823). 

Jaques (i syl.), the miser in a comedy 
by Ben Jonson, entitled The Case ts 
Altered (1574-1637). 

Jaques (1 syl.), servant to Sulpit'ia a 
bawd. (See Jacques.)— Fletcher : The 
Custom of the Country (1647). 

Jar ley (Mrs.), a kind-hearted woman, 
mistress of a travelling wax-work ex- 
hibition, containing " one hundred figures 
the size of life ; " the *! only stupendous 
collection of real wax-work in the 
world ; " " the delight of the nobility and 
gentry, the royal family, and crowned 
heads of Europe. " Mrs. Jarley was kind to 
little Nell, and employed her as a decoy- 
duck to " Jarley's unrivalled collection." 

If I know'd a donkey wot wouldn't go 
To see Mrs. Jarley's wax-work show ; 
Do you think I'd acknowledge Mm? Oh no, not 
Then run to Jarley. 
Dickens : The Old Curiosity Shop, xviL (1840). 

Jarnac (Coup de), a cut which severs 
the ham-string. So called from a cut 
given by Jarnac to La Chateigneraie in 
a duel fought in the presence of Henri II., 
in 1547. 

Jarn'dyce v. Jarn'dyce (2 syl.), 

a Chancery suit "never ending, still be- 
ginning," which had dragged its slow 
length along over so many years that it 
had blighted the prospects and ruined 
the health of all persons interested in its 
settlement. — Dickens : Bleak House ( 1852). 

Jarn'dyce (Mr.), client in the great 
Chancery suit of "Jarndyce v. Jarndyce, " 
and guardian of Esther Summerson. He 
concealed the tenderest heart under a 
flimsy churlishness of demeanour, and 
could never endure to be thanked for 
any of his numberless acts of kindness 
and charity. If anything went wrong 
with him, or if he heard of an unkind 
action, he would say, "I am sure the 
wind is in the east ; " but if he heard of 
kindness or goodness, the wind would 
veer round at once, and be "due west." 
— Dickens: Bleak House (1852). 

Jarvie (Bailie Nicol), a magistrate 
at Glasgow, and kinsman of Rob Roy. 
He is petulant, conceited, purse-proud, 
without tact, and intensely prejudiced, 
but kind-hearted and sincere. Jarvie 



540 JAUP. 

marries his maid. The novel of Rob Roy 
has been dramatized by J. Pocock, and 
Charles Mackay was the first to appear 
in the character of " Bailie Nicol Jarvie." 
Talfourd says (1829), " Other actors are 
sophisticate, but Mackay is the thiny 
itself."— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy (time, 
George I.). 

The character of Bailie Nicol Jarvie is one of the 
author's happiest conceptions, ancf the idea of carrying 
him to the wild rugged mountains, among outlaws ana 
desperadoes — at the same time that he retained a keen 
relish of the comforts of the Saltmarket of Glasgow, and 
a due sense of his dignity as a magistrate — complete 
the ludicrous effect of the picture. — Chambers. 
English Literature, ii. 587. 

Jarvis, a faithful old servant, who 
tries to save his master, Beverley, from 
his fatal passion of gambling. — Edward 
Moore : The Gamester (1753). 

Jaspar was poor, heartless, and 
wicked ; he lived by highway robbery, 
and robbery led to murder. One day, he 
induced a poor neighbour to waylay his 
landlord ; but the neighbour relented, 
and said, " Though dark the night, there 
is One above who sees in darkness." 
' ' Never fear ! " said Jaspar ; for no eye 
above or below can pierce this darkness." 
As he spoke, an unnatural light gleamed 
on him, and he became a confirmed 
maniac. — Soulhey : Jaspar (a ballad). 

Jasper (Old), a ploughman at Glen- 
dearg Tower.— Sir W. Scott: The Mo- 
nastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Jasper (Sir), father of Charlotte. He 
wants her to marry a Mr. Dapper ; but 
she loves Leander, and, to avoid, a mar- 
riage she dislikes, pretends to be dumb. 
A mock doctor is called in, who discovers 
the facts of the case, and employs Leander 
as his apothecary. Leander soon cures 
the lady with " pills matrimoniac." In 
Moliere's Le Midecin Malgri Lui (from 
which this play is taken), sir Jasper is 
called "Geronte" (2 syl.). — Fielding: 
The Mock Doctor (1733). 

Jasper Packlemerton, of atro- 
cious memory, one of the chief figures in 
Mrs. Jarley's wax-work exhibition. 

"Jasper courted and married fourteen wives, and 
destroyed them all by tickling the soles of their feet 
when they were asleep. On being brought to the 
scaffold and asked if he was sorry for what he had 
done, he replied he was' only sorry for having let them 
off so easy. Let this," said Mrs. Jarley, " be a warn- 
ing to all young ladies to be particular in the character 
of the gentlemen of their choice. Observe, his fingers 
are curled, as if In the act of tickling, and there is a 
wink in his eycs."—£Hc&e>ts: The Old Curiosity Shop, 
xxviii. (1840). 

Jaup (Alison), an old woman at 

Middlemas village.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Surgeons Daughter (time, George II.) 



JAUP. 

Jaup (Saunders), a farmer at Old St 
Ronan's.— Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's 
Well [time, George III.). 

Javan lost his father on the day of his 
birth, and was brought up in the "patri- 
arch's glen " by his mother, till she also 
died. He then sojourned for ten years 
with the race of Cain, and became the 
disciple of Jubal the great musician. 
He then returned to the glen, and fell in 
love with Zillah ; but the glen being 
invaded by giants, Zillah and Javan, 
with many others, were taken captives. 
Enoch reproved the giants ; and, as he 
ascended up to heaven, his mantle fell 
on Javan, who released the captives, and 
conducted them back to the glen. The 
giants were panic-struck by a tempest, 
and their king was killed by some un- 
known hand. — James Montgomery: The 
World before the Flood (1812). 

Ja'van's Issue, the Ionians and 
Greeks generally (Gen. x. 2). Milton 
uses the expression in Paradise Lost, i. 
508. 

(In Isa. lxvi. 19 and in Ezek. xxvii. 
13 the word is used for Greeks col- 
lectively.) 

Javert, an officer of police, the im- 
personation of inexorable law. — Victor 
Hugo : Les Miserables (1862). 

Ja'zer, a city of Gad, personified by 
Isaiah. ' ' Moab shall howl for Moab, 
every one shall howl. ... I will bewail, 
with the weeping of Jazer, the vine of 
Sibmah ; I will water thee with my tears, 
O Heshbon." — Isa. xvi. 7-9. 

It did not content the congregation to weep all of 
them ; but they howled with a loud voice, weeping 
with the weeping of }zxe.x.—Kirkton, 15a. 

Jealous Traf&ck (Sir), a rich mer- 
chant, who fancies everything Spanish is 
better than English, and intends his 
daughter Isabinda to marry don Diego 
Barbinetto, who is expected to arrive 
forthwith. Isabinda is in love with 
Charles [Gripe], who dresses in a Spanish 
costume, passes himself off as don Diego 
Barbinetto, and is married to Isabinda. 
Sir Jealous is irritable, headstrong, pre- 
judiced, and wise in his own conceit. — 
Mrs. Centlivre : The Busy Body (1709). 

Jealous Wife (The), a comedy by 
George Colman (1761). Harriot Russet 
marries Mr. Oakly, and becomes " the 
jealous wife ; " but is ultimately cured 
by the interposition of major Oakley, her 
brother-in-law. 



541 JEDBURGH JUSTICE. 

(This comedy is founded on Fielding's 
Tom Jones.) 

Jeames de la Pluche, a flunky, in 
the service of sir George Flimsey of Berk- 
ley Square, who comes unexpectedly into 
a large fortune. Jeames is a synonym for 
a flunky. — Thackeray : Jeames s Diary 
(1849). 

Jean des Vign.es, a drunken per- 
former of marionettes. The French say, 
II fait comme Jean des Vignes (i.e. " He 
is a good-for-nothing fellow"); Le 
mariage de Jean des Vignes (i.e. "a 
hedge marriage") ; Un Jean des Vignes 
(i.e. "an ungain-doing fellow"); Plus 
sot que Jea?i des Vignes (i.e. " worse than 
come out"), etc. 

Jean 1 que dire sur Jean t C'est un terrible nom. 
Qui jamais n'accompagne une epithete honete. 

Jean des Vignes, Jean ligne. Ouvais-je? Trouvezbon 
Qu'en si beau chemin je m'arrete. 

Virgil Travesti ("Juno to tineas "), vIL 

Jean Polle Parine, a merry An- 
drew, a poor fool, a Tom Noodle. So 
called because he comes on the stage like 
a great loutish boy, dressed all in white, 
with his face, hair, and hands thickly 
covered with flour. Scaramouch is a 
sort of Jean Folle Farine. 

(Ouida has a novel called Folle Farine, 
but she uses the phrase in quite another 
sense. ) 

Jean Jacques, So J J. Rousseau 
is often called (1712-1778). 

That is almost the only maxim of Jean Jacques to 
which I can . . . subscribe.— Lord Lytton. 

Jean Paul. J. P. Friedrich Richter 
is generally so called (1763-1825). 

Jeanne of Alsace, a girl ruined by 
Dubosc the highwayman. She gives him 
up to justice, in order to do a good turn 
to Julie Lesurques (2 syl.), who had be- 
friended her. — Stirling: The Courier of 
Lyons (1852). 

Jebusites ( The). The Catholics are 
so called in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achilophel. 

But far more numerous was the herd of such, 
Who think too little, and who talk too much ; 
These out of mere instinct, they knew not why. 
Adored their fathers' God, and property; 
And, by the same blind benefit of fate, 
The devil and the Jebusite did hate. 

Part i. par. 530-540 (1681). 

Jedburgh, Jeddart, or Jedwood 
Justice, hang first and try afterwards. 
The custom rose from the summary way 
of dealing with border marauders. 

(Jeddart and Jed wood are merely 
corruptions of Jedburgh.) 



JEDDLER. 

IT Cupar Justice is the same thing. 

it Abingdon Law, the same as "Jed- 
burgh Justice." In the Commonwealth, 
major-general Brown, of Abingdon, first 
hanged his prisoners and then tried them. 

% Lynch Law, mob law. So called 
from James Lynch of Piedmont, in Vir- 
ginia. It is a summary way of dealing 
with marauders, etc. Called in Scotland, 
Burlaw or Byrlaw. 

Jeddler {Dr. ), " a great philosopher. " 
The heart and mystery of his philosophy 
was to look upon the world as a gigantic 
practical joke ; something too absurd to 
be considered seriously by any rational 
man. A kind and generous man by 
nature was Dr. Jeddler, and though he 
had taught himself the art of turning 
good to dross and sunshine into shade, 
he had not taught himself to forget his 
warm benevolence and active love. He 
wore a pigtail, and had a streaked face 
like a winter pippin, with here and there 
a dimple " to express the peckings of the 
birds ; " but the pippin was a tempting 
apple, a rosy, healthy apple after all. 

Grace and Marion Jeddler, daughters 
of the doctor, beautiful, graceful, and 
affectionate. They both fell in love with 
Alfred Heathfield ; but Alfred loved the 
younger daughter. Marion, knowing the 
love of Grace, left her home clandes- 
tinely one Christmas Day, and all sup- 
posed she had eloped with Michael 
Warden. In due time, Alfred married 
Grace, and then Marion made it known 
to her sister that she had given up Alfred 
out of love to her, and had been living 
in concealment with her aunt Martha. 
Report says she subsequently married 
Michael Warden, and became the pride 
and honour of his country mansion. — 
Dickens: The Battle of Life (1846). 

Jed'ida and Benjamin, two of the 
children that Jesus took in His arms and 
blessed. 

"Well I remember," said Benjamin, "when we were 
on earth, with what loving fondness He folded us in 
His arms; how tenderly He pressed us to His heart. 
A tear was on His cheek, and I kissed it away. I see 
it still, and shall ever see it." " And I, too," answered 
Jedida, "remember when His arms were clasped 
around me, how He said to our mothers, ' Unless ye 
bi'come as little children, ye cannot enter the kingdom 
of heaven.'"— Klopstock : The Messiah, i. (1748). 

Jelioi'achim, the servant of Joshua 
Gcddes the quaker. — Sir W. Scott: Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Jehu, a coachman, one who drives at 
a rattling pace 

The driving Is like the driving of Jehu the son of 
N'mshi ; for he driveth furiously. — a Kings ix. ao. 



543 



JELLICOT. 



Jehu {Companions of). The 
"Chouans" were so called, from a 
fanciful analogy between their self-im- 
posed task and that appointed to Jehu 
on his being set over the kingdom of 
Israel. As Jehu was to cut off Ahab and 
Jezebel, with all their house ; so the 
Chouans were to cut off Louis XVI., 
Marie Antoinette, and all the Bourbons. 

Jehu and Henry IV. While Ahab 
king of Israel was alive, Jehu was 
anointed king, and the heads of Ahab's 
sons, enclosed in baskets, were sent to 
Jehu as an acceptable present. — 2 Kings 
x. 9 (b.c. 884). 

IT While Richard II. was still living, 
Henry [IV.] was anointed king of Eng- 
land, and the heads of the earls of Kent, 
Sal isbury , and Holland, who had conspired 
against him, were sent in baskets to him 
as an acceptable present. — Froissart, 
bk. iv. ch. 119 (a.d. 1400). 

Jekyll {Dr. ) and Mr. Hyde. This 

is a remarkable allegory, illustrating the 
dual nature of man. Dr. Jekyll is an 
honourable man, beloved by all for his 
philanthropic labours. Mr. Hyde is 
positively loathsome, and from him all 
shrink as from one deformed and foul. 
He lives without restraint, and plunges 
into all manner of evil. The truth is that 
Dr. Jekyll is Mr. Hyde. He has dis- 
covered a potion by means of which he 
can change himself into Mr. Hyde, and 
another to effect the change back again 
into Dr. Jekyll. He says at the outset 
that he can be rid of Mr. Hyde at will ; 
but not till Mr. Hyde commits a dastard- 
ly and outrageous murder does Dr. Jekyll 
promise to have no more to do with Mr. 
Hyde. Even then he does not make an 
absolute renunciation of the past, for he 
still keeps the house where he lived as 
Mr. Hyde, as well as the clothes he then 
wore. At last he locks the door which 
leads into Hyde's house, and stamps the 
key underfoot. But it is too late. He 
finds himself transformed into Mr. Hyde 
without taking the potion ; and, though 
he takes double doses of the other potion 
to keep himself Dr. Jekyll, he often 
lapses. At last he can procure no more 
of one of the ingredients of the mixture, 
and commits suicide. — R. L. Stevenson: 
Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. 
Hyde\ 1886). 

Jel'licot {Old Goodv), servant at the 
under-keeper's hut, Woodstock Forest. — 



JELLYBY. 

Sir W. Scott: Woodstock (time, Com- 
monwealth). 

Jel'lyby (Mrs.), a sham philanthro- 
pist, who spends her time, money, and 
energy on foreign missions, to the neglect 
of her family and home duties. Untidy 
in dress, living in a perfect litter, she has 
a habit of looking " a long way off," as if 
she could see nothing nearer to her than 
Africa. Mrs. Jellyby is quite overwhelm- 
ed with business correspondence relative 
to the affairs of Borrioboola Gha. — 
Dickens : Bleak House, iv. (1852). 

Jemliklia, the favourite Greek slave 
of Dakianos of Ephesus. Nature had 
endowed him with every charm, "his 
words were sweeter than the honey of 
Arabia, and his wit sparkled like a dia- 
mond." One day, Dakianos was greatly 
annoyed by a fly, which persisted in tor- 
menting the king, whereupon Jemlikha 
said to himself, " If Dakianos cannot rule 
a fly, how can he be the creator of heaven 
and earth ? " This doubt he communicated 
to his fellow-slaves, and they all resolved 
to quit Ephesus, and seek some power 
superior to that of Dakianos. — Comte 
Caylus : Oriental Tales ( * ' Dakianos and 
the Seven Sleepers," 1743). 

Jeinmie Duffs, weepers. (See Jamie 
Duffs, p. 539.) 

Jemmies, sheep's heads, and also a 
house-breaker's instrument. 

Mr. Sikes made many pleasant witticisms on "Jem- 
mies," a cant name for sheep's heads, and also for an 
ingenious implement much used in his profession.— 
Dickens: Oliver Twist (1837). 

Jemmy. This name, found on en- 
gravings of the eighteenth century, means 
James Worsdale (died 1767). 

Jemmy Dawson, a ballad by Shen- 
stone, relating the love of Kitty for 
captain Dawson, in the service of the 
young chevalier. He was " hanged, 
drawn, and quartered" on Kenningion 
Common in 1746. 

Jemmy Twitcher, a cunning and 

treacherous highwayman. — Gay : The 
Beggar s Opera (1727). 

(Lord Sandwich, member of the Kit- 
Kat Club, was called "Jemmy Twitcher," 
1765.) 

Jenkin, the servant of George-a- 
Green. He says a fellow ordered him to 
hold his horse, and see that it took no 
cold. " No, no," quoth Jenkin, " I'll lay 
my cloak under him." He did so, but 
" mark you," he adds, " I cut four holes 



543 



JENNIE. 



in my cloak first, and made his horse 
stand on the bare ground." — R. Greene: 
George-a-Green, the Pinner of Wakefield 
(1584). 

Jenkin, one of the retainers of Julian 
Avenel (2 sy I.) of Avenel Castle. — Sir W. 
Scott : The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Jenkins (Mrs. Winifred), Miss 
Tabitha Bramble's maid, noted for her 
bad spelling, misapplication of words, 
and ludicrous misnomers. Mrs. Winifred 
Jenkins is the original of Mrs. Malaprop. 
— Smollett : The Expedition of Humphry 
Clinker (1771). 

Jenkins, a vulgar lick-spittle of the 
aristocracy, who retails their praises and 
witticisms, records their movements and 
deeds, gives flaming accounts of their 
dresses and parties, either vivft voce or in 
newspaper paragraphs : " Lord and lady 
Dash attended divine service last Sunday, 
and were very attentive to the sermon " 
(wonderful I). " Lord and lady Dash took 
a drive or walk last Monday in their 
magnificent park of Snobdoodleham. 
Lady Dash wore a mantle of rich silk. 
a bonnet with ostrich fellows, and shoes 
with rosettes." The name is said to have 
been given by Punch to a writer in the 
Morning Post. 

Jenkinson (Ephraim), a green old 
swindler, whom Dr. Primrose met in a 
public tavern. Imposed on by his vener- 
able appearance, apparent devoutness, 
learned talk about "cosmogony," and 
still more so by his flattery of the doctor's 
work on the subject of monogamy, Dr. 
Primrose sold the swindler his horse, 
Old Blackberry, for a draft upon Farmer 
Flamborough. When the draft was pre- 
sented for payment, the farmer told the 
vicar that Ephraim Jenkinson "was the 
greatest rascal under heaven," and that 
he was the very rogue who had sold 
Moses Primrose the spectacles. Subse- 
quently the vicar found him in the county 
jail, where he showed the vicar great kind- 
ness, did him valuable service, became a 
reformed character, and probably married 
one of the daughters of Farmer Flam- 
borough. — Goldsmith: Vicar of Wakefield 
(1765). 

For our own part, we must admit that we have never 
been able to treat with due gravity any allusion to the 
learned speculations of Man'etho, Bero'sms, or San- 
choni'athon, from their indissoluble connection in our 
mind with the finished cosmogony of Jenkinson.— 
Encyclopadia Britannica (article, " Romance "). 

Jennie, housekeeper to the old laird 
of Dumbiedikes.— Sir W. Scott: Heart 
of Midlothian (time, George II.). 



JENNY. 544 

Jenny [Diver]. Captain Macheath 
says, "What, my pretty Jenny ! as prim 
and demure as ever ? There's not a prude, 
though ever so high bred, hath a more 
sanctified look, with a more mischievous 
heart." She pretends to love Macheath, 
but craftily secures one of his pistols, that 
his other " pals " may the more easily be- 
tray him into the hands of the constables 
/act ii. sc. i). — Gay : The Beggar's Opera 
.(1727). 

Jenny 1'Onvriere, the type of a 
hard-working Parisian needlewoman. 
She is contented with a few window- 
flowers which she terms "her garden," a 
caged bird which she calls ' ' her songster ; " 
and when she gives the fragments of her 
food to some one poorer than herself, she 
calls it "her delight." 

Entendez-vous un oiseau familierl 
C'est le chanteur de Jenny l'Ouvriere, 

Au coeur content, content de peu 
Elle pourrait etre riche, et prefera 

Ce qui vient de Dieu. 

Entile Barateau (1847). 

Jeph'thah's Daughter. When 
Jephthah went forth against the Am- 
monites, he vowed that if he returned 
victorious he would sacrifice, as a burnt 
offering, whatever first met him on his 
entrance into his native city. He gained 
a splendid victory, and at the news 
thereof his only daughter came forth 
dancing to give him welcome. The 
miserable father rent his clothes in agony, 
but the noble-spirited maiden would not 
hear of his violating the vow. She 
demanded a short respite, to bewail upon 
the mountains her blighted hope of be- 
coming a mother, and then submitted to 
her fate. — Judg. xi. 

IT An almost identical tale is told of 
Idom'eneus king of Crete. On his return 
from the Trojan war, he made a vow in a 
tempest that, if he escaped, he would offer 
o Neptune the first living creature that 
resented itself to his eye on the Cretan 
hore. His own son was there to welcome 
him home, and Idomeneus offered him up 
a sacrifice to the sea-god, according to his 
vow. Fenelon has introduced this legend 
in his Tilimaque, v. 

IF Agamemnon vowed to Diana, if he 
might be blessed with a child, that he 
would sacrifice to her the dearest of all 
his possessions. Iphigenla, his infant 
daughter, was, of course, his " dearest 
possession ; " but he refused to sacrifice 
her, and thus incurred the wrath of the 
goddess, which resulted in the detention 
of the Trojan fleet at Aulis. Iphigenia 



JEREMY DIDDLER. 

being offered in sacrifice, the offended 
deity was satisfied, and interposed at the 
critical moment, by carrying the princess 
to Tauris and substituting a stag in her 
stead. 

IT The latter part of this tale cannot 
fail to call to mind the offering of Abra- 
ham. As he was about to take the life of 
Isaac, Jehovah interposed, and a ram was 
substituted for the human victim. — Gen. 
xxii. 

[Be] not bent as Jephthah once, 
Blindly to execute a rash resolve ; 
Whom better it had suited to exclaim, 
" I have done ill I " than to redeem his pledge 
By doing worse. Not unlike to him 
In folly that great leader of the Greeks — 
Whence, on the altar Iphigenia mourned 
Her virgin beauty. 

Dante : Paradise, v. (1311). 

^[ Iphigenia, in Greek, 'i<piievel*, is ac- 
cented incorrectly in this translation by 
Cary, 

^T Jephthah's daughter has often been 
dramatized. Thus we have in English 
Jephthah his Daughter, by Plessie Mor- 
ney ; Jephthah (1546), by Christopherson ; 
Jephthah, by Buchanan (1554) ; and 
Jephthah (an opera, 1752), by Handel. 

*.* Percy, in his Reliques (bk. ii. 3), 
has inserted a ballad called Jephthah, 

udge of Israel, which Hamlet quotes 
act ii. sc. 2) — 

Hamlet: O Jeptha, judge of Israel, what a treasure 
hadst thou I 

Polonius: What [a] treasure had he, my lord! 

Hamlet: Why, "one fair and no more, the which 
he loved passing well. ..." 

Polonius : If you call me Jeptha, my lord, I have a 
daughter, that I love passing well. 

Hamlet : Nay, that follows no;. 

Polonius : What follows then, my lord r 

Hamlet: Why, "As by lot, God wot." 

The first verse of the ballad is — 

Have you not heard these many years ago, 

Jeptha was judge of Israel ; 
He had one only daughter, and no mo, 

The which he loved passing well, 
And as by lot, God wot, 

It so came to pass . . . 

(Polonius asks, "What follows ['passing 
well']?" to which Hamlet replies, "As 
by lot, God wot.") 

Jepson (01(f), a smuggler. — Sir W, 
Scott : Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Jeremi'ah (The British), Gildas, 
author of De Exidio Britannia, a book 
of lamentations over the destruction of 
Britain. He is so called by Gibbon (516- 
57o). 

Jer'emy (Master), head domestic of 
lord Savi lie.— Sir W. Scott: Ptveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Jeremy Diddler, an adept at rais- 
ing money on false pretences. — Ken?uy : 
Raising the Wind (1803). 



I 



JERICHO. 



545 



JERVIS. 



Jericho, the manor of Blackmore, 
near Chelmsford. Here Henry VIII. had 
a house of pleasure, and when he was ab- 
sent on some affair of gallantry, the expres- 
sion in vogue was, ■ ' He's gone to Jericho." 
Jermyn [Matthew) the lawyer, hus- 
band of Mrs. Transome, and father of 
Harold.— George Eliot (Mrs. J.W. Cross): 
Felix Holt, the Radical (a novel, 1866). 

Jerningnam [Master Thomas), the 
duke of Buckingham's gentleman. — Sir 
W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Jerome [Don), father of don Fer- 
dinand and Louisa ; pig-headed, pas- 
sionate, and mercenary, but very fond of 
his daughter. He insists on her marrying 
Isaac Mendoza, a rich Portuguese Jew; 
but Louisa, being in love with don An- 
tonio, positively refuses to do so. She is 
turned out of the house by mistake, and 
her duenna is locked up, under the belief 
that she is Louisa. Isaac, being intro- 
duced to the duenna, elopes with her, sup- 
posing her to be don Jerome's daughter ; 
and Louisa, taking refuge in a convent, 
gets married to don Antonio. Ferdinand, 
at the same time, marries Clara the 
daughter of don Guzman. The old man 
is well content, and promises to be the 
friend of his children, who, he acknow- 
ledges, have chosen better for themselves 
than he had done for them. — Sheridan: 
The Duenna ( 1775). 

Jerome [Father), abbot at St. Bride's 
Convent. — Sir W. Scott: Castle Dan- 
gerous (time, Henry I.). 

Jeron'imo, the principal character in 
The Spanish Tragedy, by Thomas Kyd 
(1597). On finding his application to the 
king ill-timed, he says to himself, " Go 
by 1 Jeronimo;" which so tickled the 
fancy of the audience that it became a 
common street jest. 

Jerry, manager of a troupe of dancing 
dogs. He was a tall, black- whiskered 
man, in a velveteen coat. — Dickens : The 
Old Curiosity Shop, xviii. (1840). 

Jerry Cruncher. (See Cruncher, 
p. 249.) 

Jerry Hawthorn, the rustic in 
Pierce Egan's Life in London (1824). 
(See Corinthian Tom, p. 235.) 

Jerry Sneak, a hen-pecked husband. 
— Foote: Mayor of Garratt (1763). 

Jerrymandering, so dividing a 
state or local district as to give one part 
of it a political advantage over the other. 
The word is a corruption of " Gerryman- 



dering ; " so called from Elbridge Gerry, 
governor of Massachusetts, member ol 
Congress from 1776 to 1784, and vice- 
president of the United States in 1812. 
Elbridge Gerry died in 1814. 

Jerusalem, in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, means London ; " David " is 
Charles II., and " Absalom" the duke of 
Monmouth, etc. 

The inhabitants of old Jerusalem 
Were Jebusites {Catholics], 

Pt i. 87, 88. 

Jerusalem, s. Henry IV. wa§ told 
"he should not die but in Jerusalem." 
Being in .Westminster Abbey, he inquired 
what the chapter-house was called, and 
when he was told it was called the 
"Jerusalem Chamber," he felt sure that 
he would die there "according to the 
prophecy," and so he did. 

2. Pope Sylvester II. was told the 
same thing, and died as he was saying 
mass in a church so called at Rome. — 
Brown : Fasciculus. 

3. Cambyses, son of Cyrus, was told 
that he should die in Ecbat'ana, which he 
supposed meant the capital of Media ; 
but he died of his wounds in a place so 
called in Syria. 

Jerusalem ( The Fall of), a dramatic 
poem by dean Milman (1820). 

Jerusalem Delivered, an epic 
poem in twenty books, by Torquato Tasso 
(1575). The tale is as follows f — 

The crusaders, having encamped on the 
plains of Torto'sa, choose Godfrey for 
their chief. The overtures of ArgantSs 
being declined, war is declared by him in 
the name of the king of Egypt. The 
Christian army reaches Jerusalem, but it 
is found that the city cannot be taken 
without the aid of Rinaldo, who had with- 
drawn from the army because Godfrey 
had cited him for the death of Girnando, 
whom he had slain in a duel. Godfrey 
sends to the enchanted island of Armi'da 
to invite the hero back, and on his return 
Jerusalem is assailed in a night attack. 
The poem concludes with the triumphant 
entry of the Christians into the Holy City, 
and their adoration at the Saviour's tomb. 

(The two chief episodes are the loves of 
Olindo and Sophronia, and of Tancred 
and Corinda.) 

English translations In verse by Carew in 1594 ; by 
Fairfax in 1600 ; and by Hoole in 1762. 

Jervis [Mrs.), the virtuous house- 
keeper of young squire B. Mrs. Jervis 
protects Pam'ela when her young master 
assails her. — Richardson : Pamela or 
Virtue Rewarded (1740). 

a n 



JESSAMY. 

Jessamy, the son of colonel Oldboy. 
He changed his name in compliment to 
lord Jessamy, who adopted him and left 
him his heir. Jessamy is an affected, 
conceited prig, who dresses as a fop, 
carries a muff to keep his hands warm, 
and likes old china better than a pretty 
girl. This popinjay proposes to Clarissa 
Flowerdale ; but she despises him, much to 
his indignation and astonishment. —Bicker- 
staff: Lionel and Clarissa ( 1735-1790). 

He's a coxcomb, a fop, a dainty milksop, 
Who essenced and dizened from bottom to top. 
And looked like a doll from a milliner's shop . . . 
He shrugs and takes snuff, and carries a muff, 
A minickin, finicking, French powdered puff. 

Acttt. 

Jessamy. As an adjective, having 
the colour or smell of jasmine. As a noun, 
the plant jasmine ; one who wears jas- 
mine in a button-hole ; a fop. (See the 
Standard Diet, of Eng. Lang., p. 962.) 

Jessamy Bride (The), Mary Hor- 
neck, with whom Goldsmith fell in love 
in 1769. 

A writer in Notes and Queries, April 10, 1897, sug- 
gests that "jessamy" is equivalent to "jasmine," and 
that Goldsmith simply used the word to express Mary's 
sweetness, daintiness, and grace. The flowers of the 
jasmine were used to perfume gloves ; and Pepys, in 
his Diary, February 15, 1668-9, says, "I did this day 
call at the New Exchange, and bought her . . . and 
two pairs of jessimy gloves." 

(Frankfort Moore has just (1897) written 
a novel so called. ) 

Jes'sica, daughter of Shylock the 
Jew. She elopes with Lorenzo. — Shake- 
speare: Merchant of Venice (1597). 

Jessica cannot be called a sketch, or, if a sketch, she 
Is dashed off in glowing colours from the rainbow 
palette of a Rubens. She has a rich tint of Orientalism 
shed over her. — Mrs. Jameson. 

Jessie, the Flower o' Dumblane 

(The Charming Young), a song by 
Robert Tannahill. 

How sweet is the brier, in Its saft fauldin' blossom I 
And sweet is the hill wi' its mantle o' green ; 

Yet fairer and sweeter, and dear to my bosom, 
The charming young Jessie, the flower o' Dumblane. 

Jesters. (See Fools, p. 380.) 
Jests (The Father of), Joseph or Joe 
Miller, an English comic actor, whose 
name has become a household word for a 
stale jest (1684-1738). The book which 
goes by his name was compiled by Mr. 
Mottley the dramatist (1739). Joe Miller 
himself never uttered a jest in his life, and 
it is a lucus a non lucendo to father them 
on such a taciturn, commonplace dullard. 

Jesus Christ and the Clay 
Bird. The Koran says, " O Jesus, son 
of Mary, remember . . . when thou didst 
create of clay the figure of a bird . . . 



54« 



JEW. 



and didst breathe thereon, and It became 

a bird ! " — Ch. v. 

N. B. — The allusion is to a legend that 
Jesus was playing with other children 
who amused themselves with making clay 
birds, but when the child Jesus breathed 
on the one He had made, it instantly 
received life and flew away. — Hone: 
Apocryphal New Testament (1820). 

Jew (The), a comedy by R. Cumber- 
land (1776), written to disabuse the 
public mind of unjust prejudices against 
a people who have been long " scattered 
and peeled." The Jew is Sheva, who 
was rescued at Cadiz from an auto da fe 
by don Carlos, and from a howling Lon- 
don mob by the son of don Carlos, called 
Charles Ratcliffe. His whole life is spent 
in unostentatious benevolence, but his 
modesty is equal to his philanthropy. 
He gives ^10,000 as a marriage portion 
to Ratcliffe's sister, who marries Fre- 
derick Bertram, and he makes Charles the 
heir of all his property. 

Shylock the Jew. Of C. Macklin's acting 
Pope said — 

This is the Jew 

That Shakespeare drew. 

J&W (The Wandering). 

1. Of Greek tradition. Aris'teas, a 
poet, who continued to appear and dis- 
appear alternately for above 400 years, 
and who visited all the mythical nations 
of the earth. 

2. Of Jewish story. Tradition says 
that Cartaph'ilos, the door-keeper of 
the judgment-hall in the service of Pon- 
tius Pilate, struck our Lord as he led Him 
forth, saying, " Get on ! Faster, Jesus ! " 
Whereupon the Man of Sorrows replied, 
"lam going ; but tarry thou till I come 
[again]." This man afterwards became 
a Christian, and was baptized by Ananias 
under the name of Joseph. Every hun- 
dred years he falls into a trance, out of 
which he rises again at the age of 30. 

3. In German legend, the Wandering 
Jew is associated with John Buttad;eus, 
seen at Antwerp in the thirteenth cen- 
tury, again in the fifteenth, and again in 
the sixteenth centuries. His last ap- 
pearance was in 1774, at Brussels. 

(Leonard Doldius, of Niirnberg, in his 
Praxis Alchymia (1604), says that the 
Jew Ahasue'rus is sometimes called 
" Buttadoeus.") 

4. The French legend. The French call 
the Wandering Jew Isaac Lake'dion 01 
Laguedem. (See Mittcmacht : Disurtatt* 
in jfohan., xxi. 19.) 



JEW. 



547 



5. Of Dr. Croly s novel. The name 
piven to the Wandering Jew by Dr. 
Croly is Salathiel ben Sadi, who ap- 
peared and disappeared towards the close 
of the sixteenth century at Venice, in so 
sudden a manner as to attract the atten- 
tion of all Europe. 

6. It is said in legend that Gipsies are 
doomed to be everlasting wanderers, 
because they refused the Virgin and Child 
hospitality in their flight into Egypt. — 
Aventinus : Annalium Boiorum, libri 
septem, vii. (1554). 

N. B. — The earliest account of the Wan- 
dering Jew is in the Book of the Chronicles 
of the Abbey of St. Albans, copied and con- 
tinued by Matthew Paris (1228). In 1242 
Pnilip Mouskes, afterwards bishop of 
Tournay, wrote the " rhymed chronicle." 

Cartaphilos, we are told, was baptized by Ananias 
(who baptized Paul), and received the name of Joseph. 
(See Book of Uu Chronicle* 0/ tiu Abbey of St. 
Albans.) 

1T Another legend is that Jesus, pressed 
down by the weight of His cross, stopped 
to rest at the door of a cobbler named 
Ahasue'rus, who pushed Him away, say- 
ing, " Get off! Away with you ! away ! " 
Our Lord replied, " Truly, I go away, and 
that quickly ; but tarry thou till I come." 

(This is the legend given by Paul von Eit- 
zen, bishop of Schleswig in 1547. — Greve: 
Memoirs of Paul von Eitzen, 1744.) 

IT A third legend says that it was the 
cobbler Ahasue'rus who haled Jesus to 
the judgment-seat ; and that as the Man 
of Sorrows stayed to rest awhile on a 
stone, he pushed Him, saying, " Get on, 
Jesus ! Here you shall not stay ! " Jesus 
replied, "I truly go away, and go to 
rest ; but thou shalt go away and never 
rest till I come." 

Signor Gualdi, who had been dead 130 
years, appeared in the latter half of the 
eighteenth century, and had his likeness 
taken by Titian. One day he disap- 
peared as mysteriously as he had come. 
— Turkish Spy, ii. (1682). 

1[ Dr. Croly, in his novel called 
Salathiel (1827), traces the course of the 
Wandering Jew ; so does Eugene Sue, in 
Le J uif h.rrant (1845) ; but in these novels 
the Jew makes no figure of importance. 

(G. Dore, in 1861, illustrated the legend 
in folio wood engravings.) 

N.B.— The legend of the Wild Hunts- 
man, called by Shakespeare " Heme the 
Hunter," and by Father Matthieu "St. 
Hubert," is said to be a Jew who would 
not suffer Jesus to drink from a horse- 
trough, but pointed out to Him some 



jiNGa 

water in a hoof-print, and bade Him go 
there and drink. — Kuhn von Schwarz : 
Nordd. Sagen, 499. 

(Poetical versions of the legend have 
been made by A. W. von Schlegel, Die 
Warnung ; by Schubert, Ahasuer ; by 
Goethe, A us Meinem Leben, all in 
German. By Mrs. Norton, The Undying 
One, in English ; etc. The legend is 
based on St. John's Gospel xxi. 22, " If I 
will that he tarry till I come, what is that 
to thee ? " The apostles thought the words 
meant that John would not die, but tradi- 
tion has applied them to some one else. ) 

Jews sacrificing Christian children. 
(See Hugh of Lincoln, p. 510.) 

Jews {The), in Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, means those English who 
were loyal to Charles II. called " David " 
in the satire (168 1-2). 

Jewels. For Persia, turquoises ; for 
Africa, rubies ; for India, amethysts ; for 
England and France, diamonds. 

Jewkes (Mrs.), a detestable character 
in Richardson's Pamela (1740). 

Jez'ebel {A Painted), a flaunting 
woman, of brazen face but loose morals. 
So called from Jezebel, the wife of Ahab 
king of Israel. 

Jim, the boy of Reginald Lowestoffe 
the young Templar. — Sir IV. Scott: For- 
tunes of Nigel (time, James L). 

Jim Crow, the name of a popular 
comic nigger song, brought out in 1836 at 
the Adflphi Theatre, and popularized by 
T. D. Rice. The burden of the song is — 

Wheel about, and mm about, and do just so ; 
And every time you wheel about, jump Jim Crow. 

Jin Vin, i.e. Jenkin Vincent, one cf 
Ramsay's apprentices, in love with Mar- 
garet Ramsay. — Sir IV. Scott; Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I. ). 

Jin'gle (Alfred), a strolling actor, 
who, by his powers of amusing and sharp- 
wittedness, imposes for a time on the 
members of the Pickwick Club, and is 
admitted to their intimacy ; but being 
found to be an impostor, he is dropped by 
them. The generosity of Mr. Pickwick, 
in rescuing Jingle from the Fleet, re- 
claims him, and he quits England. Alfred 
Jingle talks most rapidly and flippantly, 
but not without much native shrewdness ; 
and he knows a " hawk from a handsaw." 
—Dickens : The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Jingo, a corruption of Jainko, the 
Basque Supreme Being. " By Jingo ! " 
or "By the living Jingo ! " is an appeal 
to deity, Edward I. had Basque moun- 



JINGOES. 

taineers conveyed to England to take 
part in his Welsh wars, and the Plan- 
tagenets held the Basque provinces in 
possession. This Basque oath is a land- 
mark of these facts. 

Jingoes [The), the anti-Russians in 
the war between Russia and Turkey ; 
hence the English war party. The term 
arose (1878) from M'Dermott's War-song, 
beginning thus — 

We don't want to fight, but by Jingo if we do, 
We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the 
money too. 

(This song has also furnished the word 
jingoism (bragging war spirit, Bobadilism) 
and the adjective jingo.) 

Jiniwin {Mrs.), a widow, the mother 
of Mrs. Quilp. A Shrewd, ill-tempered 
old woman, who lived with her son-in- 
law in Tower Street. — Dickens : The Old 
Curiosity Shop (1840). 

Jinker {Lieutenant Jamie), horse 
dealer at Doune. — Sir W. Scott : 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Jinn, plu. of Jinnee, a sort of fairy 
in Arabian mythology, the offspring of 
fire. The jinn propagate their species like 
human beings, and are governed by kings 
called suleymans. Their chief abode is 
the mountain Kaf, and they appear to 
men under the forms of serpents, dogs, 
cats, etc., which become invisible at 
pleasure. Evil jinn are hideously ugly, 
but good jinn are exquisitely beautiful. 
(See Ginn, p. 425.) 

(Jinnistan means the country of the 
jinn. The connection of Solomon with 
the jinn is a v mere blunder, arising from 
the similarity of suleyman and Solomon.) 

J. J., in Hogarth's "Gin Line," 
written on a gibbet, is sir Joseph Jekyll, 
obnoxious for his bill for increasing the 
duty on gin. 

N.B. — Jean Jacques [Rousseau] was 
often referred to by these initials in the 
eighteenth century. 

Jo, a poor little outcast, living in one 
of the back slums of London, called 
"Tom All-alone' s." The little human 
waif is hounded about from place to 
place, till he dies of want. — Dickens : 
Bleak House (1852). 

Joan. Cromwell's wife was always 
called Joan by the cavaliers, although her 
real name was Elizabeth. 

Joan, princess of France, affianced to 
the duke of Orleans. — Sir W. Scott: 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 



548 JOB AND ELSPAT. 

Joan of Arc, surnamed La Pucelle, 
born in a village upon the marches of 
Barre, called Domremy, near Vaucouleurs. 
Her father was James of Arc, and her 
mother Isabel, poor country-folk, who 
brought up their child to keep their 
cattle. Joan professed to be inspired to 
liberate France from the English, and 
actually raised the siege of Orleans, after 
which Charles II. was crowned (1403- 
I43 1 )- 

A young wench of an eighteene years old ; of favour 
was she counted likesome, of person stronglie made 
and manlie, of courage great, hardie and stout withall 
. . . she had great semblance of chastitie both of body 
and behaviour. — Hollinshed : Chronicles, 600 (1577). 
. . . there was no bloom of youth 
Upon her cheek ; yet had the loveliest hues 
Of health, with lesser fascination, fixed 
The gazer's eye ; for wan the maiden was, 
Of saintly paleness, and there seemed to dwell. 
In the strong beauties of her countenance, 
Something that was not earthly. 

Southey : Joan of Arc (1795). 

*.* Schiller published a tragedy on the 
subject, Jungfrau von Orleans (1801); 
Loumet another, Jeanne (TArc \i^2^) ; 
T. Taylor an historic drama, Joan of 
Arc (1870) ; Balfe an opera (1839). 

Historic poems on the subject {Joan of 
Arc) are by Southey, in ten books (blank 
verse), 1795 ; Francais Czaneaux, in 
French ; J. Chaplain, a French poet, 
toiled thirty years on his poem called La 
Pucelle, published in 1656. 

Casimir Delavigne, a French poet, 
published an admirable elegy on The 
Maid (1846) ; and Voltaire a burlesque, 
La Pucelle d Orleans, in 1738. 

Joanna, the " deserted daughter" of 
Mr. Mordent. Her father abandoned 
her in order to marry lady Anne, and his 
money-broker placed her under the 
charge of Mrs. Enfield, who kept a house 
of intrigue. Cheveril fell in love with 
Joanna, and described her as having 
" blue eyes, auburn hair, aquiline nose, 
ivory teeth, carnation lips, a ravishing 
mouth, enchanting neck, a form divine, 
and the face of an angel." — Holcroft : 
The Deserted Daughter (altered into The 
Steward). 

Job {The Book of), one of the five 
poetical books of the Old Testament, 
which records how Job was "plagued" 
by Satan ; and, having continued steadfast 
to the end, was restored to health and 
prosperity. 

\ The tale of the patient Griselda ta 
somewhat of the same character. 

Job and Elspat, father and mother 
of sergeant Houghton. — Sir W. Scott: 
Waverley (time, George II. X 



JOB THORNBERRY. 



549 



JOHANNES AGRICOLA. 



Job Tnoraberry. (See Thorn- 

BERRY. ) 

Job Trotter. (See Trotter.) 

Job's Wife. Some call her Rahmat, 
daughter of Ephraim son of Joseph ; and 
others call her Makhir, daughter of Ma- 
nasses. — Sale : Kor&n xxi. note. 

JoblilHes {The), the small gentry 
of a village, the squire being the Grand 
Panjandrum {q.v.). 

There were present the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, 
■nd the Garyulies, and the Grand Panjandrum him- 
»elf.— Foote: The Quarterly Review, xcv. 516, 517. 

Jobling, medical officer to the 
" Anglo-Bengalee Company." Mr. Job- 
ling was a portentous and most carefully 
dressed gentleman, fond of a good dinner, 
and said by all to be " full of anecdote." 
He was far too shrewd to be concerned 
with the Anglo-Bengalee bubble company, 
except as a paid functionary. — Dickens : 
Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Jobson {Joseph), clerk to squire 
Inglewood the magistrate. — Sir W. 
Scoit: Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Jobson {Zekel), a very masterful 
cobbler, who ruled his wife with a rod of 
iron. 

Neil Jobson, wife of Zekel, a patient, 
meek, sweet-tempered woman. — Coffey: 
The Devil to Pay (died 1745). 

Jock o' Dawston Clench, the 

quarrelsome neighbour of Dandie Din- 
mont, of Charlie's Hope. 

Jock Jabos, postilion to Mrs. M'Cand- 
lish the landlady of the Golden Arms inn, 
Kippletringan. 

Slounging Jock, one of the men of 
M'Guffog the jailer.— Sir W. Scott: Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Jock o' Hazeldean, the young man 
beloved by a " ladye fair." The lady's 
father wanted her to marry Frank, " the 
chief of Errington and laird of Langley 
Dale," rich, brave, and gallant ; but 
" aye she let the tears down fa' for Jock 
o' Hazeldean." At length the wedding 
morn arrived, the kirk was gaily decked, 
the priest and bridegroom, with dame 
and knight, were duly assembled ; but no 
bride could be seen : she had crossed the 
border and given her hand to Jock of 
Hazeldean. 

(This ballad, by sir W. Scott, is a 
modernized version of an ancient ballad 
entitled Jock o' Hazelgreen. ) 

Jockey of Norfolk, sir John 



Howard, a firm adherent of Richacd III. 
On the night before the battle of Bosworth 
Field, he found in his tent this warning 

couplet — 

Jockey of Norfolk, be not too bold, 

For Dickon, thy master, is bought and sold. 

Jodelet, valet of Du Croisy {q.v.). — 
Moliere : Les Pricieuses Ridicules (1659). 

Joe, "the fat boy," page in the family 
of Mr. Wardle. He has an unlimited 
capacity for eating and sleeping. — 
Dickens : The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Joe G-argfery, a blacksmith. He 
was a fair man, with curls of flaxen hair 
on each side of his smooth face, and with 
eyes of ' ' such very undecided blue, that 
they seemed to have got mixed with their 
own whites. He was a mild, sweet- 
tempered, easy-going, foolish, dear fellow. 
A Hercules in strength, and in weakness 
also." He lived in terror of his wife ; but 
loved Pip, whom he brought up. His 
great word was " meantersay." Thus : 
"What I meantersay, if you come 
a-badgering me, come out. Which I 
meantersay as sech, if you're a man, 
come on. Which I meantersay that what 
I say I meantersay and stand to it " 
(ch. xviii.). His first wife was a shrew ; 
but soon after her death he married 
Biddy, a young woman wholly suited to 
him. 

Mrs. Joe Gargery, the blacksmith's 
first wife; a "rampageous woman," 
always "on the ram-page." By no 
means good-looking was Mrs. Joe, with 
her black hair, and fierce eyes, and 
prevailing redness of skin, looking as if 
"she scrubbed herself with a nutmeg- 
grater instead of soap and flannel." She 
" was tall and bony, and wore a coarse 
apron fastened over her figure behind 
with two loops, and having a square bib 
in front, stuck full of needles and pins." 
She brought up Pip, but made his home 
as wretched as she could, always keeping 
a rod called "Tickler " ready for imme- 
diate use. Mrs. Joe was a very clean 
woman, and cleanliness is next to godli- 
ness ; but Mrs. Joe had the art of making 
her cleanliness as disagreeable to every 
one as many people do their godliness. 
She died after a long illness. — Dickens : 
Great Expectations (i860). 

Joe Miller. (See Jests ; Miller.) 

Joe Willet. (See under Willet.) 

Johannes Agfricola, a German 

reformer of the sixteenth century, and 



JOHN. 

alleged founder of the sect of Antino- 
mians. Browning has a poem so called. 

JOHN {The Gospel of St.), the fourth 
book of the New Testament, generally- 
called " the Spiritual Gospel," because 
it shows Christ as the "Son of God," 
while the other three evangelists speak of 
Him mainly as the "Son of man," It 
passes over the birth, baptism, and 
temptation of Jesus, but records five 
miracles, four discourses or addresses, 
and four events not mentioned in the 
three synoptic Gospels. 

(i) The five miracles — 

rurning water into wine (ch. li. i-ii) ; healing 1 the son 
of the nobleman of Capernaum (ch. iv. 43-54) > healing 
the man at the pool of Bethesda (ch. v.) ; giving sight 
to the man born blind (ch. ix.) ; and the raising of 
Lazarus from the dead (ch. xi.). 

(2) The four discourses or addresses — 

The discourse with Nicodemus (ch. iii. i-ai) ; the dis- 
course with the woman of Samaria (ch. iv. 1-42) ; 
Christ's address to His disciples on tha prospect of 
death (chs. xiv.-xvii.) ; and His words on the cross (ch. 
xix. 26, 27, 28). 

(3) The four events — 

The pre-existence of Christ (ch. 1. 1-4) ; the doujj^s of 
Thomas (ch. xx. 26-29) i Christ's appearance to Mary 
after the Resurrection (ch. xx. 14-18) ; and His appear- 
ance to His disciples at the sea of Tiberias (ch. xxi. 
x-84). 

John ( The herb), also called St. John- 
wort, devil-fuge, heal-all, etc. It is 
mentioned by Pliny and DioscorId£s (5 
syl). Called "devil-fuge" because it 
was supposed to be a charm against evil 
spirits. Called "heal-all" because it 
was at one time considered a panacea 
both for external injuries and for internal 
complaints. Its Latin name is Hypericum 
perforatum. The -icum is the Greek 
elicwv, "a phantom," from its supposed 
charm against ghosts and evil spirits. 

John, a proverbially unlucky name 
for royalty. (See Dictionary of Phrase 
and Fable, p. 684, col. 2.) 

We shall see, however, that this poor king [Robert //.] 
remained as unfortunate as if his name had still been 
John [he changed it from John to Robcrt\—Sir IV. 
Scott: Tales of a Grandfather, i. 17. 

John, a Franciscan friar. — Shake- 
speare: Romeo and Juliet (1598). 

John, the driver of the Queen's Ferry 
diligence. — Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

John {Don), the bastard brother of 
Don Pedro prince of Aragon. In order 
to torment the governor, don John tries 
to mar the happiness of his daughter 
Hero, who is about to be married to 
lord Claudio. Don John tells Claudio 
that his fiancie has promised him a ren- 
dezvous by moonlight, and, if Claudio will 



550 



JOHN. 



hide in the garden, he may witness it. 

The villain had bribed the waiting-woman 
of Hero to dress up in her mistress's 
clothes and to give him this interview. 
Claudio believes the woman to be Hero, 
and when the bride appears at the altar 
next morning he rejects her with scorn. 
The truth, however, comes to light ; don 
John takes himself to flight ; and Hero 
is married to lord Claudio, the man of her 
choice. — Shakespeare: Much Ado about 
Nothing (1G00). 

I have seen the great Henderson [1747-1785]. . . . 
His " don John " is a comic " Cato," and his " Hamlet * 
a mixture of tragedy, comedy, pastoral, farce, and 
nonsense.— Garrick (1775). 

John {Friar), a tall, lean, wide- 
mouthed, long-nosed friar of Seville, who 
despatched his matins and vigils quicker 
than any of his fraternity. He swore like 
a trooper, and fought like a Trojan. 
When the army from Lerne pillaged the 
convent vineyard, friar John seized the 
staff of a cross and pummelled the rogues 
without mercy, beating out brains, smash- 
ing limbs, cracking ribs, gashing faces, 
breaking jaws, dislocating joints, in the 
most approved Christian fashion ; and 
never was corn so mauled by the flail as 
were these pillagers by ' ' the batdn of the 
cross." — Rabelais: Gargantua, i. 37 

(iS33). 

(Of course, this is a satire of what are 
called Christian or religious wars. ) 

John {King), a tragedy by Shakespeare 
(1598). This drama is founded on The 
First and Second Parts of the Trouble- 
some Raigne of John King of England, 
etc. As they were sundry times publickly 
acted by the Queenes Majesties players in 
the Honourable Citie of London (1591). 

The tale is this : King John usurped 
the crown of England from Arthur, the 
rightful heir, who thus became hateful 
to the usurper. King John induced his 
chamberlain, Hubert, to murder the 
young prince, and Hubert employed two 
men to put out the prince's eyes, which 
would prevent his being a king. (See 
K INGSHIP, Disqualification for. ) Hubert 
relented and saved the boy, but the rumour 
of his death got wind, and the nobles rose 
in rebellion. John accused Hubert as the 
cause of this, but Hubert informed the 
king that prince Arthur was alive. Un- 
known to Hubert, the prince was found 
dead, the pope put John under an inter- 
dict, and gave his kingdom to the French 
dauphin. When the dauphin landed with 
his army, king John gave his kingdom to 
the pope, who removed the interdict, and 



JOHN. 



551 JOHN AND THE ABBOT. 



commanded the dauphin to return to 
France. However, a monk poisoned the 
king, who died, and the crown of England 
passed in regular succession to Henry III. 

In " Macbeth," " Hamlet," " Wolsey," "Coriolanus," 
and " king John," he [Edmund J^ean, 1787-1833] never 
approachecf within any measurable distance of the 
learned, philosophical, and majestic Kemble. — 
Quarterly Review (1835). 

W. C. Macready [1793-1873I to the scene where he 
suggests to " Hubert " the murder of " Arthur," was 
masterly, and his representation of death by psison 
was true, forcible, and terrific— Talfourd. 

Kynge Johan, a drama of the transition 
state between the moralities and tragedy. 
Of the historical persons introduced we 
have king John, pope Innocent, cardinal 
Pandulphus, Stephen Langton, etc. ; and 
of allegorical personages we have Widosved 
Britannia, Imperial Majesty Nobility, 
Clergy, Civil Order, Treason, Verity, and 
Sedition. This play was published in 
1838 by the Camden Society, under the 
care of Mr. Collier (about 1550). 

John {Little), one of the companions 
of Robin Hood.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

John {Prester). According to Mande- 
ville, Prester John was a lineal descendant 
of Ogier the Dane. This Ogier penetrated 
into the north of India with fifteen barons 
of his own country, among whom he 
divided the land. John was made 
sovereign of Teneduc, and was called 
Prester because he converted the natives. 

Another tradition says he had seventy 
kings for his vassals, and was seen by his 
subjects only three times a year. 

Marco Polo says that Prester John was 
the khan Ung, who was slain in battle by 
Jenghiz Khan, in 1202. He was converted 
by the Nestorians, and his baptismal name 
was John. Gregory Bar-Hebrx»us says 
that God forsook him because he had 
taken to himself a wife of the Zinish 
nation, called Quarakhata. 

Otto of Freisingen is the first author 
who makes mention of Prester John. 
His chronicle is brought down to the 
year 1156, and in it we are assured that 
this most mysterious personage was of 
the family of the Magi, and ruled over the 
country of these Wise Men. ' ' He used " 
(according to Otto) u a sceptre made of 
emeralds." 

Bishop Jordanus, in his description of 
the world, sets down Abyssinia as the 
kingdom of Prester John. At one time 
Abyssinia went by the name of Middle 
India. 

Maimonides mentions Prester John, 



and calls him Preste-Cuan. The date oi 
Maimonides is 1135-1204. 

(Before 1241 a letter was addressed 
by Prester John to Manuel Comne'nus, 
emperor of Constantinople. It is to be 
found in the Chronicle of Albericus Trium 
Fontiurn, who gives the date as 1165.) 

N.B. — In Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, 
xvii. , Prester John is called Sena'pus king 
of Ethiopia. He was blind. Though the 
richest monarch of the world, he pined 
"in plenty with endless famine," because 
harpies carried off his food whenever the 
table was spread ; but this plague was to 
cease " when a stranger came to his king- 
dom on a flying horse." Astolpho came 
on a flying griffin, and with his magic horn 
chased the harpies into Cocy'tus. 

John {Prince), son of Henry II., intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in The Betrothed 
(1825). 

John {Prince), brother of Richard I., 
introduced by sir W. Scott in The Talis- 
man (1825). 

John {Sir). (See Luke, p. 639.) — 
Foote : The Lame Lover (1770). 

John and the abbot of Canter- 
bury. King John, being jealous of the 
state kept by the abbot of Canterbury, 
declared he should be put to death unless 
he answered these three questions : (1) 
' ' How much am I worth ? " (2) " How long 
would it take me to ride round the world ?" 
and (3) "What are my thoughts?" The 
king gave the abbot three weeks for his 
reply. A shepherd undertook to disguise 
himself as the abbot, and to answer the 
questions. To the first he said, "The 
king's worth is twenty-nine pence, for 
the Saviour Himself was sold for thirty 
pence, and his majesty is mayhap a 
penny worse than He." To the second 
question he answered, "If you rise with 
the sun and ride with the sun, you will 
get round the world in twenty-four 
hours." To the third question he re- 
plied, "Your majesty thinks me to be 
the abbot, but I am only his servant." — 
Percy : Reliques, II. iii. 6. 

There Is doubt whether the age of these questions is 
as great as is claimed, or certainly the true shape of the 
earth must have been generally known before it is 
usually supposed to have been. 

IF In Sacchetti's Fourth Novella is a 
similar story : The miller answers the 
questions of Messer Bernabo lord of 
Mil'an, who imagined that he was 
questioning the abbot. 

IF In Eulenspiegel (the fifteenth section] 
is a disputation between Eulenspiegel ana 



JOHN AND THE ABBOT. 

the rector of Prague. Eulenspiegel replies 
to the questions with similar answers to the 
"shepherd." Thus, being asked, " How 
far is it to heaven?" Owlglasse replies, 
" Not far ; for a prayer whispered ever so 
low can be heard there instantly. " Being 
asked, " How large is heaven? " he replied, 
** Twelve thousand leagues by ten 
thousand ; and if you doubt my word, 
go and measure it yourself." Being 
asked, " How many days have passed 
since the creation of Adam ? " he replied, 
■ ' Only seven ; for when seven days are 
passed they begin again." 

IT In another section, called The Miller 
and the Magistrate, the same questions 
and answers occur as in king John and 
the abbot, but the last answer is varied 
thus : ' ' You believe that I am your 
curate, but I am only your miller. " 

If Another curious story of hard 
questions is related of Aberdeen, only 
in this case the conversation is in dumb- 
show, which gives rise to a rich vein of 
humour, because of the ambiguity. A 
Spanish ambassador, who is also a pro- 
fessor of "signs," is informed by the 
Scottish king that there is a brother 
professor in the north of his kingdom. 
The professor must see him. The king 
requests the civic authorities to make the 
best of the situation. A one-eyed butcher 
agrees to meet the professor. The don 
holds up one finger ; the butcher, two ; 
the Spaniard holds up three of his fingers ; 
the other, his clenched fist ; the professor 
displays an orange ; the butcher, a dry 
crust. The professor is delighted : When 
he had said there was one God, the other 
had replied that there were Father and 
Son ; when he had declared faith in the 
Trinity, the other had as strongly asserted 
the Unity ; when he had said the earth 
was as round as an orange, the other had 
replied that bread was the staff of life. 
The butcher was no less pleased with the 
way in which he had met the insulting 
remarks of the Spaniard : When the latter 
had held up one finger, thereby hinting 
that the butcher had but one eye, he had 
replied that probably he could see a thing 
as clearly with that one as the professor 
with his two ; when the don gently in- 
timated that they had but three eyes 
between them, he wished him to under- 
stand, in reply, that were it not for the 
authorities, he would have made him rue 
his insolence ; and lastly, when the other 
held up his orange, implying that no such 
fruit could be grown thereabouts, he had 
answered that they did not care for that, 



552 



JOHN O' GROAT. 



so long as they had plenty of good rye> 

bread. 

II Similar questions and answers might 
be varied almost without end. For 
example: (i) "Where is heaven?" Ans. 
"It is the abode of God, who dwells in 
every contrite heart." (2) " What is the 
worth of the whole world?" Ans. 
' ' Thirty pence ; for Jesus was sold for 
that sum, and purchased the redemption 
of the world." (3) "What am I now 
thinking about?" Ans. " What answer 
will be given to your question." 

John Anderson, my jo, John. 

An old Scotch song, consisting of two 
stanzas, each of eight lines. R. Burns 
added six extra stanzas (about 1788). 

John Blunt, a person who prides 
himself on his brusqueness, and in speak- 
ing unpleasant truths in the rudest manner 
possible. He not only calls a spade a 
spade, but he does it in an offensive tone 
and manner. 

John Bull, the national name for an 
Englishman. (See Bull, p. 158.) 

John Chinaman, a Chinese. 

John Company, the old East India 

Company. 

In old times, John Company employed nearly 4000 
men in warehouses. — Old and New London, ii. 185. 

John Grueby, the honest, faithful 
servant of lord George Gordon, who 
wished "the blessed old creetur, named 
Bloody Mary, had never been born." He 
had the habit of looking " a long way 
off." John loved his master, but hated 
his religious craze. 

" Between Bloody Marys, and blue cockades, and 
glorious queen Besses, and no poperys, and protestant 
associations," said Grueby to himself, " I believe my 
lord's half off his head." — Dickens : Barnaby Hudge, 
xxxvi. (1841). 

John Halifax, Gentleman, a 

novel by Miss Mulock (Mrs. Craik) 1857 
(her best). 

John of Bruges (1 syl.), John van 
Eyck, the Flemish painter (1370-1441). 

John o' Groat, a Dutchman, who 
settled in the most northerly part of 
Scotland in the reign of James IV. He 
is immortalized by the way he put an end 
to a dispute among his nine sons re- 
specting precedency. He had nine doors 
made to his cottage, one for each son, 
and they sat at a round table. 

From John o' Groat's house to the Land's 
End, from furthest north to furthest south 
of the island, i.e. through its entire length, 



JOHN OF HEXHAM. 

Jolin of Hexham, Johannes Hagus- 
taldensis, a chronicler (twelfth century). 

John of Ley den, John Bockhold or 
Boccoid, a fanatic (15 10-1536). 

N.B. — In the opera, he is called "the 
prophet." Being about to marry Bertha, 
three anabaptists meet him, and observe 
in him a strong likeness to a picture of 
David in Munster Cathedral. Having 
induced him to join the rebels, they take 
Munster, and crown him " Ruler of 
Westphalia." His mother meets him 
while he is going in procession, but he 
disowns her ; subsequently, however, he 
visits her in prison, and is forgiven. 
When the emperor arrives, the ana- 
baptists fall off, and John, setting fire to 
the banquet-room of the palace, perishes 
with his mother in the flames. — Meyer- 
beer: Le Prophete (1849). 

John with the Leaden Sword. 

The duke of Bedford, who acted as regent 
for Henry VI. in France, was so cailed 
by earl Douglas (surnamed Tine-man). 

Johnny, the infant son of Mrs. Betty 
Higden's "daughter's daughter." Mrs. 
Boffin wished to adopt the child, and to 
call him John Harmon, but it died. 
. During its illness, Bella Wilfer went to 
see it, and the child murmured, "Who 
is the boofer lady ? " The sick child was 
placed in the Children's Hospital, and, 
just at the moment of death, gave his 
toys to a little boy with a broken leg in 
an adjoining bed, and sent " a kiss to the 
boofer lady." — Dickens: Our Mutual 
Friend (18 ^4). 

Johnny Crapaud. A Frenchman 
was so called by English sailors in the 
time of Napoleon I. The Flemings 
called the French "Crapaud Franchos." 
The allusion is to the toads borne in the 
ancient arms of France. 

Johnson, in Albert Smith's novel The 
Adventures of Mr. Ledbury (1844), a 
polished Bohemian, "good-natured, 

reckless, and witty." 

Johnson {John), in cantos vii., viiL, of 
Don "Juan, by Byron (1823). 

In truth be was a noble fellow. 

Johnson {Dr. Samuel), lexico- 
grapher, essayist, and poet (1709-1784). 

I own I like not Johnson's turgid style. 
That gives an inch th' importance of a mHe: 
Casts of manure a waggon-load around. 
To raise a simple daisy from the ground. 
Uplifts the club of Hercules — for what? 
To crush a butterfly or brain a gnat; 
Creates a whirlwind from the earth, t» dxaw 
A goose's feather or exalt a straw ; 



553 - JONATHAN. 

Bids ocean labour with tremendous row. 
To heave a cockle-shell upon the shore. 
Alike in every theme his pompous art. 
Heaven's awful thunder or a rumbling cart. 

Peter Pindar [Dr. John Woicot] (1816). 

Johnstone (Auld Willie), an old 
fisherman, father to Peggy the laundry- 
maid at Woodburne. 

Young Johnstone, his son. — Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George II. ). 

Johnstone's Tippet {St. ), a halter ; 
so called from Johnstone the hangman. 

Joliff e (2 syl. ), footman to lady Pen- 
feather.— Sir W. Scott: St. Ronaris Well 
(time, George III.). 

Joliff e {Joceline), under-keeper of 
Woodstock Forest. — Sir W. Scott : 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Joliquet {Bibo), the garcon of the 
White Lion inn, held by Jerome Le- 
surques (2 syl.). — Stirling: The Courier 
of Lyons (1852). 

Jollup {Sir Jacob), father of Mrs. 
Jerry Sneak and Mrs. Bruin. Jollup is 
the vulgar pomposo landlord of Garratt, 
who insists on being always addressed as 
"sir Jacob." 

Reg. Anan, sir. 

Sir y. " Sir 1 " sirrah t and why not " sir Jacob," you 
rascal? Is that all your manners? Has his majesty 
dubbed me knight, for you to make me a mister? — 
Foote : The Mayor of Garratt, i. i (1763). 

Jolter. In the agony of terror, on 
hearing the direction given to put on the 
dead-lights in a storm off Calais, Smol- 
lett tells us that Jolter went through the 
steps of a mathematical proposition with 
great fervour instead of a prayer. 

Jonas, the name given, in Absalom 
and Achitophel, to sir William Jones, 
attorney-general, who conducted the 
prosecution of the popish plot. — Dryden : 
Absalom and Achitophel, i. (1681). 

. . . bull-faced Jenas, who could statutes draw 
To mean rebellion, *nd make treason law. 

S81. 5-" 
f* Mean," the rerb.) 

JONATHAN, a sleek old widower. 
He was a parish orphan, whom sir 
Benjamin Dove apprenticed, and then 
took into his family. When Jonathan 
married, the knight gave him a farm rent 
free and well stocked. On the death of 
his wife, he gave up the farm, and entered 
the knight's service as butler. Under 
the evil iniluence of lady Dove, this old 
servant was inclined to neglect his kind 
master ; but sir Benjamin soon showed 
him that, although the lady was allowed 
to peck him, the servants were not.— 
Cumberland: The Brothers (1769). 



JONATHAN. 554 

Jonathan, one of the servants of 
general Harrison. — Sir W. Scott: Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Jonathan, an attendant on lord 
Saville.— Sir W. Scott; Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Jonathan (Brother), a national nick- 
name for an American of the United 
States. In the Revolutionary war, 
Washington used to consult his friend 
Jonathan Trumbull, governor of Con- 
necticut, in all his difficulties. " We 
must ask brother Jonathan," was so often 
on his lips, that the phrase became sy- 
nonymous with the good genius of the 
States, and was subsequently applied to 
the North Americans generally. 

Jonathan's, a noted coffee-house in 
'Change Alley, described in The Tatler 
as the "general mart for stock-jobbers." 
What is now termed " the Royal Stock 
Exchange " was at one time called 
"Jonathan's." 

Yesterday the brokers and others . . . came to a 

resolution that [the new building], instead of being 
called "New Jonathan's," should be called "The 
Stock Exchange." The brokers then collected six- 
pence each, and christened the house.— Newspaper 
paragraph July 15, 1773). 

Jones ( Tom), the hero of a novel by 
Fielding, called The History of Tom 
Jones, a Foundling (1749). Tom Jones 
is a model of generosity, openness, and 
manly spirit, mingled with thoughtless 
dissipation. With all this, he is not to 
be admired ; his reputation is flawed, he 
sponges for a guinea, he cannot pay his 
landlady, and he lets out his honour to 
hire. 

The romance of Tom Jones, that exquisite picture 
of human manners, will outlive the palace of the Es- 
curial and the imperial eagle of Austria.— Gibbon. 

To Tom Jones is added the charm of a plot of un- 
rivalled skill, in which the complex threads of interest 
are all brought to bear upon the catastrophe in a 
manner equally unexpected and simple. — Encyclopaedia 
Britannica (article "Romance"). 

Jones (Mrs.), the waiting-woman of 
lady Penfeather.— Sir W. Scott: St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Jonson (Ben), the poet, introduced 
by sir Walter Scott in his Woodstock. 
Shakespeare is introduced in the same 
novel. 

Jopson (Jacob), fanner at the village 
near Clifton. 

Cicely Jopson, Jacob's daughter. She 
marries Ned Williams. — Sir W. Scott: 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Jordan (Mrs. ), the actress, who lived 
with the duke of Clarence, was Miss 



JOSEPH. 

Dorothea Bland. She called herseli 
Dora, first appeared in York as Miss 
Francis, and changed her name at the 
request of an aunt who left her a little 
property. When the change of name 
was debated between her and the man- 
ager, Tate suggested "Mrs. Jordan," and 
gave this very pertinent reason — 

"You have crossed the water," said Tate, "to 111 
call you 'Jordan.'" 

Jorkins, the partner of Mr. Spenlow, 
in Doctors' Commons. Mr. Jorkins is 
really a retiring, soft-hearted man ; but 
to clients he is referred to by Spenlow as 
the stern martinet, whose consent will be 
most difficult to obtain. — Dickens : David 
Copperfield (1849). 

Jorworth-ap-Jevan, envoy of 
Gwenwyn prince of Powys-land. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Betrothed (time, Henry 
II.). 

Josaphat, a young Indian prince, of 
whom it had been predicted that he 
would embrace Christianity and become 
a devotee. His father tried to seclude 
him from all knowledge of misery and 
evil, and to attach him only to pleasur- 
able pursuits. At length the young 
prince took three drives, in one of which . 
he saw Old Age, in another Sickness, 
and in the third Death. This had such 
an effect upon him that he became a 
hermit, and at death was canonized both 
by the Eastern and Western Churches. — 
Johannes Damascenus : Barlaham and 
Josaphat (eighth century). 

Josceline {Sir), an English knight 
and crusader in the army of Richard I. 
— Sir W. Scott: The Talisman (time, 
Richard I. ). 

Jose (Don), father of don Juan, and 
husband of donna Inez. He was hen- 
pecked and worried to death by his wife's 
"proprieties." To the world they were 
" models of respectability," but at home 
they were "cat and dog." Donna Inez 
tried to prove him mad, in order to 
obtain a divorce, and " kept a journal 
where all his faults were noted." "She 
witnessed his agonies with great magnani- 
mity ; " but, while seeking a divorce, don 
Jose" died. — Byron: Don Juan, i. 26, 33 
(1819). 

JOSEPH, the old gardener at Shaw's 
Castle.— Sir W. Scott : St. A'onan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Joseph, a Jew of the noblest type; 
with unbounded benevolence and most 



JOSEPH. 



555 JOURNEY FROM THIS WORLD. 



excellent charity- He sets a splendid 
example of ' ' Christian ethics " to those 
who despised him for not believing the 
" Christian creed." Joseph the Jew was 
the good friend of the Christian minister 
of Mariendorpt. — Knowles : The Maid of 
Mariendorpt (1838). (SeeSHEVA.) 

Joseph (A), a young man not to be 
seduced from his continency by any 
temptation. The reference is to Joseph 
in Potiphar's house (Gen. xxxix.). 

Joseph. (St.), of Arimathas'a, said to 
have brought to Glastonbury in a mystic 
vessel some of the blood which trickled 
from the wounds of Christ at the Cruci- 
fixion, and some of the wine left at the 
Last Supper. This vessel plays a very 
prominent part in the Arthurian legends. 

Next holy Joseph came . . . 

The Saviour of mankind in sepulchre that laid ; 

That to the Britons was th' apostle. In his aid 

St. Duvian, and with him St. Fagan, both which were 

His scholars. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxlv. (1622). 

(He also brought with him the spear of 
Longinus, the Roman soldier who pierced 
the side of Jesus. — Malory : History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 40 (1470). The famous 
Glastonbury thorn, says tradition, sprang 
from the staff which Joseph stuck into the 
ground. See Glastonbuky, p. 428.) 

N.B. — The "mystic vessel" brought 
by Joseph is sometimes called the San 
Graal ; but by referring to the word 
Graal, it will be seen that the usual 
meaning of the term in Arthurian 
romance is very different. 

Joseph the Patriarch. His wife's 
name, according to tradition, was 
Zulieka ; the Bible gives Asenath. 

Jos'ephine (3 syl.), wife of Werner, 
and mother of Ulric. Josephine was the 
daughter of a decayed Italian exile of 
noble blood. — Byron : Werner (1822). 

Joshua ( The book of), the sixth book 
of the Old Testament, which tells us how 
Joshua, after the death of Moses, led the 
Israelites into the promised land. It 
covers a period of about thirty years. 

Jos'ian, daughter ot the king of Ar- 
menia, and wife of sir Bevis of South- 
ampton. It was she who gave the hero his 
sword " Morglay " and his steed " Arun- 
del." — Drayton: Polyolbion, ii. (1612). 

Josse (1 syl.), a jeweller. Lucinde 
(2 syl.), the daughter of Sganarelle, pined 
and fell atvay, and the anxious father 
asked his neighbours what they would 
advise him to do. Mon. Josse replied — 



"Pour moi, je riens que la braverie, que l'ajustement 
est la chose qui rejouit le plus les filles ; et si j'etols 
que de vous, je lui acheterois des aujourdTiuiune belle 
garniture de diamants, ou de rubis, ou d'emeraudes." 

Sganarelle made answer — 

"Vous £tes orfevre, Monsieur Josse; et rotre eon- 
seil sent son homme qui a envie de se difaire de sa mar- 
chandise."— Moliire : L'Atntur Me'decin, i. i (1665). 

Vous ites orfevre, Mon. Josse (" You 
are a jeweller, Mon. Josse, and are not dis- 
interested in your advice "). (See above.) 

Jo'tham, the person who uttered the 
parable ot " The Trees choosing a King," 
when the men of Shechem made Abime- 
lech king. In Dryden's Absalom and 
Achitophel, it stands for George Saville, 
marquis of Halifax. 



Jotham of piercing wit and pregnant thought, 

Endued by nature, and by learning taught 

To move assemblies . . . turned the balance too ; 



So much the weight of one brave man can do. 
Dryden : Absalom and Achitophel, 819-822 (1681). 

Jotunheim, the abode of the frost 
giants in Scandinavian mythology. One 
of the roots of the ash tree yggdrasil 
descended into it. 

Jour des Morts (All Souls' Day). 
A Dieppoise legend explains the phrase 
thus — 

Le guerteur de la jetee volt au milieu de la nnlt 
arriver un bateau a le hele, il s'empresse de lui jeter le 
grelin ; mais a ce moment meme le bateau disparait ; 
on entend des cris plaintifs qui font frissonner, car on 
les reconnait c'est la voix des marins qui ont naufragd 
dans l'annee.— Chapus : Dieppe et ses Environs (1853). 

Jour king 1 of Mambrant, the 

person who carried off Jos'ian the wife 
of sir Bevis of Southampton, his sword 
"Morglay," and his steed "Ar'undeL" 
Sir Bevis, disguised as a pilgrim, re- 
covered all three. — Drayton ; Polyolbion, 
ii. (1612). 

Jourdain (Mons.), an elderly trades- 
man, who has suddenly fallen into a large 
fortune, and wishes to educate himself up 
to his new position in society. He em- 
ploys masters of dancing, fencing, philo- 
logy, and so on ; and the fun of the 
drama turns on the ridiculous remarks 
that he makes, and the awkward figure 
he cuts as the pupil of these professors. 
One remark is especially noted : he says 
he had been talking prose all his life, and 
never knew it till his professor told him. 
— Moliire: Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme 
(1670). 

Journalists. Napoleon I. said — 

A Journalist is a grumbler, a censurer, a giver of 
advice, a regent of sovereigns, a tutor of nations. 
Four hostile newspapers are more formidable than a 
thousand bayonets. 

Journey from this World to the 
Next, a tract by Fielding, the novelist 
(i/43). 



JOVIAN. 

Jovian, emperor of Rom z, was bath- 
ing one day, when a person stole his 
clothes and passed himself off as the 
emperor. Jovian, naked and ashamed, 
went to a knight, said he was emperor, 
and begged the loan of a few garments 
for the nonce ; but the knight called him 
an impostor, and had him scourged from 
the gate. He next went to a duke, who 
was his chief minister ; but the duke had 
him confined, and fed on bread and water 
as a vagrant and a madman. He then 
applied at the palace, but no one recog- 
nized him there. Lastly, he went to his 
confessor, and humbled himself, confess- 
ing his sins. The priest took him to the 
palace, and the sham emperor proved to 
be an angel sent to~ reform the proud 
monarch. The story says that Jovian 
thenceforth reigned with mercy and jus- 
tice, till he died. — Evenings with the Old 
Story-tellers. 

Jowler, in Smollett's History and 
Adventures of an Atom, a political satire, 
is meant for the earl of Chatham (1769). 

Joyeuse (2 syl. ), Charlemagne's 
sword, which bore the inscription, Decern 
frcBceptorum custos Carditis. It was 
buried with the king, as Tizo'na (the 
Cid's sword) was buried with the Cid, 
and the sword Durindana with Orlando. 

Joyeuse -Garde or Gartie-Jo- 
yeuse, the estate given by king Arthur 
to sir Launcelot du Lac for defending 
the queen's honour against sir Mador. 
Here sir Launcelot was buried. 

Joyous Entrance (The), the con- 
stitution granted to the city of Brabant 
by Philip II. of Spain, in 1564. It pro- 
vided (1) that the ecclesiastical power 
shall not be further augmented; (2) that 
no subject shall in any wise be prosecuted 
except in the ordinary civil law courts; 
(3) that no foreigner shall be appointed 
to any office in Brabant ; and (4) if any 
sovereign violates these provisions, the 
oath of allegiance shall be no longer 
binding — Motley: The Dutch Republic, 
pt. i. 2. 

Joyous Isle, the place to which sir 
Launcelot retired during his fit of mad- 
ness, which lasted two years. 

JUAN, in The Spanish Gypsy, a 
dramatic poem by George Eliot (Mrs. J. 
W. Cross) (1 868). 

iuan was a troubadour, . . . 
'reshening life's dusty road with babbling rilk 
Of wit and song. 



55« 



JUAN FERNANDEZ 



Juan (Don), a hero of the sixteenth 
century, a natural son of Charles-quint, 
born at Ratisbonne, in 1545. He con- 
quered the Moors of Grana'da, won a 
great naval victory over the Turks at 
Lepanto, made himself master of Tunis, 
and put down the insurgents of the 
Netherlands (1545-1578). 

(This is the don Juan of C. Delavigne's 
drama entitled Don Juan d'Autriche, 
1835.) 

Juan (Don), son of don Louis Tenorio, 
of Sicily, a heartless rout. His valet 
says of him — 

" Tu vois en don Juan le plus grand scelerat que la 
terre ait jamais porte, un enrage, un chien, un demon, 
un Turc, un heretique qui ne croit ni ciel, ni enfer, ni 
diable, qui passe cette vie en veritable b£te brute, un 

Fourceau d'Epicure, un vrai Sardanapale ; qui ferme 
oreille a toutes les remontrances qu'on lui peut faire, 
et traite de billevesees tout ce que nous croyons."— 
Molttre : Don Juan, i. \ (1665). 

Juan (Don), a native of Seville, son of 
don Jos6 and donna Inez (a blue-stock- 
ing). When Juan was 16 years old, he 
got into trouble with donna Julia, and 
was sent by his mother (then a widow) 
on his travels. His adventures form the 
story of a poem so called ; but the tale 
is left incomplete. — Byron: Don Juan 
(1819-21). 

Cantos i., ii., published 1819 ; cantos ih\, It., t., pub- 
lished 1821 ; cantos vi. to xiv., published 1833 ; cantoi 
xv., xvi., published 1824. 

•." Byron's Don yuan and Don Giovanni have 
nothing in common but the name. Byron's Don yuan 
is merely a young voluptuary, of great amatory pro- 
clivities. 

Juan (Don), or don Giovanni, the 
prince of libertines. The original of this 
character was don Juan Tenorio, of 
Seville, who attempted the seduction of 
the governor's daughter ; and the father, 
forcing the libertine to a duel, fell. A 
statue of the murdered father was erected 
in the family vault ; and one day, when 
don Juan forced his way into the vault, 
he invited the statue to a banquet. The 
statue accordingly placed itself at the 
board, to the amazement of the host, and, 
compelling the libertine to follow, de- 
livered him over to devils, who carried 
him off triumphant. 

(Dramatized first by Gabriel Tellez 
(162:2). Moliere (1665) and Thomas 
Corneille, in Le Festin de Pierre, both 
imitated from the Spanish (1673), have 
made it the subject of French comedies ; 
Goldoni (iji 5), of an Italian comedy ; 
Gliick, of a musical ballet (1765) ; Mozart, 
of an opera called Don Giovanni (1787), 
a princely work. See JUAN.) 

Juan Fernandez, a rocky island in 



JUBA. 

the Pacific Ocean, near the coast of 
Chili. Here Alexander Selkirk, a buc- 
caneer, resided in solitude for four years. 
Defoe is supposed to have based his tale 
of Robinson Crusoe on the history of 
Alexander Selkirk. 

(Defoe places the island of his hero 
"on the east coast of South America," 
somewhere near Dutch Guiana.) 

Juba, prince of Numidia, warmly 
attached to Cato while he lived at Utlca 
(in Africa), and passionately in love with 
Marcia, Cato's daughter. Sempro'nius, 
having disguised himself as Juba, was 
mistaken for the Numidian prince by 
Marcia ; and being slain, she gave free 
vent to her grief, thus betraying the state 
of her affection. Juba overheard her, and 
as it would have been mere prudery to 
deny her love after this display, she 
freely confessed it, and Juba took her as 
his betrothed and future wife. — Addison : 
Cato (1713)* 

Jubal, son of Lamech and Adah. 
The inventor of the lyre and flute. — 
Gen. iv. 19-21. 

Then when he \Javan\ heard the voice of Jubal's lyre. 
Instinctive genius caught the ethereal fire. 
Montgomery ; The World before the Flood, I (1812). 

Jubilee Dicky, in Steele's comedy 
of The Conscious Lovers (1721). 

Judas, in pt. ii. of Absalom and 
Achitophel, by Tate, is meant for Mr. 
Fergueson, a nonconformist, who joined 
the duke of Monmouth, and afterwards 
betrayed him. 

Shall that false Hebronite escape our curse — 
Judas, that keeps the rebels' pension-purse; 
Judas, that pays the treason-writer's fee ; 
Judas, that well deserves his namesake's tree? 
Absalom and Achitophel, ii. 319-333 (1683). 

Judas Colour. In the old mystery- 
plays, Judas had hair and beard of a 
fiery red colour. 

Let their beards be Judas's own colour. 

Kyd : The Spanish Tragedy (1597). 

Judas Iscariot. Klopstock says 
that Judas Iscariot had a heart formed 
for every virtue, and was in youth un- 
polluted by crime, insomuch that the 
Messiah thought him worthy of being 
one of the twelve. He, however, was 
jealous of John, because Jesus loved him 
more than He loved the rest of the 
apostles ; and this hatred towards the 
beloved disciple made him hate the lover 
of "the beloved." Judas also feared 
(says Klopstock) that John would have 
a higher post than himself in the king- 
dom, and perhaps be made treasurer. 



557 JUDITH. 

The poet tells us that Judas betrayed 
Jesus under the expectation that it would 
drive Him to establish His kingdom at 
once, and rouse Him into action. — Klop- 
stock: The Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Judas Tree, a gallows. 

N.B. — The garden shrub called the 
Judas tree is a mere blunder for kuamos 
tree, i.e. the bean tree; but the corrupt 
name has given rise to the legend that 
Judas hanged himself on one of these 
trees. 

Judges {The Book of) contains the 
history of the Israelites after the death of 
Joshua, when the people were governed 
by judges. 

There were fourteen fudges, but the history of the 
last two (Eli and Samuel) is contained in the First Book 
of Samuel. Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, and Deborah 
(a woman) are the chief rulers mentioned in the Book 
0/ Judges. 

Judgment of Hercules (The). 
(See Herculis's Choice. ) 

Judgment of Paris, a poem, 
by James Beattie (1765). Tennyson's 
(Enone (1832) is the same subject. 

(N.B. — (Enone (3 syl.) was the be- 
loved of Paris, who had to decide which 
of the three goddesses (Juno, Minerva, 
and Venus) was the most beautiful 
All three tried the effects of bribery : 
Juno promised him dominion, Minerva 
promised wisdom, but Venus promised 
him the most beautiful of women for a 
wife. Of course, Paris gave his award 
in favour of Venus.) 

Judi {A I), the mountain on which 
the ark rested. The word is a corruption 
of A I Kurdu, so called because it was 
inhabited by the Kurds. The Greeks 
corrupted the name into Gordyosi, and 
the mountain was often called the Gor- 
dyaean. 

The ark rested on the mountain Al Judl—Al Kordn, 

Judith, a beautiful Jewess of Bethu'- 
lia, who, to save her native town, 
assassinated Holofernt-s, the general of 
Nebuchadnezzar. When Judith showed 
the head of the general to her country- 
men, they rushed on the invading army, 
and put it to a complete rout. — Judith 
vii., x.-xv. 

(The words of the opera of Judith are 
by Bickerstaff, the music by Dr. Arne, 
1764.) 

Judith {Aunt), sister to Master George 
Heriot the king's goldsmith. — Sir W. 
Scott : Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I. \ 



JUDY. S5» 

Judy, the wife of Punch. Master 
Punch, annoyed by the cries of the baby, 
gives it a knock, which kills it, and, to 
conceal his crime from his wife, throws 
the dead body out of the window. Judy 
comes to inquire! about the child, and, 
hearing of its death, upbraids her lord 
stoutly, and tries on him the "reproof of 
blows." This leads to a quarrel, in which 
Judy is killed. The officers of justice, 
coming to arrest the domestic tyrant, 
meet the same fate as his child and wife ; 
but at last the devil outwits him, he is 
hanged, and carried off to the place of all 
evil-doers. 

Juel {Nils), a celebrated Danish 
admiral, who received his training under 
Tromp and De Ruyter. He defeated the 
Swedes in 1677 in several engagements. 

Nils Juel gave heed to the tempest's roar ... 
"Of Denmark's Juel who can defy 
The power 1 " 

Longfellow: King Christian [V.\ 

Julet'ta, the witty, sprightly attend- 
ant of Alinda. — Fletcher : The Pilgrim 
(1621). 

Julia, a lady beloved by Protheus. 
Her waiting-woman is Lucetta. — Shake* 
speare: Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 

Julia, the " ward " of Master Walter 
" the hunchback." She was brought up 
by him most carefully in the country, 
and at a marriageable age was betrothed 
to sir Thomas Clifford. Being brought to 
London, she was carried away in the 
vortex of fashion, and became the votary 
of pleasure and dissipation, abandoned 
Clifford, and promised to marry the earl 
of Rochdale. As the wedding day drew 
nigh, her love for Clifford returned, and 
she implored her guardian to break off 
her promise of marriage to the earl. 
Walter now showed himself to be the 
real earl of Rochdale, and father of Julia. 
Her nuptials with the supposed earl fell 
to the ground, and she became the wife 
of sir Thomas Clifford. — Knowles : The 
Hunchback (1831). 

Julia {Donna), a lady of Seville, 
of Moorish origin, a married woman, 
"charming, chaste, and twenty-three." 
Her eye was large and dark, her hair 
glossy, her brow smooth, her cheek "ail 
purple with the beam of youth," her 
husband 50, and his name Alfonso. Donna 
Julia loved a lad of 16, named don Juan, 
" not wisely but too well," for which she 
was confined in a convent — Byron : Don 
Juan, L 59-188 (1819). 



JULIE. 



Tender and Impassioned, but possessfaf ■•ither In- 
formation to occupy her mind, nor good principles to 
regulate her conduct, donna Julia is an illustration of 
the women of Seville, " whose minds have but one idea, 
and whose life-business is intrigue. " The slave of every 
impulse . . . she now prostrates herself before the altar 
of the Virgin, making the noblest efforts " for honour, 
pride, religion, virtue's sake," and then, "in the full 
security of innocence," she seeks temptation, and finds 
retreat impossible.— Finden ; Byron Beauties. 

Julia Melville, a ward of sir Anthony 
Absolute ; in love with Faulkland, who 
saved her life when she was thrown int» 
the water by the upsetting of a boat— 
Sheridan : The Rivals (1775). 

Julian {Count), a powerful lord of 
the Spanish Goths. When his daughter 
Florinda was violated by king Roderick, 
the count was so indignant that he 
invited over the Moors to come and push 
him from the throne, and even turned 
regenade the better to effect his purpose. 
The Moors succeeded, but condemned 
count Julian to death, " to punish 
treachery, and prevent worse ill." Julian, 
before he died, sent for "father Mao 
cabee," and said — 

I would fain 
Die In the faith wherein my fathers died. 
I feel that I have sinned, and from my soul 
Renounce the Impostor's faith, which in my soul 
No place obtained. 

Southey : Roderick, etc., xxiv. (1814). 

Julian {St.), patron saint of hospit- 
ality. A synonym for an epicure, or man 
of hospitality. 

An househalder and that a gret was be ; 
Seint Julian he was in his countre. 
Chancer : Introduction to Canterbury Tales (1388). 

Julian St. Pierre, the brother of 
Mariana {q.v.). — Knowles : The Wife 
(1833). 

Juliana, wife of Vir61et, saint and 
heroine. — Beaumont and Fletcher: Th* 
Double Marriage (1647). 

(The other marriage was with Martia.) 

Juliana, eldest daughter of Bal- 
thaza. A proud, arrogant, overbearing 
" Katharine," who marries the duke of 
Aranza, and intends to be lady para- 
mount The duke takes her to a poor 
hut, which he calls his home, gives her 
the household duties to perform, and 
pretends to be a day labourer. She 
chafes for a time, but his manliness, 
affection, and firmness get the mastery; 
and when he sees that she loves him for 
himself, he announces the fact that after 
all he is the duke and she the duchess of 
Aranza. — Tobin : The Honeymoon (1804). 

Ju'liance, a giant.— Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 98 (1470). 

Julie (2 syl. ), the heroine of Moliere'i 



JULIE. 

comedy entitled Mons. de Pourceaugnac 
(1669). 

Julie (2 syl.), the heroine of J. J. 
Rousseau's novel entitled Julie ou la 
Nouvelle Hiloise ( 1760). The prototype 
was the comtesse d'Houdetot. Julie had 
a pale complexion, a graceful figure, a 
profusion of light brown hair, and her 
near-sightedness gave her " a charming 
mixture of gaucherie and grace." Ros- 
seau went every morning to meet her, 
that he might receive from her that single 
kiss with which Frenchwomen salute a 
friend. One day, when Rousseau told her 
that she might innocently love others 
besides her husband, she naively replied, 
"Je pourrais done aimer mon pauvre 
St Lambert." Lord Byron has made her 
familiar to English readers. 

His love was passion's essence . . . 
This breathed itself to life in Julie ; this 
Invested her with all that's wild and sweet ; 
This hallowed, too, the memorable kiss 
Which every morn his fevered lip would greet 
From her's, who but with friendship his would meet. 
Byrtn : Child* Harold, iii. 79 (1816). 

N.B. — Julie was in love with St. Preux ; 
and the object of Rousseau's novel is to 
invest vice with an air of attraction. 

To make madness beautiful, and cast 

O'er erring deeds and thoughts a heavenly hue 

Of words, like sunbeams, dazzling as they pass. 

Julie de Mortemar, an orphan, 
ward of Richelieu, loved by king Louis 
XIII. , count Baradas, and Adrien de 
Mauprat, the last of whom she married. 
After many hair-breadth escapes and 
many a heart-ache, the king allowed the 
union and blessed the happy pair. — Lord 
Lytton : Richelieu (1839). 

Juliet, daughter of lady Cap'ulet of 
Verona, in love with Ro'meo son of 
Mon'tague (3 syl.), a rival house. As 
the parents could not be brought to 
sanction the alliance, the whole intercourse 
was clandestine. In order that Juliet 
might get from the house and meet 
Romeo at the cell of Friar Laurence, she 
took a sleeping draught, and was carried 
to the family vault. The intention was 
that on waking she should repair to the 
cell and get married ; but Romeo, seeing 
her in the vault, killed himself from 
grief ; and when Juliet woke and found 
Romeo dead, she killed herself also. — 
Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet (1598). 

• . • C. H. Wilson says of Mrs. Baddeley 
(1742-1780) that her " 'Juliet ' was never 
surpassed." W. Donaldson, in his Recol- 
lections, says that " Miss O'Neill made her 
first appearance in Covent Garden Theatre 
\n 1815 as 'Juliet,' and never was such 



559 JULIUS CiESAR. 

an impression made before by any actress 
whatsoever." Miss Fanny Kemble and 
Miss Helen Faucit were both excellent in 
the same character. 

The doating fondness and silly peevishness of the 
nurse tends [sic] to relieve the soft and affectionate 
character of "Juliet," and to place her before the 
audience in a point of view which those who have seen 
Miss O'Neill perform "Juliet " know how to appreciate. 
— Sir IV. Scott: The Dram*. 

Juliet, the lady beloved by Claudio 
brother of Isabella. — Shakespeare: Mea- 
sure for Measure ( 1603). 

Ju'lio, a noble gentleman, in love with 
Lelia a wanton widow. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher : The Captain (1603). 

Julio of Harancour, "the deaf 
and dumb" boy, ward of Darlemont, 
Darlemont gets possession of Julio's in- 
heritance, and abandons him in the streets 
of Paris ; but he is rescued by the abbe" 
De l'Epee, who brings him up, and gives 
him the name of Theodore. Julio grows 
up a noble-minded and intelligent young 
man, is recognized by the Franval 
family, and Darlemont confesses that 
"the deaf and dumb" boy is the count 
of Harancour. — Holcroft : The Deaf and 
Dumb (1785). 

Julius {St.), a British martyr of 
Caerleon or the City of Legions (Newport, 
in South Wales). He was torn limb 
from limb by Maximia'nus Herculius, 
general of the army of Diocle'tian in 
Britain. Two churches were founded in 
the City of Legions — one in honour of St. 
Julius, and one in honour of St Aaron, 
his fellow-martyr. 

. . . two other . . . sealed their doctrine with their 

blood ; 
St. Julius, and with him St. Aaron, have their room 
At Carleon. suffering death by Diocletian's doom. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxiv. (1622). 

Julius Caesar, an historic tragedy by 
Shakespeare (1601, printed 1623). Julius 
Caesar is chosen king of Rome, at the 
Liipercal, but, though offered the crown 
thrice by Antony, he " did thrice refuse." 
However, his friend Brutus, with Cassius, 
Casca, and others, conspired his death, 
and murdered him. This gave rise to 
two factions : the party of Antony, which 
consisted of Antony, Octavius, and Lepl- 
dus ; and the party of Brutus. This led 
to a civil war. At the battle of Philippi 
Cassius was slain, Brutus killed himself; 
the triumvirate became masters of Rome. 

(Stirling published, in 1607, a tragedy 
entitled The Death of Julius Casar ; and 
Antoni, in 1691, The Conspiracy of 
Brutus.) 



JUMPS. gfo 

Jumps [Jemmy], in The Farmer. One 
of the famous parts of Jos. S. Munden 
(.758-1832). 

June ( The Glorious First of) was June, 
1794, when lord Howe gained a great 
victory over the French. 

Junius [Letters of), forty -four letters 
on political subjects which appeared in 
the Public Advertiser between 1769 and 
1772. The duke of Grafton, the duke of 
Bedford, and lord Mansfield were especi- 
ally attacked. Generally attributed to 
sir Philip Francis ; but sir Philip always 
denied that he was the author. 

There were other letters which followed : one signed 
Philo JuniiiS ; 113 under various names; and 7a 
addressed to Woodfall, publisher of the Advertiser. 

Junkerthum, German squirearchy. 
(From junker, " a young nobleman ; " our 
younker. ) 

Juno's Birds. Juno is represented 
in works of art as drawn through fields 
of air by a pair of peacocks harnessed to 
her chariot. 

Jiipe [Signor), clown in Sleary's 
circus, passionately attached to his daugh- 
ter Cecilia. Signor Jupe leaves the circus 
suddenly, because he is hissed, and is 
never heard of more. 

Cecilia Jupe, daughter of the clown. 
After the mysterious disappearance of 
her father, she is adopted and educated 
by Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., M.P. — 
Dickens: Hard Times (1854). 

Just (7*4 

Aristides, the A then 'an (died B.C. 
468). 

Ba'haram, called Shah endeb ("the 
just king"). He was the fifth of the 
Sassan'ides (276-296). 

Cassimir II. of Poland (1117, 1177- 
1194). 

Ferdinand I. of Aragon (1373, 1412- 
!4i6). 

Haroun-al-Raschid (" the just,"), the 
greatest of the Abbasside caliphs (765, 
786-808). 

James II. of Aragon (1261, 1285- 

J 3 2 7) 

KHOSRU or Chosroks I., called by the 
Arabs Molk al Adel (" the just king"). He 
was the twenty-first of the SassanidSs 
*, 531-579). 

Moran, counsellor of Feredach an 
early king of Ireland. 

Pedro I. of Portugal (1320, 1357- 
1367)- 

Justin'ian [The English), Edward I. 
(1339, 1272-1307). 



Ju'venal [The English), John Old- 

ham (1653-1683). 

Ju'venal ( The Young). [Dr.] Thomas 
Lodge is so called by Robert Green (1555- 
1625). — A Groat' sworth of Wit, bought 
with a Million of Repentance. 

Ju'venal of Painters ( The), Wil- 
liam Hogarth (1697-1794). 

J'y suis et j'y reste ("Here am 
I placed, and here I mean to remain "). 
This was said by marshal de MacMahon, 
and shows the character of the matshal- 
president of the French better than a 
volume (1877). He resigned in 1879; 
born 1808, died 1893. 



K. 



K.D.G. The 1st or King's Dragoon 

Gtards, raised in 1685. Called "The 
King's Regiment of Horse," in 1714 ; and 
in 1746 " The 1st or King's Regiment of 
Dragoon Guards." Their badge is the 
royal cypher within the garter ; and their 
uniform scarlet, with blue facings, and a 
red plume. 

Kadr [At), the night on which the 
Koran was sent down to Mahomet. Al 
Kadr is supposed to be the seventh of the 
last ten nights of Ramadan, or the night 
between the 23rd and 24th days of the 
month. 

Verily we sent down the Koran on the night of AI 
Kadr; and what can make thee comprehend how ex- 
cellent the night of Al Kadr is 1— Al Kordn, xcvii. 

Kaf [Mount), a mountain encircling 
the whole earth, said to be a huge table- 
land which walls in the earth as a ring 
encircles one's finger. It is the home of 
giants and fairies, jinn, peris, and rieevs, 
and rests on the sacred stone called Sakh- 
rat. It is fully described in the romance 
of Hatim Tat, the hero of which often 
visited the region. The romance has 
been translated into English by Duncan 
Forbes. — Mohammedan A lythology. 

The mountain of Kaf surrounds the whole world. It 
Is composed of one entire emerald. Beyond it there 
are forty other worlds, entirely different to this ; each 
of the Forty worlds has 400.000 cities, and each city 
400,000 gates. The inhabitants of these cities are 
entirely exempt from all the sufferings of the race of 
man ; the day there has no night, the earth is gold, and 
the inhabitants angels, who sing without ceasing the 
praises of Allah and his prophet. 



KAF. 



5«* 



KASHAN. 



The mountain Kaf is placed between the horns of 
a white ox, named Kirnit. The head of this ox touches 
the east, and his hind parts the west, and the distance 
between these horns could not be traversed in 100,000 
years.— Comte de Cay/us : Oriental Tales (" History of 
Abdal MotaUeb," 1743). 

The mountain of Kaf may set bounds to the world, 
but not to the wishes of the ambitious.— Comte de 
Caylus : Oriental Tales (" Dakianos and the Seven 
Sleepers," 1743)- 

From Kaf to Kaf, from one extremity 
of the earth to the other. The sun was 
supposed to rise from one of its eminences 
and to set on the opposite. 

The mountain of Kaf may tremble, but the power of 
Allah remaineth fast for ever and wex.—Btckford : 
VatheJt (1784). 

Kaf, a fountain, the waters of which 
confer immortality on the drinker. 

Sure his lips 
Have drunk of Kaf s dark fountain, and he comes 
Strong in his immortality. 

Southey : Roderick, etc., xxv. (1814). 

Kail, a prince of Ad, sent to Mecca to 
pray for rain. Three clouds appeared, 
a white one, a red one, and a black one, 
and Kail was bidden to make his choice. 
He chose the last, but when the cloud 
burst, instead of rain it cast out lightning, 
which killed him. — Sale: Al Kordn, vii. 
note. 

Kail'yal (2 syl.), the lovely and holy 
daughter of Ladur'lad, persecuted re- 
lentlessly by Ar'valan ; but virtue and 
chastity, in the person of Kailyal, always 
triumphed over sin and lust. When 
Arvalan "in the flesh" attempted to 
dishonour Kailyal, he was slain by La- 
durlad ; but he then continued his attacks 
" out of the flesh." Thus, when Kailyal 
was taken to the Bower of Bliss by a 
benevolent spirit, Arvalan borrowed the 
dragon-car of the witch Lor'rimite (3 
syl. ) to drag him thence ; the dragons, 
however, unable to mount to paradise, 
landed him in a region of thick-ribbed 
ice. Again, Kailyal, being obliged to 
quit the Bower, was made the bride of 
Jaga-naut, and when Arvalan presented 
himself before her again, she set fire 
to the pagoda, and was carried from the 
flames by her father, who was charmed 
from fire as well as water. Lastly, while 
waiting for her father's return from the 
submerged city, whither he had gone 
to release Ereen'ia (3 syl. ), Arvalan once 
more appeared, but was seized by Baly, 
the governor of hell, and cast into the 
bottomless pit. Having descended to hell, 
Kailyal quaffed the water of immortality, 
and was taken by Ereenia to his Bower 
of Bliss, to dwell with him for ever in 
endless joy. — Southey : Curse of Kehama 
(1809). 



Kaimes {Lord), one of the two judges 
in Peter Peebles's lawsuit. — Sir W. Scott: 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Kalas'rade (3 syl.), the virtuous 
wife of Sadak, persecuted by the sultan 
Am'urath. ( See Sad A K. )— Ridley : Tales 
of the Genii, xi. (1751). 

Kaled. Gulnare (2 syl.) disguised as 
a page, in the service of Lara. After 
Lara is shot, she haunts the spot of his 
death as a crazed woman, and dies at 
length of a broken heart. 

Light was his form, and darkly delicate 
That brow whereon his native sun had sate . . . 
And the wild sparkle oi his eye seemed caught 
From high, and lightened with electric thought ; 
Tho' its black orb those long low lashes fringe 
Had tempered with a melancholy tinge. 

Byron : Lara (1814). 

Kalember g" ( The curd of), a recueil 
of facetiae. The escapades of a young 
student made a chaplain in the Austrian 
court. He sets at defiance and torments 
every one he encounters, and ends in 
being court fool to Otho the Gay, grand- 
son of Rudolf of Hapsburg. — German 
Poem (fifteenth century). 

Zalyb, "the Lady of the Woods," 
who stole St. George from his nurse, 
brought him up as her own child, and 
endowed him with gifts. St. George 
enclosed her in a rock, where she was 
torn to pieces by spirits. — Johnson : Seven 
Champions of Christendom, i. (1617). 

Kama, the Hundu god of love. He 
rides on a sparrow, the symbol of lust ; 
holds in his hand a bow of sugar-cane 
strung with bees ; and has five arrows, 
one for each of the five senses. 

Her ebony brows have the form of the bow of Kama, 
the god of love, and she seems to have been modellea 
by the hand of Vicvarcarna, the immortal sculptor.— 
Ocaf Uddaul : Description of queen Ahmehmagara, 

Karma, the necessary effect of a 
cause, when not interfered with by any- 
thing. It is, therefore, natural justice : 
"As you sow so you must reap." (See 
Nirvana.) 

Karon, son of Yeshar or Izhar, uncle 
of Moses, the most beautiful and wealthy 
of all the Israelites. 

Riches of Kartin, an Arabic and Jewish 
proverb. The Jews say that Karun had 
a large palace, the doors of which were of 
solid gold. — Sale: Al Koran, xxviii. 

(This Karun is the Korah of the 
Pentateuch. ) 

Kashan {Scorpions of). Kashan, in 
Persia, is noted for its scorp'ons, which 
are both large and venomous.. A common 
a o 



KATE. 562 

curse in Persia is, May you be stung ky a 
scorpion of Kashan I 

Kate [Plowden], niece of colonel 
Howard of New York, in love with 
lieutenant Barnstable of the British 
navy, but promised by the colonel in 
marriage to captain Boroughcliff, a 
vulgar, conceited Yankee. Ultimately, 
it is discovered that Barnstable is the 
colonel's son, and the marriage is 
arranged amicably between Barnstable 
and Kate.— Fitzball : The Pilot. 

Kate Kearney [Kar'-ney], an Irish 
song, by lady Morgan of Dublin (1797). 

Oh ! did you ne'er hear of Kate Kearney? 
She lives on the banks of Killarney ; 
From the glance of her eye, shun danger and fly. 
For fatal's the glance of Kate Kearney. 

Stanza L 

Katerfelto, a celebrated quack; a 
generic name for a quack. — Cowper : The 
Task, bk. iv. ("Winter Evening," ver. 86). 

Kathari'na, the elder daughter of 
Baptista of Padua. She was of such an 
ungovernable spirit and fiery temper, 
that she was nicknamed "The Shrew." 
As it was very unlikely any gentleman 
would select such a spitfire for his wife, 
Baptista made a vow that his younger 
daughter Bianca should not be allowed 
to marry before her sister. Petruchio 
married Katharina and tamed her into 
a most submissive wife, insomuch that 
when she visited her father a bet was 
made by Petruchio and two other bride- 
grooms on their three brides. First 
Lucentio sent a servant to Bianca to 
desire her to come into the room ; but 
Bianca sent word that she was busy. 
Hortensio next sent the servant "to 
entreat " his bride to come to him ; but 
she replied that Hortensio had better 
come to her if he wanted her. Petruchio 
said to the servant, "Tell your mistress 
I command her to come to me at once ; " 
she came at once, and Petruchio won the 
bet. — Shakespeare : Taming of the Shrew 
(I594)- 

Katharine, a lady in attendance on 
the princess of France. Dumain, a young 
lord in the suite of Ferdinand king of 
Navarre, asks her hand in marriage, and 
she replies — 

A twelvemonth and a day 
111 mark no words that smooth-faced wooers say. 
Come then . . . 
And if I have much love, 111 give you some. 

Shakespeare : Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 

Katharine [Queen), the divorced wife 
of Henry VIII. — Shakespeare : Henry 
VIII. (1601). 



KAVANAGH. 

The following actresses are celebrated for thai* 
Impersonations of this character :— Mrs. Pritchard 
(1711-1768); Margaret [Peg] Woffington (1718-1760) ; 
Mrs. Siddons (1755-1831] ; Mrs. Barley (1785-1850). 

Katherine de Medici of China, 

Voo-chee, widow of king Tae-tsong. 
She was most imperious and cruel, but 
her energy was irresistible (684-705). 

Kathleen Mavourneen. Words 
by Mrs. Crawford, music by Frederick 
William Nicholls Crouch, who died 1896. 
He was born in 1808 at Warren Street, 
St. Pancras. The song first appeared in 
Chapman's Metropolitan Monthly Maga- 
zine. Crouch obtained ^100 for the 
"performing rights" of this song, and 
Mrs. Crawford £20 for the words of this 
and three other songs, viz. Dermot 
Astoret Sheila, my Darling Colleen ; and 
The Death of Dermot t (on the Field of 
Waterloo). 

Katin'ka, a Georgian, "white and 
red, with great blue eyes, a lovely hand 
and arm, and feet so small they scarce 
seemed made to tread, but rather skim 
the earth." She was one of the three 
beauties of the harem, into which don 
Juan was admitted in female disguise. 
The other two were Lolah and Dudu.— 
Byron: Don Juan, vi. 40, 41 (1824). 

Katmir', the dog of the seven 
sleepers. It spoke with a human voice, 
and said to the young men who wanted 
to drive it out of the cave, "I love those 
who love God. Go to sleep, masters, and 
I will keep guard." The dog kept guard 
over them for 309 years, and neither 
slept nor ate. At death it was taken up 
into paradise. —Sale : Al Koran, xviii. 
notes. 

(Katmir, in the Oriental TaUs, is 
called " Catnier.") 

The shepherd had a little dog named Catnier [sic], 
that followed them. They threw a stone at him to 
drive him back ; the stone broke his left leg, but the 
dog still followed them, limping. They then threw 
another stone at the dog, and broke his right fore leg. 
It now followed them on its two hind legs, and a third 
stone having broken one of these, the poor creature 
could no longer stand. God now gave it the gift of 
speech, ... at which they were so astonished that 
they carried it with them by turns.— Comte de Caylus : 
Oriental Tales (" Dakianos and the Seven Sleepers ■ 
1743)- 

He wouldn't give a bone to Katmtr, or 
He wouldn't throw a bone to the dog of the 
seven sleepers, an Arabic proverb, applied 
to a very niggardly man. 

Kavanagh, a novel by Longfellow 
(1849). Kavanagh is a clergyman who 
marries Cecilia Vaughan. 



KAY. 



S«3 



KENGE. 



Kay (Sir), son of sir Ector, and foster- 
brother of prince Arthur, who made him 
his seneschal or steward. Sir Kay was 
ill-tempered, mean-spirited, boastful, and 
overbearing. He had not strength of 
mind enough to be a villain like Hagen, 
nor strength of passion enough to be a 
traitor likeGanelon and Mordred; but he 
could detract and calumniate, could be 
envious and spiteful, could annoy and 
irritate. His wit consisted in giving 
nicknames : Thus he called young Gareth 
" Big Hands" (Beaumains), " because his 
hands were the largest that ever any one 
had seen." He called sir Brewnor " The 
Shocking Bad Coat" (La Cote Male-taili), 
because his doublet fitted him so badly, 
and was full of sword-cuts. — Sir T. 
Malory: history 0/ Prince Arthur, i. 3, 
4, 120, etc. (1470). (See Key.) 

(Tennyson introduces sir Kay in his 
Idylls of the King.) 

Kayward, the name of the hare in 
the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Keblah, the point towards which 
Mohammedans turn their faces in prayer. 

Kecksey, a wheezy old wittol, who 
pretends to like a termagant wife who 
can flirt with other men — ugh, ugh ! — he 
loves high spirits— ugh, ugh ! — and to see 
his wife — ugh, ugh ! —happy and scamper- 
ing about — ugh, ugh ! — to theatres and 
balls— ugh, ugh ! — he likes to hear her 
laugh — ugh, ugh ! — and enjoy herself — 
ugh, ugh 1 Oh 1 this troublesome cough ! 
— ugh, ugh ! — Garrick : The Irish 
Widow (1757)- 

Ke'derli, the St. George of Moham- 
medan mythology. Like St. George, he 
slew a monstrous dragon to save a damsel 
exposed to its fury, and, having drunk of 
the water of life, rode through the world 
to aid those who were oppressed. 

Keelavine (Mr.), painter at the Spa 
hotel— Sir W. Scott: St. Ronaris Well 
(time, George III.). 

Keene (Abel), a village schoolmaster, 
Afterwards a merchant's clerk. Being led 
astray, he lost his place and hanged 
himself. — Crabbe : Borough, xxi. (1810). 

Keepers (of Piers Plowman's visions), 
the Malvern Hills. Piers Plowman (W. 
or R. Langland, 1362) supposes himself 
fallen asleep on the Malvern Hills, and 
in his dream he sees various visions of 
an allegorical character pass before him. 
These " visions " he put into poetry, the 
whole containing 15,000 verses, divided 



into twenty parts, each part being called 
a passus or separate vision. 

Keepers of Piers Plowman's vision, thro' the sunshine 
and the snow. 

Mrs. Browning : The Lost Bower. 

Eeha'ma, the almighty rajah of 
earth, and all-powerful in Swerga or 
heaven. After a long tyranny, he went 
to Pan'dalon (hell) to claim domination 
there also. Kehama demanded why the 
throne of Yamen (or Pluto) was supported 
by only three persons, and was told that 
he himself must be the fourth. He paid 
no heed to this prophecy, but commanded 
the amreeta-cup or draught of immortality 
to be brought to him, that he might quaff 
it and reign for ever. Now, there are two 
immortalities — the immortality of life for 
the good, and the immortality of death 
for the wicked. When Kehama drank 
the amreeta, he drank immortal death, 
and was forced to bend his proud neck 
beneath the throne of Yamen, to become 
the fourth supporter. — Southey : Curse oj 
Kehama (1809). 

• . * Ladurlad was the person subjected 
to the "curse of Kehama," and under 
that name the story will be found. 

Eela, now called Calabar. 

Sailing with a fair wind, we reached Kela In six days, 
and landed. Here we found lead-mines, some Indian 
canes, and excellent camphor. — A rabian Nights 
(" Sinbad," fourth voyage). 

Keltie (Old), innkeeper at Kinross. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Abbot (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Kempfer-Hausen, Robert Pearce 
Gillies, oneof the speakers in the " Noctfis 
Ambrosianae." — Blackwood's Magazine. 

Kendah,, an Arabian tribe, which 
used to bury alive their female children 
as soon as they were born. The Kordn 
refers to them in ch. vi. 

Kenelm (St.) was murdered at 
Clente-in-Cowbage, near Winchelcumb, 
in Gloucestershire ; but the murder " was 
miraculously notified at Rome by a white 
dove," which alighted on the altar of St. 
Peter's, bearing in its beak a scroll with 
these words — 

In Clent cow-pasture, under a thorn. 
Of head bereft, lies Kenelm king-born. 
Roger de IVendover : Chronicles (died 1037). 

Kenelm Chillingly, a novel by 

lord Lytton (1873). 

Kenge (1 syl.), of the firm of Kenge 
and Carboy, Lincoln's Inn, generally 
called " Conversation Kenge," loving 
above all things to hear " the dulcet 
tones of his own voice." The firm was 



KENILWORTH. 



S64 



engaged on the side of Mr. Jarndyce in 
the great Chancery suit of "Jarndyce v. 
Jarndyce." — Dickens: Bleak House (1852). 

Kenil-worth, a novel by sir W. 
Scott (1821). This is very superior to 
The Abbot and The Monastery. For 
interest it comes next to Jvanhoe, and 
the portrait of queen Elizabeth is life- 
like and correct. That of queen Mary 
is given in The Abbot. The novel is full 
of courtly gaieties and splendour, but 
contains the unhappy tale of the beautiful 
Amy Robsart, which cannot fail to excite 
our sympathy and pity. 

The tale is about the infidelity of the 
earl of Leicester and the death of his 
wife, Amy Robsart.^ Queen Elizabeth 
went to Kenilworth Castle on a visit to 
the earl of Leicester, who wished and 
hoped to become king-consort, but Amy 
Robsart was in the way. The queen, 
having heard about Amy, requested to 
see her, but Varney (the earl's master-of- 
the-house) assured her majesty that Amy 
(whom he called his wife) was too ill to 
enter the royal presence. Matters were 
now so complicated and dangerous that 
Varney induced the earl to send Amy a 
cup of poison to make away with her. 
She was compelled to drink the draught, 
but its fatal effects were neutralized by an 
antidote. Amy now made her escape 
from the castle, and took refuge in 
Cumnor Place, a seat belonging to the 
earl. Here Varney inveigled her into a 
dark passage, under pretence that the 
earl was waiting for her. She rushed 
forwards to meet her husband, and, falling 
through a secret trap into an abyss, was 
killed. 

Kenna, daughter of king Obfiron, 
who fell in love with Albion son of the 
island king. According to this fable, 
" Kensington Garden" is Kenna's-town- 
garden. — Tickell : Kensington Garden 
(died 1740). (See Kensington.) 

Kennahtwliar [" / know not 
ruhere"], the capital of Noman's-land, 
91 north latitude and 18 1° west longitude. 

A chronicler of Kennahtwhar of literary mystery, 
The Conquest 0/ Granada left in manuscript for history. 
The Queen (" Double Acrostic." 1878). 

(This chronicler was " Fray Antonio 
Agapida," the hypothetical author of The 
Conquest of Grana'da, by W. Irving. ) 

Kenna-quliair [Scotch, '«/ don't 
know where"], an hypothetical locality. 

Melrose may In general pass for Kenuaquhair.— Sir 
W.Sctt. 



KENT. 

Kennedy [Frank), an excise officer, 
who shows Mr. G. Godfrey Bertram, the 
laird of Ellangowan and a magistrate, 
the smuggler's vessel chased by a war- 
sloop. The smugglers afterwards murder 
him. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

Kenneth (Sir), " Knight of the 
Leopard," a disguise assumed by David 
earl of Huntingdon, prince roval of 
Scotland.— Sir W. Scott : The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Kenrick (Felix), the old foster- 
father of Caroline Dormer. His wife 
Judith was her nurse. Kenrick, an 
Irishman, clings to his mistress in all 
her misfortunes, and proves himself a 
most attached, disinterested, and faithful 
old servant. — Colman : The Heir-at-Law 
(i797). 

Kensington, according to Tickell's 
fable, is so called from the fairy Kenna, 
daughter of king Oberon. The tale is 
that prince Albion was stolen by Milkah 
the fairy, and carried to Kensington. 
When 19 years old, he fell in love with 
Kenna ; but Oberon was so angry at this 
engagement, that he drove Albion out of 
the garden, and compelled Kenna to 
marry Azuriel, a fairy from Holland 
Park. Albion laid his complaint before 
Neptune, who sent Oriel with a fairy 
army against Oberon. In this battle 
Albion was slain, and Neptune, in 
revenge, utterly destroyed the whole 
empire. The fairies, being dispersed, 
betook themselves to the hills and dales, 
the caves and mines. Kenna poured 
juice of the herb moly over the dead 
body of Albion, and the unhappy prince 
was changed thus into a snowdrop. — 
Tickell : Kensington Garden (died 1740). 

Kent. According to fable, Kent is so 
"called from Can'ute, one of the com- 
panions of Brute the Trojan wanderer, 
who, according to Geoffrey's British 
History, settled in England, and founded 
a dynasty of kings. Canute had that 
part of the island assigned to him which 
was called Canutium, contracted into 
Can'tium, and again into Cant or Kent. 

But Canute had his portion from the rest, 
The which he called Canutium, for his hire, 
Now Cantium, which Kent we commonly inquire. 
Sfenser: Faerie Queene, II. x. 12 (1590}. 

Kent (Earl of), under the assumed 
name of Caius, attended upon the old king 
Lear, when his two elder daughters re- 
fused to entertain him with his suite. 



KENT. 

He afterwards took him to Dover Castle. 
When the old king was dying, he could 
not be made to understand how Caius and 
Kent could be the same person. — Shake- 
speare: King Lear (1605). 

Kent ( The Fair Maid of), Joan, only 
daughter of Edmund Plantagenet earl of 
Kent. She married thrice: (1) William 
de Montacute earl of Salisbury, from 
whom she was divorced ; (2) sir Thomas 
Holland ; and (3) her second cousin, 
Edward the Black Prince, by whom she 
became the mother of Richard II. 

Kentish man (A), those of West 
Kent ; the natives of East Kent call 
themselves " Men of Kent." This is the 
distinction given by ray father, who was 
a " man of Kent," many generations in 
descent 

Kenwigs (Mr.), a turner in ivory, 
and "a monstrous genteel man." He 
toadies Mr. Lillyvick, his wife's uncle, 
from whom he has "expectations." 

Mrs. Kenwigs, wife of the above, con- 
sidered "quite a lady," as she has an 
uncle who collects the water-rates and 
sends her daughter Moleena to a day 
school. 

The Misses Kenwigs, pupils of Nicholas 
Nickleby, remarkable for wearing their 
hair in long braided tails down their 
backs, the ends being tied with bright 
ribbons. — Dickens : Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

Kera Khan, a gallant and generous 
Tartar chief in a war between the Poles 
and the Tartars.— J. P. Kemble: Lodoiska 
(a melodrame). 

Kerns, light-armed Irish foot-soldiers. 
The word (Kigkeyren) means "a hell 
shower ; " so called because they were hell- 
rakes or the "devil's black-guard." (See 
Gallowglasses, p. 402.)— Stanihurst : 
Description of Ireland, viii. 28. 

Kesche'tionch, the shepherd who 
joined the six Greek slaves of Ephesus, 
and was one of the " seven sleepers." 

Keschetiouch 's Dog, Catnier, called by 
Sale, in his notes to the Koran, " Kat- 
mir." — Comte de Caylus : Oriental Tales 
(" History of Dakianos," 1743). 

Kes'teven. Lincolnshire is divided 
Into Lindsey, the highest lands ; Kesteven, 
the heaths (west) ; and Holland, the fens. 

Quoth Kesteven . . . how I hate 
Tfcus of her foggy fens to hear rude Holland prate t 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xxv. (i6aa). 



5«S 



KEY AND BIBLE. 

Kettle of Pish (A Pretty), a pretty 
muddle, a bad job. A corruption of 
Kiddle offish. A kiddle is a basket set 
in the opening of a weir for catching fish. 
(French, quideau.) 

Kettle-drum, a corruption of Kiddle 
drum, a drum in the shape of a kiddle or 
basket employed for catching fish (v.s.). 

Kettle drummle (Gabriel), a cove- 
nanter preacher. — Sir W. Scott : Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Keuser, one of the rivers of Ma- 
homet's paradise, the waters whereof are 
sweeter than new milk. 

He who has seen the garden of thy beauty, O ador- 
able princess, would not change his ravishment for 
a draught of the water of Keuser.— Comte de Caylus: 
Oriental Tales (" The Basket," 1743). 

Kevin (St.), a young man who went 
to live on a solitary rock at Glendalough, 
in Wicklow. This he did to flee from 
Kathleen, who loved him, and whose eyes 
he feared his heart would not be able 
to resist. Kathleen tracked him, and 
while he slept ' ' bent over him ; " but, 
starting from his sleep, the '* holy man " 
cast the girl from the rock into the sea, 
which her ghost haunted amidst the 
sounds of sweet music. — Moore : Irish 
Melodies, iv. (" By that Lake ..." 1814). 

Key (Sir), son of sir Ector the foster- 
father of prince Arthur. He was Arthur's 
seneschal, and is represented as rude 
and boastful. Sir Gaw'ain is the type of 
courtesy, sir Launcelot of chivalry, sir 
Mordred of treachery, sir Galahad of 
chastity, sir Mark of cowardice. (See 
Kay.) 

Key and Bible, used for the detec- 
tion of thieves. A key is placed over an 
open Bible at the words, " Whither thou 
goest, I will go" (Ruthx. 16); and, the 
fingers of the person being held so as to 
form a cross, the text is repeated. The 
names of suspected persons are then pro- 
nounced in succession, and when the name 
of the thief is uttered, the key jumps and 
dances about. An instance of this method 
of thief-finding was brought before the 
magistrates at the borough petty sessions 
at Ludlow, in January, 1879. 

A married woman, named Mary Collier, was charged 
with using abusive and insulting language to her neigh- 
bour, Eliza Oliver ; and the complainant, in her state- 
ment to the magistrates, said that on December 27 she 
was engaged in carrying water, when Mrs. Coliier 



stopped her, and stated that another neighbour had 
had a sheet stolen, and had "turned the key on the 
Bible near several houses ; that when it came to her 
(Oliver's) house, the key moved of itself, and that when 
complainant's name was mentioned the key and the 
Book turned completely round, and fell out of thoir 
hands." She also stated that the owner of th« thoct 



KEY OF RUSSIA. 



566 



KILDARE. 



then inquired from the key and the Book whether the 
theft was committed at dark or daylight, and the reply 
was "daylight." Defendant then called complainant 

" A daylight thief," and charged her with stealing 

the sheet. — Newspaper paragraph (January, 1879). 

Key of Russia, Smolensk, on the 
Dnieper. Famous for its resistance to . 
Napoleon I. in 1812. 

Key of the Mediterranean, the 

fortress of Gibraltar, which commands 
the entrance of the Mediterranean Sea. 

Keys of Knowledge. Five things 
are known to God alone : (1) The time of 



the day of judgment ; (2) the time of 
rain ; (3J the sex of an animal before 
birth ; (4) what will happen on the 
morrow ; (5) where any one will die. 
These the Arabs call the five keys of secret 
knowledge. — Sale: At Koran, xxxi. note. 

(The five senses are called ' \ The five 
doors of knowledge." No. 2 is certainly 
knowable to science ; and No. 5 is too 
general. ) 

Keyne [Keen] or St. Keyna, daughter 
of Braga'nus prince of Garthmatrin or 
Brecon, called " Keyna the Virgin." 
Her sister Melaria was the mother of St. 
David. Many nobles sought her in 
marriage, but she refused them all, being 
resolved to live and die a virgin. She 
retired to a spot near the Severn, which 
abounded with serpents, but at her prayer 
they were all turned into Ammonites, 
and "abide to this day." Subsequently 
she removed to Mount St. Michael, and 
by her prayer a spring of healing waters 
burst out of the earth, and whoever 
drinks first of this water after marriage 
will become the dominant house-power. 
"Now," says Southey, "a Cornishman 
took his bride to church, and the moment 
the ring was on ran up the mount to 
drink of the mystic water. Down he 
came in full glee to tell his bride ; but the 
bride said, ' My good man, I brought a 
bottle of the water to church with me, 
and drank of it before you started.' " — 
Southey: The Well of St. Keyne (1798). 

Khadijah, daughter of Khowailed ; 
Mahomet's first wife, and one of the four 
perfect women. The other three are 
Fatima, the prophet's daughter ; Mary, 
daughter of Imran ; and Asia, wife of 
the Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea. 

Khawla, one of the sorceresses in 
the caves of Dom-Daniel, "under the 
roots of the ocean." She is called "the 
woman-fiend," "fiercest of the enchanter 
brood." She had heard that one of the 
race of Hodei'rah (3 syl.) would be their 



destruction, so Okba was sent forth to 
cut off the whole race. He succeeded in 
killing eight, but one named Thal'aba 
escaped. Abdaldar was chosen to hunt 
him up and kill him. He found the boy 
in an Arab's tent, and raised the dagger, 
but ere the blow fell, the murderer him- 
self was killed by the death-angel. — 
Southey: Thalaba the Destroyer (1797). 

Khid'ir or Chidder, the tutelary god 
of voyagers ; his brother Elias is the tute- 
lary god of travellers. The two brothers 
meet once a year at Mina, near Mecca. — 
Mouradgea dOhsson : History of the Otto- 
man Empire (1821). 

Khorassan {The Veiled Prophet of ), 
Mokanna, a prophet-chief, who wore a 
veil under pretence of shading the 
dazzling light of his countenance. The 
truth is, he had lost an eye, and his face 
was otherwise disfigured in battle. Mo- 
kanna assumed to be a god, and main- 
tained that he had been Adam, Noah, 
and other representative men. When the 
sultan Mahadi environed him so that 
escape was impossible, the prophet poi- 
soned all his followers at a banquet, and 
then threw himself into a burning acid, 
which wholly consumed his body.— Moore: 
Lalla Rookh ( ' ' The Veiled Prophet, etc. ," 
1817). 

Kickleburys on the Rhine {The), 
" A Christmas Book," by Thackeray 
(1851). 

Kifri, a giant and enchanter, the 
impersonation of atheism and blasphemy. 
After some frightful blasphemies, he hurled 
into the air a huge rock, which fell on 
himself and killed him, "for self-murderers 
are generally infidels or atheists." — Sir 
C. Morell [J. Ridley] : Tales of the Genii 
("The Enchanter's Tale," vi., 1751). 

Kil, in the names of places, means a 
"cell, cloister, or chapel." 

Kilbarchan (Scotland), Kil-bara-cin, the kil on the 
hill-top. 

Kilcrin (Ireland), the little kil. 

Kildare is Kil-dara, the "kil of the oak." St. 
Bridget built her first cell under a large oak. 

Kilham (Yorkshire), the chapel close. 

Kilkenny, the kil or cloister of St Kenny 01 
Canice. 

Kihnore (Ireland), the big kil. 

Kilsyth (Ireland), the great kil (sythe, "great "). 

lcohnkill (Scotland), is 1-columbkil, i.e. the "island 
of St. Columhs cell." The Culdee institutions of St. 
Colunib were established in 563, for the purpose o( 
converting the Picts to Christianity. 

Kildare (2 syl.), famous for the fire 
of St. Bridget, which was never allowed 
to go out. St. Bridget returns every 
twentieth year to tend to the fire herself. 



KILDERKIN. 



5*7 



KING. 



Part of the chapel of St. Bridget still 
remains, and is called "The Fire-house." 

Like the bright lamp that shone in Kildare's holyfane, 
And burned through long ages of darkness and storm. 
Moore: Irish Melodies, iii. (" Erin, O Erin 1 " 1814). 
Apud Kildariam occurrit ignis Sanctae Brigidae quem 
Inextinguebilem vocant. — Giraldus Cambrensis ; 
Hibcrni*, ii. 34 (1187). 

Kilderkin {Ned), keeper of an eating- 
house at Greenwich. — Sir W. Scott: 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Kilian (St.), an Irish missionary who 
suffered martyrdom at Wiirzburg, in 689. 
A cathedral was erected to his memory in 
the eighth century. 

Kilian of Kersberg", the 'squire of 
sir Archibald von Hagenbach. — Sir W. 
Scott: Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Killed by Kindness. It is said 
that the ape not unfrequently strangles 
its young ones by hugging them too hard. 

The Athenians, wishing to show honour 
to Draco the law-giver, showered on him 
their caps and cloaks, and he was 
smothered to death by the pile thus 
heaped upon him. 

Killing no Murder. Carpentier 
de Marigny, the enemy of Mazarin, 
issued, in 1658, a tract entitled Titer un 
Tyran n'est par un Crime. 

Sexby wrote a tract entitled Killing no 
Murder, generally thought to have been 
the production of William Allan. The 
object of the book was to show that it 
would be no crime to murder Cromwell. 

Kilmansegg* (Miss), an heiress with 
great expectations, who had an artificial 
leg of solid gold.— T. Hood: Miss Kil- 
mansegg and her Golden Leg, a Golden 
Legend (1828). 

KING, a title of sovereignty or honour. 
At one time, crown tenants were called 
kings or dukes, at the option of the 
sovereign ; thus, Frederick Barbarossa 
made one of his brothers a king-vassal, 
and another a duke-vassal, simply by the 
investiture of a sword. In English his- 
tory, the lord of Man was styled "king ; " 
so was the lord of the Isle of Wight, and 
the lord of Connaught, as clearly appears 
in the grants of John and Henry III. 
Several examples might be quoted of 
earls conferring the title of "king" on 
their vassals. — See Selden's Titles of 
Honour, iii. (1614). 

Like a King. When Porus, the Indian 
prince, was taken prisoner, Alexander 
asked him how he expected to he treated. 



" Like a king," he replied ; and Alexandc 
made him his friend. 

The Factory King, Richard Oastler 
of Bradford, the successful advocate of 
the "Ten Hours Bill" (1789-1861). 

Since then a clamour has arisen for the reduction to 
eight hours (1897). 

The Railway King, George Hudson ; 
50 called by the Rev. Sydney Smith 
(1800-1871). 

The Red King, the king of Persia ; so 
called from his red turban. 

-Rufus of England, and Barbarossa (red- 
beard) of Germany. 

Credo ut Persam nunc propter rubea tegumenta 
capitis Rub turn Caput vocant, ita reges Moscoviae, 
propter alba tegumenta Albos Reges appellari.— Sigis- 
tnund. 

The Snow King, Gustavus Adolphus 
of Sweden, killed in the ' ' Thirty Years' 
War " at the battle of Lutzen, 1632. (See 
Snow King.) 

At Vienna he was called " The Snow King," In 
derision. Like a snow-ball, he was kept together by 
the cold, but as he approached a warmer soil he melted 
away and disappeared. — Dr. Crichton: Scandinavia, 
ii. 61 (1838). 

(Sweden and Norway are each called 
" Snow Kingdom.") 

Let no vessel of the kingdom of snow [Norway] 
bound on the dark-rolling waves of Inistore {the 
Orkneys]. — Ossian : Fingal, L 

The Summer King, Amadeus of 
Spain. 

The Winter King, Frederick V., who 
married Elizabeth Stuart, daughter ol 
James I. (See Winter King.) 

The White King. The ancient kings 
of Muscovy were so called from the white 
robe which they used to wear. Solomon 
wore a white robe ; hence our Lord, 
speaking of the lilies of the field, says that 
" Solomon in all his glory was not 
arrayed like one of these " (Luke xii. 27). 

Principem Moscoviae Album Regent nuncupant. . . . 
Credo ut Persam nunc propter rubea tegumenta capitis 
Rubeum Caput vocant, ita reges Moscoviae, propter 
alba tegumenta Albos Reges appellari.— Sigismund. 

(Another explanation maybe suggested: 
Muscovy was called "White Russia," 
as Poland was called " Black Russia." 
See White King and White Queen.) 

King 1 ( Tom), " the choice spirit of the 
day for a quiz, a hoax, a joke, a jest, a 
song, a dance, a race, or a row. A jolly 
dog, a rare blood, prime buck, rum soul, 
and funny fellow." He drives M. Mor- 
bleu, a French barber, living in the 
Seven Dials, London, almost out of his 
senses by inquiring over and over again 
for Mr. Thompson. — Moncriejf: Mon. 
Tonson. 

(There is a Mon. Tonson by Taylor, 
1767.) 



KINO. 568 

King" (surnamed the Affable), Charles 
VIII. of France (1470, 1483-1498). 

King (surnamed the Amorous), 
Philippe I. of France (1052, 1060-1108). 

King 1 (surnamed Augustus), Philippe 
II. of France. So called because he was 
born in August (1165, 1 180-1223). 

Sigismund II. of Poland ; born in the 
month of August (1520, 1548-1572). 

King (surnamed the Avenger), 
Alphonsc XI. of Leon and Castile (1310, 
i3 2 7-i35o)- 

King" (surnamed the Bad), Charles IT. 
of Navarre (1332, 1 349-1387). 

William I. of the Two Sicilies 
(*, 1154-1166). 

King (surnamed the Bald), Charles I. 
le Chauve, of France (823, 875-877). 

King* (surnamed Barbarossa or Red 
Beard), Frederick II. of Germany (1121, 
1152-1190). 

King" (surnamed the Battler), Alphonso 

I. of Aragon (*, 1104-1135). 

Sing* (surnamed the Bearded), Baldwin 
IV. earl of Flanders, The Handsome 
Beard (1160-1186). 

Constantine IV., Pogonatus, emperor 
of Rome (648, 668-685). 

Xing' (surnamed Beauclerk), Henry I. 
of England (1068, 1100-1135). 

King (surnamed the Bellicose), Henri 

II. le Belliqueux (1519, 1547-1559). 

King (surnamed the Black), Heinrich 

III. of Germany (1017, 1046-1056). 

King* (surnamed the Bold), Boleslaus 
II. of Poland (1042, 1058-1090). 

King (surnamed Bomba), Ferdinand 
II. of the Two Sicilies (1751, 1759-1825). 
Francis II. Bomalino (i860). 

King (surnamed the Brave), Alphonso 
VI. of Leon and Castile (1030, 1065- 
1109). 

Alphonso IV. of Portugal (1290, 1324- 
1357)- 

King (surnamed the Catholic), 
Alphonso I. of Asturias (693, 739-757). 

Ferdinand II. of Aragon (1452, 1474- 
1516). 

Isabella queen of Castile (1450, 1474- 
i5°4)- 

King (surnamed the Ceremonious), 
Peter IV. of Aragon (1317, 1336-1387). 

King (surnamed the Chaste), Alphonso 
II. of Leon, etc. (758, 791-842). 



KING. 

Xing (surnamed the Confessor), Ed- 
ward the Confessor, of England (1004, 
1042-1066). 

Xing (surnamed the Conqueror), Alex- 
ander the Great, Conqueror of the World 
(B.C. 356, 336-323). 

Alfonso of Portugal (1094, 1137-1x85). 

Aurungzebe the Great, Alemgir, the 
Great Mogul (1618, 1659-1707), 

Francisco Pizarro Conquistador, of Peru 
(i475-i54i)- 

James I. of Aragon (1206, 1213-1276). 

Othman or Osman I. of Turkey (1259, 
1299-1326). 

William I. of England (1027, 1066- 
1087). 

Xing (surnamed the Cruet), Pedro of 
Castile (1334, 1350-1369). 

Pedro of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367). 

Xing (surnamed the Desired), Louis 
XVIII. of France (1755, 1814-1824). 

Xing (surnamed the Fair), Charles 
IV. (1294, 1322-1328). 

Philippe IV. le Bel, of France (1268, 
1285-1314). 

Xing (surnamed the Fat), Alphonso 
II. of Portugal (1185, 1212-1223). 

Charles III. of France (832, 884-888). 

Louis VI. le Gros, of France (1078, 
1108-1137), 

Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030). 

George IV. was called by Leigh Hunt 
the Fat Adonis of Forty ( 1762, 1820-1830). 

Xing' (surnamed the Father of Letters), 
Francois I. of France (1494, 1515-1547). 

Xing (surnamed the Father of his 
People), Louis XII. of France (1462, 
1498-1515). 

Christian III. of Denmark (1502, 
I534-I559)- 

Xing (surnamed the Fearless), John 
duke of Burgundy, Sanspeur (1371-1419). 

Richard I., Sanspeur, duke of Nor- 
mandy (932, 942-996). 

King (surnamed the Fierce), Alexander 
I. of Scotland (*, 1107-1124). 

King (surnamed the Gallant, in 
Italian Re" Galantuomoj.Victor Emmanuel 
of Italy (1820, 1849-1878). 

King (surnamed the Good), Alphonso 
VIII. of Leon and Castile (1155, 1158- 
1214). 

John II. of France, le Bon (1319, 
1 3150-1364). 

John III. duke of Brittany (1286, 
1312-1341). 



KING. 569 

John V. duke of Brittany (1389, 1399- 
1442). 

Philippe III. le Bon, duke of Bur- 
gundy '(1396, 1419-1467). 

Ren6 titular king of Naples (1409- 

I45 2 )- 

Richard II. duke of Normandy 
(*, 996-1026). 

William II. of the Two Sicilies 
(*, 1166-1189). 

King 1 (surnamed the Great), Abbas I. 
of Persia (1557, 1585-1628). 
Alexander of Macedon (B.C. 356, 340- 

3 2 3)- 

Alfred of England (849, 871-901). 

Alphonso III. of Asturias, etc. (848, 
866-912). 

Alphonso V. count of Savoy (1249, 
1285-1323). 

Boleslaus I. of Poland (*, 992-1025). 

Canute of England (995, 1014-1035). 

Casimir III. of Poland (1309, 1333- 
1370). 

Charlemagne (742, 768-814). 

Charles III. duke of Lorraine (1543, 
1547-1608). 

Charles Emmanuel I. duke of Savoy 
(1562, 1580-1630). 

Constantine I. emperor of Rome (272, 
306-337). 

Cosmo de' Medici grand-duke of Tus- 
cany (1519, I537-I574)- 

Ferdinand I. of Castile, etc. (*, 1034- 
1065). 

Frederick II. of Prussia (1712, 1740- 
1786). 

Frederick William the Great Elector 
(1620, 1640-1688). 

Gregory I. pope (544, 590-604). 

Henri IV. of France (1553, 1589- 1610). 

Herod I. of the Jews (B.C. 73, 47-4). 

Herod Agrippa I. the tetrarch (*, 
*-44). 

Hiao-wen-tee of China (B.C. 206, 179- 

17). 
John II. of Portugal (1455, 1481-1495). 
Justinian I. emperor of the East (483, 

5 2 7-5 6 5)- 

Khosrou or Chosroe's I. of Persia 

(*. 531-579)- 

Leo I. pope (390, 440-461). 

Louis XIV. of France (1638, 1643- 

J 7 X 5)- 

Ludwig of Hungary (1326, 1342-1381). 

Mahomet II. of Turkey (1430, 1451- 
1481). 

Matteo Visconti lord of Milan (1250, 
1295-1322). 

Maximilian duke of Bavaria (1573- 
1651). 



KING. 

Napoleon I. of France (1769, 1804- 
1814, died 1821). 

Nicholas I. pope (*, 858-867). 

Otto I. of Germany (912, 936-973). 

Pedro IIL of Aragon (1239, 1276- 
1285). 

Peter I. of Russia (1672, 1689-1725). 

Sapor II. of Persia (310, 308-380). 

Sigismund I. of Poland (1466, 1506- 
1548). 

Theoderic of the Ostrogoths (454, 475*- 
526). 

Theodosius I. emperor (346, 378-395). 

Vladimir grand-duke of Russia (*, 973- 
1014). 

Waldemar I. of Denmark (1131, "57- 
1 181). 

King" (surnamed the Illustrious), Albert 
V. emperor of Austria (1398, 1404-1439). 

Jam-sheid of Persia (B.C. 840-800). 

Kien-16ng of China (1736-1796). 

Nicomed£s II., Epiphanis, of Bithynia 

(*. 149-19*). 

Ptolemy V., Epiphanis, of Egypt 
(b.c. 210, 205-181). 

King* (surnamed the Infant), Ludwig 
IV. of Germany (893, 900-911). 

Otto III. of Germany (980, 983-1002). 

King" (surnamed Ironside), Edmund 
II. of England (989, 1016-1017). 

Frederick II. elector of Brandenburg 
was called "Iron Tooth" (1657, 1688- 

1713)- 

Nicholas of Russia was called "The 
Iron Emperor" (1796, 1826-1852). 

Xing' (surnamed the Just), Baharam 
of Persia (276-296). 

Casimir II. of Poland (1117, 1x77- 
1194). 

Ferdinand I. of Aragon (1373, 1412- 
1416). 

Haroun-al-Raschid (765, 786-808). 

James II. of Aragon (1261, 1285-1327). 

Khosrou or Chosroes I. of Persia 

(*. 531-579)- 

Louis XIII. of France (1601, 1610- 
1643). 

Pedro I. of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367). 

King* (surnamed the Lame), Agesilaos 
of Sparta (B.C. 444, 398-361). 

Albert II. of Austria (1289, 1330-1358), 
duke of Austria. 

Charles II. of Naples (1248, 1289-1309). 

Heinrich II. of Germany (972, 1002- 
1024). 

King" (surnamed the Lion), Alep Ars- 
lan (the Valiant Lion), son of Togrul Beg, 
the Perso-Turkish monarch (*, 106^- 
1072). 



KING. 



570 



Arioch, called ' ' The Lion King of 
Assyria" (B.C. 1927-1897). 

Damelowiez prince of Haliez, who 
founded Lemberg ("the lion city") in 
1259. 

Gustavus Adolphus, called "The Lion 
of the North " (1594, 1611-1632). 

Heinrich duke of Bavaria and Saxony 
(1129-1195). 

Louis VIII. of France (1187, 1223- 
1226). 

Richard I. of England, Coeur de Lion 
(1157, 1189-1199). 

William of Scotland ; so called because 
he chose for his cognizance a red lion 
rampant (*, 1 165-12 14). 

Xing' (surnamed the Little), Charles 
III. of Naples (1345, -1381-1386). 

Xing' (surnamed the Long-legged), 
Edward \.,Longshanks, of England (1239, 
1272-1307). 

Philippe V. le Long, of France (1294, 
1317-1322). 

King" (surnamed the Magnanimous), 
Alphonso V. of.' 
1416-1458). 



Aragon and Naples (1385, 



Khosrou or Chosroes of Persia, Nou- 
shirwan (*, 531-579). 

King 1 (surnamed the Magnificent), 
Soliman I. sultan (1493, 1520-1566). 
Edmund of England (923, 940-946). 

King (surnamed the Martyr), Charles 
I. of England (1600, 1625-1649). 

Edward the Martyr, of England (961, 
975—979). 

Louis XVI. of France (1754, 1774- 

r 793)- 
Martin I. pope (*, 649-655). 

King (surnamed the Minion), Henri 

III. of France (1551, 1574-1589). 

King (surnamed the Noble), Alphonso 
VIII. of Leon and Castile (1155, 1158- 
1214). 

Charles III. of Navarre (*, 1387-1425). 

Soliman, called Tchelibi, Turkish prince 
at Adrianople (died 1410). 

King (surnamed the Pacific), Amadeus 
VIII. count of Savoy (1383, 1391-1451). 

Frederick III. of Germany (1415, 1440- 
1493). 

Olaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093). 

King (surnamed the Patient), Albert 

IV. duke of Austria (1377, 1395-1404). 

King (surnamed the Philosopher), Fre- 
derick the Great, called "The Philosopher 
of Sans Souci " (1712, 1740-1786). 



KING. 

Leo VI. emperor of the East (866, 886- 
911). 

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus of Rome 
(121, 161-180). 

King (surnamed the Pious), Edward 
VI. of England (1537, 1547-1553). 

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161). 

Ernst I. founder of the house of Gotha 
(1601-1674). 

Robert le Pieux, of France (971, 996- 
1031). 

King (surnamed the Prodigal), Albert 

VI. of Austria (1418, 1439-1463). 

King (surnamed the Rash), Charles le 
Temeraire, of Burgundy (1433, 1467- 
1477), duke. 

King (surnamed the Red), Amadeus 

VII. count of Savoy (1360, 1383-1391). 
Otto II. of Germany (955, 973-983). 
William II., Rufus, of England (1057, 

X087-1100). 

King (surnamed Red Beard), Fre- 
derick I. kaiser of Germany, called Bar- 
barossa (1121, 1152- 1190). 

Horush or Horuc sultan of Algiers 
(1474, 1516-1518). 

Khair Eddin sultan of Algiers (*, 1518- 
1546). 

King (surnamed the Saint), Boniface 
I. pope (*, 418-422). 

Boniface IV. pope (*, 607-615). 

Celestine I. pope (*, 422-432). 

Celestine V. pope (1215, 1294-1296). 

Charles the Good, count of Flanders 
(*, 1119-1127). 

David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153). 

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1160). 

Ethelred I. of Wessex (*, 866-871). 

Eugenius I. pope (*, 654-657). 

Felix I. pope (*, 269-274). 

Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon 
(1200, 1217-1252). 

Heinrich II. of Germany (972, 1002- 
1024). 

Julius I. pope (*, 337-352). 

Kang-he of China (*, 1661-1722). 

Ladislaus I. of Hungary (1041, 1077- 
1095). 

Leo IX. pope (1002, 1049-1054). 

Louis IX. of France (1215, 1226-1270). 

Martin I. pope (*, 649-655). 

Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030). 

Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038). 

King (surnamed the Salic), Conrad II. 
of Germany (*, 1024-1039). 

King (surnamed the Severe), Peter h 
of Portugal (1320, 1357-1367). 



KING. 571 

King (surnamed the Silent), Anasta- 
sius I. emperor of the East (430, 491- 
518). 

William I. Stadtholder (1533, 1544- 
1584). 

King (surnamed the Simple), Charles 

III. of France (879, 893-929). 

King (surnamed the Stammerer), 
Louis II. le Be"gue, of France (846, 
877-879). 

Michael II. emperor of the East 
(*, 820-829). 

King (surnamed the Terrible), Ivan 
II. of Russia (1529, 1533-1584). 

King (surnamed the Thunderbolt), 
Ptolemy king of Macedon, eldest son of 
Ptolemy Soter L, was so called from his 
great impetuosity (B.C. *, 285-279). 

King (surnamed the Thunderer), 
Stephen II. of Hungary (1100, 1114- 
"3i)- 

King (surnamed the Unready), Ethel- 
red II. of England (*, 978-1016). Un- 
ready, in this case, does not mean 
unprepared, but unwise, lacking rede 
(" wisdom or counsel"). 

King (surnamed the Valiant), John 

IV. duke of Brittany (1338, 1364-1399). 

King (surnamed the Victorious), 
Charles VII. of France (1403, 1422-1461). 

King (surnamed the Well-beloved), 

Charles VI. of France (1368, 1380-1422). 

Louis XV. of France (1710, 1715-1774). 

Xing' (surnamed the Wise), Albert 
II. duke of Austria (1289, 1330-1358). 

Alphonso X. of Leon and Castile (1203, 
1252-1284). 

Charles V. of France, le Sage (1337, 
1364-1380). 

Che-Tsou of China (*, 1278-1295). 

Frederick elector of Saxony (1463. 

IS44-I554). 

James I., Solomon, of England (1566, 
1603-1625). 

John V. duke of Brittany (1389, 1399- 
1442). 

King (surnamed the Wonder of the 
World), Frederick II. of Germany (119 1, 
1215-1250). 

Otto III. of Germany (980, 983-1002). 

King (surnamed the Young), Dago- 
bert II. of France (652, 656-679). 

Leo II. pope (470, 474-474). 

Louis VII. lejeune, of France (1120, 
1137-1180). 



KING OF BATH. 



Ludwig II. of Germany (822, 855-875). 

Romanus II. emperoi of the East (939, 
959-963)- 

King and the Beggar. It is said 
that king Copethua or Cophetua of Africa 
fell in love with a beggar-girl, and 
married her. The girl's name was Penel'- 
ophon ; called by Shakespeare Zenel'- 
ophon {Love's Labours Lost, act iv. sc. 1, 
1594)- 

King and the Cobbler. The 

interview between Henry VIII. and a 
merry London cobbler is the subject of 
one of the many popular tales in which 
Bluff Hal is represented as visiting a 
humble subject in disguise. 

Zing and the Locusts. A king 
made a proclamation that, if any man 
would tell him a story which should last 
for ever, he would make him his heir and 
son-in-law ; but if any one undertook to 
do so and failed, he should lose his head. 
After many failures, came one, and said, 
"A certain king seized all the corn of 
his kingdom, and stored it in a huge 
granary ; but a swarm of locusts came, 
and a small cranny was descried, through 
which one locust could contrive to creep. 
So one locust went in, and carried off 
one grain of corn ; and then another 
locust went in, and carried off another 
grain of corn ; and then another locust 
went in," etc. ; and so the man went on, 
day after day, and week after week, " and 
so another locust went in, and carried off 
another grain of corn." A month passed ; 
a year passed. In six months more, the 
king said, " How much longer will the 
locusts be?" "Oh, your majesty," said 
the story-teller, ' ' they have cleared at 
present only a cubit, and there are many 
thousand cubits in the granary." " Man, 
man ! " cried the king ; " you will drive 
me mad. Take my daughter, take my 
kingdom, take everything I have; only 
let me hear no more of these intolerable 
locusts ! " — Letters from an Officer in 
India (edited by the Rev. S. A. Pears). 

King and the Miller of Mans- 
field ( The). (See Miller.) 

King of Bark, Christopher III. of 
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. So 
called because in a time of scarcity, he 
had the bark of birchwood mixed with 
meal for food (died 1448). 

King of Bath, Beau Nash, who was 
for fifty-six years master of the cere- 
monies of the bath-rooms in that city, 



KING OF ENGLAND. 



572 



KING'S CHAIR. 



and conducted the balls with great splen- 
dour and judgment (1674-1761). 

King of England. This title was 
first assumed by Egbert in 828. 

King; of Exeter 'Change, Thomas 
Clark, friend of the famous Abraham 
Newland (1737-1817). 

King of France. This title was 
first assumed by Louis VII. (1171). It 
was changed into " king of the French " 
by the National Assembly in 1789. 
Louis XVIII. resumed the title "king of 
France " in 1814 ; and Louis Philippe 
again resumed the more republican title, 
"king of the French " (1830). 

King of France. Edward III. of 
England assumed the title in 1337 ; but 
in 1801 it was relinquished by proclama- 
tion (time, George III.). 

King of Ireland. This title was 
first assumed by Henry VIII. in 1542. 
The title previously assumed by the kings 
of England was "lord of Ireland." 

In Rymer's Fosdera JvoL i.) a deed of gift Is ascribed 
(under Henry I.) to " Henry lord of Ireland ; " but no 
English king was lord of Ireland before the reign of 
Henry II. 

King of Painters, a title assumed 
by Parrhastos. Plutarch says he wore a 
purple robe and a golden crown (fl. b.c. 

400). 

King of Preachers, Louis Bour- 
Jaloue, a French clergyman (1632-1704). 

King of Borne, a title conferred by 
Napoleon I. on his son the very day he 
was born ; but he was generally called the 
duke of Reichstadt. 

It is thought that this title was given 
in imitation of Charlemagne. If so, it 
was a blunder ; Charlemagne was never 
" king of Rome," but he was "patrician 
of Rome." In the German empire, the 
emperor-elect was "king of the Romans," 
not "king of Rome," and, after being 
crowned by the pope, was styled "em- 
peror of the Romans," and from 962 
"kaiser of the Holy Roman Empire." 
Alter the reign of Frederick II., the 
second consecration was dispensed with. 

King of Ships, Carausius, who 
assumed the purple in A.D. 287, and, 
seizing on Britain, defeated the emperor 
Maximian Herculius in several naval 
engagements (250, 287-293). 

King of Yvetot [/iv-to], a king of 
name only ; a mockery king ; one who 
assumes mighty honours without the 



wherewithal to support them. Yveto\, 
near Rouen, was a seigneurie, on the 
possessor of which Clotaire I. conferred 
the title of king in 534, and the title 
continued till the fourteenth century. 

II etait un roi dTvetot. 

Peu connu dans l'histoire ; 
Se levant tard, se couchant tftt, 
Dormant fort bien sans gloire . 

Birangt*. 
A king there was " rol dTvetot " clept, 

But little known in story 
Went soon to bed, till daylight slept. 
And soundly, without glory. 

B. C. B. 

King of the Beggars, Bampfylde 
Moore Carew (1693-1770). He succeeded 
Clause Patch, who died 1730, and was 
therefore king of the beggars for forty 
years (1730-1770). 

King of the World, the Roman 
emperor. This is the title generally ac- 
corded to him in the old Celtic romances. 

King Sat on the Stocky Brow 
(A). The reference is to Xerxes viewing 
the battle of Salamis from one of the 
declivities of mount ^Egal'fios. 

A king sat on the rocky brow 

Which looks o'er sea-born Salamis; 
And ships, by thousands, lay below. 
Byron : Von Juan, lii. (" The Isles of Greece," iteo). 

("Ships by thousands "is a gross 
exaggeration. The original fleet was 
only 1200 sail, and 400 were wrecked off 
the coast of Sepias before the sea-fight of 
Salamis began, thus reducing the number 
to 800 at most. ) 

King should Die Standing [A). 

Vespasian said so, and Louis XVIIL of 
France repeated the same conceit. Both 
died standing. 

King's Cave {The), opposite to 
Campbeltown (Argyllshire); so called 
because king Robert Bruce with his 
retinue lodged in it. — Statistical Account 
of Scotland, v. 167. 

King's Chair, the hands of two 
persons so crossed as to form a seat. On 
Candlemas Day (February 2) it was at one 
time customary for Scotch children to 
carry offerings to their schoolmaster, and 
the boy and girl who brought the richest 
gift were elected king and queen for the 
nonce. When school was dismissed, each 
of these two children was carried in a 
king's chair, by way of triumph. 

In the early part of the nineteenth century It wai 
a common nursery game in England, and the fun was 
to break hands and let the rider down. I have played 
it many and many times between 1815 and 1818. I 
learn, too. that it was a common outdoor children'! 
gaiue in East Anglia as late as i860. 



KING'S OWN. 

king's Own {The), a novel by 
captain Marryat (1830). 

King's Quair {The), a poem by 
James I. of Lngland, in celebration of his 
love for lady Jane Beaufort, daughter of 
the earl of Somerset, and niece of Henry 
VIII. It is in stanzas of seven lines each, 
called the " rhyme royal." 

(The word " quair," like our " quire," is 
the French cahier, and means here a 
"little book.") 

The " king's quair," that is, the king's little book, is 
from the old French quayer or cayer, in modern 
French cahier. — H. MorUy : A First Sketch of 
English Literature, p. 177 (1873). 

Zings {The Two Books of). The first 
of these two books contains the history of 
the Hebrew monarchs for 126 years, and 
the second book carries on the history for 
227 more years, when the kingdom of 
Judah was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar 
king of Babylon. 

The twelre tribes formed two kingdoms on the death 
of Solomon. The duration of the kingdom of Judah 
was 387 years, and that of Israel 254 years. 

Kings. Many lines of kings have 
taken the name of some famous forefather 
or some founder of a dynasty as a titular 
name. — Selden : Titles of Honour, v. 

Alban kings, called Silvius. 

Amalekite kings, Agag. 

Bithynian kings, Nicomedis. 

Constantinopoiitan kings, Constantine. 

Egyptian kings (ancient), Pharaoh. 
,, ,, (mediaeval), Ptolemy. 

Indian kings, called Palibothri (from the 
city of Palibothra). 

Parthian kings, Ar'sacis, 

Roman emperors, Casar. 

Servian kings, Lazar, i.e. Eleazar Bulk 
or Bulk-ogar, sons of Bulk. 

Upsala kings, called Drott. 

Royal patronymics. — Athenian, Ce- 
crop idae, from Cecrops. 

Danish, Skiold-ungs, from Skiold. 

Persian, Achmen'-idse, from Achmenis. 

Thessalian, Aleva-dae, from Alevas ; 
Ac, etc. 

Kings of Cologne {The Three), 
the three Magi who came from the East 
to offer gifts to the infant Jesus. Their 
names are Melchior, Gaspar, and Bal- 
thazar. The first offered gold, symbolic 
of kingship ; the second, frankincense, 
symbolic of divinity ; the third, myrrh, 
symbolic of death, myrrh being used in 
embalming the dead. (See Cologne, p. 

236.) 

Kings of England. Since the 
Conquest, not more than three succes- 



573 



KINGS OF ENGLAND. 



sive sovereigns have reigned without a 
crisis — 

William I., William II., Henry I. 

Stephen usurper. 

Henry II., Richard I., John. 

The pope gives the crown to the dauphin. 

Henry III., Edward I., Edward IL 

' Edward II. murdered. 

Edward III., Richard IL 

Richard II. deposed. 

Henry IV., V., VI. 

Lancaster changed to York. 

Edward IV., V., Richard IIL 

Dynasty changed. 

Henry VII., VIII., Edward VL 

Lady Jane Grey. 

Mary, Elizabeth. 

Dynasty changed. 

James I., Charles I. 

Charles I. beheaded. 

Charles II., James II. 

James II. dethroned. 

William III., Anne. 

Dynasty changed. 

George I., II. , III. 

Regency. 

George IV., William IV., Victoria 

(indirect successions). 

Kings of England. Except in one 

instance (that of John), we have never had 
a great-grandchild sovereign in direct 
descent. The exception is not creditable, 
for in John's reign the kingdom was 
given away twice ; his son Henry III. 
was imprisoned by Leicester ; and bis 
great-grandson Edward II. , was mur- 
dered. In two other instances a grand- 
child has succeeded, viz. Henry VI., 
whose reign was a continued civil war ; 
and Edward VI., the sickly son of Jane 
Seymour. Stephen was a grandchild of 
William I., but a usurper; Richard II. 
was a grandchild of Edward III., and 
George III. was grandson of George II. ; 
but their fathers did not succeed to the 
throne. 

William I. ; his sons, William II., 
Henry I. 

Stephen (a usurper). 

Henry II. ; his sons, Richard I., John 
(discrowned). 

From John, in regular succession, we 
have Henry III. (imprisoned), Edward 
I., Edward II. (murdered), Edward III. 

Richard II., son of the Black Prince, 
and without offspring. 

Henry IV., Henry V., Henry VL 



KINGS OF ENGLAND. 



574 



KING-MAKER. 



Richard III. (no offspring). 

Henry VII., Henry VIII. , Edward VI. 

Mary, Elizabeth (daughters of Henry 
VIII.). 

James I., Charles I. 

Cromwell (called lord protector). 

Charles II., James II. (two brothers). 

William III., prince of Orange. 

Anne, intervening between the prince of 
Orange and the Hanoverians. 

George I. , George II. 

George III. (great-grandson of George 
I., but not in direct descent), George IV. 

William IV. (brother of George IV. ). 

Victoria (the niece of William IV. and 
George IV.). 

Kings of England. Three seems 
to be a kind of ruling number in our 
English sovereigns. "Besides the coinci- 
dences mentioned above connected with 
the number, may be added the follow- 
ing : (i) That of the four kings who 
married French princesses, three of them 
suffered violent deaths, viz. Edward II., 
Richard II., and Charles I. (2) The 
three longest kings' reigns have been three 
threes, viz. Henry III., Edward III., and 
George III. (3) We have no instance, as 
in France, of three brothers succeeding 
each other. 

(Queen Victoria began to reign in 1837, 
and was still on the throne in 1897 — her 
' ' diamond jubilee " year. Vivat Regina /) 

Kings of Prance. The French 
have been singularly unfortunate in their 
choice of royal surnames, when designed 
to express anything except some personal 
quality, as handsome, fat, of which we 
cannot judge the truth. Thus, Louis 
VIII., a very feeble man in mind and 
body, was surnamed the Lion ; Philippe 
II., whose whole conduct was over- 
reaching and selfish, was the Magnani- 
mous ; Philippe III. , the tool of Labrosse, 
was the Daring ; Philippe VI., the most 
unfortunate of all the kings of France, 
was surnamed the Lucky ; Jean, one of 
the. worst of all the kings, was called 
the Good; Charles VI. an idiot, and 
Louis XV. a scandalous debauchee, were 
surnamed the Well-beloved ; Henri II., a 
man of pleasure, wholly under the thumb 
of Diane de Poitiers, was called the 
Warlike; Louis XIII., most unjust in 
domestic life, where alone he had any 
freedom of action, was called the Just ; 
Louis XIV., a man of mere ceremony 
and posture, who lost battle after battle, 
and brought the nation to absolute 
bankruptcy, was surnamed the Great 



King. (He was little in stature, little in 
mind, little in all moral and physical 
faculties ; and great only in such little- 
nesses as posturing, dressing, ceremony, 
and gormandizing.) And Louis XVIII., 
forced on the nation by conquerors quite 
against the general will, was called the 
Desired. 

King's of France. The succession 
of three brothers has been singularly fatal 
in French monarchism. The Capetian 
dynasty terminated with three brothers, 
sons of Philippe le Bel (viz. Louis X., 
Philippe V., and Charles IV.). The 
Valois dynasty came to an end by the 
succession of the three brothers, sons of 
Henri II. (viz. Francois II., Charles IX., 
and Henri III.). The next or Bourbon 
dynasty terminated in the same manner 
(Louis XVI., Louis XVIII., and Charles 
X.). 

After Charles IV. (the third brother of 
the Capetian dynasty), came Philippe de 
Valois, a collateral descendant ; after 
Henri III. (the third brother of the 
Valois dynasty), came Henry de Bour- 
bon, a collateral descendant ; and after 
Charles X. (the third brother of the 
Bourbon dynasty), came Louis Philippe, 
a collateral descendant. With the third 
of the third the monarchy ended. 

Kings Playing with their 
Children. 

(1) The fine painting of Bonington 
represents Henri IV. (of France) carrying 
his children pickaback, to the horror of 
the Spanish ambassador. 

(2) Plutarch tells us that Agesilaos was 
one day discovered riding cock-horse on 
a walking-stick, to please and amuse his 
children. 

(3) George III. was on one occasion 
discovered on all-fours, with one of his 
children riding astride his back. He is 
also well remembered by the painting of 
"George III. Playing at Ball with the 
Princess Amelia. " 

King Pranconi. (See Franconi, 
P- 392.) 
King John. (See under John, p. 550.) 

King John and the abbot of 
Canterbury. (See under John, p. 551.) 

King Log. (See Log, p. 622.) 

King-Maker ( The), Richard Neville, 
earl of Warwick, who fell in the battle of 
Barnet (1420-1471). So called because 
when he espoused the Yorkists, Edward 
IV. was set up king; and when ha 



KING PETAUD. 



575 



KIRKRAPINE. 



espoused the Lancastrian side, Henry VI. 
was restored. 

Thus fortune to his end the mighty Warwick bring* 
This puissant setter-up and plucker-down of kings. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xxii. (1622). 

Zing Petand. (See Petaud.) 
Zing- Smith. (See Smith.) 
King Stork. (See Stork. ) 
Kingdom of Snow, Norway. 
Sweden also is so called. When these 
kingdoms had each a separate king, 
either of them was called ' ' The Snow 
King." (See King, Snow.) 

Let no vessel of the kingdom of snow bound on the 
dark-rolling waves of Inistore {the Orkneys}.— Ossian : 
Fingal, i. 

Kingsale (Lord), allowed to wear 
his hat in the presence of royalty. In 
1203, Hugh de Lacie treacherously seized 
sir John de Courcy lord of Kingsale, and 
king John condemned him to perpetual 
imprisonment in the Tower. When he 
had been there about a year, king John 
and Philippe Auguste of France agreed to 
determine certain claims by combat. It 
was then that John applied to De Courcy 
to be his champion ; and as soon as the 
giant knight entered the lists, the French 
champion ran away panic-struck. John 
now asked his champion what reward he 
could give him for his service. " Titles 
and estates I have enow," said De Courcy ; 
and then requested that, after having paid 
obeisance, he and his heirs might stand 
covered in the presence of the king and 
his successors. 

IT Lord Forester had the same right 
confirmed to him by Henry VIII. 

IT John Pakington, ancestor of lord 
Hampton, had a grant made him in the 
20th Henry VIII. "of full liberty during 
his life to wear his hat in the royal 
presence." 

Kingship {Disqualifications for). 

(\\ Any personal blemish disqualified a 
person from being king during the semi- 
barbarous stage of society ; thus putting 
out the eyes of a prince, to disqualify him 
from reigning, was by no means uncom- 
mon. It will be remembered that Hubert 
designed to put out the eyes of prince 
Arthur, with this object. Wili'za the 
Visigoth put out the eyes of Theodofred, 
" inhabilitandole paYa la monarchia," 
says Ferraras. When Alboquerque took 
possession of Ormuz, he deposed fifteen 
kings of Portugal, and, instead of killing 
them, put out their eyes. 

(2) Yorwerth, son of Owen Gwynedh, 
was set aside from the Welsh throne 



because he had a broken nose. (See 
Llewellyn.) 

(3) Count Oiiba of Barcelona was set 
aside because be could not speak till he 
had stamped thrice with his foot, like a 
goat. 

(4) The son of Henry V. was to be 
received as king of France, only on con- 
dition that his body was without defect, 
and was not stunted. —Monstrelet : 
Chroniques, v. 190 (1512). 

(5) Llewellyn (q.v.) was set aside 
because he had a blemish in the face. 

Un Conde de Gallicia que fuera valiado, 
Pelayo avie nombre, ome fo desforzado, 
Perdio la vision, andaba embargado, 
Ca ome que non vede, non debie seer nado. 
Gonzales de Bercet : S. Dom., 388 (died ia66). 

N.B.— Without doubt this disqualifica- 
tion was due the office of kings as 
offerers of sacrifice. Both the sacrifice 
itself and the sacrificer were bound to be 
without blemish, as any bodily defect in 
either was a mark of God's displeasure. 
The question asked by Jesus' disciples, 
" Who did sin, this man [in his pre-exist- 
ing state], or his parents, that he was born 
blind f " will readily occur to the reader. 

" Whoever . . . hath any blemish, let him not ap- 
proach to offer the bread of his God. For whatsoever 
. . . hath a blemish, he shall not approach : [as] a blind 
man, ... he that hath a flat nose, or anything super- 
fluous, or a man that is broken-footed, or broken-handed, 
or crookbacked, or a dwarf," etc— Lev. xxi. 17-21. 

Kinmont Willie, William Arm- 
strong of Kinmonth. This notorious 
freebooter, who lived in the latter part of 
the sixteenth century, is the hero of a 
famous Scotch ballad. 

Kinoce'tns, a precious stone, which 
will enable the possessor to cast out 
devils. — Mirror of Stones. 

Kirk (Mr. John), foreman of the jury 
on Effie Deans's trial.— Sir W. Scott: 
Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Kirkcaldy (Scotland), a corruption of 
Kirk-Culdee, one of the churches founded 
in 563 by St. Columb and his twelve 
brethren, when they established the 
Culdee institutions. The doctrines, dis- 
cipline, and government of the Culdees 
resembled presbyterianism. 

Kirkrapine (3 syl.), a sturdy thief, 
' ' wont to rob churches of their ornaments, 
and poor men's boxes." All he could lay 
hands on he brought to the hut of Abessa. 
daughter of Corce'ca. While Una was 
in the hut, Kirkrapine knocked at the 
door, and, as it was not immediately 
opened, knocked it down ; whereupon 
the lion sprang upon him, "under his 



KISS SCAVENGER'S DAUGHTER. 576 

lordly foot did him suppress," and then 
"rent him in thousand pieces small." 

The meaning is that popery was re- 
formed by the British lion, which slew 
Kirkrapine, or put a stop to the traffic in 
spiritual matters. Una represents truth 
or the Reformed Church. — Spenser : 
Faerie Queene, i. 3 (1590). 

Kiss the Scavenger's Daughter 

(To), to be put to the torture. Strictly 
speaking, "the scavenger's daughter" 
was an instrument of torture invented 
by William Skevington, lieutenant of the 
Tower in the reign of Henry VIII. 
Skevington became corrupted into sca- 
venger, and the invention was termed his 
daughter or offspring. 

Kit [Nubbles], the lad employed to 
wait on little Nell, and do all sorts of odd 
jobs at the "curiosity shop" for her 
grandfather. He generally begins his 
sentences with "Why then." Thus, 
"'Twas a long way, wasn't it, Kit?" 
"Why then, it was a goodish stretch," 
returned Kit. " Did you find the house 
easily?" "Why then, not over and 
above," said Kit. " Of course you have 
come back hungry?" " Why then, I do 
think I am rather so." When the 
"curiosity shop" was broken up by 
Quilp, Kit took service under Mr. Gar- 
land, Abel Cottage, Finchley. 



KITTY WILLIS. 



" I was born a gipsy, and bred among that crew till 
I was 10 years old ; there I learnt canting and lying. 
I was bought from my mother by a certain nobleman 



Kit was a shock-headed, shambling, awkward lad, 
with an uncommonly wide mouth, very red cheeks, 
a turned-up nose, and a most comical expression of 
face. He stopped short at the door on seeing a 
stranger, twirled in his hand an old round hat without 
a vestige of brim, resting himself now on one leg, and 
now on the other, and looking with a most extra- 
ordinary leer. He was evidently the comedy of little 
Nell's life.— Dickens: The Old Curiosity Shop, i. 
(1840). 

Kit-Cat Club, held in Shire Lane, 
now called Lower Serle's Place (London). 
The members were whig " patriots," who, 
at the end of William III.'s reign, met to 
ecure the protestant succession. Addi- 
on, Steele, Congreve, Garth, Vanbrugh, 
Mainwaring, Walpole, Pulteney, etc., 
were members. 

Kit-Cat Pictures, forty-two por- 
traits, painted by sir Godfrey Kneller, 
three-quarter size, to suit the walls of 
Tonson's villa at Barn Elms, where, in its 
latter days, the Kit-Cat Club was held. 

("Kit-Cat" derives its name from 
Christopher Cat, a pastry-cook, who 
served the club with mutton-pies. ) 

Kite (Sergeant), the "recruiting 
officer." He describes his own character 
thus— 



for three pistoles, who . . . made me his page ; there 
I learnt impudence and pimping. Being turned oft 
for wearing my lord's linen, and drinking my lady's 
ratafia, I turned bailiffs follower ; there I learnt bully- 
ing and swearing. I at last got into the army, and 
there I learnt . . . drinking. So that . . . the whole 
lum is : canting, lying, impudence, pimping, bullying, 
swearing, drinking, and a halberd." — Farquhar : The 
Recruiting Officer, iii. i (1705). 

Sergeant Kite Is an original picture of low life and 
humour, rarely surpassed.— .tf. Chambers: English 
Literature, i. 599. 

(The original " sergeant Kite " was R. 
Eastcourt, 1668-1713.) 

Kitely (2 syl.), a rich City merchant, 
extremely jealous of his wife. — Ben 
Jonson: Every Man in His Humour 
(1598). 

Kitt Kenshaw, boatman of sir 

Patrick Charteris of Kinfauns, provost of 
Perth.— Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV. ). 

Kittlecourt (Sir Thomas), M.P., 
neighbour of the laird of Ellangowan. — 
Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Kitty, one of the servants of Mr. 
Peregrine LoveL She spoke French like 
a native, because she was once " a half- 
boarder at Chelsea." Being asked if she 
had read Shakespeare : "Shikspur, Shik- 
spur ! " she replied. "Who wrote it? 
No, I never read that book; but I pro- 
mise to read it over one afternoon or 
other." — Townley : High Life Below 
Stairs (i75 Q )- 

Kitty, younger daughter of sir David 
and lady Dunder of Dunder Hall, near 
Dover. She is young, wild, and of ex- 
uberant spirits, "her mind full of fun, 
her eyes full of fire, her head full of 
novels, and her heart full of love. " Kitty 
fell in love with Random at Calais, and 
agreed to elope with him, but the fugitives 
were detected by sir David during their 
preparations for flight, and, to prevent 
scandal, the marriage was sanctioned by 
the parents, and duly solemnized at Dun- 
der Hall. — Colman : Ways and Means 
(1788). 

Kitty Pry, the waiting-maid of 
Melissa. Very impertinent, very in- 
quisitive, and very free in her tongue. 
She has a partiality to Timothy Sharp 
" the lying valet." — Garrick : The Lying 
Valet (1741). 

Kitty Willis, a " soiled dove," em- 
ployed by Saville to attend a masquerade 



KLABOTERMANN. 

In the same costume as lady Francis, in 
order to dupe CourtalL — Mrs. Cowley: 
The Belle's Stratagem (1780). 

Klabot'eraiann, a ship-kobold of 
the Baltic, sometimes heard, but rarely 
seen. Those who have seen him say he 
sits on the bowsprit of a phantom ship 
called Carmilhan, dressed in yellow, 
wearing a night-cap, and smoking a cutty 
pipe. 

Klas {Kaiser), a nickname given to 
Napoleon I. (1769, 1804-1814, 1821). 

Hort mal liid, en bitgen still, 
Hort wat ick verteUen will. 
Van den groten kaiser Klai, 
Dat war mal en fixen Bas, 
Ded von Korsika her ten 
Wall de welt mal recht beseha. 

• • • 6 

Helena de Jumfer is 
Nu stn Brut, sin Paradis ; 
Klas geit rait er op de Jagd 
Drdmt nich mehr von krieg' urn Schlacht, 
Urn het he mal Langewil 
Schleit be Rotten dot mil'n Bil. 

Kmiser Klas. 

Klaus {Doctor), hero and title of a 
comedy by Herr Adolph l'Arronge (1878). 
Dr. Klaus is a gruff, but noble-minded 
and kind-hearted man, whose niece (a 
rich jeweller's daughter) has married a 
poor nobleman of such extravagant 
notions that the wife's property is soon 
dissipated ; but the young spendthrift is 
reformed. The doctor has a coachman, 
who invades his master's province, and 
undertakes to cure a sick peasant. 

Elans {Peter), the prototype of Rip 
ran Winkle. Klaus [Klows] is a goat- 
herd of Sittendorf, who was one day 
accosted by a young man, who beckoned 
him to follow. Peter obeyed, and was 
led into a deep dell, where he found 
twelve knights playing skittles, no one of 
whom uttered a word. Gazing around, 
he noticed a can of wine, and, drinking 
some of its contents, was overpowered 
with sleep. When he awoke, he was 
amazed at the height of the grass, and 
when he entered the village everything 
seemed strange to him. One or two 
companions encountered him, but those 
whom he knew as boys were grown 
middle-aged men, and those whom he 
knew as middle-aged were grey-beards. 
After much perplexity, he discovered he 
had been asleep for twenty years. (See 
Sleepers.) 

Your Epimenides, your somnolent Peter Klaus, sine* 
aamed " Rip vaa Winkle."— Cariyie. 

Kleiner (General), governor of 
Prague, brave as a lion, but tender- 
hearted as a girL It was Kleiner who 



577 KNIGHT OF THE EBON SPEAK. 

rescued the infant daughter of Mahldenau 
at the siege of Magdeburg. A soldiet 
seized the infant's nurse, but Kleiner 
smote him down, saved the child, and 
brought it up as his own daughter. 
Mahldenau being imprisoned in Prague 
as a spy, Meeta his daughter came to 
Prague to beg for his pardon, and it then 
came to light that the governor's adopted 
daughter was Meeta's sister. — Knowla: 
The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838). 

Knag (Miss), forewoman of Mme. 
Mantalini, milliner, near Cavendish 
Square, London. After doting on Kate 
Nickleby for three whole days, this spite- 
ful creature makes up her mind to hate 
her for ever.— Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby, 
xviii. (1838). 

Knickerbocker (Diedrich), a name 
assumed by Washington Irving, in bis 
History of New York (1809). 

Knight. An early British king 
knighted by Augustus. Cunobelinus or 
Cymbeline. 

Thou art welcome, Caius, 
Thy Csesar knighted me. 
Shakespeare : Cymbeline, act iil. sc. 1 (itiegfc, 

N.B. — Holinshed (vol. i. p. 33) says, 
"It is reported that Kymbeline, being 
brought to Rome, and knighted in the 
court of Augustus, ever shewed himselfe 
a friend to the Romans." 

Knight (A lady). Queen Elizabeth 
knighted Mary (wife of sir Hugh 
Cholmondeley of Vale Royal, near 
Chester), who was therefore called "the 
bold lady of Cheshire." 

Knight of Arts and Industry, 
the hero of Thomson's Castle of Indolence 
(canto ii. 7-13, 1748). 

Knight of La Mancha, don 

Qaixote de la Mancha, the hero of 
Cervantes's novel called Don Quixote, 
etc. (1605, 1615). 

Knight of the Blade, a bully ; so 
called because, when swords were worn, a 
bully was for ever asserting his opinions 
by an appeal to his sword. 

Knight of the Bnrning Pestle, 

a comedy in ridicule of chivalrous 
romance, by F. Beaumont (1611). 

Knight of the Ebon Spear, Bri- 
tomart. In the great tournament she 
" sends sir Artegal over his horse's tail," 
then disposes of Cambel, Tri'amond, 
Blan'damour, and several others in the 
same summary way, for "no man could 
9 P 



KNIGHT OF THE FATAL SWORD. 578 



KNIGHTS. 



bide her enchanted spear." — Spenser; 
Faerie Queene, iv. 4 (1596). 

Knight of the Fatal Sword, 

Emedorus of Grana'da. Known for his 
love to the incomparable Alzay'da. 

" Sir," said the lady, "your name is so celebrated in 
the world, that I am persuaded nothing is impossible 
for your arm to execute."— ComUsse D'Aulnoy : Fairy 
Tales ("The Knights-Errant," 1682). 

Knight of the Invincible Sword. 

So Am adis of Gaul styled himself. — 
Vasco de Lobeira: Amadis of Gaul (four- 
teenth century). He cleft in twain, at one 
stroke, two tremendous giants. 

Knight of the Leopard. David 

earl of Huntingdon, prince royal of Scot- 
land, assumed the name and disguise of 
sir Kenneth, "Knight of the Leopard," 
in the crusade.— Sir W. Scott: The Talis- 
man (time, Richard I.). 

Knight of the Lions, the appella- 
tion assumed by don Quixote after his 
attack upon the van containing two lions 
sent by the general of Oran as a present 
to the king of Spain. — Cervantes: Don 
Quixote, II. i. 17 (1615). 

Knight of the Pestle, an apothe- 
cary or druggist. 

Knight of the Post, one who 

haunted the purlieus of the courts, ready 
to be hired to swear anything. So called 
because these mercenaries hung about the 
posts to which the sheriffs affixed their 
announcements. 

Ill be no knight of the post, to sell my soul for a bribe ; 
Tho' all my fortunes be crossed, yet I scorn the 
cheater's tribe. 

Ragged and Torn and True (a ballad). 

Also a man in the pillory, or one that 
has been publicly tied to a post and 

whipped. 

Knight of the Rainbow, a foot- 
man ; so called from his gorgeous rai- 
ment. 

Knight of the Roads, a foot-pad 
or highwayman ; so termed by a pun on 
the military order entitled "The Knights 
of Rhodes." 

Knight of the Rueful Counten- 
ance. Don Quixote de la Mancha, the 
hero of Cervantes's novel, is so called by 
Sancho Panza his 'squire. 

Knight of the Shears, a tailor. 
Shires {counties), pronounced shears, gives 
birth to the pun. 

Knight of the Sun, Almanzor 
prince of Tunis. So called because the 
sun was the device he bore on his shield. 



— Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales 
(" Princess Zamea," 1682). 

Knight of the Swan, Lohengrin, 
son of Parzival. He went to Brabant 
in a ship drawn by a swan. Here he 
liberated the princess Elsen, who was a 
captive, and then married her, but de- 
clined to tell his name. After a time, he 
joined an expedition against the Hun- 
garians, and after performing miracles of 
valour, returned to Brabant covered with 
glory. Some of Elsen's friends laughed 
at her for not knowing her husband's 
name, so she implored him to tell her of 
his family ; but no sooner was the ques- 
tion asked than the white swan reap- 
peared and conveyed him away. — 
Wolfram von Eschenbach (a minnesinger) : 
Lohengrin (thirteenth century). (See 
Knights of the Swan.) 

Knight of the Tomb {The), sir 

Tames Douglas, usually called "The 
Black Douglas."— Sir W. Scott: Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I. ). 

Knight of the Whip, a coach- 
man. 

Knight of the White Moon, 

the title assumed by Samson Carrasco, 
when he tilted with don Quixote, on the 
condition that if the don were worsted in 
the encounter he should quit knight- 
errantry and live peaceably at home for 
twelve months. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, 
II. iv. 12-14 ( J 6i5). 

Knight of the Woeful Coun- 
tenance, don Quixote de la Mancha. 

Knight with Two Swords, sir 

Balin le Savage, brother of sir Balan. 
— Sir T. Malory : History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 27, 33 (1470). 

Knights. The three bravest of king 
Arthur's knights were sir Launcelot du 
Lac, sir Tristram de Lion6s or Lyon6s. 
and sir Lamorake de Galis {i.e. Wales). 
— Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 132 (1470). 

• . * The complement of the knights of 
the Round Table was 150 (ditto, i. 120). 
But in Lancelot of the Lake, ii. 81, they 
are said to have amounted to 250. 

Knights {Prentice), a secret society 
established to avenge the' wrongs of ap- 
prentices on their "tyrant masters." Mr. 
Sim Tappertit was captain of this " noble 
association," and their meetings were held 
in a cellar in Stagg's house, in the Bar- 
bican. The name was afterwards changed 



KNIGHTS OF ALCANTARA. 579 KNIGHTS OF ST. GEORGE. 



into "The United Bull-dogs," and the 
members joined the anti-popery rout of 
lord George Gordon. — Dickens: Barnaby 
Rudge, viii. (1841). 

Knights of Alcantara, a mili- 
tary order of Spain, which took its name 
from the city of Alcantara, in Estrema- 
dura. These knights were previously 
called " Knights of the Pear Tree," and 
subsequently " Knights of St Julian." 
The order was founded in 1156 for the 
defence of Estremadura against the 
Moors. In 1197 pope Celestine III. 
raised it to the rank of a religious order 
of knighthood. 

Knights of Calatra'va, a mili- 
tary order of Spain, instituted by Sancho 
III. of Castile. When Sancho took the 
strong fort of Calatrava from the Moors, 
he gave it to the Knights Templars, who, 
wanting courage to defend it, returned it 
to the king again. Then don Reymond 
of the Cistercian order, with several 
cavelleros of quality, volunteered to 
defend the fort, whereupon the king 
constituted them " Knights of Cala- 
trava. " 

Knights of Christian Charity, 

Instituted by Henri III. of France, for 
the benefit of poor military officers and 
maimed soldiers. This order was founded 
at the same time as that of the " Holy 
Ghost," which was meant for princes and 
men of distinction. The order was com- 
pleted by Henri IV., and resembled our 
" Poor Knights of Windsor," now called 
"The Military Knights of Windsor." 

Knights of Malta. First called 
" Knights of St. John of Jerusalem," 
otherwise "Knights of Rhodes." The 
most celebrated religious military order 
of the Middle Ages. In 1048 a hospital 
was dedicated to St. John the Baptist, 
which had been built by some merchants 
of Amain, to receive the pilgrims from 
Europe visiting the Holy Sepulchre. The 
nurses were first called the " Hospitaller 
Brothers of St. John the Baptist of Jeru- 
salem." The hospice was plundered by 
the Seljuk Turks ; and the Crusaders 
under Geoffroy de Bouillon, in 1099, 
rescued the first superior Gerard from 
prison. He resumed his work at the 
hospital, being joined by several of the 
Crusaders. The order then became mili- 
tary as well as religious. After various 
vicissitudes, the Knights, in 1310, under 
their grand-master, Foulkes de Villaret, 



captured Rhodes and seven other islands 
from the Greek and Saracen pirates, but 
they had to surrender Rhodes to Solyman 
in 1523. In 1530 they were given the 
island of Malta, with Tripoli and Gozo, 
by Charles V. The order has existed in 
parts of Italy, Russia, and Spain. 

Knights of Montesa, a Spanish 
order of knighthood, instituted by James 
II. of Aragon in 1317. 

Knights of Nova Scotia, in the 

West Indies, created by James I. of 
Great Britain. These knights wore a 
ribbon of an orange tawny colour. 

Knights of Our Lady of Mount 

Carmel {Chevaliers de rOrdre de Notre 
Dame du Mont Carmel), instituted by 
Henri IV. of France in 1607, and con- 
sisting of a hundred French gentlemen. 

N.B. — These knights must not be con- 
founded with the Carmelites, or L'Ordre 
des Carmes, founded by Bertholde count 
of Limoges in 1156 ; said by legend to have 
been founded by the prophet Elijah, and 
to have been revived by the Virgin Mary. 
The religious house of Carmel was founded 
in 400 by John patriarch of Jerusalem; 
in honour of Elijah, and this gave rise to 
the legend. 

Knights of Rhodes. The ' ' Knights 
of Malta" were so called between 1310 
and 1523. (See Knights of Malta.) 

Knights of St. Andrew, insti- 
tuted by Peter the Great of Moscovy, in 
1698. Their badge is a gold medal, 
having St. Andrew's cross on one side, 
with these words, Cazar Pierre monarque 
de tout le Russie. 

Knights of St. Genette {Cheva- 
liers de rOrdre de St. Genette), the most 
ancient order of knighthood in France, 
instituted by Charles Martel, after his 
victory over the Saracens in 782, where a 
vast number of gennets, like Spanish cats 
{civet cats), were found in the enemy's 
camp. 

Knights of St. George. There 
are several orders so called — 

1. St. George of Alfama, founded by 
the kings of Aragon. 

2. St. George of Austria and Carinthia, 
instituted by the emperor Frederick III. 
first archduke of Austria. 

3. Another founded by the same em- 
peror in 1470, to guard the frontiers of 
Bohemia and Hungary against the Turks. 



KNIGHTS OF ST. JAGO. 580 KNIGHTS OF THE DRAGON. 



& 



4. St. George, generally called ' ' Knights 
of the Garter " (g.v.). 

5. An order in the old republic of 
Genoa. 

6. The Teutonic knights were originally 
called " Knights of St. George." 

Knights of St. Jago, a Spanish 
order, instituted under pope Alexander 
III., the grand-master of which is next 
in rank to the sovereign. St. Jago or 
James (the Greater) is the patron saint 
of Spain. 

Knights of St. John of Jeru- 
salem. (See Knights of Malta, p. 
579-) 

Knights of St. Lazare (2 syl.), 
a religious and military order of Knights 
Hospitallers, established in the twelfth 
century, and confirmed by the pope in 
1255. Their special mission was to take 
care of lepers. The name is derived 
from Lazarus the beggar who lay at the 
gate of Div&s. The order was introduced 
into France under Louis VII. , and was 
abolished in the first Revolution. 

Knights of St. Magdalene (3 

'/.), a French order, instituted by St. 
uis (IX.), to suppress duels. 

Knights of St. Maria de Mer- 
cede (3 syl.), a Spanish order, for the 
redemption of captives. 

Knights of St. Michael the 
Archangel (Chevaliers de rOrdre de 
St. Michel), a French order, instituted by 
Louis XI. in 1469. The king was at the 
head of the order. M. Bouillet says, 
" St. Michel est regards' comme le pro- 
tecteur et l'ange tutelaire de la France." 

Knights of St. Patrick, instituted 
in 1783. The ruling sovereign of Great 
Britain and Ireland, and the lord-lieu- 
tenant of Ireland, are ex-offitio members 
of this order. The order is named after 
St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland. 

Knights of St. Salvador, in 

Aragon, instituted by Alphonso I. in 
1118. 

Knights of Windsor, formerly 
called " Poor Knights of Windsor," but 
now entitled "The Military Knights of 
Windsor," a body of military pensioners, 
who have their residence within the pre- 
cincts of Windsor Castle. 

Knights of the Bath, an order of 
knighthood derived from the ancient 
Franks, and so termed because the mem- 
bers originally "bathed" before they 



performed their vigils. The last knights 
created in this ancient form were at the 
coronation of Charles II. in 166 1. 

G.C.B. stands for Grand Cross of the 
Bath (the first class) ; K.C.B. for Knight 
Commander of the Bath (the second 
class) ; and C.B. for Companion of the 
Bath (the third class). 

Knights of the Blood of Our 
Saviour, an order of knighthood in 
Mantua, instituted by duke Vincent 
Goncaga in 1608, on his marriage. It 
consisted of twenty Mantuan dukes. The 
name originated in the belief that in St. 
Andrew's Church, Mantua, certain drops 
of our Saviour's blood are preserved as a 
relic. 

Knights of the Broom Flower 

(Chevaliers de TOrdrede la Geneste), insti- 
tuted by St. Louis (IX.) of France on 
his marriage. The collar was decorated 
with broom flowers, intermixed with 
fleurs de lys in gold. The motto was, 
Exaltat humlles. 

Knights of the Carpet or Carpet 
Knights, i.e. non-military or civil 
knights, such as mayors, lawyers, authors, 
artists, physicians, and so on, who receive 
their knighthood kneeling on a carpet, 
and not in the tented field. 

Knights of the Chamber or 

Chamber Knights, knights bachelors 
made in times of peace in the presence- 
chamber, and not in the camp. These are 
always military men, and therefore differ 
from " Carpet Knights," who are always 
civilians. 

Knights of the Cock and Dog, 

founded by Philippe I., Auguste, of 
France. 

Knights of the Crescent, a mili- 
tary order, instituted by Renatus of Anjou, 
king of Sicily, etc., in 1448. So called 
from the badge, which is a crescent of 
gold enamelled. What gave rise to this 
institution was that Renatus took for his 
device a crescent, with the word lot 
("praise"), which, in the style of rebus, 
makes loz in crescent, i.e. " by advancing 
in virtue one merits praise." 

Knig-hts of the Dove, a Spanish 

order, instituted in 1379 by John I. of 

Castile. 

Knights of the Dragon, created 

by the emperor Sigismond in 1417, upon 
the condemnation of Huss and Jerome of 
Prague " the heretics." 



KNIGHTS OF THE ERMINE. 581 KNIGHTS OF THE THISTLE. 



Knights of the Ermine [Cheva- 
liers de I' Ordre de tEpic) , instituted in 1450 
by Francois I. due de Bretagne. The 
collar was of gold, composed of ears of 
corn in saltier, at the end of which hung 
an ermine, with the legend a ma vie. The 
order expired when the dukedom was 
annexed to the crown of France. 

Knights of the Garter, insti- 
tuted by Edward III. of England in 1344. 
According to Selden, "it exceeds in 
majesty, honour, and fame, all chivalrous 
orders in the world." The story is that 
Joan countess of Salisbury, while danc- 
ing with the king, let fall her garter, and 
the gallant Edward, perceiving a smile 
on the faces of the courtiers, picked it up, 
bound it round his knee, and exclaimed, 
" Honi soit qui mal y pense." The blue 
garter and the motto of the order are thus 
accounted for. 

Knights of the Golden Fleece, 

a military order of knighthood, insti- 
tuted by Philippe le Bon of Burgundy 
in 1429. It took its name from a repre- 
sentation of the golden fleece on the 
collar of the order. The king of Spain 
is grand-master, and the motto is, Ante 
feret quamfla?nma micet. 

Knights of the Golden Shield, 

an order instituted by Louis II. of France, 
for the defence of the country. The 
motto is, A/Ions (i.e." Let us go in defence 
of our country "). 

Knights of the Hare, an order of 
twelve knights, instituted by Edward III. 
while he was in France. The French 
raised a tremendous shout, and Edward 
thought it was the cry of battle, but it 
was occasioned by a hare running be- 
tween the two armies. From this in- 
cident the knights created on the field 
after this battle were termed " Knights of 
the Order of the Hare." 

Knights of the Holy Ghost 

(Chevaliers de [Ordre du Saint Esprit), 
instituted by Henri III. of France on his 
return from Poland. Henri III. was both 
born and crowned on Whit-Sunday, and 
hence the origin of the order. 

Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, 

an order of knighthood founded by St. 
Hel'ena, when she visited Jerusalem at 
the age of 80, and found (as it is said) 
the cross on which Christ was crucified in 
a cavern under the temple of Venus, a.d. 
328. This order was confirmed by pupe 
Pascal II. in 11 14. 



Knights of the Lily, an order of 
knighthood in Navarre, founded by 
Garcia in 1048. 

Knights of the Order of Fools, 

established November, 138 1, and con- 
tinued to the beginning of the sixteenth 
century. The insignia was a jester or 
fool embroidered on the left side of their 
mantles, cap and bells, yellow stockings, 
a cup of fruit in the right hand, and a 
gold key in the left. It resembled the 
" Oddfellows " of more modern times. 

Knights of the Porcupine 

(Chevaliers de £ Ordre du Porcipic), a 
French order of knighthood. The ori- 
ginal motto was, Cominus et eminus, 
changed by Louis XII. into Ultus avos 
Trojce. 

Knights of the Red Staff, an 
order instituted by Alfonso XL of Cas- 
tile and Leon in 1330. 

Knights of the Round Table. 

King Arthur's knights were so called, 
because they sat with him at a round 
table made by Merlin for king Leode- 
graunce. This king gave it to Arthur on 
his marriage with Guinever, his daughter. 
It contained seats for 150 knights, 100 of 
which king Leodegraunce furnished when 
he sent the table. 

Knights of the Shell. The argo- 
nauts of St. Nicholas were so called from 
the shells worked on the collar of the 
order. 

Knights of the Ship, an order of 

knighthood founded by St. Louis (IX.) 
of France in his expedition to Egypt. 

Knights of the Star (Chevaliers 
de I' Ordre de I'Etoile), an ancient order 
of knighthood in France. The motto of 
the order was, Monstrant regibus astra 
viam. 

Knights of the Swan (Chevaliers 
de I' Ordre du Cygne), an order of knight- 
hood founded in 1443 by the elector 
Frederick II. of Brandenburg, and re- 
stored in 1843 by Frederick William IV. 
of Prussia. Its object is the relief of dis- 
tress generally. The king of Prussia is 
grand-master. The motto is, Gott mit 
uns ( ' ' God be with you " ) ; and the collar 
is of gold. The white swan is the badge 
of the house of Cleves (Westphalia). 

Lord Berners has a novel called The 
Knight of the Swan (sixteenth century). 

Knights of the Thistle, said to 
be founded by Archaicus king of the 



KNIGHTS OF THE VIRGIN. 58a 

Scots in»8o9 ; revived in 1540 by James V. 
of Scotland ; again in 1687 by James II. of 
Great Britain ; and again by queen Anne, 
who placed the order on a permanent 
footing. The decoration consists of a 
collar of enamelled gold, composed of 
sixteen thistles interlaced with sprigs 
of rue, and a small golden image of St. 
Andrew within a circle. The motto is, 
Nemo me impune lacessit. The members 
are sometimes called " Knights of St. 
Andrew." 

The rue mixed with the thistles is 
a pun on the word "Andrew," thistles 
And-rue. 

(There was at one time a French 
" Order of the Thistle" in the house of 
Bourbon, with the same decoration and 
motto.) 

Knights of the Virgin's Look- 
ing-glass, an order instituted in 1410 
by Ferdinand of Castile. 

Knights Sword-bearers, founded 
in 1201 by bishop Meinhard, for the 
defence of Livonia. The last grand- 
master of the order was Gothard Kettler, 
created duke of Courland in 1561. 

Knights Teutonic, originally called 
"Knights of St. George," then " Knights 
of the Virgin Mary," and lastly " Teutonic 
Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary the 
Virgin." This order was instituted by 
Henry king of Jerusalem, in compliment 
to the German volunteers who accom- 
panied Frederick Barbarossa on his cru- 
sade. The knights were soon afterwards 
placed under the tutelage of the Virgin, 
to whom a hospital for German pilgrims 
had been dedicated ; and in 1191 pope 
Celestine III. confirmed the privileges, 
and changed the name to the " Teutonic 
Knights." Abolished by Napoleon, 1809. 
It still has a titular existence in Austria. 

Knighton, groom of the duke of 
Buckingham. — Sir W.Scott; Fortunes of 
Nigel (time, James I.). 

Knockwinnock (Sybil), wife of sir 
Richard of the Redhand, and mother of 
Malcolm Misbegot.— Sir W. Scott; The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Knot (Gordian). (See Gordius, p. 
438.) 

Know. Not to know me argues your- 
selves unknown. The words of Satan to 
Zephon and Ithu'riel, when they disco- 
vered him lurking in the garden of Eden. 
—Milton: Paradise Lost, iv. 830 (1665). 

Knowledge (Finn's Tooth of). Ac- 



KOLAO. 



cording to old Celtic romances, Finn Mac 
Cumal (Fingal) had the gift of divination, 
which he could exercise at will by placing 
his thumb under one of his teeth. The 
legends say that he obtained the power 
from being the first to eat of the salmon 
of knowledge, which swam in the pool of 
Linn-Fee, in the Boyne. The process 
seems to have been attended with pain, 
so that it was only on very solemn and 
trying occasions Finn exercised the gift. 

Kochla'ni, a race of Arabian horses, 
whose genealogy for 2000 years has been 
most strictly preserved. They are derived 
from Solomon's studs. This race of horses 
can bear the greatest fatigue, can pass days 
without food, show undaunted courage in 
battle, and when their riders are slain 
will carry them from the field to a place 
of safety. — Niebuhr. 

(The Kadischi is another celebrated race 
of horses, but not equal to the Kochlani.) 

Koh-i-noor [" mountain of light "], a 
diamond once called "The Great Mogul." 
Held in the fourteenth century by the 
rajah of Malwa. Later it fell into the 
hands of the sultans of Delhi, after their 
conquest of Malwa. It belonged in the 
seventeenth century to Aurungzebe the 
Great. The shah Jihan sent it to 
Hortensio Borgio to be cut, but the 
Venetian lapidary reduced it from 793! 
carats to 186, and left it dull and lustre- 
less. It next passed into the hands of 
Aurungzebe's great-grandson, who hid it 
in his turban. Nadir Shah invited the 
possessor to a feast, and insisted on 
changing turbans, " to cement their love," 
and thus it fell into Nadir's hands, who 
gave it the name of "Koh-i-noor." It 
next passed into the hands of Ahmed 
Shah, founder of the Cabul dynasty ; was 
extorted from shah Shuja by Runjet 
Singh, who wore it set in a bracelet. 
After the murder of Shu Singh, it was 
deposited in the Lahore treasury, and 
after the annexation of the Punjaub was 
presented to queen Victoria in 1849. It has 
been re-cut, and, though reduced to 106 
carats, is supposed to be worth ^140,000. 
• . • There is another diamond of the same 
name belonging to the shah of Persia. 

Kolao, the wild man of Misamichis. 
He had a son who died in early youth, and 
he went to Pat-Koot-Parout to crave his 
son's restoration to life. Pat-Koot-Parout 
put the soul of the dead body in a leather 
bag, which he fastened with packthread, 
and hung round the neck of Kolao, telling 



KOPPENBERG. 



583 



him to lay the body in a new hut, put the 
bag near the mouth, and so let the soul 
return to it, but on no account to open 
the bag before everything was ready. 
Kolao placed the bag in his wife's hands 
while he built the hut, strictly enjoining 
her not to open it ; but curiosity led her 
to open the bag, and out flew the soul to 
the country of Pat-Koot-Parout again. — 
Gueulette: Chinese Tales (" Kolao, the 
Wild Man," 1723). 

1T Orpheus, having lost his wife 
Eurydlce" by the bite of a serpent, 
obtained permission of Pluto for her 
restoration, provided he looked not back 
til! he reached the upper world. He had 
got to the end of his journey when he 
turned round to see if Pluto had kept 
his word. As he turned he just caught 
sight of Eurydicfi, who was instantly 
caught back again to the infernal regions. 

IT Adam and Eve in Paradise were for- 
bidden to eat the fruit of the tree of 
knowledge ; but Eve could not resist. She 
ate and gave to Adam, who ate of the fruit 
also, and both were expelled from Paradise. 

IT Pando'ra entrusted her box to Epime'- 
theus (4 syl.) her husband, but enjoined 
him on no account to open it. Curiosity 
induced Epimetheus to peep into it, when 
out flew all the ills that flesh is heir to. 
However, the lid was slammed down 
before Hope had made his escape. 

(Similar tales are extremely numerous.) 

Koppeixberg", the mountain of West- 
phalia to which the pied piper (Bunting) 
led the children, when the people of 
Hamelin refused to pay him for killing 
their rats. — Browning. 

If The Old Man of the Mountain led 
the children of Lorch into the Tannen- 
berg, for a similar offence. 

Eorigfans or Korrigans, nine fays of 
Brittany, not above two feet in height, 
who can predict future events, assume 
any shape, and move from place to place 
as quick as thought. They sing like 
syrens, and comb their long hair like 
mermaids. The Korigans haunt foun- 
tains, flee at the sound of bells, and their 
breath is deadly. — Breton Mythology. 

Kosciusko (Thaddaus), the Polish 
general who contended against the allied 
army of Russia under the command of 
Suwarrow, in 1794. He was taken 
prisoner and sent to Russia, but in 1796 
was set at liberty by the czar. 

Hope for a season bade the world farewell. 
And Freedom shrieked — as Koschiuslco felL 

Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, L (1799). 



KUDRUN. 

Erakamal, the Danish death-song. 

Kriemhild [Rreem-hild\, daughter of 
Dancrat, and sister of Gunther king of 
Burgundy. She first married Siegfried 
king of the Netherlanders, who was mur- 
dered by Hagan. Thirteen years after- 
wards, she married Etzel (Attila) king of 
the Huns. Some time aftsr her marriage, 
she invited Gunther, Hagan, and others to 
visit her, and Hagan slew Etzel's young 
son. Kriemhild now became a perfect 
fury, and cut off the head of both Gunther 
and Hagan with her own hand, but was 
herself slain by Hildebrand. Till the 
death of Siegfried, Kriemhild was gentle, 
modest, and lovable, but afterwards she 
became vindictive, bold, and hateful. — 
The Nibelungen Lied (by the German 
minnesingers, twelfth century). 

Krook, proprietor of a rag-and-bone 
warehouse, where everything seems to be 
bought and nothing sold. He is a 
grasping drunkard, who eventually dies 
of spontaneous combustion. Krook is 
always attended by a large cat, which he 
calls " Lady Jane," as uncanny as her 
master. — Dickens: Bleak House (1852). 

Kruitz'ner, or the "German's Tale," 
in Miss H. Lee's Canterbury Tales. Lord 
Byron founded his tragedy of Werner on 
this tale. 

The drama [of Werner] Is takes entirely from the 
"German's Tale" [KruitMner\ published in Lee's 
Canterbury Tales, written by two sisters ... I have 
adopted the characters, plan, and even the language 
of many parts of the story.— Byron : Preface to Wernei 
(1822). 

Krux, a dirty-minded, malicious 
brute, without sufficient courage to be 
a villain, but quite mean-spirited enough 
to be malicious. — Robertson : School 
(1869). 

Kubla Khan. Coleridge says that 
he composed this fragment from a 
dream, after reading Purchas's Pil- 
grimage, a description of khan Kubla's 
palace ; and he wrote it down on 
awaking (1797). 

(It is said that Tartini composed The 
Devils Sonata in his sleep.) 

Rouget de Lisle slept at the harpsi- 
chord whilst composing the Marseillaise : 
on waking he recalled the song as one 
recalls the impression of a dream, and 
then wrote down words and music (1792). 

Kudrun, called the German Odyssey 
(thirteenth century) ; divided into three 
parts called Hagen, Hilde (2 syl.), and 
Kudrun. 

N.B.—f/agen is the son of Siegebrand, 



KWASIND. 

Icing of Irland, and is carried off by a 
griffin to a distant island, where three 
princesses take charge of him. In due 
time a ship touches on the island, takes 
all the four to Irland, and Hagen marries 
Hilda, the youngest of the three sisters. 

Hilda. In due time Hilda has a 
daughter, who is called by the same 
name, and at a marriageable age becomes 
the wife of Hedel king of Friesland. 

Kudrun. Hilda's daughter Kudrun 
becomes affianced to Herwig, but, while 
preparing the wedding dresses, is carried 
off by Hartmut, son of Ludwig king of 
Normandy. Her father goes in pursuit, 
but is slain by Ludwig. On reaching 
Normandy, Gerlinde (3 syl.) the queen- 
mother treats Kudrun with the greatest 
cruelty, and puts her to the most servile 
work, because she refuses to marry her 
son. At length, succour is at hand. 
Her lover and brother arrive and slay 
Ludwig. Gerlinde is just about to put 
Kudrun to death, when Watt Long-beard 
rushes in, slays the queen, and rescues 
Kudrun, who is forthwith married to 
Herwig her affianced lover. — Author 
unknown (one of the minnesingers). 

Kwa'sind, the strongest man that 
ever lived, the Hercules of the North 
American Indians. He could pull up 
cedars and pines by the roots, and toss 
huge rocks about like playthings. Hi» 
wondrous strength was "seated in his 
crown," and there of course lay his point 
of weakness, but the only weapon which 
could injure him was the " blue cone of 
the fir tree," a secret known only to the 
pygmies or Little-folk. This mischievous 
race, out of jealousy, determined to kill 
the strong man, and one day, finding him 
asleep in a boat, pelted him with fir 
cones till he died ; and now, whenever the 
tempest rages through the forests, and the 
branches of the trees creak and groan and 
split, they say, ' ' Kwasind is gathering in 
his fire- wood." (See Hercules, p. 485.) 

Dear, too, unto Hiawatha 

Was the very strong man Kwasind ; 

He the strongest of all mortals. 

Longfellow : Hiawatha, xv. and rrllL 

Eyrie Elyson de Montalban 

(Don) or "don Quirieleyson de Mon- 
talvan," brother of Thomas de Montalban, 
in the romance called Tirante le Blanc, 
author unknown. 

(Dr. Warburton, In his essay on the 
old romances, falls into the strange error 
of calling this character an "early 
romance of chivalry." As well might he 
call Claudius king of Denmark a play of 



584 



LACKITT. 



Shakespeare's, instead of a character in 
the tragedy of Hamlet.) 

A large quarto dropped at the barber's feet ... It 
was the history of that famous knight Tirante U Blanc 
•' Pray let me look at that book," said the priest ; " wa 
shall find in it a fund of amusement. Here shall we 
find the famous knight don Kyrie Elyson of Montalban, 
and his brother Thomas. . . . This is one of the most 
amusing books ever written."— Cervantes : D*n Quur- 
»U,l.\.6 (1605).! 



LaVarnm, the imperial standard 
carried before the Roman emperors in 
war. Constantine, having seen a luminous 
cross in the sky the night before the 
battle of Saxa Rubra, added the sacred 
monogram xp (Christos). — Gibbon : 
Decline and Fall, etc., xx. note (1788). 

N.B. — The labarum bore the device 
of a cross, above which was a crown 
adorned with the sacred monogram and 
the Greek letters a, w. Attached to the 
transverse rod was a small purple banner 
with a gold fringe. 

— * . . . stars would write his will in heaven. 
As once when a labarum was not deemed 
Too much for the old founder of these walls [Constan- 
tinople! 

R. Browning : Paracelsus, 11. 

Labe (2 syl), the sorceress-queen of 
the Island of Enchantments. She tried 
to change Beder, the young king of Per- 
sia, into a halting, one-eyed hack ; but 
Beder was forewarned, and changed Labe" 
herself into a mare. — Arabian Nights 
("Beder and Giauhare 1 "). 

Labe'rius, a Roman writer of panto- 
mimes, contemporary with Julius Csesar. 

Laberius would be always sure of more followers thaa 
Sophocles. — Macpherson : Dissertation on Ossian. 

La Creevy {Miss), a little talka- 
tive, bustling, cheery miniature-painter. 
Simple-minded, kind-hearted, and bright 
as a lark. She marries Tim Linkinwater, 
the old clerk of the brothers Cheery ble.— 
Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Lackitt ( Widow), the widow of an 
Indian planter. This rich vulgar widow 
falls in love with Charlotte Weldon, who 
assumes the dress of a young man and 
calls herself Mr. Weldon. Charlotte 
even marries the widow, but then inform* 



LACY. 

ler that she is a girl in male apparel, 
engaged to Mr. Stanmore. The widow 
consoles herself by marrying Jack Stan- 
more. — Southern: Oroonoko (1696). 

Lacy (Sir Hugo de), constable of 
Chester, a crusader. 

Sir Damian de Lacy, nephew of sir 
Hugo. He marries lady Eveline. 

Randal de Lacy, sir Hugo's cousin, 
introduced in several disguises, as a 
merchant, a hawk-seller, and a robber- 
captain.— Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed 
{time, Henry II.). 

La' das, Alexander's messenger, noted 
iar his swiftness of foot Lord Rosebery 
named one of his horses " Ladas." 

Ladislans, a cynic, whose humour is 
healthy anil amusing. — Massinger: The 
Picture (1629). 

Ladislaw (Wilt), the artist in love 
with Dorothea Brooke the heroine of the 
novel, who first marries Casaubon, and 
afterwards Will Ladislaw. — George Eliot 
(Mrs. J. W. Cross) : Middlemarch (1872). 

Ladon, the dragon or hydra that 
assisted the HesperidSs in keeping 
watch over the golden apples of the 
Hesperian grove. 

So oft th' unamiable dragon hath slept, 
That the garden's imperfectly watched after all. 
Moore : Irish Melodies (1814). 

Ladrone Islands, i.e. " thieves' 
islands ; " so called by Magellan in 1519, 
from the thievish disposition of the 
natives. 

Ladurlad, the father of Kail'yal (2 
syl.). He killed Ar'valan for attempting 
to dishonour his daughter, and thereby in- 
curred the "curse of Keha'ma " (Arvalan's 
father). The curse was that water should 
not wet him nor fire consume him, that 
sleep should not visit him nor death 
release him, etc. After enduring a time 
of agony, these curses turned to blessings. 
Thus, when his daughter was exposed to 
the fire of the burning pagoda, he was 
enabled to rescue her, because he was 
"charmed from fire." When her lover 
was carried by the witch Lorrimite (3 
syl.) to the city of Baly under the 
ocean, he was able to deliver the captive, 
because he was "charmed from water, 
the serpent's tooth, and all beasts of 
blood." He could even descend to the 
infernal regions to crave vengeance 
against Kehama, because "he was 
charmed against death." When Kchnma 
drank the cup of " immortal death,'' 



585 LADY OF LYONS. 

Ladurlad was taken to paradise. — 
Southey : The Curse of Kehama (1809). 

Lady [A ). This authoress of A New 
System of Domestic Cookery (1808) is Mrs. 
Rundell. 

Lady (A), authoress of The Diary of 
an Ennuyie (1826), is Mrs. Anna Jameson. 

Several other authoresses have adopted 
the same signature, as Miss Gunn of 
Christchurch, Conversations on Church 
Polity (1833) ; Mrs. Palmer, A Dialogut 
in the Devonshire Dialect (1837) ; Miss S. 
Fenimore Cooper, Rural Hours (1854! ; 
Julia Ward, Passion-flowers, etc. (1854) 
Miss E. M. Sewell, Amy Herbert (1865) , 
etc. 

Lady Bountiful (A). The benevo- 
lent lady of a village is so called, from 
1 ' lady Bountiful " in the Beaux' Stratagem, 
by Farquhar (1707). (See Bountiful, 
p. 140.) 

Lady Freemason, the Hon. Miss 
Elizabeth St. Leger, daughter of lord 
Doneraile. The tale is that, in order to 
witness the proceedings of a Freemasons' 
lodge, she hid herself in an empty clock- 
case when the lodge was held in her 
father's house ; but, being discovered, she 
was compelled to submit to initiation as 
a member of the craft. 

Lady Magistrate (The), lady 

Berkley, made justice of the peace for 
Gloucestershire by queen Mary. She sat 
on the bench at assizes and sessions girt 
with a sword. 

Lady Margaret, mother of Henry 
VII. She founded a professorship of 
divinity in the University of Cambridge 
(1502) ; and a preachership in both uni- 
versities. 

Lady in the Sacque. The appa- 
rition of this hag forms the story of the 
Tapestried Chamber, by sir W. Scott. 

Lady of England, Maud, daughter 
of Henry I. The title of Domina Anglo- 
rum was conferred upon her by the 
council of Winchester, held April 7, 
1 141. (See Rymer's Fasdera, i. (1703).) 

A. L. O. F... the initial letters of A Lady Of Eng- 
land, was the signature adopted by Miss Tucker, 
authoress of Pride and Prejudice, etc (1821-1893). 

Lady of Lyons (The). Pauline 
D.-schappelles, daughter of a Lyonese 
merchant. She rejected the suits of 
Brauseant, Glavis, and Claude Melnotte, 
who therefore combined on vengeance. 
To this end, Claude, who was a gar- 
dener's son, aided by the other two, 



LADY OF MERCY. 



586 



LADY OF THE SUN. 



passed himself off as prince Como, 
married Pauline, and brought her home 
to his mother's cottage. The proud 
beauty was very indignant, and Claude 
left her to join the French army. In 
two years and a half he became a colonel, 
and returned to Lyons. He found his 
father-in-law on the eve of bankruptcy, 
and that Beauseant had promised to 
satisfy the creditors if Pauline would con- 
sent to marry him. Pauline was heart- 
broken ; Claude revealed himself, paid 
the money required, and carried home 
Pauline as his loving and true-hearted 
wife. — Lord Lytton : Lady of Lyons (1838). 

Lady of Mercy {Our), an order of 
knighthood in Spain, instituted in 12 18 
by James I. of Aragon, for deliverance of 
Christian captives from the Moors. As 
many as 400 captives were rescued in six 
years by these knights. 

Lady of Shalott, a maiden who 
died for love of sir Lancelot of the Lake. 
Tennyson has a poem so entitled. 

• . • The story of Elaine, " the lily maid 
of Astolat," in Tennyson's Idylls of the 
King, is substantially the same. 

Lady of the Bleeding- Heart, 
Ellen Douglas. The cognizance of the 
Douglas family is a " bleeding heart." — 
Sir W. Scott: Lady of the Lake (1810). 

LADY OF THE LAKE (A), a 

harlot (Anglo-Saxon, Idc, " a present.") 
A "guinea-fowl" or "guinea-hen" is a 
similar term. 

But for the difference marriage makes 
Twixt wires and "ladies of the lake." 

S. Butler: Hudibras, iii. x (1678). 

Lady of the Lake {The), Nimue 
[sic], one of the damsels of the lake, that 
king Pellinore took to his court. Merlin, 
in his dotage, fell in love with her, when 
she wheedled him out of all his secrets, 
and enclosed him in a rock, where he 
died (pt. i. 60). Subsequently, Nimue 
married sir Pelleas (pt. i. 81, 82). (See 
next article. ) 

So upon a time It happened that Merlin shewed 
Nimue in a rock whereas was a great wonder, and 
wrought by enchantment, which went under a stone. 
So, by her subtle craft and working, she made Merlin 
go under that stone . . . and so wrought that he never 
came out again. So she departed, and left Merlin.— 
Sir T. Malory: History 0/ Prince Arthur, i. 60 
(1470). 

(Tennyson, in his Idylls of the King 
(" Merlin and Vivien "), makes Vivien the 
enchantress who wheedled old Merlin out 
of his secrets; and then, "in a hollow 
oak," she shut him fast, and there "he 



lay as dead, and lost to life, and use, and 
name, and fame.") 

N.B. — This seems to be an error. At 
any rate, it is not in accordance with the 
Mort <T Arthur of Caxton renown. 

Lady of the Lake {The), Nineve. 
It is not evident from the narrative 
whethenNineve is not the same person as 
Nimue, and that one of the two (probably 
the latter) is not a typographical error. 

Then the Lady of the Lake, that was always friendly 
unto king Arthur, understood by her subtle crafts that 
king Arthur was like to have been destroyed ; and 
therefore this Lady of the Lake, that hight Nineve, 
came into the forest to seek sir Launcelot du Lake.— 
Sir T. Malory: History 0/ Prince Arthur, ii. 57 
<H7o). 
The feasts that underground the faery did him 

[Arthur] make. 
And there how he enjoyed the Lady of the Lake. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, iv. (161a). 

Lady of the Lake ( The). Vivienne 
(3 syl.) is called La Dame du Lac, and 
dwelt en la marche de la petite Bretaigne. 
She stole Lancelot in his infancy, and 
plunged with him into her home lake ; 
hence was Lancelot called du Lac. When 
her protigi was grown to manhood, she 
presented him to king Arthur. 

Lady of the Lake {The), Ellen 
Douglas, once a favourite of king James , 
but when her father fell into disgrace, she 
retired with him near Loch Katrine. — Sir 
W. Scott: Lady of the Lake (1810). 

Lady of the Lake and Arthur's 
Sword. The Lady of the Lake gave to 
king Arthur the sword "Excalibur." 
" Well," said she, " go into yonder barge 
and row yourself to the sword, and take 
it. " So Arthur and Merlin came to the 
sword that a hand held up, and took it by 
the handles, and the arm and hand went 
under the lake again (pt. i. 23). 

This Lady of the Lake asked in recom- 
pense the head of sir Balin, because he 
had slain her brother ; but the king refused 
the request. Then said Balin, " Evil be 
ye found I Ye would have my head ; 
therefore ye shall lose thine own." So 
saying, with his sword he smote off her 
head in the presence of king Arthur. — Sir 
T. Malory: History of Prince Arthur , i. 
28 (1470). 

Lady of the Mercians, ^Ethelflaed 
or El'fiida, daughter of king Alfred. She 
married ^Ethelred chief of that portion of 
Mercia not claimed by the Danes. 

Lady of the Sun, Alice Perrers 
(or Pierce), a mistress of Edward III. of 
England. She was a married woman, 
and had been lady of the bed-chamber to 



LADY WITH A LAMP. 

queen Philippa. Edward lavished on her 
both riches and honours ; but when the 
king was dying, she stole his jewels, and 
even the rings from his fingers. 

Lady with a Lamp, Florence 
Nightingale (1820- ). 

On England's annals . . . 

A Lady with a Lamp shall staad . . • 

A noble type of good. 

Heroic womanhood. 

Longfellow: Santa FilomeTm. 

Ladies' Rock, Stirling (Scotland). 

In the castle hill is a hollow called "The Valley," 
comprehending about an acre, ... for justings and 
tournaments. . . . Closely adjoining ... is a small 
rocky . . . mount called " The Ladies' Hill," where the 
fair ones of the court took their station to behold these 
feats.— Nimmo : History of Stirlingshire, 383. 

Laer'tes (3 syl.), son of Polonius lord 
chamberlain of Denmark, and brother of 
Ophelia. He is induced by the king to 
challenge Hamlet to a " friendly " duel, 
but poisons his rapier. Laertes wounds 
Hamlet ; and in the scuffle which ensues, 
the combatants change swords, and Ham- 
let wounds Laertes, so that both die. — 
Shakespeare: Hamlet (1596). 

Laer'tes (3 syl.), a Dane, whose life 
Gustavus Vasa had spared in battle. He 
becomes the trusty attendant of Chris- 
ti'na, daughter of the king of Sweden, 
and never proves ungrateful to the noble 
Swede. — Brooke: Gustavus Vasa (1730). 

Laer'tes's Son, Ulysses. 

But when his strings with mournful magic tell 
What dire distress Laertes' son befell. 
The streams, meandering thro' the maze of wot, 
Bid sacred sympathy the heart o'erflow. 

Falconer : The Shipwreck, iii. i (1756). 

Lafeu, an old French lord, sent to 
conduct Bertram count of Rousillon to 
the king of France, by whom he was 
invited to the roval court. — Shakespeare : 
AUs Well that Ends Well (1598). 

Lafontaine [The Danish), Hans 
Christian Andersen (1805-1875). 

Lafontaine of the Vaudeville. 

So C. F. Panard is called (1691-1765). 

Lag 7 ado, capital of Balnibarbi, cele- 
brated for its grand school of projectors, 
where the scholars have a technical edu- 
cation, being taught to make pincushions 
from softened granite, to extract from 
cucumbers the sunbeams which ripened 
them, and to convert ice into gunpowder. 
— Swift : Gulliver's Travels ( ' ' Voyage to 
Lapu'ta," 1726). 

La Grange and his friend Du Croisy 
pay their addresses to two young ladies 
whose heads have been turned by novels. 
(The tale is given under Du Croisy, q.v.) 



587 



LAKE POETS. 



— Molibr: Les Precieuses Ridicule* 

(1659). 

Laider [Donald), one of the prisoners 
at Portanferry. — Sir W. Scott: Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Laila (2 syl. ), a Moorish maiden, of 
great beauty and purity, who loved 
Manuel, a youth worthy of her. The 
father disapproved of the match ; and 
they eloped, were pursued, and overtaken 
near a precipice on the Guadalhorcg (4 
syl-). They climbed to the top of the 
precipice, and the father bade his fol- 
lowers discharge their arrows at them. 
Laila and Manuel, seeing death to be 
inevitable, threw themselves from the 
precipice, and perished in the fall. It is 
from this incident that the rock was 
called "The Lovers' Leap." 

And every Moorish maid can tell 
Where Laila lies who loved so well j 
And every youth who passes there. 
Says for Manuel's soul a prayer. 
Southey: The Lovers, Rock (a ballad, 1798. taken 
from Mariana: DetaPcna de los Enamorados), 

Laila, daughter of Okba the sorcerer. 
It was decreed that either Laila or 
Thalaba must die. Thalaba refused to 
redeem his own life by killing Laila ; and 
Okba exultingly cried, "As thou hast 
disobeyed the voice of Allah, God hath 
abandoned thee, and this hour is mine." 
So saying, he rushed on the youth ; but 
Laila, intervening to protect him, re- 
ceived the blow, and was killed. Thalaba 
lived on, and the spirit of Laila, in the 
form of a green bird, conducted him to 
the simorg [q.v.), which he sought, that 
he might be directed to Dom-Daniel, the 
cavern " under the roots of the ocean." — 
Southey : Thalaba the Destroyer, x. ( 1797). 

La is (2 syl.), a generic name for a 
courtezan. Lais was a Greek hetaera, 
who sold her favours for ^200 English 
money. When Demosthenes was told the 
fee, he said he had "no mind to buy 
repentance at such a price." One of her 
great admirers was Diog'enes the cynic. 

This Is the cause 

That Lais leads a lady's life aloft. 

Gascoigne: The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Lake Poets (The), Wordsworth, 
Southey, and Coleridge, who lived about 
the lakes of Cumberland. According to 
Mr. Jeffrey, the conductor of the Edin- 
burgh Review, they combined the senti- 
mentality of Rousseau with the simplicity 
of Kotzebue and the homeliness of Cow- 
per. Of the same school were I^amb, 
Lloyd, and Wilson. Also called " Laker*" 
and " Lakists." 



LAKEDION. 



LAMINAR. 



Laked'ion {.Isaac), the name given 
*.n France to the Wandering Jew [q.v.). 

Italia Rookb., the supposed daughter 
of Aurungzebe emperor of Delhi. She 
was betrothed to Ahris sultan of Lesser 
Bucharia. On her journey from Delhi 
to Cashmere, she was entertained by 
Fer'amorz, a young Persian poet, with 
whom she fell in love; and unbounded 
was her delight when she discovered that 
the young poet was the sultan to whom 
she was betrothed. — Moore: Lalla Rookh 
(1817). 

Lambert [General), parliamentary 

leader. — Sir W. Scott : Woodstock (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Lambert [Sir~John), the dupe of Dr. 
Cantwell " the hypocrite." He entertains 
him as his guest, settles on him /J4000 a 
year, and tries to make his daughter 
Charlotte marry him, although he is 59 
and she is under 20. His eyes are opened 
at length by the mercenary and licentious 
conduct of the doctor. Lady Lambert 
assists in exposing him, but old lady 
Lambert remains to the last a believer 
in the "saint." In Moliere's comedy, 
■ ' Orgon " takes the place of Lambert, 
"Mme. Parnelle" of the old lady, and 
' ' Tartuffe " of Dr. Cantwell. 

Lady Lambert, the gentle, loving wife 
of sir John. By a stratagem, she convinces 
him of Dr. Cantwell's true character. 

Colonel Lambert, son of sir John and 
lady Lambert. He assists in unmasking 
" the hypocrite." 

Charlotte Lambert, daughter of sir John 
and lady Lambert. A pretty, bright girl, 
somewhat giddy and fond of teasing her 
sweetheart Darnley(see acti. 1). — Bicker- 
staff; The Hypocrite (1769). 

Lambcrarne [Michael), a retainer of 
the earl of Leicester. — Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Lambro, a Greek pirate, father of 
Haidee (q.v.). — Byron: Don Juan, iii. 
26, etc. (1820). 

We confess that our sympathy is most excited by the 
silent, wolf-like suffering of Lambro, when he ex- 
periences "the solitude of passing his own door without 
a welcome," and finds " the innocence of that sweet 
child "polluted. — Finden : Byron Beauties. 

(The original of this character was 
major Lambro, who was captain (1791) 
of a Russian piratical squadron, which 
plundered the islands of the Greek 
Archipelago, and did great damage. When 
his squadron was attacked by seven 
Algerine corsairs, major Lambro was 



wounded, but escaped. The Incidents 
referred to in canto vi. , etc. , are historical. ) 

Lamderg* and Gelchossa. Gel- 
chossa was beloved by Lamderg and 
Ullin son of Cairbar. The rivals fought, 
and Ullin fell. Lamderg, all bleeding 
with wounds, just reached Gelchossa to 
announce the death of his rival, and ex- 
pired also. "Three days Gelchossa 
mourned, and then the hunters found her 
cold," and all three were buried in one 
grave. — Ossian: Fingal, ii. 

Lame (77/4 

Jehan de Meung (1260-1320), called 
"Clopinel," because he was lame and 
hobbled. 

Tyrtseus, the Greek poet, was called the 
lame or hobbling poet, because he intro- 
duced the pentameter verse alternately 
with the hexameter. Thus his distich 
consisted of one line with six feet and 
one line with only five. 

The Lame King, Charles II. of Naples, 
Boiteux (1248, 1289-1309). 

Lame Lover ( The), by Foote (1770). 
(See Luke.) 

Lamech's Song". "Ye wives of 
Lamech, hearken unto my speech : for I 
have slain a man to my wounding, and a 
young man to my hurt ! If Cain shall be 
avenged sevenfold, truly Lamech seventy 
and sevenfold." — Gen. iv. 23, 24. 

As Lemech grew old, his eyes became dim, and 
finally all sight was taken from them, and Tubal-cain, 
his son, led him by the hand when he walked abroad. 
And it came to pass . . . that he led his father into 
the fields to hunt, and said to his father : " Lo 1 yonder 
is a beast of prey ; shoot thine arrow in that direction." 
Leinech did as his son had spoken, and the ariow 
struck Cain, who was walking afar off, and killed him. 
. . . Now when Lemech . . . saw [sic] that he had 
killed Cain, he trembled exceedingly, . . . and being 
blind, he saw not his son, but struck the lad's head 
between his hands, and killed him. . . . And he cried 
to his wives, Ada and Zillah, " Listen to my voice, ye 
wives of Lemech. ... I have slain a man to my hurt, 
and a child to my wounding I "—The Talmud.L (Sea 
LOKI.) , 

Lamia, a poem by Keats, of a young 
man who married a lamia (or serpent), 
which had assumed the form of a beauti- 
ful woman (1820). 

The idea is borrowed from PhilostrStus, De Vita 
Apollonii, bk. iv. (See Burton's Anatomy of Melan- 
choly.) 

Lamin/ak, Basque fairies, little 
folk, who live under ground, and some- 
times come into houses down the chimney, 
in order to change a fairy child for a 
human one. They bring good luck with 
them, but insist on great cleanliness, and 
always give their orders in words the 
very opposite of their intention. They 
hate church-bells. Every Basque laminak 



LAMINGTON. 589 

is named Guillen (William). (See Say 
and Mean.) 

Lamington, a follower of sir Geoffrey 
PeveriL— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Lami'ra, wife of Champernel, and 
daughter of Vertaigne" (2 syl.) a noble- 
man and a judge. — Fletcher: The Little 
French Lawyer (1647). 

Lamkin {Mrs. Alice), companion to 
Mrs. BethuneBaliol.— Sir W. Scott: The 
highland Widow (time, George II.). 

Lammas. At latter Lammas, never ; 
equivalent to Suetonius's" Greek kalends." 

Lammas Day is " Loaf-Mass " Day 
(August 1), on which occurred a special 
festival for the blessing of bread. 

Lammikin, a blood-thirsty builder, 
who built and baptized his castle with 
blood. He was long a nursery ogre, like 
Lun sford. — Scotch Ballad. 

Lammle [Alfred), a "mature young 
gentleman, with too much nose on his 
face, too much ginger in his whiskers, 
too much torso in his waistcoat, too much 
sparkle in his studs, his eyes, his buttons, 
his talk, his teeth." He married Miss 
Akershem, thinking she had money, and 
she married him under the same de- 
lusion ; and the two kept up a fine 
appearance on nothing at all. Alfred 
Lammle had many schemes for making 
money : one was to oust Rokesmith from 
his post of secretary to Mr. Boffin, and 
get his wife adopted by Mrs. Boffin in the 
place of Bella Wilfer; but Mr. Boffin 
saw through the scheme, and Lammle, 
with his wife, retired to live on the Con- 
tinent. In public they appeared very 
loving and amiable to each other, but led 
at home a cat-and-dog life. 

Sophronia Lammle, wife of Alfred 
Lammle. "A mature young lady, with 
raven locks, and complexion that lit up 
well when well powdered. " — Dickens : 
Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

Lamoracke (Sir), Lamerocke, La- 

MORAKE, LAMOR CK, or LAMARECKE, 
one of the knights of the Round Table, and 
one of the three most noted for deeds of 
prowess. The other two were sir 1 .auncelot 
and sir Tristram. Sir I^amoracke's father 
was king Pellinore of Wales, who slew king 
Lot. His brothers were sir Aglavale and 
sir Percival ; sir Tor, whose mother was 
the wife of Aries the cowherd, was his 
half-brother (pt. ii. 108). Sir Lamoracke 
was detected by the sons of king Lot in 



LAMPEDO. 

adultery with their mother, and they 
conspired his death. 

Sir Gawain and his three brethren, sir Agrawaln, sir 
GahSris, and sir Modred, met him [sir Lamoracke] in 
a privy place, and there they slew his horse; then 
they fought with him on foot for more than three 
hours, both before him and behind his back, and all-to 
hewed him in pieces.— Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur, ii. 144 (1470). 

Roger Ascham says, "The whole pleasure of La 
Morte d Arthur standeth in two special poyntes: in 
open manslaughter and bold bawdye, in which booke 
they are counted the noblest knights that doe kill most 
men without any quarrell, and commit foulest adulteries 
by sutlest shiftes : as sir Launcelote with the wife of 
king Arthur his master, sir Tristram with the wife of 
king Marke his uncle, and sir Lamerocke with the 
wife of king Lote that was his aunt."— Works, 254 
(fourth edit.). 

Lamorce' (2 syl. ), a woman of bad 
reputation, who inveigles young Mirabel 
into her house, where he would have been 
murdered by four bravoes, if Oriana, 
dressed as a page, had not been by. — 
Farquhar : The Inconstant (X702). 

Lamourette's Kiss (A), a kiss of 
peace when there is no peace ; a kiss of 
apparent reconciliation, but with secret 
hostility. On July 7, 1792, the abbe" 
Lamourette induced the different factions 
of the Legislative Assembly of France to 
lay aside their differences ; so the deputies 
of the Royalists, Constitutionalists, 
Girondists, Jacobins, and Orleanists, 
rushed into each others' arms, and the 
king was sent for, that he might see 
' ' how these Christians loved one another ;" 
but the reconciliation was hardly made 
when the old animosities burst forth more 
furiously than ever. 

Lampad ion, a lively, petulant 
courtezan. A name common in the later 
Greek comedy. 

Lam'pedo, of Lacedaemon. She was 
daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a 
king. Agrippina was granddaughter, 
wife, sister, and mother of a king.— 
Tacitus: Annates, xii. 22, 37. 

IT The wife of Raymond Ber'enger 
(count of Provence) was grandmother of 
four kings, for her four daughters 
married four kings: Margaret married 
Louis IX. king of France ; Eleanor 
married Henry III. king of England ; 
Sancha married Richard king of the 
Romans ; and Beatrice married Charles I. 
king of Naples and Sicily. 

Lam'pedo, a country apothecary-sur- 
geon, without practice ; so poor and ill- 
fed that he was but * ' the sketch and 
outline of a man." He says of himself— 

Altho' to cure men be beyond my skill. 
Tis hard, indeed, if I can't keep them ill. 

Tobin : The Honeymoon, UL 3 (1804). 



LAMPLUGH. 

Lamplngh ( Will), a smuggler.— Sir 
W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Lance (x syl.), falconer and ancient 
servant to the father of Valentine the 
gallant who would not be persuaded to 
keep his estate. — Fletcher: Wit without 
Money (1622). 

Lancelot or Launcelot Gobbo, 
servant of Shylock, famous for his soli- 
loquy whether or not he should run away 
from his master. — Shakespeare : Merchant 
of Venice (1598). 

Tarleton [1530-1588] was inimitable in suck parts as 
" Launcelot," and " Touchstone " in As Y»u Like It. 
In clowns' parts he never had his equal, and never 
wilL— Baker: Chronicles. 

Lancelot du Lac, by Ulrich of 
Zazikoven, the most ancient poem of the 
Arthurian series. It is the adventures 
of a young knight, gay and joyous with 
animal spirits and light-heartedness. 
(See Launcelot.) — One of the minne- 
songs of Germany (twelfth century). 

Lancelot du Lac and Tarquin. 

Sir Lancelot, seeking adventures, met 
with a lady who prayed him to deliver 
certain knights of the Round Table from 
the power of Tarquin. Coming to a 
river, he saw a copper basin hung on a 
tree for gong, and he struck it so hard 
that it broke. This brought out Tarquin, 
and a furious combat ensued, in which 
Tarquin was slain. Sir Lancelot then 
liberated three score and four knights, 
who had been made captives by Tarquin. 
(See Launcelot.)— Percy: Reliques, I. 
ii. 9. 

Lancelot of the Laik, a Scotch 
metrical romance, taken from the French 
Launcelot du Lac. Galiot, a neighbour- 
ing king, invaded Arthur's territories, and 
captured the castle of lady Melyhalt 
among others. When sir Lancelot went 
to chastise Galiot, he saw queen Guine- 
vere, and fell in love with her. The 
French romance makes Galiot submit to 
king Arthur ; but the Scotch tale termi- 
nates with his capture. (See Launce- 
lot.) 

Land of Beulah, land of rest, re- 
presenting that peace of mind which some 
Christians experience prior to death 
(Isa. lxii. 4). — Bunyan: Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress, i. (1678). 

Land of Cakes, and brither Scots ; 
i.e. Scotland. — Burns. 
Land of Joy. Worms, in Germany, 



S9o 



LANE. 



was so called by the minnesingers, from 
its excellent wine. 

Land of Life. This term is fre- 
quently met with in the old Celtic 
romances. The ancient inhabitants of 
Erin had, in common with other races 
of antiquity, the vague belief that there 
somewhere existed a land where people 
were always youthful, free from care and 
trouble and disease, and lived for ever. 
This country went by various names, as 
Tir-na-ndg, etc. It had its own inhabi- 
tants — fairies, but mortals were sometimes 
brought there, as was Ossian the poet son 
of Fingal ; and while they lived in it were 
gifted in the same manner as the fairy 
people themselves, and partook of their 
pleasures. 

Land of Promise. In ancient Gaelic 
romantic tales, mention is often made of 
Tir Tairmgire, the Land of Promise, 
Fairyland, as being one of the chief 
dwelling-places of the Dedannans or fairy 
host. In many passages this Land of 
Promise is identified with Inis-Manann, 
or the Isle of Man, which was ruled over 
by Mannanan Mac Lir, the sea-god, and 
named from him. 

Landey'da [" the desolation of the 
country "], the miraculous banner of the 
ancient Danes, on which was wrought a 
raven by the daughters of Regner Lod- 
brok. It was under this banner that 
Hardrada and Tostig attacked Harold at 
the battle of Stamford Bridge, a little 
before the battle of Senlac (Hastings). 

Landi {The Fete of the). Charle- 
magne showed to pilgrims once a year 
the relics of the chapel in Aix-la-Chapelle. 
Charles le Chauve removed the relics to 
Paris, and exhibited them once a year in 
a large field near the boulevard St. Denis 
\D'nee\ A procession was subsequently 
formed, and a fair held the first Monday 
after St. Barnabas's Day. 

Le mot Latin indictutn signifie un jour et un lieu 
indique's pour quelque assemblee du peuple. L'i, 
change d'abord en e, le fut definitivement en a. On 
dit done successivement, aulieu d' indicium ; Vindicf, 
Vendi't, Vandit, et enfin landi. — Dumas: L 'Horo- 
scope, i. 

Landois (Peter), the favourite minis- 
ter of the due de Bretagne. — Sir W. 
Scott: Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Landscape Gardening {Father of), 
Lenotre (1613-1700). 

Lane (Jane), daughter of Thomas, 
and sister of colonel John Lane. To save 
king Charles II. alter the battle of 



LANE. 

Worcester, she rode behind him from 
Bentley, in Staffordshire, to the house 
of her cousin Mrs. Norton, near Bristol. 
For this act of loyalty, the king granted 
the family the following armorial device : 
a strawberry horse saliant (couped at the 
flank), bridled, bitted, and garnished, 
supporting between its feet a royal crown 
proper. Motto : Garde le roy. 
Lane ( The), Drury Lane, 

There were married actresses in his company when 
he managed the Garden and afterwards the Lane.— 
Temple Bar (W. C. Macready), 76 (1875). 

Laneham {Master Robert), clerk of 
the council-chamber door. 

Sybil Laneham, his wife, one of the 
revellers at Kenil worth Castle. — Sir W. 
Scott : Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Langcale ( The laird of), a leader of 
the covenanters' army. — Sir W. Scott: 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Langley (Sir Frederick), a suitor to 
Miss Vere, and one of the Jacobite con- 
spirators with the laird of EUieslaw. — Sir 
W. JScoti : The Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Langosta (Duke of), the Spanish 
nickname of Aosta the elected king of 
Spain. The word means ' ' a locust " or 
" plunderer." 

Language ( The Primceval). 

(i) Psammetichus, an Egyptian king, 
wishing to ascertain what language Nature 
gave to man, shut up two infants where 
no word was ever uttered in their hear- 
ing. When brought before the king, they 
said, bekos (" toast "). — He?odotos, ii. 2. 

(2) Frederick II. of Sweden tried the 
same experiment 

(3) James IV. of Scotland, in the fif- 
teenth century, shut up two infants in the 
Isle of Inchkeith, with only a dumb 
attendant to wait on them, with the same 
object in view. 

Language Characteristics. 

Charles Quint used to say, " 1 speak 
German to my horses, Spanish to my 
household, French to my friends, and 
Italian to my mistress." 

1T The Persians say, the serpent in 
paradise spoke Arabic (the most suasive 
of all languages) ; Adam and Eve spoke 
Persian (the most poetic of all languages) ; 
and the angel Gabriel spoke Turkish (the 
most menacing of all languages).— Char- 
din: Travels (1686). 

L'ltalien se parte aux dames; 

Le Francals se parle aux savants (or) aux homines; 

L|Anglais se parle aux oiseaux ; 

L'Allemand se parle aux chiens; 

U'Espagnol se parle a Dieu. 



S91 LAOCOON. 

_iven to Man to 

Conceal his Thoughts. Said by 

Montrond, but generally ascribed to 
Talleyrand. (See Talleyrand.) 

Languish (Lydia), a romantic young 
lady, who is for ever reading sensational 
novels, and moulding her behaviour on 
the characters which she reads of in these 
books of fiction. Hence she is a very 
female Quixote in romantic notions of a 
sentimental type (see act L a). — Sheri- 
dan : The Rivals (1775). 

Misi Mellon [1775-1837] called on Sheridan, and was 
requested to read the scenes of Lydia Languish and 
Mrs. Malaprop from The Rivals. She felt frightened, 
and answered, with the naive, unaffected mann er which 
she retained through life, " I dare not, sir; I would 
rather read to all England. But suppose, sir, you do 
me the honour of reading them to me J " There was 
something so unassuming and childlike in the request, 
that the manager entered into the oddity of it, and 
read to her nearly the whole play.— Boaden. 

Lan'o, a Scandinavian lake, which 
emitted in autumn noxious vapours. 

He dwells at the waters of Lano, which sends forth 
the vapour of death.— The War •/ ItUs-Thona. 

Lantemize (To) is to spend one's 
time in literary trifles, to write books, 
to waste time in " brown studies," etc. — 
Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, v. 33 (1545). 

Lantern-Land, the land of authors, 
whose works are their lanterns. The in- 
habitants, called " Lanterners " (Lanter- 
nois), are bachelors and masters of arts, 
doctors and professors, prelates and 
divines of the council of Trent, and all 
other wise ones of the earth. Here are the 
lanterns of Aristotle, Epicuros, and Aris- 
tophanes ; the dark earthen lantern of 
Epictetos, the duplex lantern of Martial, 
and many others. The sovereign was a 
queen when Pantag'ruel visited the realm 
to make inquiry about the " Oracle of 
the Holy Bottle."— Rabelais : Pantag'ruel, 
▼■ 32. 33 (i545). 

Lanternois, pretenders to science, 
quacks of all sorts, and authors generally. 
They are the inhabitants of Lantern- 
land, and their literary productions are 
"lanterns." — Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, v. 
32. 33 (i545). 

Laocoon [La.ok'.o.on], a Trojan 
priest, who, with his two sons, was 
crushed to death by serpents. Thomson, 
in his Liberty, iv., has described the 
group, which represents these three in 
their death-agony. The group was dis- 
covered in 1506, in the baths of Titus, and 
is now in the Vatican. It was sculptured 
at the command of Titus by Agesander, 



LAODAMIA. 

Polydorus, and Athenodorus, in the fifth 
century B. a — Virgil: &neid, ii. 201-227. 

Laodami'a, wife of Protesila'os who 
was slain at the siege of Troy. She 
prayed that she might be allowed to 
converse with her dead husband for three 
hours, and her request was granted ; but 
when her husband returned to hades, she 
accompanied him thither. 

(Wordsworth has a poem on this sub- 
ject, entitled Laodamia. ) 

Laodice'a, now Lataki'a, noted for its 
tobacco and sponge. (See Rev. iii. 14-18.) 

La on. (See Revolt of Islam. ) 

Lapet (Mons.), a model of pol- 
troonery, the very " Ercles' Vein" of 
fanatical cowardice. M. Lapet would 
fancy the world out of joint if no one 
gave him a tweak of the nose or lug of 
the ear. He was the author of a book on 
the " punctilios of duelling." — Fletcher: 
Nice Valour or The Passionate Madman 
(1647). 

Lappet, the "glory of all chamber- 
maids." — Fielding : The Miser (1732). 

Lapraick {Laurie), friend of Steenie 
Steenson, inWanderingWillie's tale. — Sir 
W.Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Laprel, the rabbit, in the beast-epic 
entitled Reynard the Fox, by Heinrich von 
Alkmaar (1498). 

Laputa, the flying island, inhabited 
by scientific quacks. This is the " Lan- 
tern-land" of Rabelais, where wise ones 
lanternized, and were so absorbed in 
thought that attendants, called "Flap- 
pers," were appointed to flap them on the 
mouth and ears with blown bladders 
when their attention to mundane matters 
was required. — Swift : Gulliver s Travels 
(" Voyage to Laputa," 1726). 

Lara, the name assumed by Conrad 
the corsair after the death of Medo'ra. 
On his return to his native country, he 
was recognized by sir Ezzelin at the table 
0/ lord Otho, and charged home by him. 
Lara arranged a duel for the day follow- 
ing, but sir Ezzelin disappeared mys- 
teriously. Subsequently, Lara headed a 
rebellion, and was shot by Otho. — Byron : 
Lara (1814). 

Lara ( The Seven Sons of), sons of 
Gonzalez Gustios de Lara, a Castilian 
hero, brother of Ferdinand Gonzalez 
count of Castile. A quarrel having arisen 
between Gustios and Rodrigo Velasquez 



59a 



LA ROCHE. 



his brother-in-law, Rodrigo caused him 
to be imprisoned in Cor'dova, and then 
allured his seven nephews into a ravine, 
where they were all slain by an ambus- 
cade, after performing prodigies of 
valour. While in prison, Zai'da, daughter 
of Almanzor the Moorish prince, fell in 
love with Gustios, and became the mother 
of Mudarra, who avenged the death of 
his seven brothers (a.d. 993). 

Lope de Vega has made this the sub- 
ject of a Spanish drama, which has 
several imitations, one by Mallefille, in 
1836. (See Ferd. Denis : Chroniques Che- 
valeresques d* Espagne, 1839.) 

Larder (The Douglas), the flour, 
meal, wheat, and malt of Douglas Castle, 
emptied on the floor by good lord James 
Douglas, in 1307, when he took the 
castle from the English garrison. Hav- 
ing staved in all the barrels of food, he 
next emptied all the wine and ale, and 
then, having slain the garrison, threw the 
dead bodies into this disgusting mess, " to 
eat, drink, and be merry." — Sir IV. 
Scott: Tales of a Grandfather, ix. 

IT Wallace's Larder is a similar mest. 
It consisted of the dead bodies of the 
garrison of Ardrossan, in Ayrshire, cast 
into the dungeon keep. The castle was 
surprised by him in the reign of Edward I. 

Lardoon (Lady Bab), a caricature of 
fine life, the "princess of dissipation," 
and the "greatest gamester of the times." 
She becomes engaged to sir Charles 
Dupely, and says, "To follow fashion 
where we feel shame, is the strongest 0/ 
all hypocrisy, and from this moment I 
renounce it." — Burgoyne: The Maid oj 
the Oaks (1779). 

La Roche, a Swiss pastor, travelling 
through France with his daughter Mar- 
garet, was taken ill, and like to die. 
There was only a wayside inn in the 
place, but Hume the philosopher heard 
of the circumstance, and removed the 
sick man to his own house. Here, with 
good nursing, La Roche recovered, and a 
strong friendship sprang up between the 
two. Hume even accompanied La Roche 
to his manse in Berne. After the lapse of 
three years, Hume was informed that 
Mademoiselle was about to be married 
to a young Swiss officer, and hastened to 
Berne to be present at the wedding. On 
reaching the neighbourhood, he observed 
some men filling up a grave, and found 
on inquiry that Mademoiselle had just 
died of a broken heart In fact, her 



LARS, 



593 



LATHMON. 



lover had been shot in a duel, and the 
shock was too much for her. The old 
pastor bore up heroically, and Hume 
admired the faith which could sustain a 
man in such an affliction. — Mackenzie : 
The Story of La Roche (in The Mirror). 

Lars, the emperor or over-king of the 
ancient Etruscans. A khedive, satrap, or 
under-king, was called lucumo. Thus the 
king of Prussia, as emperor of Germany, 
is lars, but the king of Bavaria is a lucumo. 

There be thirty chosen prophet*, 

The wisest of the land. 
Who alway by lars Por'sena, 
Both mom and evening stand. 

Macau lay : Lays of Ancient JBmM 
(" Horatim " Ix., 1843). 

Larthmor, petty king of Ber'rathon, 
one of the Scandinavian islands. He was 
dethroned by his son Uthal, but Fingal 
sent Ossian and Toscar to his aid. Uthal 
was slain in single combat, and Larthmor 
restored to his throne. — Ossian: Berrathon. 

Larthcn, the leader of the Fir-bolg 
or Belgae of Britain who settled in the 
southern parts of Ireland. 

Larthon, the first of Bolga's race who travelled in 
the winds. White-bosomed spread the sails of the 
king towards streamy Inisfail [Ireland]. Dun night 
was rolled before him, with its skirts of mist. Uncon- 
stant blew the winds and rolled him from wave to 
wave.— Ossian : Ttmora, vll. 

La Saisiaz (Savoyard for "The 
Sun"), a poem by R. Browning (1878). 
The name of a villa in the mountains 
near Geneva, where Mr. and Mrs. Brown- 
ing and a friend spent part of the summer 
of 1877. The friend died very suddenly, 
and the poem is Browning's " In Me- 
moriam." Compare La Saisiax with 
Tennyson's In Memoriam. 

Lascaris, a citizen. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Count Robert 0/ Paris (time, Rufus). 

Las-Ca'sas, a noble old Spaniard, 
who vainly attempted to put a stop to the 
barbarities of his countrymen, and even 
denounced them (act i. 1). — Sheridan: 
Pitarro (1799, altered from Kotzebue). 

Lascelles {Lady Caroline), supposed 
to be Miss M. E. Braddon. — Athenceum, 
JH073, p. 82 (C. R. Jackson). 

Last Days of Pompeii, an his- 
torical novel by lord Lytton (1834). 

Last Man ( The), Charles I. ; so 
called by the parliamentarians, meaning 
the last man who would wear a crown in 
Great Britain. Charles II. was called 
** The Son of the Last Man." 

Last of the Barons {The). (See 
Barons, p. 91.) 



Last of the Fathers, St Bernard 
abbot of Clairvaux (1091-1153). 

Last of the Goths, Roderick, the 
thirty-fourth and last of the Visigothic 
line of kings in Spain (414-71 1). He was 
dethroned by the African Moors. 

(Southey has an historical tale in blank 
verse entitled Roderick, the Last of the 
Goths.) 

Last 'of the Greeks {The), Philo 
poemen of Arcadia (b.c. 253-183). 

Last of the Knights, Maximilian 
I. the Penniless, emperor of Germany 
(1459, 1493-1519). 

Last of the Mo hicans. Uncas 
the Indian chief is so called by F. Cooper 
in his novel of that title. 

(The word ought to be pronounced Mo- 
hec'-kanx, but custom rules it otherwise.) 

Last of the Romans, Marcus 
Junius Brutus, one of the assassins of 
Caesar (b.c. 85-42). 

Caius Cassius Longinus is so called by 
Brutus (b.c. *-42). 

Aetius, a general who defended the 
Gauls against the Franks, and defeated 
Attila in 451, is so called by Proco'pius. 

Congreve is called by Pope, Ultimus 
Romanus (1670-1729). 

Stilicho (*-4o8). 

Horace Walpole is called Ultimus 
Romanorum (1717-1797). 

Francois Joseph Terrasse Desbillons 
was called Ultimus Romanus, from his 
elegant and pure Latinity (1751-1789). 

Last of the Tribunes, Cola dl 
Rienzi (1313-1354). 

(Lord Lytton has a novel called Riensi, 
the Last of the Tribunes, 1835.) 

Last of the Troubadours, Jacques 

Jasmin of Gascony (1798-1864). 

Last who Spoke Cornish [The), 

Doll Pentreath (1686-1777). 

Last Words. (See " Dying Say- 
ings," in The Dictionary of Phrase and 
Fable, pp. 395-398.) 

Lath'erum, the barber at the Black 
Bear inn, at Darlington. — Sir W. Scott: 
Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Lathmon, son of Nuath a British 
prince. He invaded Morven while Fingal 
was in Ireland with his army ; but Fingal 
returned unexpectedly. At dead of night, 
Ossian (Fingal's son) and his friend Gaul 
the son of Morni went to the enemy's 
• O 



LATIMER. 



594 



LAUGHTER. 



camp, and "struck the shield" to arouse 
the sleepers. Then rush they on, and a 
great slaughter ensues in the panic. 
Lathmon sees the two opponents moving 
off, and sends a challenge to Ossian ; so 
Ossian returns, and the duel begins. 
Lathmon flings down his sword, and 
submits ; and Fingal, coming up, conducts 
Lathmon to his " feast of shells." After 
passing the night in banquet and song, 
Fingal dismisses his guest next "morning, 
saying, "Lathmon, retire to thy place; 
turn thy battles to other lands. The race 
of Morven are renowned, and their foes 
are the sons of the unhappy." — Ossian: 
Lathmon. 

* . • In Oithona he is again introduced, 
and Oithona is called Lathmon's brother. 

[Dunrommath] feared the returning Lathmon, the 
brother of unhappy Oithona.— Ossian : Oithona. 

Latimer [Mr. Ralph), the supposed 
father of Darsie Latimer, alias sir Arthur 
Darsie Redgauntlet. 

Darsie Latimer, alias sir Arthur Darsie 
Redgauntlet, supposed to be the son of 
Ralph Latimer, but really the son of sir 
Henry Darsie Redgauntlet, and grandson 
of sir Redwald Redgauntlet. — Sir W. 
Scott; Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Latin Church {Fathers of the)-. 
Lactantius, Hilary, Ambrose of Milan, 
Jer'ome, Augustin of Hippo, and St 
Bernard " Last of the Fathers." 

Lati'nus, king of the Laurentians, 
who first opposed iEne'as, but afterwards 
formed an alliance with him, and gave 
him his daughter Lavinia in marriage. — 
Virgil: AS net d. 

Lati'nus, an Italian, who went with 
his five sons to the siege of Jerusalem. 
His eldest son was slain by Solyman; 
the second son, Aramantfis, running to 
his brother's aid, was next slain ; then 
the third son, Sabi'nus ; and lastly Picus 
and Laurentes, who were twins. The 
father, having lost his five sons, rushed 
madly on the soldan, and was slain also. 
In one hour fell the father and five sons. 
— Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Latmian Swain {The), Endym'ion. 
So called because it was on mount Lat- 
inos, in Caria, that Cinthia {the moon) 
descended to hold converse with him. 

Thou didst not, Cinthia, scorn the Latmian swain. 
Ovid: Art 0/ Love, iii. 

Lato'na, mother of Apollo {the sun) 
and Diana {the moon). Some Lycian 
hinds jeered at her as she knelt by a 



fountain In Delos to drink, and 
changed into frogs. 

As when those hinds that were transformed to frogs 
Railed at Latona's twin-bom progeny, 
Which after held the sun and moon in fee. 

Milton : Sonnets. 

Latorch, duke Rollo's "earwig," in 
the tragedy called The Bloody Brother, 
by Beaumont (printed 1639). 

Latro {Marcus Porcius), a Roman 
rhetorician in the reign of Augustus ; 9 
Spaniard by birth. 

I became as mad as the disciples of Porcius Latro, 
who, when they had made themselves as pale as their 
master by drinking decoctions of cumin, imagined 
themselves as learned.— Ltsage : Gil Bias, vii.o(i735). 

Land {Archbishop). One day, when 
the archbishop was about to say grace 
before dinner, Archie Armstrong, the 
royal jester, begged permission of Charles 
I. to perform the office instead. The re- 
quest being granted, the wise fool said, 
"ML praise to God, and little Laud to the 
devil I " the point of which is increased by 
the fact that Laud was a very small man. 

Lauderdale ( The duke of), president 
of the privy council. — Sir W. Scott: Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II. ). 

Laugh {Jupiter's). Jupiter, we are 
told, laughed incessantly for seven days 
after he was born. — Ptolemy Hephastion : 
Nov. Hist., vii. 

Laugh and be Pat, or " Pills to 
purge Melancholy," a collection of sonnets 
by Thomas D'Urfey (1719). (See The 
Spectator, No. 20.) 

Laughing Philosopher {The), 
Democ'ritos of Abde'ra (B.C. 460-357), 
who laughed or jeered at the feeble powers 
of man so wholly in the hands of fate, thai, 
nothing he did or said was uncontrolled. 

(The " Crying Philosopher " was Heraclitos.) 

IT Dr. Jeddler, the philosopher, looked 
upon the world as a " great practical joke, 
something too absurd to be considered 
seriously by any rational man."—Dictens: 
The Battle of Life (1846). 

Laughter is situated in the midriff. 

Here sportful laughter dwells, here, ever sitting, 
Defies all lumpish griefs and wrinkled care. 

Phineas Fletcher : The Purplt Island (1633). 

Laughter {Death from). A fellow in 
rags told Chalchas the soothsayer that he 
would never drink the wine of the grapes 
growing in his vineyard; and added, 
"If these words do not come true, you 
may claim me for your slave." When 
the wine was made, Chalchas made a feast, 
and sent for the fellow to see how his 
prediction had failed; and when he ap- 



LAUNAY. 



595 



LAUNCELOT. 



peared, the soothsayer laughed so im- 
moderately at the would-be prophet that 
he died. — Lyiton : Tales of Miletus, iv. 

IT Very similar is the tale of Ancaeos. 
This king of the Leleges, in Samos, 
planted a vineyard, but was warned by 
one of his slaves that he would never live 
to taste the wine thereof. Wine was made 
from the grapes, and the king sent for his 
slave, and said, *' What do you think of 
your prophecy now ? " The slave made 
answer, " There's many a slip 'twixt the 
cup and the lip ; " and the words were 
scarcely uttered, when the king rushed 
from table to drive out of his vineyard a 
boar which was laying waste the vines, but 
was killed in the encounter. — Pausamas. 

11 Crassus died from laughter on seeing 
an ass eat thistles. Margutte the giant 
died of laughter on seeing an ape trying 
to pull on his boots. Philemon or Phf- 
lomenSs died of laughter on seeing an ass 
eat the figs provided for his own dinner 
(Lucian, i. 2). Zeuxis died of laughter at 
sight of a hag which he had just depicted. 

H April 19, 178a, Mrs. Fitzherbert died 
from laughter at the way C. Banister 
portrayed "Polly" in Gay's Beggars 
Opera (1727), at Drury Lane Theatre. 

Launay (Vicomte de), pseudonym ol 
Mme.EmilcdeGirardin(»/<?DelphineGay). 

Launce, the clownish servant of 
Protheus one of the two " gentlemen 
of Verona." He is in love with Julia. 
Launce is especially famous for solilo- 
quies to his dog Crab, ' ' the sourest- 
natured dog that lives." Speed is the 
serving-man of Valentine the other 
"gentleman." — Shakespeare: The Two 
Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 

Launcelot, bard to the countess 
Brenhilda's father.— 5 ir W. Scott: Count 
Robert of Paris (time, Rufus), 

Launcelot (Sir), originally called 
Galahad, was the son of Ban king of 
Benwick (Brittany) and his wife Elein (pt. 
i. 60). He was stolen in infancy by 
Vivienne the Lady of the Lake, who 
brought him up till he was presented to 
king Arthur and knighted. In conse- 
quence, he is usually called sir Launcelot 
du Lac. He was in " the eighth degree 
[#r generation] of our Saviour" (pt. iii. 
35) ; was uncle to sir Bors de Ganis 
(pt. iii. 4) ; his brother was sir Ector de 
Maris (pt. ii. 127) ; and his son, by 
Elaine daughter ol king Pelles, was sir 
Galnhad, the chastest of the 150 knights 
of the Round Table, and therefore al- 



lotted to the "Siege Perilous" and tha 
quest of the holy graal, which he 
achieved. Sir Launcelot had from time 
to time a glimpse of the holy graal ; but 
in consequence of his amours with queen 
Guenever, was never allowed more than 
a distant and fleeting glance of it (pt. iii. 
18, 22, 45). 

Sir Launcelot was the strongest and 
bravest of the 150 knights of the Round 
Table ; the two next were sir Tristram 
and sir Lamoracke. His adultery with 
queen Guenever was directly or indirectly 
the cause of the death of king Arthur, 
the breaking up of the Round Table, and 
the death of most of the knights. The 
tale runs thus : Mordred and Agravain 
hated sir Launcelot, told the king he was 
too familiar with the queen, and, in order 
to make good their charge, persuaded 
Arthur to go a-hunting. While absent in 
the chase, the queen sent for sir Launce- 
lot to her private chamber, when Mor- 
dred, Agravain, and twelve other knights 
beset the door, and commanded him to 
come forth. In coming forth he slew 
sir Agravain and the twelve knights ; 
but Mordred escaped, and told the king, 
who condemned Guenever to be burnt to 
death. She was brought to the stake, 
but rescued by sir Launcelot, who carried 
her off to Joyous Guard, near Carlisle. 
The king besieged the castle, but received 
a bull from the pope, commanding him to 
take back the queen. This he did, but 
refused to be reconciled to sir Launcelot, 
who accordingly left the realm and went 
to Benwick. Arthur crossed over with an 
army to besiege Benwick, leaving Mor- 
dred regent. The traitor Mordred usurped 
the crown, and tried to make the queen 
marry him ; but she rejected his pro- 
posal with contempt. When Arthur 
heard thereof, he returned, and fought 
three battles with his nephew, in the 
last of which Mordred was slain, and 
the king received from his nephew his 
death-wound. The queen now retired to 
the convent of Almesbury, where she 
was visited by sir Launcelot ; but as she 
refused to leave the convent, sir Launcelot 
turned monk, died "in the odour of 
sanctity," and was buried in Joyous 
Guard (pt. iii. 143-175). 

"Ah 1 sir Launcelot," said sir Ector ; "thou were 
[sic'] head of all Christian knights." " I dare say," said 
sir Bors, " that sir Launcelot there thou liest, thou 
were never matched of none earthly knight's hand; 
and thou were the courteoust knight that ever bare 
shield ; and thou were the truest friend to thy lover 
that ever bestrode horse ; and thou were the truest 
lover of sinf'i ill man that ever loved woman ; and thou 
were the kindest man that ever struck with (word ; 



LAUNCELOT. 



598 



LAUNCELOT. 



and thou were the goodliest person that ever came 
among press of knights ; and thou were the meekest 
man and the gentlest that ever eat in hall among 
ladies; and thou were the sternest knight to thy 
mortal foe that ever put spear in rest."— Sir 7. 
Malory: History of Prince Arthur, iii. 176 (1470). 

N.B. — The Elaine above referred to is 
not the Elaine of Astolat, the heroine of 
Tennyson's Idyll. Sir Ector de Maris is 
not sir Ector the foster-father of king 
Arthur ; and sir Bors de Ganis must be 
kept distinct from sir Bors of Gaul, and 
also from sir Borre or sir Bors a natural 
son of king Arthur by Lyonors daughter 
of the earl Sanam (pt. i. 15)." 

Sir Launcelot and Elaine. The Elaine 
of Tennyson's Idyll, called the " fair 
maid of Astolat," was the daughter of 
sir Bernard lord of Astolat, and her two 
brothers were sir Tirre (not sir Torre, as 
Tennyson writes the word) and Lavaine 
(pt. iii. 122). The whole tale, and the 
beautiful picture of Elaine taken by the 
old dumb servitor down the river to 
the king's palace, is all borrowed from 
sir T. Malory's compilaton. "The fair 
maid of Astolat " asked sir Launcelot to 
marry her, but the knight replied, " Fair 
damsel, I thank you, but certainly cast 
me never to be married ; " and when the 
maid asked if she might be ever with 
him without being wed, he made answer, 
"Mercy defend me, no!" "Then," 
said Elaine, "I needs must die for love of 
you ; " and when sir Launcelot quitted 
Astolat, she drooped and died. But before 
she died she called her brother, sir Tirre 
(not sir Lavaine, as Tennyson says, be- 
cause sir Lavaine went with sir Launcelot 
as his 'squire), and dictated the letter 
her brother was to write, and spake 
thus— 

" While my body Is whole, let this letter be put Into 
my right hand, and my hand bound fast with the letter 
until that I be cold, and let me be put in a fair bed, with 
all my richest clothes . . . and be laid in a chariot to 
the next place, whereas the Thames is, and there let 
me be put in a barge, and but one man with me ... to 
steer me thither, and that my barge be covered with 
black samite.' ... So her father granted . . . that all 
this should be done, . . . and she died. And so, when 
she was dead, the corpse and the bed . . . were put 
in a barge, . . . and the man steered the barge to 
Westminster.— Pt. iii. 133. 

The narrative then goes on to say that 
king Arthur had the letter read, and 
commanded the corpse to be buried right 
royally, and all the knights then present 
made offerings over her grave. Not only 
the tale, but much of the verbiage, has 
been appropriated by Tennyson. — Sir T. 
Malory: History of Prince Arthur 
(1470). 

Launcelot and Guenever. Sir Launce- 
lot was chosen by king Arthur to conduct 
Guenever (his bride) to court ; and then 



began that disloyalty between them which 
lasted to the end. 

IT Gottfried, the German minnesinger 
(twelfth century) who wrote the tale oi 
sir Tristan [our Tristram], makes king 
Mark send Tristan to Ireland, ito conduct 
Yseult to Cornwall, and then commenced 
that disloyalty between sir Tristram and 
his uncle's wife, which also lasted to the 
end, and was the death of both. 

Launcelot Mad. Sir Launcelot, having 
offended the queen, was so vexed, that he 
went mad for two years, half raving and 
half melancholy. Being partly cured by 
a vision of the holy graal, he settled for a 
time in Joyous Isle, under the assumed 
name of Le Chevalier Mal-Fet. His deeds 
of prowess soon got blazed abroad, and 
brought about him certain knights of the 
Round Table, who prevailed on him to 
return to court. Then followed the 
famous quest of the holy graal. The 
quest of the graal is the subject of a 
minnesong by Wolfram (thirteenth cen- 
tury), entitled Parzival. (In the History 
of Prince Arthur, compiled by sir T. 
Malory, it is Galahad son of sir Launce- 
lot, not Percival, who accomplished the 
quest.) 

• . * The madness of Orlando, by 
Ariosto, resembles that of sir Launcelot. 

Launcelot a Monk. When sir Launcelot 
discovered that Guenever was resolved to 
remain a nun, he himself retired to a 
monastery, and was consecrated a hermit 
by the bishop of Canterbury. After 
twelve months, he was miraculously 
summoned to Almesbury, to remove to 
Glastonbury the queen, who was at the 
point of death. Guenever died half an 
hour before sir Launcelot arrived, and he 
himself died soon afterwards (pt. iii. 174). 
The bishop in attendance on the dying 
knight affirmed that "he saw angels 
heave sir Launcelot up to heaven, and 
the gates of paradise open to receive 
him " (pt. iii. 175). Sir Bors, his nephew, 
discovered the dead body in the cell, and 
had it buried with all honours at Joyous 
Guard (pt. iii. 175).— Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur (1470) ; and also 
Walter Mapes. 

When sir Bors and his fellows came to nls (sir 
Launcelot's) bed, they found him stark dead, and ho 
lay as he had smiled, and the sweetest savour about 
him that ever they smelled.— Sir T. Malory; History 
0/ Prince Arthur, iii. 175 (1470). 

N.B. — When sir Launcelot quitted the 
court of Arthur and retired to Benwick, 
he intended to found religious houses 
every ten miles between Sandwich and 
Carlisle, and to visit every one of them 



LAUNCELOT. 



S97 



LAUZUN. 



barefoot ; but king Arthur made war 
upon him, and put an end to this 
intention. 

• . • Other particulars of sir Launcelot. 
The tale of sir Launcelot was first com- 
posed in monkish Latin, and was trans- 
lated by Walter Mapes (about 1180). 
Robert de Borron wrote a French version, 
and sir T. Malory took his History of 
Prince Arthur from the French, the third 
part being chiefly confined to the adven- 
tures and death of this favourite knight. 
There is a metrical romance called La 
Charrette, begun by Chrestiens de Troyes 
(twelfth century), and finished by Geoffrey 
de Ligny. 

Launcelot, the man of Mons. 
Thomas. (See Lancelot.)— Fletcher: 
Mons. Thomas (1619). 

Launfal (Sir), steward of king 
Arthur. Detesting queen Gwennere, he 
retired to Carlyoun, and fell in love with 
a lady named Tryamour. She gave him 
an unfailing purse, and told him if he 
ever wished to see her, all he had to do 
was to retire into a private room, and she 
would be instantly with him. Sir Launfal 
now returned to court, and excited much 
attention by his great wealth. Gwennere 
made advances to him, but he told her 
she was not worthy to kiss the feet of the 
lady to whom he was devoted. At this 
repulse, the angry queen complained to 
the king, and declared to him that she 
had been most grossly insulted by his 
steward. Arthur bade sir Launfal pro- 
duce this paragon of women. On her 
arrival, sir Launfal was allowed to accom- 
pany her to the isle of Ole'ron ; and no 
one ever saw him afterwards. — T. 
Cheslre: Sir Launfal (a. metrical romance, 
time, Henry VI. ). 

(James Russell Lowell has a poena 
entitled The Vision of Sir Launfal?) 

Laura, niece of duke Gondibert, loved 
by two brothers, Arnold and Hugo, the 
la.ter dwarfed in stature. Laura herself 
loved Arnold ; but both brothers were 
slain in the faction fight stirred up by 
prince Oswald against duke Gondibert. 
(For this faction fight, see Gondibert.) 
As the tale was never finished, we have 
no key to the poet's intention respecting 
Laura. — Davenant : Gondibert (died 
1668). 

Laura, a Venetian lady, who married 
Beppo. Beppo, being taken captive, 
turned Turk, joined a band of pirates, 
and grew rich. He then returned to his 



wife, made himself known to her, and 
"had his claim allowed." Laura is 
represented as a frivolous mixture of 
millinery and religion. She admires her 
husband's turban, and dreads his new 
religion. "Are you really, truly now a 
Turk?" she says. "Well, that's the 
prettiest shawl ! Will you give it me ? 
They say you eat no pork. Bless me ! 
Did I ever ? No, I never saw a man 
grown so yellow ! How's your liver ? " 
and so she rattles on.— Byron: Beppo 
(1820). 

We never read of Laura without being reminded ot 
Addison's Dissection of a Coquette's Heart, in the 
endless intricacies of which nothing could be dis- 
tinctly made out but the image of a flame-coloured 
hood.— Fittden : Byron Beauties. 

Laura and Petrarch. Some say 
La belle Laure was only an hypothetical 
name used by the poet to hang the inci- 
dents of his life and love on. If a real 
person, it was Laura de Noves, the wife 
of Hugues de Sade of Avignon, and she 
died of the plague in 1348. 

Think you, if Laura had been Petrarch's wife, 
He would have written sonnets all his life? 

Byron : Don Juan, iii. 8 (1820). 

Laurana, the lady-love of prince 
Parismus of Bohemia. — E. Foord: The 
History of Parismus (1598). 

Laureate. (See Pouts Laureate.) 

Laureate of the Gentle Craft, 
Hans Sachs, the cobbler-puet of Nurem- 
berg. (See Twelve Wise Masters.) 

Laurence (Friar), the good friar who 
promises to marry Romeo and Juliet. He 
supplies Juliet with the sleeping draught, 
to enable her to quit her home without 
arousing scandal or suspicion. (See 
Lawrence.) — Shakespeare: Romeo and 
Juliet (1597). 

Laurringftons (The), a novel by 
Mrs. Trollope, a satire on "superior 
people," the bustling Boihebys of society 
(i843). 

Lausus, son of Mezentius, king of the 
Rutulians, on the side of Turnus. In the 
A^ne'id (bk. vii.), Virgil greatly praises 
his bravery, and holds him up as a model 
of filial piety. In bk. x. he tells how 
Lausus, in defending his father, met with 
his death. Mezentius being wounded by 
.(-Eneas, Lausus throws himself between 
the combatants, and gives his father time 
to escape. ^Eneas, furious at being thus 
thwarted, turns upon Lausus and slays 
him. 

Lauzun ( The duke de), a oourtier in 



LAVAINE. 

the court of Louis XIV. Licentious, 
light-hearted, unprincipled, and extrava- 
gant. In order to make a market, he 
supplanted La Valliere by Mme. de 
Montespan in the king's favour. Montes- 
pan thought Lauzun loved her ; but when 
he proposed to La Valliere, the discarded 
favourite! Montespan kicked him over. 
The duke, in revenge, persuaded the king 
to banish the lady, and when La Valliere 
took the veil, the king sent Mme. de Mon- 
tespan this cutting epistle — 

We do not blame you ; blame belongs to love, 
And love had nought with you. 
The duke de Lauzun, of these lines the bearer, 
Confirms their purport. From our royal court 
We do excuse your presence. 

Lord Lytton : The Duchess de la 
Valliere, v. 5 (1836). 

Lavaine {Sir), brother of Elaine, and 
son of the lord of As'tolat. Young, brave, 
and knightly. He accompanied sir 
Lancelot when he went to tilt for the 
ninth diamond. — Tennyson: Idylls of the 
King[ 11 Elaine"). 

Lavalette (3 syl.), condemned to 
death for sending to Napoleon secret 
intelligence of Government despatches. 
He was set at liberty by his wife, who 
took his place in prison, but became a 
confirmed lunatic. 

Tf Lord Nithsdale escaped in a similar 
manner from the Tower of London. His 
wife disguised him as her maid, and he 
passed the sentries without being de- 
tected. 

La Valliere (Louise duchess de), 
betrothed to the marquis de Bragelone 
(4 syl.), but in love with Louis XIV., 
whose mistress she became. Conscience 
accused her, and she fled to a convent ; 
but the king took her out, and brought 
her to Versailles. He soon forsook her 
for Mme. de Montespan, and advised her 
to marry. This message almost broke 
her heart, and she said, " I will choose a 
bridegroom without delay." Accordingly, 
she took the veil of a Carmelite nun, and 
discovered that Bragelone 1 was a monk. 
Mme. de Montespan was banished from 
the court by the capricious monarch. — 
Lord Lytton : The Duchess de la Valliere 
(1836). (See Lauzun.) 

Lavender's Blue. 

" Lavender's blue, little finger, rosemary's green. 
When I am king, little finger, you shall be queen." 
•'Who told you so, thumby* Thumby, who told you 

so!" 
"Twas my own heart, little finger, that told me so." 
•* When you are dead, little finger, as It may hap, 
You shall be buried, little finger, under the tap." 
•* For why t for why, thumby ? Thumby, for why t " 
"That you may drink, Uttle finger, when you are dry." 
An Old Nursery Ditty. 



S9« LAW OF ATHENS. 

Lavin'ia, daughter of Latlnus, be- 
trothed to Turnus king of the Rutuli. 
When iEne'as landed in Italy, Latinus 
made an alliance with him, and promised 
to give him Lavinia to wife. This 
brought on a war between Turnus and 
^Eneas, that was decided by single com- 
bat, in which ^Eneas was the victor. — 
Virgil: s&neid. 

Lavinia, daughter of Titus Andron'- 
icus a Roman general employed against 
the Goths. She was betrothed to Bassia'- 
nus, brother of Saturnius emperor of 
Rome. Being defiled by the sons of 
Tam'ora queen of the Goths, her hands 
were cut off and her tongue plucked out. 
At length her father Titus killed her, 
saying, " I am as woeful as Virginius was, 
and have a thousand times more cause 
than he to do this outrage." — (?) Shake- 
speare: Titus Andronicus (1593). 

(In the play, Andronicus is always 
called An-dron'-i-kus, but in classic au- 
thors it is An-dro-nfmius.) 

Lavin'ia, sister of lord Al'tamont, and 
wife of Horatio. — Rowe: The Fair Peni- 
tent (1703). 

Lavinia and Fale'mon. Lavinia 
was the daughter of Acasto patron of 
Palemon, from whom his "liberal fortune 
took its rise." Acasto lost his property, 
and, dying, left a widow and daughter in 
very indigent circumstances. Palemon 
often sought them out, but could never 
find them. One day, a lovely modest 
maiden came to glean in Palemon's 
fields. The young squire was greatly 
struck with her exceeding beauty and 
modesty, but did not dare ally himself 
with a pauper. Upon inquiry, he found 
that the beautiful gleaner was the daugh- 
ter of Acasto ; he proposed marriage, and 
Lavinia "blushed assent."— Thomson : 
Seasons (" Autumn," 1730). 

TT The resemblance between this tale 
and the Bible story of Ruth and Boaz 
must be obvious to every one. 

Lavinian Shore {The), Italy. La 
vinium was a town of Latium, founded 
by ^Ene'as in honour of his wife Lavinia. 

From the rich Lavinian shore, 
I your market come to store. 

Shakcsfemr*, 

Law of Athens (The). By Athe- 
nian law, a father could dispose of his 
daughter in marriage as he liked. Egeus 
pleaded this law, and demanded that his 
daughter Hermia should marry Demetrius 



LAW OF FLANDERS. 



599 LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL* 



or suffer the penalty of the law ; if she 
will not 

Consent to many with Demetrius, 
I beg the ancient privilege of Athens ; 
As she is mine, I may dispose of her : 
Which shall be either to this gentleman, 
Or to her death ; according to our law. 
Shakespeare : Midsummer Nights Dream, 
act i. sc. i (159a). 

Law of Planders {The). Charles 
•' the Good " earl of Flanders made a law 
that a serf, unless legally emancipated, was 
always a serf, and that whoever married 
a serf became a serf. S. Knowles has 
founded his tragedy called The Provost of 
Bruges on this law (1836). 

Law of Lombardy ( The). 



We have a law peculiar to this 
That subjects to a mortal penalty 
All women nobly born . . . who, to the 
Of chastity, o'erleap its thorny bounds, 
To wanton in the flowery path of pleasure. 

Act ii. sc. a. 

On this law Robert Jephson has founded 
the following tragedy : The duke Bire'no, 
heir to the crown, falsely charges the 
princess Sophia of incontinence. The 
villainy of the duke being discovered, he 
is slain in combat by a Briton named 
Paladore, and the victor marries the 
princess (1779). 

Law of the Road. (See Road.) 

Law's Bubble, the famous Missis- 
sippi scheme, devised by John Law 
(1716-1720). 

Law's Tale (The Man of), the tale 
about distance, daughter of the emperor 
of Rome, affianced to the sultan of Syria, 
On the wedding night the sultan's mother 
murdered all the bridal party for apos- 
tacy, except Custance, whom she turned 
adrift in a ship. The ship stranded on 
the shores of Britain, where Custance was 
rescued by the lord-constable of North- 
umberland, whose wife, Hermegild, be- 
came much attached to her. A young 
knight wished to marry Cmtance, but 
she declined his suit ; whereupon he 
murdered Hermegild, and then laid the 
knife beside Custance, to make it appear 
that she had committed the deed. King 
Alia, who tried the case, soon discovered 
the truth, executed the knight, and 
married Custance. Now was repeated 
the same infamy as occurred to her in 
Syria : the queen-mother Donegild dis- 
approved of the match, and, during the 
absence of her son in Scotland, embarked 
Custance and her infant son in the same 
ship, which she turned adrift. After 
floating about for five years, it was taken 
to tow by the Roman fleet on its return 



from Syria, and Custance was put under 
the charge of a Roman senator. It so 
happened that Alia was at Rome at the 
very time on a pilgrimage, met his wife, 
and they returned to Northumberland 
together. 

(This story is found in Gower, who 
probably took it from the French chro- 
nicle of Nicholas Trivet.) 

If A similar story forms the outline of 
Emare (3 syl.), a romance in Ritson's 
collection. 

(The knight murdering Hermegild, etc. , 
resembles an incident in the French Ro- 
man de la Violette, the English metrical 
romance of Le Bone Florence of Rome (in 
Ritson), and also a tale In the Gesta 
Romanorum, 69.) 

Lawford (Mr.), the town clerk of 
Middlemas.— SirW. Scott: The Surgeon's 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Lawrence (Friar), a Franciscan who 
undertakes to marry Romeo and Juliet. 
(See Laurence.) 

Lawrence (Tom), alias "Tyburn 
Tom " or Tuck, a highwayman. (See 
Laurence.)— Sir IV. Scott: Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II.). 

La Writ, a little wrangling French 
advocate.— Fletcher: The Little French 
Lawyer (1647). 

Lawson (San die), landlord of the 
Spa hotel. — Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Lawyers' Bag's. In the Common 
Law bar, barristers' bags are either red or 
dark blue. " Red bags " are reserved for 
queen's counsel and Serjeants, but a stuff- 
gownsman may carry one ' ' if presented 
with it by a ' silk.' *' Only red bags may 
be taken into Common Law courts, blue 
ones must be carried no further than the 
robing-room. In Chancery courts the 
etiquette is not so strict. 

Lay of the Last Minstrel. 

Ladye Margaret [Scott] of Branksome 
Hall, the " flower of Teviot," was beloved 
by baron Henry of Cranstown, but a 
deadly feud existed between the two 
families. One day, an elfin page allured 
ladye Margaret's brother (the heir of 
Branksome Hall) into a wood, where he 
fell into the hands of the Southerners. 
At the same time an army of 3000 
English marched to Branksome Hall to 
take it, but hearing that Douglas, with 
10,000 men, was on the march against 
them, the two chiefs agreed to decide the 



LAYS OF ANCIENT ROME. 600 



LEAGUE. 



contest by single combat The English 
champion was sir Richard Musgrave, the 
Scotch champion called himself sir 
William Deloraine. Victory fell to the 
Scotch, when it was discovered that "sir 
William Deloraine" was in reality lord 
Cranstown, who then claimed and re- 
ceived the hand of ladye Margaret as his 
reward.— Sir IV. Scott: Lay of the Last 
Minstrel (1805). 

Lays of Ancient Rome, a series of 
ballads by Macaulay (1842). The chief 
are called, Horatius ; The Battle of the 
Lake Regillus; and Virginia. The first 
of these is the best. 

Lays of the Scottish Cavaliers, 

by Aytoun (1849). 

Layers-over for Meddlers* 

nothing that concerns you. Said to 
children when they want to know some- 
thing which the person asked does not 
think proper to explain to them. A 
layer-over means " a whip," and a layer- 
over for meddlers means a "rod for the 
meddlesome." 

Lazarillo, a humoursome varlet, who 
serves two masters, "don Felix" and 
Octavio. Lazarillo makes the usual 
quota of mistakes, such as giving letters 
and money to the wrong master ; but it 
turns out that don Felix is donna Clara, 
the fiancie of Octavio, and so all comes 
right. — Jephson: Two Strings to your 
Bow (1792). 

Joseph Munden [1758-1839] was the original " Laza- 
riiio."— Mttnoir of J. S. Munden (1839). 

Lazarillo de Tormes, the hero of a 
romance of roguery by don Diego de 
Mendo'za (1553). Lazarillo is a compound 
of poverty and pride, full of stratagems 
and devices. The "hidalgo" walks the 
streets (as he says) "like the duke of 
Arcos," but is occupied at home " to pro- 
cure a crust of dry bread, and, having 
munched it, he is equally puzzled how to 
appear in public with due decorum. He 
fits out a ruffle so as to suggest the idea 
of a shirt, and so adjusts a cloak as to 
look as if there were clothes under it." 
We find him begging bread, "not for 
food," but simply for experiments. He 
eats it to see "if it is digestible and 
wholesome ; " yet is he gay withal and 
always rakish. 

Lazarus and Dives. Lazarus was 
a blotched beggar, who implored the aid of 
DWs. At death , Lazarus went to heaven, 
and Dives to hell, where he implored that 



the beggar might be suffered to bring 
him a drop of water to cool his lips withaJ 
— Luke xvi. 19-31. 

N.B. — Lazarus is the only proper name 
given in any of the New Testament 
parables. 

Lazy Lawrence of Lubber- 
Land, the hero of a popular tale. He 
served the schoolmaster, the squire's cook, 
the farmer, and his own wife, all which 
was accounted treason in Lubber-land. 
(Probably the seventeenth century.) 

Le Bean, a courtier attending upon 
Frederick the usurper of his brother's 
throne. — Shakespeare: As You Like It 
(1600). 

Le Pebre f a poor lieutenant, whose 
admirable story is told by Sterne in The 
Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy 
(1759-1767). 

Lea, one of the " daughters of men,** 
beloved by one of the "sons of God." 
The angel who loved her ranked with the 
least of the spirits of light, whose post 
around the throne was in the outermost 
circle. Sent to earth on a message, he 
saw Lea bathing, and fell in love with 
her; but Lea was so heavenly minded 
that her only wish was to " dwell in 
purity and serve God in singleness of 
heart." Her angel-lover, in the madness 
of his passion, told Lea the spell-word 
that gave him admittance into heaven. 
The moment Lea uttered it, her body 
became spiritual, rose through the air, 
and vanished from sight. On the other 
hand, the angel lost his ethereal nature, 
and became altogether earthly, like a 
child of clay. — Moore: Loves of the 
Angels, i. (1822). 

Lead Apes in Hell ( To), i.e. to die 

an old maid. 

And now Tatlanth£, thou art all my care . . . 
Pity that you, who've served so long and well. 
Should die a virgin, and lead apes in hell. 
Choose for yourself, dear girl, our empire round j 
Your portion Is twelve hundred thousand pound. 
Carey: Chrononhotonthologos. 

Leagne {The), a league formed at 
Petonne in 1576, to prevent the accession 
of Henri IV. to the throne of France, 
because he was of the reformed religion. 
This league was mainly due to the Guises. 
It is occasionally called " The Holy 
League ; " but the ' ' Holy League " 
strictly so called is quite another thing, 
and it is better not to confound different 
events by giving them the same name. 
(See League, Holy. ) 

The Achaan League [u.C 281-146). 



LEAGUE CADDEE. 



601 



LEANDER. 



The old league consisted of the twelve 
Achaean cities confederated for self- 
defence from the remotest times. The 
league properly so called was formed 
against the Macedonians. 

The sEtolian League, formed some 
three centuries B.C., when it became a 
formidable rival to the Macedonian mon- 
archs and the Achaean League. 

The Grey League (1424), called Lia 
Grischa or Graubiind, from the grey 
homespun dress of the confederate 
peasants, the Grisons, in Switzerland. 
This league combined with the League 
Caddee (1401) and the League of the Ten 
Jurisdictions (1436)- in a perpetual alliance 
in 1471. The object of these leagues was 
to resist domestic tyranny. 

The Hanse or Hanseatic League (1241- 
1630), a great commercial confederation of 
German towns, to protect their merchan- 
dise against Baltic pirates, and defend 
their rights against German barons and 
princes. It began with Hamburg and 
Lubeck, and was joined by Bremen, 
Bruges, Bergen, Novogorod, London, 
Cologne, Brunswick, Danzig ; and, after- 
wards by Dunkerque, Anvers, Ostend, 
Dordrecht, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, etc.; 
still later by Calais, Rouen, St. Malo, 
Bordeaux, Bayonne, Marseilles, Barce- 
lona, Seville, Cadiz, and Lisbon ; and 
lastly by Messina, Naples, etc. ; in all 
eighty cities. 

The Holy League. Several leagues 
are so denominated, but that emphatically 
so called is the league of 151 1 against 
Louis XII., formed by pope Julius II., 
Ferdinand " the Catholic," Henry VIII., 
the Venetians, and the Swiss. Gaston de 
Foix obtained a victory over the league 
at Ravenna in 1512, but died in the midst 
of his triumph. 

The Solemn League (1638), formed in 
Scotland against the episcopal govern- 
ment of the Church. 

League Caddee ( The), or Ligue de 
la Maison de Dieu (1401), a confederation 
of the Grisons for the purpose of resisting 
domestic tyranny. (See LEAGUE, Grey.) 



League of Augsburg (1686), 
:deration of the house of Austri 



a con- 
federation of the house of Austria with 
Sweden, Saxony, Bavaria, the circles of 
Swabia and Franconia, etc., against Louis 
XIV. This league was the beginning of 
that war which terminated in the peace of 
Ryswick(i6o8). 

League of Cambray (1508), formed 
against the republic of Venice by the 



emperor Maximilian L, Louis XII. of 

France, Ferdinand "the Catholic," and 
pope Julius II. 

League of Ratisbonne (1524), by 
the catholic powers of Germany against 
the progress of the Reformation. 

League of Smalkalde (December 
31, 1530), the protestant states of Germany 
leagued against Charles Quint. It was 
almost broken up by the victory obtained 
over it at Miihlberg in 1547. 

League of Wurtzburg" (1610), 
formed by the catholic states of Germany 
against the " Protestant Union" of Hall. 
Maximilian I. of Bavaria was at its head. 

League of the Beggars (1560), a 
combination formed against the Inquisi- 
tion in Flanders. 

League of the Cities of Lom- 
bardy (1167), under the patronage of 
pope Alexander III., against Frederick 
Barbarossa emperor of Germany. In 
1225, the cities combined against Frede- 
rick II. of Germany. 

League of the Public Weal 

[Ligue du Bien Public), 1464, a league 
between the dukes of Burgundy, Brittany, 
Bourbon, and other princes, against Louis 
XI. of France. 

Lean'der (3 syl.), a young man of 
Aby'dos, who swam nightly across the 
Hellespont to visit his lady-love, Hero 
a priestess of Sestos. One night he was 
drowned in his attempt, and Hero leaped 
into the Hellespont and died also. 

(The story is told. by Musaeus in his 
poem called Hero and Leander. Schiller 
has made it the subject of a ballad. ) 

(1) Lord Byron and lieutenant Eken- 
head repeated the feat of Leander, and 
accomplished it in x hr. 10 min. ; the 
distance (allowing for drifting) would be 
about four miles. 

(2) A young native of St. Croix, in 1817, 
swam across the Sound in 2 hr. 40 min., 
the distance being six miles. 

(3) Captain Webb, August 24, 1875, 
swam from Dover to Calais in 22 hr. 40 
min., the distance being thirty miles, in- 
cluding drifting. 

Lean'der, a young Spanish scholar, 
sn.itten with Leonora, a maiden under 
the charge of don Diego, and whom the 
don wished to make his wife. The 
young scholar disguised himself as a 
minstrel to amuse Mungo the slave, and 
with a little flattery and a few gold piece* 



LEANDRA. 



6oa 



LEARNED PAINTER. 



lulled the vigilance of Ursula the duenna, 
and gained admittance to the lady. As 
the lovers were about to elope, don Diego 
unexpectedly returned ; but being a man 
of 60, and, what is more, a man of 
sense, he at once perceived that Leander 
was a more suitable husband for Leonora 
than himself, and accordingly sanctioned 
their union and gave the bride a hand- 
some dowry. — Bicker staff: The Padlock 
(1768). 

Leandra, daughter of an opulent 
Spanish farmer, who eloped with Vincent 
de la Rosa, a heartless adventurer, who 
robbed her of all her money, jewels, and 
other valuables, and then left her to make 
her way home as best she could. Leandra 
was placed in a convent till the scandal 
had blown over. — Cervantes: Don Quixote \ 
I. iv. 20 ("The Goat-herd's Story," 
1605). 

Leandre (2 syl.), son of Geronte 
(2 syl. ). During the absence of his father, 
he fell in love with Zerbinette, whom he 
supposed to be a young gipsy, but who 
was in reality the daughter of Argante 
(2 syl. ) his father's friend. Some gipsies 
had stolen the child when only four years 
old, and required ,£30 for her ransom — a 
sum of money which Scapin contrived to 
obtain from Leandre' s father under false 
pretences. When Geronte discovered 
that his son's bride was the daughter of 
his friend Argante, he was quite willing 
to excuse Scapin for the deceit practised 
on him. — Moli'ere: Les Fourberies de 
Scapin (1671). 

(In Otway's version of this comedy, 
called The Cheats of Scapin, Leandre is 
Anglicized into " Leander ;" Geronte is 
called " Gripe ; " Zerbinette is " Lucia ; " 
Argante is "Thrifty;" and the sum of 
money is ^200.) 

Leandre (2 syl.), the lover of Lucinde 
daughter of GeYonte. (See Lucinde. ) — 
Moliere: Le Midecin Malgri Lui (1666). 

Lean'dro, a gentleman who wantonly 
loves Amaranta (the wife of Bar'tolus a 
covetous lawyer). — Fletcher : The Spanish 
Curate (1622). 

Lean'dro the Pair {The Exploits 
and Adventures of* part of the series 
called Le Roman des Romans, pertaining 
to "Am'adis of Gaul." This part was 
added by Pedro de Lujan. 

Lear, mythical king of Britain, son 
of Bladud. He had three daughters, and 
when four score years old, wishing to re- 



tire from the active duties of sovereignty, 
resolved to divide his kingdom between 
them in proportion to their love. The 
two elder said they loved him more than 
their tongue could express, but Cordelia 
the youngest said she loved him as it 
became a daughter to love her father. 
The old king, displeased with her answer, 
disinherited Cordelia, and divided his 
kingdom between the other two, with the 
condition that each alternately, month by 
month, should give him a home, with a 
suite of a hundred knights. He spent the 
first month with his eldest daughter, who 
showed him scant hospitality. Then going 
to the second, she refused to entertain so 
large a suite ; whereupon the old man 
would not enter her house, but spent the 
night abroad in a storm. When Cordelia, 
who had married the king of France, 
heard of this, she brought an army over 
to dethrone her sisters, but was taken 
prisoner and died in jail. In the mean 
time, the elder sister (Goneril) first 
poisoned her younger sister from jealousy, 
and afterwards put an end to her own 
life. Lear also died. — Shakespeare : King 
Lear (1605). 

(The best performers of "king Lear" 
have been David Garrick (1716-1779) and 
W. C. Macready (1793-1873). The stage 
Lear is a corrupt version by Nahum 
Tate (Tate and Brady); as the stage 
Richard III. is Colley Gibber's travesty.) 

N.B. — (1) Percy, in his Reliques of 
Ancient English Poetry, has a ballad 
about " King Leirand His Three Daugh- 
ters" (series I. h\). 

(2) The story is given by Geoffrey of 
Monmouth, in his British History. Spen- 
ser has introduced the tale in his Faerie 
Queene (ii. 10). 

(3) Camden tells a similar story of Ina 
the king of the West Saxons {Remains, 
306). 

In the Gesta Romanorum, Introd. xxxix. 
ch. 21, the king is called Theodorius. 

(Shakespeare's tragedy of King Lear, 
first printed in quarto (1608), is founded 
on The True Chronicle History of King 
Leir and His Three Daughters, Gonorill, 
Ragan, and Cordelia, 1605.) 

Learned {The), Coloman king o! 
Hungary (*, 1095-1114). 

Learned Blacksmith {The), Elihu 
Burritt, the linguist (1811-1879). 

Learned Fainter {The), Charles 
Lebrun, noted for the accuracy of hit 

costumes (1619-1690). 



LEARNED TAILOR. 

Learned Tailor ( The) , Henry Wild 
of Norwich, who mastered, while he 
worked at his trade, Greek, Latin, He- 
brew, Chaldaic, Syriac, Persian, and 
Arabic (1684-1734). 

Learned Theban (A), a guesser of 
riddles or dark sayings : in allusion to 
CEdipos king of Thebes, who solved the 
riddle of the Sphinx. 

Ill talk a word with this same learned Theban. 
Shakespeare : King Lear, act iii. sc. 4 (1605). 

Learning Honoured. (See Ema- 
thian Conqueror, p. 322 ; Honour 
paid to Learning, p. 501.) 

Leather-stocking, the nickname of 
Natty Bumppo, a half-savage and half- 
Christian chevalier of American wild life. 
He reappears and closes his career in 
The Prairie. — Feniynore Cooper: The 
Pioneers. 

Leather-stocking stands half-way between savage 
and civilized Hfe. He has the freshness of nature and 
the first-fruits of Christianity; the seed dropped into 
vigorous soil. These are the elements of one of the 
most original characters in fiction.— Duyckinck. 

Le Castre, the indulgent father of 
Mirabel "the wild goose." — Fletcher: 
The Wild-goose Chase (1652). 

L'Eclair (Philippe), orderly of captain 
Florian. L'Eclair is a great boaster, who 
brags under the guise of modesty. He 
pays his court to Rosabelle, the lady's- 
maid of lady Geraldine. — Dimond: The 
Foundling of the Forest. 

Led Captain (A), an obsequious 
person, who styles himself "captain;" 
and, out of cupboard love, dances attend- 
ance on the master and mistress of a 
house. 

Mr. Wagg, the celebrated wit, and a led captain 
and trencherman of my lord Steyne, was caused by 
the ladies to make the assault.— fhackeray : Vanity 
Fair, li. (1848). 

Ledbrook (Miss), of the Portsmouth 
Theatre, the bosom friend of Miss 
Snevellicci. — Dickens : Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

Ledbury (The Adventures of Mr.), a 
novel by Albert Smith (1844). 

Lee (Sir Henry), an officer in attend- 
ance at Greenwich Palace. — Sir W. 
Scott: Kenilworth (time, Llizabeth). 

Lee (Sir Henry), an old royalist, and 
head-ranger of Woodstock Forest 

Alice Lee, daughter of the old knight. 
She marries Markham Everard. 

Colonel Albert Lee, her brother, the 
friend of Charles IL — Sir W. Scott: 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 



«03 



LEGEND OF MONTROSE. 



Leek, worn on St. David's Day. The 
general tale is that king Cadwallader, in 
640, gained a complete victory over the 
Saxons by the special interposition of 
St. David, who ordered the Britons to 
wear leeks in their caps, that they might 
recognize each other. The Saxons, for 
want of some common cognizance, often 
mistook friends for foes. Drayton gives 
another version : He says the saint lived 
in the valley Ewias (2 syl.), situate be- 
tween the Hatterill Hills, in Monmouth- 
shire. It was here ' ' that reverend British 
saint to contemplation lived," 

. . . and did so truly fast, 
As he did only drink what crystal Hodney yields. 
And fed upon the leeks he gathered in the fields. 
In memory of whom, in each revolving year, 
The Welshmen, on his day {March x\ that sacred herb 
do wear. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, It. (1612). 

Lefevre (Lieutenant), a poor officer 
dying from want and sickness. His 
pathetic story is told by Sterne, in a novel 
called The Life and Opinions of Tristram 
Shandy (1759). 

" Mr. Fulmer, I have borrowed a book from your 
shop. Tis the sixth volume of my deceased friend, 
Tristram. . . . The divine story of Lefevre, which 
makes part of this book, . . . does honour, not to its 
author only, but to human nature." — Cumberland: 
The IVest Indian, ii. 1 (1771). 

Leg* of Mutton School (The), 
authors who praise those who give them 
good dinners and suppers. Lockhart 
introduced the phrase. 

Legend (Sir Sampson), a foolish, 
testy, prejudiced, and obstinate old man, 
between 50 and 60. His favourite oath 
is M Odd I " He tries to disinherit his 
elder son Valentine, for his favourite son 
Ben, a sailor ; and he fancies Angelica 
is in love with him, when she only intends 
to fool him. 



He says, "I know the length of the emperor of 
China's foot, have kissed the Great Mogul's slipper, and 
have rid a-hunting upon an elephant with the chain of 
Tartary." — Congreve: Love for Love, ii. (1695). 

" Sir Sampson Legend" is such another lying, over- 
bearing character, but he does not come up to " sir 
Epicure Mammon" [Ben Jonson: The Alchemist}. 
— C. Lamb. 

Legend ( The Golden), a semi-dramatic 
poem by Longfellow, taken from an old 
German tale by Hartmann von der Aue 
[Our], called Poor Henry (1851). Hart- 
mann was one of the minnesingers, and 
lived in the twelfth century. (See Henry, 
Poor.) 

Legend of Montrose, a novel by 

sir W. Scott (1819). This brief, imperfect 
story contains one of Scott's best charac- 
ters, the redoubted Rittmaster, Dugald 
Dalgetty, a combination of sold ida and 



LEGENDS. 604 

pedantic student of Mareschal College, 
Aberdeen (time, Charles I.). 

The plot of the novel consists of a 
battle between the Royalists and Parlia- 
mentarians, and a slight love-story. In 
1644 James Graham, earl of Montrose, 
was created commander-in-chief of the 
royal forces in Scotland, and in 1645 con- 
quered, at Inverlochy, the marquis of 
Argyle, the parliamentary leader. 

The love-story is this : the earl of Men- 
teith and Allan M'Aulay, both royalists, 
proposed to Annot Lyle, daughter of sir 
Duncan Campbell, a parliamentarian. 
She chose the earl, and married him. 

In regard to Dalgetty, he was a royalist, in the em- 
ploy of Menteith. Argyle tried to seduce him, but he 
knocked him down and fled to the royalist forces. 

Legends (Golden), a collection of 
monkish legends, in Latin, by Jacob de 
Voragine or Varagine, born at Varaggio, 
in Genoa. His Legenda Sancta was so 
popular that it was called ' ' Legenda 
Aurea " (1230-1298). 

Legion of Honour, an order of 
merit, instituted by Napoleon I. when 
"first consul," in 1802. The undress 
badges are, for — 

Chevaliers, a bow of red ribbon In the button-hole of 
their coat, to which a medal is attached. 

Officers, a rosette of red ribbon, etc., with medaL 

Commanders, a collar-ribbon. 

Grand-officers, a broad ribboa under the waistcoat. 

Grand-cross, m broad ribbon, with a star on the 
breast, and a jewel-cross pendent. 

N.B. — Napoleon III. instituted a lower 
degree than Chevalier, called Mtdaille 
Militaire, distinguished by a yellow rib- 
bon. 

Legree, a slave-dealer and hideous 
villain, brutalized by slave-dealing and 
slave-driving. — Mrs. Beecher Stowe : Uncle 
Tom's Cabin (1853). 

Leicester ( The earl of), in the court 
of queen Elizabeth. 

The countess of Leicester (born Amy 
Robsart), but previously betrothed to 
Edmund Tressilian.— Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Leigh, (Amyas), the hero of Charles 
Kingsley's novel, Westward Hoi A 
young man of great bodily strength and 
amiable disposition, but very combative 
(1855)- 

Leigh (Aurora), the heroine and title 
of a poem by Mrs. Browning. The 
design of this poem is to show the noble 
aim of true art. 

Leila, the young Turkish child rescued 
by don Juan at the siege of Ismail (canto 



LEL1E. 

viii. 93-102). She went with him to St 
Petersburg, and then he brought her to 
England. As Don Juan was never com- 
pleted, the future history of Leila has no 
sequeL 

... at his side 
Sat little Leila, who survived the parries 
He made 'gainst Cossack sabres, in the wide 
Slaughter of IsmaiL 

Byron : Don yuan, x. 51 (1824). 

Leila (2 syl.), the beautiful slave ol 
the caliph Hassan. She falls in love 
with "the Giaour" [djow'-er], flees from 
the seraglio, is overtaken, and cast into 
the sea. 

Her eyes' dark charm 'twere vain to tell ; 
But gaze on that of the gazelle — 
It will assist thy fancy welL 

Byron : The Giaour (1813). 

• Leila, or " The Siege of Grana'da," a 
novel by lord Lytton (1838). 

Leilah, the Oriental type of female 
loveliness, chastity, and impassioned 
affection. Her love for Mejn6un, in Mo- 
hammedan romance, is held in much the 
same light as that of the bride for the 
bridegroom in Solomon's song, or Cupid 
and PsychS among the Greeks. 

When he sang the loves of Megndun and Lelleh [sic 
. . . tears insensibly overflowed the cheeks of his 
auditors.— Beckford: Vathek^id). 

Leipsic. So-and-so was my Leipsic, 
my fall, my irrevocable disaster, my ruin ; 
referring to the battle of Leipsic (Oc- 
tober, 1813), m which Napoleon I. was 
defeated and compelled to retreat. This 
was the " beginning of his end." 

Juan was my Moscow [turning-point^ and Faliero 

(3 syl.) 
My Leipsic 

Byron : Don yuan, xL 56 (1824). 

Leir and his Three Daughters, 

a ballad inserted by Percy in his Reliques 
(series i. 2). (See Lear, p. 602.) 

L. "E. L., initialism of Letitia Elizabeth 
Landon (afterwards Mrs. Maclean), poet- 
ess (1802-1838). 

Lela Marien, the Virgin Mary. 

In my childhood, my father kept a slave, who, In my 
own tongue \Arabic\ Instructed me in the Christian 
worship, and informed me of the many things of Lela 
Marien.— Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. iv. 10 (1605). 

Le'lia, a cunning, wanton widow, with 
whom Julio is in love. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher: The Captain (1613). 

Lelie (2 syl.), a young man engaged 
to Celie daughter of Gorgibus ; but Gor- 
gibus insists that his daughter shall give 
up Lelie for Valere, a much richer man. 
Celie faints on hearing this, and drops 
the miniature of Lelie, which is picked up 
by Sganarelle's wife. Sganarelle finds it. 



l£lie. 605 

and, supposing it t© be a lover of his 
wife, takes possession of it, and recognizes 
Lelie as the living original. Leslie asks 
how he came by it, is told he took it from 
his wife, and concludes that he means 
Celie. He accuses her of infidelity in the 
presence of Sganarelle, and the whole 
mystery is cleared up. — Moliire : Sgana- 
relle (1660). 

Lelie, an inconsequential, light- 
headed, but gentlemanly coxcomb. — 
Moliere : L'Etourdi (1653). 

lie 'man {Lake), the lake of Geneva ; 
called in Latin Lemannus. 

Lake Leman woos me with its crystal face, 
The mirror where the stars and mountains view 
The stillness of their aspect In each trace 
Its clear depth yields of their fair height and hue. 
Byron : Childe Harold, iii. 68 (1816). 

Lemnian Deed [A), one of un- 
paralleled cruelty and barbarity. This 
Greek phrase owes its origin to the 
legend that the Lemnian women rose 
one night, and put to death every man 
and male child in the island. 

On another occasion they slew all the 
men and all the children born of Athenian 
parents. 

Lenore (2 syl. ), a name which Edgar 
Poe has introduced in two of his poems ; 
one called The Raven, and the other 
called Lenore (1811-1849). 

Lenore, the heroine of Burger's ballad 
of that name, in which a spectral lover 
appears after death to his mistress, and 
carries her on horseback behind him to 
the graveyard, where their marriage is 
celebrated amid a crew of howling 
goblins. Based on a Dutch ballad. 

1T The Suffolk Miracle is an old English 
ballad of like character. 

Iienormand(il///tf.), a famous tireuse 
de cartes. She was a squat, fussy little 
old woman, with an imperturbable eye 
and a gnarled and knotted visage. She 
wore her hair cut short and parted on one 
side, like that of a man ; dressed in an 
odd-looking casaquin, embroidered and 
frogged like the jacket of an hussar ; 
and snuffed continually. This was the 
little old woman whom Napoleon I. 
regularly consulted before setting out on 
a campaign. Mile. Lenormand foretold 
to Josephine her divorce ; and when 
Murat king of Naples visited her in 
disguise, she gave him the cards to cut, 
and he cut four times in succession le 
grand pendu (king of diamonds); where- 
upon Mile, rose and said, " La seance 
est terminee ; e'est dix louis pour les 



LEON. 

rois;** pocketed the fee, and left the 

room taking snuff. 

(In cartomancy, le grand pendu signifies 
that the person to which it is dealt, or 
who cuts it, will die by the hands of the 
executioner. See Grand Pendu, p. 44a*) 

Lent (Galeaxzo's), a form of torture 
devised by Galeazzo Visconti, calculated 
to prolong the victim's life for forty days. 

Len'ville (2 syl.), first tragedian at 
the Portsmouth Theatre. When Nicholas 
Nickleby joined the company, Mr. Len- 
ville was jealous, and attempted to pull 
his nose ; but Nicholas pulled the nose of 
Mr. Lenville instead. — Dicktns: Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). 

Leo Hunter {Mr. and Mrs.), tuft- 
hunters. Their idiosyncrasy was to enter- 
tain persons of note, the "social lions" of 
the day.— Dickens: The Pickwick Papers 
(1836). 

Leodegrannce or Lxodogkan, king 
of Camelyard, father of Guenever (king 
Arthur's wife). Uther the pendragon 
gave him the famous Round Table, which 
would seat 150 knights (pt. i. 45) ; and 
when Arthur married Guenever, Leode- 
graunce gave him the table and 100 
knights as a wedding gift (pt. i. 45). 
The table was made by Merlin, and each 
seat had on it the name of the knight to 
whom it belonged. One of the seats was 
called the "Siege Perilous," because no 
one could sit on it without " peril of his 
life" except sir Galahad the virtuous 
and chaste, who accomplished the quest 
of the holy graaL — Sir T. Malory : 
History of Prince Arthur (1470). 

Leodogran, the king of Cameliard [sic\ 
Had one fair daughter and none other child ; 
And she was fairest of all flesh on earth, 
Guinevere, and in her his one delight. 

Tennyson: Cining of Arthur. 

Le'oline (3 syl.), one of the male 
attendants of Dionys'ia wife of Cleon 
governor of Tarsus, and employed by his 
mistress to murder Mari'na, the orphan 
daughter of prince Pericles, who had 
been committed to her charge to bring 
up. Leoline took Marina to the shore 
with this view, when some pirates seized 
her, and sold her at Metali'ne for a slave. 
Leoline told his mistress that the orphan 
was dead, and Dionysia raised a splendid 
sepulchre to her memory. — Shakespeare : 
Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Leon, son of Constantine the Greek 
emperor. Amon and Beatrice, the parents 
of Bradamant, promise to him their 
daughter Bradamant in marriage; but 



LEON, 



606 



LEONOR. 



the lady is in love with Roger'o. When 
Leon discovers this attachment, he 
withdraws his suit, and Bradamant mar- 
ries Rogero. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Leon, the hero who rules Margaritta 
his wife wisely, and wins her esteem and 
wifely obedience. Margaritta is a wealthy 
Spanish heiress, who married in order to 
indulge in wanton intrigues more freely. 
She selected Leon because he was sup- 
posed to be a milksop whom she could 
bend to her will ; no sooner, however, is 
she married than Leon acts with manly 
firmness and determination, but with 
great affection also. He wins the esteem 
of every one, and Margaritta becomes a 
loving, devoted, virtuous, and obedient 
wife. — Fletcher : Rule a Wife and Have 
a Wife (1640). 

Edward Kynaston [1619-1687] executed the part of 
" Leon " with a determined manliness, well worth the 
best actor's imitation. He had a piercing eye, and a 
quick, imperious vivacity of voice.— Colley Cibber. 

Leonard, a real scholar, forced for 
daily bread to keep a common school — 
Crabbe: Borough, xxiv. (1810). 

Leonardo [Gonzaga], duke of 
Mantua. Travelling in Switzerland, an 
avalanche fell on him ; he was nursed 
through a severe illness by Mariana the 
daughter of a Swiss burgher, and they 
fell in love with each other. On his re- 
turn home, he was entrapped by brigands, 
and kept prisoner for two years. Mariana, 
seeking him, went to Mantua, where 
count Florio fell in love with her, and 
obtained her guardian's consent to their 
union ; but Mariana refused to comply. 
The case was referred to the duke (Fer- 
rardo), who gave judgment in favour of 
the count. Leonardo happened to be 
present, and, throwing off his disguise, 
assumed his rank as duke, and married 
Mariana ; but, being called away to the 
camp, left Ferrardo regent. Ferrardo 
laid a most villainous scheme to prove 
Mariana guilty of adultery with Julian 
St. Pierre ; but Leonardo refused to 
credit her guilt. Julian turned out to 
be her brother, exposed the whole plot, 
and amply vindicated Mariana of the 
slightest indiscretion. — Knowles : The 
Wife (1833). 

Leona to, governor of Messina, 
father of Hero, and uncle of Beatrice.— 
Shakespeare: Much Ado about Nothing 
(1600). 

Leonesse (3 k syl.), Leonnesse, 
Leonnais, Leones, Leonnoys, Lyon- 



noys, etc. , a mythical country belonging 
to Cornwall, supposed to have been sunk 
under the sea since the time of king 
Arthur. It is very frequently mentioned 
in the Arthurian romances. 

Leonidas, an historic poem in twelve 
books, by Richard Glover ( 1737). 

Leonidas. When one said to Leonidas 
king of Sparta, who was sent with 300 
Spartans to withstand the whole army of 
Xerxes at the defile of Thermopylae, that 
the Persians were so numerous their 
arrows would darken the sun, he answered, 
" It is well, friend ; for we shall fight in 
the shade." — Plutarch, 

' .' Herodotos puts the same words 
into the mouth of Dieneces (also a 
Spartan) ; and says, when one was telling 
Dieneces (4 syl.) about the battle of 
Thermopylae, that the arrows of the 
Persians were so numerous they actually 
shut out the sun, he naively replied, " So 
much the better, for then they fought in 
the shade." — Herodotos: History, vii. 226. 

Leonidas of Modern Greece, 

Marco Bozzaris, a Greek patriot, who, 
with 1200 men, put to rout 4000 Turco- 
Albanians, at Kerpenisi, but was killed 
in the attack (1823). He was buried at 
Mesolonghi. 

Le'onine (3 syl.), servant to Dio- 
nyza. — Shakespeare : Pericles Prince of 
Tyre (1608). 

Leonine Verse. So called from 
Leonius, a canon of the church of St. 
Victor, in Paris, in the twelfth century, 
who first composed in such verse. It 
has a rhyme in the middle of the line ; 
as — 

Pepper is black, though it hath a good smack. 
Est avis in dextra melior quam quatuor extra. 

Leonnoys or Leonesse (o.v.), a 
country once joining Cornwall, but now 
sunk in the sea full forty fathoms deep. 
Sir Tristram was born in Leon&s or Leon- 
noys, and is always called a Cornish 
knight. 

(Tennyson calls the word * ' Lyonnesse," 
but sir T. Malory " Leongs.") 

Leo'no's Head (or Liono's Head), 
Porto Leono, the ancient Piraeus. So 
called from a huge lion of white marble, 
removed by the Venetians to their arsenal. 

The wandering stranger near the port descries 
A milk-white lion of stupendous size, 
Of antique marble,— hence the haven's name, 
Unknown to modem natives whence it came. 

Falconer : The Shipwreck, iSL 3 (1756). 

Leonor, sister of Isabelle, an orphan; 



LEONORA. 



*>7 



LEONORA DE GUZMAN. 



brought up by Ariste (a syl.) according 
to his notions of training a girl to make 
him a good wife. He put her on her 
honour, tried to win her confidence and 
love, gave her all the liberty consistent 
with propriety and social etiquette, and 
found that she loved him, and made him 
a fond and faithful wife. (See Isa- 
belle, p. 531.) — Moliire: Licolt des 
Maris (1661). 

LEONORA, the usurping queen of 
Aragon, betrothed to Bertran a prince 
of the blood-royal, but in love with 
Terrismond general of the forces. It 
turns out that Torrismond is son and 
heir of Sancho the deposed king. San- 
cho is restored, and Torrismond marries 
Leonora. — Dryden : The Spanish Fryar 
(1680). 

Leono'ra, betrothed to don Carlos, but 
don Carlos resigned her to don Alonzo, 
to whom she proved a very tender and 
loving wife. Zanga the Moor, out of 
revenge, poisoned the mind of Alonzo 
against his wife, by insinuating her 
criminal love for don Carlos. Out of 
jealousy, Alonzo had his friend put to 
death, and Leonora, knowing herself sus- 
spected, put an end to her life. — Young : 
The Revenge (1721). 

Leono'ra, the daughter of poor 
parents, who struck the fancy of don 
Diego. The don made a compact with 
her parents to take her home with him 
and place her under a duenna for three 
months, to ascertain if her temper was as 
sweet as her face was pretty, and at the 
expiration of that time, either to return 
her spotless or to make her his wife. At 
the end of three months, don Diego (a 
man of 60) goes to arrange for the mar- 
riage, locking his house and garden, as he 
supposes, securely ; but Leander, a young 
student, smitten with Leonora, makes his 
way intc the house, and is about to elope 
with her when the don returns. Like a 
man of sense, don Diego at once sees the 
suitability of the match, consents to the 
union of the young people, and even settles 
a marriage portion on Leonora, his ward 
if njt his wife. — Bicker staff : The Padlock 
U768). 

Leono'ra, betrothed to Ferdinand a 
fiery young Spaniard (jealous of donna 
Clara, who has assumed boy's clothes for 
a time). Ferdinand despises the "am- 
phibious coxcomb," and calls his rival 
"a vile compound of fringe, lace, and 



powder."— Jephson: Two Strings to yout 

Bow (1792). 

Leono'ra, the heroine of Miss Edge- 
worth's novel of the same name. The 
object of the tale is to make the reader 
feel what is good, and desirous of being 
so (1806). 

Leono ra, wife of Fernando Florestan 
a State prisoner in Seville. In order to 
effect her husband's release, she assumed 
the attire of a man, and the name 
of Fidelio. In this diguise she entered 
the service of Rocco the jailer, and 
Marcellina the jailer's daughter fell in 
love with her. (For the rest of the tale, 
see Fernando, p. 363. ) — Beethoven : Fi- 
delio (an opera, 1791). 

Leono'ra, a princess, who falls in love 
with Manri'co, the supposed son of 
Azuce'na a gipsy, but in reality the son 
of Garzia (brother of the conte di Luna). 
The conte di Luna entertains a base 
passion for the princess, and, getting 
Manrico into his power, is about to kill 
him, when Leonora intercedes, and pro- 
mises to give herself to the count if he 
will spare his nephew's life. The count 
consents ; but while he goes to release 
Manrico, Leonora kills herself by suck- 
ing poison from a ring, and Manrico 
dies also. — Verdi : II Trovato'ri (an opera, 
1853). 

Leono'ra (The History of), an episode 
in the novel of Joseph Andrews, by 
Fielding (1742). 

Leono'ra [d'Este] (a syl.), sister of 
Alfonso II. reigning duke of Ferrara. 
The poet Tasso conceived a violent 
passion for this princess, but ' ' she knew 
it not or viewed it with disdain." 
Leonora never married, but lived with 
her eldest sister Lauretta duchess of 
Urbino, who was separated from her 
husband. The episode of Sophronia and 
Olindo (Jerusalem Delivered, ii.)is based 
on this love incident. The description of 
Sophronia is that of Leonora, and her 
ignorance of Olindo's love points to the 
poet's unregarded devotion. 

But thou . . . shalt have 

One-half the laurel which o'ershades my gray* ... 

Yes, Lenora, it shall be our fate 

To be entwined for ever, — but too late. 

Byron : The Lament of Tasso (1817). 

Leonora de Guzman, the ' ' favour- 
ite" of Alfonso XI. of Castile. Ferdi- 
nando, not knowing that she was the 
king's mistress, fell in love with her; 
and Alfonso, to reward Ferdinando's 



LEONTES. 



608 



LESURQUES. 



services, gave her to him in marriage. No 
sooner was this done, than the bride- 
groom learned the character of his bride, 
rejected her with scorn, and became a 
monk. Leonora became a noviciate in 
the same convent, obtained her husband's 
forgiveness, and died. — Donizetti : La 
Favorita (an opera, 1842). 

Leon'tes (3 syl. ), king of Sicily. He 
invited his old friend PolixenSs king of 
Bohemia to come and stay with him, but 
became so jealous of him that he com- 
manded Camillo to poison him. Instead 
of doing so, Camillo warned Polixen£s of 
his danger, and fled with him to Bohemia. 
The rage of Leontes was now unbounded, 
and he cast his wife Hermione into prison, 
where she gave birtb to a daughter. The 
king ordered the infant to be cast out on 
a desert shore, and then brought his wife 
to a public trial. Hermione fainted in 
court, the king had her removed, and 
Paulina soon came to announce that the 
queen was dead. Ultimately, the infant 
daughter was discovered under the name 
of Perdlta, and was married to Florizel 
the son of Polixen&s. Hermione was also 
discovered to the king in a tableau vivant, 
and the joy of LeontSs was complete. — 
Shakespeare: The Winter's Tale (1604). 

Leontins, a brave but merry old 
soldier. — Fletcher: The Humorous Lieu- 
tenant (1647). 

Xie'opold, a sea-captain, enamoured 
of Hippol'yta, a rich lady wantonly in 
love with Arnoldo. Arnoldo, however, is 
contracted to the chaste Zeno'cia, who is 
basely pursued by the governor count 
Clodio.— Fletcher: The Custom of the 
Country (1647). 

Leopold, archduke of Austria, a cru- 
sader who arrested Richard I. on his way 
home from the Holy Land. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Leopold, nicknamed Peu-a-peu by 
George IV. Stein, ispeaking of Leopold's 
vacillating conduct in reference to the 
Greek throne, says of him, " He has no 
colour," i.e. no fixed plan of his own, but 
only reflects the colour of those around 
him ; in other words, he is " blown about 
by every wind." 

Lepol'emo [The Exploits and Adven- 
tures of), part of the series called Le 
Roman des Romans, pertaining to "Am'- 
adis of Gaul." This part was added by 
Pedro de Lujan, 



Leporello. in The Libertine, by 
Shadwell (1676). 

The following advertisement from 
Liston appeared in June, 1817 : — 



"My benefit takes place this evening at Cerent 
Garden Theatre, and I doubt not will be splendidly 
attended. ... I shall perform ' Fogrun ' in The Slave, 



and ' Leporello ' in The Libertine. In the delineation 
of these arduous characters I shall display much feeling 
and discrimination, together with great taste in my 
dresses and elegance of manner. The audiences will 
be delighted, and will testify their approbation by 
rapturous applause. When, in addition to my piofes- 
sional merits, regard is paid to the loveliness of my 
person and the fascination of my face, . . . there can be 
no doubt that this announcement will receive the atten 
tion it deserves."— J. Liston. 

Leporello, the valet of don Giovanni. 
— Mozart: Don Giovanni % (an opera, 1787). 

Lermites and Martafax, tvo rats 
that conspired against the White Cat. — 
Comtesse HAulnoy: Fairy Tales ("The 
White Cat," 1682). 

Lesbia, the poetic name given by the 
poet Catullus to his favourite lady Clodia. 

Lesbian Kiss (A), an immodest kiss. 
The anciem Lesbians were noted tor their 
licentiousness, and hence to " Lesbian- 
ize" became synonymous with licentious 
sexual indulgence, and "Lesbia" meant 
a shameless harlot. 

Lesbian Poets {The), Terpander, 
Alcaeus, Ari'on, and the poetess Sappho. 

Lesbian Rule, squaring the rule 
from the act, and not the act from the 
rule ; like correcting a sun-dial by a clock, 
and not the clock by the sun-dial. A 
Jesuit excuse for doing or not doing as 
inclination dictates. 

Lesley (Captain), a friend of captain 
M'Intyre.— Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Leslie (General), a parliamentary 
leader.— Sir W. Scott: Legend of Mon- 
trose (time, Charles I.). 

Lesly (Ludovic), surnamed Le Bx~ 
lafri, an old archer in the Scotch guard 
of Louis XI. of France. Uncle of Quen- 
tin Durward. — Sir W. Scott: Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Lesurques (Jerome), a solicitor, who, 
being in greatly reduced circumstances, 
holds the White Lion inn, unknown to 
his son (act L 2). 

Joseph Lesurqnes (2 syl.), son of- the 
solicitor, and father of Julie. He is so 
like Dubosc the highwayman, that he is 
accused of robbing the night-mail from 
Lyons, and murdering the courier. 

Julie Leturques, daughter of Joseph 



LETHE. 



609 



LEVITES. 



Lesurques, In love with Didier. When 
her father is imprisoned, she offers to 
release Didier from his engagement ; but 
he remains loyal throughout. — Stirling: 
The Courier of Lyons (1853). 

Le'the (a syl.), one of the five rivers 
ofhelL The word means "forgetfulness." 
The other rivers are Styx, Ach'eron, 
Cocy'tus, and Phleg'ethon. Dant6 makes 
LSthe' the boundary between purgatory 
and paradise. 

Far off from these \f«nr\ a stew and sOent streaao, 
Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls 
Her watery labyrinth, whereof who drinks 
Forthwith his former state and being forgets— 
Forgets both joy and grief, pleasure and pais. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, ii. 583, etc (1665). 

Lethe 'an Dews, that which produces 
a dreamy languor and obliviousness of 
the troubles of life. LcHhe* personified 
oblivion in Grecian mythology, and the 
soul, at the death of the body, drank of 
the river Lethe 1 that it might carry into 
the world of shadows no remembrance of 
earth and its concerns. 

The soul with tender luxury you [the Muses] fiH, 
And o'er the sense Lethean dews distill. 

Falconer : The Shipwreck, iii. 4 (1756?. 

Letters {Greek). Cadmus, the Phoeni- 
cian, introduced sixteen ; Simonides and 
Epicharmos (the poets) introduced six or 
eight others ; but there is the greatest 
diversity upon what letters, or how many, 
are to be attributed to them. Aristotle, 
says Epicharmos introduced 9, % ; others 
ascribe to him f, *, v , «. Dr. Smith, in 
his Classical Dictionary, tells us Simoni- 
des introduced " the long vowels and 
double letters" ( n , «*, 9, x> <P< ^)* Lempriere, 
under "Cadmus," ascribes to him 9, C, 
<p, % ; and under "Simonides," n, *», (, ^. 
Others maintain that the Simonides' 
letters are n , m, (, 4. 

Letters (Father of), Francois I. of 
France, Pert des Lettres (1494, 1515- 
1347). Lorenzo de' Medici, "the Mag- 
lficent " (1448- 1492). 

Letters of the Sepulchre, the 

laws made by Godfrey and the patriarchs 
of the court of Jerusalem. There were 
two codes, one respecting the privileges 
of the nobles, and the other respecting 
the rights and duties of burghers. These 
codes were laid up in a coffer with the 
treasure of the Church of the Holy 
Sepulchre. 

Letters to his Son, by lord Chester- 
field (1771). 

Lenca'dia's Rock, a promontory, 
the south extremity of the island Leucas 



or Leucadia, in the Ionian Sea. Sappho 
leapt from this rock when she found her 
love for Pha'on unrequited. At the annual 
festival of Apollo, a criminal was hurled 
from Leucadia's Rock into the sea ; but 
birds of various sorts were attached to 
him, in order to break his fall, and if he 
was not killed he was set free. The leap 
from this rock is called "The Lovers' 
Leap." 

AO those may leap who rather would be neuter 
(Leucadia's Rock still overlooks the wave). 

Byron: Don yitangb. 305 {ttiej. 

Lencip'pe (3 syl. ), wife of Menippus ; 
a bawd who caters for king Antigfonus, 
who, although an old man, indulges in 
the amorous follies of a youth. — Fletcher : 
The Humorous Lieutenant (1647). 

Lencippe, a rough Athenian soldier, 
in love with Myrind, Pygmalion's sister. 
— Gilbert: Pygmalion and Galatea 
(1871). 

Lencoth'ea, once caBed " Iao." Ath'- 
amas son of iE61us had by her two sons, 
one of whom was named Melicer'tes. 
Athamas being driven mad, Ino and 
MelicertSs threw themselves into the sea ; 
Ino became Leucothea, and Melicertes 
became Palsemon or Portumnus the god 
of ports or strands. Leucothea means 
the "white goddess," and is used for 
" Matuta " or the dawn, which precedes 
sunrise, i.e. Aurora. 

By Leucothea's lovely hands. 
And her son that rules the strands. 

Milton : Contus, 875 (1634). 
To resalute the world with sacred light, 
Leucothea waked, and with fresh dews embalmed 
The earth. 

Milton : Parodist Lost, rL 135 (16*5). 

LeVant Wind (The), the east wind, 
from levant ("the sunrise"). Ponent is 
the west wind, or wind from the sunset. 

Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, x. 704 (1605). 

Leven (The earl of), a parliamentary 
leader. — Sir W. Scott: Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Leviathan ( The), by Hobbes (1651). 
A political treatise in commendation of a 
universal commonwealth, both civil and 
ecclesiastical. (See Intellectual Sys- 
tem, p. 525.) 

Leviathan of Literature (The), 
Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). 

Levites ( The), in Dryden's AisaUm 
and Achitophel, means the nonconformist 
ministers expelled by the Act of Con- 
formity (168 1-2). 

Net Levites headed these \re*eU] . . . 

Resumed their cant, and with a zealoas cry 
Pursued thek owa beloved theocracy 

a s 



LEVITICUS. 



610 



LIARS. 



UTith Sanhedrim [farliamenf] and priest ( 

nation. 
And justified their spoils by Inspiration. 

Part L 520-526. 

Leviticus, the Greek title of the third 
book of the Old Testament. It was in- 
tended for the Levites, the tribe of the 
Jewish priesthood, and gives them full 
instructions about feast-days and sacri- 
fices. 

The Jews hare no name for this book, but refer to It 
by the first words, And the Lord called unU Moses. 

Levitt {Frank), a highwayman.— Sir 
W. Scott; Heart of Midlothian (time, 
(George II.). 

LEWIS, landgrave of Thuringia, and 
husband of Elizabeth, a type of the un- 
erotic adorers of women in the Middle 
Ages. — Kingsley : The Saints' Tragedy, 
a dramatic poem (1846). 

Lewis {Don), brother ot Antonio, and 
uncle of Carlos the bookworm, of whom 
he is dotingly fond. Don Lewis is no 
scholar himself, but he adores scholar- 
ship. He is headstrong and testy, simple- 
hearted and kind. 

John Quick's great parts were " don Lewis," " Tony 
Lumpkin," and " Bob Acres " [1748-1831]. — Records of 
a Stage Veteran. 

("Tony Lumpkin" in She Stoops to 
Conquer (Goldsmith) ; " Bob Acres " in 
The Rivals, by Sheridan. ) 

Lewis {Lord), father of Angelina. — 
Fletcher: The Elder Brother (1637). 

Lewis {Matthew Gregory), generally 
called " Monk Lewis," from his romance 
The Monk { 1794). His best-known verses 
are the ballads of Alonzo the Brave and 
Bill Jones. He also wrote a drama en- 
titled Timourthe Tartar (1775-1818). 

Oh I wonder-working Lewis I Monk or bard, 
Who fain would make Parnassus a churchyard I 
Lo I wreaths of yew, not laurel, bind thy brow ; 
Thy Muse a sprite, Apollo's sexton thou. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Lewis Baboon. Louis XIV. of 
France is so called by Dr. Arbuthnot in 
his History of John Bull. Baboon is a 
pun on the word Bourbon, specially appro- 
priate to this royal "posture-master" 
(171a). 

Lewkner's Lane (London), now 
called Charles Street, Drury Lane; always 
noted for its " soiled doves." 

The nymphs of chaste Diana's traim. 
The same with those in Lewkner's Lane. 

S. Butler: Hudibras, 11L 1 (1678). 

Lew'some (2 syl.), a young surgeon 
and general practitioner. He forms the 
acquaintance of Jonas Chuzzlewit, and 
supplies him with the poison which he 



employs. — Dickens: Martin Chuttlewit 
(1844). 

Lewson, a noble, honest character. 
He is in love with Charlotte Beverley, 
and marries her, although her brother 
has gambled away all her fortune. — E~ 
Moore: The Gamester (1753). 

Leycippes and Clitophonta, a 

romance in Greek, by Achilles Tatius, in 
the fifth century ; borrowed largely from 
the Theag'enes and Chariclia of Helio- 
dorus bishop of Trikka. 

Liar {The), a farce by Samuel Foote 
(1761). John Wilding, a young gentle- 
man fresh from Oxford, has an extra- 
ordinary propensity for romancing. He 
invents the most marvellous tales, utterly 
regardless of truth, and thereby involves 
both himself and others in endless per- 
plexities. He pretends to fall in love with 
a Miss Grantam, whom he accidentally 
meets, and, wishing to know her name, 
is told it is Godfrey, and that she is an 
heiress. Now it so happens that his 
father wants him to marry the real Miss 
Grantam, and, in order to avoid so 
doing, he says he is already married to a 
Miss Sibthorpe. He afterwards tells his 
father he invented this tale because he 
really wished to marry Miss Godfrey. 
When Miss Godfrey is introduced, he 
does not know her, and while in this 
perplexity a woman enters, who declares 
she is his wife, and that her maiden name 
was Sibthorpe. Again he is dum- 
founded, declares he never saw her in his 
life, and rushes out, exclaiming, "All 
the world is gone mad, and is in league 
against me ! " 

The plot of this farce is from the Spanish. It had 
been already taken by Corneille in Le Menteur (1642), 
and by Steele in his Lying Lover (1704). 

Liar {The), Al Aswad ; also called 
"The Impostor," and "The Weather- 
cock." He set himself up as a prophet 
against Mahomet ; but frequently changed 
his creed. 

IT Moseilma was also called "The 
Liar." He wrote a letter to Mahomet, 
which began thus: "From Moseilma 
prophet of Allah, to Mahomet prophet 
of Allah ; " and received an answer 
beginning thus: "From Mahomet the 
prophet of Allah, to Moseilma the Liar." 

Liars {The Prince of), Ferdinand 
Mendez Pinto, a Portuguese traveller, 
whose narratives deal so much in the 
marvellous that Cervantes dubbed him 
"The Prince of Liars." He is alluded to 



LIBANIEU 



6ix 



LIB. 



In the Toiler as a man "of infinite ad- 
venture and unbounded imagination." 

Sir John Mandeville is called "The 
Lying Traveller " (1300-1372). 

Iiiban'iel (4 syl. ), the guardian angel 
of Philip the apostle.— Klopstock: The 
Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Libec'chio, the ventus Lyb'icus or 
south-west wind ; called in Latin A'fer. 
The word occurs in Paradise Lost, x. 706 
(1665). 

Liberator ( The). Daniel O'Connell 
was so called because he was the leader 
of the Irish party, which sought to sever 
Ireland from England. Also called ■ ' The 
Irish Agitator " (1776-1847). 

IT Simon Bolivar, who established the 
independence of Peru, is so called by the 
Peruvians (1785-1831). 

Liberator of the New World 
[The), Dr. Franklin (1706-1790). 

Liberty, a poem in five parts, by 
Thomson. Part 1, Ancient and Modern 
Italy compared; part 2, Greece; part 3, 
Rome; part 4, Britain ; part 5, a prospect 
of future times, given by the goddess of 
Liberty. It is an excellent poem. 

(Percy Bysshe Shelley published, in 
1858, an Ode to Liberty ; and John Stuart 
Mill an essay On Liberty, 1858.) 

Liberty {Goddess of), Mile. Mal- 
liard. On December 20, 1793, tne French 
installed the worship of reason for the 
worship of God, and M. Chaumette 
induced Mile. Malliard, an actress, to 
personify the " goddess of Liberty." She 
was borne in a palanquin, dressed with 
buskins, a Phrygian cap, and a blue 
chlamys over a white tunic. Being 
brought to Notre Dame, she was placed 
on the high altar, and a huge candle was 
placed behind her. Mile. Malliard 
lighted the candle, to signify that liberty 
frees the mind from darkness, and is the 
" light of the world ;" then M. Chaumette 
fell on his knees to her and offered incense 
as to a god. 

Liberty { The goddess of). The statue 
so called, placed over the entrance of the 
Palais Royal, represented Mme. Tallien. 

Liberty Hall. Squire Hardcastle 
says to young Marlow and Hastings, when 
they mistake his house for an " inn," and 

S've themselves airs, "This is Liberty 
all, gentlemen ; you may do just as you 
please here." — Goldsmith : She Stoops to 
Conquer, L a (1773). 



Libiti'na, the goddess who presides 
over funerals, and hence in Latin an un- 
dertaker is called libitind 'rius. 

He brought two physicians to visit me, who, by their 
appearance, seemed zealous ministers of the goddess 
Libitina.— Ltsage ; Gil Bias, ix. 8 (1735). 

Library (St. Victor's), in Paris. 
Joseph Scaliger says " it had absolutely 
nothing in it but trash and rubbish." 
Rabelais gives a long list of its books, 
amongst which may be mentioned the 
Tumbril of Salvation, the Pomegranate of 
Vice, the Henbane of Bishops, the Mus- 
tard-pot of Penance, the Crucible of Con- 
templation, the Goad of Wine, the Spur 
of Cheese, the Cobbled-Shoe of Humility, 
the Trivet of Thought, the Curd's Rap on 
the Knuckles, the Pilgrims' Spectacles, the 
Prelates Bagpipes, the Lawyers' Furred 
Cat, the Cardinals' Rasp, etc. — Rabelais; 
Pantag'ruel, ii. 7 (1533). 

Lichas, servant of Hercules, who 
brought to him from Dejani'ra the 
poisoned shirt of Nessus. He was thrown 
by Hercules from the top of mount Etna 
into the sea. Seneca says (Hercules) that 
Lichas was tossed aloft into the air, and 
sprinkled the clouds with his blood 
Ovid says, " He congealed, like hail, in 
mid-air, and turned to stone ; then, falling 
into the Euboic Sea, became a rock, which 
still bears his name and retains the 
human form " (Met. , ix. ). 

Let me lodge Lichas on the horns of the moon. 
Shakespeare: Antony and CUofatra, act iv. sc 10(1608). 

Lichfield. The field of the dead 
bodies. Anglo-Saxon liced, licit, or licet 
feld (lie, the place of a dead body, or a 
dead body). 

[Lichfield] is said to hare derived its name from the 
martyrdon of more than a thousand Christians, who are 
said to have been massacred here in the reign of Dio- 
cletian.— Lewis : Topographical Dictionary (article 
"Lichfield"). 

(Lich-gate is a shelter at the gate of a 
churchyard, where the bearers rest the 
coffin before ascending the steps of the 
churchyard, and to await the clergyman.) 

Licked into Shape. According to 
legend, the young bear is born a shapeless 
mass, and the dam licks her cub into its 
proper shape. 

The she-bear licks her cubs Into a sort 

Of shape. 
Byron : The Deformed Transformed, L i (i8ai). 

Lickitnp (The laird of), friend of 
Neil Blanc the town piper. — Sir W. 
Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Lie. The four P's disputed as to 
which could tell the greatest lie. The 
Palmer asserted that he had never seen a 



LIEBENSTEIN. 



6ia LIGHTNING PROTECTORS. 



woman out of patience ; the other three 
P's (a Pardoner, a Poticary, and a Pedlar) 
were so taken aback by this assertion that 
they instantly gave up the contest, saying 
that it was certainly the greatest false- 
hood they had ever heard. — Heywood: 
The Four F 's (1520). 
N.B. — Tennyson says — 

A be which is half a truth Is ever the blackest of lies. 
A lie which is all a lie may be met and fought with out- 
right ; 
But a lie which is part a truth is a harder matter to fight. 
The Grandmother. 

Liebenstein and Sternfels, two 

ruined castles on the Rhine. Leoline the 
orphan was the sole surviving child of 
the lord of Liebenstein, and two brothers 
(Warbeck and Otto) were the only sur- 
viving children of the lord of Sternfels. 
Both these brothers fell in love with Leo- 
tine, but as the lady gave Otto the pre- 
ference, Warbeck joined the crusades. 
Otto followed his brother to Palestine, 
but the war was over, and Otto brought 
back with him a Greek girl, whom he 
had made his bride. Warbeck now sent 
a challenge to his brother for this insult 
to Leoline, but Leoline interposed to stop 
the fight. Soon after this the Greek wife 
eloped, and Otto died childless. Leoline 
retired to the adjacent convent of Born- 
hofen, which was attacked by robbers, 
and Warbeck, in repelling them, received 
his death-wound, and died in the lap of 
Leoline. — Traditions of the Rhine. 

Life {The Battle of), a Christmas 
story, by C. Dickens (1846). It is the 
story of Grace and Marion, the two 
daughters of Dr. Jeddler, both of whom 
loved Alfred Heathfield, their father's 
ward. Alfred loved the younger daugh- 
ter ; but Marion, knowing of her sister's 
love, left her home clandestinely, and all 
thought she had eloped with 'Michael 
Warden. Alfred then married Grace, 
and in due time Marion made it known 
to her sister that she had given up Alfred 
to her, and had gone to live with her aunt 
Martha till they were married. It is 
said that Marion subsequently married 
Michael Warden, and found with him a 
happy home. 

Life in London, or " The Day and 

Night Scenes of Jerry Hawthorn and 
Corinthian Tom," by Pierce Egan (1824). 
The illustrations are by Cruikshank. 

Lige'a, one of the three syrens. Mil- 
ton gives the classic syrens combs ; but 
this is mixing Greek syrens with Scandi- 



navian mermaids. (Ligea or Large!*) 
means "shrill," or "sweet-voiced.") 

[By] fair Ligea's golden comb. 
Wherewith she sits on diamond rocks, 
Sleeking her soft alluring locks. 

Milton : Comus, 880 (1694). 

(The three syrens were Parthen'opfc, 
Ligea, and Leucos'ia, not Leucothea, q.v.) 

Light of the Age, Maimon'ides or 
Rabbi Moses ben Maimon of Cor'dova 
( 1 135-1204). 

Light of the Harant [sic], the 
sultana Nour'mahal', afterwards called 
Nourjeham ( ' ■ light of the world " ). She 
was the bride of Selim son of Acbar. — 
Moore: Lalla Rookh (1817). 

Light o' Heel {Janet), mother of 
Godfrey Bertram Hewit.— Sir W. Scott: 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Lights and Shadows of Scottish 
Life, a series of tales by professor John 
Wilson (1822). 

Lightbody {Luckie), alias "Marian 
Loup-the-Dyke," mother of Jean Girder 
the cooper's wife. — Sir W. Scott : Bride 
of Lam mermoor (time, William III.). 

Lightborn, the murderer who assas- 
sinated Edward II. — Marlowe: Edward 
//.(1592). 

Lightfoot, one of the seven attend- 
ants of Fortunio. So swift was he of 
foot, that he was obliged to tie his legs 
when he went hunting, or else he always 
outran the game, and so lost it. — Com- 
tesse D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales ("For- 
tunio," 1682). 

Lightning. Benjamin Franklin in- 
vented lightning conductors ; hence 
Campbell says it is allotted to man, with 
Newton to mark the speed of light, with 
Herschel to discover planets, and 

With Franklin grasp the lightning's fiery wing. 
Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

Lovers killed by Lightning. (See under 
Lovers.) 

Lightning Protectors. Jupiter 
chose the eagle as the most approved 
preservative against lightning, Augustus 
Caesar the sea-calf, and Tiberius the 
laurel. — Collumella, x. ; Suetonius: In 
Vit. Aug., xc. ; Suetonius: In Vita Tib., 
lxix. 

Houseleek, called " Jupiter's Beard," is 
a defence against lightning and evil spirits; 
hence Charlemagne's edict — 

Et habeat qulsque supra domum suum Jorta barbaa. 



LIGHTWOOD. 



613 



LILLY. 



Lightwood (Mortimer), a solicitor, 
who conducts the "Harmon murder" 
case. He is the great friend of Eugene 
Wrayburn, barrister-at-law, and it is the 
great ambition of his heart to imitate the 
nonchalance of his friend. At one time 
Mortimer Lightwood admired Bella 
Wilfer. — Dickens: Our Mutual Friend 
(1864). 

Ligurian Republic (The), Ve- 

netia, Genoa, and part of Sardinia, 
formed by Napoleon I. in 1797. 

Ligtirian Sage (The), Aulus Per- 
sius Flaccus, the satirist (34-62). 

Likenesses Repeated. 

(1) Strabo (father of Pompey) and his 
cook were exactly alike. 

(2) Sura (proconsul of Sicily) and a 
fisherman were so much alike that Sura 
asked the fisherman if his mother had 
ever been in Rome. " No," said the 
man, " but my father has." 

(3) Walter de Hempsham abbot of 
Canterbury and his shepherd were so 
alike that when the shepherd was dressed 
in the abbot's gown, even king John was 
deluded by the resemblance. — Percy : 
Reliques (" King John and the abbot of 
Canterbury," q.v.). 

(4) The brothers Antipholus, the 
brothers Dromio, the brothers Menaech- 
mus (called by Plautus, Sosicles and 
Menaechmus), were exactly alike. 

Lik'strond, the abode, after death, 
of perjurers, assassins, and seducers. 
The word means " strand of corpses." 
Nestrond is the strand or shore of the 
dead. — Scandinavian Mythology. 

Lilburn (John), a contentious leveller 
in the Commonwealth, of whom it was 
said, If no one else were alive, John would 
quarrel with Lilburn. The epigrammatic 
epitaph of John Lilburn is as follows : — 

Is John departed, and is Lilbum gone? 
Farewell to both, to Lilburn and to John I 
Yet being gone, take this advice from me t 



Let them not both in one grave buried be. 
Here lay ye John ; lay Lilburn thereabout ; 
For if they both should meet, they would faD oat. 

Iiili, immortalized by Goethe, was 
Anna Elizabeth Schonemann, daughter 
of a Frankfort banker. She was 16 when 
Goethe first knew her. 

Lilies (City of), Florence. 

LiTinau, a woman wooed by a phan- 
tom that lived in her father's pines. At 
nightfall the phantom whispered love, 
and won the fair Lilinau, who followed 
bis green waving plume through the 



forest, but never more was seen. — Ameru 

can-Indian Legend. 

Told she the tale of the fair Lflinaa, who was wooed 

by a phantom 
That through the pines o'er her father's lodge, In the 

hush of the twilight, 
Breathed like the evening wind, and whispered lore to 

the maiden ; 
Tfll she followed his green and waving plume tho' the 

forest, 
And never more returned, nor was seen again by her 

people. 

Longfellow : Evangeline, li. 4 (1849). 

Lilis or Lilith., Adam's wife before 
Eve was created. Lilis refused to submit 
to Adam, and was turned out of paradise ; 
but she still haunts . the air, and is 
especially hostile to new-born children. 

(Goethe has introduced her in his Faust, 
1790.) 

Lil'lia-Bianca, the bright airy 
daughter of Nantolet, beloved by Pinac 
the fellow-traveller of Mirabel "the 
wild goose." — Fletcher: The Wild-goose 
Chase (1652). 

Lilli-burlero, bullen-a-la ! a song 
which greatly contributed to deprive 
James II. of his three kingdoms, and to 
drive him into exile. He had appointed 
Richard Talbot earl of Tyrconnel, a most 
out-and-out papist, to the lieutenancy of 
Ireland, in 1686, and the violence of his 
administration gave great offence to the 
protestant party. The song was written 
in 1683 or 1684, and the king abdicated 
in 1688. 

Ho I broder Teague, dost hear de decreet 

Lilli-burlero, bullen-a-lal 
Dat we shall have a new deputiet 
Lilli-burlero, bullen-a-la 1 

Lero, lero, lilli-burlero, 

Lero, lero, bullen-a-la 1 

Ho ! by shain't Tyburn, it is de Talbot* f 

Lilli-burlero, bullen-a-lal 
And he will cut de Englishmen's troate ! 
Lilli-burlero, bullen-a-la I 
Lero, lero, lilli-burlero, 
Lero, lero, bullen-a-la i 

(Attributed to Urd Wharton.) 

*.* The song is inserted in Percy's 
Reliques, ser. iii. bk. iii. 23. 

Lilliput, the country of the Lilli- 
putians, a race of pygmies of very di- 
minutive size, to whom Gulliver appeared 
a monstrous giant. — Swift: Gulliver's 
Travels (" Voyage to Lilliput," 1726). 

N. B. — The voyage to Lilliput is a satire 
on the manners and habits of George I. 

Lilly, the wife of Andrew. Andrew is 
the servant of Charles Brisac a scholar.— 
Fletcher: The Elder Brother (1637). 

Lilly ( William), an English astro- 
loger, who was employed during the C/vfl 
Wars by both parties ; and even Charles 
L consulted him about bis projected 



LILLYVICK. 

escape from Carisbrooke Castle (160a- 
1681). (See Lenormand, p. 605.) 

He talks of Raymond Lully [?.v.] and the ghost of 
Lilly.— Congreve : Love for Love, iii. (1695). 

Lillyvick, the collector of water- 
rates, and uncle to Mrs. Kenwigs. He 
considered himself far superior in a social 
point of view to Mr. Kenwigs, who was 
only an ivory-turner; but he confessed 
him to be "an honest, well-behaved, 
respectable sort of a man." Mr. Lilly- 
vick looked on himself as one of the 
ilite of society. " If ever an old gentle- 
man made a point of appearing in public 
shaved close and clean, that old gentle- 
man was Mr. Lillyvick. If ever a col- 
lector had borne himself like a collector, 
and assumed a solemn and portentous 
dignity, as if he had the whole world on 
his books, that collector was Mr. Lilly- 
vick." Mr. Kenwigs thought the collec- 
tor, who was a bachelor, would leave 
each of the Kenwigses ^100; but he 
' ' had the baseness " to marry Miss 
Petowker of the Theatre Royal, and 
' ' swindle the Kenwigses of their golden ex- 
pectations." — Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

Lily {The), the French king for the 
time being. So called from the lilies, 
which, from the time of Clovis, formed 
the royal device of France. Tasso 
{Jerusalem Delivered) calls them gigli 
d'ore (" golden lilies ") ; but lord Lytton 
calls them "silver lilies" — 

Lord of the silver lilies, canst thou tell 
If the same fate await not thy descendant T 
Lord Lytton: The Duchess de la Valliire (1836). 

The Lily Maid of Astolat, Elaine. — 
Tennyson: Idylls of the King (1859). 
("Astolat " is in Guildford, Surrey.) 

The Lily of Medicine, a treatise 
written by Bernard Gordon, called Lilium 
Medicines (1480). (See Gordonius, p. 
438.) 

Limberliam, a tame, foolish keeper. 
Supposed to be meant for the duke of 
Lauderdale. — Dry den : Limberham or 
The Kind Keeper. 

Limbo (Latin, limbus, "an edge"), 
a sort of neutral land on the confines of 
paradise, for those who are not good 
enough for heaven and not bad enough 
for hell, or rather for those who cannot 
(according to the Church "system") be 
admitted into paradise, either because 
they have never heard the gospel or have 
never been baptized. 

These of sin 
Were blameless ; and if aught they merited. 
It profits not, since baptism was not theirs. 



614 



LIMISSa 



. . . If they before 

The gospel lived, they served not God 

. . . For these defects 

And for no other evil, we are lost. 

Dante : Inferno, It. (1300). 

Limbo of the Moon. Ariosto, in his Or- 
lando Furioso, xxxiv. 70, says, in the moon 
are treasured up the precious time mis- 
spent in play, all vain efforts, all vows 
never paid, all counsel thrown away, all 
desires that lead to nothing, the vanity 
of titles, flattery, great men's promises, 
court services, and death-bed alms. 
Pope says — 

There heroes' wits are kept in ponderous vases. 
And beaus' in snuff-boxes and tweezer-cases ; 
There broken vows and death-bed alms are found. 
And lovers' hearts with ends of ribbon bound ; 
The courtier's promises, the sick man's prayers. 
The smiles of harlots, and the tears of heirs ; 
Cages for gnats, and chains to yoke a flea. 
Dried butterflies, and tomes of casuistry. 

Pope : Rape of the Lock, r. (171a). 

Limbus Fatuorum or the " Fools' Para- 
dise," for idiots, madmen, and others 
who are not responsible for their sins, 
but yet have done nothing worthy of 
salvation. Milton says, from the earth 
fly to the Paradise of Fools 

All things transitory and vain . . . the fruits 

Of painful superstition and blind zeal . . . 

All the unaccomplished works of Nature's hand. 

Abortive, monstrous, or unkindly mixed . . * 

The builders here of Babel . . . 

Others come single. He who to be deemed 

A god, leaped fondly into Etna's flames, 

Empedocles ; and he who to enjoy 

Plato's elysium, leaped into the sea . . . 

Embryos and idiots, eremites and friars. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iii. 448 (1665). 

Limbus Patrum, that half-way house 
between purgatory and paradise, where 
patriarchs and prophets, saints, mar- 
tyrs, and confessors, await the "second 
coming. " This, according to some, is the 
hadSs or "hell" into which Christ de- 
scended when " He preached to the 
spirits in prison." Dant& places Limbo 
on the confines of hell, but tells us those 
doomed to dwell there are ' ' only so far 
afflicted as that they live without hope " 
{Inferno, iv.). 

I have some of them In Limbo Patrum, and there 
they are like to dance these three days.— Shakespeare : 
Henry VIII. act v. sc. 3 (1601). 

Limbus Puerorum or "Child's Para- 
dise," for unbaptized infants too young 
to commit actual sin, but not eligible for 
heaven because they have not been bap- 
tized. 

•." According to Dante\ Limbo is 
between hell and that border-land where 
dwell "the praiseless and the blameless 
dead." (See Inferno, p. 523.) 

Limisso, the city of Cyprus, called 
Caria by Ptolemy. — Ariosto: Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 



LINCIUS. 



«i5 



LINKINWATER. 



Lincius. (See Lynceus.) 

Lincoln ( The bishop of), in the court 
Df queen Elizabeth. He was Thomas 
Cowper.— Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Lincoln Green. Lincoln at one 
time dyed the best green of all England, 
and Coventry the best blue. 

. . . and girls in Lincoln green. 

Drayton : Polyolbion. xxr. (1633). 

* . • Kendal was also at one time noted 
for its green. Hence Falstaff speaks of 
" three misbegotten knaves in Kendal 
green." — Shakespeare: i Henry IV. act 
ii. sc 4 (1597). 

Here be a sort of ragged knares come In, 
Clothed all in Kendale greene. 

Playe o/Robyn Hoed. 

Lincolnshire Grazier (A). The 
Rev. Thomas Hartwell Home published 
The Complete Graxier under this pseu- 
donym (1805). 

Linco'ya (3 syl.), husband of Co'atel, 
and a captive of the Az'tecas. "Once, 
when a chief was feasting Madoc, a 
captive served the food." Madoc says, 
" I marked the youth, for he had features 
of a gentler race ; and oftentimes his eye 
was fixed on me with looks of more than 
wonder." This young man, " the flower 
of all his nation," was to be immolated 
to the god Tezcalipo'ca ; but on the eve 
of sacrifice he made his escape, and flew 
to Madoc for protection. The fugitive 
proved both useful and faithful, but 
when he heard of the death of Coatel, he 
was quite heart-broken. Ayaya'ca, to 
divert him, told him about the spirit- 
land ; and Lincoya asked, " Is the way 
thither long?" 

The old man replied, "A way of many moons. 
"I know a shorter path,' exclaimed the youth. 
And up he sprang, and from the precipice 
Darted. A moment ; and Ayaya'ca heard 
His body fall upon the rocks below. 

Southey : Madoc, U. » (1805). 

Lindab'rides (4 syl.), a euphemism 
for a female of no repute, a courtezan. 
Lindabrides is the heroine of the romance 
entitled The Mirror of Knighthood, one of 
the books in don Quixote's library (pt. I. 
i. 6), and the name became a household 
word for a mistress. It occurs in two of 
sir W. Scott's novels, Kenilworth and 
Woodstock. 

Lindesay, an archer in the Scotch 
guard of Louis XI. of France. — Sir W. 
Scott: Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Lindesay {Lord), one of the embassy 



to queen Mary of Scotland. — Sir W, 
Scott : The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Lindor, a poetic swain or lover en 

bergere. 

Do not, for Heaven's sake, bring down Corydon and 
Lindor upon us.— Sir IV. Scott. 

Lindsay {Margaret), the heroine of a 
novel by professor John Wilson, entitled 
Trials of Margaret Lindsay, a very 
pathetic story (1785-1854). 

Linet', daughter of sir Persaunt, and 
sister of Liones of Castle Perilous 
(ch. 131). Her sister was held captive 
by sir Ironside, the Red Knight of the 
Red Lands. Linet went to king Arthur 
to entreat that one of his knights might be 
sent to liberate her ; but as she refused to 
give up the name of her sister, the king 
said no knight of the Round Table could 
undertake the adventure. At this, a young 
man nicknamed " Beaumains" {Gareth), 
from the unusual size of his hands, and 
who had been serving in the kitchen for 
twelve months, entreated that he might be 
allowed the quest, which the king granted. 
Linet, however, treated him with the ut- 
most contumely, calling him dish-washer, 
kitchen knave, and lout ; but he over- 
threw all the knights opposed to him, 
delivered the lady Lionfis, and married 
her. (See Lynette.)— Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 120-153 
(1470). 

N.B. — Some men nicknamed her "The 
Savage " (ch. 151). Tennyson, in his 
Gareth and Lynette, makes Gareth marry 
Lynette, which spoils the allegory (see 
p. 406). 

Lingo, in O'Keefe's comedy Agreeable 
Surprise (1798). 

Lingon {Parson), in the novel called 
Felix Holt, the Radical, by George Eliot 
(Mrs. J. W. Cross) (1866). 

Lingtia, or " the Combat of the 
Tongue," an allegorical play. Cromwell 
took the part of "Tactus" in this play 
(1607). 

Linkinwater (Tim), confidential 
clerk to the brothers Cheeryble. A kind- 
hearted old bachelor, fossilized in ideas, 
but most kind-hearted, and devoted to 
his masters almost to idolatry. He is 
much attached to a blind blackbird called 
" Dick," which he keeps in a large cage. 
The bird has lost its voice from old age ; 
but, in Tim's opinion, there is no equal 
to it in the whole world. The old clerk 



LINKLATER. 



616 



LION KING OF ASSYRIA. 



marries Miss La Creevy, a miniature- 
painter. 

Punctual as the counting-house dial ... he per- 
formed the minutest actions, and arranged the minutest 
articles In his little room in a precise and regular order. 
Paper, pens, ink, ruler, sealing-wax, wafers, . . . Tim's 
hat, Tint's scrupulously folded gloves, Tim's other coat, 
. . . afl had their accustomed inches of space. . . . 
There was not a more accurate instrument in existence 
than Tim Linkinwater.— Dickens : Nicholas NickUby, 
xxxtM. (1838). 

LinMater [Laurie), yeoman of the 
king's kitchen. A friend to Ritchie 
Moniplies.— Sir W. Scott ; Fortunes of 
Nigel (time, James I.). 

Linne (The Heir of), a ballad in two 
parts. (See under Heir of Linnb, p. 479.) 

Lion (A), emblem of the tribe of 
Judah. The old church at Totnes con- 
tained a stone pulpir divided into com- 
partments containing shields, decorated 
with the several emblems of the Jewish 
tribes, of which this is one. 

Judah is a lion's whelp; ... he couched as a lion, 
and as an old lion; who shall rouse hkn up?— Gen. 
xlix. 9. 

The Lion, a symbol of ambition. 
When Dante" began the ascent of fame, 
he was met first by a panther {pleasure), 
and then by a lion [ambition), which 
tried to stop his further progress. 
A lion came 
With head erect, and hunger mad. 

Darni: Hell, t (1300). 

Lion (The), Henry duke of Bavaria 
and Saxony, son of Henry "the Proud" 
(1129-1195). 

Louis VIII. of France, born under the 
sign Leo (1187, 1223-1226). 

William of Scotland, who chose a 
red lion rampant for his cognizance 
(*, 1165-1214). 

The Golden Lion, emblem of ancient 
Assyria. The bear was that of ancient 
Persia. 

Where is th' Assyrian lion's golden hide. 
That all the East once grasped in lordly paw t 
Where that great Persian bear, whose swelling pride 
The lion's self tore out with rav'nous jaw t 

P. Fletcher: The Purfle Island, vii. (1633). 

The Valiant Lion, Alep Arslan, son 
of Togrul Beg the Perso-Turkish mon- 
arch (*, 1063-1072). 

Lion Attending on Man. 

(1) Una was attended by a lion. 
Spenser says that Una was seeking St. 
George, and as she sat to rest herself, a 
lion rushed suddenly out of a thicket, with 
gaping mouth and lashing tail ; but as it 
drew near, it was awe-struck, licked her 
feet and hands, and followed her like a 
dog. Sansloy slew the faithful beast. — 
Faerie Queene, I. iii. 42 (1590). 



N.B.— This is an allegory of the Refer- 
mation. The "lion" means England, 
and ' ' Una " means truth or the reformed 
religion. England [the lion) waited on 
truth or the Reformation. ' ' Sansloy " 
means queen Mary or false faith, which 
killed the lion, or separated England 
from truth (or the true faith). It might 
seem to some that Sansfoy should have 
been substituted for Sansloy ; but this 
could not be, because Sansfoy had been 
slain already. 

(2) Sir Ewain de Gallis or /wain de 
Galles was attended by a lion, which, in 
gratitude to the knight, who had delivered 
it from a serpent, ever after became his 
faithful servant, approaching the knight 
with tears, and rising on its hind feet. 

(3) Sir Geoffrey de Latour was aided by 
a lion against the Saracens ; but the 
faithful brute was drowned in attempting 
to follow the vessel in which the knight 
had embarked on his departure from the 
Holy Land. 

(4) St. Jerome is represented as attended 
by a lion. The tale is that while St. Jerome 
was lecturing, a lion entered the room, 
and lifted up one of his paws. All the 
disciples fled precipitately, but St. Jerome 
took up the paw and saw it was wounded 
with a thorn. He took out the thorn and 
dressed the wound ; and the lion showed 
a wish to stay with its benefactor, and, 
followed him about like a dog. (See 
Androclus, p. 42.) 

Lion of God (The), Ali, son-in-law 
of Mahomet. He was called at birth 
" The Rugged Lion " (al Haidara) (602, 
655-661). 

Hamza, called " The Lion of God and 
of His Prophet." So Gabriel told Ma- 
homet his uncle was registered in heaven. 

Lion of Janina, Ah Pasha, over- 
thrown in 1822 by Ibrahim Pasha (1741, 
1788-1822). 

Lion of the North (The), Gus- 
tavus Adolphus (1594, 1611-1632). 

Lion-Heart. Richard I. was called 
Caiur de Lion because he plucked out a 
lion's heart, to which beast he had been 
exposed by the duke of Austria, for 
having slain his son. 

It Is sayd that a lyon was put to kynge Richarde, 
beying in prison, ... to devour him ; and when the 
lyon was gapynee, he put his arme in his mouth, and 
pulled the lyon by the harte so hard that he slewe the 
lyon; and therefore . . . he is called Richarde Cure d* 
Lyon.—Rastal: Chronicle (1532). 

Lion King of Assyria, Arioch al 
Asser (B.C. 1927-1897). 



LION ROUGE. 

Lion Rouge {Le), marshal Ney, 
who had red hair and red whiskers 
(1769-1815). 

Lion-Tamer. One of the most re- 
markable was Ellen Bright, who ex- 
hibited in Wombwell's menagerie. She 
was killed by a tiger in 1850, aged 17 
years. 

Lion's Provider {The), the jackal, 
which often starts prey which the lion 
appropriates. 

... the poor jackals are less fou. 
{As being the brave lion's keen providers) 
Than human insects catering for spiders. 

Byron : Don yuan, Ix. 27 (1834). 

Lions {White and Red). Prester 
John, in his letter to Manuel Comnenus 
emperor of Constantinople, says his land 
is the "home of white and red lions" 
(1165). 

Lionel and Clarissa, an opera by 
Bickerstaff ( 1768). Sir John Flowerdale has 
a daughter named Clarissa, whose tutor 
is Lionel, an Oxford graduate. Colonel 
Oldboy, his neighbour, has a daughter 
Diana and a son named Jessamy, a noodle 
and a fop. A proposal is made for 
Clarissa Flowerdale to marry Jessamy ; 
but she despises the prig, and loves Lionel. 
After a little embroglio, sir John gives his 
consent to this match. Now for Diana : 
Harman, a guest of Oldboy's, tells him 
he is in love, but that the father of the 
lady will not consent to his marriage. 
Oldboy advises him to elope, lends his 
carriage and horses, and writes a letter 
for Harman, which he is to send to the 
girl's father. Harman follows this advice, 
and elopes with Diana ; but Diana repents, 
returns home unmarried, and craves her 
father's forgiveness. The old colonel 
yields, the lovers are united, and Oldboy 
says he likes Harman the better for his 
pluck and manliness. 

Lionell {Sir), brother of sir Launce- 
lot, son of Ban king of Benwick 
[Brittany). 

Liones (3 syl.), daughter of sir Per- 
saunt of Castle Perilous, where she was 
held captive by sir Ironside, the Red 
Knight of the Red Lands. Her sister 
Linet' went to the court of king Arthur 
to request that some knight would under- 
take to deliver her sister from her oppres- 
sors; but as she refused to give up the name 
of the lady, the king said no knight of the 
Round Table could undertake the quest. 
(For the rest of the tale, see Linet.)— Sir 



617 LIRRIPER'S LODGINGS. 

T. Malory : History of Prince Arthur, i 
120-153 (1470). 

Li'onesse (3 syl.), Lyonesse, or 

Liones, a tract of land between Land's 
End and the Scilly Isles, now submerged 
"full forty fathoms under water." It 
formed a part of Cornwall. Thus sir 
Tristram de Liones is always called a 
Cornish knight. When asked his name, 
he tells sir Kay that he is sir Tristram 
de Liones ; to which the seneschal answers, 
" Yet heard I never in no place that any 
good knight came out of Cornwall." — Sir 
T. Malory : History of Prince Arthur, ii. 
56 (1470), (See Leonesse, p. 606.) 

(Respecting the knights of Cornwall, sir 
Mark the king of Cornwall had thrown 
the whole district into bad odour. He 
was false, cowardly, mean, and most 
unknightly.) 

Lir. The Death of the Children of Lir. 
This is one of the three tragic stories of 
the ancient Irish. The other two are The 
Death of the Children of Touran and The 
Death of the Children of Usnach. (See 
FlONNUALA, p. 369.) _— O Flanghan : 
Transactions of the Gaelic Society, i. 

•.• Lir {King), father of Fionnuala. 
On the death of Fingula (the mother of 
his daughter), he married the wicked 
Aoife, who, through spite, transformed 
the children of Lir into swans, doomed 
to float on the water for centuries, till 
they hear the first mass-bell ring. Tom 
Moore has versified this legend. 

Silent, O Moyle, be the roar of thy water ; 

Break not, ye breezes, your chain of repose- 
While murmuring mournfully Lir's lonely daughter 

Tells to the night-star her tale of woes. 
Moore : Irish Melodies, iv. (" Song of Fionnuala," 1814). 

Liris, a proud but lovely daughter of 
the race of man, beloved by Rubi, first 
of the angel host. Her passion was the 
love of knowledge, and she was capti- 
vated by all her angel lover told her of 
heaven and the works of God. At last 
she requested Rubi to appear before her 
in all his glory, and, as she fell into his 
embrace, she was burnt to ashes by the 
rays which issued from him. — Moore : 
Loves of the Angels, ii. (1822). 

(This is the tale of Semele, q.v.) 

Lirriper's Lodgings {Mrs.), 81, 
Norfolk Street, Strand. A Christmas tale 
told in All the Year Round, by Dickens 
(1863). It recounts her troubles with her 
lodgers, and with Miss Wozenham, an 
opposition lodging-house keeper ; but the 
cream of the tale is the adoption of poor 
Jemmy by mayor Jackmaa — his educatioa 



LISA. 



6x8 



LITTLE DORRIT. 



at home and his being sent to a boarding- 
school. It is an excellent tale. A sequel, 
called Mrs. Limpet's Legacy, appeared 
in 1864. 

Lisa, an innkeeper's daughter, who 
wishes to marry Elvi'no a wealthy far- 
mer ; but Elvino is in love with Ami'na. 
Suspicious circumstances make Elvino 
renounce his true love and promise 
marriage to Lisa ; but the suspicion is 
shown to be causeless, and Lisa is dis- 
covered to be the paramour of another. 
So Elvino returns to his first love, and 
Lisa is left to Alessio, with whom she had 
been living previously. — Bellini ; La 
Sonnambula, an opera (1831). 

Lis'boa or Lisbo'a, Lisbon. 

Lisette. Les Infidilitis de Lisette and 
Les Gueux are the two songs which, in 
1 8 13, gained for Beranger admission to 
the "Caveau," a club of Paris, estab- 
lished in 1729 and broken up in 1749; 
it was re-established in 1806, and finally 
closed in 1817. 

Les Infidilitis supposes that Beranger 
loved Lisette, who bestowed her favours 
on sundry admirers ; and BeYanger, at 
each new proof of infidelity, "drowned 
his sorrow in the bowl." 

Lisette, ma Lisette, 
Tu m'as trompe toujoun % 
Mais vive la grisette I 
Je veux, Lisette, 
Boire a nos amours. 

Les InfltUlitis de Lisette. 

Lismaha'gO {Captain), a super- 
annuated officer on half-pay, who marries 
Miss Tabitha Bramble for the sake of 
her ^4000. He is a hard-featured, for- 
bidding Scotchman, singular in dress, 
eccentric in manners, self-conceited, 
pedantic, disputatious, and rude. 
Though most tenacious in argument, he 
can yield to Miss Tabitha, whom he 
wishes to conciliate. Lismahago reminds 
one of don Quixote, but is sufficiently 
unlike to be original. — Smollett: The 
Expedition of Humphry Clinker (1771). 

Lissardo, valet to don Felix. He is 
a conceited high-life-below-stairs fop, who 
makes love to Inis and Flora. — Mrs. 
Centlivre: The Wonder (1713). (See 
Flippanta, p. 374. ) 

Lee Lewes [1740-1803] played " Lissardo ' In the style 
»f his great master [ Woodward^ and most divertinely. 
*-Boaden: Life of Mrs. Siddons. 

Lis'uarte ( The Exploits and Adven- 
tures 0/), part of the series of Le Roman 
des Romans, or that pertaining to 
" Am'adis of GauL" This part was 
added by Juan Diaz. 



literary Forgers. (See Forgers 
and Forgeries, p. 382.) 

Literary Men and their Wives. 

(See Married Men of Genius.) 

Literature {Father of Modern 
French), Claude de Seyssel (1450-1520). 

Father of German Literature, Gotthold 
Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781). 

Littimer, the painfully irreproach- 
able valet of Steerforth ; in whose 
presence David Copperfield feels always 
most uncomfortably small. Though as a 
valet he is propriety in Sunday best, he is 
nevertheless cunning and deceitful. Steer- 
forth, tired of " Little Em'ly," wishes to 
marry her to Littimer ; but from this lot 
she is rescued, and emigrates to Australia. 
— Dickens : David Copperfield (1849). 

Little [Thomas). Thomas Moore 
published, in 1808, a volume of amatory 
poems under this name. 

Tis Little !— young Catullus of his d»jr. 
As sweet but as immoral as his lay. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Little Billee. (See Billee, p. 120.) 

Little Britain, Brittany ; also called 
Armor 'ica, and in Arthurian romance 
Benwicke or Benwick, 

N.B. — There is a part of London called 
" Little Britain." It lies between Christ's 
Hospital (the Blue-coat School) and 
Aldersgate Street. It was here that Mr. 
Jaggers had his chambers. (See JAG- 
gers, p. 538.) 

Little Corporal (The). General 
Bonaparte was so called after the battle 
of Lodi in 1796, from his youthful age 
and low stature. 

Little Dorrit, the heroine and title 
of a novel by C. Dickens (1855). Little 
Dorrit was born and brought up in the 
Marshalsea prison, Bermondsey, where 
her father was confined for debt ; and 
when about 14 years of age she used to 
do needlework, to earn a subsistence for 
herself and her father. The child had a 
pale, transparent face ; quick in expres- 
sion, though not beautiful in feature. 
Her eyes were a soft hazel, and her figure 
slight. The little dove of the prison was 
idolized by the prisoners, and when she 
walked out, every man in Bermondsey 
who passed her touched or took off his 
hat out of respect to her good works and 
active benevolence. Her father, coming 
into a property, was set free at length, 
and Little Dorrit married Arthur Clen- 



LITTLE-ENDIANS, ETC. 



619 LITTLE RED RIDING-HOOD. 



nam, the marriage service being cele- 
brated in tke Marshalsea, by the prison 
chaplain. 

Little-Endians and Big-En- 
dians, two religions factions, which 
waged incessant war with each other on 
the right interpretation of the fifty- 
fourth chapter of the Blun'decral ; "All 
true believers break their eggs at the con- 
venient end." The godfather of Calin 
Deffar Plune, the reigning emperor of 
Lilliput, happened to cut his finger while 
breaking his egg at the big end, and 
therefore commanded all faithful Lilli- 
putians to break their eggs in future at 
the small end. The Blefuscudians called 
this decree rank heresy, and determined 
to exterminate the behevers of such an 
abominable practice from the face of the 
earth. Hundreds of treatises were pub- 
lished on both sides, but each empire put 
all those books opposed to its own views 
into the Index Expurgatorius, and not a 
few of the more zealous sort died as 
martyrs for daring to follow their private 
judgment in the matter.— Swift: Gulli- 
ver's Travels ("Voyage to Lilliput," 
1726). 

Little Fleas have Lesser Para- 
sites. Swift, in his Rhapsody on Poetry, 
wrote — 

So naturalists observe, a flea 
Has smaller fleas that on him prey 
And these have smaller still to bite 'em, 
And so proceed ad infinitum. 

Little French Lawyer (The), a 
comedy by Beaumont (?) and Fletcher 
(1647). The person so called is La 
Writ, a wrangling French advocate. 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Little Gentleman in Velvet (To 

the), a favourite Jacobite toast in the 
reign of queen Anne. The reference is to 
the mole that raised the hill against which 
the horse of Willian III. stumbled while 
riding in the park of Hampton Court. By 
this accident the king broke his collar- 
bone, a severe illness ensued, and he died 
early in 1702. 

Little John (whose surname was 
Nailor), the fidus Achates of Robin 
Hood. He could shoot an arrow a 
measured mile f^d somewhat more. So 
could Robin Hood ; but no other man 
ever lived who could perform the same 
feat. In one of the Robin Hood ballads 
we are told that the name of this free- 
shooter was John Little, and that William 
Stutely, in merry mood, reversed the 
names. 



"O, here is my hand," the stranger replyed ; 
"' 111 serve you with all my whole heart. 



My name is John Little, a man of good mettle; 

Ne'er doubt me, for 111 play my part." 
He was, I must tell you, full seven foot high, 

And maybe an ell in the waste . . . 
Brave Stutely said then . . . 
*' This infant was called John Little, " quoth he ; 

" Which name shall be changed anon : 
The words we'll transpose, so wherever he goat 

His name shall be called Little John." 
Ritson : Robin Hood Ballads, ii. 21 (before 1689). 

(A bow (says Ritson) which belonged 
to Little John, with the name Naylor on 
it, is now in the possession of a gentleman 
in the west riding of Yorkshire. ) 

Scott has introduced Little John in Tke Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Little John (Hugh). John Hugh 
Lockhart, grandson of sir Walter Scott, 
is so called by sir Walter in his Tales of 
a Grandfather, written for his grandson. 

Little Marlborough, count von 
Schwerin, a Prussian field-marshal and a 
companion of the duke of Marlborough 
(1684-1757). 

Little Nell, a child distinguished for 
her purity of character, though living in 
the midst of selfishness, impurity, and 
crime. She was brought up by her 
grandfather, who was in his dotage and, 
having lost his property, tried to eke out 
a narrow living by selling lumber or 
curiosities. At length, through terror of 
Quilp, the old man and his grandchild 
stole away, and led a vagrant life, the 
one idea of both being to get as far as 
possible from the reach of Quilp. They 
finally settled down in a cottage overlook- 
ing a country churchyard, where Nell 
died.— Dickens : The Old Curiosity Shop 
(1840). 

Little Peddling-ton, an imaginary 
place, the village of quackery and cant, 
egotism and humbug, affectation and 
flattery.— Poole; Little Peddlington. 

Little Queen, Isabella of Valois, 
who was married at the age of eight 
years to Richard II. of England, and was 
a widow at 13 years of age (1387-1410). 

Little Red Riding-Hood (Le Petit 
Chaperon Rouge), from Les Contes of 
Charles Perrault (1697). Ludwig Tieck 
reproduced the same tale in his Volks- 
mdrchen (Popular Stories), in 1795, 
under the German title Leben und Tod aes 
Kleinen Rothkappchen. A little girl takes 
a present to her grandmother; but a 
wolf has assumed the place of the old 
woman, and, when the child gets into 
bed, devours her. The brothers Grimm 
have reproduced this tale in German. In 



UTTLEJOHN. 

the Swedish version, Red Riding-Hood is 
a young woman, who takes refuge in a 
tree, the wolf gnaws the tree, and the 
lover arrives just in time to see his 
mistress devoured by the monster. 

•-' O grandmama, what great eyes you have got 1 " 
"The better to see you with, my little dear." " O 
grandmama, what great ears you have got ! " " The 
better to hear you with, my little dear. "O grand- 
mama, what a great mouth you have got I " " The 
better to eat you up, my little dear," and so saying . . . 

Littlejohn {Bailie), a magistrate at 
Fairport. — Sir W. Scott : The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Live to Please ... Dr. Johnson, in 
the prologue spoken by Garrick at the 
opening of Drury Lane, in 1747, says — 

The drama's laws the drama's patrons give, 
For we that live to please must please to live. 

Livingstone {Guy), a novel by 
George A. Lawrence. 

Livy {The Protestant), John Sleidan 
of Cologne, who wrote a History of the 
Reformation in Germany (1506-1556). 

Livy {The Russian), Nicholas Mi- 
chaelovitch Karamzin (1765-1826). 

Livy of France, Juan de Mariana 
(1537-1624). 

Livy of Portugal, Joao de Barros 
(1496-1570). 

Lizard. (See "Lizard" under the 
heading of Superstitions. ) 

Lizard Islands, fabulous islands, 
where damsels, outcast from the rest of 
the world, find a home and welcome. — 
Torquemada: Garden of Flowers. 

Lizard Point (Cornwall), a corrup- 
tion of Lazar's Point, being a place of 
retirement for lazars or lepers. 

Lla'ian, the unwed mother of prince 
Hoel. His father was prince Hoel, the 
illegitimate son of king Owen of North 
Wales. Hoel the father was slain in battle 
by his half-brother David, successor to 
the throne ; and Llaian, with her young 
son, also called Hoel, accompanied prince 
Madoc to America, — Southey : Modoc 
(1805). 

Llewellyn, son of Yorwerth, and 
grandson of Owen king of North Wales. 
Yorwerth was the eldest son, but was 
set aside because he had a blemish in the 
face, and his half-brother David was 
king. David began his reign by killing 
or banishing all the family of his father 
who might disturb his succession. 
Amongst those he killed was Yorwerth, 



6ao LOCAL DESIGNATIONS, ETC. 



in consequence of which Llewellyn re 
solved to avenge his father's death ; and 
his hatred against his uncle was un- 
bounded. — Southey: Madoc (1805). 

" Blemish ..." see KINGSHIP. 

Llewellyn's Dog. (See Gelert, 
p. 410.) 
Lloyd with an " L." 

One morning, a Welsh coach-maker came with his bill 
to my lord [the earl of Brentford\. "You are called, I 
think, Mr. Lloyd ? " "At your lordship's service, my 
lord." " What t Lloyd with an * L ' i" It was with 
an " L." " In your part of the world I have heard that 
Lloyd and Flloyd are synonymous ; is it so ? " inquired 
his lordship. " Very often, indeed, my lord," was the 
reply. " You say that you spell your name with an 
•L't" " Always, my lord." " That, Mr. Lloyd, is a 
little unlucky; for I am paying my debts alphabeti- 
cally, and in four or five years you might have come in 
with the ' F's ' ; but I am afraid I can give you no 
hopes for your ' L.' Good morning." — Foote: The 
Lame Lover. 

Lloyd's Books, two enormous 

ledger-looking volumes, raised on desks 
at right and left of the entrance to Lloyd's 
Rooms. These books give the principal 
arrivals, and all losses by wreck, fire, or 
other accident at sea. The entries are 
written in a fine, bold, Roman hand, 
legible to all readers. 

Lloyd's List is a London periodical, 
in which the shipping news received at 
Lloyd's Rooms is regularly published. 

L. N. R., initialism of Mrs. Raynard, 
authoress of The Book and Its Story, The 
Missing Link, etc. Died 1879. 

Loathly Lady {The), a hideous 
creature, whom sir Gaw'ain marries, and 
who immediately becomes a most beau- 
tiful woman. — The Marriage of Sir 
Gawain (a ballad). 

The walls . . . were clothed with grim old tapestry, 
representing the memorable story of sir Gawain's 
wedding . . . with the Loathly Lady.— Sir W. Scott. 

Loba'ba, one of the sorcerers in 
the caverns of Dom-Daniel, "under the 
roots of the ocean." These spirits were 
destined to be destroyed by one of the race 
of Hodeirah, and, therefore, they perse- 
cuted the whole of that race even to death. 
(For the sequel of the tale, see Mohareb.) 
— Southey: Thalaba the Destroyer (1797). 

Local Designations and Lan- 
cashire Manufactures, etc. 

ASH'N [Ashton-under-Lyne],y5r//<7wj ot/ellms. 

BOWTON [Bolton], Billy or trotters. 

BOWDEN [Cheshire], clowns (i.e. potatoes). 

BURY, muffers. 

BURY, cymblins. 

Cheadle, swingers (a peculiar coat)* 

CONGLETON, points. 
ECCLES, cakes. 
EVERTON, toffeys. 
Glasgow, cations. 

GORTON, bull-dogs. 
LIVERPOOL, gentUmm, 
London, gent*. 



LOCHABER. 



fel 



LODA. 



Manchester, men. 

Manchester, cottons. 
MlDDLETON, moones. 
Nottingham, lambs. 
ORMSKIRK. gingerbread. 
OWDAN [Oldham], chaps. 

Paisley, bodies. 

RADCLIFFE, napers. 

Rochdale, ga-wbies. 
Stretford, black-pudding*. 
Warrington, ale. 

Manchester Guardian. 

Locka ber {Farewell to), a song by 
Allan Ramsay, set to music for three 
voices by Dr. Chalcott. 

Farewell to Locha'ber, and farewell to Jean [Jcen\ 
Where heartsome with thee I have many days been. 
These tears that I shed are all for my dear, 
And not for the dangers attending on war ; 
Though borne on rough seas to a far-distant shore. 
Maybe to return to Lochaber no more I 

Lochaw. It's a far cry to Lochaw ; 
i.e. his lands are very extensive. Lochaw 
was the original seat of the Campbells ; 
and so extensive were their possessions, 
that no cry or challenge could reach from 
one end of them to the other. Meta- 
phorically, it means — the subject following 
has no connection, or a remote one, with 
the subject just mentioned. 

Locbiel' (2 syl.). Sir Evan Cameron, 
lord of Lochiel, surnamed "The Black" 
and " The Ulysses of the Highlands," 
died 1719. His son, called "The Gentle 
Lochiel," is the one referred to by Thomas 
Campbell in LochieVs Warning. He 
fought in the battle of Cullo'den for prince 
Charles, the Young Pretender (1746). 

Lochiel, Lochiel, beware of the day 
When the Lowlands shall meet thee In battle array 1 
For a field of the dead rushes red on my sight, 
And the dans of Cullo'den are scattered in fight. 
Campbell: Lochiets Warning. 
And Cameron, in the shock of steeL 
Die like the offspring of Lochiel. 

Sir W. Scott: Field of fVaUrU*, 

Lochinvar', a young Highlander, 
in love with a lady at Netherby Hall 
(condemned to marry a "laggard in 
love and a dastard in war "). Her 
young chevalier induced the too-willing 
lassie to be his partner in a dance ; and, 
while the guests were intent on their 
amusements, swung her into his saddle 
and made off with her before the bride- 
groom could recover from his amaze- 
ment. — Sir W. Scott: Marmion (1808). 

Lochleven ( The lady of), mother of 
the regent Murray.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

(Michael Bruce wrote a descriptive 
poem in blank verse, called Lochleven, 
which was published in 1770. ) 

Lochlin, the Gaelic name for Scan- 
dinavia. It generally means Denmark. 
— Ossian: FingaL 



Lockit, the jailer in Gay's Beggar's 
Opera. He was an inhuman brute, who 
refused to allow captain Macheath any 
more candles in his cell, and threatened to 
clap on extra fetters, unless he supplied 
him with more "garnish" {jail fees). 
Lockit loaded his prisoners with fetters 
in inverse proportion to the fees which 
they paid, ranging ' ' from one guinea to 
ten." (See Lucy.)— Gay: The Beggars 
Opera (1727). 

The quarrel between Peachum and Lockit was an 
allusion to a personal collision between Walpole and 
his colleague lord Townsend.— R. Chambers: English 
Literature, i. 571. 

Locksley, In Nottinghamshire, the 
birthplace of Robin Hood. 

In Locksly town, in merry Nottinghamshire, 

In merry, sweet Locksly town, 
There bold Robin Hood was born and was bred. 

Bold Robin of famous renown. 

Ritson : Robin Hood, U. x (1795). 

Locksley, alias " Robin Hood," an 
archer at the tournament (ch. xiii.). 
Said to have been the name of the village 
where the outlaw was born. — Sir W, 
Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Locksley Hall. The lord of Locks- 
ley Hall loves his cousin Amy, but Amy, 
at her father's instigation, marries a rich 
clown. The lord of Locksley Hall, in- 
dignant, says he will leave Europe, where 
all are slaves to gold, and marry some 
iron-jointed savage ; but on reflection he 
says there can be no sympathy of mind 
in such a union ; and he resolves to con- 
tinue at Locksley Hall, for "better fifty 
years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay. 
— Tennyson: Locksley Hall. 

Locriu (2 syl.), father of Sabri'na, and 
eldest son of the mythical Brutus king of 
ancient Britain. On the death of his 
father, Locrin became king of Loe'gria 
{England). — Geoffrey: Brit. Hist., ii. 5. 

Locusta, a by-word of infamy. She 
lived in the early part of the Roman 
empire. Locusta poisoned Claudius and 
Britannicus, and attempted to destroy 
Nero, but, being found out, was put to 
death. 

Loda or Crnth-Loda, a Scandi- 
navian god, which dwelt "on the misty 
top of U-thorno . . . the house of the 
spirits of men." Fingal did not worship 
at the " stone of this power," but looked 
on it as hostile to himself and friendly 
to his foes. Hence, when Loda appeared 
to him on one occasion, Fingal knew it 
was with no friendly intent, and with his 
sword he cleft the intrenchant spirit in 



LODBROa 



LOGRIS. 



twain. Whereupon it uttered a terrible 
shriek, which made the island tremble ; 
and, "rolling itself up, rose upon the 
wings of the wind," and departed. (See 
Mars Wounded.) — Ossian : Carric- 
Thura. 

(In Oina-Morul, " Loda" seems to be a 
place — 

They stretch their hands to the shells in Loda.) 
Lodbrog, king of Denmark (eighth 
century), famous for his wars and vic- 
tories. He was also an excellent scald 
or bard, like Ossian. Falling into the 
hands of his enemies, he was cast into 
jail, and devoured by serpents. 

Lodging. **My lodging is on the 
cold ground." — Rhodes: Bombastes Fu- 
rioso (1790). 

IiOdois'ka (4 syl.), a beautiful Polish 
princess, in love with count Floreski. She 
is the daughter of prince Lupauski, who 
places her under the protection of a friend 
(baron Lovinski) during a war between 
the Poles and Tartars. Here her lover 
finds her a prisoner at large ; but the 
baron seeks to poison him. At this crisis, 
the Tartars arrive and invade the castle. 
The baron is killed, the lady released, and 
all ends happily. — J. P. Kemble : Lodo- 
iska (a melodrame). 

Iiodo'na, a nymph, fond of the chase. 
One day, Pan saw her, and tried to catch 
her ; but she fled, and implored Cynthia 
to save her. Her prayer was heard, and 
she was instantly converted into "a silver 
stream, which ever keeps its virgin cool- 
ness." Lodona is an affluent of the 
Thames. — Pope : Windsor Forest (1713). 

Lodore (2 syl.), a cataract three miles 
from Greta Hall, Keswick, rendered 
famous by Southey's piece of word- 
painting called The Cataract of Lodore 
(1820). This and Edgar Poe's Bells are 
the best pieces of word-painting in the 
language, at least of a similar length. 

Iiodovi'co, kinsman to Brabantio the 
father of Desdemona. — Shakespeare: 
Othello (1611). 

Lodovico and Fiso, two cowardly 
gulls. — Beaumont and Fletcher : The 
Captain (1613). 

Lodowick, the name assumed by the 
duke of Vienna, when he retired for a 
while from State affairs, and dressed as a 
friar, to watch the carrying out of a law 
recently enforced against prostitution. — 
Shakespeare: Measure for Measure (1603). 



Loe'gria (4 syl.), England, the king 
dom of Logris or Locrine, eldest son oi 
Brute the mythical king of Britain. 

Thus Cambria [Wales] to her right that would herself 

restore, 
And rather than to lose Loegria, looks for more. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, Iv. (i«i»). 
II est ecrit qu'il est une heure, 
Ou tout le royaume de Logres 
Qui jadis fut la terre es ogres 
Sera detruit par cette lance. 

Chretien de Troyes : Parsival (1170). 

Lofty, a detestable prig, always boast- 
ing of his intimacy with people of quality. 
— Goldsmith: The Good-natured Man 
(1767). 

Lofty {Sir Thomas), a caricature of 
lord Melcombe. Sir Thomas is a man 
utterly destitute of all capacity, yet sets 
himself up for a Mecaenas ; and is well 
sponged by needy scribblers, who ply 
him with fulsome dedications. — Foote: 
The Patron (1764). 

Log (King), a rot fainiant. The 
frogs prayed to Jove to send them a king, 
and the god threw a log into the pool, 
the splash of which terribly alarmed them 
for a time ; but they soon learnt to de- 
spise a monarch who allowed them to 
jump upon its back, and never resented 
their familiarities. The croakers com- 
plained to Jove for sending them so 
worthless a king, and prayed him to send 
one more active and imperious ; so he 
sent them a stork, which devoured them. 
— sEsop's Fables. (See Stork.) 

Logic (Bob), the Oxonian, in Pierce 
Egan's Life in London (1824). 

Logistil'la, a good fairy, sister of 
Alci'na the sorceress. She taught Rug- 
gie'ro (3 syl.) to manage the hippogriff, 
and gave Astolpho a magic book and horn. 
Logistilla is human reason personified. — 
Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Logothete (The), or chancellor of 
the Grecian empire. — Sir W. Scott: 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Logres (2 syl.). England is so called 
from Logris or Locrine, eldest son of the 
mythical king Brute. 

. . . le royaume de Logres, 
Qui jadis futMa terre es ogres. 

Chre'tien de Troyes : Parzival (1170). 

Logria, England. (See Logres. ) 
Logris or Locris, same as Locrin or 

Locrine, eldest son of Brute the mythical 

king of Britain. 
Logris, England. 

I am banished out of the country ot Logris for eveti 
that is to say, out of the country of England.— Sir T 
Malory; History of Prince Arthur, iii. 19 (1470) 



LOHENGRIN. 



633 



LONGEVITY. 



Lohengrin, " Knight of the Swan," 
ton of ParzivaL He came to Brabante 
in a ship drawn by a swan ; and, having 
liberated the duchess Elsen who was a 
captive, he married her, but declined to 
reveal his name. Not long after this, he 
went against the Huns and Saracens, 
performed marvels of bravery, and re- 
turned to Germany covered with glory. 
Elsen, being laughed at by her friends for 
not knowing the name of her husband, 
resolved to ask him of his family ; but no 
sooner had she done so than the white 
swan reappeared and carried him away. 
— Wolfram von Eschenbach (a minne- 
singer, thirteenth century). 

L'Oiseleur [" the bird-catcher •"], the 
person who plays the magic flute. — Mo- 
zart : Die Zauberflbte (1791). 

Loki, the god of strife and spirit of all 
evil. His wife is Angerbode (4 syl.), i.e. 
" messenger of wrath," and his three sons 
are Fenris, Midgard, and Hela. Loki 
gave the blind god Hoder an arrow of 
mistletoe, and told him to try it ; so the 
blind Hbder discharged the arrow and 
slew Baldr (the Scandinavian Apollo). 
This calamity was so grievous to the gods, 
that they unanimously agreed to restore 
him to life again. — Scandinavian My- 
thology. (See Lamech's Song, p. 588.) 

Lokman, an Arabian contemporary 
with David and Solomon. Noted for his 
Fables. 

Lolah, one of the three beauties of the 
harem into which don Juan in female 
disguise was admitted. She "was dusk 
as India and as warm." The other two 
were Katin'ka and Dudu. — Byron: Don 
Juan, vi. 40, 41 (1824). 

Lol litis, an author often referred to 
by writers of the Middle Ages, but pro- 
bably a " Mrs. Harris " of Kennahtwhar. 

Lollius, If a writer of that name existed at all, was a 
somewhat somewhere.— Coleridge. 

London, a poem by Dr. Johnson, in 
imitation of the Third Satire of Juvenal 
(1738). 

London Antiquary (A). John 
Camden Hotten published his Dictionary 
if Modern Slang, etc., under this pseu- 
donym. 

London Bridge is Built on 
Woolpacks. In the reign of Henry 
II., Pious Peter, a chaplain of St. Mary 
Colechurch, in the Poultry, built a stone 
bridge in lieu of the wooden one which 



had been destroyed by fire. The king 
helped him by a tax on wool, and hence 
the saying referred to above. 

London Spy (The), by Ned Ward 
(1698-1700). (See Old and New London, 
vol. i. p. 423.) 

Long" (Tom), the hero of an old 
popular tale entitled The Merry Conceits 
of Tom Long the Carrier, etc. 

Long Peter, Peter Aartsen, the 
Flemish painter. He was so called from 
his extraordinary height (1507-1573). 

Long-Sword (Richard), son of the 
"fair Rosamond" and Henry II. His 
brother was Geoffroy archbishop of 
York. 

Long-sword, the brave son of beauteous Rosamond. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 

Long-Sword, William I. of Nor- 
mandy, son of Rollo, assassinated by the 
count of Flanders (920-943). 

Long Tom Coffin, a sailor of heroic 
character and most amiable disposition, 
introduced by Fenimore Cooper of New 
York in his novel called The Pilot (1823). 
Fitzball has dramatized the story. 

Longaville (3 syl.), a young lord 
attending on Ferdinand king of Navarre. 
He promises to spend three years in study 
with the king, during which time no 
woman is to approach the court ; but no 
sooner has he signed the compact than 
he falls in love with Maria. When he 
proposes to her, she defers his suit for 
twelve months, and she promises to 
change her " black gown for a faithful 
friend " if he then remains of the same 
mind. 

A man of sovereign parts he Is esteemed i 

Well fitted in arts, glorious in arms : 

Nothing becomes him ill ; that he would well. 

The only soil of his fair virtue's gloss . . . 

Is a sharp wit matched with too blunt a will ; 

Whose edge . . . none spares that come within his 

power. 
Shakespeare : Love's Labour's Lost, act U. sc i (1594). 

Long-champ, bishop of Ely, high 
justiciary of England during the absence 
of king Richard Cceur de Lion. — Sir W. 
Scott : The Talisman (time, Richard I. ). 

Longevity. Lord Bacon cites the 
cases of persons who have died between 
the ages of 150 and 160 years, and asserts 
that the citations rest on the most satis- 
factory evidence. 

IT The Manchester Iris (October II, 
1823) speaks of a couple then "living," 
the husband 128 and the wife 126 years 
of age. ( See Notes and Queries, February 
ai, 1891, p. 144.) 



LONGEVITY. 



6m 



LONNA. 



The following is a list of persons of note 
in Great Britain, who have exceeded ioo 
years .* — 

(i) BOWELS (7<z»*<rj),of Killingworth, Warwickshire, 
died November, 1756, at the age of 153. 

(a) CARN (Thomas), according to the parish register 
of St, Leonard's Church, Shropshire, died January 22, 
1588, at the age of 207 1 1 If this entry is correct, he 
was born In the age of Richard II., and died in that of 
Elizabeth. 

(3) Catharine, countess of Desmond (fifteenth 
century), died at the age of 140. 

(4) EVANS (Henry), a Welshman, died at the age of 
129 (1642-1771). 

(5) Finch (Margaret) died at the age of 109. (See 
Margaret finch.) 

(6) Gibson (Margaret) died at the age of 136 or 141. 
(See Margaret Gibson.) 

(7) Hastings (Henry), Charles I.'s forester, died at 
the age of 102 (1537-1639). 

(8) LAUGHER (Thomas), of Markley, Worcester- 
shire, died at the age of 107 (1700-1807). 

His mother reached the age of 108. 

(9) LUFKIN (The Rev.) died at the age of 111, and 
was rector of Offord 57 -years (1621-1678). He did 
" duty " to the last, and preached the Sunday before 
his death. — Parish Register. 

(10) JENKINS (Henry) died at the age of 169 (1591- 
1670, October 8). 

Ufland, professor of medicine in Jena University, 
investigated this case. 

(n) KlRTON (George), of Yorkshire, died at the 
age of 125. (See Notes and Queries, January 28, 1893, 
p. 66.) 

(12) MACKLIN or MACLAUGHLIN (Chat les), play- 
wright and actor, died at the age of 107 (1690-1797). 

(13) PARR ( Thomas), of Atterbury, in Shropshire, an 
agricultural labourer, died at the age of 152 (1483-1635). 
He married his second wife when he was 122 years old, 
and had a son. Old Parr lived in the reigns of ten 
sovereigns. 

There were four others of the same family, the 
youngest of whom died at the age of 123 ; and what is 
still more marvellous is that his son-in-law, John Newell, 
also reached the age of 127. 

(14) Patten or Batten (Margaret), of Glasgow, 
died at the age of 134 (1603-1737). She was buried at 
St. Margaret's, Westminster ; and a portrait of her was 
hung at St. Margaret's Workhouse. 

(15) SCRIMSHAW {Jane) died at the age of 127 
(1584-1711). She lived in the reigns of eight sovereigns. 

The next two are front tablets in St. Andrew's 
Church, Shiffnal, Salop— 

(x6) WAKLEY ( William) died at the age of 124. He 
was baptized at Idsall, otherwise Shiffnal, May x, 1590, 
and was buried at Adbaston, November 28, 1714. He 
lived in the reigns of eight sovereigns. 

(17) YATES (Mary), wife of Joseph Yates of Lizard 
Common, Shiffnal, died at the age of 127 (1649-1776, 
August 7). She walked to London just after the Great 
Fire of 1666 ; and she married her third husband when 
•he was 92 years of age. 

Almost all these persons lived in the sixteenth and 
Seventeenth centuries, and from what I have seen of 
these early registers, the entries are neither uniform 
n)r regular. The present Registration Act did not 
Cone into operation till 1874. With the present registers 
in duplicate, it would be well-nigh impossible to make 
a mistake of baptism or death. 

Longevity in France. 

On the tenth anniversary of the taking of the Bastile 

Suly 14, 1799), the First Consul admitted into the Hdtel 
as Invalides two new members, one of whom was 106 
and the other 107 years of age. 

BEAUPRIN (Dr.) married, at the age of 80, his second 
wife, by whom he had 16 children 1 He died at the age 
of 117 ^A.D. 1805). 

DUFOURNBT (Dr.) also married, at the age of 80, his 
second wife (A.D. x8io), and died at the age of 120 
(A.D. 1850). 

JACOB (The patriarch) entered the French As- 
sembly, October 28, 1779. He was then 120 years of 
age, and all the members rose Instantly to salute and 



Longevity in Germany, Austria tie, 

TUISCO, a German prince (according to Tacftusl 
lived to the age of 17s. In Danzic, we are told, a 
person reached the age of 184 ; In Salzberg, George 
Wunder died (December 12, 1761) at the age of 186. 
The case was searched into by Dr. Ufland, of Prussia, 
who was satisfied with the evidence brought forward. 
In 1840 a person died in Wallachia at the age of 184. 

Longevity in the Roman empire. 

When Vespasian was emperor, In a census made A.D. 

74, the following statement is made of persons from xoa 

years of age and up wards.— Glegon : be Longevis. 

129 persons had passed the age of xoo 

S14 „ were between xoo and xxo 

« M MM XIO „ 125 
4 M MM 1*5 .. IS© 

6 .. M „ I30 „ 135 

3 .. » X35 „ X45 

Longevity in Russia. 

The Greek Church is noted for Its careful registratiaa 
of births and deaths. From these authenticated 
documents we learn that in the year 1835 there were 
416 persons between the ages of xoo and upwards, the 
oldest being 135. 

From official accounts in 1839 we learn that In the 
Russian empire there were 850 persons between the 
ages of 100 and 105 ; 126 persons between the ages of 
xio and 115 ; 130 persons between the ages of 1x5 and 
120 ; and 3 persons between the ages of 120 and 130. 

Longevity in the United States of 
America. 

Dr. Fitch, In his treatise On Consumption, mentions 
the following instances :— 

Alice, ofPhiladelphia, reached the age of 116 (1686- 
1802). 

FRANCISCO (Henry) died at Whitehall, New York, 
at the age of 134. 

HlGHTOWER (John) died In Marengo County, 
Albania, in 1845, at the age of 134. 

He gives examples from other states of persons dying 
between the ages of in and 136. 

Longevity of men of learning. 

It is said that three of the seven sages of Greece, rla. 
Pittachos, Solon, and Thales (2 syl.), all reached the age 
of 100, and the other four reached a good old age. 
According to Lucian, Democ'ritos the philosopher 
reached the age of 104. Gorgias, the sophist reached 
the age of 108 (B.C. 485-377)- Isoc'rates (4 syl.) reached 
a great age, some say as much as 102 years. Juvenal 
the satirist is supposed to have lived out an entire 
century. Fabius Maximus the Roman augur died at 
the age of 100. Fohi, founder of the Chinese empire, 
is said to have died at the age of 115. Some say 
Sophocles, the tragic poet, lived above a century, but 
his age is generally given B.C. 495-405. 

(The dates of the Greeks and Romans cannot be 
depended on, as there is no fixed starting-point, as we 
have had since the commencement of the Christian era.) 

Longing, the name of the Roman 
soldier who pierced the crucified Saviour 
with a spear. The spear came into the 
possession of Joseph of Arimathaea. — Sir 
T. Malory : History of Prince Arthur, i. 
41 (1470). Often called Longinus. 

lion g-omont a'nus (Christian) ,of Jut- 
land, a Danish astronomer (1 562-1647). 

What did your Cardan [an Italian astronomer], and 
your Ptolemy, your Messahalah, and your Longomon- 
tanus, your harmony of chiromancy with astrology — 
Congreve: Love for Low, iv. (1695). 

Lonna, that is, Colonna, the most 
southern point of Attica, called "Su- 
nium's marbled steep." Here once stood 



LOOSE-COAT FIELD. 



635 



LORELEL 



a temple to Minerva, called by Falconer, 
in The Shipwreck, " Tritonia's sacred 
fane." The ship Britannia struck against 
"the cape's projecting verge," and was 
wrecked. 

Ym, at the dead of night, by Lonna's steep, 
The seaman's cry was heard along the deep. 
Campbell : The Pleasures 0/ Hope, ii. (1799). 

Loose-Coat Field. The battle of 
Stamford (1470). So called because the 
men led by lord Wells, being attacked by 
the Yorkists, threw off their coats, that 
they might flee the faster. 

Cast off their county's coats, to haste their speed away. 
Which " Loose-Coat Field " is called e'en to this day. 
Drayton : PolyolHon, xxii. (1622). 

Lo'pe de Vega {Felix), a Spanish 
poet, born at Madrid. He was one of 
those who came in the famous ' ' Armada " 
to invade England. Lope(ajy/.) wrote 
altogether 1800 tragedies, comedies, 
dramas, or religious pieces called autos 
sacramentales (1562-1635). 

Her memory was a mine. She knew by heart 
All Calderon and greater part of Lope. 

Byron : Don Jtuin, L n (1819). 

Lopez, the "Spanish curate." — 
Fletcher : The Spanish Curate (1622). 

Lopez (Don), a Portuguese nobleman, 
the father of don Felix and donna 
Isabella.— Mrs. Centlivre: The Wonder 
(1714)- 

LorbruTgrud, the capital of Brob- 
dingnag. The word is humorously said 
to mean " Pride of the Universe." — 
Swift: Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage to 
Brobdingnag," 1726). 

Lord, a hunchback. (Greek, lordos, 
" crooked.") 

Lord Peter. The pope is so called in 
Dr. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. 
Swift, in his Tale of a Tub, introduces the 
three brothers Peter, John, and Martin, 
meaning the pope, Calvin, and Luther. 

Lord Strutt. Charles II. of Spain 
is so called by Dr. Arbuthnot, in hit 
History of John Bull (1712). 

Every one must remember the paroxysm of rage Into 
which poor lord Strutt fell, on hearing that his runaway 
servant Nic Frog, his clothier John Bull, and his old 
enemy Lewis Baboon, had come with quadrants, poles, 
and ink-horns, to survey his estate, and to draw his will 
for him.— Macaulay. 

Lord Thomas and Annet had a 

lovers' quarrel ; whereupon lord Thomas, 
in his temper, went and offered marriage 
to the nut-brown maid, who had houses 
and lands. On the wedding day, Annet 
went to the church, and lord Thomas 
gave her a rose, but the nut-brown maid 



killed her with a " bodkin from her head- 
gear." Lord Thomas, seeing Annet fall, 
plunged his dagger into the heart of the 
murderess, and then stabbed himself. 
Over the graves of lord Thomas and the 
fair Annet grew " a bonny briar, and by 
this ye may ken that they were lovers 
dear." In some versions of this story 
Annet is called "Elinor." — Percy: Re- 
liques, etc., III. iii. (See Bodkin, p. 133.) 

Lord Ullin's Daughter, a ballad 
by Campbell (1809). The lady eloped 
with the chief of Ulva's Isle, and was 
pursued by her father with a party of 
retainers. The lovers reached a ferry, 
and promised to give the boatman "a 
silver pound " to row them across Loch- 
gyle. The waters were very rough, and 
the father reached the shore just in time 
to see the boat capsize, and his daughter 
drowned. 

Twas vain : the loud waves lashed the shora. 

Return or aid preventing; 
The waters wild went o'er his child, 

And he was left lamenting, 

Lord of Burleigh (The), a ballad 
by Tennyson (1842). 

Lord of Crazy Castle, John Hall 
Stevenson, author of Crazy Tales (in 
verse). He lived at Skelton Castle, which 
was nicknamed " Crazy Castle" (1718- 
178S). 

Lord of the Isles, Donald of Islay, 
who in 1346 reduced the Hebrides under 
his sway. The title of ' ' lord of the Isles " 
had been borne by others for centuries 
before, was borne by his (Donald's) suc- 
cessors, and is now one of the titles of 
the prince of Wales. 

(Sir W. Scott has a metrical romance 
entitled The Lord of the Isles, 1815.) 

Loredani (Giacomo), interpreter of 
king Richard I.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Talisman (time, Richard 1.^ 

Loreda'no (James), a Venetian 
patrician, and one of the Council of 
Ten. Loredano was the personal enemy 
of the Fos'cari — Byron: The Two Foscari 
(1820). 

Lorelei (3 syl.) or Lurlei, a siren 
of German legend, who haunted a rock of 
the same name on the right bank of the 
Rhine, half-way between Bingen and 
Coblenz. She combed her hair with a 
golden comb, and sang a wild song, 
which enticed fishermen and sailors to 
destruction on the rocks and rapids. 



LORENZO. 



6a6 



LOT. 



Loren'zo, a young man with whom 
Jes'sica, the daughter of the Jew Shylock, 
elopes. — Shakespeare: The Merchant of 
Venice (1698). 

Lorenzo, an atheist and reprobate, 
whose remorse ends in despair. — Young: 
Night Thoughts (1742-6). 

(Some affirm that Lorenzo is meant for 
the poet's own son.) 

Lorenzo {Colonel), a young libertine 
in Dryden's drama, The Spanish Fryar 
(1680). 

Loretto ( The House of). The Santa 
Casa is the reputed house of the virgin 
Mary at Nazareth. It was " miracu- 
lously " translated to Fiume, in Dalmatia. 
in 1291, thence to Recana'ti in 1294, and 
finally to Macera'ta, m Italy, to a plot of 
land belonging to the lady Loretto. 

Our house may have travelled through the air, like 
the house of Loretto, for aught I care.— Goldsmith : 
The Good-natured Man, iv. 1 (1768). 

Loretto of Austria, Mariazel 
(•' Mary in the cell "), in Styria. So called 
from the miracle-working image of the 
Virgin. The image is old and very ugly. 
Two pilgrimages are made to it yearly. 

Loretto of Switzerland, Ein- 
siedlen, a village containing a shrine of 
the " Black Lady of Switzerland." The 
church is of black marble, and the image 
of ebony. 

Lorimer, one of the guard at Arden- 
vohr Castle.— Sir W. Scott: Legend of 
Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Loriot, "the confidante andservante " 
of Louis XV. Loriot was the inventor of 
lifts, by which tables descended, and rose 
again covered with viands and wines. 

The shifting sideboard plays its humble part. 
Beyond the triumphs of a Loriot's art. 

Rogers : Epistle to a Friend (1798). 

Lorma, wife of Erragon king of Sora, 
in Scandinavia. She fell in love with 
Aldo, a Caledonian officer in the king's 
army. The guilty pair escaped to Mor- 
ven, which Erragon forthwith invaded. 
Erragon encountered Aldo in single 
combat, and slew him ; was himself slain 
in battle by Gaul son of Morni ; and 
Lorma died of grief. — Ossian : The Battle 
of Lora. 

Lorn (M'Dougal of), a Highland chief 
in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. Scott: 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Lorraine (Mrs. Felix), a clever, vain 
woman in Vivian Grey, a novel by 
Disraeli [lord Beaconsfield] (1826-7). It 



is said that lady Caroline Lamb lerved 
for the model of Vivian Grey. 

Lorrequer (Harry), the hero and 
title of a military novel by Charles 
Lever (1839). 

Lor'rimite (3 syl.), a malignant 
witch, who abetted and aided Ar'valan 
in his persecutions of Kail'yal the beau- 
tiful and holy daughter of Ladur'lad. — 
Southey : Curse of Kehama, xi. (1809). 

Lorry (Jarvis), one of the firm in 

Tellson's bank, Temple Bar, and a friend 
of Dr. Manette. Jarvis Lorry was orderly, 
precise, and methodical, but tender- 
hearted and affectionate. 

He had a good leg, and was a little vain of It . . . 
and his little sleek, crisp, flaxen wig looked as if it was 
spun silk. . . . His face, habitually suppressed and 
quiet, was lighted up by a pair of moist bright eyes. — 
Dickens : A Tale of Two Cities, i. 4 (1839). 

Losberne (2 syl.), the medical man 
called in by Mrs. Maylie to attend Oliver 
Twist, after the attempted burglary by 
Bill Sikes and his associates. — Dickens: 
Oliver Twist (1837). 

Lost Island. Cephalo'nia is so 
called because "it was only by chance 
that those who visited it could find it 
again." It is sometimes called "The 
Hidden Island." 

Lost Leader (The), by Browning. 
A poem suggested by the abandonment 
of Wordsworth, Southey, and others of 
the liberal cause. 

Lost Pleiad (The), a poem by 

Letitia E. Landon (1829). 

Lost Tales of Mile'tus, by lord 
Lytton. A series of legends in unrhymed 
metre (1866). 

Lot, consul of Londonesia, and after- 
wards king of Norway. He was brother 
of Urian and Augusel, and married Anne 
(own sister of king Arthur), by whom he 
had two sons, Walgan and Modred.— 
Geoffrey : British History, viii. 21 ; ix. 9, 
10 (1142). 

N.B. — This account differs so widely 
from that of Arthurian romance, that it 
is not possible to reconcile them. In the 
History of Prince Arthur, Lot king of 
Orkney marries Margawse the " sister of 
king Arthur" (pt. i. 2). Tennyson, in 
his Gareth and Lynette, says that Lot's 
wife was Bellicent. Again, the sons of 
Lot are called, in the History, Gaw'ain, 
Aravain, Ga'heris, and Gareth ; Mordred 
is their half-brother, being the son of king 
Arthur and the same mother. — Malory: 



LOT, 6*7 

History of Prince Arthur, I. s, 35, 36 

(1470). 

Lot, king of Orkney. According to 
the Morte d' Arthur, king Lot's wife was 
Margawse or Morgawse, sister of king 
Arthur, and their sons were sir Gaw'ain, 
sir Ag'ravain, sir Ga'heris, and sir Gareth. 
— Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 36 (1470). 

Once or twice Elaine is called the wife 
of Lot, but this is a mistake. Elaine was 
Arthur's sister by the same mother, and 
was the wife of sir Nentres of Carlot. 
Mordred was the son of Morgawse by 
her brother Arthur, and consequently 
Gawain, Agra vain, Gaheris, and Gareth 
were his half-brothers. 

Lot, king of Orkney. According to 
Tennyson, king Lot's wife was Bellicent, 
daughter of Gorloi's lord of Tintag'el 
Castle, in Cornwall, and Lot was the 
father of Gaw'ain (2 syl.) and Modred. 
This account differs entirely from the 
History of Prince Arthur, by sir T. 
Malory. There the wife of Lot is called 
Margawse or Morgawse (Arthur's sister). 
Geoffrey of Monmouth, on the other 
hand, calls her Anne (Arthur's sister). 
The sons of Lot, according to the His- 
tory, were Gawain, Agravain, Gaheris, 
and Gareth ; Modred or Mordred being 
the offspring of Morgawse and Arthur. 
This ignoble birth the History assigns as 
the reason of Mordred's hatred to king 
Arthur, his adulterous father and uncle. 
Lot was subdued by king Arthur, fighting 
on behalf of Leodogran or Leodogrance 
king of Cam'eliard. (See Tennyson : 
Coming of Arthur. ) 

Lot's Wife, Wahela, who was con- 
federate with the men of Sodom, and gave 
them notice when any stranger came to 
lodge in the house. Her sign was smoke 
by day and fire by night. Lot's wife was 
turned into a pillar of salt. — J allalod' din : 
A I Zamakh. 

Lothair, a novel by Disraeli [lord 

Beacon sfield] (1871). 

The Oxford professor 

is meant for Goldwin Smith. 

Grandison „ m cards. Manning & Wiseman. 

Lothair „ „ the marquis of Bute. 

Catesby ., „ Mons. Capel. 

The duke & duchess „ duke & duchess of Abercom. 

The bishop „ „ bishop Wilberforce 

Corisande „ M one of the ladies Hamilton. 

Lothario, a noble cavalier of Flo- 
rence, the friend of Anselmo. Anselmo 
induced him to put the fidelity of his wife 
C-arni1lfl to the test, that he might rejoice 



LOTTE. 

in her incorruptible virtue ; but Camilla 
was not trial-proof, and eloped with 
Lothario. Anselmo then died of grief, 
Lothario was slain in battle, and Camilla 
died in a convent. — Cervantes: Don 
Quixote, I. iv. 5, 6 ("Fatal Curiosity," 
1605). 

Lothario, a young Genoese nobleman, 
"haughty, gallant, gay, and perfidious." 
He seduced Calista, daughter of Sciol'to 
(3 syl.) a Genoese nobleman, and was 
killed in a duel by Altamont the husband. 
This is the "gay Lothario," which has 
become a household word for a libertine 
and male coquette. — Rowe : The Fair 
Penitent (1703). 

Is this the haughty, gallant, gay Lothario t 

Rowe: The Fair Penitent 

(The Fair Penitent is taken from Mas- 
singer's Fatal Dowry, in which Lothario 
is called M Novall, Junior.") 

Lothian (Scotland). So called from 
Llew, second son of Arthur ; also called 
Lotus, and Lothus. Arthur's eldest son 
was Urian, and his youngest Arawn. 

* . • In some legends, Lothian is made 
the father of Modred or Medraut, leader 
of the rebellious army which fought at 
Camlan, A.D. 537, in which Arthur re- 
ceived his death-wound ; but in Malory's 
collection, called The History of Prince 
Arthur, Modred is called the son of 
Arthur by his own sister the wife of king 
Lot. 

Lothrop (Amy), the assumed name of 
Anna B. Warner, younger sister of Susan 
Warner, who published The Wide Wide 
World under the name of Elizabeth 
Wetherell. 

Lotte (2 syl.), a young woman of 
strong affection and domestic winning 
ways, the wife of Albert a young German 
farmer. Werther loved Lotte when she 
was only betrothed to Albert, and con- 
tinued to love her after she became a 
young wife. His mewling and puling 
after this " forbidden fruit," which ter- 
minates in suicide, make up the sum and 
substance of the tale, which is told in 
the form of letters addressed to divers 

fiersons. — Goethe: Sorrows of Werther 
*774> 

( ' ' Lotte ' was Charlotte Buff, who 
married Kesiner, Goethe's friend, the 
"Albert" of the novel. Goethe was in 
love with Charlotte Buff, and her marriage 
with Kestner soured the temper of his 
over-sensitive mind.) 



LOTUS-EATERa 



0at 



LOUISA 



Lotus-Eaters or Lotofh'agi % a people 
who ate of the lotus tree, the effect of 
which was to make them forget their 
friends and homes, and to lose all desire 
of returning to their native land. The 
lotus-eater only cared to live in ease and 
idleness. — Homer: Odyssey, xi. 

(Tennyson has a poem called The 
Lotos-Eaters, a set of islanders who live 
in a dreamy idleness, weary of life, and 
regardless of all its stirring events. ) 

Louis, due d'Orleans.— Sir W. Scott : 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Louis de Bourbon, the prince- 
bishop of Liege \Le-aje\—Sir W. Scott: 
Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV. ). 

Louis IX. The sum of the figures 
which designate the birth-date of this king 
will give his titular number. Thus, he 
was born in 1215, the sum of which figures 
is 9. This is true of several other kings. 
The discovery might form an occasional 
diversion on a dull evening. (See Louis 
XVIII.) 

Louis XI. of France is introduced by 
sir W. Scott in two novels, Quentin Dur- 
ward and Anne of Geierstein (time, Ed- 
ward IV.). 

(In Quentin Durward he appears dis- 
guised as Maitre Pierre, a merchant.) 

Louis XIII. of France, " infirm in 
health, in mind more feeble, and Riche- 
lieu's plaything."— Lord Lytton: Riche- 
lieu (1839). 

Louis XIV. It Is rather remarkable 
that the number 14 is obtained by adding 
together the figures of his age at death, 
the figures which make the date of his 
coronation, and the figures of the date of 
his death. For example — 

Age 77, which added together - 14. 

Crowned 1643, which added together «» 14, 

Died 1715. which added together — 14. 

Louis XIV. and La Valliire. Louis 
XIV. fell in love with La Valliere, a 
young lady in the queen's train. He 
overheard the ladies chatting. One said, 
" How handsome looks the duke de 
Guiche to-night ! " Another said, " Well, 
to my taste, the graceful Grammont bears 
the bell from all." A third remarked, 
" But, then, that charming Lauzun has 
so much wit." But La Valliere said, "I 
scarcely marked them. When the king is 
by, who can have eyes, or ears, or thought 
for others ? M and when the others chaffed 
her, she replied — 



Who spoke of lore! 
The sunflower, gazing on the lord of hearea. 
Asks but its sun to shine. Who spoke of loret 
And who would wish the bright and lofty Louis 
To stoop from glory f 
L«rd Lytton ; The Duchess de Valliire, act i 5 (1836). 

Louis degraded this ethereal spirit into a 
"soiled dove," and when she fled to a 
convent to quiet remorse, he fetched her 
out and took her to Versailles. Wholly 
unable to appreciate such love as that of 
La Valliere, he discarded her for Mme. 
de Montespan, and bade La Valliere 
marry some one. She obeyed the selfish 
monarch in word, by taking the veil of 
a Carmelite nun. — Lord Lytton : The 
Duchess de la Valliire (1836). 

Louis XIV. and his Coach. It was 
lord Stair and not the duke of Chester- 
field whom the Grand Monarque com- 
mended for his tact in entering the royal 
carriage before his majesty, when politely 
bidden by him so to do. 

Louis XVIII. , nicknamed De-sh-ul 
tres, because he was a great feeder, like 
all the Bourbons, and was especially fond 
of oysters. Of course, the pun is on 
dixhuit (18). 

N.B. — As in the case of Louis IX. 
(g.v.), the sum of the figures which 
designate the birth-date of Louis XVIII. 
give his titular number. Thus, he was 
born 1755, which added together equal 18. 

Louis Philippe of France. It is 
somewhat curious that the year of his 
birth, or the year of the queen's birth, or 
the year of his flight, added to the year 
of his coronation, will give the year 1848, 
the date of his abdication. He was born 
1773, his queen was born 1782, his flight 
was in 1809 ; whence we get — 

1830 year of coromttai 



jjbirth. Qffig* !} 



flight. 



1848 184S 1848 year of abdication. 

(See Napoleon III. for a somewhat 
similar coincidence.) 

Louisa, daughter of don Jerome of 
Seville, in love with don Antonio. Her 
father insists on her marrying Isaac 
Mendoza, a Portuguese Jew, and, as she 
refuses to obey him, he determines to 
lock her up in her chamber. In his blind 
rage, he makes a great mistake, for he 
locks up the duenna, and turns his 
daughter out of doors. Isaac arrives, is 
introduced to the locked-up lady, elopes 
with her, and marries her. Louisa takes 
refuge in St Catherine's Convent, and 



LOUISA. 



639 



LOVE. 



irrites to her father for his consent to her 
marriage with the man of her choice. 
As don Jerome takes it for granted she 
means Isaac the Jew, he gives his consent 
freely. At breakfast-time it is discovered 
by the old man that Isaac has married 
the duenna, and Louisa has married don 
Antonio ; but don Jerome is well pleased 
and fully satisfied. — Sheridan : The 
Duenna (1775). 

(Mrs. Mattocks (1745-1826) was the 
first " Louisa.") 

Louisa, daughter of Russet bailiff to 
the duchess. She was engaged to Henry, 
a private in the king's army. Hearing a 
rumour of gallantry to the disadvantage 
of her lover, she consented to put his 
love to the test by pretending that she 
was about to marry Simkin. When 
Henry heard thereof, he gave himself up 
as a deserter, and was condemned to 
death. Louisa then went to the king to 
explain the whole matter, and returned 
with the young man's pardon just as the 
muffled drums began the death march. — 
Dibdin : The Deserter (1770). 

Louise (a syl.), the glee-maiden. — 
Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Louise [de Lascours] , wife of Ralph 
captain of the Uran'ia, and mother of 
Martha (afterwards called Orgari'ta). 
Louise de Lascours sailed with her hus- 
band and infant daughter in the Urania. 
Louise and the captain were drowned 
by the breaking up of an iceberg ; but 
Martha was rescued by some wild Indians, 
who brought her up, and called her name 
Orgarita (" withered wheat "). — Stirling : 
Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Loupgarou, leader of the army of 
giants in alliance with the Dipsodes 
(2 syl.). As he threatened to make 
mincemeat of PantagVuel, the prince 
gave him a kick which overthrew him ; 
then, lifting him up by his ankles, he 
used him as a quarter-staff. Having 
killed all the giants in the hostile army, 
Pantagruel flung the body of Loupgarou 
on the ground, and, by so doing, crushed 
a tom-cat, a tabby, a duck, and a 
brindled goose.— Rabelais : Pantagruel, 
ii. 29 (1533). 

Loup-garou, a wehr-wolf. These 
creatures had to pass through the purga- 
tory of nine years as wolves before they 
could resume their human forms. (See 
Pliny: Natural History, viii. 31.) 



Louponheiglrb [The young laird 

of), at the ball at Middlemas. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Surgeons Daughter (time, 
George II.). 

Lourdis, an idiotic scholar of the 
Sorbonne. 

De la Sorbonne un Docteur amoureux 

Disoit ung jour a sa dame rebelle : 

•* Je ne puis rien meriter de vous, belle "... 

Arguo sic : " Si magister Lourdis 

De sa Catin meriter ne peut rien ; 

Ergo ne peut meriter paradis, 

Car, pour to moins, paradis la vaut bien." 

Afarot: Epigram. 
When Doctor Lourdis cried, in humble spirit. 
The hand of Kath'rine he could never merit, 
" Then heaven to thee," said Kate, " can ne'er be riven, 
For less my worth, you must allow, than heaven. 

B.C. S. 

Lourie (Tarn), the innkeeper at 
March thorn. — Sir W. Scott: St. Ronans 
Well (time, George III.). 

Lousiad {The), an heroi-comic poem 
in five cantos, by John Wolcot {Peter 
Pindar), founded on the appearance of 
a louse creeping over some green peas 
served to George III. at dinner. In 
consequence thereof, an order was issued 
that all servants in the king's kitchen 
must have their heads shaved (1786-89). 

Louvre ( The), a corruption of lupara, 
as it is called in old title-deeds. Dagobert 
built here a hunting-box, the nucleus of 
the future pile of buildings. 

The Louvre of St. Petersburg, the 
Hermitage, an imperial museum. 

LOVE, a drama by S. Knowles (1840). 
The countess Catherine is taught by a 
serf named Huon, who is her secretary, 
and falls in love with him ; but her pride 
struggles against such an unequal match. 
The duke, her father, hearing of his 
daughter's love, commands Huon, on 
pain of death, to marry Catherine a freed 
serf. He refuses ; but the countess her- 
self bids him obey. He plights his troth 
to Catherine, supposing it to be Catherine 
the quondam serf, rushes to the wars, 
obtains great honours, becomes a prince, 
and then learns that the Catherine he has 
wed is the duke's daughter. 

Love, or rather affection, according to 

Plato, is disposed in the liver. 

Within, so Tie say, Love hath his habitation ; 

Not Cupid's self, but Cupid's better brother) 
For Cupid's self dwells with a lower nation. 

But this, more sure, much chaster than the other. 
Phin. Fletcher : The Purple Island (1*33). 

Love. "Man's love is of man's life 
a thing apart ; 'tis woman's whole exist- 
ence." — Byron • Don Juan, i. 194 (1819). 



LOVE. 



630 



LOVE MAKES A MAN. 



Love. 



It Is better to hare loved and lost. 
Than never to have loved at all. 

Tennyson : In Memoriam, xxvil. 

Thomas Moore, in his Irish Melodies, 
expresses an opposite opinion — 

Better far to be 

In endless darkness lying, 
Than be in light and see 

That light for ever flying. 

Metre : All thats Bright must FmeU. 

Love. All for Love or the World Well 
Lost, a tragedy by Dryden, on the same 
subject as Shakespeare's Antony and 
Cleopatra (1679). 

Love a-la-Mode, by C. Macklin 
(1779). The " love d-la-mode" is that of 
fortune-hunters. Charlotte Goodchild is 
courted by a Scotchman "of ponderous 
descent," an Italian Jew broker of great 
fortune, and an Irishman in the Prussian 
army. It is given out that Charlotte has 
lost her money through the bankruptcy 
of sir Theodore Goodchild, her guardian. 
Upon this, the d-la-mode suitors with- 
draw, and leave sir Callaghan O'Bral- 
laghan, the true lover, master of the 
situation. The tale about the bankruptcy 
is of course a mere myth. 

Love Cannot Die. 

They sin who tell us Love c&n die. 

With life all other passions fly . . . 
They perish where they have their birth 

But love is indestructible. 
Its holy flame for ever burnetii ; 
From heaven it came, to heaven returneth • . , 

It soweth here in toil and care ; 
But the harvest-time of Love is there. 

Southey: Curse of Kehama, x (1809). 

Love-Chase (The), a drama by S. 
Knowles (1837). Three lovers chased 
three beloved ones with a view to mar- 
riage. (1) Waller loves Lydia, lady's- 
maid to Widow Green, but in reality the 
sister of Trueworth. She quitted home 
to avoid a hateful marriage, and took 
service for the nonce with Widow Green. 
(2) Wildrake loves Constance, daughter 
of sir William Fondlove. (3) Sir Wil- 
liam Fondlove, aged 60, loves Widow 
Green, aged 40. The difficulties to be 
overcome were these : The social position 
of Lydia galled the aristocratic pride of 
Waller, but love won the day. Wildrake 
and Constance sparred with each other, 
and hardly knew they loved till it dawned 
upon each that the other might prefer some 
one else, and then they felt that the loss 
would be irreparable. Widow Green set 
her heart on marrying Waller ; but as 
Waller preferred Lydia, she accepted sir 
William for better for worse. 



Love Doctor ( The), L' Amour MA 
decin, a comedy by Moliere (1665). 
Lucinde, the daughter of Sganarelle, is 
in love, and the father calls in four 
doctors to consult upon the nature of 
her malady. They see the patient, and 
retire to consult together, but talk about 
Paris, about their visits, about the topics 
of the day; and when the father enters 
to know what opinion they have formed, - 
they all prescribe different remedies, and 
pronounce different opinions. Lisette 
then calls in a "quack" doctor (Cli- 
tandre, the lover), who says that he must 
act on the imagination, and proposes a 
seeming marriage, to which Sganarelle 
assents, saying, "Voila un grand m£de- 
cin." The assistant being a notary, 
Clitandre and Lucinde are formally mar- 
ried. 

(This comedy is the basis of the Quack 
Doctor, by Foote and Bickerstaff ; but in 
the English version Mr. Ail wood is the 
patient.) 

Love for Love, a most successful 
comedy by Congreve (1695). 

Love in a Village, an opera by 
Isaac Bickerstaff (1762). It contains two 
plots : (1) the loves of Rosetta and young 
Meadows ; and (2) the loves of Lucinda 
and Jack Eustace. The entanglement is 
this : Rosetta's father wanted her to marry 
young Meadows, and sir William Meadows 
wanted his son to marry Rosetta ; but as 
the young people had never seen each 
other, they turned restive and ran away. 
It so happened that both took service 
with justice Woodcock— Rosetta as 
chamber-maid, and Meadows as gardener. 
Here they fell in love with each other, 
and ultimately married, to the delight of 
all concerned. 

The other part of the plot is this : 
Lucinda was the daughter of justice 
Woodcock, and fell in love with Jack 
Eustace while nursing her sick mother, 
who died. The justice had never seen 
the young man, but resolutely forbade 
the connection ; whereupon Jack Eustace 
entered the house as a music-master, 
and, by the kind offices of friends, all 
came right at last. 

Love Makes a Man, a comedy 
concocted by Colley Cibber (1694) by 
welding together two of the comedies of 
Fletcher, viz. the Elder Brother and the 
Custom of the Country. (For the plot, see 
Carlos, No. 1.) 



LOVE-PRODUCERS. 



631 



Love-Producers. 

(1) It is a Basque superstition that 
yellow hair in a man is irresistible with 
women ; hence every woman who set 
eyes on Ezkabi Fidel, the golden-haired, 
fell in love with him. 

(2) It is a West Highland superstition 
that a beauty spot cannot be resisted ; 
hence Diarmaid [g.v.) inspired masterless 
love by a beauty spot. 

(3) In Greek fable, a cestus worn by a 
woman inspired love ; hence Aphrodite 
was irresistible on account of her cestus. 

(4) In the Middle Ages, love-powders 
were advertised for sale , and a wise 
senator of Venice was not ashamed to 
urge on his reverend brethren, as a fact, 
that Othello had won the love of 
Desdemona "by foul charms," drugs, 
minerals, spells, potions of mountebanks, 
or some dram " powerful o'er the blood " 
to awaken love. 

(5) Theocrltos and Virgil have both 
introduced in their pastorals women 
using charms and incantations to inspire 
or recover the affection of the opposite 
sex. 

(6) Gay, in the Shepherds Week, makes 
the mistress of Lubberkin spend all her 
money in buying a love-powder Frois- 
sart says that Gaston, son of the count 
de Foix, received a bag of powder from 
his uncle (Charles the Bad) for restoring 
the love of his father to his mother. 
The love of Tristram and Ysold is at- 
tributed to their drinking on their 
journey a love-potion designed for king 
Mark, the intended husband of the fair 
princess. 

(7) An Irish superstition is that if a 
lover will run a hair of the object beloved 
through the fleshy part of a dead man's 
leg, the person from whom the hair was 
taken will go mad with love. 

(8) We are told that Charlemagne was 
bewitched by a ring, and that he followed 
any one who possessed this ring as a 
needle follows a loadstone (see p. 196). 

(To do justice to this subject would 
require several pages, and all that can be 
done here is to give a few brief hints and 
examples. ) 

Love will Find out the Way, a 

lyric inserted by Percy in his Reliques, 
series iii. bk. iii. 3. 

(The Constant Maid, reset by T. B., 
and printed in 1661, is called Love will 
Find out the Way.) 

(Sm i^v4 Laughs mt Locksmiths, in the Appendix.) 



LOVES OF THE ANGELS. 

Love's Labour's Lost. Ferdinand 

king of Navarre, with three lords named 
Biron, Dumain, and Longaville, agreed to 
spend three years in study, during which 
time no woman was to approach the 
court Scarcely had they signed the 
compact, when the princess of France, 
attended by Rosaline, Maria, and Katha- 
rine, besought an interview respecting 
certain debts said to be due from the 
king of France to the king of Navarre. 
The four gentlemen fell in love with the 
four ladies : the king with the princess, 
Biron with Rosaline, Longaville with 
Maria, and Dumain with Katharine. In 
order to carry their suits, the four gentle- 
men, disguised as Muscovites, presented 
themselves before the ladies ; but the 
ladies, being warned of the masquerade, 
disguised themselves also, so that the 
gentlemen in every case addressed the 
wrong lady. However, it was at length 
arranged that the suits should be de- 
ferred for twelve months and a day ; and 
if, at the expiration of that time, they 
remained of the same mind, the matter 
should be taken into serious considera- 
tion. — Shakespeare: Love's Labour's Lost 
(i594). 

Love's White Star, the planet 
Venus, which is silvery white. 

Till every daisy slept, and Love's white star 
Beamed thro' the thickened cedar in the dusk. 
Tinny son : The Gardener's Daughter. 

Loves of the Angels, the stories 
of three angels, in verse, by T. Moore 
(1822). The stories are founded on the 
Eastern tale of Hartit andMarUt, and the 
rabbinical fictions of the loves of Uzxiel 
and Shamchazai. 

(1) The first angel fell in love with Lea, 
whom he saw bathing. She returned love 
for love, but his love was carnal, hers 
heavenly. He loved the woman, she 
loved the angel. One day, the angel told 
her the spell-word which opens the gates 
of heaven. She pronounced it, and rose 
through the air into paradise, while the 
angel became imbruted, being no longer 
an angel of light, but "of the earth, 
earthy." 

(2) The second angel was Rubi, one of 
the seraphs. He fell in love with Liris, 
who asked him to come in all his celestial 
glory. He did so ; and she, rushing into 
his arms, was burnt to death ; but the 
kiss she gave him became a brand on his 
face for ever. (See Semele, who was 
destroyed by the effulgence of Jupiter.) 

(3) The third angel was Zaraph, who 



LOVEGOLD. 

loved Nama. It was Nama's desire to 
love without control, and to love holily ; 
but as she fixed her love on a creature, 
and not on the Creator, both she and 
Zaraph were doomed to live among the 
things that perish, till this mortal is 
swallowed up of immortality, when Nama 
and Zaraph will be admitted into the 
realms of everlasting love. 

Lovegold, the miser, an old man of 
6o, who wants to marry Mariana, his 
son's sweetheart. In order to divert him 
from this folly, Mariana pretends to be 
very extravagant, and orders a necklace 
and ear-rings for ^3000, a petticoat and 
gown from a fabric /12 a yard, and besets 
the house with duns. Lovegold gives 
/2000 to be let off the bargain, and 
Mariana marries the son. — Fielding: 
The Miser (a richauffi of L'Avare, by 
Moliere). 

John Emery [1777-1892] made his first appearance at 
Covent Garden Theatre in the year 1798, in very 
opposite characters, " Frank Oakland " in A Cure for 
the Heartache [by Morton], and in '* Lovegold." In 
both which parts he obtained great applause.— Memoir 
<i8m). 

Love' good (a syl.), uncle to Valen- 
tine the gallant who will not be per- 
suaded to keep his estate.— Fletcher; 
Wit without Money (1639). 

LOVEL, once the page of lord Beau- 
fort, in love with lady Frances ; but he 
concealed his love because young Beau- 
fort "cast his affections first upon the 
lady." — Murphy : The Citizen (1757). 

Lovel (Lora\ (See Mistletoe 
Bough.) 

Lovel (Lord), in Clara Reeve's tale 
called The Old English Baron, appears 
as a ghost in the obscurity of a dim 
religious light (1777). 

Lovel ( William), the assumed name 
of lord Geraldine (q.vX—Sir W. Scott: 
The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Lovel (Peregrine), a wealthy com- 
moner, who suspects his servants of 
wasting his substance in riotous living. 
(See High Life Below Stairs, p. 491, 
for the tale. ) 

Lovel (William), the hero of a 
German novel so called, by Ludwig 
Tieck (1773-1853). (See Lovell.) 

Lovel the Widower, a novel by 
Thackeray, which came out in the Corn- 
hill Magazine. 

Lovelace (2 syl.), the chief male cha- 
racter in Richardson's novel of Clarissa 



632 LOVEMORE. 

Harlowe. He is rich, proud, and crafty; 
handsome, brave, and gay ; the most un» 
scrupulous but finished libertine ; always 
self-possessed, insinuating, and polished 
(1748). 

"Lovelace" Is u great an Improvement on 
" Lothario," from which It was drawn, as Rowe't 
hero [in the Fair Penitent] had been on the vulgar 
rake of Massingar.— EncyclojHedim. Britannic* (article 
" Romance "). 

Lovelace (2 syl.), a young aristocrat, 
who angles with flattery for the daughter 
of Mr. Drugget, a rich London trades- 
man. He fools the vulgar tradesman to 
the top of his bent, and stands well with 
him ; but, being too confident of his in- 
fluence, demurs to the suggestion of the 
old man to cut two fine yew trees at the 
head of the carriage drive into a Gog and 
Magog. Drugget is intensely angry, 
throws off the young man, and gives his 
daughter to a Mr. Woodley. — Murphy: 
Three Weeks after Marriage (1776). 

Loveless ( The Elder), suitor to « ' The 
Scornful Lady " (no name given). 

The Younger loveless, a prodigal — 
Beaumont and Fletcher: The Scornful 
Lady (i6i6)» 

Loveless (Edward), husband of Aman- 
da. He pays undue attention to Berinthia, 
a handsome young widow, his wife's 
cousin ; but, seeing the folly of his con- 
duct, he resolves in future to devote him- 
self to his wife with more fidelity. — 
Sheridan: A Trip to Scarborough (1777). 

Lovell (Benjamin), a banker, proud 
of his ancestry, but with a weakness for 
gambling. 

Elsie Lovell, his daughter, in love with 
Victor Orme the poor gentleman. — 
Wybert Reeve : Parted. 

Lovell (Lord). Sir Giles Overreach 
(q,v. ) fully expected that his lordship would 
marry his daughter Margaret ; but he 
married lady Allworth, and assisted Mar- 
garet in marrying Tom Allworth, the man 
of her choice. (See Lovel.) — Massinger: 
A New Way to Pay Old Debts (1628). 

Lovely Obscure (The), Am'adis of 
Gaul. Same as Belten ebros. 

The great AmSdls, when he assumed the name of 
" The Lovely Obscure," dwelt either eight years or 
eight months, I forget which, upon a naked rock, 
doing penance for some unkindness shown him by the 
lady Oria'na. [The rock is called " The Poor Hoc*."} 
—Cetvantes: Don Quixote, I. UL i (1605). 

Love 'more (2 syl.), a man fond of 
gaiety and pleasure, who sincerely loves 
his wife ; but, finding his home dull, and 
that his wife makes no effort to relieve 



LOVERS AND FAVOURITES. 633 LOVERS STRUCK BY LIGHTNING. 



Its monotony, seeks pleasure abroad, and 
treats his wife with cold civility and 
formal politeness. He is driven to in- 
trigue, but, being brought to see its folly, 
acknowledges his faults, and his wife re- 
solves "to try to keep him " by making 
his home more lively and agreeable. 

Mrs. Ijrvemore (2 syl.), wife of Mr. 
Lovemore, who finds if ' ' she would keep 
her husband " to herself, it is not enough 
to " be a prudent manager, careless of her 
own comforts, not much given to plea- 
sure ; grave, retired, and domestic ; to 
fovern her household, pay the trades- 
men's bills, and love her husband ; " but 
to these must be added some effort to 
please and amuse him, and to make his 
home bright and agreeable to him. — 
Murphy: The Way to Keep Him (1760). 

Lovers and Favourites of noted 
persons. 

tALFiBRl and Louisa, countess of Albany. 
Aristotle and Hepyliis. 
BOCCACCIO and Maria Fiammetia, daughter 
obert of Naples. 

(4) BURNS and Highland Mary [either Mary 
Campbell or Mary Robinson]. 

(5) BYRON and Teresa Guicciola, 

(6 CATULLUS and the ladyClodia, called "Lesbia." 

(7) Charles I. of England and Editha dt la Pole, 
by whom he had a son. 

(8) CHARLES II. of England (after his restoration) 
and (1) Barbara VillUrs (duchess of Cleveland) ; (2) 
Louise Rente de Kerouaille (duchess of Portsmouth) ; 
and (3) Nell Givynne. In exile his favourite lady was 
Lucy Walters (called " Barlow "), mother of the duke 
of Monmouth. (See also PEGG, Katharine.) 

(a) CHARLES VII. of France and Agnes Sorel. 

(10) CHARLES EDWARD, the Young Pretender, and 
Miss Walkenshaw. 

(zi) THE ClD and the fair Ximina, afterwards 
made his wife 

(12) CLARENCE (The duke of) and Mrs. Jordan 
(whose proper name was " Dora Phillips." She first 
appeared as " Miss Frances "). 

(13) COLERIDGE and Mary Evans, a milliner. 
This was a Cambridge love-affair. 

(14) DANTE (2 syl.) and Beatrice PortinarL 

(15) Edward III., after the death of hU wife 
Fhilippa, and Alice Perrurs or Pierce. 

(16) ELIZABETH queen of England and the earl if 
Mssex. 

(17) EPICU'ROS and Leontium, 

(18) Francois I. and the duchess d'Etampes 
{Mile. ttHdlly). 

(19) Frederick WILLIAM of Prussia and Euke 
fc. syl.), daughter of a court musician. She sub- 
sequently married Rietz, a valet de chambre, was 
sailed the countess of Lichtenai, and died in 1820. 

(20) FREDERICK duke of York and Mary Ann* 
Clarke, whose brother was a tinman. 

(ax) CALLUS and Lyciris, of whom Ovid wrote— 
Callus et Hesperils, et Callus notus E6is, 
Et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit. 

fas) GEORGE I. and Herengard Melrose Melusina 
won Schulemberg, created duchess of Kendal and of 
Munster (nicknamed the Maypole); the baroness 
Kilmansegge ; and the countess Platen. The last 
two were very fat women. 

(23) GEORGE II. and Henrietta Hobart, countess of 
Suffolk ; and the countess ef Walmoden, created 
countess of Yarmouth. 

(34) GEORGE III. and the fair quakeress Hannah 
tightfoot. 

(25) GEORGE IV. and Miss Mary Darby Robinson, 
celled " Perdlta " (1758-1799). (See PERDITa.) Mrs. 
Fitfherbert, a catholic, to whom he was privately 
saair^ in 1780 ; and the 'ounttss of Jet fey. 



te&) GOETHE and the frau von Stein. 

(27) HABINGTON, the poet, and Castara [lad 
Herbert], daughter of lord Powis, afterwards hi 
wife. 

(28) Harold and Editha, "the swan-necked." 

(29) HAZLITT and Sarah Walker. 

(30) HENRI II. and Diane of Poitiers. 

(31) Henri IV. and La belle Gabrielle [d'EstreesJ 
(See Gabrielle.) 

(32) Henry I. and Nesta, noted for her beauty. 
She subsequendy married Gerald lord of Carew ; and 
at his death she married Caradoc a Welsh prince. 

(33) HENRY II. and the fair Rosamond [Jane 
Clifford]. (See ROSAMOND.) 

(34) HORACE the Roman poet and Lesbia. 

(35) JOHN OF GAUNT and Catherine Stvynford, 
whose son was created bishop of Winchester. 

(36) DR. JOHNSON and Mrs. Thralc. 

(37) LAMARTINE and Elvire the Creole girL 

(38) LOUIS XIV. and Mile, de la Valliert ; then 
Mme. de Montespan ; then Mme. de Pontage 

(39) Lovelace and the divine Althea. also called 
Lucasta [Lucy Sacheverelf]. 

!4o) METASTASIO and Mariana, an actress. 
41 MIRABEAU and Mme. Nehra. 
42) MONMOUTH (The duke of) [already married] 
and Henrietta JVentworth, baroness Wentworth of 
Nettlestede. 

(43) Montaine and MmlU. de Gournay, who was 
called his " adopted daughter." 

(44) NELSON and lady Hamilton. 

(45) PERICLES (3 syl.) and Aspasia. 

(46) Peter the Great and Catherine, widow of 
a Swedish dragoon. He married her. 

(47) PETRARCH and Laura (wife of Hague* de 
Sade). 

(48) PLATO and Archianassa. 

(49) PRIOR and Chloe or Cloe, the cobbler's wife of 
Linden Grove. 

(50) PROPERTIUS and Cynthia. 

(51) RAPHAEL and Julie Fornarina, a baker's 
wife. 

(52) ROUSSEAU and Julie [la comtesse dHoudeto(\ 

(53) SCARRON and Mme. Maintenon, afterwards his 
wife. On the death of Scarron, she became the wife of 
Louis XIV., whom she outlived. 

(54) Sidney and Stella [Penelope Devereux\ 

(55) Spenser and Rosalind [Rose Lynde] of Kent. 

(56) STERNE (in his old age) and Eliza [Mrs. 
Draper]. 

(57) STERSICHOROS [Ster-sicf-o-ros] and Hetnira. 

(58) SURREY (Henry Howard, earl of) and Geral- 
dine, who married the earl of Lincoln. (See GkraL- 
DINE.) 

(59) Swift had two romantic love-affairs : (1) with 
Stella (i.e. Hester Johnson); and the other with 
Vanessa (Le. Esther Vanhomrigh). 

(60) TASSO and Leonora or Eleanora cTEstt, 

(61) THEOC'RITOS and Myrto. 

(62) VANDYKE and Margaret Lemon. 

(6j) VOLTAIRE and the " divine Emilie " (Le. Mme. 
Chdtclet.) 

(64) WALLER and Sacharissa (I.e. lady Dorothea 
Sidney). 

(65) WILLIAM III. and Elisabeth Villiersox Villers, 
created countess of Orkney, with an allowance of 
;£ 25,000 a year. 

(06) William IV., when duke of Clarence, was 
devotedly attached to Mrs. Jordan [either Dora 
r Dora Phillips, and called " Miss Francis "L 

(67) WoLSEY and Mistress Winter. 

(68) Wyatt and Anna [Anne BoUyn\ said to be 
purely Platonic affection. 

Lovers Struck by Lightning-, 
John Hewit and Sarah Drew of Stanton 
Harcourt, near Oxford (July 31, 1718). 
Gay gives a full description of the inci- 
dent in one of his letters. On the morning 
that they obtained the consent of their 
parents to the match, they went together 
into a field to gather wild flowers, when 
a thunderstorm overtook them and both 
were killed. Pope wrote their epitaph. 



LOVERS' LEAP. 634 

N.B.— Probably Thomson had this in- 
cident in view in his tale of Celadon and 
Amelia. (See Seasons , • ' Summer, " 1727.) 

Lovers' Leap. The leap from the 
Leuca'dian promontory into the sea. This 
promontory is in the island of Leucas or 
Leucadia, in the Ionian Sea. Sappho 
threw herself therefrom when she found 
her love for Phaon was not returned. 

•„• A precipice on the Guadalhorce (4 
syl. ), from which Manuel and Laila cast 
themselves, is also called "The Lovers' 
Leap." (See Laila, p. 587.) 

Lovers' Vows, altered by Mrs. 
Inchbald from Kotzebue's drama (1800). 
Baron Wildenham, in his youth, seduced 
Agatha Friburg, and then forsook her. 
She had a son Frederick, who in due 
time became a soldier. While on fur- 
lough, he came to spend his time with 
his mother, and found her reduced to 
abject poverty and almost starved to 
death. A poor cottager took her in, 
while Frederick, who had no money, 
went to beg charity. Count Wildenhaim 
was out with his gun, and Frederick 
asked alms of him. The count gave him 
a shilling ; Frederick demanded more, 
and, being refused, seized the baron by 
the throat. The keepers soon came up, 
collared him, and put him in the castle 
dungeon. Here he was visited by the 
chaplain, and it came out that the count 
was his father. The chaplain, being ap- 
pealed to, told the count the only repara- 
tion he could make would be to marry 
Agatha and acknowledge the young soldier 
to be his son. This advice he followed, 
and Agatha Friburg, the beggar, became 
the baroness Wildenhaim of Wildenhaim 
Castle. 

Love'rule (Sir John), a very pleasant 
gentleman, but wholly incapable of ruling 
his wife, who led him a miserable dance. 

Lady Loverule, a violent termagant, 
who beat her servants, scolded her hus- 
band, and kept her house in constant hot 
water, but was reformed by Zakel Jobson 
the cobbler. — Coffey: The Devil to Pay 
(died 1745). (See Devil to Pay, p. 275. ) 

Loves. (See p. 633. ) 

Love 'well, the husband of Fanny 
Sterling, to whom he has been clandes- 
tinely married for four month!.— Colman 
and Garrick : The Clandestine Marriage 
(1766). 

Loving-Land, a place where Neptune 



LUATH. 

held his "nymphall" or feast given to 

the sea-nymphs. 

[He] his Tritons made proclaim, a nymphall to be held 
In honour of himself in Loving-land, where he 
The most selected nymphs appointed had to be. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xx. (i6m). 

Lovinski (Baron), the friend ot 
prince Lupauski, under whose charge the 
princess Lodois'ka (4 jy/.) is placed during 
a war between the Poles and the Tartars, 
Lovinski betrays his trust by keeping 
the princess a virtual prisoner because 
she will not accept him as a lover The 
count Floreski makes his way into the 
castle, and the baron seeks to poison him 
but at this crisis the Tartars invade the 
castle, the baron is slain, and Floreski 
marries the princess. — y. P. Kemble : 
Lodoiska (a melodrame). 

Low-Heels and High-Heels, 

two factions in Lilliput. The High-heels 
were opposed to the emperor, who wore 
low heels and employed Low-heels in 
his cabinet. Of course, the Low-heels 
are the whigs and low-church party, and 
the High-heels the tories and high-church 
party. (See Little-Endians, p. 619.) 
— Swift : Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage to 
Lilliput," 1726). 

Lowest of£e[= Low-stiff] (Reginald), a 
young Templar. — Sir W. Scott: Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Lowther (Jack), a smuggler. — Sir 
W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Loyal Subject (The), Arenas 
general of the Muscovites, and the father 
of colonel Theodore. — Beaumont if) and 
Fletcher: The Loyal Subject (1618). 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Loyale Epee (La), "the honest 
soldier," that is, marshal de MacMahon 
(1808, president of France from 1873 to 
1879, died 1893). 

Loys (2 syl.) de Drenx, a young 
Breton nobleman, who joined the Druses, 
and was appointed their prefect. 

Loys (a syl.) the boy stood on the leading prow. 
Conspicuous in his gay attire. 

R. Browning: The Return o/tht Drusu, L 

Litatli (2 syl.), Cuthullin's "swift- 
footed hound." — Ossian: Fingal, ii. 

Fingal had a dog called " Luath " and 
another called " Bran." 

In Robert Burns's poem, called The 
Twa Dogs, the poor man's dog which 
represents the peasantry is called 
" Luath," and the gentleman's dog is 
"Caesar." 



LUBAft. 



«35 



LUCIFERA. 



Lubar, a river of Ulster, which flows 
between the two mountains Cromleach 
and CrommaL — Ossian. 

Lubber-Land or Cockagne (asyl.), 
London. 

The goldeu age was represented In the same ridicu- 
lous . . . mode of description as the Pays de la Cocagne 
of the French minstrels, or the popular ideas of 
"Lubber-land" in England.— Sir IV. Scott: The 
Drama. 

Lucan {Sir), sometimes called "sir 
Lucas," butler of king Arthur, and a 
knight of the Round Table.— Sir T. 
Malory : History of Prince Arthur ( ' ' Lu- 
can," ii. 160 ; " Lucas," ii. 78 ; 1470). 

jMXLCa.n'aPharsalia. (See Pharsalia. ) 

Lucasta, whom Richard Lovelace 
celebrates, was Lucy Sacheverell. (Lucy- 
casta or Lux casta, " chaste light.") 

Lucca, a city of Italy, noted for its 
volto santo, a wooden crucifix, on the 
cathedral, to which a peculiar veneration 
is paid. The ordinary oath of William 
Rufus was, " By the sacred face of 
Lucca ! " (See Oaths. ) 

Lucentio, son of Vicentio of Pisa. 
He marries Bianca sister of Katharina 
"the Shrew" of Padua. — Shakespeare: 
Taming of the Shrew (1594). 

Lucetta, waiting-woman of Julia the 
lady-love of Protheus (one of the heroes 
of the play). — Shakespeare: The Two 
Gentlemen of Verona (1594). 

Lu'cia, daughter of Lucius (one of 
the friends of Cato at Utlca, and a mem- 
ber of the mimic senate). Lucia was 
loved by both the sons of Cato, but she 
preferred the more temperate Porcius to 
the vehement Marcus. Marcus, being slain, 
left the field open to the elder brother. — 
Addison : Cato (1713). 

Lu'cia, in The Cheats of Scapin, 
Otway's version of Les Fourberies de 
Scapin, by Moliere. Lucia, in Moliere's 
comedy, is called " Zerbinette ; " her 
father Thrifty is called "Argante;" her 
brother Octavian is "Octave;" and 
her sweetheart Leander son of Gripe is 
called by Moliere " Leandre son of 
G^ronte. 

Lu'cia (St.). Struck on St. Lucia's 
thorn, on the rack, in torment, much 
perplexed and annoyed. St. Lucia was 
a virgin martyr, put to death at Syracuse 
in 304. Her fete-day is December 13. 
The " thorn " referred to is in reality the 
point of x sword, shown in all paintings 



of the saint, protruding through the 

neck. 

If I don't recruit ... I shall be struck upon St Lada'i 
thorn.— Cetvantes: Don Qnixott, II. I 3 (1615). 

Lucia di Lammermoor, called 
by sir W. Scott " Lucy Ashton," sister of 
lord Henry Ashton of Lammermoor. In 
order to retrieve the broken fortune of 
the family, lord Henry arranged a mar- 
riage between his sister and lord Arthur 
Bucklaw, alias Frank Hayston laird of 
Bucklaw. Unknown to the brother, 
Edgardo (Edgar) master of Ravenswood 
(whose family had long had a feud with 
the Lammermoors) was betrothed to 
Lucy. While Edgardo was absent in 
France, Lucia (Lucy) is made to believe 
that he is unfaithful to her, and in her 
temper she consents to marry the laird of 
Bucklaw, but on the wedding night she 
stabs him, goes mad, and dies. — Doni- 
zetti : Lucia di Lammermoor (an opera, 
1835) ; sir W. Scott's novel The Bride of 
Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

Lucia'na, sister of Adrian'a, She 
marries Antipholus of Syracuse. — Shake- 
speare : Comedy of Errors (1593). 

Lu'cida, the lady-love of sir Ferra- 
mont. — Spenser: Faerie Queen*, iv. 5 
(1596). 

Lucifer is described by Dante as a 
huge giant, with three faces: one red, 
indicative of anger ; one yellow, indicative 
of envy ; and one black, indicative of 
melancholy. Between his shoulders, the 
poet says, there shot forth two enormous 
wings, without plumage, "in texture 
like a bat's." With these "he flapped 
i' the air," and " Coc/tus to its depth 
was frozen." "At six eyes he wept," 
and at every mouth he champed a sinner. 
— Dante: Hell, xxxiv. (1301). 

Lucifer is one of the characters in 
Bailey's Festus. Hepworth Dixon says 
that Bailey's Festus is not a bold bad 
man, like Marlowe's; nor a. proud defiant 
one, like Milton's ; nor a sneering sar- 
castic one, like Goethe's ; but the " prin- 
ciple of evil " personified. 

Lucifera (Pride), daughter of Pluto 
and Proser'plna. Her usher was Vanity. 
Her chariot was drawn by six different 
beasts, on each of which was seated 
one of the queen's counsellors. The 
foremost beast was an ass, ridden by 
Idleness who resembled a monk ; paired 
with the ass was a swine, on which rode 
Gluttony clad in vine loaves. Next 



LUCILLE. 

came a goat, ridden by Lechery arrayed 
in green ; paired with the goat was a 
camel, on which rode Avarice in thread- 
bare coat and cobbled shoes. The next 
beast was a wolf, bestrid by Envy 
arrayed in a kirtle full of eyes ; and 
paired with the wolf was a lion, bestrid 
by Wrath in a robe all blood-stained. 
I he coachman of the team was Satan. 

Lo I underneath her scornful feet was lain 
A dreadful dragon, with a hideous train; 
And in her hand she held a mirror bright, 
Wherein her face she often viewed fain. 

Spenser; Faerie Queene, i. 4 (1590). 

Lucille, a poem by Robert Bulwer- 
Lytton, lord Lytton (i860). His best. 

Iiucinda, the daughter of opulent 
parents, engaged in marriage to Car- 
denio, a young gentleman of similar rank 
and equal opulence. ^ Lucinda was, how- 
ever, promised by her father in marriage 
to don Fernando, youngest son of the 
duke Ricardo. When the wedding day 
arrived, the young lady fell into a swoon, 
and a letter informed don Fernando that 
the bride was married already to Car- 
denio. Next day she left the house 
privately, and took refuge in a convent, 
whence she was forcibly abducted by don 
Fernando. Stopping at an inn, the party 
found there Dorothea the wife of don 
Fernando, and Cardenio the husband of 
Lucinda, and all things arranged them- 
selves satisfactorily to the parties con- 
cerned. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, L iv. 
(1605). 

Lucinda, the bosom friend of Rosetta ; 
merry, coquettish, and fit for any fun. 
She is the daughter of justice Woodcock, 
and falls in love with Jack Eustace. (For 
the tale, see Eustace, Jack, p. 345.) 
— Bickerstaff: Love in a Village (1762). 

Lucinda, referred to by the poet 
Thomson, in his Spring, was Lucy 
Fortescue, daughter of Hugh Fortescue 
of Devonshire, and wife of lord George 
Lyttelton. 

O Lyttelton . . . 

Courting the Muse, thro' Hagley Park thou strayst. . . 

Perhaps thy loved Lucinda shares thy walk. 

With soul to thine attuned. 

Thomson : The Seasons (" Spring," 1728). 

Lucinde (2 syl.), daughter of Sgana- 
relle. As she has lost her spirit and 
appetite, her father sends for four physi- 
cians, who all differ as to the nature of 
the malady and the remedy to be applied. 
Lisette (her waiting-woman) sends in the 
mean time for Clitandre, the lover of 
Lucinde, who comes under the guise of 
a mock doctor. He tells Sganarelle the 



636 



LUCIUS. 



disease of the young lady must be reached 
through the imagination, and prescribes 
the semblance of a marriage. As his 
assistant is in reality a notary, the mock 
marriage turns out to be a real one. — 
Moliere: L Amour Midecin (1665). 

Lucinde (2 syl. ), daughter of G6ronte 
(2 syl. ). Her father wanted her to marry 
Horace , but as she was in love with 
Leandre, she pretended to have lost 
the power of articulate speech, to avoid 
a marriage which she abhorred. Sgana- 
relle, the faggot-maker, was introduced 
as a famous dumb doctor, and soon saw 
the state of affairs ; so he took with him 
Leandre as an apothecary, and the young 
lady received a perfect cure from " pills 
matrimoniac." — Moliere : Le Midecin 
Malgri Lui (1666). 

Lu'cio, not absolutely bad, but vicious 
and dissolute. He is "like a wave of 
the sea, driven by the wind and tossed," 
and has no abiding principle. — Shake- 
speare: Measure for Measure (1603). 

Lucip'pe (3 syl. ), a woman attached 
to the suite of the princess Calis (sister of 
Astorax king of Paphos). — Beaumont (?) 
and Fletcher: The Mad Lover (1618). 
(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Lu'cius, son of Coillus ; a mythical 
king of Britain. Geoffrey says he sent a 
letter to pope Eleutherius (177-193), de- 
siring to be instructed in the Christian 
refcgion, whereupon the pope sent over 
Dr. Faganus and Dr. Duvanus for the 
purpose. Lucius was baptized, and 
"people from all countries" with him. 
The pagan temples in Britain were con- 
verted into churches, the archflamens into 
archbishops, and the fiamens into bishops. 
So there were twenty-eight bishops and 
three archbishops. — British History, iv. 
19 (1470). 

He our flamens' seats who turned to bishops' sees, 
Great Lucius, that good king to whom we chiefly owe 
This happiness we have — Christ crucified to know. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, viil. (i6za). 

(Nennius says that king Lucius was 
baptized in 167 by Evaristus ; but this is 
a blunder, as Evaristus lived a century 
before the date mentioned. ) 

The archflamens were those of London, 
York, and Newport (the City of Legions 
or Caerleon-on-Usk). 

Drayton ;calls the two legates " Fugatius 
and St. Damian." 

Those goodly Romans . . . who . . . 

Wan good king Lucius first to embrace the Christian 

faith: 
Fugatius and his friend St. Dim Ian . . . 
. . . have their remembrance here. 

Drayton : i>#<y#ZWm, xxlr. fifes*. 



LUCIUS. 637 

(After baptism, St Lucius abdicated, 
and became a missionary in Switzerland, 
where he died a martyr's death.) 

Lucius (Caius), general of the Roman 
forces in Britain in the reign of king 
Cym'beline (3 syl.). — Shakespeare : Cym- 
beline (1605). 

(There is a Lucius in Timon of Athens % 
and in Julius Ccesar also. ) 

Lucius Tiberius, general of the 
Roman army, who wrote to king Arthur, 
commanding him to appear at Rome to 
make satisfaction for the conquests he 
had made, and to receive such punish- 
ment as the senate might think proper to 
award. This letter induced Arthur to 
declare war with Rome. So, committing 
the care of government to his nephew 
Modred, he marched to Lyonaise (in 
Gaul), where he won a complete victory, 
and left Lucius dead on the field. He 
then started for Rome ; but being told 
that Modred had usurped the crown, he 
hastened back to Britain, and fought the 
great battle of the West, where he re- 
ceived his death-wound from the hand of 
Modred. — Geoffrey: British History, ix. 
15-20 ; x. (H42). 

Great Arthur did advance 
To meet, with his allies, that puissant force in Franc* 
By Lucius thither led. 

Drayton : PtlyolHon, if. (1612). 

Luck of Roaring Camp (The), the 
best of the prose sketches of Bret Harte 
of America. It describes the amelio- 
rating influence of a little child on a set of 
ruffians (1870). 

(It has been dramatized. See SlLAS 
Marner, a tale somewhat similar, by 
George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross), 1816.) 

Lucre'tia, daughter of Spurius Lu- 
cretius prefect of Rome, and wife of 
Tarquinius Collati'nus. . She was dis- 
honoured by Sextus, the son of Tar- 
quinius Superbus. Having avowed her 
dishonour in the presence of her father, 
her husband, and their friends Junius 
Brutus and Valerius, she stabbed herself. 

N.B. — This subject has been drama- 
tized in French by Ant. Vincent Arnault, 
in a tragedy called Lucrece (1792) ; and 
by Francois Ponsard in 1843. In English, 
by Thomas Heywood, in a tragedy en- 
titled The Rape of Lucrece (1630); by 
Nathaniel Lee, entitled Lucius Junius 
Brutus (seventeenth century) ; and by 
John H. Payne, entitled Brutus or The 
Fall of Tarquin (1820). Shakespeare 
selected the same subject for his poem 
entitled The Rape of Lucrece (1594). 



LUCY. 



H Tennyson wrote a dramatic mono- 
logue called Lucretius. 

Lucrezia di Borgia, daughter of 
pope Alexander VI. She was thrice 
married, her last husband being Alfonso 
duke of Ferra'ra. Before this marriage, 
she had a natural son named Genna'ro, 
who was brought up by a Neapolitan 
fisherman. When grown to manhood, 
Gennaro had a commission given him in 
the army, and in the battle of Rim'ini he 
saved the life of Orsini. In Venice he 
declaimed freely against the vices of 
Lucrezia di Borgia, and on one occasion 
he mutilated the escutcheon of the duke 
by knocking off the B, thus converting 
Borgia into Orgia. Lucrezia insisted that 
the perpetrator of this insult should suffer 
death by poison , but when she discovered 
that the offender was her own son, she 
gave him an antidote, and released him 
from jail. Scarcely, however, was he 
liberated, than he was poisoned at a 
banquet given by the princess Neg'roni. 
Lucrezia now told Gennaro that he was 
her own son, and died as her son expired. 
— Donizetti : Lucrezia di Borgia (an 
opera, 1834). 

(Victor Hugo has a drama entitled 
Lucrece Borgia.) 

Lucullus, a wealthy Roman, noted 
for his banquets and self-indulgence. On 
one occasion, when a superb supper had 
been prepared, being asked who were to 
be his guests, he replied, " Lucullus will 
sup to-night with Lucullus " (B.C. 110-57). 
(See Glutton, p. 431.) 

Ne'er Falernian threw a richer 
Light upon Lucullus' tables. 

Longfellow : Drinking Sing. 

Luc'umo, a satrap, chieftain, or 
khedive among the ancient Etruscans. 
The over-king was called lars. Servius 
the grammarian says, " Lfictimo rex 
sonat lingua Etrusca ; N but it was such a 
king as that of Bavaria in the empire of 
Germany, where the king of Prussia is 
the lars. 

And plainly and more plainly 

Now might the burghers know, 
By port and vest, by horse and crest. 
Each warlike lucuino. 

Alacaulay : Lays of Ancient Rom* 
(" Horatius, xxiiL, 1842). 

Lucy, a dowerless girl betrothed to 
Amidas. Being forsaken by him for the 
wealthy Philtra, she threw herself into 
the sea, but was saved by clinging to a 
chest. Both being drifted ashore, it was 
found that the chest contained great 
treasures, which Lucy gave to Bracidas, 
the brother of Amidas, who married her. 



LUCY. 

In thto marriage, Bracidas found "two 
goodly portions, and the better she." — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. 4 (1596). 

Lucy, daughter of Mr. Richard 
Wealthy, a rich London merchant Her 
father wanted her to marry a wealthy 
tradesman, and as she refused to do so, 
he turned her out of doors. Being intro- 
duced as a fille de joie to sir George 
Wealthy " the minor, he soon perceived 
her to be a modest girl who had been 
entrapped, and he proposed marriage. 
When the facts of the case were known, 
Mr. Wealthy and sir William (the father 
of the young man) were delighted at the 
happy termination of what might have 
proved a most untoward affair. — Foote: 
The Minor (1760). 

Lucy [Lockit], daughter of Lockit 
the jailer. A foolish young woman, who, 
decoyed by captain Macheath under the 
specious promise of marriage, effected his 
escape from jail. The captain, however, 
was recaptured, and condemned to death ; 
but being reprieved, confessed himself 
married to Polly Peachum, and Lucy was 
left to seek another mate. 

How happy could I be with either [Lucy «r Polly\ 
Wen t other dear charmer away I 

Gay: The Beggar's Opera, IL a (1727). 

(Miss Fenton (duchess of Bolton) was 
the original " Lucy Lockit," 1708-1760.) 

Lucy Deane, in the novel called The 
Mill on the Floss, by George Eliot (Mrs. 
J. W. Cross) (i860). 

Lucy Goodwill, a girl of 16, and a 
child of nature, reared by her father who 
was a widower. " She has seen nothing," 
he says; "she knows nothing, and, 
therefore, has no will of her own." Old 
Goodwill wished her to marry one of her 
relations, that his money might be kept 
in the family; but Lucy had "will" 
enough of her own to see that her re- 
lations were boobies, and selected for her 
husband a big, burly footman named 
Thomas.— Fielding: The Virgin Un- 
masked (1740). 

Lucy and Colin. Colin was be- 
trothed to Lucy, but forsook her for a 
bride "thrice as rich as she." Lucy 
drooped, but was present at the wedding ; 
and when Colin saw her, " the damps of 
death bedewed his brow, and he died." 
Both were buried in one tomb, and many 
a hind and plighted maid resorted thither, 
" to deck it with garlands and true-love 
knots. " — Tickell : Lucy and Colin ( 1720). 



638 



LUDOVICO. 



(Vincent Bourne translated this ballad 
into Latin verse.) 

Through all Tickell's worksthere Is a strain of ballad- 
thinking. ... In this ballad [Lucy and Colin] he seems 
to have surpassed himself. It is, perhaps, the best in 
ourlanguage.— Goldsmith: Beauties of English Poetry 

(1767). 

Lucyl'ius (b.c. 148-103), the father 
of Roman satire. 

I have presumed, my lord for to present 

With this poore Glasse, which is oftrustie Steele [satire]. 

And came to me by wil and testament 

Of one that was a Glassmaker [satirist] indeede : 

Lucylius this worthy man was namde. 

Gascoigne : The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Lud, son of Heli, who succeeded his 
father as king of Britain. •* Lud rebuilt 
the walls of Trinovantum, and surrounded 
the city with innumerable towers . . . 
for which reason it was called Kaer-lud, 
Anglicized into Lud-ton, and softened 
into London. . . . When dead, his body 
was buried by the gate . . . Parthlud, 
called in Saxon Ludes-gate." — Geoffrey: 
British History, iii. 20 (1142). 

. . . that mighty Lud, in whose eternal name 
Great London still shall live (by him rebuilded). 

Drayton : Polyolbion, viii. (1613). 

(" Parth-lud," in Latin Porta-Lud.) 
Lud (General), leader of the distressed 
and riotous artisans in the manufacturing 
districts of England, who, in 1811, en- 
deavoured to prevent the use of power- 
looms. 

Luddites (a syl.), the riotous artisans 
who followed the leader called general 
Lud. 

Above thirty years before this time, an imbecile 
named Ned Lud, living in a village in Leicestershire, 
being tormented by some boys, . . . pursued one of 
them into a house, and . . . broke two stocking-frames. 
His name was taken by those who broke power-looms. 
— H. Martineau. 

Lud's Town, London, as if a cor- 
ruption of Lud-ton. Similarly, Ludgate 
is said to be Lud's-gate; and Ludgate 
prison is called "Lud's Bulwark." Of 
course, the etymologies are only fit for 
fable. 

King Lud, repairing the city, called it after his name, 
" Lud s town ; * the strong gate which he built in the 
west part he named " Lud-gate." In 1260 the gate was 
beautified with images of Lud and other kings. Those 
Images, in the reign of Edward VI., had their heads 
smitten off. . . . Queen Mary did set new heads upon 
their old bodies again. The 28th of queen Elizabeth, 
the gate was newly beautified with images of Lud and 
others, as before.— -Stow : Survey 0/ London (1598). 

Ludov'ico, chief minister of Naples. 
He heads a conspiracy to murder the 
king and seize the crown. Ludovico is 
the craftiest of villains, but, being caught 
in his own guile, he is killed. — Sheil: 
Evadne or The Statue (1820). 

Ludovico in Shakespeare's OthelU 
(1602). 



LUDWAL 



Lndwal or Idwal, son of Roderick 
the Great, of North Wales. He refused 
to pay Edgar king of England the tribute 
which had been levied ever since the 
time of iEthelstan. William of Malmes- 
bury tells us that Edgar commuted the 
tribute for 300 wolves' heads yearly ; the 
wolf-tribute was paid for three years, and 
then discontinued, because there were no 
more wolves to be found. 

O Edgar 1 who compeHedst our Ludwal hence to pay 
Three hundred wolves a year for tribute unto thee, 
Drayton : Polyolbion, ix. (161a). 

Lufra, Douglas's dog, "the fleetest 
hound in all the North."— Sir W. Scott: 
Lady of the Lake (1810). 

Ellen, the while, with bursting heart, 
Remained in lordly bower apart . . . 
While Lufra, crouching at her side. 
Her station claimed with jealous pride. 
Sir IV. Scott: Lmdy of the Lake, vL 33 (1810). 

Luggnagg, an island where the in- 
habitants never die. Swift shows some 
of the evils which would result from such 
a destiny, unless accompanied with eternal 
youth and freshness, —Swift: Gilliver's 
Travels (1726). 

Lu'gier, the rough, confident tutor of 
Oriana, etc., and chief engine whereby 
** the wild goose " Mirabel is entrapped 
into marriage with her. — Fletcher: The 
Wild-goose Chase (1652). 

Luke, brother-in-law of " the City 
madam." He was raised from a state 
of indigence into enormous wealth by 
a deed of gift of the estates of his 
brother, sir John Frugal, a retired mer- 
chant. While dependent on his brother, 
lady Frugal ("the City lady") treated 
Luke with great scorn and rudeness ; but 
when she and her daughter became de- 
pendent on him, he cut down the super- 
fluities of the fine lady to the measure of 
her original state — as daughter of Good- 
man Humble, farmer. — Massinger: The 
City Madam (1639). 

Massingcr's best characters are the hypocritical 

" Luke " and the heroic " Marullo."— Spalding. 

Luke, patriarch's nuncio, and bishop 
of the Druses. He terms the Druses 

. . . the docile crew 
My bezants went to make me bishop of. 
M. Browning: The Return of the Druses, r. 

Luke (Sir), or Sir Luke Limp, a 
tuft-hunter, a devotee to the bottle, and 
a hanger-on of great men for no other 
reason than mere snobbism. Sir Luke 
will "cling to sir John till the baronet 
is superseded by my lord ; quitting the 
puny peer for an earl, and sacrificing all 



639 LUMBERCOURT. 

three to a duke. "-—Foote : The Lame Liver 
(1770). 

Luke's Bird (St.), the ox. 

Luke's Iron Crown. George and 
Luke Dosa headed an unsuccessful revolt 
against the Hungarian nobles in the six- 
teenth century. Luke was put to death 
by a red-hot iron crown, in mockery of 
his having been proclaimed king. 

This was not an unusual punishment 
for those who sought regal honours in 
the Middle Ages. Thus, when Tancred 
usurped the crown of Sicily, kaiser 
Heinrich VI. of Germany set him on a 
red-hot iron throne, and crowned him 
with a red-hot iron crown (twelfth cen- 
tury). 

It was net Luke but George Dosa who suffered this 

punishment. (See Iron Crown, p. 528.) 

N . B. — The * ' iron crown of Lombardy ' ' 
must not be mistaken for an iron crown 
of punishment. The former is said to be 
one of the nails used in the Crucifixion, 
beaten out into a thin rim of iron, magnifi- 
cently set in gold, and adorned with 
jewels. Charlemagne and Napoleon L 
were both crowned with it 

Luke's Summer (St.), or Ltti de 
S. Martin, a few weeks of fine summerly 
weather, which occur between St. Luke's 
Day (October 18) and St. Martin's Day 
(November n). 

In such St. Luke's short summer lived these men, 
N earing the goal of three score years and ten. 
tV. Morris: The Earthly Paradise (" March"). 

Lully (-Raymond), an alchemist who 
searched for the philosopher's stone by 
distillation, and made some useful chemi- 
cal discoveries. He was also a magician 
and a philosophic dreamer. Generally 
called Doctor Illumindtus (1235-1315). 

He talks of Raymond Lully and the ghost of Lilly (f .v. ). 
—Congreve : Love for Love, iii. (1695). 

Lulu, the love-name of the prince 
imperial, son of Napoleon III., slain in 
the Zulu war. His full name was Napo- 
leon Eugene Louis Jean Joseph (1856- 
1879). 

Lumber-court (Lord), a Toluptuary, 
greatly in debt, who consented, for a good 
money consideration, to give his daughter 
to Egerton McSycophanL Egerton, 
however, had no fancy for the lady, but 
married Constantia, the girl of his choice. 
His lordship was in alarm lest this con- 
tretemps should be his ruin ; but sir 
Pertinax told him the bargain should 
still remain good if Egerton's younger 
brother, Sandy, were accepted by hit 



LUMBEY. 

lordship instead To this his lordship 

readily agreed. 

Lady Rodolpha Ltimbercourt, daughter 
of lord Lumbercouri, who, for a con- 
sideration, consented to marry Egerton 
McSycophant ; but as Egerton had no 
fancy for the lady, she agreed to marry 
Egerton's brother Sandy on the same 
terms. 

" As I ha* nae reason to have the least affection till 
my cousin Egerton, and as my intended marriage with 
him was entirely an act of obedience till my grand- 
mother, provided my cousin Sandy will be as agreeable 
till her ladyship as my cousin Charles here would have 
been, I have nae the least objection till the change. 
Ay, ay, one brother is as good to Rodolpha as another." 
-Macklin : The Man of the World, v. (1764). 

Lumbey (Dr.), a stout, bluff-looking 
gentleman, with no shirt-collar, and a 
beard that had been growing since yester- 
day morning. The doctor was very 
popular, and the neighbourhood prolific. 
— Dickens : Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Lnmley (Captain), in the royal army 
under the duke of Montrose. — Sir W. 
Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Lnmon, a hill in Inis-Huna, near the 
residence of Sulmalla. Sulmalla was the 
daughter of Conmor (king of Inis-Huna) 
and his wife Clun'galo. — Ossian : Temora. 

Where art thou, beam of light t Hunters from the 
mossy rock, saw you the blue-eyed fair 1 Are her steps 
on grassy Lumon, near the bed of roses? Ah me J I 
beheld her bow in the halL Where art thou, beam of 
light t 

(Bishop has selected these words from 
Temora for a glee of four voices. ) 

Lumpkin (Tony), the rough, good- 
natured booby son of Mrs. Hardcastle 
by her first husband. Tony dearly loved 
a practical joke, and was fond of low 
society, where he could air his conceit 
and self-importance. He is described as 
"an awkward booby, reared up and 
spoiled at his mother's apron-string " (act 
i. 2); and "if burning the footman's 
hoes, frighting [sic] the maids, and 
worrying the kittens, be humorous," then 
Tony was humorous to a degree (act i. i). 
— Goldsmith : She Stoops to Conquer 
(i773). 

I feel as Tony Lumpkin felt, who never had the least 
difficulty in reading the outside of his letters, but who 
found it very hard work to decipher the inside.— Boyd, 

Quick's great parts were " Isaac," " Tony Lump- 
kin," "Spado," and "sir Christopher Curry. "—Records 
of a Stage Veteran. 

Quick [1748-1831] was the original " Tony Lumpkin." 
"Acres," and "Isaac Mendoza."— Memoir of John 
Quick (1832). 

("Isaac " in The Duenna, by Sheridan ; 
"Spado" in The Castle of Andalusia, 
by O' Keefe ; "sir C. Curry " in Inkle and 
Ymrico, by Colman.) 



640 



LUSIAD. 



tun. So John Rich called hlmseft 
when he performed "harlequin." It was 
John Rich who introduced pantomime 
(1681-1761). 

On one side Folly sits, by some called Fob > 
And on the other his archpatron Lun. 

Churchill. 

Lnna (// conti dt), uncle of Manri'co. 
He entertains a base passion for the prin- 
cess Leonora, who is in love with Man- 
rico ; and, in order to rid himself of his 
rival, is about to put him to death, when 
Leonora promises to give herself to him 
if he will spare her lover. The count con- 
sents; but while he goes to release his 
captive, Leonora poisons herself. — Verdi : 
II Trova'tore (an opera, 1853). 

Lundin (Dr. Luke), the chamberlain 
at Kinross.— Sir W. Scott: The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Lundin ( The Rev. sir Louis), town 
clerk of Perth.— Sir W. Scott: Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Lunsford (Sir Thomas), governor of 
the Tower. A man of such vindictive 
temper that the name was used as a terror 
to children. 

Made children with your tones to run fort. 
As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford. 

S. Butler: Hudibras, iii. a, line nxa (1*78). 
From Fielding and from Vavasors, 

Both ill-affected men ; 
From Lunsford eke deliver us, 
That eateth childeren. 

Ltipatiski (Prince), father of prin- 
cess Lodois'ka (4 syl.). — J. P. Kemble: 
Lodoiska (a melodrame). 

Lu'pin (Mrs.), hostess of the Blue 
Dragon. A buxom, kind-hearted woman, 
ever ready to help any one over a diffi- 
culty. — Dickens : Martin Chuzzlewit 
(1844). 

Lu'ria, a noble Moor, single-minded, 
warm-hearted, faithful, and most gene- 
rous ; employed by the Florentines to 
lead their army against the Pisans (fif- 
teenth century). Luria was entirely suc- 
cessful ; but the Florentines, to lessen 
their obligation to the conqueror, hunted 
up every item of scandal they could find 
against him ; and, while he was winning 
their battles, he was informed that he 
was to be brought to trial to answer these 
floating censures. Luria was so disgusted 
at this, that he took poison, to relieve the 
state by his death of a debt of gratitude 
which the republic felt too heavy to be 
borne. — R. Browning: Luria, 

Lu'siad, the adventures of the Lnslans 
(Portuguese), under Vasquez da Garaa, 



LUSIGNAN. 

to their discovery of India. Bacchus was 
the guardian power of the Mohammedans, 
and Venus or Divine Love of the Lusians. 
The fleet first sailed to Mozambique, then 
to Quil'oa, then to Melinda (in Africa), 
where the adventurers were hospitably 
received and provided with a pilot to 
conduct them to India. In the Indian 
Ocean. Bacchus tried to destroy the fleet ; 
but the "silver star of Divine Love" 
cairn ea the sea, and Garaa arrived at 
India in safety. Having accomplished his 
object, he returned to Lisbon. — Camoens : 
The Lusiad, in ten books (1572). 

N.B. — Vasquez da Gama sailed thrice 
to India : (1) In 1497, with four vessels. 
This expedition lasted two years and two 
months. (2) In 1502, with twenty ships. 
In this expedition he was attacked by 
Zaraorin king of Calicut, whom he de- 
feated, and returned to Lisbon the year 
following. (3) "When John III. appointed 
him viceroy of India. He established his 
government at Cochin, where he died in 
1525. The story of The Lusiad is the 
first of these expeditions. 

• . * This really classic epic in ten books, 
worthy to be ranked with Virgil's AZneid, 
has been translated into English verse by 
Auberton in 1878 ; Fanshawe in 1655 ; and 
by Mickle in 1775. 

(English versions by Fanshawe in 1655 ; 
by Mickle (in heroic rhyming metre) in 
J 775 '< D y Auberton in 1878 ; and by 
Burton in 1880. ) 

Lusignan [d'Outremer], king of 
Jerusalem, taken captive by the Saracens, 
and confined in a dungeon for twentj 
years. "When 80 years old, he was set 
free by Osman the sultan of the East, 
but died within a few days. — A. Hill: 
Zara (adapted from Voltaire's tragedy). 

Lnsita'nia, the ancient name oi 
Portugal ; so called from Lusus, the 
companion of Bacchus in his travels. 
This Lusus colonized the country, and 
ealled it " Lusitania," and the colonists 
" Lusians." — Pliny: Historia Naturalis, 
iii. x. 

Lute'tia (4 syl. ), ancient Latin name 
of Paris (Lutetia Parisiorum, " the mud- 
town of the Parisii "). 

Luther (Martin), at the age of 40, 
married Katharine BorS or Bora, a nun 
(1520). 

What is called Luther's Hymn is the hymn begin- 
ning thus : "Great God, what do I see and hear t "but 
In Germany it Is Einftste Burg' 1st unser Gott, trans- 
lated by Carlyle " A safe stronghold our God is He." 



64I 



LYCHORIDA. 



Luther (The Danish), Hans Taasen. 
There is a stone in Viborg called "Tau- 
sensminde," with this inscription : " Upon 
this stone, in 1528, Hans Tausen first 
preached Luther's doctrine in Viborg." 

Lutin, the gipsy page of lord Dal- 
garno. — Sir W. Scott; Fortunes of Nigel 
(time, James L). 

Lux Mundi, Johann Wessel; also 
called Magister Contradictionum, for his 
opposition to the Scholastic philosophy. 
He was tile predecessor of Luther (1419- 

1489). 

Luz, a bone which the Jews affirm 
remains uncorrupted till the last day, 
when it will form the nucleus of the new 
body. This bone Mahomet called A I 
ajb or the rump-bone. 

Eben Ezra and Manasseh ben Israil 
say this bone is in the rump. 

The learned rabbins of the Jews 

Write, there's a bone, which they call Inez (1 syL) 

V the rump of man. 

5. Butler: Hudikrtu, lii. 9 (167*). 

Lyaeus [" spleen-melter"\ one of the 
names of Bacchus. 

He perchance the gifts 
Of young Lyaeus, and the dread exploits, 
May sing. 

Aktnside: Hymn *> the Naiads (1767). 

Lyb'ius (Sir), a rery young knight, 
who undertook to rescue the lady of 
Sinadone. After overcoming sundry 
knights, giants, and enchanters, he en- 
tered the palace, when the whole edifice 
fell to pieces, and a horrible serpent 
coiled about his neck and kissed him. 
The spell being broken, the serpent turned 
into the lady of Sinadone, who became 
sir Lybius's bride. — Libeaux (a romance). 

Lyca'on, king of Arcadia, instituted 
human sacrifices, and was metamorphosed 
into a wolf. Some say all his sons were 
also changed into wolves, except one 
named Nictimus. Oh that 

Of Arcady the beares 

Might plucke a wave thine ears; 

The wilde wolfe, Licaon', 

Bite asondre thy backe-bone I 
Skelttn: Philip Sparew (time, Henry VIII.), 
For proof, when with Lyca'on's tyranny 
Man durst not deal, then did Jove . . . 
Him fitly to the greedy wolf transform. 

Brooke : Declination 0/ Monarchy (1633). 

Lyce'um, a gymnasium on the banks 
of the Ihssus, in Attica, where Aristotle 
taught philosophy as he paced the walks. 

Guide my way 
Through fair Lyceum's walks. 
AJUntidt : PUasurts */ Imagination, L 715 (1744). 

Lyohor ida, nurse of Mari'na who 

• T 



LYCIDAS. 



642 



LYNCH LAW. 



was born at sea. Marina was the daugh- 
ter of Pericles prince of Tyre and his 
wife Thais 'a.— S hakes fear* ; Pericles 
Prince of Tyre (1608). 

Lyc'idas, the name under which 
Milton celebrates the untimely death of 
Edward King, Fellow of Christ's College, 
Cambridge. Edward King was drowned 
in the passage from Chester to Ireland, 
August 10, 1637. He was the son of sir 
John King, secretary for Ireland. 

(Lycldas is the name of a shepherd in 
Virgil's Eclogue, iii. ) 

Lycome'des {^syl.), king of Scyros, 
to whose court Achilles was sent, dis- 
guised as a maiden, by his mother Thetis, 
who was anxious to prevent his going to 
the Trojan war. 

Lycore'a {He has slept on Lycoria), 
one of the two chief summits of mount 
Parnassus. Whoever slept there became 
either inspired or mad. 

Lydford Law. "First hang and 
draw, then hear the cause by Lydford 
law." Lydford, in the county of Devon. 

I oft hare heard of Lydford law, 
How in the mom they hang and draw. 
And sit in judgment after. 

A Devonshire foet (anon.), 

1J Jedburgh Justice, Cupar Justice, and 
Abingdon Law, mean the same thing. 

IT Lynch Law, Burlaw, Mob Law, and 
Club Law, mean summary justice dealt to 
an offender by a self-constituted judge. 

Lydia, daughter of the king of Lydia, 
was sought in marriage by Alcest&s a 
Thracian knight. His suit being rejected, 
he repaired to the king of Armenia, who 
gave him an army, with which he be- 
sieged Lydia. He was persuaded to 
raise the siege, and the lady tested the 
sincerity of his love by a series of tasks, 
all of which he accomplished. Lastly, 
she set him to put to death his allies, 
and, being powerless, mocked him. Al- 
cestes pined and died, and Lydia was 
doomed to endless torment in hell. — 
Ariosto: Orlando Furioso, xvii. (1516). 

Lydia, lady's-maid to Widow Green. 
She was the sister of True worth, ran 
away from home to avoid a hateful 
marriage, took service for the nonce, and 
ultimately married Waller. She was "a 
miracle ot virtue, as well as beauty," 
warm-hearted, and wholly without arti- 
fice. — Knowles: The Love-Chase (1837). 

Lydia Languish, niece and ward 
of Mrs. Malaprop. She had a fortune of 



,£30,000, but, if she married without her 
aunt's consent, forfeited the larger part 
thereof. She was a great novel-reader, 
and was courted by two rival lovers — 
Bob Acres, and captain Absolute whom 
she knew only as ensign Beverley. Her 
aunt insisted that she should throw over 
the ensign and marry the son of sir 
Anthony Absolute, and great was her joy 
to find that the man of her own choice 
was that of her aunt's, nomine mutato. 
Bob Acres resigned all claim on the lady 
to his rival. — Sheridan: The Rivals (1775). 

Lydian Poet (The), Alcman of 

Lydia (fl. B.C. 670). 

Lygo'nes, father of Spaco'nia. — 
Beaumont and Fletcher: A King or No 
King (161 1 ). 

Lying- Traveller (The), sir John 

Mandeville (1300-1372). 

Lying Valet ( The), Timothy Sharp, 
the lying valet of Charles Gayless. He 
is the Mercury between his master and 
Melissa, to whom Gayless is about to be 
married. The object of his lying is to 
make his master, who has not a sixpence 
in the world, pass for a man of fortune. 
— Garrick: The Lying Valet (1741). 

Lyle (Annot), daughter of sir Duncan 
Campbell the knight of Ardenvohr. 
She was brought up by the M'Aulays, 
and was beloved by Allan M'Aulay ; but 
she married the earl of Menteith. — Sir 
IV. Scott: Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I.). 

Lyn'cens, one of the Argonauts ; so 
sharp-sighted that he could discern ob- 
jects at a distance of 130 miles. Varro 
says he could " see through rocks and 
trees ; " and Pliny, that he could see 
" the infernal regions through the earth." 

Strange tale to tel : all officers be blynde. 
And yet their one eye, sharpe as Lin'ceus' sight. 
Gascoigne : The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Lynch (Governor) was a great name 
in Galway (Ireland). It is said that he 
hanged his only son out of the window 
of his own house (1526). The very 
window from which the boy was hung is 
carefully preserved, and still pointed out 
to travellers. — Annals of Galway. 

Lynch Law, law administered by 
a self-constituted judge. Webster says 
James Lynch, a farmer of Piedmont, in 
Virginia, was selected by his neighbours 
(in 1688) to try offences on the frontier 
summarily, because there were no law 
courts within seven miles of them. 



LYNCHNOBIANS. 643 

Lynchno"bians, lantern-sellers, that 
Is, booksellers and publishers. Rabelais 
says they inhabit a little hamlet near 
Lantern-land. — Rabelais : Pantag'ruel, 
▼. 33 (iS4S) 

Lyndon (Barry), an Irish sharper, 
whose adventures are told by Thackeray. 
The story is full of spirit, variety, and 
humour, reminding one of Gil Bias. It 
first came out in Fraser's Magazine. 

Lynette, sister of lady Lyonors of 
Castle Perilous. She goes to king Arthur, 
and prays him to send sir Lancelot to 
deliver her sister from certain knights. 
The king assigns the quest to Beaumains 
(the nickname given by sir Kay to 
Gareth), who had served for twelve 
months in Arthur's kitchen. Lynette is 
exceedingly indignant, and treats her 
champion with the utmost contumely; 
but, after each victory, softens towards 
him, and at length marries him. — Tenny- 
son : Idylls of the King (" Gareth and 
Lynette "). 

N.B.— This version of the tale differs 
from that of the History of Prince Arthur 
by sir T. Malory (1470) in many respects. 
(SeeLiNET, p. 615.) 

V Tennyson describes Linette thus — 

A damsel of high lineage ; and a brow 
May-blossom ; and a cheek of apple-blossom j 
Hawk-eyes ; and lightly was her tender nose. 
Tip-tilted like the petal of a flower. 

Lyon (Rufus), the dissenting minister 
in the novel Felix Holt, by George Eliot 
(Mrs. J. W. Cross) (1866). 

Lyonnesse (3 syl. ), west of Camelot. 
The battle of Lyonnesse was the "last 
great battle of the West," and the scene 
of the final conflict between Arthur and 
sir Modred. The land of Lyonnesse is 
where Arthur came from, and it is now 
submerged full "forty fathoms under 
water." 

Until king Arthur's table [knights], man by man. 
Had fallen in Lyonnesse about their lord. 

Tennyson: Morte d Arthur. 

Lyonors, daughter of earl Sanam. 
She came to pay homage to king Arthur, 
and by him became the mother of sir 
Borre (1 syl.), one of the knights of the 
Round Table.— Sir T. Malory: History 
of Prince Arthur, i. 15 (1470). 

• .' Liones, daughter of sir Persaunt, 
and sister of Li net of Castle Perilous, 
married sir Gareth. Tennyson calls this 
lady " Lyonors," and makes Gareth marry 
her sister, who, we are told in the History, 
was married to sir Gaheris (Gareth's 
brother). 



LYTTELTON. 

Lyonors, the lady of Castle Perilous, 
where she was held captive by several 
knights, called Morning Star or Phos- 
phdrus, Noonday Sun or Merid'ies, Even- 
ing Star or Hesperus, and Night or Nox. 
Her sister Lynette went to king Arthur, 
to crave that sir Lancelot might be sent 
to deliver Lyonors from her oppressor. 
The king gave the quest to Gareth, who 
was knighted, and accompanied Lynette, 
who used him very scornfully at first ; 
but at every victory which he gained she 
abated somewhat of her contempt ; and 
married him after he had succeeded in 
delivering Lyonors. The lot of Lyonors 
is not told. (See Liones, p. 617.)— 
Tennyson: Idylls of the King ("Gareth 
and Lynette"). 

N.B. — According to the collection of 
tales edited by sir T. Malory, the lady 
Lyonors was quite another person. She 
was daughter of earl Sanam, and mother 
of sir Borre by king Arthur (pt. i. 15). 
It was LionSs who was the sister of Linet, 
and whose father was sir Persaunt of Castle 
Perilous (pt i. 153). The History says 
that Liones married Gareth, and Linet 
married his brother, sir Gaheris. (See 
Gareth, p. 405. ) 

Lyric Poets. There were only nine 
poets recognized as lyrists in the time of 
Horace. They were all Greeks : Alcaeos, 
Alcman, Anacreon, BacchilidSs, Ilysos, 
Pindar, Sappho, Simonides, and Sten- 
choros. Horace is the only one among 
the Romans. 

?uod si me Lyrids vatibus inseres, 
ublinii feriam sidera vertice. 

Horace : i Odes L Ten. 35, 36. 

Lyrists (Prince of), Franz Schubert 
(1797-1828). 

Lysander, a young Athenian, in love 
with Hermia daughter of Egeus (3 syl.). 
Egeus had promised her in marriage to 
Demetrius, and insisted that she should 
either marry him or suffer death " ac- 
cording to the Athenian law." (For the 
rest of the tale, see Demetrius, p. 270.) 
— Shakespeare: A Midsummer Nighfs 
Dream (1592). 

Lysim'achns, governor of Metali'nd, 
who marries Marrna the daughter of 
Per'icles prince of Tyre and his wife 
Thais'a. — Shakespeare : Pericles Prince of 
Tyre (1608). 

Lysimachus, the artist, a citizen. — 
Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Lyttelton, addressed by Thomson in 



M. 644 

" Spring," was George lord Lyttelton of 
Hagley Park, Worcestershire, who pro- 
cured for the poet a pension of ^100 a 
year. He was a poet and historian 
(1709-1773). 

O Lyttelton . . . from these, distracted, oft 
You wander thro' the philosophic world ; . . . 
And oft, conducted by historic truth, 
You tread the long extent of backward time { . . . 
Or, turning thence thy view, these graver thought* 
The Muses charm. 

Thomson : Tiu Seasons ("Spring," 1728). 



M, said to represent the human face 
without the two eyes. By adding these, 
we get O M O, the Latin homo, "man." 
Dante, speaking of faces gaunt with star- 
vation, says — 

Who reads the name 
For man npon his forehead, there the M 
Had traced most plainly. 

Dante : Purgatory, xziil. (1308). 

♦.* The two downstrokes stand for 
the contour, and the V of the letter for 
the nose. Thus : |°V°I 

M. This letter is very curiously coupled 
with Napoleon I. and III. 

1. Napoleon I. : 

\ MACK (General) capitulated at Ulm (October 19, 

1805). 

MAITLAND (Captain), of the Bellerofhon,vrastba 
person to whom he surrendered (1814). 

MALET conspired against him (1812). 

Mallieu was one of his ministers, with Maretand 
Montalivet, 

Marbeuf was the first to recognize his genius at 
the military college (1779). 

Marchand was his valet ; accompanied him to St. 
Helena ; and assisted Montholon in his Me'moires. 

Maret duke of Bassano was his most trusty coun- 
sellor (1804-1814). 

Marie Louise was his wife, the mother of his son, 
and shared his highest fortunes. His son was 
bom in March ; so was the son of Napoleon III. 

MARMONT duke of Ragusa was the second to 
desert him. (See MURAT.| 
1 6 Marshals and 26 Generals of Divisions had M 
for their initial letter. 

MACDONALD duke of Tarentum. 

Massena was the general who gained the victory 
of Rivoli (1797). Napoleon gave him the sou- 
briquet of L Enfant Chert de la Victoire ; he 
was made duke of Essling, and after his victory 
of Rivoli created duke of Rivoli. 

MELAS was the Austrian general conquered at 
Marengo, and forced back to the Mincio (June 
14, 1800). 

MENOU lost him Egypt (1801). 

METTERNICH vanquished him in diplomacy. 

MlOLLiS was employed by him to take Plus VIL 
prisoner (1809). 

MONEY duke of Coriegllano. 

Montalivet was one of his ministers, wltli 
Maret and Mallieu. 

MONTBBL wrote the life of hla son, "the king of 



Montesquieu was his first chamberlain. 

MONTHOLON was his companion at St. Helena, 
and, in conjunction with Marchand his valet, 
wrote his Me'moires. 

MOREAU betrayed him (18x3). 

MORTIER duke of Treviso was cm of his beat 
generals. 

MOURAD BEY was the general he vanquished In 
the battle of the Pyramids (J u ly 33, 1798). 

MURAT duke of Elchingen was his brother-in- 
law. He was the first martyr in his cause, and 
was the first to desert him. (See Marmont.) 
Murat was made by him king of Naples (1808). 
•J Madrid capitulated to him (December 4, 1808). 

Magliani was one of his famous victories (April 
15. 1796). 

MALMAISON was his last halting-place in France 
Here the empress Josephine lived after her 
divorce, and here she died (1814). 

MALTA taken (June n, 1797), and while there he 
abolished the order called " The Knights of 
Malta " (1798). 

Mantua was surrendered to him by Wurmser, in 
1797. 

Marengo was Ms first great victory June 14, 
1800). 

MARSEILLES is the place he retired to when pro- 
scribed by Paoli (1792). Here too was his first 
exploit, when captain, in reducing the " Fede- 
ralists " (1793). 

MERY was a battle gained by him (February 23, 
1814). 

Milan was the first enemy's capital (1802), and 
Moscow the last, into which he walked victorious 
(1812). 

It was at Milan he was crowned " king of Italy " 
(May 20, 1805). 

MlLLESlMO, a battle won by him (April 14, 1796). 

MONDOVI, a battle won by him (April 22, T796). 

MONTENOTTE was his first batde (1796), and Mont 
St. Jean his last (1815). 

MONTEREAU, a battle won by him (February 18, 
1814). 

MONTMARTRB was stormed by him (March so. 
1814). : 

MONTMIRAIL, a battle won by him (February is, 
1814). 

Mont ST. JEAN (Waterloo), his last battle (June 



18, 1815). 

IONT TH 



Mont Thabor was where he vanquished 20,000 
Turks with an army not exceeding 2000 men (July 
25. 1799)- 

Moravia was the site of a victory (July n, 1809). 

Moscow was his pitfall (See Milan.) 
1 Months— 

May. In this month he quitted Corsica, married 
Josephine, took command of the army of Italy, 
crossed the Alps, assumed the title of emperor, 
and was crowned at Milan. In the same month 
he was defeated at Aspem, he arrived at Elba, 
and died at St. Helena. 

March. In this month he was proclaimed king ol 
Italy, made his Drother Joseph king of the Two 
Sicilies, married Marie Louise by proxy, his son 
was born, and he arrived at Pans after quitting 
Elba. 

MAY 2, 1813, battle of Liitzen. 

3, 1793, he quits Corsica. 

4, 1814, he arrives at Elba. 

5, 1821, he dies at St. Helena. 

6, 1800, he takes command of the army ol 

Italy. 
9, X796, he marries Josephine. 
10, 1796, battle of Lodi. 
13, 1809, he enters Vienna. 

15, 1796, he enters Milan. 

16, 1797, he defeats the archduke Charles. 

17, 1800, he begins his passage across the Alpe, 

17, 1809, he annexes the States of the Church, 

18, 1804, he assumes the title of emperor. 

19, 1798, he starts for Egypt. 
19, 1809, he crosses the Danube. 

so, 1800, he finishes his passage across the Alp* 

ax, 1813, battle of Bautzen. 

as, 1803, he declares war against England. 

83, 1809, he was defeated at Aspem. 

96, 1805, he was crowned at Milan. 

gp, X805, he annexes Lisbon. 

ax, 1W03, he seizes Haaore*. 



MAB. 



<545 



MACABER. 



tfimm t, ifi5, he lands on French soil after 
quitting Elba, 
j, 1806, he makes his brother Joseph king 

of the Two Sicilies. 
4, 1790, he invests Jaffa. 
6, 1799, he takes Jaffa. 
xi, 1810, he marries by proxy Mary Louise. 
13, 1803, he is proclaimed long of Italy. 
16, 1799, he invests Acre, 
so, 1812, birth of his son. 
so, 1815, he reaches Paris after quitting 

Elba, 
si, 1804, he shoots the due d'Enghlen, 
95, 1802, peace of Amiens. 
31, 1814, Paris entered by the allies. 

». Napoleon III. : 

^ MACMAHON duke of Magenta, his most distin- 
guished marshal, and, after a few months, suc- 
ceeded him as ruler of France (1873-1893). 

MaLAKOFF {Duke of), next to Macmahon his 
most distinguished marshal 

Maria of Portugal was the lady his friends wanted 
him to marry, but he refused to do so. 

Maximilian and Mexico, his evil stars (1864- 
1867). 

MENSCHIKOFF was the Russian general defeated 
at the battle of the Alma (September 20, 1854). 

MlCHAUD, MIGNET, MlCHELET, and MERIMER 

were distinguished historians in the reign of Na- 
poleon III. 

MOLTKB was his destiny. 

MONTHOLON was one of his companions in the es- 
capade at Boulogne, and was condemned to im- 
prisonment for twenty years. 

MONTIJO (Countess of), his wife. Her name was 
Marie Eugenie, and his son was born in March ; 
so was the son of Napoleon I. 

MORNY, his greatest friend. 
5 MAGENTA, a victory won by him (June 4, 1859). 

MaLAKOFF. Talring the Malakoff tower and the 
Mamelon-vert were the great exploits of the 
Crimean war (September 8, 1855). 

MAMELON-VERT. (See above.) 

Mantua. He turned back before the walls of 
Mantua after the battle of the Mincio. 

MARENGO. Here he planned his first battle of the 
Italian campaign, but it was not fought till after 
those of Montebello and Magenta. 

MariGNANO. He drove the Austnans out of this 
place. 

METZ, the "maiden fortress," was one of the most 
important sieges and losses to him during the 
Franco-Prussian war. 

MEXICO and Maximilian, his evil stars. 

Milan. He made his entrance into Milan, and 
drove the Austrians out of Marignano. 

MINCIO (The battle of the), called also Solferino, a 
great victory. Having won this, he turned back 
at the walls of Mantua (June 24, 1859I. 

MONTEBELLO, a victory won by him (June, 1859). 
V The mitrailleuse was to win him Prussia, but 

It lost him France. 
« Months— 

MARCH. In this month his son was bom, he was 
deposed by the National Assembly, and was set 
at liberty by the Prussians. The treaty of Paris 
was March 30, 1856. Savoy and Nice were an- 
nexed in March, i860. 

May. In this month he made his escape from 
Ham. The great French Exhibition was opened 
in May, 1855. 
By far his best publication Is his Manual of Artillery. 

Mat), queen of the fairies, according 
to the mythology of the English poets of 
the fifteenth century. Shakespeare de- 
scribes queen Mab in Romeo and Juliet, 
act L sc. 4 (1598). 

Chaucer makes Proserpina the spouse of Pluto, and 
calls Pluto " the king of Faerie." 

Queen Mab's Maids of Honour. They 
were Hop and Mop, Drap, Pip, Trip, 



and Skip. Her train of waiting-maidi 
were Fib and Tib, Pinck and Pin, Tick 
and Quick, Jill and Jin, Tit and Nit, 
Wap and Win. — Drayton; Nymphidia 
(1563-1631). 

Queen Mab, the Fairies' Midwife, that 
is, the midwife of men's dreams, em- 
ployed by the fairies. Thus, the queen's 
or king's judges do noi judge the sovereign, 
but are employed by the sovereign to 
judge others. 

Mab [Queen), a speculative poem by 
P. B. Shelley, in blank verse, divided 
into nine sections of about two hundred 
lines each. The outline of the story is 
as follows : — 

Ianthe (3 syl. ) falls asleep, and dreams 
that her disembodied spirit is conveyed 
to the court of queen Mab, beyond the 
confines of this earth. Here she is taught 
the evils of civil government, and the 
untruthfulness of religion generally. 
Queen Mab then summons into her 
presence Ahasuerus, the " Wandering 
Jew," who tells her all about creation and 
redemption, when the queen dismisses 
him. Ianthe then dreams that the earth is 
renewed, and that love is made the ruling 
spirit, both of earth and heaven. Then 
waking from her sleep, she finds Henry 
sitting beside her, lovingly watching her 
varying moods. The poem was written 
when bhelley was about 18 (1810). 

Mabinogion. A series of Welsh 
tales, chiefly relating to Arthur and the 
Round Table. A MS. volume of some 
700 pages is preserved in the library of 
Jesus College, Oxford, and is known as 
the Red Book of Hergest, from the place 
where it was discovered. Lady Charlotte 
Guest published an edition in Welsh and 
English, with notes, three vols. (1838-49). 
The word is the Welsh mabi nogi, 
"juvenile instruction" (mabin, "juve- 
nile ; " mab, " a boy ; " and ogi, " to use 
the harrow"). 

Does he [ Tennyson] make no use of the Mabinogion 
In his Arthurian series \— Notes and Queries, Novem- 
ber 23, 1878. 

Maca'ber ( The Dance) or the "Dance 
of Death " (Arabic, makainr, " a church 
yard "). The dance of death was a 
favourite subject in the Middle Ages for 
wall-paintings in cemeteries and churches, 
especially in Germany. Death is repre- 
sented as presiding over a round oi 
dancers, consisting of rich and poor, old 
and young, male and female. A work 
descriptive of this dance, originally in 
German, has been translated into moat 



MACAIRE. 



646 



MACBETH. 



European languages, and the painting of 
Holbein, in the Dominican convent at 
Basle, has a world-wide reputation. 
Others are at Minden, Lucerne, Lubeck, 
Dresden, and the north side of old St. 
Paul's. 

Elsie. What are these paintings on the walls around nsl 
Prince. "The Dance Macaber" . . . "The Dance of 
Death." 
Longfellow: The Golden Legend (1851). 

Macaire (Le Chevalier Richard), a 
French knight, who, aided by lieutenant 
Landry, murdered Aubry de Montdidier 
in the forest of Bondy, in 1371. Mont- 
didier's dog, named Dragon, showed 
such an aversion to Macaire, that sus- 
picion was aroused, and the man and 
dog were pitted to single combat. The 
result was fatal to the man, who died 
confessing his guilt. See the Chanson de 
Geste (twelfth century). 

There are two French plays on the 
subject, one entitled Le Chien de Mont- 
argis, and the other Le Chien d 'Aubry. 
The former of these has been adapted tr 
the English stage. Dragon was call***! 
Chien de Montargis, because the assassi- 
nation took place near this castle, and 
was depicted in the great hall over the 
chimney-piece. 

N.B. — In the English drama, the sash 
of the murdered man is found in the 
possession of lieutenant Macaire, and is 
recognized by Ursula, who worked the 
sword-knot, and gave it to captain Aubri, 
who was her sweetheart. Macaire then 
confessed the crime. His accomplice, 
lieutenant Landry, trying to escape, was 
seized by the dog Dragon, and bitten to 
death. 

H For a similar dog-tale, see Talis- 
man. 

The story Is contained in the Chanson de Geste of 
the twelfth century, and is called La reine Sibile. 

Macaire {Robert), a cant name for a 
Frenchman. 

MacAlpine (Jeanie), landlady of 
the Clachan o JAberfoyle.— Sir W. Scott: 
Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Macamut, a sultan of Cambaya, who 
lived so much upon poison that his very 
breath and touch were fatal. — Pure has : 
Pilgrimage (1613). 

MacAnaleister (Eachin), a follower 
of Rob Roy— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Macare (2 syl.), the impersonation of 
good temper — Voltaire: Theleme and 
Mmcmre (an allegory). 



Macaulay (Angus), a Highland chief 
in the army of the earl of Montrose. 

Allan Macaulay or ' ' Alfcui of the Red 
Hand," brother of Angus. Allan is "a 
seer," in love with Annot Lyle. He 
stabs the earl of Menteith on the eve of 
his marriage, out of jealousy, but thi 
earl recovers and marries Annot Lyle.- 
Sir W. Scott: Legend of Montrose \\k~- 
Charles I.). 

Macbeth', son of Sinel thane 
Glamis, and grandson of Malcolm L 
by his second daughter ; the eldei 
daughter married Crynin, father of Dun- 
can who succeeded his grandfather on 
the throne. Hence king Duncan and 
Macbeth were cousins. Duncan, staying 
as a guest with Macbeth at the castle of 
Inverness (1040), was murdered by his 
host who then usurped the crown. The 
bame which Macbeth had just won was 
M»*s : Sueno king of Norway had landed 
tfith an army in Fife, for the purpose of 
invading Scotland ; Macbeth and Banquo 
were sent against him, and defeated him 
with such loss, that only ten men of all 
his army escaped alive. Macbeth wa! 
promised by the witches (1) that none ot 
woman born should kill him ; and (2) 
that he should not die till Birnam Wood 
removed to Dunsinane. He was slain in 
battle by Macduff, who was "from his 
mother's womb untimely ripped ; " and 
as for the moving wood, the soldiers of 
Macduff, in their march to Dunsinane, 
were commanded to carry boughs of the 
forest before them, to conceal their 
numbers. 

Lady Macbeth, wife of Macbeth, a 
woman of great ambition and inexorable 
will. When her husband told her that 
the witches prophesied he should be king, 
she induced him to murder Duncan, who 
was at the time their guest. She would 
herself have done it, but "he looked in 
sleep so like her father that she could 
not." However, when Macbeth had 
murdered the king, she felt no scruple in 
murdering the two grooms that slept 
with him, and throwing the guilt on 
them. After her husband was crowned, 
she was greatly troubled by dreams, and 
used to walk in her sleep, trying to rub 
from her hands imaginary stains of blood. 
She died, probably by her own hand.— 
Shakespeare : Macbeth (1606). 

She is a terrible Impersonation of evil passions and 
mighty powers, never so far removed from our own 
nature as to be cast beyond the pale of our sympathy ; 
for she remains a woman to the last, and is always 
linked with her sex and with humanity. — Mrs. 
Jameson. 



MAC BRIAR. 647 

N.B.— C. Dibdin says "that though 
' lady Macbeth ' had been frequently well 
performed, no actress, not even Mrs. 
Barry, could in the smallest degree be 
compared to Mrs. Betterton." Mrs. Sid- 
dons calls Mrs. Pritchard "the greatest 
of all the ' lady Macbeths ; ' " but Mrs. 
Siddons herself was so great in this 
character, that in the sleep-walking 
scene, in her farewell performance, the 
whole audience stood on the benches, and 
demanded that the performance should 
end with that scene. Since then, Helen 
Faucit has been the best "lady Mac- 
beth." Mrs. Betterton (died 1712) ;Mrs. 
Barry (1682-1733) ; Mrs. Pritchard (1711- 
1768) ; Mrs. Siddons (1755-1831) ; Helen 
Faucit (born 1820). 

(Dr. Lardner says that the name of lady 
Macbeth was Graoch, and that she was 
the daughter of Kenneth IV.) 

MacBriar (Ephraim), an enthusiast 
and a preacher. — Sir W. Scott: Old Mor- 
tality (time, Charles II.). 

Mac'cabee {Father), the name as- 
sumed by king Roderick after his de- 
thronement. — Southey: Roderick, the Last 
of the Goths (1814). 

MacCall urn (Dougal), the auld butler 
of sir Robert Redgauntlet, introduced in 
Wandering Willie's story. — Sir W. Scott: 
Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

MacCandlish (Mrs.), landlady of 
the Gordon Arms inn at Kippletringan. — 
Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

MacCasqu.il (Mr.), of Drumquag, a 
relation of 1 Mrs. Margaret Bertram. — Sir 
IV. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George 

MacClioak'umchild, schoolmaster 
at Coketcwn. A man crammed with facts. 
" He and some 140 other schoolmasters 
had been lately turned at the same time, 
in the same factory, on the same prin- 
ciples, like so many pianoforte legs." — 
Dickens: Hard Times (1854). 

MacCombich. (Evan Dhu), foster- 
brother of Fergus M'lvor, both of whom 
were sentenced to death at Carlisle. — 
Sir W. Scott: Waverley (time, George 

MacCombich (Robin Oig) or 
M'Gregor, a Highland drover, who stabs 
Harry Wakefield, and is found guilty at 
Carlisle. —Sir W. Scott: The Two 
Drovers (time, George III./. 



MACFITTOCH. 



MacCrosskie (Deacon), of Creoch 
stone, a neighbour of the laird of Ellan- 
gowan. — Sir IV. Scott ; Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

MacDonald's Breed (Lord), vermin 
or human parasites. Lord MacDonald, 
son of the " Lord of the Isles," once made 
a raid on the mainland. He and his fol- 
lowers dressed themselves in the clothes 
of the plundered party, but their own 
rags were so full of vermin that no one 
was poor enough to covet them. 

MacDougal of Lorn, a Highland 
chief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
Scott : Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 
I.). 

Macduff, thane of Fife in the time 
of Edward the Con'fessor. One of the 
witches told Macbeth to " beware of the 
thane of Fife," but another added that 
'* none of woman born should have power 
to harm him." Macduff was at this 
moment in England, raising an army to 
dethrone Macbeth, and place Malcolm 
(son of Duncan) on the throne. Macbeth 
did not know of his absence, but with a 
view of cutting him off, attacked his 
castle, and slew lady Macduff with all 
her children. Having raised an army, 
Macduff led it to Dunsinane, where a 
furious battle ensued. Macduff encoun- 
tered Macbeth, and being told by the 
king that " none of woman born could 

f>revail against him," replied that he 
Macduff) was not born of a woman, but 
was taken from his mother's womb by the 
Caesarian operation. Whereupon they 
fought, and Macbeth fell.— Shakespeare : 
Macbeth (1606). 

MacEag-h. (Ranald), one of the 
" Children of the Mist," and an outlaw. 
Ranald is the foe of Allan Macaulay. 

Kenneth M'Eagh, grandson of Ranald 
M'Eagh.— Sir W. Scott: Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Macedonicus, iEmilius Paulus, 
conqueror of Perseus (b.c. 230-160). 

Macfie, the laird of Gudgeonford, a 
neighbour of the laird of Ellangowan.— 
Sir IV. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Macfin (Miles), the cadie in the 
Canongate, Edinburgh. — Sir W. Scott; 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

MacFittoch, (Mr.), the dancing- 
master at Middlemas. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George 



MACFLECKNOE. 



O48 



MACINTYRE. 



MacFleck'noe, in Dryden's satire so 
called, is meant for Thomas Shadwell, 
who was promoted to the office of poet- 
laureate. The design of Dryden's poem 
is to represent the inauguration of one 
dullard as successor of another in the 
monarchy of nonsense. R. Flecknoe was 
an Irish priest and hackney poet of no 
reputation, and Mac is Celtic for son; 
4 ' MacFlecknoe " means the son of the 
poetaster so named. Flecknoe, seeking 
for a successor to his own dulness, selects 
Shadwell to bear his mantle. 

Shadwell alone my perfect image bears. 
Mature in dulness from his tender years ; . . . 
The rest to some faint meaning make pretence. 
Bat Shadwell never deviates into sense. 

Dryden : MacFlecknoe (a satire, 1682). 



An ordinary reader would scarcely suppose that Shad* 
"»y MacFle< ' 
being chastised ; and that Dryden, descending to such 



well, who is here meant by lyiacFlecknoe, was worth 



game, was like an eagle stooping to catch flies. But the 
truth is, that Shadwell at ono time held divided repu- 
tation with this great poet. Every age produces its 
fashionable dunces, who . . . supply talkative ignor- 
ance with materials for conversation. — Goldsmith: 
Beauties of English Poets (1767). 

MacG-rainer {Master), a dissenting 
minister at Kippletringan. — Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

MacGregor {Rob Roy) or Robert 
Campbell, the outlaw. He was a 
Highland freebooter. 

Helen M'Gregor, Rob Roy's wife. 

Hamish and Robert Oig, the sons of 
Rob Roy.— Sir W. Scott : Rob Roy (time, 
George I.). 

MacGregor, or Robin Oig M'Com- 
bich, a Highland drover, who stabbed 
Harry Wakefield at an ale-house. Being 
tried at Carlisle for the murder, he was 
found guilty and condemned. — Sir W, 
Scott: The Two Drovers (time, George 
III.). 

MacGruther {Sandie), a beggar 
imprisoned by Mr. Godfrey Bertram 
laird of Ellangowan. — Sir W. Scott : Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

MacGufFog {David), keeper of Por- 
tanferry prison. 

Mrs. M'Guffog, David's wife.— Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George II. ). 

Macham {Robert), the discoverer of 
Madeira Island, to which he was driven 
while eloping with his lady-love (a.d. 
1344). The lady soon died, and the 
mariners made off with the ship. Mac- 
ham, after his mourning was over, made 
a rude boat out of a tree, and, with two or 
three men, putting forth to sea, landed on 
the shores of Africa. The Rev. W. L. 
Bowles has made the marvellous adven- 



tures of Robert Macham the subject art 
a poem ; and Drayton, in his Polyolbion, 
xix., has devoted twenty-two lines to the 
same subject 

Macheatfc. {Captain), captain of a 
gang of highwaymen ; a fine, bold-faced 
ruffian, " game" to the very last. He is 
married to Polly Peachum, but finds 
himself dreadfully embarrassed between 
Polly his wife, and Lucy to whom he has 
promised marriage. Being betrayed by 
eight women at a drinking bout, the 
captain is lodged in Newgate, but Lucy 
effects his escape. He is recaptured, 
tried, and condemned to death ; but 
being reprieved, acknowledges Polly to 
be his wife, and promises to remain con- 
stant to her for the future. — Gay: The 
Beggar's Opera (1727). 

Men will not become highwaymen because Macheattk 
is acquitted on the stage.— Dr. Johnson. 

(T. Walker was the original " Mac- 
heath," but Charles Hulet (1701-1736) 
was allowed to excel him. O'Keefe says 
West Digges (1720-1786) was the best 
" Macheath" he ever saw in person, song, 
and manners. Incledon (1764-1826) per- 
formed the part well, and in 1821 Miss 
Blake delighted play-goers by her pretty 
imitation of the highwayman. ) 

Machiavelli {Niccolo dei), of Flo- 
rence, author of a book called The 
Prince, the object of which is to show 
that all is fair in diplomacy, as well as in 
" love and war" (1469-1527). 

Machiavellism, political cunning and 
duplicity, the art of tricking and over- 
reaching by diplomacy. 

N.B. — Tiberius, the Roman emperor, 
is called "The Imperial Machiavelli" 
(b.c. 42 to A.D. 37). Louis XI. used to 
say, " He who knows not how to gammon 
knows not how to govern." 

Marfan {Gilchrist), father of Ian 
Eachin M'lan. 

Ian Eachin (or Hector) Mian, called 
Conachar, chief of the clan Quhele, son of 
Gilchrist M'lan. Hector is old Glover's 
Highland apprentice, and casts himself 
down a precipice, because Catharine 
Glover loves Henry Smith better than 
himself.— Sir W. Scott : Fair Maid of ■ 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Madid ny, or Mhich Connel Dhu, a 
Highland chief in the army of Montrose. 
— Sir W. Scott: Legend of Montrose 
(time, Charles I.). 

Maclntyre (Maria), niece of Mr. 
Jonathan Oldbuck " the antiquary." 



MACIVOR. 



649 



MACROBII. 



Captain Hector M'Intyre, nephew of 
Mr. Jonathan Oldbuck, and brother of 
Maria M'Intyre.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Maclvor {Fergus), or "Vich Ian 
Vbhr," chief of Glennaquoich. He is 
executed. 

Flora M'/vor, sister of Fergus, and the 
heroine of Waverley. — Sir W. Scott: 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Mackitchinson, landlord at the 
Queen's Ferry inn.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Macklin. The real name of this great 
actor was Charles MacLaughlin ; but he 
dropped the middle syllable when he 
came to England (1690-1797). 

Macklin (Sir), a priest who preached 
to Tom and Bob and Billy, on the 
sinfulness of walking on Sundays. At 
his "sixthly" he said, "Ha, ha, I see 
you raise your hands in agony 1 " They 
certainly had raised their hands, for they 
were yawning. At his " twenty-firstly " 
he cried, " Ho, ho, I see you bow your 
heads in heartfelt sorrow 1 ' Truly they 
bowed their heads, for they were sleeping. 
Still on he preached and thumped his hat, 
when the bishop, passing by, cried, "Bosh!" 
and walked him off.— Gilbert : The Bab 
Ballads ("Sir Macklin "). 

Maclean {Sir Hector), a Highland 
chief in the army of Montrose. — Sir W. 
Scott: Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 

Macleary ( Widow), landlady of the 
Tully Veolan village ale-house. — Sir W. 
Scott: Waverley (time, George II.). 

MacLeish (Donald), postilion to Mrs. 
BethuneBalioL— Sir W. Scott: Highland 
Widow (time, George II.). 

Macleod (Colin or Cawdie), a Scotch- 
man, one of the house-servants of lord 
Abberville, entrusted with the financial 
department of his lordship's household. 
Most strictly honest and economical, 
Colin Macleod is hated by his fellow- 
servants, and, having been in the service 
of the family for many years, tries to 
check his young master on his road to 
ruin, 

V The object of the author in this 
character is "to weed out the unmanly 
prejudice of Englishmen against the 
Scotch," as the object of The Jew 
(another drama) was to weed out the 
prejudice of Christians against that much- 



maligned people. — Cumberland: The 

Fashionable Lover (1780). 

Macleuchar ( Mrs. ), book-keeper at 
the coach-office in Edinburgh. — Sir W. 
Scott : The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Macliouis, captain of the king's 
guard. — Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Maclnre (Elizabeth), an old widow 
and a covenanter.— Sir W. Scott: Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

MacMorlan (Mr.), deputy-sheriff, 
and guardian to Lucy Bertram. 

Mrs. M'Morlan, his wife. — Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

MacMurrongh, " Nan Fonn," the 
family bard at Glennaquoich to Fergus 
M'lvor. — Sir W.Scott: Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Ma'coma', a good and wise genius, 
who protects the prudent and pious 
against the wiles of all evil genii. — Sir 
C. Morell [J. Ridley] : Tales of the Genii 
(" The Enchanter's Tale," vi, 1751). 

Macon, same as Mahoun, that is 
Mahomet. Mecca, the birthplace of Ma. 
hornet, is sometimes called Macon in 
poetry. 

" Praised," quoth ho, " be Macon, whom we serve." 
Fair/ax. 

MacPhadraick (Miles), a Highland 
officer under Barcaldine or captain Camp- 
bell.— Sir W. Scott: The Highland 
Widow (time, George II.). 

Macraw (Francie), an old domestic 
at the earl of Glenallan's. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Macready (Pate), a pedlar, the friend 
of Andrew Fairservice gardener at Osbal- 
distone Hall.— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Mac'reons, the British. Great 

Britain is the " Island of the Macreons." 
The word is a Greek compound, meaning 
" long-lived," " because no one is put to 
death there for his religious opinions." 
Rabelais says the island "is full of 
antique ruins and relics of popery and 
ancient superstitions." — Rabelais: Pan- 
tag* ruel (1545). 

".■ Rabelais describes the persecutions 
which the Reformers met with as a storm 
at sea, in which Pantagruel and his fleet 
were tempest-tossed. 

M.icro'bii ["the long-lived"], an 
Ethiopian race, said to live to 120 years 



MACROTHUMUS. 



650 



MACTAVISH MHOR. 



and upwards. They axe the handsomest 
and tallest of all men, as well as the 
longest-lived. 

Macroth'iinms, Long-suffering per- 
sonified. Fully described in canto x. 
(Greek, makrothumia, "long-suffering.") 
—P. Fletcher: The Purple Island (1633). 

MacSarcasm (Sir Arthur), " a 
proud Caledonian knight, whose tongue, 
like the dart of death, spares neither sex 
nor age. . . . His insolence of family and 
licentiousness of wit gained him the con- 
tempt of every one" (act i. 1). Sir 
Archy tells Charlotte, "In the house of 
M 'Sarcasm are twa barons, three vis- 
counts, six earls, ane marquisate, and 
twa dukes, besides baronets and lairds 
oot o' a' reckoning " (act i. 1). He makes 
love to Charlotte Goodchild, but, thinking 
that she has lost her fortune, he declares 
to her that he has just received letters 
" frae the dukes, the marquis, and a' the 
dignitaries of the family . . . expressly 
prohibiting the contamination of the 
blood of the M 'Sarcasms wi' onything 
sprung from a hogshead or a coonting- 
house" (act ii. 1). 

The man has something droll, something ridiculous 
about him. His abominable Scotch accent, his 
grotesque visage almost buried in snuff, the roll of his 
eyes and twist of his mouth, his strange inhuman laugh, 
his tremendous periwig, and his manners altogether- 
why, one might take him for a mountebank doctor at a 
Dutch fair.— Macklin : Love a-la-Mode, act i. 1 (1779). 

Sir Archy' s Great-grandmother. Sir 
Archy insisted on fighting sir Callaghan 
O'Brallaghan on a point of ancestry. The 
Scotchman said that the Irish are a 
colony from Scotland, "an ootcast, a 
mere ootcast." The Irishman retorted 
by saying that " one MacFergus O'Bral- 
laghan went from Carrickfergus, and 
peopled all Scotland with his own hands." 
Charlotte Goodchild interposed, and 
asked the cause of the contention ; where- 
upon sir Callaghan replied, " Madam, it 
is about sir Archy's great-grandmother" 
(act i. 1). — Macklin: Love d-la-Mode 
(i779)- 

We shall not now stay to quarrel about fir Archy's 
great -grandmother. — Macpherson : Dissertation upon 
Ossian. 

(Boaden says, " To Covent Garden, 
G. F. Cooke [1746-1812] was a great 
acquisition, as he was a 'Shylock,' an 
4 Iago,' a ' Kitely,' a ' sir Archy,' and a 
•sir Pertinax' {Mac Sycophant]." Leigh 
Hunt says that G. F. Cooke was a new 
kind of Macklin, and, like him, excelled 
in "Shylock" and "sir Archy M'Sar- 
casm.") 



MacSillergxip, 

roker, in search of 



"Shylock" in the Merchant of Venice (Shake* 
speare) ; " Iago " in Othello (Shakespeare) ; " Kitely " 
in Every Man in His Humour (B. Jonson) ; " sit 
Archy " that is, "M 'Sarcasm; " "sir Pertinax McSjrco- 
phant " in The Man of the World (Macklin). 

Scotch pawn- 
broker, in search of Robin Scrawkey, his 
runaway apprentice, whom he pursues 
upstairs and assails with blows. 

Mrs. M'Sillergrip, the pawnbroker's 
wife, always in terror lest the manager 
should pay her indecorous attentions. — 
Charles Mathew (At home, in Multiple). 

The skill with which Mathews [1775-1835] carried on 
a conversation between these three persons produced 
a most astonishing effect.— Contemporary Paper. 

MacStin'g'er {Mrs.), a widow who 
kept lodgings at No. 9, Brig Place, on 
the brink of a canal near the India Docks. 
Captain Cuttle lodged there. Mrs. Mac- 
Stinger was a termagant, and rendered 
the captain's life miserable. He was 
afraid of her, and, although her lodger, 
was her slave. When her son Alexander 
was refractory, Mrs MacStinger used to 
beat him well and then seat him on a 
paving-stone to cool ! She contrived to 
make captain Bunsby her second husband. 
— Dickens: Dombey and Son (1846). 

MacSyc'ophant (Sir Pertinax), the 
hot-headed, ambitious father of Charles 
Egerton. His love for Scotland is very 
great, and he is continually quarrelling 
with his family because they do not hold 
his country in sufficient reverence. 

I raised it [my fortune] by booing ... I never 
could stand straight in the presence of a great mon, 
but always booed, and booed, and booed, as it were 
by instinct.— Act Hi. x (1764). 

Charles Egerton M'Sycophant, son of 
sir Pertinax. Egerton was the mother's 
name. Charles Egerton marries Con- 
stantia. — Macklin: The Man of the 
World (1764). 

Mactab (The Hon. Miss Lucretia), 
sister of lord Lofty, and sister-in-law of 
lieutenant Worthington " the poor gentle- 
man." Miss Lucretia was an old maid, 
"stiff as a ramrod." Being very poor, 
she allowed the lieutenant " the honour 
of maintaining her," for which "she 
handsomely gave him her countenance ; " 
but when the lieutenant was obliged to 
discontinue his hospitality, she resolved 
to " countenance a tobacconist of Glas- 
gow, who was her sixteenth cousin."— 
Colman : The Poor Gentleman (1802). 

MacTavish Mhor or Hamish 
M'Tavish, a Highland outlaw. 
Elspat M' Tavish, or " The Woman ol 



MACTURK. 



MADOC. 



the Tree," widow of M'Tavish Mhor ; 
" the Highland widow " 

Hamish Bean M'Tavish, son of Elspat 
M'Tavish. He joins a Highland regi- 
ment, and goes to visit his mother, who 
gives him a sleeping draught to detain 
him. As he does not join his regiment in 
time, he is arrested for desertion, tried, 
and shot at Dunbarton Castle ; and Elspat 
goes mad.— Sir W. Scolt : The Highland 
Widow (time, George II.). 

M acTur k ( Captain Mungo or Hector), 
" the man of peace," in the managing 
committee of the Spa hotel. — Sir W. 
Scott; St. Ronaris Well (time, George 
III.). 

MacVittie (Ephraim), a Glasgow 
merchant, one of Osbaldistone's creditors. 
— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy (time, George 
I.). 

MacWheeble {Duncan), bailie at 
Tully Veolan to the baron of Bradwar- 
dine.— Sir W. Scott: Waver ley (time, 
George II.). 

Mad. The Bedlam of Belgium is 
Gheel, where madmen reside in the houses 
of the inhabitants, generally one in each 
family. 

Dymphna, a woman of rank, was mur- 
dered by her father for resisting his 
incestuous passion, and became the 
tutelar saint of those stricken in spirit. 
A shrine in time rose in her honour, 
which for ten centuries has been con- 
secrated to the relief of mental diseases. 
This was the origin of the insane colony 
of Gheel. 

Mad Cavalier (The), prince Rupert 
of Bavaria, nephew of Charles I. Noted 
for his rash courage and impetuosity 
(1619-1682). 

Mad Lover {The), a drama by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (before 1618). 
The name of the "mad lover " is Mem- 
non, who is general of Astorax king of 
Paphos. 

Mad Poet (The), Nathaniel Lee 
(1657-1690). 

Madasi'ma (Queen), an important 
character in the old romance called Am'- 
adis de Gaul; her constant attendant was 
Elis'abat, a famous surgeon, with whom 
she roamed in solitary retreats. 

Madeline, the heroine of lord 
Lytton's Eugene Arast, a novel (1831). 

Mad'elon, cousin of Cathos, and 



daughter of Gor'gibus a plain citizen of 
the middle rank of life. (See Cathos, p. 
188.) — Moliere: Les Pricieuses Ridicules 
(1659). 

Mademoiselle. What is understood 
by this word when it stands alone is 
Mile, de Montpensier, daughter of Gas- 
ton due d' Orleans, and cousin of Louis 
XIV. 

Anne Marie Louise d'Orleans, duchesse de Mont- 
pensier, connue sous le nom de Mademoiselle, nee a 
Paris, 1637 ; m. 1693 i 6 (a it fille de Gaston d'Orleans 
frere de Louis XlII.—Bouillet. 

Mademoiselle, the French lady's- 
maid waiting on lady Fanciful ; full of 
the grossest flattery, and advising her 
ladyship to the most unwarrantable in- 
trigues. Lady Fanciful says, "The 
French are certainly the prettiest and 
most obliging people. They say the 
most acceptable, well-mannered things, 
and never flatter." When induced to 
do what her conscience and education 
revolted at, she would playfully rebuke 
Mile, with, " Ah ! la mechante 
Francoise ! " to which Mile, would 
respond, " Ah ! la belle Anglaise I " — 
Vanbrugh: The Provoked Wife (1697). 

Madge Wildfire, the insane daugh- 
ter of old Meg Murdochson the gipsy 
thief. Madge was a beautiful but giddy 
girl, whose brain was crazed by seduction 
and the murder of her infant. — Sir W. 
Scott; Heart of Midlothian (time, George 

Madman (Macedonia's), Alexander 
the Great (b.c. 356, 33°-3 2 3)- 

Heroes are much the same, the point's agreed, 
From Macedonia's Madman to the Swede {Charles 
X1I.\ 

Poft : Essay on Man, to. 2x9 (1733). 
How vain, how worse than vain, at length appear 
The madman's wish, the Macedonian tear I 
He wept for worlds to conquer ; half the earth 
Knows not his name, or but his death and birth. 
Byron : Age o/Bronxe (1819). 

The Brilliant Madman, Charles XII. 
of Sweden (1682, 1697-17x8). 

The Madman of the North, Charles 
XII. of Sweden (1682, 1697-1718). 

The Worst of Madmen. 

For Virtue's self may too much zeal be had j 
The worst of madmen is a saint run mad. 

Pofe: Imitations 0/ Horace, vi. (1730). 

Ma'doo, youngest son of Owain 
Gwynedd king of North Wales (who 
died 1 169). He is called " The Perfect 
Prince," " The Lord of Ocean," and is the 
very beau-ideal of a hero. Invincible, 
courageous, strong, and daring, but 
amiable, merciful, and tender-hearted ; 
most pious, but without bigotry ; most 



MADOR. 



«S» 



MAGGY. 






wise, but without dogmatism ; most 
provident and far-seeing. He left his 
native country in 1170, and ventured 
on the ocean to discover a new world ; 
his vessels reached America, and he 
founded a settlement near the Missouri. 
Having made an alliance with the 
Az'tecas, he returned to Wales for a fresh 
supply of colonists, and conducted six 
ships in safety to the new settlement, 
called Caer-Madoc. War soon broke out 
between the natives and the strangers ; 
but the white men proving the con- 
querors, the Az'tecas migrated to Mexico. 
On one occasion, being set upon from 
ambush, Madoc was chained by one foot 
to " the stone of sacrifice," and consigned 
to fight with six volunteers. His first 
opponent was Ocell'opan, whom he slew ; 
his next was Tlalala "the tiger," but 
during this contest Cadwallon came to 
the rescue. — Southey : Madoc (1805). 

. . . Madoc 
Put forth his wdl-rigged fleet to seek him foreign 

ground, 
And sailed west so long until that world he found . . . 
Long ere Columbus lived. 

Drayton : Ptlyolbion, be. (1612). 

Mador (Sir), a Scotch knight, who 
accused queen Guinever of having 
poisoned his brother. Sir Launcelot du 
Lac challenged him to single combat, 
and overthrew him; for which service 
king Arthur gave the queen's champion 
La Joyeuse Garde as a residence. 

Tvlaeee'nas (Caius Cilnius), a wealthy 
Roman nobleman, friend of Augustus, 
and liberal patron of Virgil, Horace, 
Propertius, and other men of genius. 
His name has become proverbial for a 
"munificent friend of literature" (died 
B.C. 8). 

Are you not called a theatrical quidnunc and a mock 
Maecenas to second-hand authors 1— Sheridan : The 
Critic, L i (1779). 

Maenad, a Bacchant, plu. Maenads 
or Mse'nades (3 syl.). So called from 
the Greek, mainomai ("to be furious "), 
because they acted like mad women in 
their "religious" festivals. 

Among the boughs did swelling Bacchus ride. 
Whom wild-grown Maenads bore. 

P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, vil (1633). 

Mseon'ides (4 syl.). Homer is so 

called, either because he was son of 
Maeon, or because he was a native of 
Maeon'ia (Lydia). He is also called 
Mesonius Senex, and his poems Mceonian 
l*ys. 



Meeviad, a satire by Gifford, on the 
Delia Cruscan school of poetry (pub- 
lished 1796). The word is from Virgil's 
Bucolics. 

Qui Bavium non odit, amet tua carmina, Maevi, 
Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos. 

Virgil: Bucolics, iii. 90, 91. 
Who hates not Bavius, or on Maevius dotes. 
Should plough with foxes, or should m '" 



When great Maeonides, in rapid song. 
The thundering tide of battle rolls along. 
Each ravished bosom feels the high alarms, 



all the burning pulses beat to arms. 

Falamer; The SMifwreck, iii. 1 (1756). 



Maevius, any vile poet. (See Ba- 
vius, p. 97.) 

But if fond Bavius vent his clouted song. 
Or Maevius chant his thoughts in brothel charm. 

The witless vulgar, in a numerous throng, 

Like summer flies about the dunghill swarm . . . 

Who hates not one may he the other love. 

P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, i. (1633). 

Magalo'na (The Fair), daughter of 
the king of Naples. She is the heroine 
of an old romance of chivalry, originally 
written in French, but translated into 
Spanish in the fifteenth century. Cer- 
vantes alludes to this romance in Don 
Quixote. The main incident of the story 
turns on a flying horse made by Merlin, 
which came into the possession of Peter 
of Provence. — The History of the Fair 
Magalona and Peter Son of the Count of 
Provence. 

' .' Tieck has reproduced the history 
of Magalona in German (1773-1853). 

Mage Negro King, Gaspar king of 
Tarshish, a black Ethiop, and tallest of 
the three Magi. His offering was myrrh, 
indicative of death. 

As the Mage negro king to Christ the babe. 

R. Browning' : Luria, L, 

Maggots of the Brain. Swift 
says it was the opinion of certain virtuosi 
that the brain is filled with little maggots, 
and that thought is produced by their 
biting the nerves. 

To tickle the maggot born in an empty head. 

Tennyson : Maud, II. t, $, 

Maggy, the half-witted grand 
daughter of Little Dorrit's nurse. She 
had had a fever at the age of ten, from 
ill-treatment, and her mind and intellect 
never went beyond that period. Thus, if 
asked her age, she always replied, * ' Ten ; " 
and she always repeated the last two or 
three words of what was said to her. 
She called Amy Dorrit " Little Mother." 

She was about eight and twenty, with large bones, 
large features, large feet and hands, large eyes, and no 
hair. Her large eyes were limpid and almost colour- 
less ; they seemed to be very little affected by light, 
and to stand unnaturally still. There was also that 
attentive listening expression in her face, which is seea 
in the faces of the blind ; but she was not blind, having 
one tolerably serviceable eye. Her face was not ex- 
ceedingly ugly, being redeemed by a smile. ... A 
groat white cap, with a quantity of opaque frilling . . . 
apologized for Maggy's baldness, and made it so dif- 
ficult for her old black bonnet to retain its place upon 



MAGL 

her head, that it held on round her neck like a gipsy's 
baby. . . . The rest of her dress resembled sea-weed, 
with here and there a gigantic tea-leaf. Her shawl 
looked like a huge tea-leaf after long infusion.— 
Dickens: Little Dorrit, ix. (1857). 

Magi or Three kings of Cologne, the 
M wise men from the East," who followed 
the guiding star to the manger in Beth- 
lehem with offerings. Melchior king of 
Nubia, the shortest of the three. He 
offered gold, indicative of royalty ; 
Balthazar king of Chaldea offered frank- 
incense, indicative of divinity ; andGaspar 
king of Tarshish, a black Ethiop, the 
tallest of the three, offered myrrh, 
symbolic of death. 

(Melchior means "king of light ; " Bal- 
thazar, " lord of treasures ; " and Gaspar 
or Caspar, " the white one.") 

N.B.— Klopstock, in his Messiah, 
makes the Magi six in number, and 
gives the names as Hadad, Selima, Zimri, 
Mirja, Beled, and Sunith. — Bk. v. (1771). 

Magic Garters. No horse can keep 
up with a man furnished with these gar- 
ters. They are made thus : Strips of the 
skin of a young hare are cut two inches 
wide, and some motherwort, gathered in 
the first degree of the sign Capricorn and 
partially dried, is sewn into these strips, 
which are then folded in two. The 
garters are to be worn as other garters. — 
Les Secrets Merveilleux de Petit Albert, 
138. 

Were It not for my magic garters, . . . 
I should not continue the business long. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend (1851). 

Magic Rings, like that of Gyges 
king of Lydia. Plato in his Republic, and 
Cicero in his Offices, say the ring was 
found in the flanks of a horse of brass. 
Those who wore it became invisible. By 
means of this ring, Gyges entered the 
chamber of CandaulSs, and murdered 
him. 

Magic Staff ( The). This staff would 

guarantee the bearer from all the perils 
and mishaps incidental to travellers. No 
robber nor wild beast, no mad dog, 
venomous animal, nor accident, could 
hurt its possessor. The staff consisted of 
a willow branch, gathered on the eve of 
All Saints' Day ; the pith being removed, 
two eyes of a young wolf, the tongue 
and heart of a dog, three green lizards, 
the hearts of three swallows, seven leaves 
of vervain gathered on the eve of John 
the Baptist's Day, and a stone taken 
from a lapwing's nest, were inserted in 
the place of the pith. The toe of the 
staff was furnished with an iron ferrule : 



<J3 



MAGNANO. 



and the handle was of box, or any other 
material, according to fancy. — Les Secrets 
Merveilleux de Petit Albert, 130. 

Were it not for my magic . . . staff, 
I should not continue the business long. 

Longfellow: The Golden Legend (rs^x). 

Magic Wands. The hermit gave 
Charles the Dane and Ubaldo a wand, 
which, being shaken, infused terror into 
all who saw it. — Tasso: Jerusalem De- 
livered (1575). 

1T The palmer who accompanied sir 
Guy on had a wand of like virtue. It 
was made of the same wood as Mercury's 
caduceus. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii. 
(1590). 

Magician of the North (The), sir 
Walter Scott (1771-1832). 

How beautifully has the magician «f th« North de- 
scribed "The Field of Waterloo " \—L*ri Unnox : 
Celebrities, etc., I. 16. 

IF Johann Georg Hamann of Prussia 
called himself "The Magician of the 
North" (1730-1788). 

Magliabechi, the greatest book- 
worm that ever lived. He devoured 
books, and never forgot anything he had 
read. He had also so exact a memory, 
that he could tell the precise place and 
shelf of a book, as well as the volume and 
page of any passage required. He was 
the librarian of the great-duke Cosmo III. 
His usual dinner was three hard-boiled 
eggs and a draught of water (1633-1714). 

Magntn, the coquette of Astracan. 

Though naturally handsome, she used erery art to set 
off her beauty. Not a word proceeded from her mouth 
that was not studied. To counterfeit a violent passion, 
to sigh d propos, to make an attractive gesture, to 
trifle agreeably, and collect the various graces of dumb 
eloquence into a smile, were the arts in which she 
excelled. She spent hours before her glass in deciding 
how a curl might be made to hang loose upon her neck 
to the greatest advantage ; how to open and shut her 
lips so as best to show her teeth without affectation— 
to turn her face full or otherwise, as occasion might 
require. She looked on herself with ceaseless admira- 
tion, and always admired most the works of her own 
hand in improving on the beauty which nature had 
bestowed on her.— Gueulett* : Chines* Tales ("Mag 
mu,"i733). 

Magnanimous ( The), Alfonso V. of 

Aragon (1385, 1416-1458). 

Khosru or Chosroes, the twenty-first of 
the Sassanldes, was surnamed Noushir- 
wan (" Magnanimous") (*, 513-579). 

Magnano, one of the leaders of the 
rabble that attacked Hudibras at a bear- 
baiting. The character is designed for 
Simeon Wait, a tinker, as famous an 
independent preacher as Burroughs. He 
used to style Cromwell ' ' the archangel 
who did battle with the deviL"— S, 
Butler: Hudibras, L a (1663)1 



MAGNETIC MOUNTAIN. 654 

Magnetic Mountain ( The). This 
mountain drew out all the nails and iron 
bolts of any ship which approached it, 
thus causing it to fall to pieces. 

This mountain is very steep, and on the summit is a 
large dome made of fine bronze, which is supported 
upon columns of the same metal. On the top of the 
dome there is a bronze horse with the figure of a man 
upon it, ■* . . There is a tradition that this statue is the 
principal cause of the loss of so many vessels and men, 
and that it will never cease from being destructive . . . 
till it be overthrown.— Arabian Nights (" The Third 
Calender "). 

Magnificent (The), Khosru or Chos- 
roes I. of Persia (*, 531-579). 

Lorenzo de Medici (1448-1492). 

Robert due de Normandie ; called Le 
Diable also (*, X028-1035). 

Soliman I., greatest of the Turkish 
sultans (1493, 1530-1566). 

Magnus (Mr. Peter), the hero of an 
episode in the Pickwick Papers by Dickens 
(1836). 

Magog, according to Ezek. xxxviii., 
xxxix., was a country of people over 
whom Gog was prince. Some say the 
Goths are meant, others the Persians, 
others the Scythians or the northern 
nations of Europe generally. 

N.B. — Sale says that Magog is the 
tribe called by Ptolemy "Gilan," and by 
Strabo " Geli " or " Gelae." — Al Kordn, 
xxviii. note. (See Gog, p. 433.) 

Ma'gog, one of the princes of Satan, 
whose ambition is to destroy hell. 

Magonnce (2 syl. ), Arundel Castle. 

She drew southward unto the sea-side, till, by fortune, 
she came to a castle called Magounce, and now is 
called Arundell, in Southsex.— Sir T. Malory: History 
of Print* Arthur, ii. xi8 (1470). 

Magricio, the champion of Isabella 
of Portugal, who refused to pay truage 
to France. He vanquished the French 
champion, and thus liberated his country 
from tribute. 

Magwitch (Abel), a convict for life, 
the unknown father of Estella who was 
adopted from infancy by Miss Havisham 
the daughter of a rich banker. The 
convict, having made his escape to Aus- 
tralia, became a successful sheep-farmer, 
and sent money secretly to Mr. Jaggers, 
a London lawyer, to educate Pip as a 
gentleman. When Pip was 23 years old, 
Magwitch returned to England, under 
the assumed name of Provis, and made 
himself known to Pip. He was tracked 
by Orlick and Compeyson, arrested, con- 
demned to death, and died in jail. All 
his money was confiscated. — Dickens: 
Great Expectations (i860). 



MAHOMET. 

Mahmut, the "Turkish Spy," whe 
remained undiscovered in Paris for forty- 
five years, revealing to his Government 
all the intrigues of the Christian courts 
(1637-1682). 

Mahomet or Mohammed, the 

titular name taken by Halabi, founder of 
Islam (570-632). 

Adopted Son : Usma, son of Zaid bis freedman 

(See below, "Zainab.") 

Angel who revealed the Kordn to Mahomet: 
Gabriel. 

Banner: Sanjak-sherif, kept in the Eyab mosque 
at Constantinople. 

BIRTHPLACE : Mecca, A.D. 570. 

Bow-. Al Catum ("the strong"), confiscated from 
the Jews. In his first battle he drew it with such force 
that it snapped in two. 

BURIED at Medi'na, on the very spot where he died. 

Camel : Al Adha (" the slit-eared "), the swiftest of 
his camels. One of the ten dumb animals admitted into 
paradise. 

Cave (The) in which Gabriel appeared to him was 
Hoia. 

CONCUBINES: Mariyeh, mother of Ibrahim his son, 
was his favourite ; but he had fourteen others. 

COUSINS : Ali, his best friend ; Abu Sofian ebn al 
Hareth. 

CUIRASS : Al Fadha. It was of sOrer, and was 
confiscated from the Jews. 

Daughters by Kadijah: Zainab, Rukaijah, 
Umm Kulthum, and Fatima his favourite (called one 
of the " three perfect women "). 

Defeat : at Ohud, where it was reported that he 
was slain (A.D. 623). 

Died at Medina, on the lap of Ayishah, his favourite 
wife, 11 Hedjrah (June 8, 633). 

FATHER : Abdallah, of the family of Hashim and 
tribe of Koreish. Abdallah was a small merchant, who 
died when his son was five years old. At the death of 
his father, his grandfather took charge of him ; but he 
also died within two years. He then lived with his 
uncle Abu Taleb (from the age of seven to 14). (See 
Zesbet \ 

Father-in-LAW: Abu Bekr, father of his favourite 
wife Ayishah. 

FLIGHT : Hedjrah or Heg'ira, July 16, 6aa. 

FOLLOWERS : called Moslem or Mussulmans. 

GRANDSON : Abd-el-Motalleb. 

HORSE: Al Borak ("the lightning"), brought to 
him by Gabriel to carry him to the seventh heaven. 
It had the wings of an eagle, the face of a man, with 
the cheeks of a horse, ana spoke Arabic. 

JOURNEY TO HEAVEN ( The), on Al Borak, Is called 
Isra. 

MOTHER: Amina or Aminta, of the family of 
Zuhra and tribe of Koreish. (See Zesbet.) 

Nickname in Boyhood : £1 Amin ("the safe 
man "). 

PERSONAL APPEARANCE : Middle height, rather 
lean, broad shoulders, strongly built, abundance of 
black curly hair, coal-black eyes with thick lashes, nose 
large and slightly bent, beard long. He had between 
his shoulders a black mole, "the seal of prophecy." 

POISONED by Zainab, a Jewess, who placed before 
him poisoned meat, in 624. He tasted it, and ever after 
suffered from Its effects, but survived eight years. 

SCRIPTURE: Al Kordn ("the reading"). It is 
divided into 1x4 chapters. 

Sons BY Kadijah : Al Kasim and Abd Man Af ; 
both died in childhood. By Mariyeh (Mary) his con- 
cubine : Ibrahim, who died when 15 months old. 
Adopted son : Usma, the child of his freedman Zaid. 
(See " Zainab.") 

STANDARD: Baiura. 

SUCCESSOR : Abu Bekr, his father-in-law (father of 
Ayishah). 

SWORDS : Dhul Fakar (" the trenchant ") ; Al Batter 
(" the striker ") ; Hatel (" the deadly ") ; Medham ("the 
keen "). 

TRIBE : that of the Koralchltes or Koraich or Koreish, 
on both sides. 

Uncles : Abu Taleb, 4 prince of Mecca, but poor 1 



MAHOMET. 655 

be took charge of the boy between the ages of seven 
and u, and was always his friend. Abu Laheb, who 
called him " a fool,'' and was always his bitter enemy ; 
in the Kordn, cxi., '* the prophet " denounces him. 
Hamza, a third head of Islam. 

VICTORIES : Bedr (624) ; Muta (639) ; Taif (630) ; 
Honein (630 or 8 Hedjrah). 

WHITE MU'.E : Fadda. 

WIVES : Ten, and fifteen concubines. 

(1) Kadijah, a rich widow of his own tribe. She had 
been twice married, and was 40 years of age (Mahomet 
being 15). Kadijah was his sole wife for twenty-five 
years, and brought him two sons and four daughters. 
(Fatima was her youngest child.) 

(2) Souda, widow of Sokran, nurse of his daughter 
Fatima. He married her in 621, soon after the death 
of his first wife. The following were simultaneous 
with Souda. 

(3) Ayishah, daughter of Abu Bekr. She was onlv 
nine years old on her wedding day. This was his 
favourite wife, on whose lap he died. He called her 
one of the " three perfect women." 

(4) Hend, a widow, 28 years old. She had a son when 
she married. Her father was Omeya. 

(5) Zainab, divorced wife of Zaid his freed slave. 
Married 627 (5 Hedjrah). 

(6) Barra, a captive, widow of a young Arab chief 
sUin in battle. 

(7* Rehana, a Jewish captive. Her father was Simeon. 

(8) Safiya, the espoused wife of Kenana. This wife 
outli>td the prophet for forty years. Mahomet put 
Kena&a to death in order to marry her. 

(9) U *un Habiba (mother of Habiba), widow of Abu 
Sofian. 

(10) M, \imuna, who was 51 when he married her, and 
a widow. She survived all his ten wives. 

•.• It witt be observed that most of Mahomet's wives 
were widcvs. 

Mahomet. Voltaire wrote a drama 
so entitled in 1738 ; and James Miller, in 
1740, prodaced an English version of the 
same, called Mahomet the Impostor. The 
scheme of the play is this : Mahomet is 
laying siege to Mecca, and has in his 
camp Zaphna and Palmira, taken captives 
in childhood and brought up by him. 
They are really the children of Alcanor 
the chief of Mecca, but know it not, and 
love each other. Mahomet is in love 
with Palmira, and sets Zaphna to murder 
Alcanor, pretending that it is God's will. 
Zaphna obeys the behest, is told that 
Alcanor is his father, and is poisoned. 
Mahomet asks Palmira in marriage, and 
she stabs herself. 

J. Bannister [1760-1836! began his stage career in 
ratfidv. and played " Mahomet." Garrick . . . asked 



MAHU. 



The balance always would hang even. 

Like Mah'met's tomb 'twixt earth and heaven. 



tragsdy, and played 

him what character he wisnea 10 piay next. - wny, 
said Bannister, "'Oroonoko.'" " Eh, eh I" said David, 
staring at Bannister, who was very thin; "Eh, eh I 
vou will look as much like 'Oroonoko' as a chimney 



you wi'H look as much like 'Oroonoko' as a chimney- 
iweeper in consumption." — T. CampbcU. 

Mahomet's Coffin is said to be sus- 
pended in mid-air. The wise ones affirm 
that the coffin is of iron, and is suspended 
by means of loadstones. The faithful 
assert it is held up by four angels. 
Burckhardt says it is not suspended at 
alL A marabout old Labat — 

Qne le tombeau de Mahomet etolt porte en l'alr par 
Is mbyen de certains Anges qui se relayent d'heurc en 
heures pour soutenir ce fardeau.— Labat: Afriqut 
Occidental*, 1L 143 (1738). 



Prior: Alma, U. 199 (1717). 

'.* According to Indian tradition, 
Benares is built on the ancient Casi, 
which was at one time suspended in mid- 
air. 

Mahomet's Dove, a dove which 
Mahomet taught to pick seed placed in 
his ear. The bird would perch on the 
prophet's shoulder and thrust its bill into 
his ear to find its food ; but Mahomet 
gave out that it was the Holy Ghost, in 
the form of a dove, sent to impart to him 
the counsels of God. — Dr. Prideaux : 
Life of Mahomet (1697) ; sir W. Raleigh : 
History of the World, I. i. 6 (1614). 

Instance proud Mahomet . . . 
The sacred dove whispering into his ear. 
That what his will imposed, the world must fear. 
Brook* : Declination of Monarchic, etc. (1554-1628). 
Was Mahomet inspired with a dove ? 
Thou with an eagle art inspired [Joan of Arc\ 
Shakespeare : 1 Henry IV. act i. sc. 3 (1589). 

Mahomet's Knowledge of 
Events. Mahomet in his coffin is in- 
formed by an angel of every event which 
occurs respecting the faithful. 

II est vivant dans son tombeau. II fait la priere 
dans ce tombeau a chaque fois que le crieur en fait la 
proclamation, et au meme terns qu'on la recite. II y a 
un ange poste sur son tombeau qui a le soin de lui 
donner avis des prieres que les fideles font pour lui.— 
Gagnier : Vie de Mahomet, viL 18 (1723). 

Mahomet of the North, Odin, 

both legislator and supreme deity. 

Mahoud, son of a rich jeweller of 
Delhi, who ran through a large fortune 
in riotous living, and then bound himself 
in service to Bennaskar, who proved to 
be a magician. Mahoud impeached Ben- 
naskar to the cadi, who sent officers to 
seize him ; but, lo ! Mahoud had been 
metamorphosed into the likeness of Ben- 
naskar, and was condemned to be burnt 
alive. When the pile was set on fire, 
Mahoud became a toad, and in this form 
met the sultan Misnar, his vizier Horam, 
and the princess Hemju'nah of Cassimir, 
who had been changed into toads also. — 
Sir C. Morell Q. Ridley] : Tales of the 
Genii ("The Enchanter's Tale, ,f vi., 

Mahound or Mahonn, a name of 

contempt for Mahomet or any pagan god. 
Hence Ariosto makes Ferrau " blaspheme 
his Mahoun and Termagant" {Orlando 
Furioso, xii. 59). 

Fitter for a turban for Mahound or Termagant, than 
a head-gear of a reasonable creature.— Sir iV. Scott. 

Mahu, the fiend-prince that urges to 
theft. 



MAID MARIAN. 

Five fiends have been in poor Tom at once : of lust, 
as Obidicut ; Hobididance, prince of dumbness ; Mahu, 
of stealing ; Modo, of murder ; and Flibbertigibbet, 
of mopping and mowing. — Shakespeare : King Lear, 
act iv. sc. x (1605). 

Maid Ma'rian, a name assumed by 
Matilda, daughter of Robert lord Fitz- 
walter, while Robin Hood remained in a 
state of outlawry. She was poisoned 
with a poached egg at Dunmow Priory, 
by a messenger of king John sent for the 
purpose. This was because Marian was 
loved by the king, but rejected him. 
Drayton has written her legend. 



656 



MAID OF THE MILU 



He to his mistress dear, his loved Marian, 

Was ever constant known; which wheresoe'er she 

came, 
Was sovereign of the woods, chief lady of the game. 
Her clothes tucked to the knee, and dainty braided 

hair, 
With bow and quiver armed, she wandered here and 

there — 

Amongst the forest wild. Diana never knew 
Such pleasures, nor such harts as Mariana slew. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxvL (1623). 

Maid Marian, introduced into the 
May-day morris-dance, was a boy 
dressed in girl's clothes. She was queen 
of the May, and used to wear a tinsel 
crown, and carry in her left hand a 
flower. Her coif was purple, her surcoat 
blue, her cuffs white, the skirts of her 
robe yellow, the sleeves carnation, and 
the stomacher red with yellow cross bars. 
(See Morris-Dance.) 

(Thomas Love, in 1822, published a 
novel called Maid Marian.) 

Maid of Athens, There'sa Macri, 
rendered famous by Byron's song — 

Maid of Athens, ere we part. 
Give, oh give me back my heart I 

Twenty-four years after this song was 
written, an Englishman sought out " the 
Athenian maid," and found a beggar 
without a single vestige of beauty. She 
was married and had a large family ; but 
the struggle of her life was to find bread 
to keep herself and family from positive 
starvation. 

Maid of Bath (The), Miss Linley, 
who married R. B. Sheridan. Samuel 
Koote wrote a farce entitled The Maid of 
Bath, in which he gibbets Mr. Walter 
Long under the name of " Flint" 

Maid of Honour (The), by P. Mas- 
singer (1637). Cami'ola, a very wealthy, 
high-minded lady, was in love with prince 
Bertoldo, brother of Roberto king of the 
Two Sicilies ; but Bertoldo, being a Knight 
of Malta, could not marry without a 
dispensation from the pope. While 
matters were in this state, Bertoldo led 
an army against Aurelia duchess of 
Sienna, and was taken prisoner. Camiola 



paid his ransom, and Aurelia commanded 
the prisoner to be brought before her. 
Bertoldo came; the duchess fell in love 
with him and offered marriage ; and Ber- 
toldo, forgetful of Camiola, accepted the 
offer. The betrothed then presented 
themselves to the king, when Camiola 
exposed the conduct of Bertoldo. The 
king was indignant at the baseness, 
Aurelia rejected Bertoldo with scorn, am 
Camiola took the veil. 

Maid of Mariendorpt (The), a 
drama by S. Knowles, based on Miss 
Porter's novel of The Village of Marien- 
dorpt (1838). The "maid" is Meeta, 
daughter of Mahldenau minister of 
Mariendorpt, and betrothed to major 
Rupert Roselheim. The plot is this: 
Mahldenau starts for Prague in search of 
Meeta's sister, who fell into some soldiers' 
hands in infancy during the siege of Mag- 
deburg. On entering Prague, he is seized 
as a spy, and condemned to death. Meeta, 
hearing of his capture, walks to Prague 
to plead for his life, and finds that the 
governor's "daughter " is her lost sister. 
Rupert storms the prison and releases 
. Mahldenau. 

Maid of Norway, Margaret, daugh- 
ter of Eric II. and Margaret of Norway. 
She was betrothed to Edward, son of 
Edward I. of England, but died on her 
passage (1290). 

Maid of Orleans, Jeanne d'Arc, 
famous for having raised the siege of 
Orleans, held by the English. The general 
tradition is that she was burnt alive as a 
witch, but this is doubted (1412-1431). 

Maid of Perth (Fair), Catharine 
Glover, daughter of Simon Glover, the 
old glover of Perth. She kisses Henry 
Smith while asleep on St. Valentine's 
morning, and ultimately marries him. — 
Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Maid of Sarag-oza, Augustina, 
noted for her heroism at the siege of 
Saragoza, 1808-9. (See Southey's His- 
tory of the Peninsular War.) 

Her lover sinks — she sheds no ill-timed tear ; 

Her chief is slain — she fills his fatal post ; 
Her fellows flee — she checks their base career ; 

The foe retires— she heads the sallying host. 

. . . the flying Gaul, 
Foiled by a woman's hand before a battered walL 
Byron : Child* Harold, L 56 (1800). 

Maid of the Mill (The), an opera 
by Isaac Bickerstaff. Patty, the daugh- 
ter of Fairfield the miller, was brought 
up by lord Airaworth's mother. At the 



MAID OF THE OAKS. 



&S7 



MAIM UNA. 



death of lady Aimworth, Patty returned 
to the mill, and her father promised her 
in marriage to Farmer Giles ; but Patty 
refused to marry him. Lord Aimworth 
about the same time betrothed himself to 
Theodosia, the daughter of sir Harry 
Sycamore ; but the young lady loved Mr. 
Mervin. When lord Aimworth knew of 
this attachment, he readily yielded up his 
betrothed to the man of her choice, and 
selected for his bride Patty " the maid of 
the mill ' (1765). 

Maid of the Oaks {The), a two-act 
drama by J. Burgoyne. Maria " the 
maid of the Oaks " is brought up by Old- 
worth of Oldworth Oaks as his ward, but 
is informed on the eve of her marriage 
with sir Harry Groveby that she is Old- 
worth's daughter. The under-plot is 
between sir Charles Dupely and lady Bab 
Lardoon. Dupely professed to despise 
all women, and lady Lardoon was " the 
princess of dissipation ; " but after they 
fell in with each other, Dupely promised 
to abjure his creed, and lady Lardoon 
that she would henceforth renounce the 
world of fashion and its follies (1779). 

Maid's Tragedy ( The). The ' ' maid " 
is Aspa'tia the troth-plight wife of Amin- 
tor, who, at the king's command, is made 
to marry Evad'ne (3 syl.). Her death 
forms the tragical event which gives name 
to the drama. — Beaumont and Fletcher 
(1610). 

(The scene between Antony and Ven- 
tidius, in Dryden's tragedy of All for 
Love, is copied from The Maid's Tragedy, 
where "Melantius" answers to Venti- 
dius.) 

Maiden {The), a kind of guillotine, 
introduced into Scotland by the regent 
Morton, who was afterwards beheaded by 
it. The "maiden" resembled in form 
a painter's easel about ten feet high. 
The victim placed his head on a cross- 
bar some four feet from the bottom, kept 
in its place by another bar. In the inner 
edges of the frame were grooves, in which 
slid a sharp axe weighted with lead and 
supported by a long cord. When all was 
ready, the cord was cut and down fell the 
axe with a thud. —Pennant: Tour in Scot- 
land, iii. 365 (1771). 

The unfortunate earl [Argyll] was appointed to be 
beheaded by the "maiden. —Sir W. Scott: Tales of 
m Grandfather, ii. 53. 

The Italian instrument of execution was called the 
tnattnaia. The apparatus was erected on a scaffold; 
the axe was placed between two perpendiculars . . . 
In Scotland the instrument of execution was an inferior 
variety of the manHalm.—idtmoirt af the Sam >«j, L 



It seems pretty clear that the " maiden" ... Is 
merely a corruption of the Italian tnannala.—A. G. 
Reid. 

Maiden King 1 {The), Malcolm IV. 
of Scotland (1141, 1153-1165). 

Malcolm, . . . son of the brave and generous prince 
Henry, . . . was so kind and gentle in his disposition, 
that he was usually called Malcolm "the maiden.' — 
Sir IV. Scott: Talcs of a Grandfather, iv. 

Maiden Queen {The), Elizabeth of 
England (1533, 1558-1603). 

Maiden of the Mist {The), Anne 
of Geierstein, daughter of count Albert 
of Geierstein. She is the baroness of 
Arnheim. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Maidens' Castle {The), on the 
Severn. It was taken from a duke by 
seven knights, and held by them till sir 
Galahad expelled them. It was called 
"The Maidens' Castle" because these 
knights made a vow that every maiden 
who passed it should be made a captive. 
This is an allegory. 

The Castle of Maidens betokens the good souk that 
were in prison afore the incarnation of Christ. And'the 
•even knights betoken the seven deadly sins which 
reigned in the world . . . And the good knight sir 
Galahad may be likened to the Son of the High Father, 
that Light within a maiden which brought all souls out 
of thraldom.— Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, iii. 44 (1470). 

Mailsetter {Mrs.), keeper of the 

Fairport post-office. 

Davie Mailsetter, her son. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Maimou'ne (3 syl.), a fairy, daughter 
of Damriat "king of a legion of genii." 
When the princess Badoura, in her sleep, 
was carried to the bed of prince Camaral'- 
zaman to be shown to him, Maimoune" 
changed herself into a flea, and bit the 
prince's neck to wake him. Whereupon 
he sees the sleeping princess by his side, 
falls in love with her, and afterwards 
marries her. — Arabian Nights ("Cama- 
ralzaman and Badoura"). 

Mai'muna or Maimu'na, one of 
the sorceresses of Dom-Daniel, who re- 
pents and turns to Allah. Thal'aba first 
encounters her, disguised as an old 
woman spinning the finest thread. He 
greatly marvels at its extreme fineness, 
but she tells him he cannot snap it ; 
whereupon he winds it round his two 
wrists, and becomes powerless. Maimuna 
and her sister-sorceress Khwala, then 
carry him to the island of Moha'reb, 
where he is held in durance ; but Mai- 
muna releases him, repents, and dies.— 
Soulhey: Thalaba the Destroyer, ix. 
(1797). 

mv 






MAINOTE. 658 

Mainote (2 syl.), a pirate who infests 
the coast of Attica. 

. . . boat 
Of Island-pirate or Mainote. 

Byron: The Giaour (1813). 

Mainy {Richard), out of whom the 
Jesuits cast the seven deadly sins, each 
in the form of some representative ani- 
mal. As each devil came forth, Mainy 
indicated the special sin by some trick or 
gesture. Thus, for pride he pretended to 
curl his hair, for gluttony to vomit, for 
sloth to gape, and so on. — Harsnett : De- 
claration of Popish Impostures, 279, 280. 

Maitland {Thomas), the pseudonym 
of Robert Buchanan in the Contemporary 
Review, October, 1871, when, in an 
article called "The Fleshly School," he 
attacked Rossetti and his followers. 

Malaclii, the canting, preaching 
assistant of Thomas Turnbull a smug- 
gler and schoolmaster. — Sir W» Scott: 
Rtdgauntlet (time, George III. ). 

Malacoda, the fiend sent as an envoy 
to Virgil, when he conducted Dantd 
through hell. — Dante: Hell, xxi. (1300). 

Malade Imaginaire (Le), Mons. 
Argan, who took seven mixtures and 
twelve lavements in one month instead 
of twelve mixtures and twenty lavements, 
as hitherto. (See Argan, p. 57. ) — Moliere: 
Le Malade Imaginaire (1673). 

Malagi'gi, son of Buovo, brother of 
Aldlger and Vivian (of Clarmont's race), 
one of Charlemagne's paladins, and cousin 
of Rinaldo. Being brought up by the fairy 
Orianda, he became a great enchanter. — 
Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Malagri'da {Gabriel), an Italian 
Jesuit and missionary to Brazil, who was 
accused of conspiring against the king of 
Portugal (1689-1761). 

Lord Shelburne was nicknamed " Mala- 
grida." He was a zealous oppositionist 
during lord North's administration (1737- 
1805). 

" Do you know," said Goldsmith to his lordship, 
•'that I never could conceive why they call you 
•Malagrida,' for Malagrida was a very good sort of a 
■an." ... He meant to say, as Malagrida was a "good 
sort of a man," he could not conceive how it became a 
word of reproach.— W. Irving, 

Malagrowther {Sir Mungo), a 
crabbed old courtier, soured by misfor- 
tune, and peevish from infirmities. He 
tries to make every one as sour and dis- 
contented as himself. — Sir W. Scott: 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 



MALBECCO 

Malagrowther {Malachi), the pseu- 
donym of sir Walter Scott, in his remon- 
strances with the British Government, 
which stopped the circulation of bank- 
notes under ^5 in value (1826). 

Lockhart says that these "diatribes 
produced in Scotland a sensation not 
inferior to that of the Drapier's letters 
in Ireland." They came out in the 
Edinburgh Weekly Journal. 

Malamfoni'no, a giant, first cousin 
to queen Maguncia of Candaya. "Ex- 
clusive of his natural barbarity, Malam- 
bruno was also a wizard," who enchanted 
don Clavijo and the princess Antono- 
masia — the former into a crocodile of 
some unknown metal, and the latter into 
a monkey of brass. The giant sent don 
Quixote the wooden horse, and was ap- 
peased "by the simple attempt of the 
knight to disenchant the victims of his 
displeasure." — Cervantes: Don Quixote, 
II. iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

Malaprop {Mrs. ), aunt and guardian 
to Lydia Languish the heiress. Mrs. 
Malaprop sets her cap at sir Lucius 
O'Trigger, "a tall Irish baronet," and 
corresponds with him under the name of 
Delia. Sir Lucius fancies it is the niece, 
and, when he discovers his mistake, de- 
clines the honour of marriage with the 
aunt. Mrs. Malaprop is a synonym for 
those who misapply words without mis- 
pronouncing them. Thus Mrs. Malaprop 
tplks of a Derbyshire putrefaction, an 
allegory of the Nile, a barbarous Vandyke, 
she requests that no delusions to the past 
be made, talks of flying with the utmost 
felicity, and would say precipitate one 
down the prejudice instead of " precipice." 
— Sheridan ; The Rivals (1775). 

Mrs. Malaprop's mistakes in what she calls " ortho- 
doxy," have often been objected to as improbable from 
a woman of her rank of life, but . . . the luckiness of 
her simile, " as headstrong as an allegory on the banks 
of the Nile," will be acknowledged as \inimitabU\.— 
Moore. (See Jenkins, Mrs., p. 543.) 

Malbecco, "a cankered, crabbed 
carl," very wealthy and very miserly, 
husband of a young wife named Hel'i- 
nore (3 syl.), of whom he is very jealous, 
and not without cause. Helinore, falling 
in love with sir Paridel her guest, sets 
fire to the closet where her husband keeps 
his treasures, and elopes with Paridel, 
while Malbecco stops to put out the 
flames. This done, Malbecco starts in 
pursuit, and finds that Paridel has tired 
of the dame, who has become the satyrs' 
dairy-maid. He soon finds her out, but 



MALBROUGH. 



659 



MALEGER. 



she declines to return with him ; and he, 
in desperation, throws himself from a 
rock, but receives no injury. Malbecco 
then creeps into a cave, feeds on toads 
and frogs, and lives in terror lest the 
rock should crush him or the sea over- 
whelm him. " Dying, he lives on, and 
can never die," for he is no longer Mal- 
becco, "but Jealousy is hight." — 
Spenser : Faerie Queene, Hi. 9, 10 (1590). 

Malbrough', corrupted in English 
into Marlbrook, the hero of a popular 
French song. Generally thought to refer 
to John Churchill duke of Marlborough, 
so famous for his victories over the French 
in the reign of Louis XIV. ; but no inci- 
dent of the one corresponds with the life 
of the other. The Malbrough of the 
song was evidently a crusader or ancient 
baron, who died in battle. His lady, 
climbing the castle tower and looking 
out for her lord, reminds one of the 
mother of Sisera, who " looked out at a 
window, and cried through the lattice, 
Why is his chariot so long in coming? 
Why tarry the wheels of his chariots? 
. . . Have they not sped? Have they not 
divided the spoil ? " {Judg. v. 28-30). The 
following are the words of the song : — 

" Malbrough Is gone to the wars. Ah 1 when will 
he return t" " He will come back by Easter, lady, or 
at latest by Trinity." "No, no I Easter is past, and 
Trinity is past; but Malbrough has not returned." 
Then did she climb the castle tower, to look out for his 
coming. She saw his page, but he was clad in black. 
" My page, my bonnie page," cried the lady, " what 
tidings bring you— what tidings of my lord ? ' " The 
news I bring, ' said the page, " is very sad, and will 
make you weep. Lay aside your gay attire, lady, your 
ornaments of gold and silver, for my lord is dead. He 
Is dead, lady, and laid in earth. I saw him borne to 
his last home by four officers : one carried his cuirass, 
one his shield, one his sword, and the fourth walked 
beside the bier but bore nothing. They laid him in 
earth. I saw his spirit rise through the laurels. They 
planted his grave with rosemary. The nightingale 
sang his dirge. The mourners fell to the earth ; and 
when they rose up again, they chanted his victories. 
Then retired they all to rest." 

This song used to be sung as a lullaby 
to the infant son of Louis XVI. ; and 
Napoleon I. never mounted his charger 
for battle without humming the air of 
Malbrough sen va-t-en guerre. Mon. de 
Las Casas says he heard him hum the 
same air a little before his death. 

Malbrouk, of Basque legend, is a 
child brought up by his godfather of the 
same name. At the age of seven he is 
a tall, full-grown man, and, like Proteus, 
can assume any form by simply naming 
the form he wishes to assume. Thus, by 
saying "Jesus, ant," he becomes an ant ; 
and "Jesus, pigeon," he becomes a 
pigeon. After performing most wonder- 
ful prodigies, and releasing the king's 



three daughters who had been stolen by 
his godfather, he marries the youngest of 
the princesses, and succeeds the king on 
his throne. 

* . ' The name Malbrouk occurs in the 
Chanson de Gestes, and in the Basque 
Pastorales. (See above, Malbrough. ) 

Malcolm, surnamed " Can More " 
("great head"), eldest son of Duncan 
" the Meek " king of Scotland. He, with 
his father and younger brother, was a 
guest of Macbeth at Inverness Castle, 
when Duncan was murdered. The two 
young princes fled — Malcolm to the 
English court, and his brother Donalbain 
to Ireland. When Macduff slew Macbeth 
in the battle of Dunsinane, the son of 
Duncan was set on the throne of Scotland, 
under the name and title of Malcolm III. 
— Shakespeare : Macbeth (1606). 

Malebolsfe (4 syl. ), the eighth circle 
of Dant&'s inferno. It was divided into 
ten bolgi or pits. 

There is a place within the depths of hell. 
Called Malebolge. 

Dantt : Hell, xviii. (1300). 

Mai' e cast a, the mistress of Castle 
Joyous, and the impersonation of lust. 
Britomart (the heroine of chastity) entered 
her bower, after overthrowing four of 
the six knights who guarded it ; and 
Malecasta sought to win the stranger to 
wantonness, not knowing her sex. Of 
course, Britomart resisted all her wiles, 
and left the castle next morning. — 
Zpenser: Faerie Queene, iii. 1 (1590). 

Male dis aunt, a damsel who threw 
discredit on her knightly lover to pre- 
vent his encountering the danger of the 
battle-field. Sir Launcelot condoned her 
offence, and gave her the name of Bien- 
pensaunt. 

IT The Cape of Good Hope was called 
the " Cape of storms " (Cabo Tormentoso) 
by Bartholomew Diaz, when discovered 
in 1493 ; but the king of Portugal (John 
II.) changed the name to "Good Hope." 

TT So the Euxine (that is, "the hospit- 
able") Sea was originally called "The 
Axine " (or " the inhospitable ") Sea. 

H The Furies were called for luck sake 
Eumenldes (4 syl.) or Sweet-minded. 

Maleffort, seneschal of lady Bria'na ; 
a man of " mickle might," slain by sir 
Calidore. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, vi. 1 
(IS96). 

Male'g"er (3 syl.), captain of the host 
which besieged Body Castle, of which 
Alma was queen. Prince Arthur found 



MALENGIN. 



660 



MAL-ORCHOL. 



that his sword was powerless to wound 
him, so he took him up in his arms and 
tried to crush him, but without effect. 
At length the prince remembered that 
the earth was the earl's mother, and sup- 
plied him with new strength and vigour 
as often as he went to her for it ; so he 
carried the body, and flung it into a lake. 
(See ANT.EOS, p. 47.) — Spenser: FaerU 
Queene, ii. 11 (1590). 

Malen'gin, Guile personified. When 
attacked by Talus, he changed himself 
into a fox, a bush, a bird, a hedgehog, 
and a snake ; but Talus, with his iron 
flail, beat him to powder, and so " deceit 
did the deceiver fail." On his back 
Malengin carried a net "to catch fools" 
with. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. 9(1596). 

Malepardus, the castle of Master 
Reynard the fox, in the beast-epic of 
Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Mal-Fet [The chevalier), the name 
assumed by sir Launcelot in Joyous Isle, 
during his fit of madness, which lasted 
two years.— Sir T. Malory : History of 
Prince Arthur, iii. (1470). 

Malf ort [Mr. ), a young man who has 
ruined himself by speculation. 

Mrs. Malfort, the wife of the specula- 
tor, " houseless, friendless, defenceless, 
and forlorn." The wants of Malfort are 
temporarily relieved by the bounty of 
Frank Heartall and the kindness of Mrs. 
Cheerly "the soldier's daughter." The 
return of Malfort, senior, from India, 
restores his son to ease and affluence.— 
Cherry: The Soldier's Daughter (1804). 

Malfy {Duchess of), twin-sister of 
Ferdinand duke of Calabria. She fell 
in love with Antonio, her steward, and 
gave thereby mortal offence to her twin- 
brother Ferdinand, and to her brother 
the cardinal, who employed Bosola to 
strangle her. — Webster: Duchess of Malfy 
(1618). 

MalgfO, a mythical king of Britain, 
noted for his beauty and his vices, his 
munificence and his strength. Malgo 
added Ireland, Iceland, Gothland, the 
Orkneys, Norway, and Dacia to his 
dominions. — Geoffrey: British History, 
3d. 7 (1142). 

Next Malgo . . . first Orkney overran, 

Proud Denmark then subdued, and spacious Norway 

wan, 
Seized Iceland for bis own, and Gothland to each 

shore. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xix. (x6aa). 

Malherbe (2 syl.\. If any one asked 



Malherbe his opinion about any French 
words, he always sent him to the street 
porters at the Port au Foin, saying that 
they were his "masters in language." — 
Racan : Vie de Malherbe (1630). 

T It is said that Shakespeare read his 
plays to an oyster-woman when he wished 
to know if they would suit the popular 
taste. 

Mal'mal, brother of Yuhid'thiton. 
When the Az'tecas declared war against 
Madoc and his colony, Malinal cast in 
his lot with the White strangers. He 
was a noble youth, who received two 
arrow-wounds in his leg while defending 
the white women ; and, being unable to 
stand, fought in their defence on his 
knees. When Malinal was disabled, 
Amal'ahta caught up the princess, and 
ran off with her ; but Mervyn the "young 
page" (in fact, a girl) struck him on the 
hamstrings with a bill-hook, and Malinal, 
crawling to the spot, thrust his sword in 
the villain's groin and killed him. — 
Southey : Madoc, ii. 16 (1805). 

Maliom. Mahomet is so called in 
some of the old romances. 

"Send five, send six against met By Maliom i I 
swear I'll take them all." — Fierabrtu. 

Malkin. The Maid Marian of the 
morris-dance is so called by Beaumont 
and Fletcher — 

Put on the shape of order and humanity, 
Or you must marry Malkiu the May- Lady. 

Monsieur Thomas (16x9). 

Mall Cutpurse, Mary Frith, a thief 
and receiver of stolen goods. John Day, 
in 1610, wrote "a booke called The 
Madde Prancks of Merry Mall of the 
Bankside, with her Walks in Man's 
Apparel, and to what Purpose." It is 
said that she was an androgyne (1584- 
1659). 

Last Sunday, Mall Cutpurse, a notorious baggage, 
that used to go about in man's apparel, and challenged 
the field of diverse gallants, was brought to [St. Paul's 
Cross'], where she wept bitterly, and seemed very 
penitent; but It is since doubted she was maudlin 
drunk, being discovered to have tippeled of three 
quarts of sack before she came to her penance.— J. 
Chamberlain (1611). 

Mal-Orcliol, king of Fuar'fed (an 
island of Scandinavia). Being asked by 
Ton-Thormod to give him his daughter 
in marriage, he refused, and the rejected 
suitor made war on him. Fingal sent his 
son Ossian to assist Mal-Orchol, and on 
the very day of his arrival he took Ton- 
Thormod prisoner. Mal-Orchol, in grati- 
tude, now offered Ossian his daughter in 
marriage; but Ossian pleaded for Ton- 
Thormod, and the marriage of the lady 



MALT. 



661 



MAMBRINO'S HELMET. 



with her original suitor was duly solem- 
nized. (The daughter's name was Oina- 
Morul.)— Ossian : Oina-Morul. 

Malt. Dr. Dodd, prebendary of 
Brecon, having made himself con- 
spicuous by his declamations against the 
drinking habits of university students, 
was one day beset by some Cantabs a 
few miles from the city, who insisted on 
his preaching to them, from a hollow 
tree, on the word " Malt." His sermon 
was as follows : — 

Beloved, I am a little man, come at a short notice, to 
preach a short sermon, on a short text, to a small con- 
gregation. My text is " Malt." I cannot divide it 
into words, there being but one, nor into syllables for 
the same reason ; I must therefore of necessity divide 
It into letters, which are M-A-L-T. 

"M," my beloved, is Moral; "A," Allegorical; 
•* L," Literal ; and " T," Theological. 

The " Moral " is to teach you drunkards manners ; 
therefore "M," masters ; "A," all of you ; " L," leave 
iff,* "T," tippling. 

" Allegorical " is when one thing is spoken o£ and 
another thing is meant The thing spoken of in my 
text is "Malt," the thing meant is beer, which is 
brewed from malt, and which you, Cantabs, make 
•* M," your master ; " A," your ambition; " L," your 
lord ; " T " your trust. 

" Literal " is according to the letter of the text : 
M M," much ; " A," aU ; " L," little ; " T," truth. 

" Theological " is the reference of our text to the 
life that now is, and to that which is to come. In 
this life, drunkenness leads to " M," murders "A," 
adultery ; " L," licentiousness ; " T," tremor, 
treason, theft. For the life to come it leads to "M," 
misery; "A," anguish; " L," lamentation; "TV 
torment. 

So much for the text. Now for the improvement. A 
drunkard is the ruin of " M," modesty; " A," ability ; 
" L," learning ; "T," truthfulness. He is the curse 
of domestic life, the pest of society, the brewers' 
agent, the publicans' benefactor ; his wife's sorrow, 
his children's trouble, his own shame, his neighbours' 
■corn ; a walking swill-bowl, the picture of a beast, the 
monster of a man, the child of the deviL Therefore, 
I beseech you " M," my masters; "A," all of you; 
• L," Uave off; " T," tippling. 

Maltravers {Ernest), a novel by 
lord Lytton (1837). 

Maltworm, a tippler. Similarly, 
bookworm means a student. 

Gadshill. I am joined with no foot -land-rakers [foot- 
fads], no long-staffsixpenny strikers [common priggers, 
who strike small coins from the hands of children] ; 
none of these . . . purple-hued raaltwonns ; but with 
nobility.— Shakespeare : I Henry IV. act IL sc x 
(i597>- 

Mai' venn, Lucif era's porter. — Spen- 
ser: Faerie Queene, i. 4 (1590). 

Malvi'na, daughter of Toscar. She 
was betrothed to Oscar son of Ossian : 
but he was slain in Ulster by Cairbar 
before the day of marriage arrived. — 
Ossian : Temora, i. 

I was a lovely tree in thy presence, Oscar, with all 
■ay branches round me ; Sut thy death came like a 
blast from the desert, and laid my green head low. 
The spring returned with its showers ; no leaf of mine 
arose. . . . The tear was in the cheek of Malvina. — 
Ossian: Croma. 

Malvoisin [Sir Albert de), a pre- 
ceptor of the Knights Templars. 



Sir Philip de Malvoisin, one of the 
knights challengers at the tournament.— 
Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Malvolio, Olivia's steward. When 
he reproves sir Toby Belch for riotous 
living, the knight says to him, " Dost 
thou think, because thou art virtuous, 
there shall be no more cakes and ale?" 
Sir Toby and sir Andrew Ague-cheek 
join Maria in a trick against the steward. 
Maria forges a letter in the handwriting 
of Olivia, leading Malvolio to suppose 
that his mistress is in love with him, 
telling him to dress in yellow stockings, 
and to smile on the lady. Malvolio falls 
into the trap ; and when Olivia shows 
astonishment at his absurd conduct, he 
keeps quoting parts of the letter he has 
received, and is shut up in a dark room 
as a lunatic. — Shakespeare: Twelfth 
Night (1614). 

Clearing his voice with a preliminary "Hem!" he 
addressed his kinsman, checking, as Malvolio pro- 
posed to do when seated in his state, his familiar 
smile with an austere regard of control.— Sir W. Sco.'t. 

Bensley's "Malvolio" was simply perfection. His 
legs in yellow stockings most villainously cross- 
gartered, with a horrible laugh of ugly conceit to top 
the whole, rendered him Shakespeare's " Malvolio " at 
all points [1738-1817].— Boaden : Life of Jordan. 

Mamamonchi, an imaginary order 
of knighthood. M. Jourdain, the par- 
venu, is persuaded that the grand seignior 
of the order has made him a member, 
and he submits to the ceremony of a 
mock installation. — Moliere : Le Bour- 
geois Gentilhomme (1670). 



All the women most devoutly « 

Each would be rather a poor actress here 

Than to be made a Mamamouchi there. 

Dryden. 

Mambrino's Helmet, a helmet of 
pure gold, which rendered the wearer 
invisible. It was taken possession of by 
Rinaldo, and stolen by Scaripante. 

Cervantes tells us of a barber who was 
caught in a shower of rain, and who, to 
protect his hat, clapped his brazen basin 
on his head. Don Quixote insisted that 
this basin was the helmet of the Moorish 
king ; and, taking possession of it, wore 
it as such. 

N.B.— When the knight set the galley- 
slaves free, the rascals "snatched the 
basin from his head, and broke it to 
pieces " (pt. I. iii. 8) ; but we find it 
sound and complete in the next book 
(ch. 15), when the gentlemen at the inn 
sit in judgment on it, to decide whether 
it is really a "helmet or a basin." The 
judges, of course, humour the don, and 



MAMILLIUS. 



MAN. 



declare the basin to be an undoubted 
helmet. — Cervantes : Don Quixote (1605). 

" I will lead the life I have mentioned, till, by the 
force and terror of my arm, I take a helmet from the 
head of some other knight." . . . The same thing 
happened about Mambrino's helmet, which cost 
Scaripante so dear.— Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. ii. 2 
<i6o S ). 

Mamillius, a young prince of Sicilia. 
—Shakespeare: Winter's Tale (1604). 

Mammon, the personification of 
earthly ambition, be it wealth, honours, 
sensuality, or what not. "Ye cannot 
serve God and mammon " {Matt. vi. 24). 
Milton makes Mammon one of the re- 
bellious angels — 

Mammon, the least-erected spirit that fell 

From heaven ; for e'en in heaven his looks and thoughts 

Were always downward bent, admiring more 

The riches of heaven's pavement^ trodden gold, 

Than aught, divine or holy, else enjoyed. 

Paradise Lost, I. 679, etc. (1665). 

Mammon tells sir Guyon if he will 
serve him, he shall be the richest man 
in the world ; but the knight replies that 
money has no charm in his sight. The 
god then takes him into his smithy, and 
tells him to give any order he likes ; but 
sir Guyon declines the invitation. Mam- 
mon next offers to give the knight Philo- 
tine to wife ; but sir Guyon still declines. 
Lastly, the knight is led to Proserpine's 
bower, and told to pluck some of the 
golden fruit, and to rest him awhile on 
the silver stool ; but sir Guyon resists the 
temptation. After three days' sojourn in 
the infernal regions, the knight is led 
back to earth, and swoons. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, ii. 7 (1590). 

Mammon (Sir Epicure), the rich 
dupe who supplies Subtle "the alche- 
mist" with money to carry on his arti- 
fices, under pretence of transmuting base 
metals into gold. Sir Epicure believes 
in the possibility, and glories in the 
mighty things he will do when the secret 
is discovered. — Jonson: The Alchemist 
(1610). 

[Sir] Epicure Mammon has the whole " matter and 
copy of the father — eye, nose, lip, the trick of his 
frown." It is just such a swaggerer as contemporaries 
have described Ben to be. . . . He is arrogance 
personified. . . . What a '* towering bravery " there is 
in his sensuality t Ho affects no pleasure under a 
sultan —C. Lamb. 

Mammoth ( The) or big buffalo is an 
emblem of terror and destruction among 
the American Indians. Hence, when 
Brandt, at the head of a party of Mo- 
hawks and other savages, was laying 
waste Pennsylvania, and approached 
Wyo'ming, Outalissi exclaims— 



The mammoth comes— the foe— the monster Brandt, 
With all bis howling, desolating band . . . 
Red is the cup they drink, but not of wine I 

Cmmpbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, I1L 16 (1809). 

Mammoth Cave (The), in Edmond- 
son County, Kentucky. It is the largest 
in the world. 

Mammoth Grove (The), in Cali- 
fornia. Some of the trees grow to the 
height of from 200 to 300 feet, and have 
a girth of from 100 to 200 feet. 

Mammoun, eldest of the four sons 
of Corcud. One day, he showed kind- 
ness to a mutilated serpent, which proved 
to be the fairy Gialout, who gave him foi 
his humanity the power of joining and 
mending whatever was broken. He 
mended a pie's egg which was smashed 
into twenty pieces, and so perfectly that 
the egg was hatched. He also mended 
in a moment a ship which had been 
wrecked and broken in a violent storm. — 
Gueulette: Chinese Tales ("Corcud and 
his Four Sons," 1723). 

Man. His descent according to the 
Darwinian theory : (1) The larvae of 
ascidians, a marine mollusc ; (2) fish 
lowly organized, as the lancelet; (3I 
ganoids, lepidosiren, and other fish ; (41 
amphibians ; (5) birds and reptiles ; (6) 
from reptiles we get the monotremata, 
which connects reptiles with the mam- 
malia ; (7) the marsupials ; (8) placental 
mammals; (9) lemurfdae ; (10) simiadas; 
(n) the New World monkeys called 
platyrhines, and the Old World monkeys 
called catarrhines ; (12) between the cat- 
arrhines and the race of man the " missing 
link" is placed by some ; but others 
think between the highest organized ape 
and the lowest organized man the grada- 
tion is simple and easy. 

IT The Bedouins say the monkeys of 
Kara were once human beings, and were 
transformed for disobedience. The pro- 
phet of Mount Kara bade them drink the 
milk, and wash in the water set before 
them ; but they reversed the order, by 
drinking the water and washing in the 
milk. Whereupon he transformed them 
into monkeys. 

IT The Arabs maintain that the monkey 
Nasnas and the ape Wabar were once, 
human beings. 

1T According to Plato man is " a two- 
legged animal without feathers." 

... to leave what with his toil he won 
To that unfledged and two-legged thing, a son. 
Dryden: Absalom and Achitophcl, i. 171-a (1681). 

Man (Isle of), a corruption of main-am 



MAN. 



663 



MAN OF LAWS TALE. 



(•* little Island ") ; Latinized into Mena- 
via. Caesar calls it ' ' Mon-a," the Scotch 
pronunciation of wiiin-au ; and hence 
comes " Monabia " for Menavia. 

Man {Races of). According to the 
Bible, the whole human race sprang from 
one individual, Adam. Virey affirms 
there were two original pairs. Jacquinot 
and Latham divide the race into three 
primordial stocks ; Kant into four ; 
Blumenbach into five ; Buffon into six ; 
Hunter into seven ; Agassiz into eight ; 
Pickering into eleven ; Bory St. Vincent 
into fourteen ; Desmoulins into sixteen ; 
Morton into twenty-two ; Crawfurd into 
sixty ; and Burke into sixty-three. 

Man in Black (The), said to be 
meant for Goldsmith's father. A true 
oddity, with the tongue of a Timon and 
the heart of an uncle Toby. He declaims 
against beggars, but relieves every one 
he meets ; he ridicules generosity, but 
would share his last cloak with the needy. 
^Goldsmith : Citizen of the World 

(i759)- 

(Washington Irving has a tale called 
The Man in Black.) 

Man in the Moon (The). Some 
say it is the man who picked up a bundle 
of sticks on the sabbath day (Numb. xv. 
32-3 ). Dante 1 says it is Cain, and that 
the "bush of thorns" is an emblem of 
the curse pronounced on the earth, 
"Thorns also and thistles shall it bring 
forth to thee" (Gen. iii. 18). Some say 
it is Endymion, taken there by Diana. 

N.B. — The curse pronounced on the 
"man" was this: "As you regarded 
not ' Sunday ' on earth, you shall keep a 
perpetual ' Moon-day ' in heaven." This, 
of course, is a Teutonic tradition. 

The bush of thorns, in the Schaumburg- 
lippS version, is to indicate that the man 
strewed thorns in the church path, to 
hinder people from attending mass on 
Sundays. 

Now doth Cain with fork of thorns confine 
On either hemisphere, touching the ware 
Beneath the towers of Seville. Yesternight 
The moon was round. 

Dante : In/trno, xx. (1300). 
Her gUe way gray and full of sportls black. 
And on her brest a chorle painted ful even, 
Bering a bush of thomis on his back. 
Which for his theft might clime so ner the heven. 
Chauur. 

A North Frisian version gives cabbages 
Instead of a faggot of wood. 

(There are other traditions, among 
which may be mentioned " The Story of 
the Hare and the Elephant" In this 



story " the man in the moon " is a hare. 
— Paiitschatantra, a collection of San- 
skrit fables.) 

Man in the Moon, a man who 

visits the " inland parts of Africa." — W. 
Thomson : Mammuth or Human Nature 
Displayed on a Grand Scale (1789). 

Man in the Moon, the man who, 
by the aid of a magical glass, shows 
Charles Fox (the man of the people) 
various eminent contemporaries. — W. 
Thomson: The Man in the Moon or 
Travels into the Lunar Regions (1783). 

(Drayton has a poem called The Man 
on the Moone, 1605. ) 

Man of Blood. Charles I. was so 
called by the puritans, because he made 
war on his parliament The allusion is 
to 2 Sam. xvi. 7. 

Man of Brass, Talos, the work of 
Hephaestos ( Vulcan). He traversed the 
Isle of Crete thrice a year. Apollo'nius 
(Argonautica, iv.) says he threw rocks at 
the Argonauts, to prevent their landing. 
It is also said that when a stranger was 
discovered on the island, Talos made 
himself red hot, and embraced the in- 
truder to death. 

That portentous Man of Brass 
Hephaestus made In days of yore, 
Who stalked about the Cretan shore. 
And saw the ships appear and pass. 
And threw stones at the Argonauts. 

Longfellow ; The IVayticU Inn (1863). 

Man of December, Napoleon III. 
So called because he was made president 
December n, 1848 ; made the coup de"tat, 
December 2, 1851 ; and was made em- 
peror, December 2, 1852. 

(Born in the Rue Lafitte, Paris (not in 
the Tuileries), April 20, 1808 ; reigned 
1852-1870 ; died at Chiselhurst, Kent, 
January 9, 1873.) 

Man of Destiny, Napoleon I., who 
always looked on himself as an instru- 
ment in the hands of destiny, and that all 
his acts were predestined. 

The Man of Destiny . . . had power for a time " to 
bind kings with chains, and nobles with fetters of iron." 
—Sir lV.Sc»tL 

Man of Peeling: (The), Harley, a 
sensitive, bashful, kind-hearted, senti- 
mental sort of a hero. — Mackenzie : The 
Man of Feeling (1771). 

(Sometimes Henry Mackenzie is him- 
self called " The Man of Feeling.") 

Man of Law's Tale. (See under 
Law's Tale, p. 599.)— Chaucer; Canter- 
bury Tales (1388). 



MAN OF ROSS. 664 

Man of Ross, John Kyrle, of Ross, 
in Herefordshire, distinguished for his 
benevolence and public spirit. " Richer 
than miser, nobler than king or king- 
polluted lord." — Pope: Epistle, iii. (" On 
the Use of Riches," 1709). 

Man of Salt (A), a man like JEne as, 
always melting into tears called ' ' drops 
of salt." 

This would make a man, a man of salt, 
To use his eyes for garden water-pots. 
Shakespeare: King Lear, act iv. sc 6 (1605). 

Man of Sedan, Napoleon III. So 
called because he surrendered his sword 
to William king of Prussia after the battle 
of Sedan in September, 1870. 

Also called the " Man of Silence," and 
" Man of December" (o.v.). 

Man of Silence, Napoleon III. 

You should know better than I your position with tha 
" Man of Sttence."— For Sceptre and Crown, en. i. 

Man of Sin (The), mentioned in 2 
Thess. ii. 3. 

Whitby says the " Man of sin " means 
the Jews as a people. 

Grotius says it means Cams Caesar or 
else Caligula. 

Wetstein says it is Titus. 

Olshausen thinks it is typical of some 
one yet to come. 

Roman Catholics say It means Anti- 
christ. 

Protestants at one time said it was the 
pope. 

The Fifth-Monarchy men applied it to 
Cromwell. (See " Number of the Beast," 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 901.) 

Man of the Hill, a tedious "hermit 
of the vale," introduced by Fielding into 
his novel of Tom Jones (1749). 

Man of the Mountain (Old). (See 

KOPPENBERG, p. 583.) 

Man of the People, Charles James 
Fox (1749-1806). 

Man of the Sea (The Old), the man 
who got upon the shoulders of Sinbad 
the sailor, and would not get off again, 
but clung there with obstinate pertinacity 
till Sinbad made him drunk, when he was 
easily shaken off. Sinbad then crushed 
him to death with a large stone. 

"You had fallen. " said they, "into the hands of the 
Old Man of the Sea, and you are the first whom he has 
not strangled,' — A-abian Nights (" Sinbad, fifth 
▼oyae«). 

Man of the World ( The), sir Per- 
tlnax McSycophant, who acquires a for- 
tune by " booing " and fawning on the 
great and rich. He wants his son Eger- 



MANCIPLE'S TALE. 

ton to marry the daughter of lord 
Lumbercourt, but Egerton, to the dis- 
gust of his father, marries Constantia the 
proUgie of lady McSycophant. Sir 
Pertinax had promised his lordship a 
good round sum of money if the marriage 
was effected ; and when this contretemps 
occurs, his lordship laments the loss of 
the money, " which will prove his ruin." 
Sir Pertinax tells lord Lumbercourt that 
his younger son Sandy will prove more 
pliable ; and it is agreed that the bargain 
shall stand good if Sandy will marry the 
young lady. — Macklin: The Man of the 
World (1764). 

(This comedy is based on Voltaire's 
Nanine (1749). Henry Mackenzie, in 
1773, published a novel of the same title.) 

Man without a Skin. Richard 
Cumberland the dramatist was so called 
by Garrick, because he was so extremely 
sensitive that he could not bear " to be 
touched " by the finger of criticism (173a- 
1811). 

Managarnt, the most gigantic and 
formidable of the race of hags. He 
dwells in the Iron-wood, Jamvid. Mana- 
garm will first fill himself with the blood 
of man, and then will he swallow up the 
moon. This hag symbolizes War, and 
the "Iron-wood ' in which he dwells is 
the wood of spears. — Prose Edda. 

Manchester, in Lancashire, noted 
for its cotton manufactures, textile fabrics, 
and general trade. 

American Manchester, Lowell, Massa- 
chusetts. So called from its cotton-mills. 

The Manchester of Belgium, Ghent. 

The Manchester of Prussia, Elberfeld. 
The speciality of Prussian Manchester is 
its "Turkey red." Krupp is the chief 
manufacturer there of steel. 

The Manchester Poet, Charles Swain 
(1803-1874). 

Manchester Massacre. (See Px- 

TKRLOO. ) 

Manciple's Tale (The). Phoebus 
had a crow which he taught to speak ; it 
was white as down, and as big as a swan. 
He had also a wife, whom he dearly 
loved. One day, when he came home, 
the crow cried, " Cuckoo, cuckoo, 
cuckoo ! " and Phcebus asked the bird 
what it meant ; whereupon it told the 
god that his wife was unfaithful to him. 
Phcebus, in his wrath, seized his bow, 
and shot his wife through the heart ; but 
to the bird he said, " Curse on thy tell- 
tale tongue 1 never more shall it brew 



MANDANE. 



66S 



MANETTE. 



mischief." So he deprived it of the 
power of speech, and changed its plum- 
age from white to black. Moral — Be no 
tale-bearer, but keep well thy tongue, and 
think upon the crow. 

My sone, bewar, and be noon auctour newe, 
Of tydyngs, whether they ben fate or trewe ; 
Wherso thou comest, amongst high orlowe, 
Kep wel thy tonge, and think upon the crowe. 
Chaucer : Canterbury Tales, 17, 291-4 (1388). 

(This is Ovid's tale of " Coronis " in 
the Metamorphoses, ii. 543, etc.) 

A manciple (Latin, manus eapio, "to take in the 
hand ") is an official who su ppHes a college or inns of court 
with provisions or " battels." 

Manda'ne (3 syl. ), wife of Zamti the 
Chinese mandarin, and mother of Hamet. 
Hamet was sent to Corea to be brought 
up by Morat, while Mandanfi brought up 
Zaphimri (under the name of Etan), the 
orphan prince and only surviving repre- 
sentative of the royal race of China. 
Hamet led a party of insurgents against 
Ti'murkan', was seized, and ordered to 
be put to death as the supposed prince. 
Mandane" tried to save him, confessed he 
was not the prince ; and Etan came for- 
ward as the real " orphan of China." 
Timurkan, unable to solve the mystery, 
ordered both to death, and Mandane" 
with her husband to the torture ; but 
Mandane" stabbed herself. — Murphy: 
The Orphan of China (1759). 

Mandane (2 syl.), the heroine of 
Mile. Scud'eri's romance called Cyrus 
the Great (1650). 

Manda'ne and Stati'ra, stock 
names of melodramatic romance. When 
a romance-writer hangs the world on the 
caprice of a woman, he chooses a Mandane" 
or Statira for his heroine. Mandane" of 
classic story was the daughter of king 
Astyages, wife of Cambyses, and mother 
of Cyrus the Great. Statira was daugh- 
ter of Darius the Persian, and wife of 
Alexander the Great. 

Man/dans, an Indian tribe of Dacota, 
in the United States, noted for their skill 
in horsemanship. 

Marks not the buffalo's track, nor the Mandans' 
dexterous horse-race, 

Longfellow : Evangeline (1849). 

Mandeville, any one who draws the 
long-bow; a flam. Sir John Mandeville 

[Man' -de-vil\ an English traveller, publ- 
ished a narrative of his voyages, which 
abounds in the most extravagant fictions 
(1300-1372). 

Oh ! he Is a modern Manderffle. At Oxford he was 
always distinguished by the facetious appellation of 
■ The Bouncer. '—Foot* : The Liar, ii. 1 (1761). 



Mandeville {Bernard de), a Dutch 
physician, born at Dort, in the second half 
of the last century. He settled in 
England after taking his degree. He 
published The Fable of the Bees, and 
other works of a more professional 
nature (1670-1733). Browning introduces 
him in the poem Parleyings with Certain 
People. 

Man'drabul's Offering", one that 
decreases at every repetition. Mandrabul 
of Samos, having discovered a gold-mine, 
offered a golden ram to Juno for the dis- 
covery. Next year he offered a silver 
one, the third year a brazen one, and the 
fourth year nothing. 

Mandragora, a narcotic and love- 
philtre. 

Nor poppy, nor mandragora, 
Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, 
Can ever med'eine thee to that sweet sleep 
Which thou owedst yesterday. 

Shakespeare: Othello, act iil. sc, 3 (1611). 
Have the pygmies made you drunken 
Bathing in mandragora! 

Mrs. Browning: Dead Pan, U. 

Mandricardo, king of Tartary, son 
of Agrfcan. Mandricardo wore Hector's 
cuirass, married Doralis, and was slain 
by Roge'ro in single combat. — Bojardo : 
Orlando Innamorato (1495); Ariosto : 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Mandriccardo, a knight whose 
adventures are recorded by Barahona 
{Mandriccardo, etc., L 70, 71). 

Mandnce (2 syl.), the idol Gluttony, 
venerated by the Gastrol'aters, a people 
whose god was their belly. 

It is a monstrous figure ; ... Its eyes are bigger than 
Its belly, and its head larger than all the rest of i ts body, 
. . . having a goodly pair of wide jaws lined with two 
rows of teeth, which, by the magic of twine, are made to 
clash, chatter, and rattle one against the other, as the 
jaws of St. Clement's dragon on St. Mark's procession 
at Metz.— Rabelais : Pantag'ruel, lv. 59 (1545). 

Manette {Dr.), of Beauvais. He 
had been imprisoned eighteen years, and 
had gradually lost his memory. After 
his release he somewhat recovered it, 
but any train of thought connected with 
his prison life produced a relapse. While 
in prison, the doctor made shoes, and, 
whenever the relapse occurred, his desire 
for cobbling returned. 

Lucie Manette, the loving, golden- 
haired, blue-eyed daughter of Dr. Ma- 
nette. She married Charles Darnay. 

Lucie Manette had a forehead with the singular 
capacity of lifting and knitting itself into an expression 
that was not quite one of perplexity, or wonder, or 
alarm, or merely of bright fixed attention, though it 
included all the four expressions.— DicJttns : A Tale <tf 
T-mo Cities, L 4 <x859>. 



MANEY. 



665 



MANLY. 



Maney or Manny (Sir Walter), a 
native of Belgium, who came to England 
as page to Philippa queen of Edward III. 
When he first began his career of arms, 
he and some young companions of his 
own age put a black patch over their left 
eye, and vowed never to remove it till 
they had performed some memorable act 
in the French wars (died 1372). 

With whom our Maney here deservedly doth stand. 
Which first inventor was of that courageous band 
Who closed their left eyes up, as never to be freed 
fill there they had achieved some high adventurous 
deed. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, rviii. (1613). 

Man'fred (Count), son of Sig'is- 
mund. He sold himself to the prince 
of darkness, and received from him seven 
spirits to do his bidding. They were the 
spirits of " earth, ocean, air, night, 
mountains, winds, and the star of his 
own destiny." Wholly without human 
sympathies, the count dwelt in splendid 
solitude among the Alpine Mountains. 
He once loved the beautiful As'tarte (a 
syl.), and, after her murder, went to the 
hall of Arima'nGs to see her. The spirit 
of Astarte informed him that he would 
die the following day ; and when asked 
if she loved him, she sighed " Manfred," 
and vanished. — Byron: Manfred (18 17). 

N.B. — Byron sometimes makes Astarte 
two syllables and sometimes three. The 
usual pronunciation is As-tar-te. 

Mangerton (The laird of), John 
Armstrong, an old warrior who witnesses 
the national combat in Liddesdale valley 
between his own son (the Scotch cham- 
pion) and Foster (the English champion). 
The laird's son is vanquished. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Laira~s Jock (time, Elizabeth). 

Maniche'an (4 syl.), a disciple of 
ManSs or Manachee the Persian here- 
siarch. The Manicheans believe in two 
opposing principles — one of good and the 
other of evil Theodora, wishing to ex- 
tirpate these heretics, put 100,000 of them 
to the sword. 

Yet would she make full many a Manichean. 

Byron : Don yuan, vi 3 (1824). 

Manicon, a species of nightshade, 
supposed to produce madness. 

Man it o or Mani'tou, the Great 
Spirit of the North American Indians. 
These Indians acknowledge two supreme 
spirits — a spirit of good and a spirit of 
evil. The former they call Gitcke- 
Manito, and the latter Matche-Mantto. 
The good spirit is symbolized by an egg, 
and the evil one by a serpent. — Long' 
fellow: Hiawatha, xiv. 



As when the evil Manitou that dries 
Th' Ohio woods, consumes them in his toe. 
Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 17 (1809}. 

Manilas, surnamed Torquatus, the 
Roman consul. In the Latin war, he 
gave orders that no Roman, on pain of 
death, should engage in single combat* 
One of the Latins having provoked 
young Manlius by repeated insults, he 
slew him ; but when the young man took 
the spoils to his father, Manlius ordered 
him to be put to death for violating the 
commands of his superior officer. — Roman 
Story. 

Manlius Capitoli'nus, consul of 
Rome B.C. 392, then military tribune. 
After the battle of Allia (390), seeing 
Rome in the power of the Gauls, he 
threw himself into the capitol with 1000 
men, surprised the Gauls, and put them 
to the sword. It was for this achieve- 
ment he was called Capitolinus. Sub- 
sequently he was charged with aiming 
at sovereignty, and was hurled to death 
from the Tarpeian Rock. 

(Lafosse (1698) has a tragedy called 
Manlius Capitolinus, and "Manlius " was 
one of the favourite characters of Talma 
the French actor. Lafosse's drama is an 
imitation of Otway's tragedy of Venice 
Preserved, 1682.) 

MANLY, the lover of lady Grace 
Townly sister-in-law of lord Townly. 
Manly is the cousin of sir Francis 
Wronghead, whom he saves from utter 
ruin. He is noble, judicious, upright, 
and sets all things right that are going 
wrong. — Vanbrugh and Cibber : The Pro- 
voked Husband (1728). 

The address and manner of Dennis Delane [1700-X753I 
were easy and polite ; and he excelled in the well-bred 
man, such as "Manly." — T. Davits. 

Manly, " the plain dealer." An 
honest, surly sea-captain, who thinks 
every one a rascal, and believes himself 
to be no better. Manly forms a good 
contrast to Olivia, who is a consummate 
hypocrite of most unblushing effrontery. 

" Counterfeit honours," says Manly, " will not be 
current with me. I weigh the man, not his titles. Tis 
not the king's stamp can make the metal better of 
heavier."— fVycherly : The Plain Dealer, i. 1 (1677). 

• . * Manly, the plain dealer, is a copy of 
Moliere's " Misanthrope," the prototype 
of which was the due de Montausier. 

Manly (Captain), the fiance" of Ara- 
bella ward of justice Day and an heiress. 

Arabella. I like him much— he seems plain and honest, 
in all conscience. 
Knight: The Honest Thieves. 



Ruth. Plain enough, inall conscience. 



MANLY. 



«7 



MANSFIELD. 



Manly {Colonel), a bluff, honest 
soldier, to whom honour is dearer than 
life. The hero of the drama.— Mrs. 
Centlivre: The Beau's Duel (1703). 

T ^fa-TiTi {Mrs.), a dishonest, grasping 
woman, who kept a branch workhouse, 
where children were farmed. Oliver 
Twist was sent to her child-farm. Mrs. 
Mann systematically starved the children 
placed under her charge. — Dickens : 
Oliver Twist (1837). 

Mannaia, goddess of retribution. 
The word in Italian means " an axe." 

All in a terrible moment came the blow 
That beat down Paolo's fence, ended the play 
Of the foil, and brought Mannaia on the stage. 
R. Browning: The Ring and the Book, iii. (date 
of the story, 1487). 

Mannering {Guy) or colonel Man- 
nering. 

Mrs. Mannering {nie Sophia Well- 
wood), wife of Guy Mannering. 

Julia Mannering, daughter of Guy. 
She marries captain Bertram. " Rather 
a hare-brained girl, but well deserving 
the kindest regards" (act i. a of the 
dramatized version). 

Sir Paul Mannering, uncle to Guy 
Mannering. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Man- 
nering (time, George II.). 

N.B. — The plot of this novel is given 
under Guy Mannering, p. 459. It 
was dramatized by Terry in 1816, with 
music by Bishop. 

Mano'a, the fabulous capital of El 
Dora'do, the houses of which city were 
roofed with gold. El Dorado was said 
to be situated on the west shore of lake 
Parime, at the mouth of a large river. 

Manon Lescaut, the heroine of a 
French novel entitled Histoire de Cheva- 
lier des Grieux et de Manon, by the abbe* 
PreVost (1733). Manon was the "fair 
mischief" of the story. Her charms 
seduced and ruined the chevalier des 
Grieux, and they lived together in a dis- 
reputable manner. Manon was ultimately 
transported to New Orleans, and des 
Grieux managed to accompany her in the 
transport, pretending he was her husband. 
She fled the colony, where they settled, 
on account of the governor's son, who 
made love to her, and died of privation 
in the wilderness, her lover by her side. 
The Chevalier returned to France. (See 
Grieux, p. 450.) 

(The object of this novel, like that of 
La Dame aux Camillas, by Dumas fils 
(1848), is to show how true-hearted, how 



self-sacrificing, how attractive, a fllle de 
joie may be. ) 

Manri'co, the supposed son of Azu- 
ce'na the gipsy, but in reality the son of 
Garzia (brother of the conte di Luna). 
Leono'ra is in love with him. (For the 
rest, see Leonora, p. 607.) — Verdi: II 
Trovato're (an opera, 1853). 

Man's, a fashionable coffee-house in 
the reign of Charles II. 

Mans {The count of), Roland, nephew 
of Charlemagne. He is also called the 
"knight of Blaives." 

Mansel {Sir Edward), lieutenant of 
the Tower of London. 

Lady Mansel, wife of sir Edward. — 
Sir W. Scott : Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

Mansfield {The Miller of), a hu- 
morous, good-natured countryman, who 
offered Henry VIII. hospitality when he 
had lost himself in a hunting expedition. 
The miller gave the king half a bed with 
his son Richard. Next morning, the 
courtiers were brought to the cottage by 
under-keepers, and Henry, in merry pin, 
knighted his host, who thus became sir 
John Cockle. He then made him " over- 
seer of Sherwood Forest," with a salary 
of 1000 marks a year. — Dodsley : The 
King and the Miller of Mansfield (1737). 

• . • In the ballad called The King and 
the Miller of Mansfield, the king is Henry 
II., and there are several other points of 
difference between the ballad and the 
play. In the play, Cockle hears a gun 
fired, and goes out to look for poachers, 
when he lays hold of the king, but, being 
satisfied that he is no poacher, he takes 
him home. In the ballad, the king out- 
rides his lords, gets lost, and, meeting 
the miller, asks of him a night's lodging. 
When the miller feels satisfied with the 
face and bearing of the stranger, he 
entertains him right hospitably. He 
gives him for supper a venison pasty, but 
tells him on no account to tell the king 
' ' that they made free with his deer." 
Another point of difference is this : In 
the play, the courtiers are seized by the 
unde^keepers, and brought to Cockle's 
house ; but in the ballad they track the 
king and appear before him next morning. 
In the play, the king settles on sir John 
Cockle 1000 marks ; in the ballad, £300 
a year. — Percy: Reliques, III. ii. 20. 

(As Dodsley introduced the "firing of 
a gun," he was obliged to bring down his 
date to more modern times, and none of 



MANSUR. 



668 



MARCELLA. 



the Henrys between Henry II. and Henry 
VIII. would be the least likely to indulge 
m such a prank.) 

Mansur {Elijah), a warrior, prophet, 
and priest, who taught a more tolerant 
form of Islam ; but not being an orthodox 
Moslem, he was condemned to imprison- 
ment in the bowels of a mountain. Man- 
sur is to reappear and wave his conquer- 
ing sword, to the terror of the Muscovite. 
— Milner : Gallery of 'Geography \ 781. 

A similar survival is told of Arthur, Barbarossa (f.v.), 
Boabdil, Charlemagne, Desmond, Henry the Fowler, 
Ogier, Sebastian I., Theodorick, and some others. 

Mantacci'ni, a charlatan, who pro- 
fessed to restore the dead to life. 

Mantali'ni (Madame), a fashionable 
milliner near Cavendish Square, London. 
She dotes upon her husband, and sup- 
ports him in idleness. 

Mr. Mantalini, the husband of ma- 
dame ; he is a man-doll and cockney 
fop, noted for his white teeth, his minced 
oaths, and his gorgeous morning gown. 
This "exquisite" lives on his wife's 
earnings, and thinks he confers a favour 
on her by lavishing her money on his 
selfish indulgences. — Dickens: Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). 

Mantle ( The Boy and the). One day, 
a little boy presented himself before king 
Arthur, and showed him a curious mantle 
' ' which would become no wife that was 
not leal " to her true lord. The queen 
tried it on, but it changed its colour and 
fell into shreds ; sir Kay's lady tried it 
on, but with no better success ; others 
followed, but only sir Cradock's wife 
could wear it.— Percy : Reliques. 

Mantuan (The), that is, Baptista 
Spag'nolus, surnamed Mantua' nus, from 
the place of his birth. He wrote poems 
and eclogues in Latin. His works were 
translated into English by George Tuber- 
villein 1567. He lived 1443-1516. 

Ah, good old Mantuan 1 I may speak of thee as the 
traveller doth of Venice — 

Vinegia, Vinegia, 
Chi mon te vede, ei non te pregia. 
Shakespeare : Love's Labour's Lest, act iv. sc. 2 (1594). 

Mantuan Swan (The), Virgil, a 
native of Mantua (B.C. 70-19). 

Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tenet nunc 
Parthenope ; cecini pascua, rura, duces. 

On VirgiFs Tomb (composed by himself). 
Ages elapsed ere Homer's lamp appeared ; 
And ages ere the Mantuan Swan was heard. 

Co-wper. 

Manncodiata, a bird resembling a 
swallow, found in the Molucca Islands. 
'* It has no feet, and though the body is 



not bigger' than that of a swallow, the 

span of its wings is equal to that of an 
eagle. These birds never approach the 
earth, but the female lays her eggs on 
the back of the male, and hatches them 
in her own breast. They live on the dew 
of heaven, and eat neither animal nor 
vegetable food. " — Cardan : De Rerum 
Varietate (1557). 

Less pure the footless fowl of heaven, that never 
Rest upon earth, but on the wing for ever, 
Hovering o'er flowers, their fragrant food inhale, 
Drink the descending dew upon the way, 
And sleep aloft while floating on the gale. 

Southey : Curse of Kehama, xxi. 6 (1809). 

Manuel du Sosa, governor of Lis- 
bon, and brother of Guiomar (mother of 
the vainglorious Duarte, 3 syl.). — 
Fletche-r: The Custom of the Country 
(1647). 

Mapp (Mrs.), bone-setter. She was 
born at Epsom, and at one time was very 
rich, but she died in great poverty at her 
lodgings in Seven Dials (1737). 

(Hogarth has introduced her in his 
heraldic picture, " The Undertakers' 
Arms." She is the middle of the three 
figures at the top, the other two being 
Dr. Ward on the right hand of the 
spectator, and Dr. Taylor on the left.) 

Maqueda, the queen of the South, 
who visited Solomon, and had by him a 
son named Melech. — Zaga Zabo ; Ap. 
Damian a Goes. 

' . • Maqueda is generally called Balkls 
queen of Saba or Zaba. 

Marcadiges (4 syl.), father of the 
lady beloved by Crampart (q.v. ). — Hein- 
rich von Alkmaar : Reynard the Fox 
(1498). 

Marcassin (Prince). This nursery 
tale is from the Nights of Straporola, an 
Italian (sixteenth century). Translated 
into French in 1585. 

Marce'lia, the "Desdemona" of 
Massinger's Duke of Milan. Sforza 
" the More" doted on his young bride, 
and Marcelia returned his love. During 
Sforza's absence at the camp, Francesco, 
"the lord protector," tried to seduce the 
young bride from her fidelity, and, failing 
in his purpose, accused her to the duke 
of wishing to play the wanton. "I 
laboured to divert her . . . urged your 
much love . . . but hourly she pursued 
me." The duke, in a paroxysm of jea- 
lousy, flew on Marcelia and slew her. — 
Massinger : The Duke of Milan (1622)1 

Marcelia, daughter of William a 
farmer. Her father and mother died 



MARCELLIN DE PEYRAS. 



669 



MARDI-GRA& 



while she was young, leaving her in 
charge of an uncle. She was "the 
most beautiful creature ever sent into the 
world," and every bachelor who saw her 
fell madly in love with her, but she de- 
clined their suits. One of her lovers was 
Chrysostom, the favourite of the village, 
who died of disappointed hope, and the 
shepherds wrote on his tombstone : 
" From Chrysostom's fate, learn to abhor 
Marcella, that common enemy of man, 
whose beauty and cruelty are both in 
the extreme." — Cervantes: Don Quixote, 
I. ii. 4, 5 (1605). 

Marcellin de Peyras. The cheva- 
lier to whom the baron de Peyras gave 
up his estates when he retired to Grenoble. 
De Peyras eloped with lady Ernestine, 
but soon tired of her, and fell in love with 
his cousin Margaret, the baron's daugh- 
ter.— Stirling ■: The Gold-Mine or The 
Miller of Grenoble ( 1 854). 

Marcelli'na, daughter of Rocco 
jailer of the State prison of Seville. She 
fell in love with Fidelio, her father's 
servant ; but this Fidelio turned out to be 
Leonora, wife of the State prisoner Fer- 
nando Florestan. — Beethoven : Fidelio (an 
opera, 1791). 

Marcello, in Meyerbeer's opera of 
Les Huguenots, unites in marriage Valen- 
ti'na and Raoul (1836). 

Marcello, the pseudonym of the 
duchess of Castiglione Colonna, widow of 
the due Charles de Castiglione' Aldio- 
vandi. The best works of this noted 
sculptor are "The Gorgon," "Marie 
Antoinette," "Hecate," and the " Py- 
thia " in bronze. Born 1837. 

Marcellus (M. Claudius), called 
** The Sword of Rome." Fabius " Cunc- 
tator " was " The Shield of Rome." 

Marcellus, an officer of Denmark, to 
whom the ghost of the murdered king ap- 
peared before it presented itself to prince 
Hamlet. — Shakespeare : Hamlet (1596). 

Marchioness ( The), the half-starved 
girl-of-all-work, in the service of Samp- 
son Brass and his sister Sally. She was 
so lonesome and dull, that it afforded her 
relief to peep at Mr. Swiveller even 
through the keyhole of his door. Though 
so dirty and ill cared for, "the mar- 
chioness " was sharp-witted and cunning. 
It was Mr. Swiveller who called her 
the "marchioness," when she played 
cards with him, "because it seemed 



more real and pleasant " to play with a 
marchioness than with a domestic slavey 
(ch. lvii.). When Dick Swiveller was 
turned away and fell sick, the "mar- 
chioness " nursed him carefully, and he 
afterwards married her. — Dickens: The 
Old Curiosity Shop (1840). 

Marchmont {Miss Matilda), the con- 
fidante of Julia Mannering. — Sir W. 
Scott : Guy Mannering (time, George II. ). 

Marcia, in Addison's drama called 
Cato, is beloved both by Sempronius and 
by Juba (1713). 

Marcian, armourer to count Robert 
of Paris.— Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Marck {William de la), a French 
nobleman, called " The Wild Boar of 
Ardennes " (Sanglier des Ardennes). — Sir 
W. Scott: Quentin Durward (time, Ed- 
ward IV.). 

MarclifFe [Theopkilus), pseudonym 
of William Godwin (author of Caleb 
Williams, 1756-1836). 

Marcomanic War, a war carried 
on by the Marcomanni, under the leader- 
ship of Maroboduus, who made himself 
master of Bohemia, etc. Maroboduus 
was defeated by Arminius, and his con- 
federation broken up (a.d. 20). In the 
second Christian century a new war broke 
out between the Marcomanni and the 
Romans, which lasted thirteen years. In 
A.D. 180 peace was purchased by the 
Romans, and the war for a time ceased. 

Marcos de Obregon, the hero of a 
Spanish romance, from which Lesage has 
borrowed very freely in his Gil Bias. — 
Vicente E spinel : Vida del Escudero 
Marcos de Obregon (1618). 

Marculf and Salomon or "The 

Fool and the Philosopher." Marculf the 
fool, who had delivered Salomon from 
captivity, outwits "the sage " by knavery 
and cunning. — Strieker : from a German 
poem, twelfth century. 

Marcus, son of Cato of Utlca, a 
warm-hearted, impulsive young man, 
passionately in love with Lucia daughter 
of Lucius ; but Lucia loved the more 
temperate brother, Portius. Marcus was 
slain by Caesar's soldiers when they in- 
vaded Utica. 

Marcus is furious, wild In his complaints | 

I hear with a secret kind of dread. 

And tremble at his vehemence of temper. 

Addison : Cat*, L i (1713). 

Mardi-Gras (Le), the last day of tha 



MARDONIUS. 670 

carnival ; noted in Paris for the travestie 
of a Roman procession marching to offer 
an ox in sacrifice to the gods. The ox, 
which is always the " prize " beast of the 
season, is decorated with gilt horns and 
fillet round its head ; mock priests with 
axes, etc., march beside it, a band with 
tfl sorts of tin instruments or instruments 
of thin brass follow, and lictors, eta, fill 
up the procession. 

Tous les ans on vient de la ville 

Les marchands dans nos cantons. 

Pour les mener aux Tuileries, 

Au Mardi-Gras, devant le roi 

Et puis les vendre aux boucheries 
J'alme Jeanne ma femme, eh, ha 1 j'aimerais mietu 
La Toir mourir que yoir mourir mes bceufs. 

Pierre Dupont : Les Bceufs. 

Mardonius {Captain), in Beaumont 
and Fletcher's drama called A King or 
No King (1619). - 

Maresclial of Mareschal Wells 
(Young), one of the Jacobite conspirators, 
under the leadership of Mr. Richard Vere 
laird of Ellieslaw.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Marfi'sa, an Indian queen. — Bojardo: 
Orlando Innamorato (1495); and A riosto: 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Marforio's Statue. This statue 
lies on the ground in Rome, and was at 
one time used for libels, lampoons, and 
jests, but was never so much used as 
Pasquin's. 

Margar'elon (4 syl.), a Trojan hero 
of modern legend, who performed deeds of 
marvellous bravery. Lydgate, in his Boke 
of Troy (1513), calls him a son of Priam. 
According to this authority, Margarelon 
attacked Achillas, and fell by his hand. 

MARGARET, only child and heiress 
of sir Giles Overreach. Her father set his 
heart on her marrying lord Lovel, for the 
summit of his ambition was to see her a 
peeress. But Margaret was modest, and 
could see no happiness in ill-assorted 
marriages ; so she remained faithful to 
Tom Allworth, the man of her choice. — 
Massinger: A New Way to Pay Old 
Debts (1628). 

Margaret, wife of Vandunke (a syl. ), 
the drunken burgomaster of Bruges. — 
Fletcher; The Beggars' Bush (1622). 

Margaret (Ladye), "the flower of 
Teviot," daughter of the duchess Mar- 
garet and lord Walter Scott of Branksome 
Hall. The ladye Margaret was beloved 
by Henry of Cranstown, whose family 
had a deadly feud with that of Scott (For 



MARGARET CATCHPOLR 

the rest of the tale, see Lay of the Last 
Minstrel, p. 599.)— Sir W. Scott: Lay 
of the Last Minstrel (1805). 

Margaret, the heroine of Goethe's 
Faust. Faust first encounters her on her 
return from church, falls in love with her, 
and seduces her. Overcome with shame, 
Margaret destroys the infant to which she 
gives birth, and is condemned to death. 
Faust attempts to save her ; and, gaining 
admission to her cell, finds her huddled 
up on a bed of straw, singing, like 
Ophelia, wild snatches of ancient ballads, 
her reason faded, and her death at hand. 
Faust tries to persuade the mad girl 
to flee with him, but in vain. Mephis- 
toph'el&s, passionless and grim, arrives to 
hurry them both to their spiritual ruin ; 
but Margaret calls " upon the judgment- 
seat of God," and when Mephistopheles 
says, " She is judged," voices from above 
answer, " Is saved." She ascends to 
heaven as Faust disappears with Mephis- 
topheles. Margaret is often called by 
the pet diminutive "Gretchen," and in 
Gounod's (1859) opera, ' * Margheri'ta. " 
— Goethe : Faust (1790). 

Shakespeare has drawn no such portrait as that of 
Margaret; no such peculiar union of passion, simplicity, 
homeliness, and witchery. The poverty and inferior 
social position of Margaret are never lost sight of— she 
never becomes an abstraction. It is love alone which 
exalts her above her station.— Lews. 

Margaret Catchpole, a Suffolk 
celebrity, born at Nacton, in that county, 
in 1773 ; the title and heroine of a tale by 
the Rev. R. Cobbold. She falls in love 
with a smuggler named Will Laud, and 
in 1797, in order to reach him, steals a 
horse from Mr. J. Cobbold, brewer, of 
Ipswich, in whose service she had lived 
much respected. She dresses herself in 
the groom's clothes, and makes her way 
to London, where she is detected while 
selling the horse, and is put in prison. 
She is sentenced to death at the Suffolk 
assizes — a sentence afterwards commuted 
to one of seven years' transportation. 
Owing to a difficulty in sending prisoners 
to New South Wales, she is confined in 
Ipswich jail ; but from here she makes 
her escape, joins Laud, who is shot in her 
defence. Margaret is recaptured, and 
again sentenced to death, which is for the 
second time commuted to transportation, 
this time for life, and she arrives at Port 
Jackson in 1801. Here, by her good be- 
haviour, she obtains a free pardon, and 
ultimately marries a former lover named 
John Barry, who had emigrated and 
risen to a high position in the colony. 



MARGARET FINCH. 



671 



MARGIANA. 



She died, much respected, in the year 
1841. 

Margaret Pinch, queen of the 
gipsies. She was born at Sutton, in 
Kent (1631), and finally setded in Nor- 
way. From a constant habit of sitting 
on the ground, with her chin on her knees, 
she was unable to stand, and when dead 
was buried in a square box (1740) ; aged 
109 years. 

Mar garet Gibson, afterwards called 
Patten, a famous Scotch cook, who was 
employed in the palace of James I. She 
was born in the reign of queen Elizabeth, 
and died June 26, 1739, either 136 or 141 
years of age. 

Margaret Lamburn, one of the 
servants of Mary queen of Scots, who 
undertook to avenge the death of her 
royal mistress. To this end, she dressed 
in man's clothes and carried two pistols — 
one to shoot queen Elizabeth and the 
other herself. She had reached the 
garden where the queen was walking, 
when she accidentally dropped one of the 
pistols, was seized, carried before the 
queen, and frantically told her tale. 
When the queen asked how she expected 
to be treated, Margaret replied, "A judge 
would condemn me to death, but it would 
be more royal to grant me pardon." The 
queen did so, and we hear no more of 
this fanatic 

Margaret Simon, daughter of Mar- 
tin Simon the miller of Grenoble ; a brave, 
beautiful, and noble girl. — Stirling: 
The Gold-Mine or Miller of Grenoble 
(X854). 

Margaret Street, Portman Square, 
London. So called from Margaret, only 
child of Edward second earl of Oxford 
and Mortimer. (See Bentinck, p. in.) 

Margaret of Anjon, widow of king 
Henry VI. of England. She presents 
herself, disguised as a mendicant, in 
Strasburg Cathedral, to Philipson (i.e. 
the earl of Oxford).— Sir W. Scott: Anne 
of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Margaret's Ghost, a ballad by 
David Mallet (1724). William courted 
the fair Margaret, but jilted her ; he 
promised love, but broke his promise ; 
said her face was fair, her lips sweet, and 
her eyes bright, but left the face to pale, 
the eyes to weep, and the maid to 
languish and die. Her ghost appeared 
to him at night to rebuke his heartless- 
ness ; and next morning, William left his 



bed raving mad, hied him to Margaret's 
grave, thrice called her by name, "and 
never word spake more." 

We shall have ballads made of it within two months, 
Setting forth how a young- squire became a serving-man 
of low degree, and it will be stuck up with Margarets 
Ghost against the walls of every cottage in the country 
—Bidurstaff: Love in a ViUaze (1763). 

Margaretta, a maiden attached to 
Robin. Her father wanted her to marry 
* ' a stupid old man, because he was rich ; 
so she ran away from home and lived as 
a ballad-singer. Robin emigrated for 
three years, and made his fortune. He 
was wrecked on the coast of Cornwall on 
his return, and met Margaretta at the 
house of Farmer Crop his brother-in-law, 
when the acquaintance was renewed. 
(See No Song, etc)— Hoare: No Song 
no Supper (1754-1834). 

Margarit'ta (Donna), a Spanish 
heiress, "fair, young, and wealthy," 
who resolves to marry that she may 
the more freely indulge her wantonness. 
She selects Leon for her husband, because 
she thinks him a milksop, whom she 
can twist round her thumb at pleasure ; 
but no sooner is Leon married than he 
shows himself the master. By ruling 
with great firmness and affection, he wins 
the esteem of every one, and the wanton 
coquette becomes a modest, devoted, and 
obedient wife.— Fletcher : Rule a Wife 
and Have a Wife (1640). 

Margery (Dame), the old nurse of 
lady Eveline Berenger " the betrothed." 
— Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Margherita. (See Margaret (4th 

entry) on opposite page.) 

Margheri'ta di Valois, daughter 
of Catherine de Medicis and Henri II. of 
France. She married Henri le Beamais 
(afterwards Henri IV. of France). It was 
during the wedding solemnities of Mar- 
gherita and Henri that Catherine de 
Medicis carried out the massacre of the 
French huguenots. The bride was at a 
ball during this horrible slaughter. — 
Meyerbeer: Les Huguenots or Gli Ugonotti 
(1836)/ 

Marguerite des Marguerites ("The 
Pearl of Pearls ") was not Marguerite di 
Valois wife of Henri IV., but Marguerite 
the wife of Henri d'Albert, mother of 
Henri IV. 

Margia'na (Queen), a mussulman, 
the mortal enemy of the fire-worshippers. 
Prince Assad became her slave, but, being 
stolen by the crew of Behram, was 



MARGUERITE GAUTIER. 



673 



MARIA. 



carried off. The queen gave chase to the 
ship ; Assad was thrown overboard, and 
swam to shore. The queen with an army 
demanded back her slave, discovered that 
Assad was a prince, and that his half- 
brother was king of the city to which 
she had come ; whereupon she married 
him, and carried him home to her own 
dominions. — Arabian Nights (" Amgiad 
and Assad "). 

Marguerite G-autier, called "La 
Dame aux Camelias " — a celebrated 
courtezan, the heroine of a novel and play 
by Dumas fits. 

Margntte (3 syl), a low-minded, 
vulgar giant, ten feet high, with enor- 
mous appetite and of the grossest sen- 
suality. He died of laughter on seeing a 
monkey pulling on his boots. — Pulci : 
Morganti Maggiore (1488). 

^ Chalchas, the Homeric soothsayer, 
died of laughter. (See Laughter, p. 
S94-) 

Marhaus (Sir), a knight of the 
Round Table, a king's son, and brother 
of the queen of Ireland. When sir 
Mark king of Cornwall refused to pay 
truage to Anguish king of Ireland, sir 
Marhaus was sent to defy sir Mark and 
all his knights to single combat. No one 
durst go against him ; but Tristram said, 
if Mark would knight him, he would 
defend his cause. In the combat, sir 
Tristram was victorious. With his sword 
he cut through his adversary's helmet 
and brain-pan, and his sword stuck so 
fast in the bone that he had to pull thrice 
before he could extricate it. Sir Marhaus 
contrived to get back to Ireland, but soon 
died. — Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, ii. 7, 8 (1470). 

• . • Sir Marhaus carried a white shield ; 
but as he hated women, twelve damsels 
* 9 pat thereon, to show how they dis- 
honoured him. — Ditto, pt. i. 75. 

MARIA, a lady in attendance on the 
princess of France. Longaville, a young 
lord in the suite of Ferdinand king of 
Navarre, asks her to marry him, but she 
defers her answer for twelve months. 
To this Longaville replies, " I'll stay 
with patience, but the time is long ; " and 
Maria makes answer, "The liker you; 
few taller are so young." — Shakespeare: 
Love s Labour s Lost (1594). 

Maria, the waiting-woman of the 
countess Olivia — Shakespeare'. Twelfth 
Night (1614) 



Maria, wife of Frederick the un< 
natural and licentious brother of Al- 
phonso king of Naples. She is a virtuous 
lady, and appears in strong contrast to 
her infamous husband. — Fletcher: A 
Wife for a Month (1624). 

Maria, daughter and only child of 

Thorowgood a wealthy London merchant. 
She is in love with George Barnwell, her 
father's apprentice; but George is exe- 
cuted for robbery and murder. — Lillo: 
George Barnwell (1732). 

A dying man sent for David Ross the actor [17=8- 
1790], and addressed him thus : " Some forty years ago, 
like ' George Barnwell,' I wronged my master to supply 
the unbounded extravagance of a 'Millwood.' I took 
her to see your performance, which so shocked me 
that I vowed to break the connection and return to the 
path of virtue. I kept my resolution, replaced the 
money I had stolen, and found a ' Maria ' in my 
master's daughter. ... I have now left £1000 affixed 
to your name in my will and testament. '—Ptlham : 
Chronicles efCritnt. 

Maria, the ward of sir Peter Teazle. 
She is in love with Charles Surface, whom 
she ultimately marries. — Sheridan : 
School for Scandal (1777). 

Maria, "the maid of the Oaks," 
brought up as the ward of Oldworth of 
Oldworth Oaks, but is in reality his 
daughter and heiress. Maria is engaged 
to sir Harry Groveby, and Hurry says, 
"She is the most charmingest, sweetest, 
delightfulest, mildest, beautifulest, mo- 
destest, genteelest young creature in the 
world." — Burgoyne: The Maid of the 
Oaks (1779). 

Maria, a maiden whose banns were 
forbidden "by the curate of the parish 
who published them ; " in consequence of 
which, Maria lost her wits, and used 
to sit on the roadside near Moulines 
(2 syl.), playing on a pipe vesper hymns 
to the Virgin. She led by a ribbon a 
little dog named Silvio, of which she was 
very jealous, for at one time she had a 
favourite goat, that forsook her. — Sterne : 
Sentimental journey (1768). 

Maria, a foundling, discovered by 
Sulpizio a sergeant of the nth regiment 
of Napoleon's Grand Army, and adopted 
by the regiment as thtir daughter. Tonio, 
a Tyrolese, saved her life and fell in love 
with her, but just as they were about 
to be married the marchioness of Berken- 
field claimed the foundling as her own 
daughter, and the suttler-girl had to quit 
the regiment for the castle. After a time, 
the castle was taken by the French, and 
although the marchioness had promised 



MARIA DELAVAL. 673 

Maria in marriage to another, she con- 
sented to her union with Tonio, who had 
risen to the rank of a field-officer, — Doni- 
zetti : La Figlia del Reggiitunto (an 
opera, 1840). 

Maria ~D elaval], daughter of colonel 
Delaval. Plighted to Mr. Versatile ; but 
just previous to the marriage Mr. Versa- 
tile, by the death of his father, came into 
a baronetcy and large fortune. The 
marriage was deferred ; Mr. (now sir 
George) Versatile went abroad, and be- 
came a man of fashion. They met, the 
attachment was renewed, and the mar- 
riage consummated. 

Sweetness and smiles played upon her countenance. 
She was the delight of her friends, the admiration of the 
world, and the coveted of every eye. Lovers of fortune 
and fashion contended for her hand, but she had be- 
stowed her heziU—Holcro/l : He's Much to Blame, 
\ 2 (1790). 

Maria [Wilding], daughter of sir 
jasper Wilding. She is in love with 
Beaufort ; and being promised in marriage 
against her will to George Philpot, dis- 
gusts him purposely by her silliness. 
George refuses to marry her, and she 
gives her hand to Beaufort. — Murphy: 
The Citizen (1757). 

Maria Theresa Fanza, wife of 
Sancho Panza. She is sometimes called 
Maria, and sometimes Theresa. — Cer- 
vantes: Don Quixote (1605). 

Mariage Porcfe (Le). Sganarelle, 
a rich man of 64, promises marriage to 
Dorimene (3 syl.), a girl under 20, but, 
having scruples about th« matter, consults 
his friend, two philosophers, and the 
gipsi*^, from none of whom can he obtain 
any practicable advice. At length, he 
overhears Dorimene telling a young lover 
that she only marries the old man for his 
money, and that he cannot live above a 
few months ; so the old man goes to the 
father, and declines the alliance. On this, 
the father sends his son to Sganarelle. 
jThe young man takes with him two 
swords, and with the utmost politeness 
and sang-froid requests Mons. to choose 
one. When the old man declines to do 
so, the young man gives him a thorough 
drubbing, and again with the utmost 
politeness requests the old man to make 
his choice. On his again declining to do 
so, he is again beaten, and at last con- 
gents to ratify the marriage. — Moliere: Le 
Mariage Ford (1664). 

Mariamne (4 syl. ), a Jewish princess, 
daughter of Alexander and wife of Herod 
" the Great." Mariamnfi was the mother 
of Alexander and Aristobu'lus, both of 



MARIANA. 



whom Herod put to death In a fit of 
jealousy, and then fell into a state 
of morbid madness, in which he fancied 
he saw Mariamne and heard her asking 
for her sons. 

(This has been made the subject of 
several tragedies : e.g. A. Hardy, Mari- 
amne (1623}; Pierre Tristan l'Ermite, 
Mariamne (1640) ; Voltaire, Mariamne, 
1724.) 

MARIAN, "the Muses' only dar- 
ling," is Margaret countess of Cumber- 
land, sister of Anne countess of Warwick. 

Fair Marian, the Muses' only darling:, 
Whose beauty shineth as the morning- dear, 
With silver dew upon the roses pearling. 
Spenser: Colin Clouts Come Home A sain (1595). 

Marian, " the parson's maid," in love 
with Colin Clout who loves Cicely. 
Marian sings a ditty of dole, in which 
she laments for Colin, and says how he 
once gave her a knife, but " Woe is me I 
for knives, they tell me, always sever 
love." — Gay : Pastorals, ii. (17 14). 

Marian, " the daughter " of Robert a 
wrecker, and betrothed to Edward a 
young sailor. She was fair in person, 
loving, and holy. During the absence of 
Edward at sea, a storm arose, and Robert 
went to the coast to look for plunder. 
Marian followed him, and in the dusk 
saw some one stab another. She thought 
it was her father, but it was Black Norris. 
Her father being taken up, Marian gave 
evidence against him, and the old man 
was condemned to death. Norris now 
told Marian he would save her father if 
she would become his wife. She made 
the promise, but was saved the misery of 
the marriage by the arrest of Norris for 
murder. — Knowles : The Daughter (1836). 

Marian, or " A Young Maid's For- 
tunes," an excellent novel of Irish life by 
Mrs. S. C. Hall, published in 1840. 
Katey Macane, an Irish cook, adopts 
Marian a foundling, and watches over 
her with untiring affection. 

MARIANA, a lovely and lovable 
lady, married to Angelo (deputy duke of 
Vienna) by civil contract, but not by 
religious rites. Her pleadings to the 
duke for Angelo are wholly unrivalled. 
— Shakespeare: Measure for Measure 
(1603). 

Timid and shrinking- before, she does not now wait to 
be encouraged in her suit. She is Instant and importu- 
nate. She docs not reason with the duke ; the beg* 
she implores.— .fl. G. White. 

N.B. — Mariana was Angelo's wife by 
civil contract, but not by the " sacrament 

a x 



MARIANA. 



674 



MARIANNE FRANVAU 






of marriage." She was wed to him, but 
was not his wife, according to the rites of 
the Catholic Church, 

{Mariana is a subordinate character in 
AlFs Well that Ends Well. She is a 
neighbour and friend of the Old Widow 
of Florence.) 

Mariana, sister of Ludovi'co Sforza 
duke of Milan, and wife of Francesco his 
chief minister of state. — Massinger: The 
Duke of Milan (1622). 

Mariana, daughter of lord Charney ; 
taken prisoner by the English, and in 
love with Arnold (friend of the Black 
Prince). Just before the battle of Poi- 
tiers, thinking the English cause hope- 
less, Mariana induces Arnold to desert ; 
but lord Charney will not receive him. 
Arnold returns to the English camp, and 
dies in the battle. Lord Charney is also 
slain, and Mariana dies distracted. — 
Shirley : Edward the Black Prince (1640). 

Mariana, the young lady that Love- 
goldithe miser wanted to marry. (For 
the tale, see Lovegold, p. 632.)— Field- 
ing: The Miser (1732). 

Mariana, the daughter of a Swiss 
burgher, *' the most beautiful of women." 
" Her gentleness a smile without a smile, 
a sweetness of look, speech, act." Leo- 
nardo being crushed by an avalanche, 
she nursed him. through his illness, and 
they fell in love with each other. He 
started for Mantua, but was detained for 
two years captive by a gang of thieves; 
and Mariana followed him, being unable 
to support life where he was not In 
Mantua count Florio fell in love with 
her, and obtained her guardian's consent 
to their union ; but Mariana refused, was 
summoned before the duke (Ferrardo), 
and judgment was given against her. 
Leonardo, being present at the trial, now 
threw off his disguise, and was acknow- 
ledged to be the real duke. He assumed 
his rank, and married .Mariana; but, 
being called to the camp, left Ferrardo 
regent. Ferrardo, being a villain, laid a 
cunning scheme to prove Mariana guilty 
of adultery with Julian St. Pierre, a 
countryman ; but Leonardo refused to 
believe the charge. Julian, who turned 
out to be Mariana's brother, exposed the 
whole plot of Ferrardo, and amply cleared 
his sister of the slightest taint or thought 
of a revolt.— Knowles : The Wife (1833). 

Mariana, daughter of the king of 
Thessaly. She was beloved by sir Alex- 



ander, one of the three sons of St. George 
the patron saint of England. Sir Alex- 
ander married her, and became king oi 
Thessaly.— R.Johnson: The Seven Cham- 
pions of Christendom, iii. 2, 3, 11 (1617). 

Mariana in the Moated Grange, 

ft young damsel who sits in the moated 
grange, looking out for her lover, who 
never comes ; and the burden of her life- 
song is, "My life is dreary, for he 
cometh not ; I am aweary, and would 
that I were dead 1 " 

The sequel is called Mariana in the 
South, in which the love-lorn maiden 
looks forward to her death, "when she 
will cease to be alone, to live forgotten, 
and to love forlorn." — Tennyson: Mari- 
ana (in two parts). 

•'.' Mariana, the lady betrothed to 
Angelo, passed her sorrowful hours " at 
the Moated Grange." Thus the duke 
says to Isabella — 

Haste you speedily to Angela ... I will presently 
to St. Luke's. There, at the moated grange, resides 
the dejected Mariana.— Shakespeare : Measure /or 
Measure, act iii sc 1 (1603}. 

Marianne (3 syl.), a statuette to 
which the red republicans of France pay 
homage. It symbolizes the republic, and 
is arrayed in a red Phrygian cap. This 
statuette is sold at earthenware shops, 
and in republican clubs, enthroned in 
glory, and sometimes it is carried in 

f>rocession to the tune of the Marseillaise. 
See Mary Anne, p. 682. ) 

The reason seems to be this : Ravaillac, 
the assassin of Henri IV. (the Harmodius 
or Aristogiton of France), was honoured 
by the red republicans as "patriot, de- 
liverer, and martyr." This regicide was 
incited to his deed of blood by reading 
the celebrated treatise De Rege et Regio 
Institutione, by Mariana the Jesuit, pub- 
lished 1599 (about ten years previously). 
As Mariana inspired Ravaillac "to deliver 
France from her tyrant" (Henri IV.), 
the name was attached to the statuette of 
liberty, and the republican party gene- 
rally. 

(The association of the name with the 
guillotine favours this suggestion.) 

Marianne [Franval], sister of 
Franval the advocate. She is a beautiful, 
loving, gentle creature, full of the deeds 
of kindness, and brimming over with 
charity. Marianne loves captain St. 
Alme, a merchant's son, and though her 
mother opposes the match as beneath the 
rank of the family, the advocate pleads 
for his sister, and the lovers are duly 



MARIDUNUM. 



67S 



MARINE. 



betrothed to each other.— HoUroft : Tht 
Deaf and Dumb (1785). 

Maridu'num, i.e. Caer-Merdin (now 
Caermarthen). — Spenser: Faerie Queene, 
iii. 3 (1590). 

Marie {Countess), the mother of Ul'- 
rica (a love-daughter), the father of 
Ulrica being Ernest de Fridberg, "the 
prisoner of State." Marie married count 
D'Osborn, on condition of his obtaining 
the acquittal of her lover Ernest de Frid- 
berg ; but the count broke his promise, 
and even attempted to get the prisoner 
smothered in his dungeon. His villainy 
being made known, the king ordered him 
to be executed, and Ernest, being set at 
liberty, duly married the countess Marie. 
—Stirling: The Prisoner of State (1847). 

Marie de Brabant, daughter of 
Henri III. due de Brabant. She married 
Philippe le Hardi, king of France, and 
was accused by Labrosse of having poi- 
soned Philippe's son by his former wife. 
Jean de Brabant defended the queen's 
innocence by combat, and being the 
victor, Labrosse was hung (1260-1321). 

(Ancelot has made this the subject of 
an historical poem called Marie de Bra- 
bant, in six chants, 1825.) 

Marie Kirikitoun, a witch, who 
promised to do a certain task for a lassie, 
in order that she might win a husband, 
provided the lassie either remembered the 
witch's name for a year and a day, or 
submitted to any punishment she might 
choose to inflict. The lassie was married, 
and forgot the witch's name ; but the fay 
was heard singing, ' ' Houpa, houpa, Marie 
Kirikitoun 1 Nobody will remember my 
name." The lassie, being able to tell the 
witch's name, was no more troubled. — 
Basque Legend. 

U Grimm has a similar tale, but the 
name is Rumpel-stilzchen, and the song 
was — 

Little dreams ny dainty dam*. 
Rumpelstilzcl.en is my name. 

Marigold's Prescriptions (Dr.), 

a Christmas number of All the Year 
Round for 1865, by Dickens. Dr. Mari- 
gold is an itinerant cheap Jack, called 
"doctor" in compliment to the medical 
man who attended at his birth, and would 
only accept a tea-tray for his fee. The 
death of little Sophy in her father's arms, 
while he is convulsing the rustic crowd 
with his ludicrous speeches, is one of the 
most pathetic touches ever written. I 
beard Dickens himself read the story. 



Mari'na, a shepherdess of unrivalled 
beauty, loved by Celandine, a neighbour- 
ing shepherd "rich in all those gifts 
which seely hearts bewitch." Celandine 
despised her love, because it was too 
easily won, so Marina threw herself into 
a river, from which she was rescued by 
a shepherd who fell in love with her. To 
avoid this new suitor, she threw herself 
into a well-spring, but was rescued by 
the presiding god thereof, who declared 
his devotion to her, and committed her 
to the charge of a water-nymph. This 
nymph gave her a draught from the 
waters of Oblivion, which made her for- 
get all about Celandine. — Browne : 
Britannia's Pastorals (1613). 

Mari'na, daughter of Per'icMs prince 
of Tyre, born at sea, where her mother 
Thais'a, as it was supposed, died in 
giving her birth. Prince Periclte en- 
trusted the infant to Cleon (governor ot 
Tarsus) and his wife Dionys'ia, who 
brought her up excellently well, and she 
became most highly accomplished ; but 
when grown to budding womanhood, 
Dionysia, out of jealousy, employed 
Le'onine (3 syl.) to murder her. Leonine 
took Marina to the coast with this intent, 
but the outcast was seized by pirates, and 
sold at Metali'ne as a slave. Here Peri- 
cles landed on his voyage from Tarsus to 
Tyre, and Marina was introduced to him 
to chase away his melancholy. She told 
him the story of her life, and he perceived 
at once that she was his daughter. 
Marina was now betrothed to Lysimachus 
governor of Metaling ; but, before the 
espousals, went to visit the shrine of 
Diana of Ephesus, to return thanks to 
the goddess; and the priestess was dis- 
covered to be Thaisa the mother of 
Marina. — Shakespeare : Pericles Prince of 
Tyre (1608). 

Mari'na, wife of Jacopo Fos'cari the 
doge's son.— Byron: The Two Foscari 
(1820). 

Marinda or M arid ah, the fair con- 
cubine of Haroun-al-Raschid. 

Marinda, mother of Dorfdon " the 
pride of swains."— Browne: Britannia's 
Pastorals (1613). 

Marine ( The Female), Hannah Snell 
of Worcester. She was present at the 
attack of Pondicherry. Ultimately she 
left the service, and opened a public- 
house in Wapping (London), but stil' 
retained her male attire (bora 1723). 






MARINEL. 

Mari'nel, the beloved of Florirnel 
"the Fair." Marinel was the son of 
black-browed Cym'oent (daughter of Ne- 
reus and Dumarin), and allowed no one 
to pass by the rocky cave where he lived 
without doing battle with him. When 
Marinel forbade Britomart to pass, she 
replied, " I mean not thee entreat to 
pass ; " and with her spear knocked him 
" grovelling on the ground. " His mother, 
with the sea-nymphs, came to him ; and 
the " lily-handed Liagore," who knew 
leechcraft, feeling his pulse, said life 
was not extinct. So he was carried to 
his mother's bower, " deep in the bottom 
of the sea," where Tryphon (the sea-gods' 
physician) soon restored him to perfect 
health. One day, Proteus asked Marinel 
and his mother to a banquet, and while 
the young man was sauntering about, he 
heard a female voice lamenting her hard 
lot, and saying her hardships were brought 
about for her love to Marinel. The young 
man discovered that the person was 
Florirnel, who had been shut up in a 
dungeon by Proteus for rejecting his 
suit ; so he got a warrant of release from 
Neptune, and married her. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, iii. 8 ; iv. n, 12 (1590, 
1596). 

Mari'ni {J. B.), called Le cavalier 
Marin, born at Naples. He was a poet, 
and is known by his poem called Adonis 
or L'Adone, in twenty cantos (1623). The 
poem is noted for its description of the 
' ' Garden of Venus. " 

If the reader will . . . read over Ariosto's picture of 
the garden of paradise, Tasso's garden of Armi'da, and 
Marini's garden of Venus, he will be persuaded that 
Milton imitates their manner, but . . . excels the 
originals. — Thyer. 

Mari'no Palie'ro, the forty-ninth 
doge of Venice, elected 1354. A patrician 
named Michel Steno, having behaved in- 
decently to some of the ladies at a great 
civic banquet given by the doge, was turned 
out of the house by order of the duke. 
In revenge, the young man wrote a scur- 
rilous libel against the dogaressa, which 
he fastened to the doge's chair of state. 
The insult being referred to " the Forty," 
Steno was condemned to imprisonment 
foramonth. This punishment was thought 
by the doge to be so inadequate to the 
offence, tl at he joined a conspiracy to 
overthrow the republic. The conspiracy 
was betrayed by Bertram, one of the 
members, and the doge, at the age of 76, 
was beheaded on the " Giants' Staircase." 
—Byron : Marino Faliero (1819). 

(Casimir Delavigne, in 1829, brought 



676 



MARK. 



out a tragedy on the same subject, and 

with the same title.) 

Marion de Lorme, in whose house 
the conspirators met. She betrayed all 
their movements and designs to Richelieu. 
— lord Lytton: Richelieu (1839). 

Maritor'nes (4 syl.), an Asturian 
chamber-maid at the Crescent Moon 
tavern, to which don Quixote was taken 
by his 'squire after their drubbing by the 
goat-herds. The crazy knight insisted 
that the tavern was a castle, and that 
Maritornes, "the lord's daughter," was 
in love with him. 

She was broad-faced, flat-nosed, blind of one eye, 
and had a most delightful squint with the other ; the 
peculiar gentility of her shape, however, compensated 
for every defect, she being about three feet in height, 
and remarkably hunchbacked. — Cervantes : Don 
Quixote, I. iii 2 (1605). 

Marius (Caius), the Roman general, 
tribune of the people, B.C. 119; the rival 

of Sylla. 

(An tony Vincent Arnault wrote a tragedy 
in French entitled Marius a Minturnes 
(1791). Thomas Lodge, M.D., in 1594, 
wrote a drama called Wounds of Civil 
War, lively set forth in the True Trage- 
dies of Marius and Sylla.) 

Mar'ivauz {Pierre de Chamblain 
de), a French writer of comedies and 
romances (1678-1763). 

(S. Richardson is called " The English 
Marivaux," 1689-1761.) 

Marjory of Douglas, daughter of 
Archibald earl of Douglas, and duchess 
of Rothsay.— Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV). 

Mark {The Gospel of St.), the second 
book of the New Testament. It shows 
us Christ in active life going about doing 
good, as the First Gospel shows Him 
mainly as a Teacher. 

Mark was no apostle, nor Is it known for certain who 
he was, in what language his Gospel was originally 
written, nor when it was written. 

Mark {Sir), king of Cornwall, who 
held his court at Tintag'el. He was a 
wily, treacherous coward, hated and de- 
spised by all true knights. One day, sir 
Dinadan, in jest, told him that sir Launce- 
lot might be recognized by "his shield, 
which was silver with a black rim." 
This was, in fact, the cognizance of sir 
Mordred ; but, to carry out the joke, sir 
Mordred lent it to Dagonet, king Arthur's 
fool. Then, mounting the jester on a 
large horse, and placing a huge spear in 
his hand, the knights sent him to offer 
battle to king Mark. When Dagonet 



MARK TAPLEY. 



beheld the coward king, he cried aloud, 
••Keep thee, sir knight, for I will slay 
thee ! " King Mark, thinking it to be 
sir Launcelot, spurred his horse to flight. 
The fool gave chase, rating king Mark 
"as a woodman [madman]." All the 
knights who beheld it roared at the jest, 
told king Arthur, and the forest rang 
with their laughter. The wife of king 
Mark was Isond (Ysolde) the Fair of 
Ireland, whose love for sir Tristram was a 
public scandal. — Sir T. Malory: History 
0f Prince Arthur, ii. 96, 97 (1470). 

Mark Tapley, a serving companion 
of Martin Chuzzlewit, who goes out with 
him to Eden, in North America. Mark 
Tapley thinks there is no credit in being 
jolly in easy circumstances ; but when in 
Eden he found every discomfort, lost all 
his money, was swindled by every one, 
and was almost killed by fevers, then 
indeed he felt it would be a real credit 
" to be jolly under the circumstances." — 
Dickens : Martin Chuzzlewit (1843). 

Markliam, a gentleman in the train 
of the earl of Sussex. — Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Markham (Mrs.), pseudonym of 
Mrs. Elizabeth Penrose (born Elizabeth 
Cartwright), authoress of History of 
England, etc. 

Marklekam (Mrs.), the mother of 
Annie. Devoted to pleasure, she always 
maintained that she indulged in it for 
"Annie's sake." Mrs. Markleham is gene- 
rally referred to as" the old soldier." — 
Dickens : David Copperfield (1849). 

Marksman, one of Fortunio's seven 
attendants. He saw so clearly and to 
such a distance, that he generally ban- 
daged his eyes in order to temper the 
great keenness of his sight. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 
1682). 

Marlborough (The duke of), John 
Churchill. He was called by marshal 
Turer.ne, Le Bel Anglais (1650-1722). 
(See Malbrough, p. 659.) 

Marley, the partner of Scrooge, the 
grasping, cheating "old sinner." He 
was dead before the story begins, but his 
ghost contributes to the conversion of 
Scrooge. — Dickens : Christmas Carol. 

Marlow (Sir Charles), the kind- 
hearted old friend of squire Hardcastle. 

Young Marlow, son of sir Charles. 
" Among women of reputation and virtue 



6ff MARMION. 

he is the modestest man alive ; but bis 
acquaintances give him a very different 
character among women of another 
stamp " (act i. sc. 1). Having mistaken 
Hardcastle's house for an inn, and Miss 
Hardcastle for the barmaid, he is quite 
at his ease, and makes love freely. When 
fairly caught, he discovers that the sup- 
posed " inn " is a private house, and the 
supposed barmaid is the squire's daughter ; 
but the ice of his shyness being broken, 
he has no longer any difficulty in loving 
according to his station. — Goldsmith : 
She Stoop to Conquer (1773). 

N.B. — When Goldsmith was between 
16 and 17, he set out for Edgworthstown, 
and finding night coming on, asked a 
man which was the " best house" in the 
town — meaning the best inn. The man 
pointed to the house of sir Ralph 
Fetherstone (or Mr. Fetherstone), and 
Oliver, entering the parlour, found the 
master of the mansion sitting at a good 
fire. Oliver told him he desired to pass 
the night there, and ordered him to 
bring in supper. " Sir Ralph," knowing 
his customer, humoured the joke, which 
Oliver did not discover till next day, when 
he called for his bill. (We are told in 
Notes and Queries that Ralph Fether- 
stone was only Mr., but his grandson 
was sir Thomas. ) 

Marmaduke Neville, the lover of 
Sybil Warner in lord Lytton's Last of the 
Barons (1843). 

Marmion, "a Tale of Flodden 
Field." Lord Marmion was betrothed 
to Constance de Beverley, but he jilted 
her for lady Clare an heiress, who was in 
love with Ralph de Wilton. The lady 
Clare rejected lord Marmion's suit, and 
took refuge from him in the convent of 
St. Hilda, in Whitby. Constance took 
the veil in the convent of St. Cuthbert, 
in Holy Isle, but after a time she left 
the convent clandestinely, was captured, 
taken back, and buried alive in the walls 
of a deep cell. In the mean time, lord 
Marmion, being sent by Henry VIII. on 
an embassy to James IV. of Scotland, 
stopped at the hall of sir Hugh de Heron, 
who sent a palmer as his guide. On his 
return, lord Marmion commanded the 
abbess of St. Hilda to release the lady 
Clare, and place her under the charge of 
her kinsman, Fitzclare of Tantallon Hall. 
Here she met the palmer, who was Ralph 
de Wilton, and as lord Marmion was 
slain in the battle of Flodden Field, sh« 



MARMION. 

was free to marry the man she loved. — 
Sir W. Scott: Marmion (1808). 

Marmion {Lord), a descendant of 
Robert de Marmion, who obtained from 
William the Conqueror the manor of 
Scrivelby, in Lincolnshire. This Robert 
de Marmion was the first royal champion 
of England, and the office remained in 
the family till the reign of Edward I., 
when in default of male issue it passed to 
John Dymoke, son-in-law of Philip Mar- 
mion, in whose family it remains still. 

Marner {Silas), "the weaver of 
Raveloe." He deems himself a waif in 
the world, but finds hope in a little 
foundling girl. — George Eliot (Mrs. 
J. W. Cross) : Silas Marner (1861). 

Ma'ro, Virgil, whose full name was 
Publius Virgilius Maro (B.C. 70-19). 

Oh, were it mine with sacred Maro's art 

To wake to sympathy the feeling heart, 

Like him the smooth and mournful verse to dren 

In all the pomp of exquisite distress . . . 

Then might I . . . 

Falconer : The Shipwreck, ill. 5 (1756). 

Mar'onites (3 syl.), a religious 
semi-Catholic sect of Syria, constantly 
at war with their near neighbours the 
Druses, a semi-Mohammedan sect. Both 
are now tributaries of the sultan, but 
enjoy their own laws. The Maronites 
number about 400,000, and the Druses 
about half that number. The Maronites 
owe their name to J. Maron, their founder ; 
the Druses to Durzi, who led them out of 
Egypt into Syria. The patriarch of the 
Maronites resides at Kanobin ; the hakem 
of the Druses at Deir-el-kamar. The 
Maronites or " Catholics of Lebanon" 
differ from the Roman Catholics in 
several points, and have their own pope or 
patriarch. In i860 the Druses made on 
them a horrible onslaught, which called 
forth the intervention of Europe. 

Marotte (2 syl. ), footman of Gorgibus ; 
a plain bourgeois, who hates affectation. 
When the fine ladies of the house try to 
convert him into a fashionable flunky, and 
teach him a little grandiloquence, he 
bluntly tells them he does not understand 
Latin. 

MarotU. Volla un laquals qui demande slvousetes 
au logis, et dit que son maitre, vous venir voir. 

Madelen. Apprenez, sotte, a vous enoncer moins 
vulgaiment. Dites: Voila un necessaire qui demande 
si vous 6tes en commodity d'etre visible*. 

MarotU. Je n'entends point le Latin.— Moliere : 
Les Pricieuses Ridicules, vii. (1659). 

Marphi'sa, sister of Roge'ro, and a 
female knight of amazing prowess. She 
was brought up by a magician, but being 
stolen at the age of seven, was sold to 



678 MARQUIS D'EVREMONDE. 

the king of Persia. When she was 18 
her royal master assailed her honour 
but she slew him, and usurped the crown 
Marphisa went to Gaul to join the arm) 
of Agramant, but subsequently entered 
the camp of Charlemagne, and was" bap- 
tized. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Marphu'rius, a doctor of the Pyr- 
rhonian school. Sganarelle consults him 
about his marriage ; but the philosopher 
replies, «' Perhaps ; it is possible ; it may 
be so ; everything is doubtful ; " till at 
last Sganarelle beats him, and Marphurius 
says he shall bring an action against him 
for battery. '* Perhaps," replies Sgana- 
relle ; " it is possible ; it may be so," etc. , 
using the philosopher's own words (sc. ix. \ 
— Moliere : Le Mariage Ford (1664). 

Marplot, "the busy body." A 
blundering, good-natured, meddlesome 
young man, very inquisitive, too officious 
by half, and always bungling whatever he 
interferes in. Marplot is introduced by 
Mrs. Centlivre in two comedies, The Busy 
Body and Marplot in Lisbon. 

That unlucky dog Marplot ... is ever doing mis- 
chief, and yet (to give him his due) he never designs it. 
This is some blundering adventure, wherein he thought 
to show his friendship, as he calls it. — Mrs. Centlivre : 
The Busy Body, iii. 5 (1709). 

(This was Henry Woodward's great 
part (1717-1777). His unappeasable 
curiosity, his slow comprehension, his an- 
nihilation under the sense of his dilem- 
mas, were so diverting, that even Garrick 
confessed him the decided " Marplot " of 
the stage. — Boaden: Life of Siddons.) 

N.B. — William Cavendish duke of 
Newcastle brought out a free translation 
of Moliere's LEtourdi, which he entitled 
Marplot. 

Marprelate (Martin), the pseudo- 
nym adopted by the author or authors of 
a series of powerful but scurrilous tracts 
published in England during the reign of 
Elizabeth, and designed to prove the un- 
scriptural character of the prelacy. 

Marquis de Basqueville, being 
one night at the opera, was told by a 
messenger that his mansion was on fire. 
"Eh bien," he said to the messenger, 
"adressez-vous a Mme. la marquise qui 
est en face dans cette loge; car e'est 
affaire de menage." — Chapus: Dieppe et 
ses Environs (1853). 

Marquis d'Evremonde {Le), an 
aristocratic French gentleman, cold- 
hearted, handsome, and selfish. There 
were two dints at the top of his nostrils 
which changed colour on any emotion. 



MARRALL. 



679 MARSEILLES' GOOD BISHOP- 



He was the uncle of Charles Darnay.— 
Dickens : A Tale of Two Cities (1859). 

Marrall (Jack), a mean-spirited, 
revengeful time-server. He is the clerk 
and tool of sir Giles Overreach. When 
Marrall thinks Wellborn penniless, he 
treats him like a dog ; but immediately 
he fancies he is about to marry the 
wealthy dowager lady Allworth, he is 
most servile, and offers to lend him 
money. Marrall now plays the traitor to 
his master, sir Giles, and reveals to 
Wellborn the scurvy tricks by which he 
has been cheated of his estates. When, 
however, he asks Wellborn to take him 
into his service, Wellborn replies, "He 
who is false to one master will betray 
another ; " and will have nothing to say 
to him. — Massinger: A New Way to Pay 
Old Debts (1628). 

Married Clergymen. The first 
who took to himself a wife in Saxony was 
Bartholomew Bernard, curg of Kemberg, 
in 1521. 

Married Men of Genius. The 

number of men of genius unhappy in 
their wives is very large. The following 
are notorious examples : — 

(1) ADDISON and the countess dowager of Warwick. 
(a) BACON (Lord) and Miss Barnham. 

(3) BYRON and Miss Milbanke. 

(4) Dante and Gemma Donati. 

(5) DICKENS ««d Miss Hogarth. 

(6) DRYDEN and lady Elizabeth Howard. 

(7) DURER (Albert) and Agnes Frey. 

(8) FELLTHAM (Owen), 1610-1678. 

(9) GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS and the flighty FJeonora 
of Brandenburg. 

(10) Haydn and the daughter of a wig-maker who 
gave him employment. 

Sn) Hooker and Miss ChurchilL 
la) JONSON (Ben). 
13) LILY (William) and his second wife. 
(14) LYTTON BULWER LYTTON (Lord) and Mlsa 
Wheeler. 
/is) MARLBOROUGH and Sarah Jennings. 

(16) Milton and two of his wives. 

(17) Moliere. " II espouse une jeune fille nee de la 
Brejart es d'un gentuhomme nomine Modeue."— Vol- 
(aire. 

(18) MORE (Sir TTUmaj). 

(19) Racine. 

bo) Sadi, the great Persian poet, 
(at) SCALIGER. (This was not J. C. Scallger, who 
was most happy in his marriage.) 
(33) Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway. 

(33) SHELLEY and Harriet Westbrook, from whom 
he separated. Shelley was very happy with his second 
wife, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin. 

(34) SOCRATES and Xantippe the scold. 

(35) STEELE. 

(a6| Sterne. 

irj) Wesley and Mrs. Vazeille. his vindictive wife. 
38) Whitfield and Mrs. James, 
ag) WYCHERLY and the countess of Drogheda. 

IT To these add Aristotle {q. v.), Aristo- 
phanes, Boccaccio, Euripides, Periander, 
Pittacus, etc. 

(Moore, Scott, Wordsworth, Glad- 
stone, Browning, Beaconsfield, Benson 



archbishop of Canterbury, Du Maurier, 
and others were happy in their wives. ) 

No doubt the reader will be able to add 
to the number. As a rule, men of genius 
are too much courted and too much 
absorbed to be good domestic husbands. 

Mars, divine Fortitude personified. 
Bacchus is the tutelary demon of the 
Mohammedans, and Mars the guardian 
potentate of the Christians. — Camoens : 
The Lusiad (1569). 

That Young Mars of Men, Edward the 
Black Prince, who with 8000 men de- 
feated, at Poitiers, the French king Jean, 
whose army amounted to 60,000 — some 
say even more (a.d. 1356). 

The Mars of Men, Henry Plantagenel 
earl of Derby, third son of Henry earl of 
Lancaster, and near kinsman of Edward 
III. (See Derby, p. 272.) 

The Mars of Portugal, Alfonso de Albo- 
querque, viceroy of India (1452-1515). 

Mars Wounded. A very remark- 
able parallel to the encounter of DiSmed 
and Mars in the Iliad, v., occurs in 
Ossian. Homer says that Diomed hurled 
his spear against Mars, which, piercing 
the belt, wounded the war-god in the 
bowels : " Loud bellowed Mars, nine 
thousand men, ten thousand, scarce so 
loud joining fierce battle." Then Mars 
ascending, wrapped in clouds, was borne 
upwards to Olympus. 

11 Ossian, in Carric-Thura, says that 
Loda, the god of his foes, came like ' ' a 
blast from the mountain. He came in 
his terror, and shook his dusky spear. 
His eyes were flames, and his voice like 
distant thunder. 'Son of night,' said 
Fingal, * retire. Do I fear thy gloomy 
form, spirit of dismal Loda? Weak is 
thy shield of cloud, feeble thy meteor 
sword.' " Then cleft he the gloomy 
shadow with his sword. It fell like a 
column of smoke. It shrieked. Then, 
rolling itself up, the wounded spirit rose 
on the wind, and the island shook to its 
foundation. 

Mar's Year, the year 1715, in which 
occurred the rebellion of the earl of Mar. 

Auld uncle John wha wedlock's Joys 
Sin Mar's year did desire. 

Burns : HaUowtm, aj. 

Marseillaise. (See Kubla Khan, 
P- 583-) 

Marseilles' Good Bishop, Henri 
Francois Xavier de Belsunce (1671-1775). 
Immortalized by his philanthropic dili- 
gence in the plague at Marseilles (1720- 
1722). 



MARSHAL FORWARDS. 



680 



MARTHA. 



IT Charles Borromgo, archbishop of 
Milan a century previously (1576), was 
equally diligent and self-sacrificing in the 
plague of Milan (1 538-1 584). 

IT Sir John Lawrence, lord mayor of 
London during the great plague, sup- 
ported 40,000 dismissed servants, and 
deserves immortal honour. 

(Darwin refers to Belsunce and Law- 
rence in his Loves of the Plants, ii. 433.) 

Marshal Forwards, Blucher; so 
called for his dash in battle, and the ra- 
pidity of his movements, in the cam- 
paign of 1813 (1742-1819). 

Marsi, a part of the Sabellian race, 
noted for magic, and said to have been 
descended from CircS. 

Marsis vi quadam genitali datum, ut serpentium viru- 
lentorum domitores srnt.et incantationibusherbarumque 
■uccis faciant medelarum mira. — Gellius, xvi. ix. 

Marsig'lio, a Saracen king, who 
plotted the attack upon Roland, ' ' under 
the tree on which Judas hanged himself." 
With a force of 600,000 men, divided 
into three companies, Marsiglio attacked 
the paladin in Roncesvalles, and over- 
threw him ; but Charlemagne, coming up, 
routed the Saracen, and hanged him on 
the very tree under which he planned the 
attack. — Turpin: Chronicle (1122). 

Marsilia, "who bears up great 
Cynthia's train," is the marchioness of 
Northampton, to whom Spenser dedicated 
his Daphnaida. This lady was Helena, 
daughter of Wolfgangus Swavenburgh, a 
Swede. 

No less praiseworthy Is MarsUla, 
Best known by bearing up great Cynthia's train. 
She is the pattern of true womanhead . . . 
Worthy next after Cynthia [queen Elizabeth^ to tread, 
As she is next her in nobility. 
Spenser: Colin Clouts Come Home Again (1595). 

Mar'syas, the Phrygian flute-player. 
He challenged Apollo to a contest of 
skill. Being beaten by the god, he was 
flayed alive for his presumption. 

Mar'tafax and Ler'mites (3 

syl. ), two famous rats brought up before 
the White Cat for treason, but acquitted. 
— Comtesse D'A ulnoy : Fairy Tales ( ' ' The 
White Cat," 1682). 

Mart a 'no, a great coward, who stole 
the armour of Gryphon, and presented 
himself in it before king Norandi'no. 
Having received the honours due to the 
owner, Martano quitted Damascus with 
Origilla ; but Aquilant unmasked the 
villain, and he was hanged (bks. viii., 
\x.).—Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (1516). 



Martean. (See Hammer of Herb- 
tics, p. 465.) 

Mart el {Charles), Charles, natural 
son of P6pin d'Henstal. 

N.B. — Mons. Collin de Plancy says 
that this "palace mayor" of France was 
not called "Martel" because he marteli 
("hammered") the Saracens under Abd- 
el-Rahman in 732, but because his patron 
saint was Martellus (or St. Martin). — 
Bibliotheque des Le"gendes. 

(Thomas Delf, in his translation of 
Chevereul's Principles of Harmony, etc., 
of Colours (1847), signs himself " Charles 
Martel.") 

Martext (Sir Oliver), a vicar in 
Shakespeare's comedy of As You Like It 
(1600). 

MARTHA, sister to "The Scornful 
Lady" (no name given). — Beaumont and 
Fletcher : The Scornful Lady (1616). 
(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Martha, the servant-girl at Shaw's 
Castle.— Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Martha, the old housekeeper at 
Osbaldistone Hall.— £«• W. Scott: Rob 
Roy (time, George I.). 

Martha, daughter of Ralph and 
Louise de Lascours, and sister of Diana 
de Lascours. When the crew of the 
Urania rebelled, Martha, with Ralph 
de Lascours (the captain), Louise de 
Lascours, and Barabas, were put adrift 
in a boat, and cast on an iceberg in " the 
Frozen Sea." The iceberg broke, Ralph 
and Louise were drowned, Barabas was 
picked up by a vessel, and Martha fell 
into the hands of an Indian tribe, who 
gave her the name of Orgari'ta ( ' ' withered 
corn"). She married Carlos, but as he 
married under a false name, the marriage 
was illegal, and when Carlos was given 
up to the hands of justice, Orgarita was 
placed under the charge of her grand- 
mother Mme. de Theringe, and [probably] 
espoused Horace de Brienne. — Stirling: 
The Orphan of the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Martha, a friend of Margaret. She 
makes love to Mephistopheles with great 
worldly shrewdness. — Goethe : Faust 
(1798). 

Martha, alias Ulrica, mother of 
Bertha who is betrothed to Hereward 
(3 syl.) and marries him. — Sir W. Scott: 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Martha (The abbess), abbess of Elcho 



MARTHA. 



681 



MARTIVALLE. 



Nunnery. She is a kinswoman of the 
Glover family. —Sir IV. Scott: Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Martha (Dame), housekeeper to 
major Bridgenorth. — Sir W. Scott : 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Marthe, a young orphan, in love with 
Frederic Auvray, a young artist, who 
loves her in return, but leaves her, goes 
to Rome, and falls in love with another 
lady, Elena, sister of the duke Strozzi. 
Marthe leaves the Swiss pastor, who is 
her guardian, and travels in midwinter 
to Rome, dressed as a boy, and under the 
name of Piccolino. She tells her tale to 
Elena, who abandons the fickle false one, 
and Frederic forbids the Swiss wanderer 
ever again to approach him. Marthe, in 
despair, throws herself into the Tiber, but 
is rescued. Fr^denc repents, is recon- 
ciled, and marries the forlorn maiden. — 
Guiraud: Piccolino (an opera, 1875). 

Marthon, an old cook at Arnheim 
Castle. — Sir IV. Scott: Anne of Geierstein 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Marthon, alias Rizpah, a Bohemian 
woman, attendant on the countess Harae- 
line of Croye. — Sir IV. Scott: Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV. ). 

Martian Laws (not Mercian, as 
Wharton gives it in his Law Dictionary) 
are the laws collected by Martia, the 
wife of Guithelin great-grandson of 
Mulmutius who established in Britain 
the " Mulmutian Laws" (q.v. ). Alfred 
translated both these codes into Saxon- 
English, and called the Martian code Pa 
Marchitle Lage. These laws have no 
connection with the kingdom of Mercia. 
— Geoffrey: British History, iii. 13 (1142). 

Guynteline, . . . whose queen, ... to show her upright 

mind. 
To wise Mulmutius' laws her Martian first did frame. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, viii. (1613). 

Martiguy [Marie la comptesse de), 
wife of the earl of Etherington. — Sir W. 
Scott; St. Ronan's Well (time, George 
III.). 

MARTIN, in Swift's Tale of a Tub, 
is Martin Luther; "John" is Calvin ; 
and " Peter" the pope of Rome (1704). 

(The same name occurs in Dr. Arbuth- 
not's History of John Bull (1712). In 
Dryden's Hind and Panther, ' ' Martin " 
means the Lutheran party, 1687.) 

Martin, the old verdurer near sir 
Henry Lee's lodge.— Sir W. Scott: IVood- 
ttock (time, Commonwealth). 



Martin, the old shepherd, in the 
service of the lady of Avenel. — Sir IV. 
Scott: The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Martin, the ape, in the beast-epic of 
Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Martin (Dame), partner of Darsie 
Latimer at the fishers' dance. — Sir IV, 
Scott ; Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Martin (Sarah), the prison reformer 
of Great Yarmouth. This young woman, 
though but a poor dressmaker, conceived 
a device for the reformation of prisoners 
in her native town, and continued for 
twenty-four years her earnest and useful 
labour of love, acting as schoolmistress, 
chaplain, and industrial superintendent. 
In 1835 captain Williams, inspector of 
prisons, brought her plans before the 
Government, under the conviction that 
the nation at large might be benefited by 
their practical good sense (1791-1843). 

Martin Chnzzlewit. (See Chuzzle- 

W1T, p. 208.) 

Martin Weldeck, the miner. His 
story is read by Lovel to a pic-nic party 
at St Ruth's ruins.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Martin's Summer (St.), halcyon 
days ; a time of prosperity ; fine weather. 
Lite" de S. Martin, from October 9 to 
November 11. At the close of autumn 
we generally have a month of magnificent 
summer weather. 

Assigned am I [Joan of Arc] to be the English 

scourge . . . 
Expect St. Martin's summer, halcyon days. 
Since I have entered into these wars. 

Shakespeare: i Henry VI. act i. sc. 3 (1589). 

(Also called "St. Luke's Summer.") 

Martine, wife of Sganarelle. (See 
Sganarelle. )—Moliere : Le Midecin 
MalgriLui (1666). 

Martinmas will Come in Dne 

Time, or, give a rogue rope enough, and 
he'll hang himself; every evil-doer will 
meet his reward. Martinmas used to be 
the time for killing hogs for winter store, 
and the Spanish proverb paraphrased is 
this: "As the time will certainly come 
when hogs will be slain, so the time will 
certainly come when thy sins or faults 
will be chastised." 

Martival (Stephen de), a steward of 
the field at the tournament. — Sir W. 
Scott : ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Martivalle (Martius Galeotti), astro- 
loger to Louis XI. of France.— Sir W, 



MARTYR KING. 



68a 



MARY STUART 






Scott: Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Martyr King (The), Henry VI., 
buried at Windsor beside Edward IV. 

Here o'er the Martyr King [Henry y/.] the marble 

weeps, 
And fast beside him once-feared Edward [IV.] sleeps ; 
The grave unites where e'en the grave finds rest. 
And mingled lie the oppressor and th' opprest. 

Pof*. 

Martyr Xing' (The), Charles I. of 
England (1600, 1625-1649). 

H Louis XVI. of France is also called 
Louis " the Martyr " (1754, 1774-1793). 

Martyr of Antioclx (The), a 
dramatic poem by dean Milman (1822). 

Martyrs to Science. 

Claude Louis count Berthollet, who 
tested on himself the effects of carbonic 
acid on the human frame, and died under 
the experiment (1748-1822). 

Giordano Bruno, who was burnt alive 
for maintaining that matter is the mother 
of all things (1 550-1600). 

Galileo, who was imprisoned twice by 
the Inquisition for maintaining that the 
earth moved round the sun and not the 
sun round the earth (1564-1642). 

And scores of others. 

Marvellous Boy (The), Thomas 
Chatterton (1752-1770). 

I thought of Chatterton, the marvellous boy. 
The sleepless soul that perished in his pride. 

Words-worth. 

Marwood (Alice), daughter of an 
old woman who called herself Mrs. Brown. 
When a mere girl, she was concerned in a 
burglary and was transported. Carker, 
manager in the firm of Dombey and Son, 
seduced her, and both she and her mother 
determined on revenge. Alice bore a 
striking resemblance to Edith (Mr. Dom- 
bey's second wife), and in fact they were 
cousins, for Mrs. Brown was "wife" of 
the brother-in-law of the Hon. Mrs. 
Skewton (Edith's mother). — Dickens : 
Dombey and Son (1846). 

Marwood (Mistress), jilted by Fainall 
and soured against the whole male sex. 
She says, " I have done hating those 
vipers — men, and am now come to despise 
them ; " but she thinks of marrying, to 
keep her husband "on the rack of fear 
and jealousy." — Congreve: The Way 
of the World (1700). 

Mary, the pretty housemaid of the 
worshipful the mayor of Ipswich (Nup- 
kins). When Arabella Allen marries Mr. 
Winkle, Mary enters hei service, but 



eventually marries Sam Weller, and Hvet 
at Dulwich as Mr. Pickwick's house- 
keeper.— Dickens: The Pickwick Paters 
(1836). ^ 

Mary, niece of Valentine and his sister 
Alice. In love with Mons. Thomas.— 
Fletcher: Mons. Thomas (1619). 

Mary. The queeris Marys, four young 
ladies of quality, of the same age as 
Mary afterwards " queen of Scots." 
They embarked with her in 1548, on 
board the French galleys, and were des- 
tined to be her playmates in childhood, 
and her companions when she grew up. 
Their names were Mary Beaton (or 
Bethune), Mary Livingstone (or Leuison), 
Mary Fleming (or Flemyng), and Mary 
Seaton (Seton or Seyton). 

'.' Mary Carmichael has no place in 
authentic history, although an old ballad 
says — 

Yestrien the queen had four Marys ; 

This night she'll hae but three : 
There was Mary Beaton, and Mary Instil 

And Mary Carmichael, and me. 

(One of Whyte Melville's novels is 
called The Queen's Marys.) 

Mary Ambree. The English Joan 
of Arc. Noted for her valour at the siege 
of Ghent, and often referred to by authors. 

Joan of Arc and English Mall (?.».).— S. ButUr: 
Hudibras, pt. i, c iii. line 366 (1664). 

Mary Anne, a slang name for the 
guillotine ; also called L'abbaye de monte- 
d-regret ("the mountain of mournful 
ascent "). (See Marianne, p. 674.) 

Mary Anne, a generic name for a 
secret republican society in France. (See 
Marianne, p. 674. )— Disraeli : Lothair. 

Mary Anne was the red-name for the republic years 
ago, and there always was a sort of myth that these 
secret societies had been founded by a woman. 

The Mary-Anne associations, which are essentially 
republic, are scattered about all the provinces of France. 
— Lothair. 

Mary Graham, an orphan adopted 
by old Martin Chuzzlewit. She eventu- 
ally married Martin Chuzzlewit the 
grandson, and hero of the tale. 

" The young girl," said the old man, " is an orphan 
child, whom ... I have bred and educated, or, if you 

E refer the word, adopted. For a year or two she has 
een my companion, and she is my only one. I have 
taken a solemn oath not to leave her a sixpence when I 
die ; but while I live, I make her an annual allowance, 
not extravagant in its amount, and yet not stinted."— 
Dickens: Martin ChuMMlewit, iii. (1843). 

Mary Stuart, an historical tragedy 
by J. Haynes (1840). The subject is 
the death of David Rizzio. 

(Schiller has taken Mary Stuart for the 
subject of a tragedy. P. Lebrun turned 



MARY TUDOR. 

the German drama into a French play. 
Sir W. Scott, in The Abbot, has taken for 
his subject the flight of Mary to England.) 

Mary Tudor. Victor Hugo has a 
tragedy so called (1833), and Tennyson, in 
1878, published a play called Queen Mary, 
an epitome of her reign. 

Mary and Byron. The " Mary " of 
lord Byron was Miss Chaworth. Both 
were under the guardianship of Mr. 
White. Miss Chaworth married John 
Musters, and lord Byron married Miss Mil- 
ban ke ; both equally unfortunate. Lord 
Byron, in The Dream, refers to his love 
affair with Mary Chaworth. (See p. 163. ) 

Mary and Calais. When Calais was 
rescued from the English by the due de 
Guise, in 1558, queen Mary was so down- 
hearted that she said, at death the word 
' ' Calais " would be found imprinted on 
her heart. 

1T Montpensier said, if his body were 
opened at death the name of Philip (of 
Spain) would be found imprinted on his 
heart.— Motley : The Dutch Republic, 
pt. ii. 5. 

Mary in Heaven, Highland 
Mary, and Mary Morison. The 

first of these refers to Mary Campbell, 
who died 1786, aged 37, ten years older 
than Burns. The other two refer to Mary 
Morison, who died young, and to whom 
Burns was attached before he left Ayrshire 
for Nithsdale. The two lines in Mary 
Morison — 

Those smiles and glances let me sea. 
That make the miser's treasure poor; 

resemble the two following in Highland 
Mary : — 

Still o'er those scenes my mem'ry wakea, 
And fondly br«ods with miser care. 

Mary of Mode'na, the second wife 
of James II. of England, and mother of 
"The Pretender." 

Mamma was to assume the character and stately way 
of the royal " Mary of Modena."— Percy Fitzgerald: 
The Parvenu Family, iiL 339. 

Mary queen of Scots was con- 
fined first at Carlisle ; she was removed 
in 1568 to Bolton ; 1569 she was con- 
fined at Tutbury, Wingfield, Tutbury, 
Ashby-de-la-Zouche, and Coventry ; in 
1570 she was removed to Tutbury, Chats- 
worth, and Sheffield ; in 1577 to Chats- 
worth ; in 1578 to Sheffield ; in 1584 to 
Wingfield ; in 1585 to Tutbury, Chartley, 
Tixhall, and Chartley ; in 1586 (Septem- 
ber 25) to Fotheringay. 



«»3 



MASANIELLO. 



(She Is introduced by sir W. Scott 
in his novel The Abbot.) 

N.B.— Schiller has taken Mary Stuart 
for the subject of his best tragedy, and 
P. Lebrun brought out in France a French 
version thereof (1729-1807). 

Mary queen of Scots. The most 

elegant and poetical compliment ever 
paid to woman was paid to Mary queen 
of Scots, by Shakespeare, in Midsummer 
Nights Dream. Remember, the mermaid 
is " queen Mary ; " the dolphin means the 
" dauphin of France," whom Mary mar- 
ried; the rude sea means the "Scotch 
rebels ; " and the stars that shot from their 
spheres means "the princes who sprang 
from their allegiance to queen Elizabeth ; " 
and probably the name Mary and the 
Latin mare (2 syl.), meaning "the sea," 
may have suggested the compound word 
" .sea-maid." 

Thou remember st 
Since once I sat upon a promontory, 
And heard a mermaid, on a dolphin's back. 
Uttering such dulcet and harmonious breath, 
That the rude sea grew civil at her song ; 
And certain stars shot madly from their spheres. 
To hear the sea-maid's music. 

Act U. sc. 1 (159a). 

These n stars " were the earl of North- 
umberland, the earl of Westmoreland, and 
the duke of Norfolk. 

Mary the Maid of the Inn, the 

delight and sunshine of the parish, about 
to be married to Richard, an idle, worth- 
less fellow. One autumn night, two 
guests were drinking at the inn, and one 
remarked he should not much like to go 
to the abbey on such a night. "I'll 
wager that Mary will go," said the other, 
and the bet was accepted. Mary went, 
and, hearing footsteps, stepped into a 
place of concealment, when presently 
passed her two men carrying a young 
woman they had just murdered. The hat 
of one blew off, and fell at Mary's feet. 
She picked it up, flew to the inn, told her 
story, and then, producing the hat, found 
it was Richard's. Her senses gave way, 
and she became a confirmed maniac for 
life. — Southey : Mary the Maid of the Inn 
(from Dr. Plot's History of Staffordshire, 
1686). 

Mar'zavan, foster-brother of the 
princess Badou'ra. — Arabian Nights 
("Camaralzaman and Badoura"). 

Masaniello, a corruption of [Tom}- 
mas Aniello, a Neapolitan fisherman, who 
headed an insurrection in 1647 against 
the duke of Arcos ; and he resolved to 



MASCARILLE. 



684 



MAT-O'-THE-MINT. 



kill the duke's son for having seduced 
Fenella his siscer, who was deaf and 
dumb. The insurrection succeeded, and 
Masaniello was elected by his rabble 
"chief magistrate of Portici ; " but he 
became intoxicated with his greatness, 
so the mob shot him, and flung his dead 
body into a ditch. Next day, however, 
it was taken out and interred with much 
ceremony and pomp. When Fenella 
heard of her brother's death, she threw 
herself into the crater of Vesuvius. 

(Auber has an opera on the subject 
(1831), the libretto by Scribe. Caraffa 
had chosen the same subject for an opera 
previously. ) 

Mascarille (3 syl.), the valet of La 
Grange. (See La Grange, p. 587.) — Mo- 
liire : Les Pricieuses Ridicules (1659). 

(Moliere had already introduced the 
same name in two other of his comedies, 
L'Etourdi (1653) and Le Dipit A moureux, 
1654-) 

Masetto, a rustic engaged to Zerlina ; 
but don Giovanni intervenes before the 
wedding, and deludes the foolish girl 
into believing that he means to make her 
a great lady and his wife. — Mozart : Don 
Giovanni (libretto by L. da Ponte, 1787). 

Mask well, the "double dealer." 
He pretends to love lady Touchwood, 
out it is only to make her a tool for 
breaking the attachment between Melle- 
font (2 syl.) and Cynthia. Maskwell 
pretends friendship for Mellefont merely 
to throw dust in his eyes respecting his 
designs to carry off Cynthia, to whom 
Mellefont is betrothed. Cunning and 
hyprocrisy are Maskwell's substitutes for 
wisdom and honesty. — Congreve : The 
Double Dealer (1700). 

Mason ( William). The medallion to 
this poet in Westminster Abbey was by 
Bacon. 

Mass {The). Pope Celestinus or- 
dained the introit and Gloria in Excelsis. 

Pope Gregory the Great ordained 
to say the Kyrie Eleison nine times, and 
the prayer. 

Pope Gelasius ordained the Epistle 
and Gospel ; and Damasus, the Credo. 

Alexander inserted in the canon the 
clause, Qui pridie quam pateretur. 

SEXTUS ordained the Sanctus ; Inno- 
cent, the Pax. 

Leo introduced the Orate, Fratres, and 
the words in the canon, Sanctum Sacri~ 
/if turn, et immaculatam Hostiam. — 



Edward Kinesman : Lives of the Saints, 
p. 187 (1623). 

Mast {The Tallest). The mainmast 
of the Merry Dun of Dover was so tall 
" that the boy who climbed it would be 
grey with extreme age before he could 
reach deck again." — Scandinavian My- 
thology. 

Master ( The). Goethe is called Der 
Meister { 1749-1832). 

I beseech you, Mr. Tickler, not to be so sarcastic o» 
" The Master."— Nodes Ambrosianct. 

Master Adam, Adam Billaut, the 
French poet (1602-1662). 

Master Humphrey's Clock. In- 
tended for a series of tales to be told by 
Master Humphrey ; but only two were 
published, viz. Barnaby Pudge, and The 
Old Curiosity Shop. — Dickens (1840-41). 

Master Leonard, grand-master of 
the nocturnal orgies of the demons. He 
presided at these meetings in the form of 
a three-horned goat with a black human 
face. — Middle Age Demonology. 

Master Matthew, a town gull. — 
Ben Jonson : Every Man in His Humour 
(1598). 

We have the cheating humour in the character of 
" Nym," the bragging humour in "Pistol," the melan- 
choly humour in "Master Stephen," and the quarrelling 
humour in " Master Matthew."— Edinburgh Review. 

Master Stephen, a country gull 
of melancholy humour. (See Master 
Matthew.)— Ben Jonson: Every Man 
in His Humour (1598). 

Master of Sentences, Pierre Lom- 
bard, author of a book called Sentences 
(1100-1164). 

Masters {Doctor), physician to queen 
Elizabeth.— Sir IV. Scott: Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Masters {The Four)'. (1) Michael 
O'Clerighe {or Clery), who died 1643 ; 
(2) Cucoirighe O'Clerighe ; (3) Maurice 
Conry ; (4) Fearfeafa Corny ; authors of 
Annals of Donegal. 

Mat Mizen, mate of H.M. ship 
Tiger. The type of a daring, reckless, 
dare-devil English sailor. His adven- 
tures with Harry Clifton in Delhi form 
the main incidents of Barrymore's melo- 
drama, El Hyder, Chief of the Ghaut 
Mountaius. 

Mat-o'-the-Mint, a highwayman 
in captain Macheath's gang. Peachum 
says, " He is a promising, sturdy fellow, 
and diligent in his way. Somewhat too 



MATABRUNE. 



685 MATTHEW MERRYGREEK. 



bold and hasty ; one that may raise good 
contributions on the public, if he does 
not cut himself short by murder." — Gay : 
The Beggar 5 Optra, i. (1727). 

Matabrune (3 syl.), wife of king 
Pierron of the Strong Island, and mother 
of prince Oriant one of the ancestors of 
Godfrey of Bouillon- — Mediaeval Romance 
of Chivalry. 

Mathematical Calculators. 

(1) George Parkes Bidder, president 
of the Institution of Civil Engineers 
(1800- ). 

(2) Jedediah Buxton of Elmeton, in 
Derbyshire. He would tell how many 
letters were in any one of his father's ser- 
mons, after hearing it from the pulpit. 
He went to hear Garrick, in Richard III., 
and told how many words each actor 
uttered (1705-1775). 

(3) Zerah Colburn of Vermont, U.S. , 
came to London in 1812, when he was 
eight years old. The duke of Gloucester 
set him to multiply five figures by three, 
and he gave the answer instantly. He 
would extract the cube root of nine figures 
in a few seconds (1804-1840). 

(4) Vito Mangiamele, son of a 
Sicilian shepherd. In 1839 MM. Arago, 
Lacroix, Libri, and Sturm, examined the 
boy, then 11 years old, and in half a 
minute he told them the cube root of 
seven figures, and in three seconds of 
nine figures (1818- ), 

(5) Alfragan, the Arabian astro- 
nomer, who died 820. 

Mathilde (3 syl. ), sister of Gessler the 
tyrannical governor of Switzerland. In 
love with Arnoldo a Swiss, who saved 
her life when it was imperilled by an 
avalanche. After the death of Gessler, 
she married the bold Swiss. — Rossini : 
Guglielmo Tell (an opera, 1829). 

Mathis, a German miller, greatly in 
debt. One Christmas Eve a Polish Jew 
came to his house in a sledge, and, after 
rest and refreshment, started for Nantzig, 
"four leagues off." Mathis followed 
him, killed him with an axe, and burnt 
the body in a lime-kiln. He then paid 
his debts, greatly prospered, and became 
a highly respected burgomaster. On the 
wedding night of his only child, Annette, 
he died of apoplexy, of which he had 
previous warning by the constant sound 
of sledge- bells in his ears. In his dream 
he supposed himself put into a mesmeric 
sleep in open court, when he confessed 



everything, and was executed. — Ware . 
The Polish Jew. 

(This is the character which first intro- 
duced sir H. Irving to public notice.) 

Math'isen, one of the three ana- 
baptists who induced John of Leyden to 
join their rebellion ; but no sooner was 
John proclaimed "the prophet-king" 
than the three rebels betrayed him to the 
emperor. When the villains entered the 
banquet-hall to arrest their dupe, they all 
perished in the flames of the burning 
palace. — Meyerbeer: Le Prophete (an 
opera, 1849). 

Matil'da, sister of Rollo and Otto 
dukes of Normandy, and daughter of 
Sophia.— Fletcher: The Bloody Brother 
(1639). 

Matilda, daughter of lord Robert 
Fitzwalter, a poem of some 650 lines, by 
Drayton (1594). 

Matilda, daughter of Rokeby, and 
niece of Mortham. Matilda was beloved 
by Wilfred, son of Oswald ; but she her- 
self loved Redmond, her father's page, 
who turned out to be Mortham's son. — 
Sir IV. Scott : Rokeby (1812). 

Matsys (Quintin), a blacksmith of 
Antwerp, son of one of the greatest of 
ironworkers. He fell in love with Liza the 
daughter of Johann Mandyn, the artist. 
The father declared that none but an 
artist should have her to wife ; so Matsys 
relinquished his trade, and devoted him- 
self to painting. After a while, he went 
into the studio of Mandyn to see his 
picture of the fallen angels ; and on the 
outstretched leg of one of the figures he 
painted a bee. This was so life-like that, 
when the old man returned, he proceeded 
to frighten it off with his handkerchief. 
When he discovered the deception, and 
found out it was done by Matsys, he was 
so delighted that he at once gave Liza 
to him for wife. 

Matthew (The Gospel 0/ St.). One 
of the four Gospels, written by Matthew 
a collector of tolls paid for goods and 
passengers coming to Capernaum by the 
sea of Galilee. Probably written for 
Jews, as it is very careful to show how the 
life of Christ corresponded to the pre- 
dictions of the Jewish prophets. 

Eusebius says, "Matthew then wrote th« Dtrtna 
Oracles In the Hebrew dialect."— Ecclesiastical History, 
lii. 39- 

Matthew Merry-greek, the servant 
of Ralph Roister Doister. He is a flesh- 
and-blrod representative of "vice" in 



MATTHEWS BIBLE* 



686 



MAUNDREU 



the old morality-plays. — Nicholas Udall: 
Ralph Roister Doister (the first English 
comedy, 1634). 

Matthew's Bible, Tindal's version 
completed by Coverdale and Rogers, dedi- 
cated to Henry VIII. in 1537, " under 
the borrowed name of Thomas Mat- 
thews." — Hook; Church Dictionary 
(5th edit.). 

N.B. — This must not be confounded 
with Matthew Parker's Bible, published in 
IS72. 

Matthias de Moncada, a mer- 
chant. He is the father of Mrs. Wither- 
ington, wife of general Witherington. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Surgeon's Daughter 
(time, George II. ). 

Matthias de Silva (Don), a Span- 
ish beau. This exquisite one day re- 
ceived a challenge for defamation soon 
after he had retired to bed, and said to 
his valet, " I would not get up before 
noon to make one in the best party of 
pleasure that was ever projected. Judge, 
then, if I shall rise at six o'clock in the 
morning to get my throat cut." — Lesage: 
Gil Bias, iii. 8 (1715). 

(This reply was borrowed from the 
romance of Espinel, entitled Vida del 
Escudero Marcos de Obregon, 1618.) 

Mattie, maidservant of Bailie Nicol 
Jarvie, and afterwards his wife. — Sir W. 
Scott: Rod Roy (time, George I.). 

Maud, a dramatic poem by Tennyson. 
Maud is described as a young lady — 

Faultily faultless, idly regular, splendidly null. 

Tennyson : Maud, I. U. 

Maude (1 syl.), wife of Peter Prate- 
fast, "who loved cleanliness." 

She kepe her dishes from all foulenes ; 
And when she lacked clowtes withouten fayle. 
She wyped her dishes with her dogges taylL 
Howes: The Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxix. (1515). 

Maugis, the Nestor of French ro- 
mance. He was one of Charlemagne's 
paladins, a magician and champion. 

•.* In Italian romance he is called 
"Malagigi" (q.v.). 

Maugis d'Aygremont, son of 

duke Bevis d'Aygremont, stolen in in- 
fancy by a female slave. As the slave 
rested under a white-thorn, a lion and 
a leopard devoured her, and then killed 
each other in disputing over the infant. 
Oriande la fee, attracted to the spot by 
the crying of the child, exclaimed, "By 
the powers above, the child is mal gist 
(• badly nursed ') ! " and ever after it was 



called Mal-gist or Mau-gis'. When grown 
to manhood, he obtained the enchanted 
horse Bayard, and took from Anthenor 
(the Saracen) the sword Flamberge. Sub- 
sequently he gave both to his cousin 
Renaud (Renaldo). — Romance of Maugis 
d'Aygremont et de Vivian son Frere. 

•.'In the Italian romance, Maugis is 
called V Malagigi," Bevis is " Buovo," 
Bayard is " Bayardo," Flamberge is 
" Fusberta," and Renaud is " Renaldo." 

Maugrabin (Zamet), a Bohemian 
hung near Plessis les Tours. 

Hayraddin Maugrabin, the " Zingaro," 
brother of Zamet Maugrabin. He as- 
sumes the disguise of Rouge Sanglier, 
and pretends to be a herald from Liege 
\Le-aje\—Sir W. Scott: Quentin Dur- 
wsrd(t\mc, Edward IV.). 

Mau'graby, son of Hal-il-Mau- 
graby and his wife Yandar. Hal-il- 
Maugraby founded Dom-Daniel ■' under 
the roots of the ocean " near the coast 
of Tunis, and his son completed it. 
He and his son were the greatest 
magicians that ever lived. Maugraby 
was killed by prince Habed-il-Rouman, 
son of the caliph of Syria, and with his 
death Dom-Daniel ceased to exist. — 
Continuation of Arabian Nights ("His- 
tory of Maugraby "). 

Did they not say to us every day that if we were 
naughty, the Maugraby would take us t— Continuation 

o/Arabimn Nights, ir. 74, 

Maugys, a giant who kept the bridge 
leading to a castle in which a lady was 
besieged. Sir Lybius, one of the knights 
of the Round Table, did battle with 
him, slew him, and liberated the lady. — 
Libeaux (a romance). 

Maul, a giant who used to spoil 
young pilgrims with sophistry. He at- 
tacked Mr. Greatheart with a club ; but 
Greatheart pierced him under the fifth 
rib, and then cut off his head. — Butiyan : 
Pilgrim's Progress, ii. (1684). 

Maul of Monks, Thomas Crom- 
well, visitor-general of English monas- 
teries, which he summarily suppressed 
(1490-1540). 

Maulstatute (Master), a magistrate. 
— Sir W. Scott: Pevertl of the Peak 
(time, Charles II.). 

Maun'drel, a wearisome gossip, a 
chattering woman. 

" Haud your tongue, Maundrel," cried the surgeon, 
throwing the cobweb on the floor and applying a dress- 
ing.— Saxon and Gael, iii. 84. 



MAUPRAT. 687 

•.• This word and the verb to maunder 
are said to be coined from the name 
Maundeville. Sir John Mandeville (q.v.) 
published a book of travels, full of idle 
tales and maundering gossip. 

Manprat (Adrien de), colonel and 
chevalier in the king's army; "the 
wildest gallant and bravest knight of 
France." He married Julie; but the 
king accused him of treason for so doing, 
and sent him to the Bastille. Being 
released by cardinal Richelieu, he was 
forgiven and made happy with the 
blessing of the king. — Lord Lytton: 
Richelieu (1839). 

Maurice Beevor (Sir), a miser, 
and (failing the children of the countess) 
heir to the Arundel estates. The countess 
having two sons (Arthur and Percy), sir 
Maurice hired assassins to murder them ; 
but his plots were frustrated, and the 
miser went to his grave "a sordid, 
spat-upon, revengeless, worthless, and 
rascally poor cousin." — Lord Lytton ; The 
Sea-Captain (1839). 

Mauri-Gasima, an island near 
Formosa, said to have been sunk in the 
sea in consequence of the great crimes of 
its inhabitants. — Kcempfer: Japan. 

H The cities of the plain; we are told in 
the Bible, were sunk under the waters of 
the Dead Sea for a similar reason. 

Manse (Old), mother of Cuddie 
Headrigg, and a covenanter. — Sir W. 
Scett: Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Mansolus, king of Caria, to whom 
his wife Artemisia erected a sepulchre 
which was one of the " Seven Wonders 
of the World " (B.C. 353). 

IT The chief mausoleums besides this are 
those of Augustus ; Hadrian (now called 
the castle of St. Angelo) at Rome ; Henri 
II., erected by Catherine de Medicis ; St. 
Peter the Martyr in the church of St. 
Eustatius, by G. Balduccio ; that to the 
memory of Louis XVI. ; and the tomb of 
Napoleon in Les Invalides, Paris. The 
one erected by queen Victoria to prince 
Albert may also be mentioned. 

Mauthe Dog, a black spectre dog 
that haunted the guard-room of Peeltown 
in the Isle of Man. One day, a drunken 
trooper entered the guard-room while the 
dog was there, but lost his speech, and 
died within three days. — Sir W. Scott: 
Lay of the Last Minstrel, vi. 26 (1805). 

This Is a curiosity of etymology. Mauthe Is the Manx 
far "dog." and dcig fat " black, " but the resemblance 



MAXIME. 



of doog and dog has misled many. Mantht, GaeBc 
tnadedh, "a dog,'' and doog, the Gaelic adjective 
dubh. (See Notts and Qutrits, February 15, 1896, p. 
135, coL 3.) 

Mauxalin'da, in love with Moore of 
Moore Hall ; but the valiant combatant 
of the dragon deserts her for Margery, 
daughter of Gubbins, of Roth'ram Green. 
— Carey : Dragon of Wantley (1696- 
1743). 

Mavortian, a soldier or son of 
Mavors (Mars). 

Hew dreadfull Mavortian the poor price of a dinner. 
—Richard Brome : Plays (1653). 

Mavournin, Irish for " darling " 
Erin, mavournin /("Ire\a.nd,my darlingl") 

Land of my forefathers 1 " Erin go bragh 1 " 
Buried and cold, when my heart stills her motion. 
Green be thy fields, sweetest isle of the ocean I 
And thy harp-striking bards sing aloud with devotion. 

" Erin, mavoumin 1 Erin go bragh 1 " 

Campbell: Exilt *f Erin. 

(Bragh = braw, to rhyme with ■' draw." 
"Erin go bragh I" i.e. "Ireland for 

ever I ") 

Mawworm, a vulgar copy of Dr. 
Cantwell " the hypocrite." He is a most 
gross abuser of his mother tongue, but 
believes he has a call to preach. He tells 
old lady Lambert that he has made 
several sermons already, but " always 
does 'em extrumpery " because he could 
not write. He finds his " religious voca- 
tion " more profitable than selling 
"grocery, tea, small beer, charcoal, 
butter, brickdust, and other spices," and 
so comes to the conclusion that it "is 
sinful to keep shop.'" He is a convert of 
Dr. Cantwell, and believes in him to the 
last. 

Do despise me ; I'm the prouder for it. I Hke to be 
despised.— Bickerstaff; Tht Hypocrite u. 1 (1768). 

Max, a huntsman, and the best 
marksman in Germany. He was plighted 
to Agatha, who was to be his wife, if he 
won the prize in the annual match. Cas- 
par induced Max to go to the wolfs glen 
at midnight and obtain seven charmed 
balls from Samiel the Black Huntsman. 
On the day of contest, while Max was 
shooting, he killed Caspar who was con- 
cealed in a tree, and the king in conse- 
quence abolished this annual fete. — 
Weber: Der Freischutu (an opera, 1822). 

Maxim. e (2 syl.), an officer of the 
prefect Almachius. He was ordered to 
put to death Valirian and Tibur'ce, be- 
cause they refused to worship the image 
of Jupiter ; but he took pity on them, 
took them to his house, became con- 
verted, and was baptized. When Valirian 



MAXIMILIAN. 



688 



MAYE, 



and TiburcS were afterwards martyred, 
Maxime said he saw angels come and 
carry them to heaven, whereupon Alma- 
chius caused him to be beaten with rods 
" til he his lif gan lete." — Chaucer: Can- 
terbury Tales ("Second Nun's Tale," 
1388). 

•.•This is based on the story of 
"Cecilia" in the Legenda Aurea ; and 
both are imitations of the story of Paul 
and the jailer of Philippi [Acts xvi. 
19-34)- 

Maximilian (son of Frederick III.), 
the hero of the Teuerdank, the Orlando 
Furioso of the Germans, by Melchior 
Pfinzing. 

. . . [here] in old heroic days, 
Sat the poet Melchior, singing kaiser Maximilian's 
praise. -: 

Lcngfelltrw : Nuremberg. 

Maximin, a Roman tyrant. — 
Dry den: Tyrannic Love or The Royal 
Martyr. 

Maximns (called by Geoffrey, " Max- 
imian"), a Roman senator, who, in 381, 
was invited to become king of Britain. 
He conquered Armorica [Bretagne), and 
"published a decree for the assembling 
together there of 100,000 of the common 
people of Britain, to colonize the land, 
and 30,000 soldiers to defend the colony." 
Hence Armorica was called, ' ' The other 
Britain" or "Little Britain." — Geoffrey: 
British History, v. 14 (114a). 

Got Maxlmus at length the victory In Gaul, 
. . . where, after Gratian's fall, 
Armorica to them the valiant victor gave . . . 
Which colony . . . is " Little Britain " called. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, ix. (1612). 

Maxwell, deputy chamberlain at 
Whitehall— Sir W. Scott: Fortunes oj 
Nigel (time, James I. ). 

Maxwell {Mr. Pale), laird of Summer- 
trees, called " Pate in Peril ; " one of the 
papist conspirators with Redgauntlet. — 
Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Maxwell ( The Right Hon. William), 
lord Evandale, an officer in the kings 
army.— Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

May, a girl who married January a 
Lombard baron 60 years old. (See the 
Merchant's Tale.)— Chaucer ; Can- 
terbury Tales (1388). 

May unlucky for Brides. This 
was an old Roman superstition ; in this 
month were held the festivals of Bona 
De? (the goddess of chastity), and the 



feasts of the dead called Lemuralia. 
Mary queen of Scotland married Both- 
well, the murderer of her husband lord 
Darnley, on May 12. 

Mense malum Maio nubere vulgus ait 

Ovid: Fastorum,*. 

May-Day {Evil), May i, 1517, when 

the London apprentices rose up against 
the foreign residents and did incalculable 
mischief. This riot began May 1, and 
lasted till May 22. (See Vortigern, etc.) 

May Queen ( The), a poem in three 
parts by Tennyson (1842). Alice, a 
bright-eyed, merry child, was chosen 
May queen, and, being afraid she might 
oversleep herself, told her mother to be 
sure to call her early. 

I sleep so sound all night, mother, that I shall never 

wake, 
If you do not call me loud when the day begins to break : 
But I must gather knots of flowers, and buds and 

garlands gay, 
For I'm to be queen o' the May, mother, I'm to be 

queen o' the May. 

The old year passed away, and the black- 
eyed, rustic maiden was dying. She 
hoped to greet the new year before her 
eyes closed in death, and bade her mother 
once again to be sure to call her early ; 
but it was not now because she slept so 
soundly. Alas ! no. 

Good night, sweet mother : call me before the day is 

born. 
All night I lie awake, but I fall asleep at morn ; 
But I would see the sun rise upon the glad New Year, 
So, if you're waking, call me, call me early, mother dear. 

The day rose and passed away, but 
Alice lingered on till March. The snow- 
drops had gone before her, and the 
violets were in bloom. Robin had dearly 
loved the child, but the thoughtless 
village beauty, in her joyous girlhood, 
tossed her head at him, and never thought 
of love ; but now that she was going to 
the land of shadows, her dying words 
were — 

And say to Robin a kind word, and tell him not to fret ; 
There's many a worthier than I, would make him happy 

yet. 
If I had lived— I cannot tell— I might have been his 

wife; 
But all these things have ceased to be, with my desire 

of life. 

Maye {The), that subtile and ab- 
struse sense which the goddess Maya 
inspires. Plato, Epicharmos, and some 
other ancient philosophers refer it to the 
presence of divinity. " It is the divinity 
which stirs within us." In poetry it 
gives an inner sense to the outward word, 
and in common minds it degenerates into 
delusion or second sight. Maya is an 
Indian deity, and personates the " power 
of creation." 



MAYEUX. 



MAZEPPA. 



H artmann poss^de la May*. . . . D lalsse pen^tre dans 
•es Merits les sentiments, et les pensees dont son ame est 
remplie, et cherche sans cesse a resoudre les antitheses. 
^fVeoer: Histoire de la Literature A Uemande. 

Mayeux, a stock name in France for 
a man dsformed, vain, and licentious, but 
witty and brave. It occurs in a large 
number of French romances and cari- 
catures. 

Mayflower, a ship of x8o tons, 
which, in December, 1620, started from 
Plymouth, and conveyed to Massachusetts, 
in North America, 102 puritans, called the 
"Pilgrim Fathers," who named their 
settlement New Plymouth. 

. . . the May/lower sailed from 



the \iaxbouT[Plymouth\ 
, aad stood for the open 



Atlantic, 
Borne on the sand of the sea, and the swelling hearts 

of the pilgrims. 
Longfellow : Courtship of Milts Standi**, t. (1858). 

Men of the Mayjlower, the Pilgrim 
Fathers, who went out in the Mayflower 
to North America in 1620. 

Mayflower {Phcebe), servant at sir 
Henry Lee's lodge.— Sir W. Scott: 
Woodstoock (time, Commonwealth). 

Maylie {Mrs.), the lady of the house 
attacked burglariously by Bill Sikes and 
others. Mrs. Maylie is mother of Harry 
Maylie, and aunt of Rose Fleming who 
lives with her. 

She was well advanced in years, but the high-backed 
oaken chair in which she sat was not more upright than 
she. Dressed with the utmost nicety and precision in 
a quaint mixture of bygone costume, with some slight 
concessions to the prevailing taste, which rather 
served to point the old style pleasantly than to impair 
its effect, she sat In a stately manner, with her hands 
folded before her.— Die/tens : Oliver Twist, ch. xxix. 

Harry Maylie, Mrs. Maylie's son. He 
turned a clergyman and married his 
cousin Rose Fleming. — Dickens; Oliver 
Twist {1837). 

Mayor of Garratt ( The). Garratt 
is between Wandsworth and Tooting. 
The first mayor of this village was 
elected towards the close of the eigh- 
teenth century, and the election came 
about thus : Garratt Common had often 
been encroached on, and in ^80 the in- 
habitants associated themselves together 
to defend their rights. The chairman 
was called Mayor, and as it happened to 
be the time of a general election, the 
society made it a law that a new 
"mayor" should be elected at every 
general election. The addresses of these 
mayors, written by Foote, Garrick, 
Wilks, and others, are satires and politi- 
cal squibs. The first mayor of Garratt 
was "sir" John Harper, * retailer of 



brickdust ; and the last was " sir" Harry 
Dimsdale. a muffin-seller (1796). In 
Foote's farce so called, Jerry Sneak, son- 
in-law of the landlord, is chosen mayor 
(1763). 

Mayors {Lord) who hare founded 
noble houses — 

Lord Mayor. 

AVELAND (Lord), from sir Gilbert Heathcote - 1711 

BACON (Lord), from sir Thomas Cooke, draper - 1557 

BATH (Marquis of), from sir Rowland Hey- 
ward, cloth-worker - 1570 

BRAYBROOKE (Lord), from sir John Gresham, 
grocer 1547 

Brooke (Lord), from sir Samuel Dashwood, 
vintner - ........ 170a 

Buckingham (Duke of), from sir John Gre- 
sham, grocer 1347 

Compton (Lord), from sir Weiston Dixie, 
skinner 1583 

Cranbournb (Viscount), from sir Christopher 
Gascoigne 1753 

DENBIGH (Earl of), from sir Godfrey Fielding, 
mercer 145a 

DONNE (Viscount), from sir Gilbert Heathcote - 1711 

Fitzwilliam (Earl of), from sir Thomas 
Cooke, draper 1557 

Palmerston (Lord), frem sir John Houblon, 
grocer 1695 

Salisbury (Marquis of), from sir Thomas 
Cooke, draper 1557 

Warwick (Earl of), frem sir Samuel Dash- 
wood, vintner • 170a 

Wiltshire (Earl of), from sirGodfrey Boleine 
(queen Elizabeth was his granddaughter) - 1457 

Maypole {The), the nickname given 
to Erangard Melosine de Schulemberg, 
duchess of Kendal, the mistress of 
George I. , on account of her leanness and 
height (1719, died 1743). 

Mazagran, in Algeria. Ever since 
the capture of this town by the French, 
black coffee diluted with cold water for a 
beverage has been called un Maxagran. 

Mazarin of Letters {The), 
D'Alembert (1717-1783). 

Mazarine {A), a common council- 
man of London ; so called from the 
mazarine-blue silk gown worn by this 
civil functionary. 

Mazeppa {Jan), a hetman of the 
Cossacks, born of a noble Polish family 
in Podolia. He was a page in the court 
of Jan Casimir king of Poland, and while 
in this capacity intrigued with Theresia 
the young wife of a Podolian count, who 
discovered the amour, and had the young 
page lashed to a wild horse, and turned 
adrift. The horse rushed in mad fury, 
and dropped down dead in the Ukraine, 
where Mazeppa was released by a Cos- 
sack, who nursed him carefully in his 
own hut. In time the young page 
became a prince of the Ukraine, but 
fought against Russia in the battle of 
Pultowa. Lord Byron (1819) makes 
8 T 



M. B. WAISTCOAT. 



690 



MEDEA. 



Mazeppa tell his tale to Charles XII. 
after the battle (1640-1709). 

(Bulgarin has made this story the sub- 
ject of a novel ; and Horace Vernet of 
two paintings.) 



"Muster Richardson" had a fine appreciation of 
genius, and left the original " Mazeppa " at Astley's a 
handsome legacy [1766-1836].— Mark Letntn. 

M. B. Waistcoat, a clerical waist- 
coat. M. B. means ' * Mark [of the] 
Beast ; " so called because, when these 
waistcoats were first worn by protestant 
clergymen (about 1830), they were stig- 
matized as indicating a popish tendency. 

He smiled at the folly which stigmatized an M. B. 
waistcoat— Mr s. OUfhant: Phcebe, Jun., U. x. 

Meadows (Sir William), a kind 
country gentleman, the friend of Jack 
Eustace and father ofyoung Meadows. 

Young Meadows left his father's home 
because the old gentleman wanted him to 
marry Rosetta, whom he had never seen. 
He called himself Thomas, and entered 
the service of justice Woodcock as gar- 
dener. Here he fell in love with the 
supposed chamber-maid, who proved to 
be Rosetta, and their marriage fulfilled 
the desire of all the parties interested. — 
Bickerstaff: Love in a Village. 

Charles Dignum made his dibut at Drury Lane, in 
1784, in the character of " Young Meadows." His 
voice was so clear and full-toned, and his manner of 
singing so judicious, that he was received with the 
warmest-applause.— Dictionary */ Musicians. 

Meagles (Mr.), an eminently "prac- 
tical man," who, being well off, travelled 
over the world for pleasure. His party 
consisted of himself, his daughter Pet, 
and his daughter's servant called Tatty- 
coram. A jolly man was Mr. Meagles ; 
but clear-headed, shrewd, and perse- 
vering. 

Mrs. Meagles, wife of the ' ' practical 
man," and mother of Pet. — Dickens: 
Little Dorrit (1857). 

Meal-Tub Plot, a fictitious con- 
spiracy concocted by Dangerfield for the 
purpose of cutting off those who opposed 
the succession of James duke of York, 
afterwards James II. The scheme was 
concealed in a meal-tub in the house of 
Mrs. Cellier (1685). 

Measure for Measure. There 
was a law in Vienna that made it death 
for a man to live with a woman not his 
wife ; but the law was so little enforced 
that the mothers of Vienna complained to 
the duke of its neglect. So the duke 
deputed Angelo to enforce it ; and, as- 
suming the dress of a friar, absented 



himself awhile, to watch the result. 
Scarcely was the duke gone, when Claudio 
was sentenced to death for violating the 
law. His sister Isabel went to intercede 
on his behalf, and Angelo told her he 
would spare her brother if she would 
become his Phryne. Isabel told hei 
brother he must prepare to die, as the 
conditions proposed by Angelo were out 
of the question. The duke, disguised as 
a friar, heard the whole story, and per- 
suaded Isabel to " assent in words," but 
to send Mariana (the divorced " wife " of 
Angelo) to take her place. This was 
done; but Angelo sent the provost to 
behead Claudio, a crime which "the 
friar " contrived to avert. Next day, the 
duke returned to the city, and Isabel told 
her tale. The end was, the duke married 
Isabel, Angelo took back his wife, and 
Claudio married Juliet whom he had 
seduced. — Shakespeare : Measure for 
Measure (1603). (See MARIANA, p. 673.) 
(This story is from Whetstone's comedy 
of Promos and Cassandra (1578). A 
similar story is given also in Giraldi 
Cinthio's third decade of stories.) 

Medam'othi, the island at which tha 
fleet of Pantag'ruel landed on the fourth 
day of their voyage. Here many choice 
curiosities were bought, such as " the 
picture of a man's voice," an "echo 
drawn to life," " Plato's ideas," some of 
" Epicuros's atoms," a sample of " Phi- 
lomela's needlework," and other objects 
of virtu to be obtained nowhere else. — 
Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, iv. 3 (1545). 

(Medamothi is a compound Greek 
word, meaning "never in any place." 
So Utopia is a Greek compound, meaning 
"no place;" Kennaquhair is a Scotch 
compound, meaning "I knownot where ; " 
and Kennahtwhar is Anglo-Saxon for the 
same. All these places are in 91 north 
lat. and 180 x' west long., in the Niltalfi 
Ocean.) 

Medea, a famous sorceress of Colchis* 
who married Jason the leader of the Argo- 
nauts, and aided him in getting possession 
of the golden fleece. After being married 
ten years, Jason repudiated her for Glauce' ; 
and Medea, in revenge, sent the bride a 
poisoned robe, which killed both Glauce 1 
and her father. Medea then tore to pieces 
her two sons, and fled to Athens in a 
chariot drawn by dragons. 

(The story has been dramatized in 
Greek, by Euripides; in Latin, by Seneca 
and by Ovid ; in French, by CorneilJe 



MEDEA AND ABSYRTUS. 



691 



MEDULLA THEOLOGLE. 



(Midie, 1635), Longepierre (1695), and 
Legouve (1849) ; in English, by Glover, 
1761.) 

Mrs. Yates was a superb " Medea."— Campbell. 

N.B.— Ovid, in his Heroides (4 syl.), 
has an hypothetical letter, in Latin verse, 
supposed to be written by Medea to 
Jason after his marriage with Creusa 
(daughter of king Creon), reminding him 
of all she had done for him, and reproving 
him for his infidelity. It is well known 
that Medea sent the bride a poisoned 
robe, which caused her death ; and, after 
a time, Jason himself was killed by the 
mast of the Argo falling on his head. 

Mede'a and Absyr'tus. When 
Medea fled with Jason from Colchis (in 
Asia), she murdered her brother Absyr- 
tus, and, cutting the body into several 
pieces, strewed the fragments about, that 
the father might be delayed in picking 
them up, and thus be unable to overtake 
the fugitives. 

Meet I an Infant of the duke of York, 
Into as many gobbets will I cut it 
As wild Medea young Absyrtus did. 
Shakespeare : a Henry VI. actv.sci (159*). 

Medea's Kettle. Medea the sor- 
ceress cut to pieces an old ram, threw the 
parts into her caldron, and by her incan- 
tations changed the old ram into a young 
lamb. The daughters of Pelias thought 
they would have their father restored to 
youth, as iEson had been. So they 
killed him, and put the body in Medea's 
caldron ; but Medea refused to utter the 
needful incantation, and so the old man 
was not restored to life. (See Vran.) 

Change the shape, and shake off age. Get thee 
Medea's kettle, and be boiled mew.— Cong reve : 
L*ve/er Love, iv.*(i6os). 

Me deem Malgre Lui (Le), a 
comedy by Moliere ( 1666). The ' ' enforced 
doctor" is Sganarelle, a faggot-maker, 
who is called in by G6ronte to cure his 
daughter of dumbness. (The rest of the 
tale is given under Geronte, No. 2.) 

(In 1733 Fielding produced a farce 
called The Mock Doctor, which was based 
on this comedy. The doctor he calls 
"Gregory," and GeYonte "sir Jasper." 
Lucinde, the dumb girl, he calls " Char- 
lotte," and Anglicizes her lover Leandre 
into " Leander.") 

Medham (" the keen "), one of 

Mahomet's swords. 

Medicine. So the alchemists called 
the matter (whatever it might be) by 
which they performed their transforma- 
tions: as, for example, the " philosopher's 



stone," which was to transmute whatevei 
it touched into gold ; "the elixir of life," 
which was to renew old age to youth. 

How much unlike art thou, Mark Antony I 
Yet, coming from him, that great medicine hath 
With his tinct gilded thee. 
Shakespeare : Antony and Cleopatra, act i. sc 5 (1608). 

The Father of Medicine, Aretaeos of 
Cappadocia (second and third centuries). 

IT Also Hippoc "rat^s of Cos (b.c. 
460-357). 

Medina, the Golden Mean personi- 
fied. Step-sister of Elissa {parsimony) 
and Perissa [extravagance). The three 
sisters could never agree on any subject. 
— Spenser : Faerie Queene, ii. (1590). 

Meditations among 1 the Tombs, 

a prose work of a similar order to Sturm's 
Re/lections, and Young's Night Thoughts ; 
by Hervey (1746). 

Mediterranean Sea [The Key of 
the), the fortress of Gibraltar. 

Medley [Matthew), the factotum of 
sir Walter Waring. He marries Dolly, 
daughter of Goodman Fairlop the wood- 
man. — Dudley: The Woodman (1771). 

Medo'ra, the beloved wife of Conrad 
the corsair. When Conrad was taken 
captive by the pacha Seyd, Medora sat 
day after day expecting his return, and 
feeling the heart-anguish of hope deferred. 
Still he returned not, and Medora died. 
In the mean time, Gulnare, the favourite 
concubine of Seyd, murdered the pacha, 
liberated Conrad, and sailed with him to 
the corsair's island home. When, how- 
ever, Conrad found Medora was dead, he 
quitted the island, and went no one knew 
whither. The sequel of the story forms 
the poem called Lara. — Byron : The 
Corsair (18 14). 

Medo'ro, a Moorish youth of extra- 
ordinary beauty, but of humble race ; 
page to Agramante. Being wounded, 
Angelica dressed his wounds, fell in love 
with him, married him, and retired with 
him to Cathay, where, in ri-ht of his 
wife, he became king. This was the 
cause of Orlando's madness.— Ariosto : 
Orlando Furioso (151^). 

When don Roldan [Orlando] discorered In a foun- 
tain proofs of Angelica's dishonourable conduct with 
Medoro. it distracted him to such a degree that h« 
tore up huge trees by the roots, sullied the purest 
streams, destroyed flocks, slew shepherds, fired th<-ir 
huts, pulled houses to the ground, and committed a 
thousand other most furious exploits worthy of being 
reported in fame's register.— Cervantes : Don Quixote, 
I. ILL n (1605). 

Medulla Theologies, a contro- 
versial treatise by William Ames (1623). 



MEDULLA THEOLOGICA. 69a MEJNOUN AND LETLAH, 



Medulla Theologica, a theological 
work by Louis Abelli bishop of Rhodes 
(1604-1691). It is alluded to by Boileau, 
in the Lutrin, iv. (1683). 

Medn'sa {The Soft), Mary Stuart 
queen of Scots (1542-1587). 

Rise from thy bloody gTave, 

Thou soft Medusa of the " Fated Line," 
Whose evil beauty looked to death the brave 1 

Lord Lytton : Ode, L (1839). 

Meeta, the " maid of Mariendorpt," 
a true woman and a true heroine. She is 
the daughter of Mahldenau, minister of 
Mariendorpt, whom she loves almost to 
idolatry. Her betrothed is major Rupert 
Roselheim. Hearing of her father's 
captivity at Prague, she goes thither on 
foot to crave his pardon. — Knowles : 
The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838). 

Meg, a pretty, bright, dutiful girl, 
daughter of Toby Veck, and engaged to 
Richard, whom she marries on New 
Year's Day. — Dickens: The Chimes 
(1844). 

Meg Dods, the old landlady at St. 
Ronan's Well.— Sir W. Scott : St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Meg Merrilies, a half-crazy sibyl, 
the ruler of the gipsy race. She was the 
nurse of Harry Bertram. — Sir W. Scott: 
Guy Manne ring (time, George II.). 

".* In Terry's dramatized version of 
Guy Mannering, Miss Cushman was an 
inimitable Meg Merrilies. It was one of 
the finest pieces of acting I ever saw 
(1818-1876). The words of her part were 
poor stuff, but her look, her gestures, her 
tone of voice, her coming on and going 
off, were all eloquent. 

Meg Murdochson, an old gipsy 
thief, mother of Madge Wildfire. — Sir 
W. Scott : Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Megid'don, the tutelar angel of 
Simon the Canaanite. This Simon, 
"once a shepherd, was called by Jesus 
from the field, and feasted Him in his 
hut with a lamb." — Klopstock : The 
Mesnah, iii. (1748). 

Meging-jard, the belt of Thor, 
whereby his strength was doubled. 

Megissogwon ('* the great pearl- 
feather"), a magician, and the Manlto of 
wealth. It was Megissogwon who sent 
the fiery fever on man, the white fog, 
and death. Hiawatha slew him, and 
taught man the science of medicine. 



This great Pearl-Feather slew the fathef 
of Nikornis (the grandmother of Hia- 
watha). Hiawatha all day long fought 
with the magician without effect ; at night- 
fall the woodpecker told him to strike at 
the tuft of hair on the magician's head, 
the only vulnerable place ; accordingly, 
Hiawatha discharged his three remaining 
arrows at the hair-tuft, and Megissogwon 
died. 

Honour be to Hiawatha I 
He hath slain the great Pearl-Feather ; 
Slain the mightiest of magicians — 
Him that sent the fiery fever, . . . 
Sent disease and death among us. 

LongfelUrw : Hiawatha, fat (1855). 

Megnoun. (See Mejnoun.) 

Meg'ra, a lascivious lady in the drama 
called Philaster or Love Lies a-bleeding, 
by Beaumont and Fletcher (1608). 

Meigle, in Strathmore, the place 
where Guinever, Arthur's queen, was 
buried. 

Meiklehose {Isaac), one of the 
elders of Roseneath parish. — Sir W. 
Scott: Heart of Midlothian (time, George 
II.). 

Meiklewham {Mr. Saunders), ■■ the 
man of law," in the managing committee 
of the Spa hotel— Sir IV. Scott: St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Meister ( Wilhelm), the hero and 
title of a novel by Goethe, the object of 
which is to show that man, despite his 
errors and shortcomings, is led by a 
guiding hand, and reaches some higher 
aim at last (1821). 

Meistersingers, or minstrel trades- 
men of Germany. An association of 
master tradesmen, to revive the national 
minstrelsy, which had fallen into decay 
with the decline of the minnesingers or 
love-minstrels (1350-1523). Their sub- 
jects were chiefly moral or religious, and 
constructed according to rigid rules. 
The three chief were Hans Rosenbliit 
(armorial painter, born 1450), Hans 
Folz (surgeon, born 1479), and Hans 
Sachs (cobbler, 1494-1574). The next 
best were Heinrich von Mueglen, Konrad 
Harder, Master Altschwert, Master Bar- 
thel Regenbogen (the blacksmith), Mus- 
cablut (the tailor), and Hans BloU (the 
barber). 

Mej'notm and Lei lab. (a syl.), 
a Persian love tale, the Romeo and 
Juliet of Eastern romance. They are the 
most beautiful, chaste, and impassionate 



MELANCHATE& 



*93 



MELIBE. 



t>f lovers ; the models of what lovers 
would be if human nature were perfect. 

When he sang the loves of Megndun and Leileh . . . 
tears insensibly overflowed the cheeks of his auditors. 
—Beck/ord: Vathek (1786). 

Melan'chates (4 syl.), the hound 
that killed Actaeon, and was changed 
into a hart. 

Melanchates, that hound 
That plucked Acteon to the (round*, 
Gaue him his mortal wound, . . . 
Was chaunged to a harte. 
Skelton : Philip Sparrow (rime, Henry VIIL). 

Melancholy {The Anatomy of), a. 
book full of quotations, Greek, Latin, 
German, Italian, French, and English. 
It treats of philosophy, medicine, poetry, 
astrology, music, etc. It first shows 
what melancholy means, then branches 
off into its seat, varieties, causes, 
symptoms, cure ; it first takes melancholy 
generally, and then descends to special 
kinds of melancholy. It is one of the 
most erudite books ever published, and is 
a mine of wealth to authors and orators. 
—Robert Burton (1621). 

(Dr. T. Bright wrote a Treatise on 
Melancholy (1586); and Thomas Wharton 
a poem on The Pleasures of Melancholy, 
1745) 

Nothing to dainty sweet as lovely melancholy. 
Beaumont and Fletcher. 

Melantius, a rough, honest soldier, 
who believes every one is true till con- 
victed of crime, and then is he a relentless 
punisher. Melantius and Diph'ilus are 
brothers of Evadne. — Beaumont and 
Fletcher: The Maid's Tragedy (1610). 

* . * The master scene between Antony 
and Ventidius in Dryden's All for Love is 
copied from The Maid 's Tragedy. "Ven- 
tidius M is in the place of Melantius. 

Melchior, one of the three kings of 
Cologne. He was the ' ' Wise Man of the 
East " who offered to the infant Jesus 
gold, the emblem of royalty. The other 
two were Gaspar and Balthazar. Mel- 
chior means "king of light." 

Melchior, a monk attending the black 
priest of St. Paul's. — Sir IV. Scott: Anne 
of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Melchior [i.e. Melchior Pfinzing), a 
German poet who wrote the Teuerdank, 
an epic poem which has the kaiser Maxi- 
milian (son of Frederick III.) for its 
hero. This poem was the Orlando 
Purioso of the Germans. 

1st the poet Melchior, singing kaiser Maximilian's 
LmgfilUm: Nurtmtorg. 



Melea'gfer, son of Althaea, who was 
doomed to live while a certain log re- 
mained unconsumed. Althaea kept the 
log for several years, but being one day 
angry with her son, she cast it on the fire, 
where it was consumed. Her son died at 
the same moment. — Ovid : Metam., viii. 4. 

*.' Sir John Davies uses this to illus- 
trate the immortality of the soul. He 
says that the life of the soul does not 
depend on the body as Meleager's life 
depended on the fatal brand. 

Again, if by the body's prop she stand— 
If on the body's life her life depend, 

As*Meleager's on the fatal brand ; 
The body's good she only would intend. 

Reason, iii. (1622). 

Melesig'enes (5 syl.). Homer is so 
called from the river MelSs (2 syl.), in 
Asia Minor, on the banks of which some 
say he was born. 

. . . various-measured verse, 
^Colian charms and Dorian lyric odes. 
And his who gave them breath, but higher sung. 
Blind Melesigen£s, thence Homer called, 
Whose poem Phaebus challenged for his own. 

Milton : Paradise Regained (1671). 

Me'li {Giovanni), a Sicilian, born at 
Palermo ; immortalized by his eclogues 
and idylls. Meli is called " The Sicilian 
Theocritus" (1740-1815). 

Much it pleased him to peruse 
The songs of the Sicilian Muse- 
Bucolic songs by Meli sung. 
Longfellow ; The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863k 

Meliad.es (4 syl.), an anagram of 
Miles a De[o], "God's Soldier." So 
prince Henry (son of James I.) called 
himself; and, at his death, W. Drummond 
wrote an elegy, called Tears on the Death 
of Meliades (1613). 

(Froissart compiled the verses written 
by the duke of Brabant, and added some 
of his own. He called the collection 
Meliador, or The Knight of the Golden 
Sun, about 1390.) 

Meliadus, father of sir Tristan ; 
prince of Lyonnesse, and one of the 
heroes of Arthurian romance. — Tristan 
de Leonois (1489). 

• . • Tristan, in the History of Prince 
Arthur, compiled by sir T. Malory (1470), 
is called " Tristram ; " but the old minne- 
singers of Germany (twelfth century) 
called the name "Tristan." 

Mel'ibe (3 syl.), a rich young man 
married to Prudens. One day, when 
Mclibe was in the fields, some enemies 
broke into his house, beat his wife, and 
wounded his daughter Sophie in her feet, 
hands, ears, nose, and mouth. Melibd 
was furious and vowed vengeance, but 



MELIBEE. 



«94 



Pradens persuaded him ° to forgive his 
enemies, and to do good to them who 
despitefully used him." So he called 
together his enemies, and forgave them, 
to the end that "God of His endeles 
mercie wole at the tyme of our deyinge 
forgive us oure giltes that we have 
trespased to Him in this wreeched world." 
— Chaucer: Canterbury Tales (1388). 

(This prose tale is a literal translation 
of a French story, called Livre de Melibie 
et de dame Prudence, which is a free 
translation of the Latin story of Albertano 
de Brescia. — See MS. Reg., xix. 7; and 
MS. Reg., xix. 11, British Museum.) 

Melibee, a shepherd, and the re- 
puted father of Pastorella. Pastorella 
married sir Calidore. — Spenser; Faerie 
Queene, vi. 9 (1596). 

(" Melibee is sir Francis Walsingham. 
In the Ruins of Time Spenser calls him 
" Meliboe." Sir Philip Sidney (the " sir 
Calidore " of the Faerie Queene) married 
his daughter Frances. Sir Francis Wal- 
singham died in 1590, so poor that he did 
not leave enough to defray his funeral 
expenses.) 

Meliboe'an Dye, a rich purple. So 
called because Melibcea of Thessaly was 
famous for the ostrum, a fish used in 
dying purple. 

A military vest of purple flowed. 
Livelier than Meliboean. 

Milton: Paradise Lost, xt 34a (1665). 

Melibceus, one of the shepherds in 
Eclogue i. of Virgil. 

Spenser, in the Ruins of Time (1591), 
calls sir Francis Walsingham " the good 
Meliboe ; " and in the last book of the 
Faerie Queene he calls him " Melibee." 

Melin'da, cousin of Sylvia. She 
loves Worthy, whom she pretends to 
dislike, and coquets with him for twelve 
months. Having driven her modest 
lover to the verge of distraction, she 
relents, and consents to marry him. — 
Farquhar : The Recruiting Officer ( 1705). 

Mel'ior, a lovely fairy, who carried off 
in her magic bark, Parthen'opex of Blois 
to her secret island. — Parthenopex de Blois 
(a French romance, twelfth century). 

Melisen'dra {The princess), natural 
daughter of Marsilio, and the " supposed 
daughter of Charlemagne." She eloped 
with don Gayferos. The king Marsilio 
sent his troops in pursuit of the fugitives. 
Having made Melisendra his wife, don 
Gayferos delivered her up captive to the 



MELL. 

Moors at Saragossa. This was the story 
of the puppet-show of Master Peter, 
exhibited to don Quixote and his 'squire 
at "the inn beyond the hermitage." — 
Cervantes: Don Quixote, II ii. 7 (1615). 

Melissa, a prophetess who lived in 
Merlin's cave. Bradamant gave her the 
enchanted ring to take to Roge'ro ; so, 
under the form of Atlantis, she went to 
Alcina's isle, delivered Rogero, and dis- 
enchanted all the captives in the island. 

In bk. xix. Melissa, under the form of 
Rod6mont, persuaded Agramant to break 
the league which was to settle the contest 
by single combat, and a general battle 
ensued. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

If This incident of bk. xix. is similar 
to that in Homer's Iliad, iii., iv., where 
Paris and Menelaos agree to settle the 
contest by single combat ; but Minerva 
persuades Pandaros to break the truce, 
and a general battle ensues. 

(There is a Melissa in Tennyson's 
Princess, 1847.) 

Melita (now Malta). The point to 
which the vessel that carried St. Paul was 
driven was the " Porto de San Paolo," 
and according to tradition the cathedral 
of Citta Vecchia stands on the site of the 
house of Publius the Roman governor. 
St. Paul's grotto, a cave in the vicinity, is 
so named in honour of the great apostle. 

Meli'tus, a gentleman of Cyprus, in 
the drama called The Laws of Candy, by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1647). 

Melizyus, king of Thessaly, in the 
golden era of Saturn. He was the first 
to tame horses for the use of man. 

In whose time reigned also in Thessayle (a syl.), 
A parte of Grece, the kyng Melizyus, 

That was right strong and fierce in battaile; 
By whose laboure, as the storye sheweth us, 

He brake first horses, wilde and rig-orous, 

Teaching his men on them right wel to ryde; 

And he himselfe did first the horse bestride. 

Hawes : The Passe-tyme of Plesure, i. (1515). 

Meliz'yus {King) held his court in the 
Tower of Chivalry, and there knighted 
Graunde Amoure, after giving him the 
following advice : — 

And first Good Hope his legge harneyes should b«: 
His habergion, of Perfect Ryghteousnes, 
Gird first with the girdle of Chastitie ; 
His rich placarde should be good busines, 
Brodred with Alms . . . 

The helmet Mekenes, and the shelde Good Faytth. 
His swerde God's Word, as St. Paule sayeth. 
Hawes : The Passe-tyme of Plesure, xxviiu (1515). 

Mell {Mr.), the poor, down-trodden 
second master at Salem House, the school 
of Mr. Creakles. Mr. Mell played the 



MELLEFONT. 

Bute. His mother lived in an almshouse, 
and Steerforth used to taunt Mell with 
this "degradation," and indeed caused 
him to be discharged. Mell emigrated 
to Australia, and succeeded well in the 
new country. — Dickens: David Copper- 
field (1849). 

Melle'font (2 syl.), in love with 
Cynthia daughter of sir Paul Pliant. 
His aunt, lady Touchwood, had a criminal 
fondness for him, and because he re- 
pelled her advances she vowed his ruin. 
After passing several hair-breadth escapes 
from the "double dealing" of his aunt 
and his " friend " Maskwell, he succeeded 
in winning and marrying the lady of his 
attachment. — Congreve : The Double 
Dealer (1700). 

Mellifluous Doctor {The), St 
Bernard, whose writings were called u a 
river of paradise " (1091-1153). 

Melnotte (Claude), a gardener's son, 
in love with Pauline "the Beauty of 
Lyons," but treated by her with contempt. 
Beauseant and Glavis, two other rejected 
suitors, conspired with him to humble 
the proud fair one. To this end, Claude 
assumed to be the prince of Como, and 
Pauline married him, but was indignant 
when she discovered how she had been 
duped. Claude left her to join the French 
army, and, under the name of Morier, 
rose in two years and a half to the rank 
of colonel. He then returned to Lyons, 
and found his father-in-law on the eve 
of bankruptcy, and Pauline about to be 
sold to Beauseant to pay the creditors. 
Claude paid the money required, and 
claimed Pauline as his loving and truthful 
wife. — LordLytton : Lady of Lyons (1838). 

Melo (Juan de), born at Castile in the 
fifteenth century. A dispute having 
arisen at Esalo'na upon the question 
whether Achillas or Hector were the 
braver warrior, the marquis de Ville'na 
called out, " Let us see if the advocates 
of Achilles can fight as well as prate." 
At the word, there appeared in the 
assembly a gigantic fire-breathing mon- 
ster, which repeated the same challenge. 
Every one shrank back except Juan de 
Melo, who drew his sword and placed 
himself before king Juan II. to protect 
him, "tide life, tide death." The king 
appointed him alcayde of Alcala la Real, 
in Grana'da, for his loyalty. — Chronica 
de Don Alvaro de Luna. 

Melrose (Violet), an heiress, who 
marries Charles Middlewick. This was 



695 MELVILLE. 

against the consent of his father, because 
Violet had the bad taste to snub the re- 
tired tradesman, and considered vulgarity 
as the "unpardonable sin." 

Mary Melrose, Violet's cousin, but with- 
out a penny. She marries Talbot Champ- 
neys ; but his father, sir Geoffry, wanted 
him to marry Violet the heiress. — H. J. 
Byron : Our Boys (a comedy, 1875). 

Melusi'na, the most famous of the 
fies of France. Having enclosed her 
father in a mountain for offending her 
mother, she was condemned to become 
a serpent every Saturday. When she 
married the count of Lusignan, she made 
her husband vow never to visit her on 
that day, but the jealousy of the count 
made him break his vow. Melusina was, 
in consequence, obliged to leave her 
mortal husband, and roam about the 
world as a ghost till the day of doom. 
Some say the count immured her in the 
dungeon wall of his castle. — Jean d Arras 
(fourteenth century). 

• . ' The cry of despair given by thef/e 
when she discovered the indiscreet visit of 
her husband, is the origin of the phrase, 
Un cri de Milusine ("A shriek of de- 
spair"). 

Melvil (Sir John), a young baronet, 
engaged to be married to Miss Sterling, 
the elder daughter of a City merchant, 
who promises to settle on her ^80,000. 
A little before the marriage, sir John finds 
that he has no regard for Miss Sterling, 
but a great love for her younger sister 
Fanny', to whom he makes a proposal of 
marriage. His proposal is rejected ; and 
it is soon brought to light that Miss Fanny 
has been clandestinely married to Love- 
well for four months. — Colman and Gar- 
rick : The Clandestine Marriage (1766). 

MELVILLE (Major), a magistrate 
at Cairnvreckan village. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Melville (Sir Robert), one of the 
embassy from the privy council to Mary 
queen of Scots. — Sir IV. Scott: The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Melville, the father of Constantia. — 
Mac/din: The Man of the World (1764). 

Melville (Julia), a truly noble girl, 
in love with Faulkland, who is always 
jealous of her without a shadow of cause. 
She receives his innuendos without resent- 
ment, and treats him with sincerity and 
forbearance (see act i. a). — Sheridan ; 
The Rivals (177s). 



MELYHALT. 



696 MENCIA OF MOSQUERA. 



Melyhalt (The lady), a powerful 
subject of king Arthur, whose domains sir 
Galiot invaded ; notwithstanding which, 
the lady chose sir Galiot as her fancy 
knight and chevalier. 

MEMNON, king of the Ethiopians. 
He went to the assistance of his uncle 
Priam, and was slain by Achilles. His 
mother Eos, inconsolable at his death, 
weeps for him every morning, and her 
tears constitute what we call dew. 

Memnon, the black statue of king 
Amen'ophis III. at Thebes, in Egypt, 
which, being struck with the rays of the 
morning sun, gives out musical sounds. 
Kircher says these sounds are due to a 
sort of clavecin or ^Eolian harp enclosed 
in the statue, the cords of which are acted 
upon by the warmth of the sun. Cam- 
byses, resolved to learn the secret, cleft 
the statue from head to waist; but it 
continued to utter its morning melody 
notwithstanding. 

. . . old Memnon's image, long renowned 
By fabling Nilus ; to the quivering touch 
Ot Titan's ray, with each repulsive string 
Consenting, sounded thro' the warbling air 
Unbidden strains. 
Aktnsidt : PUasurts of Imagination, L (1744). 

Memnon, "the mad lover," general 
of As'torax king of Paphos. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher : The Mad Lover (1617). 

Memnon, the title of a novel by Vol- 
taire, the object of which is to show the 
folly of aspiring to too much wisdom. 

Memnon's Sister, He'mera, men- 
tioned by Dictys Cretensis. 

Black, but such as in esteem 

Prince Memnon's sister might beseem. 

Milton : II Penseroso (1638). 

Memoirs of P.P., a "parish clerk," 
written by Dr. Arbuthnot, in ridicule of 
Burnet's History of My Own Times (1723- 
1734). The parish clerk is pompous, 
wordy, pugnacious, and conceited. 

Memorable ( The Ever-), John Hales 

of Eton (1584-1656). 

Memory. The persons most noted 
for their memory are — 

(1) Magliabechi of Florence, called 
" The Universal Index and Living Cyclo- 
paedia " (1633-1714). 

(2) P. J. Beronicius, the Greek and 
Latin improvisator, who knew by heart 
Horace, Virgil, Cicero, Juvenal, both the 
Plinys, Homer, and Aristophanes. He 
died at Middleburgh, in 1676. 

(3) Andrew Fuller, after hearing 
500 lines twice, could repeat them without 



a mistake. He could also repeat verbatim 
a sermon or speech ; could tell either 
backwards or forwards every shop sign 
from the Temple to the extreme end of 
Cheapside, and the articles displayed in 
each of the shops. 

(4) " Memory " Woodfall could carry 
in his head a debate, and repeat it a fort- 
night afterwards. 

(5) "Memory" Thompson could re- 
peat the names, trades, and particulars 
of every shop from Ludgate Hill to Picca- 
dilly. 

(6) William Radcliff, the husband 
of the novelist, could repeat a debate the 
next morning. 

Garrick could repeat his part by reading It one* 
over. I have more than once heard Woodham, a 
Fellow of Jesus, repeat a column of the Times after 
reading it once over. 

(See Panjandrum.) 

Memory (The Bard of), Samuel 
Rogers, author of the Pleasures of Memory 
(1762-1855). 

(Tennyson wrote an Ode to Memory, 
1830.) 

Men of Prester John's Country. 
Prester John, in his letter to Manuel 
Comnenus, says his land is the home of 
men with horns ; of one-eyed men (the 
eye being in some cases before the head, 
and in some cases behind it) ; of giants 
forty ells in height (i.e. 120 feet) ; of the 
phoenix, etc. ; and of ghouls who feed 
on premature children. He gives the 
names of fifteen different tributary states, 
amongst which are those of Gog and 
Magog (now shut in behind lofty moun- 
tains) •; but at the end of the world these 
fifteen states will overrun the whole earth. 

Menalcas, any shepherd or rustic. 
The name occurs in the Idylls of Theoc'- 
ritos, the Eclogues of Virgil, and the 
Shepheardes Calendar of Spenser. 

Men'cia of Mosquera (Donna) 
married don Alvaro de Mello. A few 
days after the marriage, Alvaro happened 
to quarrel with don An'drea de Baesa and 
kill him. He was obliged to flee from 
Spain, leaving his bride behind, and his 
property was confiscated. For seven 
years she received no intelligence of his 
whereabouts (for he was a slave most of 
the time), but when seven years had 
elapsed the report of his death in Fez 
reached her. The young widow now 
married the marquis of Guardia, who 
lived in a grand castle near Burgos ; but 
walking in the grounds one morning she 
was struck with the earnestness with 



MEND02A. 

which one of the under-gardeners looked 
at her. This man proved to be her first 
husband, don Alvaro, with whom she now 
fled from the castle ; but on the road a 
gang of robbers fell upon them. Alvaro 
was killed, and the lady taken to the 
robbers' cave, where Gil Bias saw her 
and heard her sad tale. The lady was 
soon released, and sent to the castle of 
the marquis of Guardia. She found the 
marquis dying from grief, and indeed 
he died the day following, and Mencia 
retired to a convent. — Lesage : Gil Bias, 
i. 11-14 (1715). 

Mendoza, a Jew prize-fighter, who 
held the belt at the close of the eighteenth 
century ; and in 1791 opened the Lyceum 
in the Strand, to teach " the noble art of 
self-defence." 

I would have dealt the fellow that abused you such a 
recompense in the fifth button, that my friend Mendoza 
should not have placed it better. — Cumberland : Shiva 
the yew, iv. 2 (1776). 

There is a print often seen in old picture shops, of 
Humphreys and Mendoza sparring, and a queer 
angular exhibition it is. What that is to the modern 
art of boxing. Quick's style of acting was to Dowton's. 
—Records of a Stage Veteran. 

Mendoza (Isaac), & rich Jew, who 
thinks himself monstrously wise, but is 
duped by every one. (See under Isaac, p. 
529.) — Sheridan : The Duenna (1775). 

«>hn Kemble [1757-18*3] once designed to play 
ac heath " [Beggar's Opera, by Gay], a part about 
as much suited to him as " Isaac Mendoza." It is 
notorious that he persisted in playing "Charles 
Surface" In the School for Scandal [Sheridan], till 
some wag said to him, " Mr. Kemble, you have often 
given us ' Charles's martyrdom,' when shall we have his 
restoration ?~— Jf. G. RusuU ; Refresenlativt Actors, 
Nft 

Menech'mians, persons exactly like 
each other, as the brothers Dromio. So 
called from the Mencechmi of Plautus. 

Menec'rates (4 syl.), a physician of 
Syracuse, of unbounded vanity and arro- 
gance. He assumed to himself the title 
of Jupiter, and in a letter to Philip king 
of Macedon he began thus : " Menecrates 
Jupiter to king Philip greeting." Being 
asked by Philip to a banquet, the phy- 
sician was served only with frankincense, 
like the gods ; but Menecrates was gready 
offended, and hurried home. 

Such was MenecratAs of little worth. 
Who love, the saviour, to be called presumed. 
To whom of incense Philip made a feast. 
And gave pride scorn and hunger to digest. 
Brooke: Inquisition upon Fame, etc. (1554-1608). 

Mene'via, St David's, in Wales. A 
corruption of Henemenew, its old British 
name. 

Mengs (John), the surly innkeeper a: 



697 



MEPHOSTOPHILUS. 



Kirchhoff village.— Sir W. Scott: Amue 
of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Menippee (Satyre), a famous political 
satire, written during the time of what is 
called in French history the Holy League, 
the objects of which were to exterminate 
the huguenots, to confine the king (Henri 
III.) in a monastery, and to crown the 
due de Guise. The satire is partly in 
verse, and partly in prose ; and its object 
is to expose the perfidious intentions ot 
Philip of Spain and the culpable ambition 
of the Guises. 

It is divided into two parts, the first ot 
which is entitled Catholicon d'Espagne, 
by Pierre Leroy (1593), exposing those 
who had been corrupted by the gold of 
Spain ; the second part is entitled Abrigi 
des Etats de la Ligue, by Gillot, Pithou, 
Rapin, and Passerat, published 1594. 

V Menippus was a cynic philosopher 
and poet of Gadara, in Phoenicia, who 
wrote twelve books of satires in prose 
and verse. 

(Varro wrote In Latin a work called 
The Satires of Menippus (Satyr a Menip- 
pea).) 

Menteith (The earl of), a. kinsman 
of the earl of Montrose. He marries 
Annot Lyle, the heroine. — Sir W. Scott : 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Mentor, a wise and faithful adviser 
or guide. So called from Mentor, a 
friend of Ulysses, whose form Minerva 
assumed when she accompanied Tele- 
machos in his search for his father. — 
Ftnelon : Tilimaque (1700). 

Mephistoph'eles (5 syl.), the 
sneering, jeering, leering attendant 
demon of Faust in Goethe's drama of 
Faust, and Gounod's opera of the same 
name. Marlowe calls the name ' ' Mephos- 
tophilis " in his drama entitled Dr. Faustus. 
Shakespeare, in his Merry Wives of Wind- 
sor, writes the name " Mephostophilus ; " 
and in the opera he is called ' ' Mefistofele " 
(5 syl.). In the old demonology, Mephis- 
topheleswas one of the seven chief devils, 
and second of the fallen archangels. 

Meph.ostoph.ilis, the attendant 
demon of Faustus, in Marlowe's tragedy 
of Dr. Faustus (1539). 

There Is an awful melancholy about Marlowe's 
" Mephostophilis," perhaps more expressive than the 
malignant mirth of that fiend in the renowned work ol 
Goethe.— Hallam. 

Mephostophilus. the spirit or 
familiar of sir John Faustus or [Dr.] 



MERCER. 

John Faust [Shakespeare : Merry Wives of 
Windsor, 1596). Subsequently it became 
a term of reproach, about equal to •* imp 
of the devil" 

Mercer {Major), at the presidency of 
Madras.— Sir W. Scott: The Surgeons 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Merchant of Venice (The), An- 
thonio, who borrowed 3000 ducats for 
three months of Shylock a Jew. The 
money was borrowed to lend to a friend 
named Bassanio, and the Jew, " in merry 
sport," instead of interest, agreed to lend 
the money on these conditions : If An- 
thonio paid it within three months, he 
should pay only the principal ; if he did 
not pay it back within that time, the 
merchant should forfeit a pound of his 
own flesh, from any part of his body the 
Jew might choose to cut it off. As 
Anthonio's ships were delayed by con- 
trary winds, he could not pay the money, 
and the Jew demanded the forfeiture. 
On the trial which ensued, Portia, in the 
dress of a law doctor, conducted the case, 
and, when the Jew was going to take the 
forfeiture, stopped him by saying that the 
bond stated " a pound of flesh," and that 
therefore he was to shed no drop of blood, 
and he must cut neither more nor less 
than an exact pound, on forfeit of his 
life. As these conditions were practically 
impossible, the Jew was nonsuited and 
fined for seeking the life of a citizen. — 
Shakespeare : Merchant of Venice (1598). 

1T The story is in the Gesta Romanorum, 
the tale of the bond being ch. xlviii., and 
that of the caskets ch. cix. ; but Shake- 
speare took his plot from a Florentine 
novelette called 7/ Pecorone, written in 
the fourteenth century, but not published 
till the sixteenth. 

IT There is a ballad on the subject, the 
date of which has not been determined. 
The bargain runs thus — 

•• No penny for the loane of it. 

For one year shall you pay— 
You may doe me a good turne. 

Before my dying day ; 
But we will have a merry Jest, 

For to be talked long : 
Vou shall make a bond," quoth h«, 

" That shall be large or strong. 
And this shall be the forfeyture. 

Of your owne fleshe a pound ; 
If you agree, make you the bond. 

And there's a hundred crownes." 

(The Jew is called " Gernutus.") 

Tl Loki laid a wager with Brock, and 

lost. He wagered his head; but saved 

himself by the plea that Brock might 

take his head, but might not touch his 



698 



MERCUTIO. 



neck. — Skaldd 35 (Simrocks Edda, p, 
3°5)- 

Merchant's Tale {The), in Chaucer, 
is substantially the same as the first Latin 
metrical tale of Adolphus (13 15), and is 
not unlike a Latin prose tale given in the 
appendix of T. Wright's edition of 
iEsop's fables. The tale is this — 

A girl named May married January, an 
old Lombard baron 60 years of age, but 
entertained the love of Damyan, a young 
squire. She was detected in familiar 
intercourse with Damyan, but persuaded 
her husband that his eyes had deceived 
him, and he believed her, for what is 
better than " a fruitful wife and a con- 
fiding spouse"? — Chaucer: Canterbury 
Tales {i-$>%). 

'.* The tale has been modernized by 
Ogle and Pope. 



(See Martian, 



Mercian Laws. 
p. 681.)^ 

Mercilla, a " maiden queen of great 
power and majesty, famous through all 
the world, and honoured far and nigh." 
Her kingdom was disturbed by a soldan, 
her powerful neighbour, stirred up by 
his wife Adicla. The "maiden queen ' 
is Elizabeth; the "soldan," Philip of 
Spain; and "Adicia" is injustice, pre- 
sumption, or the bigotry of popery.— 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. (1596). 

Mercurial Finger [The), the little 
finger. 

The thumb, In chiromancy, we give Venus ; 
The fore-finger to Jove ; the midst to Saturn ; 
The ring to Sol ; the least to Mercury. 

Ben Jonson : Tht Alchemist, L. a (1610). 

Mercu'tio, kinsman of prince Es- 
calus, and Romeo's friend. An airy, 
sprightly, elegant young nobleman, so 
full of wit and fancy that Dry den says 
Shakespeare was obliged to kill him in 
the third act, lest the poet himself should 
have been killed by Mercutio. — Shake- 
speare : Romeo and Juliet {i^). 

Mercutio's wit, gaiety, and courage will always pry 
cure him friends that wish him a longer life ; but his 
death is not precipitated— he has lived out the timo 
allotted him in the construction of the play.— Dr. 
Johnson. 

The light and fanciful humour of Mercutio serves to 
enhance and illustrate the romantic and passionate 
character of Romeo.— Sir IV. Scott: The Drama. 

William Lewis [1748-18™] was the "MercurJo" of 
the age, in every sense of the word " mercurial." His 
airy, breathless voice, thrown to the audience before 
he appeared, was the signal of his winged animal 
spirits; and when he gave a glance of his eye, or 
touched with his finger at another's ribs, it was the 
very punctum saliens of playfulness and innuendo, - 
Hunt: Tht Town (1848). 



MERCUTIO OF ACTORS. 

Mercutio of Actors {The), William 
Lewis (1748-1S11). 

Mr. Lewis displayed in acting a combination rarely 
to be found— that of the fop and the real gentleman. 
With a voice, a manner, and a person, all equally 
graceful and airy, and features at once whimsical and 
genteel, he played on the top of his profession like a 
plume.— Hunt: The Town (1848). 

Mercy, a young pilgrim, who ac- 
companied Christiana in her walk to Zion. 
When Mercy got to the Wicket Gate, she 
swooned from fear of being refused ad- 
mittance. Mr. Brisk proposed to her, 
but, being told that she was poor, left 
her, and she was afterwards married to 
Matthew, the eldest son of Christian. — 
Bunyan: Pilgrim' t Progress, ii. (1684). 

Merdle (Mr.), banker, a skit on the 
directors of the Royal British Bank, and 
on Mr. Hudson " the railway king." Mr. 
Merdle, of Harley Street, was called 
the "Master Mind of the Age." He 
became insolvent, and committed suicide. 
Mr. Merdle was a heavily made man, 
with an obtuse head, and coarse, mean, 
common features. His chief butler said 
of him, "Mr. Merdle never was a gentle- 
man, and no ungentlemanly act on Mr. 
Merdle' s part would surprise me." The 
great banker was ' ' the greatest forger 
and greatest thief that ever cheated the 
gallows." 

Lord Decimus {Barnacle] began waving Mr. Merdle 
about ... as Gigantic Enterprise, The Wealth of 
England, Credit, Capital, Prosperity, and all manner 
of blessings.— Bk. U. 34. 

Mrs. Merdle, wife of the bank swindler. 
After the death of her husband, society 
decreed that Mrs. Merdle should still be 
admitted among the sacred few ; so Mrs. 
Merdle was still received and patted on 
the back by the upper ten. — Dickens: 
Little Dorrit (1857). 

MEREDITH (Mr.), one of the 
conspirators with Redgauntlet — Sir W. 
Scott.- Pedgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Meredith (Mr. Michael), "the man 
of mirth," in the managing committee of 
the Spa hoteL — Sir W. Scott : St. 
Ronaris Well (time, George III.). 

Meredith (Sir), a Welsh knight— 
Sir W. Scott: Castle Dangerous (time, 
Henry I.). 

Meredith (Owen), pseudonym of lord 
Lytton's son, who succeeded to the title 
in 1873. 

(George Meredith, novelist and poet, 
born in 1828, must not be confounded 
with Owen Meredith.) 



699 ME RUN. 

Me'rida (Marchioness), betrothed to 
count Valantia. — Inchbald: Child of 

Nature, 

Meridarpax, the pride of mice. 

Now nobly towering o'er the rest, appears 
A gallant prince that far transcends his yean, 
Pride of his sire, and glory of his house. 
And more a Mars in combat than a mouse ; 
His action bold, robust his ample frame. 
And Meridarpax his resounding name. 

Parnell: The Battle of the Frogs and 
Mice, hi. (about 1712). 

Merid'ies or " Noonday Sun," one of 
the four brothers who kept the passages 
of Castle Perilous. So Tennyson has 
named him ; but in the History of Prince 
Arthur he is called "sir Permongs, 
the Red Knight." — Tennyson: Idylls 
(" Gareth and Lynette ") ; sir T. 
Malory: History of Prince Arthur, i. 
129 (1470). 

Merlin (Ambrose), prince of enchan- 
ters. His mother was Matilda, a nun, 
who was seduced by a "guileful sprite" 
or incubus, "half angel and half man, 
dwelling in mid-air betwixt the earth 
and moon." Some say his mother was 
the daughter of Pubidius lord of Math- 
traval, in Wales ; and others make her a 
princess, daughter of Demetius king of 
Demet'ia. Blaise baptized the infant, 
and thus rescued it from the powers of 
darkness. 

*.* Merlin died spell-bound, but the 
author and manner of his death are given 
differently by different authorities. Thus, 
in the History of Prince Arthur (sir T. 
Malory, 1470) we are told that the en- 
chantress Nimue or Ninive enveigled the 
old man, and " covered him with a stone 
under a rock. " In the Morte d 'A rthur it 
is said " he sleeps and sighs in an old 
tree, spell-bound by Vivien." Tennyson, 
in his Idylls (" Vivien "), says that 
Vivien induced Merlin to take shelter 
from a storm in a hollow oak tree, and 
left him spell-bound. Others say he was 
spell-bound in a hawthorn bush, but this 
is evidently a blunder. (See Merlin 
the Wild.) 

•.• Merlin made "the fountain of 
love," mentioned by Bojardo in Orlando 
Innamorato, 1. 3. 

Ariosto, in Orlando Furioso, says he 
made "one of the four fountains" (ch. 
xxvi. ). 

He also made the Round Table at Car- 
duel for 150 knights, which came into 
the possession of king Arthur on his 
marriage with queen Guinever ; and 
brought from Ireland the stones of 
Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. 



MERLIN THE WILD. 700 

(Allusion is made to him in the Faerie 
Queene ; in Ellis's Specimens of Early 
English Metrical Romances ; in Drayton's 
Polyolbion ; in Kenilworth, by sir W. 
Scott, etc. T. Heywood has attempted 
to show the fulfilment of Merlin's 
prophecies. ) 

Of Merlin and his skill what region doth not heart . . . 
Who ot a British nymph was gotten, whilst she played 
With a seducing sprite . . . 

But all Demetia thro' there was not found her peer. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, v. (1612). 

The English Merlin, W. Lilly, the 
astrologer, who assumed the name of 
" Merlinus Angllcus " (1602-1681). 

Merlin the Wild, a native of Cale- 
donia, who lived in the sixteenth century, 
about a century after the great Ambrose 
Merlin the sorcerer. Fordun, in his 
Scotichronicon, gives particulars about 
him. It was predicted that he would die 
by earth, wood, and water, which pre- 
diction was fulfilled thus : A mob of 
rustics hounded him, and he jumped from 
a rock into the Tweed, and was impaled 
on a stake fixed in the river-bed. His 
grave is still shown beneath an aged 
hawthorn bush at Drummelzier, a village 
on the Tweed. 

Merlin's Cave, in Dynevor near 
Carmarthen, noted for its ghastly noises 
of rattling iron chains, brazen caldrons, 
groans, strokes of hammers, and ringing 
of anvils. The cause is this : Merlin set 
his spirits to fabricate a brazen wall to 
encompass the city of Carmarthen, and, 
as he had to call on the Lady of the Lake, 
bade them not slacken their labour till he 
returned ; but he never did return, for 
Vivian by craft got him under the en- 
chanted stone, and kept him there. 
Tennyson says he was spell-bound by 
Vivien in a hollow oak tree, but the 
History of Prince Arthur (sir T. Malory) 
gives the other version. — Spenser : Faerie 
Queene, iii. 3 (1590). 

Merop's Son, a nobody, a terra 
filius, who thinks himself somebody. 
Thus Phaeton (Merop's son), forgetting 
that his mother was an earthborn woman, 
thought he could drive the horses of the 
sun, but, not being able to guide them, 
nearly set the earth on fire. Many pre- 
sume, like him, and think themselves 
capable or worthy of great things, for- 
getting all the while that they are only 
" Merop's son." 

Why, Phaeton (for thou art Merop's son), 
"Wilt thou aspire to guide the heavenly car, 
And with thy daring folly burn the world ? 

Shakespeare : Two Gentlemen of Verona, 
act in. sc. 1 (1594). 



MERTOUN. 
Merrilies (Meg). (See Meg Merri. 

LIES, p. 692.) 

Merry Andrew, Andrew Borde, 
physician to Henry VIII. (1500-1549). 
(Prior has a poem on Merry Andrew.) 

Merry Monarch (The), Charles II. 
of England (1630, 1660-1685). 

Merry Wives of Windsor ( The), 
a comedy by Shakespeare (1596). The 
plot is this : Sir John Falstaff makes love 
to Mrs. Ford, but Mrs. Ford and Mrs. 
Page, the " merry wives," befool him to 
the top of their bent. They play him 
three tricks : (1) In his love-making he is 
interrupted by the approach of Ford, so 
they cram him into a buck-basket, cover 
him with foul linen, and toss him into the 
Thames. (2) Being invited again to visit 
Mrs. Ford, he is again interrupted by the 
approach of Mr. Ford, and he is disguised 
as Old Mother Prat. Ford hates Old 
Mother Prat, and, meeting sir John thus 
disguised, beats him black and blue. (3) 
He is next invited to meet the ' ' merry 
wives" in Windsor Park, disguised as 
Heme the Hunter, with a buck's head. 
Here pretended fairies burn him with 
" trial-fire," and pinch him without mercy. 
Mrs. Ford, Mrs. Page, and Mr. Ford 
make him their laughing-stock, and the 
moral is that women may make them- 
selves merry and have their jokes, and 
yet remain virtuous and true. 

Mer'rylegS, a highly trained per- 
forming dog, belonging to signor Jupe, 
clown in Sleary's circus. This dog leaves 
the circus when his master disappears, 
but several years afterwards finds his way 
back and dies. — Dickens: Hard Times 
(i8S4). 

Merse (1 syl.), Berwick, the mere or 
frontier of England and Scotland. 

Merthyr Tydvil (Welsh). The 
English version of the name is Martyr 
St. Tidfil, a Welsh martyr-princess. 

Merton {Tommy), one of the chief 
characters in Sandford and Merton, a tale 
for boys, by Thomas Day (1783-9). 

Merton ( Tristram). Thomas Babing- 
ton lord Macaulay so signs the ballads 
and sketches which he inserted in Knight's 
Quarterly Magazine. 

Mertoun (Basil), alias Vaughan, 
formerly a pirate. 

Mordaunt Mertoun, son of Basil Mer- 
toun. He marries Brenda Troil. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Pirate (time, William III.). 



MERVEILLEUSE. 701 

Merveillense \Mai*-vael-uze\, the 
sword of Doolin of Mayence, It was so 
sharp that, if placed edge downwards on 
a block of wood, it would cut through it. 

Mervett (Gustavus de), in Charles 
XII., an historical drama by J. R. 

Planche (1826). 

Mervinia, Merionethshire. On the 
Mervin Hills the British found security 
when driven by the Saxons out of England. 
Here the Welsh laws were retained longest. 
This part of Wales is peculiarly rich in 
mountains, meres, and springs. 

Mervinia for her hills . . . especial audience craves. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, ix (1613). 

Mervyn {Mr. Arthur), guardian of 
Julia Mannering. — Sir W. Scott: Guy 
Mannering (time, George II. ). 

Mesopota'mia or Cubitopolis, the 
district about Warwick and Eccleston 
Squares, in London, mainly built by 

Cubit. 

Messali'na, wife of the emperor 
Claudius of Rome. Her name is a by- 
word for incontinency (a.D. *-48). 

She is not one of those Messalinas who, belying the 
pride of birth, humble their affections even to the dust, 
and dishonour themselves without a blush.— Lesage : 
Gil Bias. iv. 1 (1724). 

Oh thou epitome of thy virtuous sex, Madam 
Messalina II., retire to thy apartment 1 — Dryden: The 
Spanish Fryar, iii. 1 (1680). 

When I meet a Messalina, tired and unsated in her 
foul desires,— a Clytemnestra, bathed in her husband's 
blood, — an impious Tullia, whirling her chariot over 
her father's Dreathless body,— horror invades my 
faculties.— Cibber: Love Makes a Man (1700). 

The Modern Messalina, Catherine II. 
of Russia (1729-1796). 

Messalina of Germany, Barbary of 
Cilley, second wife of kaiser Sigismund 
of Germany (fifteenth century). 

Messiah {The), an epic poem in 
fifteen books, by F. G. Klopstock. The 
first three were published in 1748, and 
the last in 1773. The subject is the last 
days of Jesus, His crucifixion and resur- 
rection. Bk. i. Jesus ascends the Mount 
of Olives, to spend the night in prayer. 
Bk. ii. John the Beloved failing to 
exorcise a demoniac, Jesus goes to his 
assistance; and Satan, rebuked, returns 
to hell, where he tells the fallen angels 
his version of the birth and ministry of 
Christ, whose death he resolves on. Bk. 
iii. Messiah sleeps for the last time on the 
Mount of Olives ; the tutelar angels of 
the twelve apostles, and a description of 
the apostles are given. Satan gives Judas 
a dream, and then enters the heart of 
Caiapha*. Bk. iv. The council in the 



METASTASIO. 

palace of Caiaphas decree that Jesus most 
die ; Jesus sends Peter and John to prepare 
the Passover, and eats His Last Supper 
with His apostles. Bk. v. The three 
hours of agony in the garden. Bk. vi. 
Jesus, bound, is taken before Annas, and 
then before Caiaphas. Peter denies his 
Master. Bk. vii. Christ is brought before 
Pilate ; Judas hangs himself ; Pilate 
sends Jesus to Herod, but Herod sends 
Him again to Pilate, who delivers Him to 
the Jews. Bk. viii. Christ nailed to the 
cross. Bk. ix. Christ on the cross. 
Bk. x. The death of Christ. Bk. xi. 
The vail of the temple rent, and the re- 
surrection of many from their graves. 
Bk. xii. The burial of the body, and death 
of Mary the sister of Lazarus. Bk. xiii. 
The resurrection and suicide of Philo. 
Bk. xiv. Jesus shows Himself to His dis- 
ciples. Bk. xv. Many of those who had 
risen from their graves show themselves 
to others. Conclusion. 

(English versions : In prose, by Collyer 
in 1763, and by Raffles in 1815 ; in verse, 
by Egestorff in 1821.) 

Messiah, an oratorio by Handel (1749). 
The libretto was by Charles Jennens, 
nicknamed " Soliman the Magnificent." 

Messiah ( The), a sacred eclogue by 
Pope, in imitation of Virgil's Polio (1712). 

Metamorphoses, a series of tales 
in Latin verse by Ovid, chiefly mytho- 
logical (b.c. 43-A.D. 18). They are in 
Latin hexameters, in fifteen books. It 
begins with the creation 0/ the world, 
and ends with the deification of Caesar 
and the reign of Augustus. English 
version in rhymes, bks. ii., iii. by Addison, 
bk. iv. by Eusden, bk. v. by Mainwaring, 
bks. vi. and xi. by Croxall, bk. vii. by Tate 
and Stonestreet, bk. ix. by Gay and others, 
bk. x. by Congreve and others, bk. xiv. by 
Garth. The rest by Dryden, viz. bks. i. 
and xii., and by Dryden and others bks. 
viii., xiii., xv. All collected into a single 
volume (1716). Versions by Golding 
(1565), by Sandys (1626). 

Metanoi'a, Repentance personified, 
by William Browne in Britannia's Pas- 
torals, v. (Greek, metanoia, "repentance.") 

Faire Metanoia is attending 
To croune thee with those joys that know no ending. 
Pastorals, v. i (1613). 

Metasta'sio. The real name of this 
Italian poet was Trapassi {death). He 
was brought up by Gravina, who Grecized 
the name (1698-1782). 

•.• So •* Melancthon " is the Greek 



METEORIC STONES. 



703 MICHAEL GOD OF WIND. 



form of Schwarzerde ("black earth"); 
" CEcolampadius " is the Greek form of 
the German name Hausschein ; " De- 
siderius Erasmus " is Gheraerd Gheraerd 
(the first "Gheraerd" is Latinized into 
Desiderius, and the latter is Grecized into 
Erasmus). 

Meteoric Stones. In the museum 
of Carlton (Melbourne) is preserved a 
huge meteoric stone twenty-five tons in 
weight. It fell on a large plain between 
Melbourne and Kilmore in i860, with 
such force that it sank six feet in the 
ground. Some said it must have been 
shot from a crater of the moon. 

• . • The largest in the world is in Brazil, 
and exceeds thirty tons. There is another 
in the Imperial Museum at St. Petersburg, 
of unusual dimensions ; and one is pre- 
served in Paris. 

Meth'os, Drunkenness personified. 
He is twin-brother of Gluttony, their 
mother being Caro {fleshly lust). In the 
battle of Mansoul, Methos is slain by 
Agnei'a {wifely chastity) spouse of En- 
cra'tes {temperance) and sister of Par- 
then'ia {maiden chastity). (Greek, methi 
or melhus is " drunkenness.") — Fletcher: 
The Purple Island, vii., xi. (1633). 

Met'ophis, the corrupt chief minister 
of Sesostris. 

II avait Tame aussi corrumpue et aussi artificieuse quo 
Sesostris etait sincere et genereux.— Fenelon : T4M- 
maque (1700). 

Mexit'li, chief god and idol of the 
Az'tecas. He leaped full-grown into life, 
and with a spear slew those who mocked 
his mother Coatlan'tona (4 syl. ). 

Already at [his mother's breast] the blow was aimed. 
When forth Mexitli leapt, and in his hand 
The angry spear. 

Southey: Madoe, 1L ax (1805). 

^ Of course, it will be remembered 
that Minerva, like Mexitli, was born full- 
grown and fully armed. 

Meynard, in Boucicault's Corsica* 
Brothers (1848). In Dumas' novel, Dumas 
himself fills the rdle of Meynard. 

Mezentius, king of the Tyrrhenians, 
who put criminals to death by tying them 
face to face with dead bodies. — Virgil: 
sEneid, viii. 485. 

This is like Mezentius In Virgil . . . Such critics are 
like dead coab ; they may blacken, but cannot burn.— 
Broome : Pre/ace to Poems (1730). 

Mezentius and Lausus, an 

episode in Virgil's sEniid. /En3as 
attacked Mezentius, but his son Lausus 
Interposed and was slain. Mezentius 
takes to flight, but when he finds that 



Lausus is dead, he mounts his horse 
Phoebus and defies the Trojan. ^Eneas 
kills the horse, and Mezentius slays 
himself. — sEneid, bk. x. (the latter part). 

The death of the horse is 891-894. 

Mezzora'mia, an earthly paradise 
in Africa, accessible by only one road. 
Gaudentio di Lucca discovered the road, 
and lived at Mezzoramia for twenty-five 
years. — Berington : Gaudentio di Lucca. 

M. P. H., Master {of the] Fox-hounds. 

" He can't stand long before 'em at this pace," said 
the M. F. H., coming up with his huntsman.— WhyU 
Melville: Uncle John. 

MicawTjer {Mr. Wilkins), a most 
unpractical, half-clever man, a great 
speechifier, letter-writer, projector of 
bubble schemes, and, though confident of 
success, never succeeding. Having failed 
in everything in the old country, he 
migrated to Australia, and became a 
magistrate at Middlebay. — Dickens: 
David Copperfield (1849). 

N. B. — This truly amiable, erratic genius 
is a portrait of Dickens's own father, 
"David Copperfield" being Dickens, and 
" Mrs. Nickleby " (one can hardly believe 
it) is said to be Dickens's mother. 

Mice {King of the), Troartes (gnaw- 
loaf) Tpva, to gnaw, & P tos, a loaf (of bread). 

Michael (2 syl. ), the special protector 
and guardian of the Jews. This archangel 
is messenger of peace and plenty. — Sale's 
KorcLn, ii. notes. 

'.* That Michael was really the pro- 
tector and guardian angal of the Jews we 
know from Dan. x. 13, 21 ; xii. 1. 

(Milton makes Michael the leader of the 
heavenly host in the war in heaven. Gabriel 
means "God's power." He was next in 
command to the archangel Michael.) 

Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, vi. 44 (1665). 

N.B. — Longfellow, in his Golden 
Legend, says that Michael is the presiding 
spirit of the planet Mercury, and brings to 
man the gift of prudence ("The Miracle- 
Play," iii., 1851). 

Michael, the " trencher favourite" of 
Arden of Feversham, in love with Maria 
sister of Mosby. A weak man, who both 
loves and honours Arden, but is inveigled 
by Mosby to admit ruffians into Arden's 
house to murder him. — Lillo : Arden of 
Feversham (1592). 

Michael god of Wind {St.). At 
the promontory of Malea is a chapel built 
to St. Michael, and the sailors say when 
the wind blows from that quarter, it is 



MICHAEL ANGELO. 

occasioned by the violent motion of St. 
Michael's wings. Whenever they sail by 
that promontory, they pray St. Michael 
to keep his wings stilL 

St. Michael's Chair. It is said that any 
woman who has sat on Michael's chair (on 
St. Michael's Mount, Cornwall), will rule 
her husband ever after. (See Keyne, St., 
p. 566.) 

Michael Angelo of Battle- 
Scenes [The], Michael Angelo Cerquozzi 
of Rome (1600-1660). 

Michael Angelo of France, Jean Cousin 
(1500-1590). 

Michael Angelo de Ker messes, Peter 
van Laar, called Le Bamboche, born at 
Laaren (1613-1673). 

Or Michel-Ange des Bamboches. 

Michael Angelo of Music, Johann 
Christoph von Gliick (1714-1787). 

Michael Angelo of Sculptors, Pierre 
Puget (1623-1694). 

Rene 1 Michael Slodtz is also called the 
same (1705-1764). 

Michael Angelo of the Lyre, Palestrina 
(1529-1594). 

Michael Angelo Titmarsh, one 

of the pseudonyms under which Thackeray 
contributed to Fraser's Magazine (1811- 
1863). 

Michael Armstrong, " the factory 
boy." The hero and title of a novel by 
Mrs. Trollope (1839). The object of this 
novel is to expose what the authoress con- 
sidered to be the evils of the factory system. 

Michael Perez, the copper captain. 
(See Perez.) 

Michael the Stammerer, born 
at Armorium, in Phrygia, mounted the 
throne as emperor of Greece in a.d. 820. 
He used all his efforts to introduce the 
Jewish sabbath and sacrifice. 

I think I have proved . . . 
The error of all those doctrines so vidous . . . 
That are making such terrible work In the Churches 
By Michel the Stammerer. 

Longfellow: Tk* Golden Legend (1851). 

Michal, in the satire of Absalom and 
Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, is meant 
for Catharine the wife of Charles II. 

Michal, that ne'ci was cruel e'en In thought ; 
The best of aueens. and most obedient wife. 
Impeached of curst designs on Davids [CharU* //.} 

life,— 
His life, the theme of her eternal prayer, 
Tis scare? so much his Guardian Angel's care ; 
Not SuinmerS morn such mildness could disclose, 
The Hern>on lily, nor the Sharon rose. 

Pi. H. 51-oe. 

Miohelot, an unprincipled, cowardly, 
greedy man, who tries to discover the 
secret of "the gold-mine." Being pro- 



703 



MIDDLEBURGH. 



curator of the president of Lyons, hfs 
office was " to capture and arrest " those 
charged with civil or criminal offences. — 
Stirling; The Gold-Mine or Miller of 
Grenoble (1854). 

Micom'icon, the pretended kingdom 
of Dorothea (daughter of Cleonardo of 
Andalusi'a), a hundred days' journey from 
Meo'tis, and a nine years' voyage from 
Carthagena. 

Micomicon'a, the pretended queen 
of Micomicon. Don Quixote's adventure 
to Micomiconnia comes to nothing, for he 
was taken home in a cage, almost as soon 
as he was told of the wonderful enchant- 
ments. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, I. iv. 2 
(1605). 

Mi'cromeg'as ("the little-great"), 
the hero of Voltaire's imitation of Gul- 
liver's Travels. 

N.B. — Micromegas is a native of a 
planet revolving round Sirius. He is 
120,000 feet high. Treading over the 
Alps, he picks up, by the aid of 
a microscope, a ship ; and discovers by 
observation that the earth is inhabited. 
He enters into conversation with some of 
earth's inhabitants, although they were 
too small to be discovered by him. 

Mi'das {Justice), appointed to adjudge 
a musical contest between Pol and Pan 
He decides in favour of Pan, whereupon 
Pol throws off his disguise, appears as 
the god Apollo, and, being indignant at 
the decision, gives Midas "the ears of an 
ass." — Kane O'Hara: Midas (1764). 

(Edward Shuter (1728-1776) was pro- 
nounced by Garrick "the greatest comic 
actor;" and C. Dibdin says, "Nothing 
on earth could have been superior to his 
' Midas.' ") 

Midas' s Ears. The servant who used 
to cut the king's hair, discovering the 
deformity, was afraid to whisper the 
secret to any one ; but, being unable to 
contain himself, he dug a hole in the 
earth, and, putting his mouth into it, 
cried out, " King Midas has ass's ears I " 
He then filled up the hole, and felt 
relieved. 

Tennyson makes the barber a woman — 

No livelier than the dame 
That whispered " Asses' ears " [sic] among the sedge. 
Tennyson : The Princess, u. 

Middle India, Abyssinia, the 
country of Prester John. — Jordanus. 

Middleburgh {Mr. James), an 
Edinburgh magistrate. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Heart of Midlothian (time, George IL). 



MIDDLEMARCH. 

Middlemarch, "a study of pro- 
vincial life," by George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. 
Cross) (1872). The heroine is Dorothea 
Brooke, first married to Cassaubon, and 
afterwards to Will Ladislaw the artist. It 
is an excellent novel. 

Middlemas (Mr. Matthew), a name 
assumed by general Witherington. 

Mrs. Middlemas, wife of the general 
(born Zelia de Moncada). 

Richard Middlemas, alias Richard 
Tresham, a foundling, apprenticed to Dr. 
Gray. He discovers that he is the son of 
general Witherington, and goes to India, 
where he assumes the character of Sadoc, 
a black slave in the service of Mme. 
Montreville. He delivers Menie Gray by 
treachery to Tippoo Saib, and Hyder Ali 
gives him up to be crushed to death by 
an elephant. — Sir W. Scott: The Sur- 
geon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Middlewick (Mr. Perkyn), % re- 
tired butterman, the neighbour of sir 
Geoffry Champneys, and the father of 
Charles. The butterman is innately 
/ulgar, drops his h's and inserts them 
out of place, makes the greatest geo- 
graphical and historical blunders, has a 
tyrannical temper, but a tender heart. He 
turns his son adrift for wishing to marry 
Violet Melrose an heiress, who snubbed 
the plebeian father. When Charles is 
reduced to great distress, the old butter- 
man goes to his squalid lodgings, and 
relents. So all ends happily. 

Charles Middlewick, son of the retired 
butterman, well educated and a gentle- 
man. His father wanted him to marry 
Mary Melrose, a girl without a penny, 
but he preferred her cousin Violet an 
heiress. — H. J. Byron: Our Boys (a 
comedy, 1875). 

Midge, the miller's son, one of the 
companions of Robin Hood. (See 

.lUCHj 

Then stepped forth brave Little J ohn 
And Midge the miller's son. 

Robin Hood and A llin-a-Dalc. 

Midian Mara, the Celtic mermaid. 

They whispered to each other that they could hear 
the song of Midian Mara. — The Dark ColUtn, L a. 

Midlothian (The Heart of), a tale 
of the Porteous riot, in which the incidents 
of Effie and Jeanie Deans are of absorb- 
ing interest. Effie was seduced by Geordie 
Robertson (alias George Staunton), while 
in the service of Mrs. Saddletree. She 
was supposed to have murdered her child, 
but, although she pleaded not guilty, she 



7«H 



MIGGS. 



was not believed, and was condemned to 
death. The child was really stolen by 
gipsies, and grew up an untamed, wild 
boy of the woods. Her half-sister Jeanie 
went to London, pleaded her cause before 
the queen, and obtained her pardon. 
Jeanie, on her return to Scotland, married 
Reuben Butler; and Geordie Robertson 
(then sir George Staunton) married Effie. 
Sir George was shot by a gipsy boy, Efne's 
child really, although she never found 
this out, the secret being only known to 
Jeanie, who set the boy free to resume 
his savage life. Effie (i.e. lady Staunton) 
retired to a convent on the Continent. — 
Sir W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Midsummer Moon. Dogs suffer 
from hydrophobia during the heat of 
midsummer ; hence the term " Mid- 
summer moon " means madness. It will 
be found amongst Ray's proverbs, and 
Olivia (in Twelfth Night) says to Mal- 
volio, "Why, this is very midsummer 
madness ! " 

What's this midsummer moont Is all the world 
gone a-madding?— Dryden : Amphitryon, iv. x (1690). 

Midsummer Night's Dream (A). 
Shakespeare says there was a law in 
Athens, that if a daughter refused to 
marry the husband selected for her by 
her father, she might be put to death. 
Egeus (3 syl.), an Athenian, promised to 
give his daughter Hermia in marriage 
to Demetrius; but, as the lady loved 
Lysander, she refused to marry the man 
selected by her father, and fled from 
Athens with her lover. Demetrius went 
in pursuit of her, followed by Helena, 
who doted on him. All four came to a 
forest, and fell asleep. In their dreams 
a vision of fairies passed before them, 
and on awaking, Demetrius resolved to 
forego Hermia who disliked him, and to 
take to wife Helena who sincerely loved 
him. When Egeus was informed thereof, 
he readily agreed to give his daughter to 
Lysander, and the force of the law was 
not called into action (1592). 

".* Several of the incidents of this 
comedy are borrowed from the Diana of 
Montemayor, a Spaniard (sixteenth cen- 
tury). 

Midwife of Men's Thoughts. 

So Socrates termed himself (B.C. 468- 
399)- 

No other man erer struck out of others to many 
sparks to set light to original thought— ■Grot*: History 
of Greece (1846-56). 

Miggs (Miss), the handmaiden and 



MIGNON. 70S 

••comforter" of Mrs. Varden. A tall, 
gaunt young woman, addicted to pattens ; 
slender and shrewish, of a sharp and acid 
visage. She held the male sex in utter 
contempt, but had a secret exception in 
favour of Sim Tappertit, who irreverently 
called her "scraggy." Miss Miggs 
always sided with madam against master, 
and made out that she was a suffering 
martyr, and he an inhuman Nero. She 
called ma'am " mim ; " said her sister 
lived at " twenty-si vin ; " Simon she 
called "Simmun." She said Mrs. Var- 
den was "the mildest, amiablest, for- 
givingest-sperited, longest- sufferingest 
female in existence." Baffled in all her 
matrimonial hopes, she was at last ap- 
pointed female turnkey to a county Bride- 
well, which office she held for thirty 
years, when she died.— Dickens: Bamaby 
Rudge (1841). 

Miss Miggs, baffled In all her schemes . . . and cast 
upon a thankless, undeserving world, turned very 
sharp and sour . . . but the justices of the peace for 
Middlesex . . . selected her from 124 competitors to 
the office of turnkey for a county Bridewell, which she 
held till her decease, more than thirty years afterwards, 
remaining single all that time.— Last chapter. 

Mig'n'on, a beautiful, dwarfish, 
fairy-like Italian girl, in love with 
Wilhelm her protector. She glides 
before us in the mazy dance, or whirls 
her tambourine like an Ariel. Full of 
fervour, full of love, full of rapture, she 
is overwhelmed with the torrent of des- 
pair at finding her love is not returned, 
becomes insane, and dies. — Goethe: Wil~ 
helm Meisters Apprenticeship (1794-6). 

*.* Sir W. Scott drew his " Fenella," 
in Peveril of the Peak, from this character ; 
and Victor Hugo has reproduced her in 
his Notre Dante, under the name of 
" Esmeralda." 

Migonnet, a fairy king, who wished 
to marry the princess brought up by 
Violenta the fairy mother. 

Of all dwarfs he was the smallest. His feet were 
ke an eagle's and close to the knees, for legs he had 
one. His royal robes were not above half a yard 
ong, and trailed one-third part upon the ground. His 
head was as big as a peck, and his uose long enough 
for twel-e birds to perch on. His beard was bushy 
enough for a canary's nest, and his ears reached a foot 
above his head.— Comtcsse D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tain 
(" The White Cat," 1682). 

Mika'do of Japan, the spiritual 
supreme or chief pontiff. The temporal 
supreme is called the koubo, segoon, or 
tycoon. 

But thou, Micado, thou hast spoken 
The word at which all locks are broken. 

St. PauCs (January, 1873). 

Mil'an (The duke of), an Italian 
prince, an ally of the Lancastrians.— Sir 



MILESIAN FABLES. 



IV. Scott: Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV). 

(Massinger has an excellent tragedy 
called The Duke ofMillaine (1623). The 
duke is Sforza (fifteenth century). His 
speech before the emperor is admirable.) 

Milan Decree, a decree of Napoleon 
Bonaparte, dated Milan, December 27, 
1807, declaring " the whole British empire 
to be in a state of blockade ; and pro- 
hibiting all countries from trading with 
Great Britain or using any article made 
therein." 

*. • As Britain was the best customer of 
the very nations forbidden to deal with 
her, this very absurd decree was a two- 
edged sword, cutting both ways. 

Mildendo, the metropolis of Lilliput, 
the wall of which was two feet and a half 
high and eleven inches thick. The city 
was an exact square, and divided into 
four quarters. The emperor's palace, 
called Belfab'orac, stood in the centre 
of the city. — Swift: Gulliver's Trawls 
(" Lilliput," iv., 1726). 

Mildmay. (See Frank Mildmay, 
P- 392.) 

Mile'sia Crimma, amatory offences. 
Venus was worshipped at Miletus, and 
hence the loose amatory tales of Antonius 
Diogenes were entitled Milesia Fabula. 

Mile'sian Fables (Milesia Fabula), 
very wanton and ludicrous tales. Sir 
Edward Bulwer Lytton (lord Lytton) 
published six of the Lost Tales of Miletus 
in rhymeless verse. He says he borrowed 
them from the scattered remnants pre- 
served by Apollodo'rus and Conon, con- 
tained in the pages of Pausa'nias and 
Athenaeus, or dispersed throughout the 
Scholiasts. The Milesian tales were, for 
the most part, in prose ; but Ovid tells us 
that Aristi'de's rendered some of them 
into verse, and Sisenna into Latin. 

Junxit Aristides Milesia carmina secum 
Pulsus Aristides nee tamen urba sua est. 

N.B. — The original tales by Antonius 
Diog'engs are described by Photius. It 
appears that they were great favourites 
with the luxurious Sybarites. A com- 

f)ilation was made by Aristides, by whom 
according to Ovid) some were versified 
also. The Latin translation by Sisenna 
was made about the time of the civil 
wars of Ma'rius and Sylla. Parthen'ius 
Nice'nus, who taught Virgil Greek, bor- 
rowed thirty-six of the tales, which he 
dedicated to Cornelius Gallus, and eo- 
a z 



MILESIANS. 



706 MILLER OF TROMPINGTON. 



titled ErStikdn PathimatSm ("love 
stories "). 

Mile'sians, the "ancient" Irish. 
The legend is that Ireland was once 
peopled by the Fir-bolg or Belgae from 
Britain, who were subdued by Milesians 
from Asia Minor, called the Gaels of 
Ireland. 

My family, by my father's side, are all the true 
ould Milesians, and related to the O'Flahertys, and 
O'Shaughnesses, and the M'Lauchlins, the O Danna- 
ghans, O'Callaghans, O'Geogaghans, and all the thick 
blood of the nation ; and I myself am an O'Brallaghan, 
which is the ouldest of them aAL—Macklin : Larue d-ia- 
Mode (i779)^ 

Pat's Milesian blood being roused. 

Very Far West Indeed. 

Milford (Colonel), a friend of sir 
Geoffrey Peveril.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Milford (Jack), a natural son of 
Widow Warren's late husband. He was 
the chum of Harry Dor n ton, with whom 
he ran " the road to ruin." Jack had a 
fortune left him, but he soon scattered 
it by his extravagant living, and was 
imprisoned for debt. Harry then pro- 
mised to marry Widow Warren if she 
would advance him ^6000 to pay off his 
friend's debts. When Harry's father 
heard of this bargain, he was so moved 
that he advanced the money himself; 
and Harry, being set free from his bar- 
gain, married the widow's daughter in- 
stead of the widow. Thus all were 
rescued from "the road to ruin." — Hoi- 
croft ; The Road to Ruin (1792). 

Milk-Pail (The), which was to gain 
a fortune. (See Perrette.) 

Milk Street (London), the old Milk- 
market. Here sir Thomas More was 
born. 

Mill Fond, Southwark, formerly 
called "Folly Ditch," a creek or inlet 
from the Thames, and which can be 
filled at high water by opening the sluices 
at Mill Lane. 

Mill on the Floss ( The), a novel by 
George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross) (i860). 
The heroine is Maggie Tulliver, the 
miller's daughter. Mr. and Mrs. Tulli- 
ver, with their daughter Maggie and 
her brother Tom, live at the mill-house. 
Maggie grows up into a clever and beau- 
tiful young woman, devoted to hei 
brother. Philip, the deformed son ok 
lawyer Wakeham, falls in love with her, 
but the two fathers disagree and the 
lovers are parted. Maggie subsequently 
meets with Stephen Guest, the lover 



of her cousin Lucy Deane, and Maggie 
and Stephen fall deeply in love with 
each other ; however, Maggie acts 
imprudently, and difficulties arise. To 
end the story, a tidal wave breaks into 
the mill, Maggie and Tom try to save 
themselves by the boat, but a part of the 
mill falls on them and they are both 
drowned 

Millamant, the pritendue of Edward 
Mirabell. She is a most brilliant girl, 
who says she " loves to give pain be- 
cause cruelty is a proof of power ; and 
when one parts with one's cruelty, one 
parts with one's power." Millamant is 
far gone in poetry, and her heart is not 
in her own keeping. Sir Wilful Wit- 
would makes love to her, but she detests 
"the superannuated lubber." — Congreve: 
The Way of the World (1700). 

There never was a more perfect representation of 
feminine vivacity than Miss M. Tree's " Millamant " or 
"lady Townly — a vivacity flowing from the hght« 
heartedness of an intelligent and gentle girL— 7tf£ 
fourd (1821). 

Miller (James), the "tiger" of the 
Hon. Mr. Flammer. James was brought 
up in the stable, educated on the turf and 
pave', polished and completed in the fives- 
court. He was engaged to Mary Chintz, 
the maid of Miss Bloomfield. — Selby : 
The Unfinished Gentleman. 

Miller (Joe), James Ballantyne, au- 
thor of Old Joe Miller, by the Editor of 
New J. M., three vols. (1801). 

IT Mottley compiled a jest-book in the 
reign of James II., entitled Joe Miller's 
~'ests. The phrase, "That's a Toe 

[iller," means " That's a stale jest or 
" That's a jest from Mottley's book." 

Miller (Maximilian Christopher), the 
Saxon giant ; height, eight feet. His 
hand measured a foot ; his second finger 
was nine inches long ; his head unusually 
large. He wore a rich Hungarian jacket 
and a huge plumed cap. This giant was 
exhibited in London in the year 1733. 
He died aged 60 ; was born at Leipsic 
(1674-1734). 

Miller of Mansfield (The), John 
Cockle, a miller and keeper of Sherwood 
Forest. (See Mansfield, p. 667.)— 
Dodsley : The King and the Miller of 
Mansfield (1737). 

Miller off Trompington (The), 

Simon Simkin, an arrant thief. Two 
scholars undertook to see that a sack ot 
corn was ground for "Solar Hall Col- 
lege" without being tampered with; to 



S 



MILLER ON THE DEE. 



707 



MINCING LANE. 



one stood at the hopper, and the other at 
the trough below. In the mean time, 
Simon Simkin let loose the scholars' 
horse ; and while they went to catch it 
he purloined half a bushel of the flour, 
which was made into cakes, and sub- 
stituted meal in its stead. But the 
young men had their revenge ; they not 
only made off with the flour, meal, and 
cakes without payment, but left the 
miller well trounced also. — Chaucer: 
Canterbury Tales ("The Reeve's Tale," 
1388). 

A trick something like that played off on the Miller 
of Trumpington.— Review of Kirkton, xbc. 853. 

Miller on the Dee. " There was a 
Jolly Miller once lived on the River Dee," 
is a song by Isaac Bickerstaff, introduced 
in Love in a Village, i. i (1763). 

Miller's Tale (The), in Chaucer's 
Canterbury Tales. (See Nicholas.) 

Million (Mrs.), a lady of enormous 
wealth, in Vivian Grey, a novel by 
Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield) (1826-27). 

Mills (Miss), the bosom friend of 
Dora. Supposed to have been blighted 
in early life in some love affair. Hence 
she looks on the happiness of others with 
a calm, supercilious benignity, and talks 
of herself as being ' ' in the desert of 
Sahara." — Dickens : David Copperfield 
(1849). 

Millstone. The saint who crossed 
the sea on a millstone was St. Piran, the 
patron of tinners. ' 

Millwood (Sarah), the courtezan 
who enticed George Barnwell to rob his 
master and murder his uncle. Sarah 
Millwood spent all the money that 
George Barnwell obtained by these 
crimes, then turned him out of doors, 
and impeached against him. Both were 
hanged.— Lillo: George Barnwell (1732). 

David Ross [1738-1790] was once sent for to see a 
dying man, who said to him, " Mr. Ross, some forty 
years ago, like 'George Barnwell,' I wronged my 
master to supply the extravagance of a 'Millwood.' I 
took her to see your performance of ' George Barn- 
well," which so shocked me that I vowed to break off 
the connection and return to the path of virtue. I 
kept my resolution, replaced the money I had stolen, 
and found a ■ Maria ' in my master's daughter ... I 
have bequeathed you £ 1000. Would it were a larger 
turn I Farewell I —Ptlham : Chronicles 0/ Crime. 

Milly, the wife of William Swidger 
She is the good angel of the tale, — 
Dickens: The Haunted Man (1848). 

Milner (Miss), the heroine of Mrs. 
InChbald's novel called A Simple Story. 
The graceful, frivolous girl is in love with 



Mr. Dorriforth, a handsome young ca- 
tholic priest, who is her guardian, and 
who is represented as grave, virtuous, and 
wilful (1791). 

Miss Milner . . . has a quick tongue, a warm heart, 
and a wayward will of her own, which Is ever leading 
her to the verge of wTong.— Miss Kavanagk. 

Milo, an athlete of Croto'na, noted 
for his amazing strength. He could 
carry on his shoulders a four-year-old 
heifer. When old, Milo attempted to 
tear in twain an oak tree, but the parts, 
closing on his hands, held him fast, till 
he was devoured by wolves. 

The English Milo, Thomas Topham of 
London (1710-1752). 

Milton, introduced by sir Walter 
Scott in Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

The Milton of Germany, Frederick 
Gottlieb Klopstock, author of The Mes- 
siah, an epic poem (1724-1803). 

A vary German Milton Indeed. 

CoUridgt. 

Milton's Monument, in Westminster 
Abbey, was by Rysbrack. 

Milvey ( The Rev. Frank), a ' ' young 
man expensively educated and wretch- 
edly paid, with quite a young wife and 
half a dozen young children. He was 
under the necessity of teaching ... to 
eke out his scanty means, yet was gene- 
rally expected to have more time to 
spare than the idlest person in the parish, 
and more money than the richest." 

Mrs. Milvey (Margaretta), a pretty, 
bright little woman, emphatic and im- 
pulsive, but "something worn by an- 
xiety. She had repressed many pretty 
tastes and bright fancies, and substituted 
instead schools, soup, flannel, coals, and 
all the week-day cares and Sunday 
coughs of a large population, young and 
old." — Dickens: Our Mutual Friend 
(1864). 

Minagro'bis, admiral of the cats in 
the great sea-fight of the cats and rats. 
Minagrobis won the victory by devouring 
the admiral of the rats, who had made 
three voyages round the world in very 
excellent ships, in which he was neither 
one of the officers nor one of the crew, 
but a kind of interloper. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales ("The White 
Cat," 1682). 

Mincing, lady's-maid to Millamant. 
She says mem, for "ma'am." fit for 
" fought," la' ship for "ladyship," etc.— 
Congreve : The Way of the World (1700). 

Mincing Lane (London), a corrup- 



MINCIUS. 

tion of Minicen Lane. So called from 
the Minicens or nuns of St. Helen, who 
had tenements in Bishopsgate Street. 

Min'cius, a Venetian river which 
falls into the Po. Virgil was born at 
Andes, on the banks of this river. 

Thou honoured flood, 
Smooth-sliding Mincius, crowned with vocal reeds. 
Milton : Lycidas, 85 (1638). 

Minerva Press {The), Leadenhall 
Street, London, noted for its trashy 
literature, in the eighteenth and early part 
of the nineteenth centuries. 

Miniature Painters (British). 

(1) Nicholas Hilliard (time, queen 
Elizabeth), Isaac and Peter Oliver, Samuel 
Cooper. 

(2) John Hoskyns, Richard Cosway 
(eighteenth century), Ozias Humphrey, 
Andrew Robertson, sir William Ross. 

(3) Henry C. Heath, Henry Edridge, 
Charles Turrell, Thorburn, Edward 
Taylor, Edward Moira. 

Minikin (Lord), married to a cousin 
of sir John Trotley, but, according to bon 
ton, he flirts with Miss Tittup ; and Miss 
Tittup, who is engaged to colonel Tivy, 
flirts with a married man. 

Lady Minikin, wife of lord Minikin. 
According to bon ton, she hates her 
husband, and flirts with colonel Tivy ; 
and colonel Tivy, who is engaged to Miss 
Tittup, flirts With a married woman. It 
is bon ton to do so. — Garrick: Bon Ton 
(1760). 

Minjekah'wrin, Hiawatha's mittens, 
made of deer-skin. When Hiawatha had 
his mittens on, he could smite the hardest 
rocks asunder. 

He [Hiawatha] had mittens, Minjekahwun, 
Magic mittens made of deer-skin ; 
Wh«i upon his hands he wore them, 
He could smite the rocks asunder. 

Longfellow : Hiawatha, It. (1855). 

Minna and Brenda, two beautiful 
girls, the daughters of Magnus Troil the 
old udaller of Zetland. Minna was 
stately in form, with dark eyes and raven 
locks ; credulous and vain, but not 
giddy ; enthusiastic, talented, and warm- 
hearted. She loved captain Clement 
Cleveland; but Cleveland was killed in 
an encounter on the Spanish main. 
Brenda had golden hair, a bloom on her 
cheeks, a fairy form, and a serene, 
cheerful disposition.,, She was less the 
heroine than her sister, but more the 
loving and confiding woman. She mar- 
ried Mordaunt Mertoun (ch. iii.). — Sir 
W. Scott: The Pirate (time, William 
lit). 



708 MINOR, 

Minnehalia ["the laughing water "\ 
daughter of the arrow-maker of Daco'tah, 
and wife of Hiawatha. She was called 
Minnehaha from the waterfall of that 
name between St. Anthony and Fort 
Snelling. 

From the waterfall, he named her, 
Minnehaha, Laughing Water. 

Longfellow : Hiawatha, It. (1855). 

Minnesingers, the troubadours 
of Germany during the Hohenstaufen 
period (i 138-1294). The word minne* 
singers means "love-singers," and these 
minstrels were so called because their 
usual subject was love, either of woman 
or nature. The names of about three 
hundred are known, the most famous 
being Dietmar von Aist, Ulrich von 
Lichtenstein, Heinrich von Frauenlob, 
and above all Walther von der Vogel- 
weide (1 168-1230). Wolfram von Esch- 
enbach, Gottfried von Strasburg, Heinrich 
von Offerdingen, and Hartmann von der 
Aue are also classed among the minne- 
singers, but their fame rests on metrical 
romance rather than on love-songs. 

Minns and his Cousin (Mr.), the 
first of the Sketches by Boz. It was pub- 
lished in the Old Monthly Magazine 
(1836). 

My first effusion, dropped stealthily one evening at 
twilight, with fear and trembling, into a dark letter- 
box, in a dusk office, up a dark court in Fleet Street— 
Dickens. 

Mino'na, a Gaelic bard, " the soft- 
blushing daughter of Torman." 

Minona came forth In her beauty, with downcast 
00k and tearful eye. Her hair new slowly on the 
blast that rushed unfrequent from the hill. The souls 
of the heroes were sad when she raised the tuneful 
voice.— Ossian : The Songs of Selma. 

Minor (The), a comedy by Samuel 
Foote (1760). Sir George Wealthy, " the 
minor, ' was the son of sir William 
Wealthy, a retired merchant. He was 
educated at a public school, sent to col- 
lege, and finished his training in Paris. 
His father, hearing of his extravagant 
habits, pretended to be dead, and, 
assuming the guise of a German baron, 
employed several persons to dodge the 
lad, some to be winners in his gambling, 
some to lend money, some to cater to 
other follies, till he was apparently on the 
brink of ruin. His uncle, Mr. Richard 
Wealthy, a City merchant, wanted his 
daughter Lucy to marry a wealthy 
trader, and, as she refused to do so, 
he turned her out of doors. This young 
lady was brought to sir George as a filU 
dejoie, but she touched his heart by her 
manifest innocence, and he not only 



MINOTTI. 



709 



MIRABEL1A 



relieved her present necessities, but 
removed her to an asylum where her 
" innocent beauty would be guarded from 
temptation, and her deluded innocence 
would be rescued from infamy." The 
whole scheme now burst as a bubble. 
Sir George's father, proud of his son, told 
him he was his father, and that his losses 
were only fictitious ; and the uncle 
melted into a better mood, gave his 
daughter to his nephew, and blessed the 
boy for rescuing his discarded child. 

Minotti, governor of Corinth, then 
under the power of the doge. In 1715 
the city was stormed by the Turks ; and 
during the siege one of the magazines in 
the Turkish camp blew up, killing 600 
men. Byron says it was Minotti himself 
who fired the train, and that he perished 
in the explosion. — Byron: Siege of Corinth 
(1816). 

Minstrel ( The), an unfinished poem, 
in Spenserian metre, by James Beattie. 
Its design was to trace the progress of a 
poetic genius, born in a rude age, from 
the first dawn of fancy to the fulness of 
poetic rapture. The first canto (1771) is 
descriptive of Edwin the minstrel ; canto 
ii. (1774) is dull philosophy, and there, 
happily, the poem ends. It is a pity it 
did not end with the first canto. 

And yet poor Edwin was no vulgar boy. 

Deep thought oft seemed to fix his infant eyst. 
Dainties he heeded not, nor gaude, nor toy, 
Save one short pipe of rudest minstrelsy ; 
Silent when sad, affectionate, tho' shy ; 
And now his look was most demurely sad ; 

And now he laughed aloud, yet none knew why. 
The neighbours stared and sighed, yet blessed tie 
lad; 
Some deemed him wondrous wise, and some believed 
him mad. 

Canto L 16. 

Minstrel (Lay of the Last). (See 
Lay of the Last Minstrel, p. 599.) 

Minstrel of the Border, sir W. 

Scott ; also called " The Border Minstrel " 
(1771-1832). 

My steps the Border Minstrel led. 

Wordsworth : Yarrow Revisited. 
Great Minstrel of the Border. 

Words-worth. 

Minstrel of the English Stage 
(The Last), James Shirley, last of the 
Shakespeare school (1 594-1666). 

• . ' Then followed the Licentious French 
■chool, headed by John Dryden. 

Minstrel's Song" {The), in the 
tragedy called Allla by Chatterton (1777). 
It is in imitation of the antique. The 
first verse ends thus — 



My love is dead. 
Gone to her death-bed. 
All under the willow-tree. 

Minstrels [Royal Domestic). 

Of William I., Berdic, called Regit 
Jocula'tor. 

Of Henry I., Galfrid and Royer or 
Raher. 

Of Richard I., BlondeL 

Miol'ner (3 syl.), Thor's hammer. 
(See Mjolner.) 

This is my hammer, Miolner the mighty ; 
Giants and sorcerers cannot withstand it. 

Samund Sigfiisson : Edda (1130). 

Miquelets (Les), soldiers of the 
Pyrenees, sent to co-operate with the 
dragoons of the Grand Monarque against 
the Camisards of the Cevennes. 

Mir'abel, the "wild goose," a tra- 
velled Monsieur, who loves women in a 
loose way, but abhors matrimony, and 
especially dislikes Oria'na ; but Oriana 
"chases" the "wild goose" with her 
woman's wiles, and catches him. — John 
Fletcher: The Wild-goose Chase (1652). 

Mirabel {Old). He adores his son, 
and wishes him to marry Oria'na. As 
the young man shilly-shallies, the father 
enters into several schemes to entrap him 
into a declaration of love ; but all his 
schemes are abortive. 

Young Mirabel, the son, called " the 
inconstant." A handsome, dashing young 
rake, who loves Oriana, but does not 
wish to marry. Whenever Oriana seems 
lost to him, the ardour of his love revives ; 
but immediately his path is made plain, 
he holds off. However, he ultimately 
marries her.— Farquhar: The Inconstant 
(1702). 

Mirabell {Edward), in love with 
Millamant. He liked her, "with all her 
faults ; nay, liked her for her faults, . . . 
which were so natural that (in his opinion) 
they became her." — Congreve : The Way 
of the World {1700). 

Not all that Drury Lane affords 
Can paint the rakish " Charles " so well. 
Or give such life to " Mirabell " 
[As Montague Talbot, 1778- 1831]. 

Crojlon Croktr. 

Mirabella, " a maiden fair, clad in 
mourning weeds, upon a mangy jade, 
unmeetly set with a lewd fool called 
Disdain " (canto 6). Timias and Serena, 
after quitting the hermit's cell, met her. 
Though so sorely clad and mounted, the 
maiden was " a lady of great dignity and 
honour, but scornful and proud." Many 
a wretch did languish for her through a 
long life. Being summoned to Cupid'U 



MIRABTLIS DOCTOR. 



7» 



MIRROR. 



judgment-hall, the sentence passed on 
her was that she should ' ' ride on a mangy 
jade, accompanied by a fool, till she had 
saved as many lovers as she had slain " 
(canto 7). Mirabella was also doomed to 
carry a leaky bottle which she was to fill 
with tears, and a torn wallet which she 
was to fill with repentance ; but her tears 
and her repentance dropped out as fast 
as they were put in, and were trampled 
under foot by Scorn (canto 8). — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, vi. 6-8 (1596). 

(" Mirabella" is supposed to be meant 
for Rosalind, who jilted Spenser, and 
who is called by the poet " a widow's 
daughter of the glen, and poor.") 

Mirab'ilis Doctor, Roger Bacon 

(12x4-1292). 

Mir'axnont, brother of justice Brisac, 
and uncle of the two brothers Charles 
(the scholar) and Eustace (the courtier). 
Miramont is an ignorant, testy old man, 
but a great admirer of learning and 
scholars.— John Fletcher: The Elder 
Brother (1637). 

Miran'da, daughter of Prospero the 
exiled duke of Milan, and niece of An- 
thonio the usurping duke. She is brought 
up on a desert island, with Ariel the fairy 
spirit and Cal'iban the monster as her 
only companions. Ferdinand, son of the 
king of Naples, being shipwrecked on 
the island, falls in love with her, and 
marries her. — Shakespeare: The Tempest 
(1609). 

Identifying herself with the simple yet noble-minded 
Miranda In the Isle of wonder and enchantment. — Sir 
W. Scott. 

Miranda, an heiress, the ward of sir 
Francis Gripe. (See Gr ipe, Sir Francis, 
p. 451.)— Mrs. Centlivre: The Busy Body 
(1709). 

Mir'ja, one of the six Wise Men of 
the East, led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
Mirja had five sons, who followed his holy 
life. — Klopstock : The Messiah, v. (1771). 

Mirror (Alasnam's), a mirror which 
showed Alasnam if "a beautiful girl 
was also chaste and virtuous." The 
mirror was called " the touchstone of 
virtue." — Arabian Nights (" Prince Zeyn 
Alasnam "). 

Cambuscan's Mirror, a mirror sent to 
Cambuscan' king of Tartary by the king 
of Araby and Ind. It showed those who 
consulted it if any adversity was about 
to befall them ; if any individual they 
were interested in was friend or foe ; and 
if a person returned love for love or not. 



— Chaucer : Canterbury Tales (•• Thi 
Squire's Tale," 1388). 

*.* Sometimes, but incorrectly, called 
" Canace's Mirror." 

Kelly's Mirror, Dr. Dee's speculum. 
Kelly was the doctor's speculator or seer. 
The speculum resembled a "piece of 
polished cannel coal." 

Kelly did all his feats upon 

The devil's looking-glass, a stone. 

S.ButUr: Hudibras (1663-7S). 

Lao's Mirror, a looking-glass which 
reflected the mind as well as the outward 
form. — Goldsmith: Citizen of the World, 
xlv. (1759). 

Merlin's Magic Mirror or Venus's 
looking-glass, fabricated in South Wales, 
in the days of king Ryence. It would 
show to those who looked therein any- 
thing which pertained to them, anything 
that a friend or foe was doing. It was 
round like a sphere, and was given by 
Merlin to king Ryence — 

That never foes his kingdom might invade 
But he it knew at home before he heard 
Tidings thereof. 

(Britomart, who was king Ryence's 
daughter and heiress, saw in the mirror 
her future husband, and also his name, 
which was sir Artegal. — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, iii. 2, 1590.) 

Prester John's Mirror, a mirror which 
possessed similar virtues to that made by 
Merlin. Prester John could see therein 
whatever was taking place in any part of 
his dominions. 

N.B. — Dr. Dee's speculum was also 
spherical, and possessed a similar reputed 
virtue. 

(In Rider Haggard's She, the heroine 
was able to see reflected on the surface of 
A liquid all that transpired in her king- 
dom. This mirror had also the power of 
reproducing vivid images of anything 
which the mind clearly remembered.) 

Reynards Wonderful Mirror. This 
mirror existed only in the brain of Master 
Fox. He told the queen lion that who- 
ever looked therein could see what was 
being done a mile off. The wood of the 
frame was part of the same block out of 
which Crampart's magic horse was made. 
— Reynard the Fox, xii. (1^98). 

Venus's Mirror, generally called 
"Venus's looking-glass," the same as 
Merlin's magic mirror (q.v.). 

Vulcan's Mirror. Vulcan made a 
mirror which showed those who looked 
into it the past, present, and future. 
Sir John Davies says that Cupid handed 
this mirror tc Antin'ous when he was 



MIRROR OF HUMAN SALVATION. 711 



MISHE-NAHMA. 



in the court of Ulysses, and Antinous 
gave it to Penel'ope, who beheld therein 
the court of queen Elizabeth and all its 
grandeur. 

Vulcan, the kin* of fire, that mirror wrought . . . 
As there did represent In lively show 
Omr glorious English court's divine image 
As it should be in this our golden age. 

Sir John Davits : Orchtstrm (1615). 

Mirror of Human Salvation 

{Speculum Humana Salvationis), a pic- 
ture Bible, with the subjects of the 
pictures explained in rhymes. 

Mirror of king Ryence, a mirror 
made by Merlin. It showed those who 
looked into it whatever they wished to 
see. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, iii. (1590). 

Mirror of Knighthood, a romance 
of chivalry It was cne of the books in 
don Quixote's library, and the cure* said 
to the barber — 

" In this same Mirror of Knighthood we meet with 
Rinaldo de Montalban and his companions, with the 
twelve peers of France, and Turpin the historian. 
These gentlemen we will condemn only to perpetual 
exile, as they contain somethingof the famous Bojardo's 
Invention, whence the Christian poet Ariosto borrowed 
the groundwork of his ingenious compositions ; to 
whom I should pay little regard if he had not written 
in his own langjage [Italian!"— CtrvanU* ; Don 
Quixote, I. L 6 (1605I, 

Mirror of all Martial Men, 

Thomas earl of Salisbury (died 1428). 

Mirrour for Magistrates, be- 
gun by Thomas Sackville, and intended 
to be a poetical biography of remarkable 
Englishmen. Sackville wrote the "In- 
duction," and furnished one of the 
sketches, that of Henry Stafford duke of 
Buckingham (the tool of Richard III.). 
Baldwvnne, Ferrers, Churchyard, Phair, 
etc, added others. Subsequently, John 
Higgins, Richard Nichols, Thomas 
Blenerhasset, etc., supplied additional 
characters ; but Sackville alone stands 
out pre-eminent in merit. In the "In- 
duction," Sackville tells us he was 
conducted by Sorrowe into the infernal 
regions. At the porch sat Remorse and 
Dread, and within the porch were Re- 
venge, Miserie, Care, and Slepe. Pas-ing 
on, he beheld Old Age, Maladie', Famine, 
and Warre. Sorrowe then took him to 
AchSron, and ordered Charon to ferry 
them across. They passed the three- 
headed Cerb6rus and came to Pluto, 
where the poet saw several ghosts, the 
last of all being the duke of Buckingham, 



whose " complaynt" finishes the part 
written by Thomas Sack 
Buckingham, p. 157.) 



s tne p; 
1557)- fc 



See 



N.B.— Henry Stafford duke of Buck- 
ingham must not be mistaken for George 



Villiers duke of Buckingham 150 years 
later. 

Mirza ( The Vision of). Mirza, being 
at Grand Cairo on the fifth day of the 
moon, which he always kept holy, as- 
cended a high hill, and, falling into a 
trance, beheld a vision of human life. 
First, he saw a prodigious tide of water 
rolling through a valley with a thick mist 
at each end — this was the river of time. 
Over the river were several bridges, some 
broken, and some containing three score 
and ten arches, over which men were 
passing. The arches represented the 
number of years the traveller lived before 
he tumbled into the river. Lastly, he 
saw the happy valley, but when he asked 
to see the secrets hidden under the dark 
clouds on the other side, the vision was 
ended, and he only beheld the valley of 
Bagdad, with its oxen, sheep, and camels 
grazing on its sides. — Steele: Vision <tf 
Mirxa (Spectator, 159). 

Misanthrope (The). According to 
Seward, the due de Montausier was 
the original of Moliere's Misanthrope. — 
Anecdotes, vol. ii. p. 244. 

Misbegot (Malcolm), natural son of 
Sybil Knockwinnock, and an ancestor of 
sir Arthur Wardour.— Sir W. Scott: 
The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Miser (The), a comedy by H. Field- 
ing, a richauffe" of Moliere's comedy 
LAvare. Lovegold is " Harpagon, 
Frederick is " Cl£ante," Mariana is 
" Mariane," and Ramilie is " La Fl^tche." 
(For the plot, see Lovegold, p. 632.) 

Misers. (See Dictionary of Phrase 
and Fable, p. 843.) 

Misere're ( The) sung on Good Fri- 
days in Catholic churches, is the com- 
position of Gregorio Allegri, who died in 
1640. 

Mishe-Mok'wa, the great bear slain 
by Mudjekeewis. — Longfellow: Hia~ 
watha, ii. (1855). 

Mishe-Nab/xna, the great sturgeon, 
"king of fishes," subdued by Hiawatha, 
With this labour, the "great teacher" 
taught the Indians how to make oil for the 
winter. When Hiawatha threw his line 
for the sturgeon, that king of fishes first 
persuaded a pike to swallow the bait and 
try to break the line, but Hiawatha threw 
it back into the water. Next, a sun-fish 
was persuaded to try the bait, with the 
same result. Then the sturgeon, in 



MISNAR. 



712 MISTRESSES OF MEN OF NOTE. 



Anger, swallowed Hiawatha and canoe 
also ; but Hiawatha smote the heart of 
the sturgeon with his fist, and the king 
of fishes swam to the shore and died. 
Then the sea-gulls opened a rift in the 
dead body, out of which Hiawatha made 
his escape. 

" I have slain the Mishe-Nahma. 
Slain the king of fishes," said he. 

Longfellow : Hiawatha, viiL (1855). 

Misnar, sultan of India, transformed 
by Ulin into a toad. "He was disen- 
chanted by the dervise Shemshel'nar, the 
most " pious worshipper of Alia amongst 
all the sons of Asia." By prudence and 
piety, Misnar and his vizier Horam de- 
stroyed all the enchanters which filled 
India with rebellion, and, having secured 
peace, married Hem'junah, daughter of 
Zebenezer sultan of Cassimir, to whom 
he had been betrothed when he was 
known only as the prince of Georgia. — 
Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley] : Tales of the 
Genii, vi., vii. (1751). 

Misogf'onus, by Thomas Rychardes, 
the third English comedy (1560). It is 
written in rhyming quatrains, and not in 
couplets like Ralph Roister Doister and 
Gammer Gurton's Needle. 

Miss in Her Teens, a farce by David 
Garrick (1753). Miss Biddy Bellair is in 
love with captain Loveit, who is known 
to her only by the name of Rhodophil ; 
but she coquets with captain Flash and 
Mr. Fribble, while her aunt wants her to 
marry an elderly man by the name of 
Stephen Loveit, whom she detests. When 
the captain returns from the wars, she 
sets captain Flash and Mr. Fribble to- 
gether by the ears ; and while they stand 
fronting each other but afraid to fight, 
captain Loveit enters, recognizes Flas'h 
as a deserter, takes away his sword, and 
dismisses Fribble as beneath contempt. 

Mississippi Bubble, the " South 
Sea scheme" of France, projected by 
John Law, a Scotchman. So called be- 
cause the projector was to have the 
exclusive trade of Lousiana, on the banks 
of the Mississippi, on condition of his 
taking on himself the National Debt 
(incorporated 1717, failed 1720). 

\ • The debt was 208 millions sterling. 
Law made himself sole creditor Of this 
debt, and was allowed to issue ten times 
the amount in paper money, and to open 
" the Royal Bank of France" empowered 
to issue this paper currency. So long as 
a ao-franc note was worth 20 francs, the 
scheme was a prodigious success, but 



immediately the paper money was at a 
discount, a run on the bank set in, and 
the whole scheme burst. 

Mistaken Identity. (See Comedy 
of Errors and Warbeck, where several 
examples are referred to.) 

Mistletoe Bough (7^). The song 
so called is by Thomas Haynes Bayley, 
who died 1839. The tale is this : Lord 
Lovel married a young lady, a barons 
daughter, and on the wedding night the 
bride proposed that the guests should 
play " hide-and-seek." The bride hid in 
an old oak chest, and the lid, falling 
down, shut her in, for it went with a 
spring-lock. Lord Lovel sought her that 
night and sought her next day, and so on 
for a week, but nowhere could he find 
her. Some years after, the old oak chest 
was sold, which, on being opened, was 
found to contain the skeleton of the 
bride. 

IT Samuel Rogers has introduced this 
story in his Italy (pt. i. 18, 1822). He 
says the bride was Ginevra, only child of 
Orsini "an indulgent father; " and that 
the bridegroom was Francesco Doria, 
" her playmate from birth, and her first 
love." The chest, he says, was an heir- 
loom, " richly carved by Antony of Trent, 
with Scripture stories from the life of 
Christ." It came from Venice, and had 
"held the ducal robes of some old an- 
cestor." After the accident, Francesco, 
weary of life, flew to Venice, and ' ' flung 
his life away in battle with the Turk ; " 
Orsini went deranged, and spent the life- 
long day ' ' wandering in quest of some- 
thing he could not find." It was fifty 
years afterwards that the skeleton was 
discovered in the chest. 

\ Collet, in his Relics of Literature, 
has a similar story. 

IT Another is inserted in the Cause* 
CMbres. 

% Marwell Old Hall (near Winchester), 
once the residence of the Seymours, and 
afterwards of the Dacre family, has a 
similar tradition attached to it, and (ac- 
cording to the Post-Office Directory for 
the district) " the very chest is now the 
property of the Rev. J. Haygarth.whowas 
rector of Upham " (which joins Marwell). 

If Bramshall, Hampshire, has a similar 
tale and chest. 

IT The great house at Malsanger, near 
Basingstoke, also in Hampshire, has a 
similar tradition connected with it. 

Mistresses of Men of Note. (See 
Lovers, p. 633.) 



MITA. 713 

Mi'ta, sister of Aude. She married 
sir Miton de Rennes, and became the 
mother of Mitaine. (See next article. ) — 
Croquemitaine, xv. 

Mitaine, daughter of Mita and 
Miton, and godchild of Charlemagne. 
She went in search of Fear Fortress, and 
found that it existed only in the imagi- 
nation ; for as she boldly advanced 
towards it, the castle gradually faded 
into thin air. Charlemagne made Mi- 
taine, for this achievement, Roland's 
'squire, and she fell with him in the 
memorable attack at Roncesvalles. (See 
previous article.)— Croquemitaine, iii. 

Mite (Sir Matthew), a returned East 
Indian merchant, dissolute, dogmatical, 
ashamed of his former acquaintances, 
hating the aristocracy, yet longing to be 
acknowledged by them. He squanders 
his wealth on toadies, dresses his livery 
servants most gorgeously, and gives his 
chairmen the most costly exotics to wear 
in their coats. Sir Matthew is for ever 
astonishing weak minds with his talk 
about rupees, lacs, jaghires, and so on. — 
Foote: The Nabob (1772). 

Lady Oldham says, " He comes amongst us preceded 
by all the pomp of Asia, profusely scattering the spoils 
of conquered provinces, corrupting the virtue and 
alienating the affections of all the old friends of the 
family." 

Sir John Malcolm gives us a letter worthy of sir 
Matthew Mite, in which Clive orders " aoo shirts, the 
best and finest that can be got for love or money."— 
Macaulay. 

Mithra or Mithras, a supreme 
divinity of the ancient Persians, con- 
founded by the Greeks and Romans with 
the sun. He is the personification of 
Ormuzd, representing fecundity and per- 
petual renovation. Mithra is represented 
as a young man with a Phrygian cap, 
a tunic, a mantle on his left shoulder, 
and lunging a sword into the neck of a 
bull. Scaliger says the word means 
"greatest" or "supreme." Mithra is 
the middle of the triplasian deity : the 
Mediator, Eternal Intellect, and Archi- 
tect of the world. 

Her towers, where Mithra once had burned, 
To Moslem shrines — oh, shame I— were turned; 
Where slaves, converted by the sword, 
Their mean apostate worship poured, 
And cursed the faith their sires adored. 
Moore : Lalla Rookh (" The Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

Mith'ridate (3 syl.), a medicinal 
confection, invented by Damoc'rates, 
physician to Mithrida'tes king of Pontus, 
and supposed to be an antidote to all 
poisons and contagion. It contained 
seventy-two ingredients. Any panacea 
is called a " mithridate." 



MOATH. 

Their kinsman garlic bring, the poor man's mlthridara 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xx. (1622). 

Mithridate (3 syl.), a tragedy by 
Racine (1673). "Monime" (2 syl.), in 
this drama, was one of Mile. Rachel's 
great characters. 

Mithrida'tes (4 syl.), sumamed 
' * the Great. " Being conquered by the 
Romans, he tried to poison himself, but 
poison had no effect on him, and he was 
slain by a Gaul. Mithridate^ was active, 
intrepid, indefatigable, and fruitful in 
resources ; but he had to oppose such 
generals as Sulla, Lucullus, and Pompey. 
His ferocity was unbounded, his perfidy 
was even grand. 

(Racine has written a French tragedy 
on the subject, called Mithridate (1673) ; 
and N. Lee brought out his Mithridates 
in English about the same time.) 

Mitra, the Persian sun-god, whom 
they worship in a cave. His statue has a 
lion's head crowned with a tiara, and he 
holds with his two hands a struggling 
heifer. Statius refers to him when 
Adrastus asks Apollo by what name he 
should address him, whether Titan, 
Phcebus, Osiris, or Mitra to whom the 
Persians pay their adorations. — Bk. i. 
the end. 

Mi vera (Chillingly), a cynical 
journalist in lord Lytton's novel of 
Kenelm Chillingly (1873). 

Mizit (Dr.), the apothecary at the 
Black Bear inn at Darlington. — Sir W. 
Scott: Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Mjolner, Thor's hammer, which 
crushes all that it strikes and then 
returns to his hand again. 

M. M. Sketch. (An), a memorandum 
sketch. 

" Stay Just a minute," said Kally, who was making 
an M. M. sketch of the group.— B. H. Buxton : 
Jennie o/tht Princt's, i. 156. 

Mne'me (2 syl.), a well-spring of 
Bceo'tia, which quickens the memory. 
The other well-spring in the same vicinity, 
called Le'thi, has the opposite effect, 
causing blank forget fulness. — Pliny. 

N.B. — Dante calls this river Eu'noe\ 
It had the power of calling to the memory 
all the good acts done, all the graces 
bestowed, all the mercies received, but no 
evil. — Dante: Purgatory, xxxiii. (1308). 

Mo'ath, a well-to-do Bedouin, father 
of Onei'za (3 syl. ) the beloved of Thal'- 
aba. Oneiza, having married Thilaba, 
died on the bridal night, and Moath 



MOCCASIN& 



7H 



MODRED. 



arrived just in time to witness the mad 
grief of his son-in-law. — Southey : Thai- 
aba the Destroyer, ii. f viii. (1797). 

Mocc'asins, an Indian buskin. 

He laced his mocasins [sic] in act to go. 
Campbell : Gertrude of Wyoming, I 24 (1809). 

MochingO, an ignorant servant of 
the princess Ero'ta. — Fletcher; The Laws 
of Candy (1647). 

Mock Doctor {The), a farce by 
H. Fielding (1733), epitomized from Le 
Midecin Malgri Lui of Moliere (1666). 
Sir Jasper wants to make his daughter 
marry a Mr. Dapper ; but she is in love 
with Leander, and pretends to be dumb. 
Sir Jasper hears of a dumb doctor, and 
sends his two flunkies to fetch him. They 
ask one Dorcas to direct them to him, 
and she points them to her husband 
Gregory, a faggot-maker ; but tells them 
he is very eccentric, and must be well 
beaten, or he will deny being a physician. 
The faggot-maker is accordingly beaten 
into compliance, and taken to the patient. 
He soon learns the facts of the case, and 
employs Leander as apothecary. Lean- 
der makes the lady speak, and completes 
his cure with "pills matrimoniac. " Sir 
Jasper takes the joke in good part, and 
becomes reconciled to the alliance. 

Mockmg-Sird. " During the space 
of a minute, I have heard it imitate the 
woodlark, chaffinch, blackbird, thrush, 
and sparrow. . . . Their few natural 
notes resemble those of the nightingale, 
but their song is of greater compass and 
morevaried." — Ashe: Travels in America, 
ii. 73- 

Moclas, a famous Arabian robber, 
whose name is synonymous with " thief." 
(See Almanzor, the caliph, p. 29.) 

Mode {Sir William), in Mrs. Cent- 
livre's drama The Beau's Duel (1703). 

Mode'love {Sir Philip), one of the 
four guardians of Anne Lovely the 
heiress. Sir Philip is an "old beau, that 
has May in his fancy and dress, but 
December in his face and his heels. He 
admires all new fashions . . . loves 
operas, balls, and masquerades " (act i. 1). 
Colonel Freeman personates a French 
fop, and obtains his consent to marry his 
ward, the heiress. — Mrs. Centlivre : A 
Bold Stroke for a Wife (1717). 

Modely, a man of the world, gay, 
fashionable, and a libertine. He had 
scores of "lovers," but never loved till 



he saw the little rustic lass named Aura 
Freehold, a farmer's daughter, to whom 
he proposed.— J. P. Kemble : The Farm" 
house. 

Modish {Lady Betty), really in love 
with lord Morelove, but treats him with 
assumed scorn or indifference, because 
her pride prefers "power to ease." 
Hence she coquets with lord Foppington 
(a married man), to mortify Morelove 
and arouse his jealousy. By the advice 
of sir Charles Easy, lord Morelove pays 
her out in her own coin, by flirting with 
lady Graveairs, and assuming an air of 
indifference. Ultimately, lady Betty is 
reduced to common sense, and gives her 
heart and hand to lord Morelove,— 
Cibber: The Careless Husband (1704). 

(Mrs. Oldfield excellently acted "lady 
Betty Modish " (says Walpole) ; and 
T. Davies says of Mrs. Pritchard (1711- 
1768), "She conceived accurately and 
acted pleasantly 'lady Townly,' 'lady 
Betty Modish,' and ' Maria' in The Non- 
juror." Mrs. Blofield is called "lady 
Betty Modish" in The Tatler, No. x.) 

Modo, the fiend that urges to murder, 
and one of the five that possessed " poor 
Tom." — Shakespeare: King Lear, act iv. 

sc. 1 (1605). 

Modred, son of Lot king of Norway 
and Anne own sister of king Arthur (pt. 
viii. 21 ; ix. 9). He is always called 
" the traitor." While king Arthur was 
absent, warring with the Romans, Modred 
was left regent ; but he usurped the 
crown, and married his aunt the queen 
(pt. x. 13). When Arthur heard thereof, 
he returned, and attacked the usurper, 
who fled to Winchester (pt. xi. 1). The 
king followed him, and Modred drew up 
his army at Cambula, in Cornwall, where 
another battle was fought. In this engage- 
ment Modred was slain, and Arthur also 
received his death-wound (pt. xi. 2). The 
queen, called Guanhuma'ra (but better 
known as Guen'ever), retired to a convent 
in the City of Legions, and entered the 
order of Julius the Martyr (pt. xi. 1). — 
Geoffrey: British History (1142). 

•.* This is so very different to the 
accounts given in Arthurian romance of 
Mordred, that it is better to give the 
two names as if they were different 
individuals. 

Modred {Sir), nephew of king Arthur. 
He hated sir Lancelot, and sowed discord 
among the knights of the Round Table, 



MODU. 



m 



MOHICANS. 



Tennyson says that Modred "tampered 
with the lords of the White Horse," the 
brood that Hengist left Geoffrey of 
Monmouth says he made a league with 
Cheldric the Saxon leader in Germany, 
and promised to give him all that part of 
England which lies between the Humber 
and Scotland, together with all that 
Hengist and Horsa held in Kent, if he 
would aid him against king Arthur. 
Accordingly, Cheldric came over with 
800 ships, filled "with pagan soldiers" 
[British. History, xi. 1). 

§ When the king was in Brittany, 
whither he had gone to chastise sir 
Lancelot for adultery with the queen, he 
left sir Modred regent, and sir Modred 
raised a revolt. The king returned, drew 
up his army against the traitor, and in 
this "great battle of the West " Modred 
was slain, and Arthur received his death- 
wound. — Tennyson: Idylls of the King 
("Guinevere," 1858). 

*.* This version is in accordance 
neither with Geoffrey of Monmouth (see 
previous article) nor with Arthurian 
romance (see Mordred), and is, there- 
fore, given separately. 

Modu, the prince of all devils that 
take possession of a human being. 

Maho was the chief devil that had possession of 
Sarah Williams; but . . . Richard Mainy was molested 
by a still more considerable fiend called Modu, . . . the 
prince of all other devils. — Harsnctt ; Declaration of 
Popish Impostures, 268. 

Modus, cousin of Helen; a "musty 
library, who loved Greek and Latin ; ' 
but cousin Helen loved the bookworm, 
and taught him how to love far better 
than Ovid could with his Art of Love. 
Having so good a teacher, Modus became 
an apt scholar, and eloped with cousin 
Helen. — Knowles: The Hunchback (1831). 

Moe'chus, Adultery personified ; one 
of the four sons of Caro (fleshly lust). 
His brothers were Pornei'us [fornications, 
Acath'arus, and Asel'ges [lasciviousness). 
In the battle of Mansoul, Mcechus is slain 
by Agnei'a [wifely chastity), the spouse 
of Encra'tes [temperance) and sister of 
Parthen'ia [maidenly chastity). (Greek, 
moichos, "an adulterer.") — Phineas Flet- 
cher: The Purple Island, xi. (1633). 

Moeli'ades (4 syl.). Under this name 
William Drummond signalized Henry 
prince of Wales, eldest son of James I., 
in the monody entitled Tears on the Death 
of Mceliades. The word is an anagram 
of Mills a Deo. The prince, in his mas- 



querades and martial sports, used to call 
himself " Mceliades of the Isles." 

Mceliades, bright day-star of the West 
Drummond: Tears on the Death of MaeliacUs (x*ia) 

The burden of the monody is — 

Mceliadds sweet courtly nymphs deplore. 
From Thule to HydaspeV pearly shore. 

Moffat [Mabel\ t domestic of Edward 
Redgauntlet. — Sir W. Scott: Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Moggf [Peter), a barrister who con- 
tests with Frank Vane in the election of 
an English borough. As Frank Vane run s 
away with Anne the heroine, the election 
is left free for Mogg.— J. Sterling: The 
Election (a poem in about 2000 verses). 

And who was MoggT O Muse, the man declare 

How excellent his worth, his parts how rare; 

A younger son, he learnt in Oxford's halls 

The spheral harmonies of billiard balls ; 

Drank, hunted, drove, and hid from Virtue'* ftvwn 

His venial follies in a doctor's gown. 

Moha'di [Mahommed), the twelfth 
imaum, whom the Orientals believe is not 
dead, but is destined to return and combat 
Antichrist before the consummation of all 
things. 

1 Prince Arthur, Merlin, Charlemagne, 
Barbarossa, dom Sebastian, Charles V., 
Elijah Mansur, Desmond of Kilmallock, 
etc., are traditionally not dead, but only 
sleeping till the fulness of time, when 
each will awake and effect most wondrous 
restorations. 

Mohair [The Men of), the citizens of 
France. 

The men of mohair, as the citizens were called.— 
Asylum Christi, viii. 

Moha'reb, one of the evil spirits of 
Dom-Daniel, a cave ' ' under the roots of 
the ocean." It was given out that these 
spirits would be extirpated by one of 
the family of Hodei'rah (3 syl.), so they 
leagued against the whole race. First, 
Okba was sent against the obnoxious 
race, and succeeded in killing eight of 
them, Thal'aba alone having escaped 
alive. Next, Abdaldar was sent against 
Thalaba, but was killed by a simoom. 
Then Loba'ba was sent to cut him off, 
but perished in a whirlwind. Lastly, 
Mohareb undertook to destroy him. He 
assumed the guise of a warrior, and suc- 
ceeded in alluring the youth to the very 
"mouth of hell;" but Thalaba, being 
alive to the deceit, 'flung Mohareb into 
the abyss.— Southcy ; Thalaba the De- 
stroyer, v. (1797). 

Mohicans [Last of the), Uncas the 
Indian chief, son of Chingachook, and 



MOHOCKS. 

called " Deerfoot."— F. Cooper: The Last 
of the Mohicans (a novel, 1826). 

(The word ought to be pronounced 
Mo-hek'-kanz, but is usually called Mo\- 
he.kanz.) 

Mohocks, a class of ruffians who at 
one time infested the streets of London. 
So called from the Indian Mohocks. At 
the Restoration, the street bullies were 
called Muns and Tityre Tus ; they were 
next called Hectors and Scourers ; later 
still, Nickers and Hawcubites ; and lastly, 
Mohocks or Mohawks. 

Now is the time that rakes their revels keep. 
Kindlers of riot, enemies of sleep : 
His scattered pence the flying Nicker flings. 
And with the copper shower the casement rings s 
Who has not heard the Scowerer's midnight fame? 
Who has not trembled at the Mohocks name? 

Gay; Trivia, iii. 331, etc. (1712). 

Molrtm {Lord), the person who joined 
captain Hill in a dastardly attack on the 
actor Mountford on his way to Mrs. 
Bracegirdle's house, in Howard Street. 
Captain Hill was jealous of Mountford, 
and induced lord Mohun to join him 
in this "valiant exploit." Mountford 
died next day, captain Hill fled from 
the country, and Mohun was tried but 
acquitted. 

IT The general features of this cowardly 
attack are very like that of the count 
Koningsmark on Thomas Thynne of 
Lingleate Hill. Count Koningsmark was 
in love with Elizabeth Percy (widow of 
the earl of Ogle), who was contracted to 
Mr. Thynne ; but before the wedding 
day arrived, the count, with some hired 
ruffians, assassinated his rival in his 
carriage as it was passing down Pall 
Mall. 

N.B. — Elizabeth Percy, within three 
months of the murder, married the duke 
of Somerset. 

Moidart [John of), captain of the 
clan Ronald, and a chief in the army of 
Montrose. — Sir W. Scott: Legend of 
Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Moi'na (2 syl.) } daughter of Reutha'- 
mir the principal man of Balclu'tha, a 
town on the Clyde, belonging to the 
Britons. Moina married Clessammor 
(the maternal uncle of Fingal), and died 
in childbirth of her son Carthon, during 
the absence of her husband. — Ossian : 
Carthon. 

Mokanna, the name given to Hakem 
ben Haschem, from a silver gauze veil 
worn by him " to dim the lustre of his 
face," or rather to hide its extreme ugli- 



716 MOLLY, 

ness. The history of this impostor it 
given by D'Herbelot in his Bibliothiqut 
Orientate (1697). 

'.' Mokanna forms the first story of 
Lalla Rookh ("The Veiled Prophet of 
Khorassan "), by Thomas Moore (1817). 

Mokattam {Mount), near Cairo 
(Egypt), noted for the massacre of the 
caliph Hakem B'amr-ellah, who was 
given out to be incarnate deity and the 
last prophet who communicated between 
God and man (eleventh century). Here, 
also, fell in the same massacre his chief 
prophet, and many of his followers. In 
consequence of this persecution, Durzi, 
one of the "prophet's" chief apostles, 
led the survivors into Syria, where they 
settled between the Libanus and Anti- 
Libanus, and took the name of Durzis, 
corrupted into Druses. 

As the khalif vanished erst, 
In what seemed death to uninstructed eyea. 
On red Mokattam's verge. 
R. Browning : The Return of the Druses, L 

Malay {Jacques), grand-master of 
the Knights Templars. As he was led 
to the stake he summoned the pope 

I Clement V.) within forty days, and the 
ling (Philippe IV.) within forty weeks, to 
appear before the throne of God to answer 
for his death. They both died within 
the stated periods. (See Summons to 
Death. ) 

Moliere, the great French poet of 

comedy (1622-1671). 

The Italian Moliere, Charlo Goldoni 
(1707-1793). 

The Spanish Moliere, Leandro Fer- 
nandez Moratin (1760-1828). 

Moll Cutpurse, Mary Frith, who 
once attacked general Fairfax on Houns- 
low Heath. 

Moll Flanders, a woman of great 
beauty, born in the Old Bailey. She was 
twelve years a courtezan, five years a 
wife, twelve years a thief, eight years a 
convict in Virginia ; but ultimately grew 
rich, and died a penitent in the reign of 
Charles II. 

(Daniel Defoe wrote her life and adven- 
tures, which he called The Fortunes of 
Moll Flanders, 1722.) 

Molly, Jaggers's housekeeper. A 
mysterious, scared-looking woman, with 
a deep scar across one of her wrists. 
Her antecedents were full of mystery, 
and Pip suspected her of being Estella'i 
mother. — Dickens: Great Expectations 
(i860). 



MOLLY MAGGS. 



717 



MONASTERY. 



Molly Magog's, a pert young house- 
maid, in love with Robin. She hates 
Polyglot the tutor of " Master Charles," 
but is very fond of Charles. Molly tries 
to get "the tuterer Polypot" into a 
scrape, but finds, to her consternation, 
that master Charles is in reality the 
party to be blamed. — Poole : The Scape- 
goat (about 1840). 

Molly Magfnires, stout, active 
young men dressed up in women's 
clothes, with faces blackened or other- 
wise disguised. This secret society was 
organized in 1843, to terrify the officials 
employed by Irish landlords to distrain 
for rent, either by grippers {bumbailiffs), 
process-servers, keepers, or drivers {per- 
sons who impound cattle till the rent 
is paid). — Trench: Realities of Irish 
Life, 82. 

Molly Mog", an innkeeper's daughter 
at Oakingham, Berks. Molly Mog was 
the toast of all the gay sparks in the 
former half of the eighteenth century ; 
but died a spinster at the age of 67 (1699- 
X766). 

(Gay has a ballad on this Fair Maid 
of the Inn. Mr. Standen of Arborfield, 
the "enamoured swain," died in 1730. 
Molly's sister was quite as beautiful as 
"the fair maid" herself. A portrait of 
Gay still hangs in Oakingham inn.) 

Molmu'tius. (See Mulmutius.) 

Moloch [ch = k), the third in rank of 
the Satanic hierarchy, Satan being first, 
and Beelzebub second. The word means 
"king." The rabbins say the idol was 
of brass, with the head of a calf. Moloch 
was the god of the Am'monites (3 syl.), 
and was worshipped in Rabba, their chief 
city. 

First Molc:h, horrid king, besmeared with blood 
Of human .sacrifice, and parents' tears, 
Though, for the noise of drums and timbrels loud. 
Their children's tries unheard, that passed thro' fire 
To his grim Idol Ilitu the Ammonite 
Worshipped in K-bba. 

Milton : Pmridise Lost, i. 39a, etc. (1665). 

Mo'ly (Greek, mSlu), mentioned In 
Homer's Odyssey. A herb with a black 
root and white blossom, given by Herm6s 
to Ulysses, to counteract the spells of 
CircS. (See H^:mony, p. 4^2.) 

. . . that M6'ly 
That Hermes once to wise Ulysses gave. 

Milton : Comus (1634). 
The root was black. 
Milk-white the blossom ; Mdly is its name 
In heaven. 

Homer : Odyssey, x. (Cowper*i trans.). 

Mommur, the capital of the empire 



of Oberon king of the fairies. It is here 

he held his court. 

Momus's Lattice. Momus, son of 
Nox, blamed Vulcan, because, in making 
the human form, he had not placed a 
window in the breast for the discerning 
of secret thoughts. 

Were Momus' lattice in our breasts. 

My soul might brook to open it more widely 

Than theirs [Le. the nobles']. 

Byron : Werner, iiL 1 (182a). 

Mon or Mona, Anglesea, the resi- 
dence of the druids. Suetonius Paulinus, 
who had the command of Britain in the 
reign of Nero (from a.d. 59 to 62), attacked 
Mona, because it gave succour to the 
rebellious. The frantic inhabitants ran 
about with fire-brands, their long hair 
streaming to the wind, and the druids 
invoked vengeance on the Roman army. 
(See Drayton, Polyolbion, viii., 1612.) 

" Mona " is the Latinized form of the British word 
mSn-au ("remote isle"). The "Isle of Man" U 
Mdn-au or mona ("remote isle") corrupted by mis- 
conception of the meaning of the word. 

Mon'aco ( The king of), noted because 
whatever he did was never right in the 
opinion of his people, especially in that 
of Rabagas the demagogue : If he went 
out, he was ' ' given to pleasure ; " if he 
stayed at home, he was " given to idle- 
ness ; " if he declared war, he was 
"wasteful of the public money;" if ha 
did not, he was " pusillanimous ;" if he 
ate, he was " self-indulgent ; " if he ab- 
stained, he was "priest-ridden." — 
Sardon : Rabagas (1872). 

Monaco. Proud as a Monegasque. 
A French phrase. The tradition is that 
Charles Quint ennobled every one of the 
inhabitants of Monaco. 

Monarch of Mont Blanc, Albert 
Smith ; so called because for many yeara 
he amused a large London audience, night 
after night, by relating "his ascent up 
Mont Blanc" (1816-1860). 

Monarqne {Le Grand), Louis XIV. 
of France (1638, 1643-1715). 

Monastery ( The), a novel by sir W. 
Scott (1820). The Abbot appeared the 
same year. These two stories are tame 
and very defective in plot ; but the cha- 
racter of Mary queen of Scots, in The 
Abbot, is a correct and beautiful historical 
portrait The portrait of queen Elizabeth 
is in Kenilworth. 

The plot of the novel : The hero and 
heroine of the novel are Halbert Glen- 
denning and lady Mary Avenel, who 




MONCADA. 



7x8 



MONIMIA. 



become converts to the reformed religion 
and marry each other. The crux is about 
a Bible which belonged to lady Alice 
Avenel, a widow, and which the abbot of 
St. Mary's Monastery tried to get hold of. 
He first sent father Philip to see what he 
could do. Father Philip succeeded in 
capturing the book, but in crossing a ford 
on his mule, the White Lady pushed him 
into the water, and captured his prize. 
The abbot next sent the sub-prior, who 
found that the book had been mysteriously 
restored, and that the lady Alice was 
dead ; so he took possession of the Bible ; 
but in crossing the ford he also was 
pushed into the water, and lost it. 
Halbert Glendennirtg now implored the 
White Lady to inform him where it was. 
She conveyed him through the earth, 
and showed it him on a "flaming altar." 
He took possession of it. Both Halbert 
Glendenning and lady Mary Avenel now 
became converts to the reformed religion, 
and their marriage ends the tale. 

Moncada {Matthias de), a merchant, 
stern and relentless. He arrests his 
daughter the day after her confinement 
of a natural son. 

Zilia deMoncada, daughter of Matthias, 
and wife of general Witherington. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Surgeon! s Daughter (time, 
George II.). 

Moncaster. Newcastle, in Northum- 
berland, was so called from the number of 
monks settled there in Saxon times. The 
name was changed, in 1080, to New-castle, 
from the castle built by Robert (son of 
the Conqueror), to defend the borderland 
from the Scotch. 

Monda'min, maize or Indian corn 
(mon-da-min, " the Spirit's grain "\, 

Sing the mysteries of mondamin, 
Sing the blessing of the corn-fields. 

LtteftUorw : Hiawatha, xiU. (1855). 

Mone'ses (3 syl.), a Greek prince, 
betrothed to Arpasia, whom for the 
nonce he called his sister. Both were 
taken captive by Baj'azet. Bajazet fell 
in love with Arpasia, and gave Moneses 
a command in his army. When Tamer- 
lane overthrew Bajazet, Moneses ex- 
plained to the Tartar king how it was 
that he was found in arms against him, 
and said his best wish was to serve 
Tamerlane. Bajazet now hated the 
Greek ; and, as Arpasia proved obdurate, 
thought to frighten her into submission 
by having Moneses bow-strung in her 
presence; but the sight was so terrible 



that it killed her.— Rowe : Tamer law 
(1702). 

Money, a drama by lcrd Lytton 
(1840). Alfred Evelyn, a poor scholar, 
was secretary and factotum of sir John 
Vesey, but received no wages. He 
loved Clara Douglas, a poor dependent 
of lady Franklin, proposed to her, but 
was not accepted, " because both were too 
poor to keep house." A large fortune 
being left to the poor scholar, he proposed 
to Georgina, the daughter of sir John 
Vesey ; but Georgina loved sir Frederick 
Blount, and married him. Evelyn, who 
loved Clara, pretended to have lost his 
fortune, and, being satisfied that she 
really loved him, proposed a second time, 
and was accepted. 

Moneytrap, husband of Araminta, 
but with a tendre for Clarissa the wife of 
his friend Gripe.— Vanbrugh : The Con- 
federacy (1695). 

None who ever saw Parsons [1736-1795] . . . can 
forget his effective mode of exclaiming, while repre- 
senting the character of the amorous old " Money- 
trap," " Eh 1 how long will it be, Flippanta? "—Dibdin. 

Monflathers (Miss), mistress of a 
boarding and day establishment, to whom 
Mrs. Jarley sent little Nell, to ask her to 
patronize the wax-work collection. Miss 
Monflathers received the child with frigid 
virtue, and said to her, " Don't you think 
you must be very wicked to be a wax- 
work child? Don't you know it is very 
naughty to be a wax child when you 
might have the proud consciousness of 
assisting, to the extent of your infant 
powers, the noble manufactures of your 
country?" One of the teachers here 

chimed in with " How doth the little ;" 

but Miss Monflathers remarked, with an 
indignant frown, that " the little busy 
bee " applied only to genteel children, and 
the "works of labour and of skill" to 
painting and embroidery, not to vulgar 
children and wax-work shows. — Dickens: 
The Old Curiosity Shop, xxxi. (1840). 

Monford, the lover of Charlotte 
Whimsey. He plans various devices to 
hoodwink her old father, in order to elope 
with the daughter.— J. Cobb: The First 
Floor (1756-1818). 

Moninie (2 syl.), in Racine's tragedy 
of Mithridate. This was one of Mile. 
Rachel's great characters, first performed 
by her in 1838. 

Monim'ia, "the orphan," sister of 
Chamont and ward of lord Acasto. 
Monimia was in love with Acasto's son 



MONIMIA, 

Castalio, and privately married him. 
Polydore (the brother of Castalio) also 
loved her, but his love was dishonourable 
love. By treachery, Polydore* obtained 
admission to Monimia's chamber, and 
passed the bridal night with her, Monimia 
supposing him to be her husband ; but 
when next day she discovered the deceit, 
she poisoned herself ; and Polydore, being 
apprised that Monimia was his brother's 
wife, provoked a quarrel with him, ran on 
his brother's sword, and died. — Otway : 
The Orphan (1680). 

More tears have been shed for the sorrows of 
" Belvidera " and " Monimia," than for those of 
"Juliet" and '• Desdemona."— Sir W. Sett: The 
Drama. 

Monimia, in Smollett's novel of 
Count Fathom (1754). Also the heroine 
of Mrs. Smith's novel called The Old 
Manor House (1793). 

Monipiies {Richie), the honest, self- 
willed Scotch servant of lord Nigel Oli- 
faunt of Glenvarloch. — Sir W. Scott: 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Monk [General), introduced by Scott 
in Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Monk ( The Bird Singing to a). The 
monk is Felix, who listened to a bird for 
a hundred years, and thought the time 
only an hour. — Longfellow : The Golden 
Legend, ii. (1851). 

Monk (The), a novel, by Matthew G. 
Lewis (1795). 

Monk Lewis, Matthew Gregory 
Lewis ; so called from his novel (1773- 
1818). (See above.) 

Monk of Bury, John Lydgate, poet, 
who wrote the Siege of Troy, the Story of 
Thebes, and the Fall of Princes (1375- 
1460). 

Nothynge 1 am experte In poetry, 

As the monke of Bury, floure of eloquence, 

Ha-wcs : The I'asse-tyme of PUsurt (15x5). 

Monk of Westminster, Richard 
of Cirencester, the chronicler (fourteenth 
century). 

N.B. — This chronicle, On the Ancient 
State of Britain, was first brought to light 
in 1747, by Dr. Charles Julius Bertram, 
professor of English at Copenhagen ; but 
the original being no better known than 
that of Thomas Rowley's poems, pub- 
lished by Chatterton, grave suspicions 
exist that Dr. Bertram was himself the 
author of the chronicle. (See Forgers 
and Forgeries, p. 382.) 

Monk's Tale (The). The subject of 



7x9 



MONMOUTH. 



this tale Is the uncertainty of fortune, 
Instanced with seventeen examples — 

6 from Scripture : Lucifer, Adam, 
and Samson ; Nebuchadnezzar, Bel- 
shazzar, Holofern^s (from the Book of 
Judith). 

3 Greek and Roman History: Alexander 
the Great, Julius Caesar, and Nero. 

7 other Histories : Croesus, Hugolin of 
Pisa, Pedro of Spain, Pierre de Lusignan 
king of Cyprus, Visconti (Bernardo) duke 
of Milan, and Zenobia. 

xfrom Mythology: Hercules. 

Monks ( The Father of), Ethelwold of 
Winchester (*~984). 

Monks, alias Edward Leeford, a 
violent man, subject to fits. Edward 
Leeford, though half-brother to Oliver 
Twist and Rose (Maylie), was in collusion 
with Bill Sikes to ruin him. Failing in 
this, he retired to America, and died in 
jail. — Dickens: Oliver Twist (1837). 

Nancy said of Monks, " He is tall and a strongly 
made man, but not stout ; he has a lurking walk ; and, 
as he walks, constantly looks over his shoulder, first on 
one side and then on the other. . . . His eyes are sunk 
in his head much deeper than other men's. . . His 
face is dark, like his hair and eyes ; and, although he 
can't be more than six or eight and twenty, withered 
and haggard. His lips are often discoloured and dis- 
figured with the marks of his teeth. . . . Upon his 
throat is a broad red mark like a bum." 

Monkbarns (Laird of), Mr. Jonathan 
Oldbuck, the antiquary.— Sir IV. Scott: 
The Antiquary (time, George III.). 

IvTon'ker and Nakir [Na-keer*], the 
two examiners of the dead, who put 
questions to departed spirits respecting 
their belief in God and Mahomet ; and 
award their state in after-life according 
to their answers. — Al Koran. 

" Do you not see those spectres that are stirring the 
burning coals t Are they Monkir and Nakir corns to 
throw us into them ? "—Beck/ord : Vathtk (1786). 

Monmouth, the surname of Henry V. 
of England, who was born in that town 
(1388, 1413-1422). 

*.• Mon-monih is the mouth of the Mon- 



Monmonth (The duke of), com- 
mander-in-chief of the royal army. — Sir 
W. Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles 
II.). 

V The duke of Monmouth was nick- 
named "The Little Duke," because he 
was diminutive in size. Having no name 
of his own, he took that of his wife, 
" Scott," countess of Buccleuch. Pepys 
says, "It is reported that the king will 
be tempted to set the crown on the Little 
Duke " {Diary, seventeenth century). 



MONMOUTH CAPS. 



720 



MONT ST. MICHEL. 



Monmouth Caps. • ' The best caps " 
(says Fuller, in his Worthies of Wales, 
50) " were formerly made at Monmouth, 
where the Cappen's Chapel doth still 
remain." 

The soldiers that the Monmouth wear, 
On castle top their ensigns rear. 

Reed: The Caps (1661). 

Monmouth Street (London), called 
after the duke of Monmouth, natural son 
of Charles II., executed for rebellion in 
1685. It is now called Dudley Street. 

Mon'nema, wife of Quia'ra, the only 

persons of the whole of the Guarani race 
who escaped the small-pox plague which 
ravaged that part of Paraguay. They 
left the fatal spot, and settled in the 
Mondai woods. Here they had one son 
Yeruti, and one daughter Mooma, but 
Quiara was killed by a jaguar before the 
latter was born. MonnSma left the 
Mondai woods, and went to live at St. 
Joachin, in Paraguay, but soon died 
from the effects of a house and city 
life. — Southey: A Tale of Paraguay 
(1814). 

Monomot'apa, an empire of South 
Africa, joining Mozambique. 

Ah, sir, you never saw the Ganges ; 
There dwell the nation of Quidnunlds 
(So Monomotapa calls monkeys). 

Gay: The Quidnunkts. 

Mononia, Munster, in Ireland. 

Mononia, when nature embellished the tint 
Of thy fields and thy mountains so fair, 

Did she ever intend that a tyrant should print 
The footstep of slavery there 1 
Moore : Irish Melodies, i. (" War Song," 1814). 

Monsieur, Philippe due d'Orteans, 
brother of Louis XIV. (1674-1723). 

'.'• Other gentlemen were Mons. A or 
Mons. B, but the regent was Mons. with- 
out any adjunct. 

Similarly, the daughter of the due de 
Chartres (the regent's grandson) was 
Mademoiselle. 

Monsieur le Coadjuteur, Paul de 
Gondi, afterwards cardinal de Retz(i6i4~ 
1679). 

Monsieur le due, Louis Henri de 
Bourbon, eldest son of the prince de 
Conde" (1692-1740). 

Monsieur Thomas, a drama by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1619). 

Monsieur Tonson, a farce by Mon- 
crieff. Jack Ardourly falls in love with 
Adolphine de Courcy in the street, and 
gets Tom King to assist in ferreting her 
out. Tom King discovers that his sweet- 
ing lives in the house of a French 



refugee, a barber, named Mon. Morbleu J 
but not knowing the name of the young 
lady, he inquires for Mr. Thompson, 
hoping to pick up information. Mon. 
Morbleu says no Mon. Tonson lives in 
the house, but only Mme. Bellegarde and 
Mile. Adolphine de Courcy. The old 
Frenchman is driven almost crazy by 
different persons inquiring for Mon. 
Tonson ; but ultimately Jack Ardourly 
marries Adolphine, whose mother is Mrs. 
Thompson after all. 

(Taylor wrote a drama of the same title 
in 1767.) 

Monster (The), Renwick Williams, 
a wretch who used to prowl about London 
by night, armed with a double-edged 
knife, with which he mutilated women. 
He was condemned July 8, 1790. 

A century later (about 1888-1889) 
similar atrocities were committed in the 
East end of London by a person calling 
himself Jack the Ripper. He escaped 
detection. 

Mont Dieu, a solitary mound close 
to Dumfermline. It owes its origin, 
according to story, to some unfortunate 
monks who, by way of penance, carried 
the sand in baskets from the sea-shore at 
Inverness. 

IT At Linton is a fine conical hill attri- 
buted to two sisters, nuns, who were 
compelled to pass the whole of the sand 
through a sieve, by way of penance, to 
obtain pardon for some crime committed 
by their brother. 

Mont Rognon (Baron of), a giant 
of enormous strength and insatiable ap- 
petite. He was bandy-legged, had an 
elastic stomach, and four rows of teeth. 
The baron was a paladin of Charlemagne, 
and one of the four sent in search of 
Croquemitaine and Fear Fortress. — 
Croquemitaine. 

Mont St. Jean or Waterloo. So- 
and-so was my Mont St. yean, means it 
was my coup de grace, my final blow, the 
end of the end. 

Juan was my Moscow {turning- poirtt\ and Faliero 

[Fa.lee'.ro] 
My Leipsic {downfall^ and my Mont St Jean seems 

Cain. 

Byron : Don Juan, xi. 56 (1834). 

Mont St. Michel, in Normandy. 
Here nine druidesses used to sell arrows 
to sailors to charm away storms. The 
arrows had to be discharged by a young 
man 25 years of age. (See Michael, p. 
702.) 

1[ The Laplanders drove a profitable 



MONT TRESOR. 721 

trade by selling winds to sailors. Even 
so late as 1814, Bessie Millie, of Pomona 
(Orkney Islands), helped to eke out a 
livelihood by selling winds for sixpence. 

IT Eric king of Sweden could make the 
winds blow from any quarter he liked by 
a turn of his cap. Hence he was nick- 
named "Windy Cap." 

Mont Tresor, in France ; so called 
by Gontran "the Good," king of Bur- 
gundy (sixteenth century). One day, 
weary with the chase, Gontran laid him- 
self down near a small river, and fell 
asleep. The 'squire, who watched his 
master, saw a little animal come from the 
king's mouth, and walk to the stream, 
over which the 'squire laid his sword, 
and the animal, running across, entered 
a hole in the mountain. When Gontran 
was told of this incident, he said he had 
dreamt that he crossed a bridge of steel, 
and, having entered a cave at the foot of 
a mountain, entered a palace of gold. 
Gontran employed men to undermine the 
hill, and found there vast treasures, which 
he employed in works of charity and re- 
ligion. In order to commemorate this 
event, he called the hill Mont Trevor. — 
Claud Paradin : Symbola Heroica. 

'.' This story has been ascribed to 
numerous persons. 

Mon'tagiie (3 syl.), head of a noble 
house in Verona, at feudal enmity with 
the house of Capulet. Romeo belonged 
to the former, and Juliet to the latter 
house. 

Lady Montague, wife of lord Montague, 
and mother of Romeo. — Shakespeare: 
Romeo and Juliet (1598). 

Montalban, now called Montauban 
(a contraction of Mons Alba'nus), in 
France, in the department of Tarn-et- 
Garonne. 

Jousted In Aspramont or Mon'talban'. 

Milton : Paradise Lest, i. 583 (1665). 

Don Kyrie Ely son de Montalban, a hero 
of romance, in the History of Tirante the 
White. 

Thomas de Mor.talban, brother of don 
Kyrie Elyson, in the same romance of 
chivalry. 

Rinaldo de Montalban, a hero of ro- 
mance, in the Mirror of Knighthood, from 
which work both Bojardo and Ariosto 
have largely borrowed. 

Montalban ( The count), In love with 
Volantfi (3 syl.) daughter of Balthazar. 
In order to sound her, the count disguised 
himself as a father confessor; but Vo- 



MONTESPAN. 

lantd detected the trick instantly, and 
said to him, "Come, come, count, pull 
off your lion's hide, and confess yourself 
an ass." However, as Volant! really 
loved him, all came right at last. — Tobin : 
The Honeymoon (1804). 

Montanto (Signor), a master of fence 
and a great braggart. — Ben Jonson : 
Every Man in His Humour (1598). 

Montargis {The Dog of), named 
Dragon. It belonged to captain Aubri 
de Montdidier, and is especially noted 
for his fight with the chevalier Richard 
Macaire. The dog was called Montargis, 
because the encounter was depicted over 
the chimney of the great hall in the 
castle of Montargis. It was in the forest 
of Bondi, close by this castle, where Aubri 
was assassinated. 

(Guilbert de Pixerecourt dramatized 
this tale in his play called Le Chien de 
Montargis, 1814.) 

Montenay (Sir Philip de), an old 
English knight.— Sir W. Scott: Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Montenegro. The natives say, 
" When God was distributing stones over 
the earth, the bag that held them burst 
over Montenegro," which accounts foi 
the stoniness of the land. 

Montesi'nos, a legendary hero, who 
received some affront at the French court, 
and retired to La Mancha, in Spain. 
Here he lived in a cavern, some sixty feet 
deep, called "The Cavern of Montesinos." 
Don Quixote descended part of the way 
down this cavern, and fell into a trance, 
in which he saw Montesinos himself, 
Durandartg and Belerma under the spell 
of Merlin, Dulcin'ea del Toboso enchanted 
into a country wench, and other visions, 
which he more than half believed to be 
realities. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, II. 
ii. s, 6 (1615). 

• • This Durandarte 1 was the cousin of 
Montesinos, and Belerma the lady he 
served for seven years. When he fell at. 
RoncesvallSs, he prayed his cousin to 
carry his heart to Belerma. 

Montespan (The marquis de), a 
conceited court fop, silly and heartless. 
When Louis XIV. took Mme. de Montes- 
pan for his concubine, he banished the 
marquis, saying — 

Your strange and countless follies— 
The scenes you make— your lond domestic broils— 
Bring scandal on our court. . Decorum needs 
Your hflnithipitat. ... Go 1 

3 A 



MONTFAUCON. 



MOODY. 



Aad for your separate household, which > 
A double cost, our treasure shall accord you 
A hundred thousand crowns. 

Act It. i. 

The foolish old marquis says, in his self- 
conceit — 

A hundred thousand crowns for being ctrtt 
To one another I Well now, that's a thing 
That happens but to marquises. It show» 
My value in the state. The king esteems 
My comfort of such consequence to France 
He pays me down a hundred thousand crowns, 
Rather than let my wife disturb my temper I 

Act T.I. 

Madame de Montespan, wife of the 
marquis. She supplanted La Valliere in 
the base love of Louis XIV. La Valliere 
loved the man, Montespan the king. She 
had wit to warm but not to burn, energy 
which passed for feeling, a head to check 
her heart, and not too much principle for 
a French court. Mme. de Montespan was 
the protigie of the duke de Lauzun, who 
used her as a stepping-stone to wealth ; 
but when in favour, she kicked down the 
ladder by which she had climbed to 
power. However, Lauzun had his re- 
venge ; and when La Valliere took the 
veil, Mme. de Montespan was banished 
from the court. — Lord Lytton : The 
Duchess de la Valliere (1836). 

Montfaucon ( The lady Calista of), 
attendant of queen Berengaria. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Mont-Fit ch,et {Sir Conrade), a pre- 
ceptor of the Knights Templars. — Sir 
W. Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I. ). 

Montfort {De), the hero and title of 
a tragedy, intended to depict the passion 
of hate, by Joanna Baillie (1798). The 
object of De Montfort's hatred is Rezen- 
velt, and his passion drives him on to 
murder. 

•.* De Montfort was probably the 
suggestive inspiration of Byron's Man- 
fred (1817). 

Montgomery {Mr.), lord Godolphin, 
lord high treasurer of England in the reign 
of queen Anne. The queen called her- 
self "Mrs. Morley," and Sarah Jennings 
duchess of Marlborough was " Mrs. 
Freeman." 

Monthermer {Guy), a nobleman, 
and the pursuivant of king Henry II. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Months {Symbols of the), frequently 
carved on church portals, misericords (as 
at Worcester), ceilings (as at Salisbury), 



I. Pocula Janus amat. 

%. Et Februus algeo clamit* 

g. Martius arva fodit. 

4. Aprilis/forjtfanutrit. 

5. Ros eiflos nemorum Maio sunt I 



Dat Junius/<r«<z. 
Julio resecatur a\ 
Augustus spicas. 



J. Julio resecatur avtna. 
1. Augustus spicas. 
9. September content uvas. 
10. Seminal October. 
IX. Spoliat virgulta November. 
12. Querit habere cibum pvrcum mactanic De 
cember. 

Utrecht Missal (1513). and the 
Breviary <if St. Alban s. 

Montjoid, chief herald of France. — 
Sir W. Scott: Quentin Durward (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Montorio, the hero of a novel, who 
persuades his "brother's sons" to murder 
their father by working on their fears, 
and urging on them the doctrines of 
fatalism. When the deed was com- 
mitted, Montorio discovered that the 
young murderers were not his nephews, 
but his own sons. — Maturin: Fatal 
Revenge (1807). 

Montreal d'Albano, called " Fra 

Moriale," knight of St. John of Jerusa- 
lem, and captain of the Grand Company 
in the fourteenth century. When sentenced 
to death by Rienzi, he summoned his 
judge to follow him within the month. 
Rienzi was killed by the fickle mob 
within the stated period. (See Summons 
to Death. ) 

Montreville {Mme. Adela), or the 

Begum Mootee Mahul, called " the queen 
ofSheba."— Sir W. Scott: The Surgeons 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Montrose {The duke of), com- 
mander-in-chief of the king's army. — Sir 
W. Scott : Rob Roy, xxxii. (time, George 

Ltf, 

Montrose {The marquis of).— Sir 
IV. Scott: Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Montrose {James Grahame, earl of), 
the king's lieutenant in Scotland. He 
appears first disguised as Anderson, ser- 
vant of the earl of Menteith. — Sir IV. 
Scott: Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 

Montserrat {Conrade marquis of ), a 
crusader.— Sir W. Scott: The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Moody {John), the guardian of Peggy 
Thrift an heiress, whom he brings up 
in the country, wholly without society. 
John Moody is morose, suspicious, and 
unsocial. When 50 years of age, and 
Peggy 19, he wants to marry her, but 



MOOMA, 

b outwitted by "the country girl,** who 
prefers BelviBe, a young man of more 

suitable age. 

AlWua Moody, sister of John. She 
jilts Sparkish a conceited fop, and marries 
Harcourt.— The Country Girl (Garrick, 
altered from Wycherly). 

Mooma, younger sister of Yerflti. 
Their father and mother were the only 
persons of the whole Guarani race who 
escaped a small-pox plague which 
ravished that part of Paraguay. They 
left the fatal spot and lived in the Mondai 
woods, where both their children were 
born. Before the birth of Mooma, her 
father was eaten by a jaguar, and the 
three survivors lived in the woods alone. 
When grown to a youthful age, a Jesuit 
priest persuaded them to come and live at 
St. Joachin (3 syl. ) ; so they left the wild 
woods for a city life. Here the mother 
soon flagged and died. Mooma lost her 
spirits, was haunted with thick-coming 
fancies of good and bad angels, and died. 
Yeruti begged to be baptized, received 
the rite, cried, " Ye are come for me I I 
am ready ; " and died also. — Southey : A 
Tale of Paraguay (1814). 

Moon {The) increases with horns 
towards the east, but wanes with horns 
towards the west. 

The Moon. Dante makes the moon the 
first planetary heaven, "the tardiest 
sphere of all the ten," and assigned to 
those whose vows "were in some part 
neglected and made void " (canto iii.). 

It seemed to me as if a cloud had covered ui, 
Translucent, solid, firm, and polished bright 
Like adamant which the sun's beam had smit. 
Within itself the ever-during pearl [the moon} 
Received us, as the wave a ray of light 
Receives, and rests unbroken. 

Dante; Paradise, U. (i$u}. 

Moon (Blue). "Once in a blue 
moon," very occasionally ; longointervallo. 

" Does he often come of an evening T " asks Jennie. 
" Oh, just once in a blue moon, and then always with 
a friend."— Buxton: jfennie of the Prince's, ii. 140. 

Moon (Man in the). (See MAN . . .) 
Spots in the Moon. Dantfi makes 
Beatrice say that these spots are not due 
to diversity of density or rarity, for, If 
so, in eclipses of the sun, the sun would 
be seen through the rare portions of the 
moon more or less distinctly. She says 
the spots are wholly due to the different 
essences of the "planet," which reflect 
in different ways the effluence of the 
heaven, "which peace divine inhabits." 

From hence proceeds that which from light to light 
1 and not from dense to rare. 

9 mm : Paradise, U. (1311). 



733 MOON OF BRIGHT NIGHT& 

Milton makes Raphael tell Adam that 
the spots on the moon are due to clouds 
and vapours " not yet into the moon's 
substance turned," that is, undigested 
aliment. 

For know whatever was created, needs 
To be sustained and fed. Of elements. 
The grosser feeds the purer,— earth the sea- 
Earth and the sea feed air— the air those fire* 
Ethereal-^-and as lowest, first the moon ; 
Whence, in her visage round, those spots — unpurged 
Vapours not yet into her substance turned. 

Milten : Paradise Lost, v. 415, etc. ; see also 
viii. 14s. etc (1665). 

The Emperor of the Moon, Irdonozur. 
—Dominique Gonzales: U Homme dans la 
Lune (1648). 

Minions of the Moon, thieves or high- 
waymen. (See Moon's Men.) 

Moon and Mahomet. Mahomet 
made the moon perform seven circuits 
round Caaba or the holy shrine of Mecca, 
then enter the right sleeve of his mantle 
and go out at the left. At its exit, 
it split into two pieces, which reunited 
in the centre of the firmament. This 
miracle was performed for the conversion 
of Hahab the Wise. 

Moon-Calf, an inanimate, shapeless 
human mass, said by Pliny to be en- 
gendered of woman only. — Nat. Hist, v. 
64. 

Moon Depository. Astolpho found 
the moon to be the great depository of 
misspent time, wasted wealth, broken 
vows, unanswered prayers, fruitless tears, 
abortive attempts, unfulfilled desires and 
intentions, etc. Bribes, he tells us, were 
hung on gold and silver hooks ; princes' 
favours were kept in bellows ; wasted 
talent was stored away in urns ; but 
every article was duly labelled. — Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso, xviii. (1516). 

Moon-Drop (in Latin, virus lunare), 
a vaporous drop supposed to be shed 
by the moon on certain herbs and other 
objects, when powerfully influenced by 
incantations. Lucan says, Erictho used 
it : Virus large lunare ministrat. 

Hecate. Upon the corner of the moon 
There hangs a vaporous drop, profound; 
111 catch it ere it come to ground. 

Shakespeare : Macbeth, act iii. sc. 5 (1606). 

Moon of Brig"ht Nights, a sy- 
nonym for April ; the moon of leaves, 
a synonym for May ; the moon of straw- 
berries is June ; the moon of falling 
leaves is September ; and the moon of 
snow-shoes is the synonym for November. 
— Longfellow: Hiawatha (1855). 



MOON'S MEN. 



724 



MORBLEU. 



• Moon's Men, thieves or highway- 
men, who ply their vocation by night. 

The fortune of us that are but moon's men doth ebb 
ind flow like the sea.— Shakespeare : x Henry IV. act 
L ■*. a (1597). 

Moonshine (Saunders), a smuggler. 
— Sir W. Scott: Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

Moor, the brigand, in Schiller's drama 
called The Robbers {1781). 

Moore (Mr. John), of the Pestle and 
Mortar, Abchurch Lane, immortalized by 
his "worm-powder," and called the 
"Worm Doctor." 

O learned friend of Abchurch Lane* 

Who set'st our entrails free 1 
Vain is thy art, thy powder vain. 

Since worms shall eat e'en thee. 

Pope: To Mr. John Moore (1733). 

Moorfields. Here stood Bethlehem 
Hospital, or Bedlam, at one time. 

Subtle. Remember the feigned madness I have 
taught thee. . . . 

Tricksey. Fear not, he shall think me fresh slipped 
from the regions of Moorfields.— Bin Jonson : The 
Alchemist, 1. (1610). 

Moors. The Moors of Aragon are 
called Tangarins ; those of Granada are 
Mudajares ; and those of Fez are called 
Elches. They are the best soldiers 
of the Spanish dominions. In the Middle 
Ages all Mohammedans were called 
Moors; and hence Camoens, in the 
Lusiad, viii., calls the Indians so. 

Mopes (Mr.), the hermit who lived 
on Tom Tiddler's Ground. He was dirty, 
vain, and nasty, "like all hermits," but 
had landed property, and was said to be 
rich and learned. He dressed in a 
blanket and skewer, and, by steeping 
himself in soot and grease, soon acquired 
immense fame. Rumour said he mur- 
dered his beautiful young wife, and aban- 
doned the world. Be this as it may, he 
certainly lived a nasty life. Mr. Traveller 
tried to bring him back into society, but 
a tinker said to him, " Take my word for 
it, when iron is thoroughly rotten, you 
can never botch it, do what you may." 
— Dickens : A Christmas Number ( ' ' Tom 
Tiddler's Ground," 1861). 

Mopsus, a shepherd, who, with 
Menalcas, celebrates the funeral eulogy 
of Daphnis.— Virgil: Eclogue v. 

Mora, a hill in Ulster, on the borders 
of a heath called Moi-lena.— Ossian: 
Tetnora. 

(Near Upsala is what is called "The 
Mora Stone," where the Swedes used of 
©Id to elect their kings.) 



Mora, the betrothed of Oscar who 
mysteriously disappears on the bridal eve, 
and is long mourned for as dead. His 
younger brother Allan, hoping to secure 
the lands and fortune of Mora, proposes 
marriage, and is accepted. At the wed- 
ding banquet, a stranger demands "a 
pledge to the lost Oscar," and all accept 
it except Allan, who is there and then 
denounced as the murderer of his brother. 
The stranger then vanishes, and Allan 
dies. — Byron .• Oscar of A Iva. 

Moradbak, daughter of Fitead a 
widower. She undertook to amuse 
Hudjudge with tales, and married him. 
(See Hudjadge, p. 509.)— Cotnte de 
Caylus : Oriental Tales (1743). 

Morakan'abad, grand vizier of the 
caliph Vathek.— Beckford: Vathek (1784). 

Moral Philosophy (The Father 
of), Thomas Aquinas (1227-1274). 

Moral Tales, translated from the 
French by Marmontel (1761). 

Moran Son of Fithil, one of the 

scouts in the army of Swaran king oi 
Lochlin (Denmark). — Ossian: Fingal. 

Moran's Collar, a collar for magis- 
trates, which had the supernatural power 
of pressing the neck of the wearer if his 
judgments deviated from strict justice. 
It strangled him if he persisted in wrong* 
doing. Moran, surnamed "the Just," 
was the wise counsellor of Feredach an 
early king of Ireland. 

Morat, in Aurungzebe, a drama by 
Dryden (1675). 

Edward Kynaston [1619-1687] shone with uncommon 
lustre in "Morat" and " Muley Moloch." In both 
these parts he had a fierce, lion-like majesty in his port 
and utterance, that gave the spectators a kina ol 
trembling admiration.— Colley Cibber. 

Morat, in Switzerland, famous for the 
battle fought there in 1476, in which the 
Swiss defeated Charles le Timtraire, o 
Burgundy. 

Morat and Marathon twin names shall stand. 

Byron ; Childe Harold, iii. 64 (1816). 

Morbleu! This French oath is a 
corrupt contraction ot Mau'graby ; thus, 
maugre bleu, mau'bleu. Maugraby was 
the great Arabian enchanter, and the 
word means " barbarous," hence a bar- 
barous man or a barbarian. The oath is 
common in Provence, Languedoc, and 
Gascoigne. I have often heard it used 
by the medical students at Paris. 

(Probably it is a punning corruption of 
MortdeDieu.) 



MORDAUNT. 

Mordatmt, the secretary at Aix of 
queen Margaret the widow of Henry VI. 
of England.— Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Mor'decai {Beau), a rich Italian Jew, 
one of the suitors of Charlotte Goodchild; 
but, supposing the report to be true that 
the lady had lost her fortune, he called 
off and retired. — Macklin : Love d-la- 
Mode (1779). 

The part that first brought John Quick [1748-1831] 
into notice was " Beau Mordecai," in which he ap- 
peared as far back as 1770.— Records of a Stmgt 
Veteran, 

Mordent, father oi Joanna by a 
former wife. In order to marry lady 
Anne, he " deserts " Joanna and leaves 
her to be brought up by strangers, 
Joanna is placed under Mrs. Enfield a 
crimp, and Mordent consents to a pro- 
posal of Lennox to run off with her. 
Mordent is a spirit embittered with the 
world — a bad man, with a goading con- 
science. He sins and suffers the anguish 
of remorse ; does wrong, and blames 
Providence because when he "sows the 
storm he reaps the whirlwind." 

Lady Anne, the wife of Mordent, 
daughter of the earl of Oldcrest, sister 
of a viscount, niece of lady Mary, and 
one of her uncles is a bishop. She is 
wholly neglected by her husband, but, 
like Grisilda {g.v.), bears it without com- 

filaint. — Holcroft: The Deserted Daughter 
1784, altered into The Steward). 

Mordred {Sir), son of Margawse 
(sister of king Arthur) and Arthur her 
brother, while she was the wife of Lot 
king of Orkney (pt. i. 2, 35, 36). The 
sons of Lot himself and his wife were 
Gaw'ain, Agravain, Ga'heris, and Gareth, 
all knights of the Round Table. Out of 
hatred to sir Launcelot, Mordred and 
Agravain accuse him to the king of too 
great familiarity with queen Guenever, 
and induce the king to spend a day in 
hunting. During his absence, the queen 
sends for sir Launcelot to her private 
chamber, and Mordred and Agravain, with 
twelve other knights, putting the worst 
construction on the interview, clamorously 
assail the chamber, and call on sir Launce- 
lot to come out. This he does, and kills 
Agravain with the twelve knights, but 
Mordred makes his escape and tells the 
king, who orders the queen to be burnt 
alive. She is brought to the stake, but is 
rescued by sir Launcelot, who carries her 
off to Joyous Guard, near Carlisle, which 
the king besieges. While lying before the 



7*5 



MORE OF MORE HALL. 



castle, king Arthur receives a bull from 
the pope, commanding him to take back 
his queen. This he does, but as he 
refuses to be reconciled to sir Launcelot, 
the knight betakes himself to Benwick, 
in Brittany. The king lays siege to 
Benwick, and during his absence leaves 
Mordred regent. Mordred usurps the 
crown, and tries, but in vain, to induce 
the queen to marry him. When the king 
hears thereof, he raises the siege of 
Benwick, and returns to England. He 
defeats Mordred at Dover and at Baron- 
down, but at Salisbury (Cam/an) Mor- 
dred is slain fighting with the king, and 
Arthur receives his death-wound. The 
queen then retires to a convent at Almes- 
bury, is visited by sir Launcelot, declines 
to marry him, and dies. — Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, iii. 143-174 
(1470). 

N . B. —The wife of Lot is called ' ■ Anne " 
by Geoffrey of Monmouth [British His- 
tory, viii. 20, 21); and "Bellicent" by 
Tennyson, in Gareth and Lynette. 

(This tale is so very different to those 
of Geoffrey of Monmouth and Tennyson, 
that all three are given. See Modred, 
P. 714) 

M or 'dure (2 syl. ), son of the emperor 
of Germany. He was guilty of illicit 
love with the mother of sir Bevis of 
Southampton, who murdered her husband 
and then married sir Mordure. Sir Bevis, 
when a mere lad, reproved his mother 
for the murder of his father, and she 
employed Saber to kill him ; but the 
murder was not committed, and young 
Bevis was brought up as a shepherd. 
One day, entering the hall where Mordure 
sat with his bride, Bevis struck at him 
with his axe. Mordure slipped aside, 
and the chair was "split to shivers." 
Bevis was then sold to an Armenian, and 
was presented to the king, who knighted 
him and gave him his daughter Josian in 
marriage.— Drayton : Polyotfion, 11.(1612). 

Mor'dure (2 syl.), Arthur's sword, 
made by Merlin. No enchantment had 
power over it, no stone or steel was proof 
against it, and it would neither break 
nor bend. (The word means "hard 
biter.")— Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii. 8 
(1590). 

More (Margareta), Miss Anne Man- 
ning, authoress of Household of Sir 
Thomas Afore (1851 ). 

More of More Hall, a legendary 
hero, who armed himself with armour 



MORECRAFT. 



7* 



MORGIANA. 



lull of spikes; and, concealing himself 
in the cave where the dragon of Wantley 
dwelt, slew the monster by kicking it in 
the mouth, where alone it was mortal. 

'.'In the burlesque of H. Carey, en- 
titled The Dragon of Wantley, the hero 
is called "Moore of Moore Hall," and 
he is made to be in love with Gubbins's 
daughter, Margery of Roth'ram Green 
(1696-1743). 

Morecraft, at first a miser, but 
after losing most of his money he became 
a spendthrift. — Beaumont and Fletcher: 
The Scornful Lady (1616). 

•. • " Luke, "in Massinger's City Madam, 
is the exact opposite. He was at first a 
poor spendthrift, but coming into a for- 
tune he turned miser. 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Morell (Sir Charles), the pseudonym 
of the Rev. James Ridley, affixed to some 
of the early editions of The Tales of the 
Genii, from 1764. 

More'love (Lord), in love with lady 
Betty Modish, who torments him almost 
to madness by an assumed indifference, 
and rouses his jealousy by coquetting 
with lord Foppington. (For the rest, see 
Modish, p. •ji\.y—Cibber : The Careless 
Husband (1704). 

More'no (Don Antonio), a gentle- 
man of Barcelona, who entertained don 
Quixote with mock-heroic hospitality. — 
Cervantes: Don Quixote, II. iv. 10(1615), 

Morfin (Mr.), a cheerful bachelor in 
the office of Mr. Dombey, merchant. 
He calls himself " a creature of habit," 
has a great respect for the head of the 
house, and befriends John Carker when 
he falls into disgrace by robbing his em- 
ployer. Mr. Morfin is a musical amateur, 
and finds in his violoncello a solace for 
all cares and worries. He marries Har- 
riet Carker, the sister of John and James. 
— Dickens: Dombey and Son (1846). 

Morgan, a feigned name adopted by 
Belarius a banished lord. — Shakespeare: 
Cymbeline (1605). 

Morgan, one of the soldiers of prince 
Gwenwyn of Powys-land. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Morgan la Fee, one of the sisters of 
king Arthur (pt. i. 18) ; the others were 
Margawse, Elain, and Anne (Bellicent 
was his half-sister). Morgan calls herself 
" queen of the land of Gore" (pt. i. 103J. 
She was the wife of kin? Vrience (pt. i. 63), 
*he mother of sii Ew am (pt i. 73), and 



lived in the castle of La Belle Regard 
(pt. ii. 122). 

On one occasion, Morgan la Fee stole 
her brother's sword " Excalibur," with 
its scabbard, and sent them to sir Accolon 
of Gaul, her paramour, that he might kill 
her brother Arthur in mortal combat. If 
this villainy had succeeded, Morgan in- 
tended to murder her husband, marry sir 
Accolon, and ' ' devise to make him king 
of Britain ; " but sir Accolon, during the 
combat, dropped the sword, and Arthur, 
snatching it up, would have slain him 
had he not craved mercy and confessed 
the treasonable design (pt. i. 70). After 
this, Morgan stole the scabbard, and threw 
it into the lake (pt. i. 73). Lastly, she 
tried to murder her brother by means of 
a poisoned robe; but Arthur told the 
messenger to try it on, that he might see 
it, and when he did so he dropped down 
dead, " being burnt to a coal " (pt. i. 75). 
— Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur (1470). 

(W. Morris, in his Earthly Paradise 
("August"), makes Morgan la Fee the 
bride of Ogier the Dane, after his earthly 
career was ended.) 

Morgane (2 syl.), a fay, to whose 
charge Zephyr committed young Passe- 
lyon and his cousin Bennucq. Passelyon 
fell in love with the fay's daughter, and 
the adventures of these young lovers are 
told in the romance of Perceforest, iii. 
(1220). 

Morgante (3 syl.), a ferocious giant, 
converted to Christianity by Orlando. 
After performing the most wonderful 
feats, he died at last from the bite of a 
crab. — Pulci : Morgante Maggiore (1488). 

He [don Quixote] spoke favourably of Morgante, 
who, though of gigantic race, was most gentle in his 
manners.— Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. Li (1605). 

Morgany, Glamorgan. 

Not a brook of Morgany. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, It. (1612). 

Morganse or Margawse, wife of 
king Lot. Their four sons were Gaw'ain, 
Agra vain, Ga'heris, and Gareth (ch. 36) ; 
but Morgause had another son by prince 
Arthur, named Mordred. Her son Ga- 
heris, having caught his mother in adul- 
tery with sir Lamorake, cut off her head. 

King Lot had wedded king Arthur's sister, but king 
Arthur had ... by her Mordred, therefore king Lot 
held against king Arthur (ch. 35).— Sir T. MaUry : 
History of Prince Arthur, L 35, 36 (1470). 

Morgia'na, the female slave, first of 
Cassim, and then of Ali Baba, "crafty, 
cunning, and fruitful in inventions." 
When the thief marked the door of her 



MORGLAY. 



7*7 



MORNA. 



master's house with white chalk in order 
to recognize it, Morgiana marked several 
other doors in the same manner ; next 
day, she observed a red mark on the 
door, and made a similar one on others, 
as before. A few nights afterwards, a 
merchant with thirty-eight oil-jars begged 
a night's lodging; and as Morgiana 
wanted oil for a lamp, she went to get 
some from one of the leather jars. " Is 
it time?" asked a voice. "Not yet," 
replied Morgiana, and going to the 
others, she discovered that a man was 
concealed in thirty-seven of the jars. 
From the last jar she took oil, which she 
made boiling hot, and with it killed the 
thirty-seven thieves. When the captain 
discovered that all his men were dead, 
he decamped without a moment's delay. 
Soon afterwards, he settled in the city as 
a merchant, and got invited by Ali Baba 
to supper, but refused to eat salt. This 
excited the suspicion of Morgiana, who 
detected in the pretended merchant the 
captain of the forty thieves. She danced 
awhile for his amusement, playfully 
sported with his dagger, and suddenly 

g lunged it into his heart. When Ali 
»aba knew who it was that she had slain, 
he not only gave the damsel her liberty, 
but also married her to his own son. — 
Arabian A ights ("Ali Baba, or the Forty 
Thieves"). 

" Morgiana," said All Baba, " these two packet! 
contain the body of your master [Cassim\ and we 
must endeavour to bury him as if he died a natural 
death. Let me speak to your mistress."— Ali Baba, 
#r the Forty Thieves. 

Morglay, the sword of sir Bevis of 
Hamptoun, i.e. Southampton, given to 
him by his wife Josian, daughter of the 
king of Armenia. — Drayton; Polyolbion, 
ii. (1612). 

You talk of Morglay, Excalibur {Arthur's rwardX 
and Durindana {Orlando's rword], or so. Tut I I lend 
no credit to that is fabled of 'em.— Ben yons»n; 
Every Man in His Humour, ill. 1 (1598). 

Morgue la Faye, a/<fc who watched 
over the birth of Ogier the Dane, and, 
after he had finished his earthly career, 
restored him to perpetual youth, and took 
him to live with her in everlasting love in 
the isle and castle of Av'alon. — Ogier le 
Danois (a romance). 

Mor'ice {Gil or Child), the natural 
son of lady Barnard, "brought forth in 
her father's house wi' mi'kle sin and 
shame." One day Chi Morice sent 
Willie to the baron's hall, with a request 
that lady Barnard would go at once to 
Greeuwood to see the child. I^ord 



Barnard, fancying the "chYld" to be 
some paramour, forbade his wife to leave 
the hall, and went himself to Greenwood, 
where he slew Gil Morice, and sent his 
head to lady Barnard. On his return, 
the lady told her lord he had slain her 
son, and added, "Wi' that same spear, 
oh, pierce my heart, and put me out o' 
pain ! " But the baron repented of his 
hasty deed, and cried, " I'll ay lament 
for Gil Morice, as gin he were mine ain." 
— Percy: Reliques, etc. (last ballad of 
bk. i.). 

(This tale suggested to Home the plot 
of his tragedy called Douglas, 1756. ) 

Morisco, a Moorish dance, a kind of 
hornpipe. 

Faciem plerumque Infidunt fullglne, et peregrinum 

vestium cultum assumunt, qui ludicris talibus indulgent, 
aut Mauri esse videantur, aut e longius remote patriS 
credantur advolasse.— Junius. 

Morland, in Lend Me Five Shillings, 
by J. Maddison Morton (1838). 

Morland {Henry), "the heir-at-law" 
of baron Duberly. It was generally 
supposed that he had perished at sea; 
but he was cast on cape Breton, and 
afterwards returned to England, and 
married Caroline Dormer an orphan. — 
Colman : The Heir-at-Law (1797). 

Mr. Beverley behaved likeafather to me[.5. Webster\ 
and engaged me as a walking gentleman for his London 
theatre, where I made my first appearance as " Henry 
Morland," in The Htir-at-Latu, which, to avoid legal 
proceedings, he called The L*r*~s Warming-fan.— 
Ptter Paters&n. 

Morley {Mrs.), the name under 

which queen Anne corresponded with 

Mrs. Freeman {the duchess of Marl- 
borough). 

Morna, daughter of Cormac king of 
Ireland. She was in love with Cathba, 
youngest son of Torman. Duchomar, 
out of jealousy, slew his rival, and then 
asked Morna to be his bride. She re- 
plied, " Thou art dark to me, O Duchd- 
mar, and cruel is thine arm to Morna." 
She then begged him for his sword, and 
when "he gave it to her she thrust it 
into his heart." Duch6mar fell, and 
begged the maid to pull out the sword 
that he might die, but when she did so 
he seized it from her and plunged it into 
her side. Whereupon Cuthullin said — 

"Peace to the souls of the heroes 1 Their deeds 
were great in fight. Let them ride around me In 
clouds. Let them show their features of war. My 
soul shall then be firm in danger, mine arm like the 
thunder of heaven. But be thou on a moonbeam, O 
Morna 1 near the window of my rest, when my thoughts 
are at peace, when the din ot arms Is past."— Ossian: 
Fingal, L 

Morna, wife of Comhal and mother of 



MORNAY. 



728 



MORREL. 



Fin gal. Her father was Thaddu, and 
her brother Clessammor. — Ossian. 

Mornay, the old seneschal at earl 
Herbert's tower at Peronne. — Sir W. 
Scott: Quentin Durmard (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Morning" Hymn ( The). 

Awake, sijr soul, and with the sets* 
Thy daily stage of duty run. 

Mis/uf Xm (*>74). 

Morning Star of Song (The), 
Chaucer (1328-1400). Campbell and 
Tennyson both use the phrase. 

Morning Star of the Reforma- 
tion, John Wycliffe (1324-1384). 

Wycliffe will erer be remembered as a good and 
great man. . . . May he not be Justly styled, " The 
M oming Star ef the Reformation * X—Eadie. 

Morocco or Maroccus, the per- 
forming horse, generally called ' ' Bankes's 
Horse. ' Among other exploits, we are 
told that •■• it went up to the top of St. 
Paul's. *' Both horse and man were burnt 
alive at Rome, by order of the pope, as 
magicians. — Don Zara del Fogo, 114 
(1660). 

•.' Among the entries at Stationers' 
Hall is the following '.—Nov. 14, 1595 : 
A Ballad showing the Strange Qualities 
of a Young Nagg called Morocco. 

In 1595 was published the pamphlet 
Maroccus Bxtaticus or Bankes's Horse in 
a Trance. 

Morocoo Men, agents of lottery 
assurances. In 1796 the great State 
lottery employed 7500 morocco men. 
Their business was to go from house to 
house among the customers of the as- 
surances, or to attend in the back parlours 
of public-houses, where the customers 
came to meet them. 

Morolt (Dennis), the old 'squire of 
sir Raymond Berenger. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Morose (a syl.), a miserly old hunks, 
who hates to hear any voice but his own. 
His nephew, sir Dauphine, wants to 
wring out of him a third of his property, 
and proceeds thus: He gets a lad to 
personate "a silent woman," and the 
phenomenon so delights the old man, 
that he consents to a marriage. No 
sooner is the ceremony over, than the 
boy- wife assumes the character of a 
virago of loud and ceaseless tongue. 
Morose is half mad, and promises to give 
his nephew a third of his income if he 
will take this intolerable plague off his 



hands. The trick being revealed, Morose 
retires into private life, and leaves his 
nephew master of the situation. — Ben 
Jonson : Epiccene, or The Silent Woman 

(1609). 

Benjamin Johnson [1685-1745] seemed to be proud to 
wear the poet's double name, and was particularly 
great in ail that author's plays that were usually per- 
performed, viz. "Wasp, "Corbaccio," "Morose," 
and "Ananias." — Chetwood. 

( ' ' Wasp " in Bartholomew Fair, • ' Cor- 
baccio" in The Fox, and "Ananias" in 
The Alchemist.) 

Moroug, the monkey mistaken for 
the devil. A woman of Cambalu died, 
and Moroug, wishing to imitate her, 
slipped into her bed, and dressed himself 
in her night-clothes, while the body was 
carried to the cemetery. When the 
funeral party returned, and began the 
usual lamentations for the dead, pug 
stretched his night-capped head out of 
the bed and began moaning and grim- 
acing most hideously. All the mourners 
thought it was the devil, and scampered 
out as fast as they could run. The 
priests assembled, and resolved to 
exorcise Satan; but pug, noting their 
terror, flew on the chief of the bonzes, 
and bit his nose and ears most viciously. 
All the others fled in disorder ; and when 
pug had satisfied his humour, he escaped 
out of the window. After a while, the 
bonzes returned, with a goodly company 
well armed, when the chief bonze told 
them how he had fought with Satan, and 
prevailed against him. So he was 
canonized, and made a saint in the 
calendar for ever. — Gueulette: Chinese 
Tales (" The Ape Moroug," 1723). 

Morrel or HEorell, a goat-herd who 
invites Thomalin, a shepherd, to come to 
the higher grounds, and leave the low- 
lying lands. He tells Thomalin that 
many hills have been canonized, as St. 
Michael's Mount, St. Bridget's Bower in 
Kent, and so on ; then there was mount 
Sinah and mount Parnass, where the 
Muses dwelt Thomalin replies, "The 
lowlands are safer, and hills are not for 
shepherds." He then illustrates his 
remark by the tale of shepherd Algrind, 
who sat like Morrel on a hill, when an 
eagle, taking his white head for a stone, 
let on it a shell-fish in order to break it, 
and all-to cracked his skull. [^Eschylus 
was killed by a tortoise dropped on his 
head by an eagle.] — Spenser, Shepheardes 
Calendar, vii. 

(This is an allegory of the high and 



MORRIS. 

km church parties. Morel is an anagram 
of Elmer or Aylmer bishop of London, 
who " sat on a hill," and was the leader 
of the high-church party. Algrind is 
Grindal archbishop of Canterbury, head 
of the low-church party, who in 1578 
was sequestrated for writing a letter to 
the queen on the subject of puritanism. 
Thomalin represents the puritans. This 
could not have been written before 1578, 
unless the reference to Algrind was added 
in some later edition.) 

MORRIS, a domestic of the earl of 

Derby.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Morris {Mr.), the timid fellow- 
traveller of Frank Osbaldistone, who 
carried the portmanteau. Osbaldistone 
says, concerning him, " Of all the pro- 
pensities which teach mankind to torment 
themselves, that of causeless fear is the 
most irritating, busy, painful, and 
pitiable."— Sir W.Scott: Rob Roy (time, 
George I.). 

Morris (Dinah), a Methodist field 
preacher, in Adam Bede, a novel by 
George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross) (1859). 

Morris (Peter), the pseudonym of 
John G. Lockhart, in Peters Letters to 
his Kinsfolk (1819). 

Morris-Dance, a comic representa- 
tion of every grade of society. The 
characters were dressed partly in Spanish 
and partly in English costume. Thus, 
the huge sleeves were Spanish, but the 
laced stomacher English. Hobby-horse 
represented the king and all the knightly 
order ; Maid Marian, the queen ; the 
friar, the clergy generally ; the fool, the 
court jester. Other characters repre- 
sented were a franklin or private gentle- 
man, a churl or farmer, and the lower 
grades represented by a clown. The 
Spanish costume is to show the origin of 
the dance. 

(A representation of a morris-dance 
may still be seen at Betley, in Stafford- 
shire, in a window placed in the house of 
George Toilet, Esq., in about 1620.) 

Morrison (Hugh), a Lowland drover. 
the friend of Robin Oig.— Sir W. Scott: 
The Tto0 Drovers (time, George III.). 

Mortality (Old), a religious itine- 
rant, who frequented country church- 
yards and the graves of the covenanters. 
He was first discovered in the burial- 
ground at Gandercleugh, clearing the 
mot* from the grey tombstones, renewing 



7*9 



MORTE D ARTHUR. 



with his chisel the half-defaced Inscrip- 
tions, and repairing the decorations of 
the tombs.— Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). (For the plot of the 
novel, see Old Mortality.) 

•.* "Old Mortality" is said to be 
meant for Robert Patterson. 

Morta'ra, the boy who died from 
being covered all over with gold-leaf by 
Leo XII., to adorn a pageant. 

Mortcloke (Mr.), the undertaker at 
the funeral of Mrs. Margaret Bertram of 
Singleside. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Manner- 
ing (time, George II.). 

Morte d' Arthur, a compilation of 
Arthurian tales, called on the title-page 
The History of Pri?ice Arthur, compiled 
from the French by sir Thomas Malory, 
and printed by William Caxton in 1470. 
It is divided into three parts. The first 
part contains the birth of king Arthur, 
the establishment of the Round Table, 
the romance of Balin and Balan, and the 
beautiful allegory of Gareth and Linet'. 
The second part is mainly the romance 
of sir Tristram. The third part is the 
romance of sir Launcelot, the quest of 
the holy graal, and the deaths of Arthur, 
Guenever, Tristram, Lamorake, and 
Launcelot (all which see). 

* . * The difference of style in the third 
part is very striking. The end of ch. 44, 
pt. L is manifestly the close of a romance. 
It is a pity that each romance is not 
marked by some formal indication, thus, 
pt. i. bk. 1, etc. ; and each book might 
be subdivided into chapters. 

This book was finished the ninth year of the reign 
of king Edward IV. by sir Thomas Malory, knight. 
Thus endeth this noble and joyous book, entitled La 
Morte d 'Arthur, notwithstanding it treateth of the 
birth, life, and acts of the said king Arthur, and of his 
noble knights of the Round Table . . . and the achier- 
Ing of the holy Sancgreall, and in the end the dolorous 
death and departing out of the world of them all. — 
Concluding paragraph. 

Morte d' Arthur, by Tennyson. The 
poet supposes Arthur /wounded in the 
great battle of the West) to be borne off 
the field by sir Bedivere. The wounded 
monarch directed sir Bedivere to cast Ex- 
calibur into the mere. Twice the knight 
disobeyed the command, intending to save 
the sword ; but the dying king detected 
the fraud, and insisted on being obeyed. 
So sir Bedivere cast the sword into the 
mere, and "an arm, clothed in white 
samite, caught it by the hilt, brandished 
it three times, and drew it into the mere." 
Sir Bedivere then carried the dying king 
to a barge, in which were three queens, 
who conveyed him to the island-vallej 



MORTEMAR. 

of Avil'ion, "where falls not hail, or 
rain, or any snow, nor ever wind blows 
loudly." Here was he taken to be healed 
of his grievous wound; but whether he 
lived or died we are not told. 

The idyll called The Passing of Arthur 
is verbatim like the Morte d Arthur, with 
an introduction tacked on ; but from 
"So all day long ..." (twelfth para- 
graph) to the line, "So on the mere the 
wailing died away" (about 270 lines), the 
two are identical. 

*.* This idyll is merely chs. 167, 168 
(pt iii.) of the History of Prince Arthur 
compiled by sir T. Malory, put into 
metre, much being a verbatim rendering. 
(See Notes and Queries, July 13, 1878, 
where the parallels are shown paragraph 
by paragraph.) 

Mortemar {Alberick of), an exiled 
nobleman, alias Theodorick the hermit of 
Engaddi, the enthusiast. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Mortimer {Mr.), executor of lord 
Abberville, and uncle of Frances Tyrrell 
"He sheathed a soft heart in a rough 
case." Externally, Mr. Mortimer seemed 
unsympathetic, brusque, and rugged ; but 
in reality he was most benevolent, deli- 
cate, and tender-hearted. " He did a 
thousand noble acts without the credit of 
a single one." In fact, his tongue belied 
his heart, and his heart his tongue.— 
Cumberland: The Fashionable Lover 
(1780). 

Mor'timer {Sir Edward), a most 
benevolent man, oppressed with some 
secret sorrow. In fact, he knew himself 
to be a murderer. The case was this : 
Being in a county assembly, the uncle of 
lady Helen insulted him, struck him 
down, and kicked him. Sir Edward rode 
home to send a challenge to the ruffian ; 
but meeting him on the road drunk, he 
murdered him, was tried for the crime, 
but was honourably acquitted. He wrote 
a statement of the case, and kept the 
papers connected with it in an iron chest. 
One day Wilford, his secretary, whose 
curiosity had been aroused, saw the chest 
unlocked, and was just about to take out 
the documents when sir Edward entered, 
and threatened to shoot him ; but he 
relented, made Wilford swear secrecy, 
and then told him the whole story. The 
young man, unable to live under the 
jealous eye of sir Edward, ran away ; 
but sir Edward dogged him, and at 
length arrested him on the charge of 
robbery < The charge broke down, Wil- 



730 



MORVEN. 



ford was acquitted, sir Edward confessed 
himself a murderer, and died. — Colman : 
The Iron Chest (1796). 

• . ' This is the novel of Caleb Williams 
by Godwin (1794), dramatized. 

Mortimer Ligfhtwood, solicitor, 
employed in the " Harmon murder " case. 
He was the great friend of Eugene Wray- 
burn, barrister-at-law, and it was the 
ambition of his life to imitate the non- 
chalance and other eccentricities of his 
friend. At one time he was a great ad- 
mirer of Bella Wilfer. Mr. Veneering 
called him "one of his oldest friends; " 
but Mortimer was never in the merchant's 
house but once in his life, and resolved 
never to enter it again. — Dickens: Our 
Mutual Friend (1864). 

Mortimer Street (London); so 

called from Harley, earl of Oxford and 
Mortimer, and baron of Wigmore, in 
Herefordshire. 

MOHTQN, a retainer of the earl of 

Northumberland. — Shakespeare : a Henry 
IV. (1598). 

Morton {Henry), a leader in the 
covenanters' army with Balfour. While 
abroad, he is major-general Melville. 
Henry Morton marries Miss Eden Bel- 
lenden. 

Old Ralph Morton of Milnwood, uncle 
of Henry Morton. 

Colonel Silas Morton of Milnwood, 
father of Henry Morton. — Sir W. Scott : 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Morton {The earl of), in the service 
of Mary queen of Scots, and a member 
of the privy council of Scotland. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Monastery and The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Morton {The Rev. Mr.), the presby- 
terian pastor of Cairnvreckan village. — 
Sir W. Scott: Waverley (time, George 
II). 

Mortsheugh (Johnie), the old 
sexton of Wolf's Hope village. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Morven {"a ridge of high hills"), all 
the north-west of Scotland ; called in 
Ossian "windy Morven," "resounding 
Morven," "echoing Morven," "rocky 
Morven." Fingal is called indifferently 
"king of Selma" and "king of 
Morven." Selma was the capital of 
Morven. Probably it was Argyllshire 
extended north and east. 



MORVIDUS. 



731 MOSES SLOW OF SPEECH. 



Morvi'dus, son of Danius by his 
concubine TangustSla. In his reign 
there " came from the Irish coast a most 
cruel monster, which devoured the people 
continually ; but as soon as Morvidus 
heard thereof, he ventured to encounter it 
alone. When all his darts were spent, 
the monster rushed upon him, and 
swallowed him up like a small fish." — 
Geoffrey : British History, iii. 15 (1142). 

. . . that valiant bastard . . . 
Morvidus (Danius* son), who with that monster fought, 
His subjects that devoured. 

Drayton : Pclyolbion, riii. (161a 

(Morvidus is erroneously printed 
M Morindus" in Drayton, but has been 
corrected in the quotation given above.) 

Mosby, an unmitigated villain. He 
seduced Alicia, the wife of Arden of 
Feversham. Thrice he tried to murder 
Arden, but was baffled, and then fright- 
ened Alicia into conniving at a most 
villainous scheme of murder. Pretending 
friendship, Mosby hired two ruffians to 
murder Arden while he was playing a 
game of draughts. The villains, who 
were concealed in an adjacent room, were 
to rush on their victim when Mosby 
said, "Now I take you." The whole 
gang were apprehended and executed. — 
Arden of Feversham (1592), altered by 
George Lillo (1739). 

Mosca, the knavish confederate of 
Vol'pone (2 syl.) the rich Venetian 
"fox."— Ben Jonson : Volpone or The 
Fox (1605). 

If your mother, in hopes to ruin me, should consent 
to marry my pretended uncle, he might, like "Mosca" 
m The Fox, stand upon terms. — Congrtvt: The IVay 
of the World, ii. i (1700). 

Mo seer a, a most stately convent 
built by the abbot Rodulfo, on the ruins 
of a dilapidated fabric. On the day of 
opening, an immense crowd assembled, 
and the abbot felt proud of his noble 
edifice. Amongst others came St. Gual- 
ber'to (3 syl.) who, when the abbot 
showed him the pile and the beauty 
thereof, said in prayer, "If this convent 
is built for God's glory, may it abide to 
the end of time ; but if it is a monument 
of man's pride, may that little brook 
which flows hard by overwhelm it with 
its waters." At the word, the brook 
ceased to flow, the waters piled up 
mountain high ; then, dashing on the 
convent, overthrew it, nor left one stone 
upon another, so complete was the ruin. 
Southty: St. Gualberto. 

Moscow. So-and-so was my Moscmv, 
that is, the turning-point of my good 



fortune, leading to future "shoals and 
misery." The reference is to Napoleon 
Bonaparte's disastrous Russian expe- 
dition, when his star hastened to its 
"set." 

Juan was my Moscow \the ruin of my refutation and 
fame\ 

Byron ; Don yuan, xL 56 (1824). 

Blo'ses, the Jew money-lender in The 
School for Scandal, by Sheridan (1777). 

Moses' Clothes. The Kor&n says, 
"God cleared Moses from the scandal 
which was rumoured against him " (ch. 
xxxiii.). The scandal was that his 
body was not properly formed, and 
therefore he would never bathe in the 
presence of others. One day he went to 
bathe, and laid his clothes on a stone, but 
the stone ran away with them into the 
camp. Moses went after it as fast as he 
could run, but the Israelites saw his 
naked body, and perceived the untruth- 
fulness of the common scandal. — Sale: 
A I Kordn, xxxiii. notes. 

Moses' Horns. The Vulgate gives 
quod cornuta esset fades sua, for what 
our version has translated, "he wist not 
that the skin of his face shone." The 
Hebrew word used means both a " horn " 
and an " irradiation." Michael Angelo 
followed the Vulgate. 

Moses' Rod. 

While Moses was living with Re'uel [TiYAro] the 
Midianite, he noticed a staff in the garden, and lie 
took it to be his walking-stick. This staff was Joseph's, 
and Re'uel carried it away when he fled from Egypt. 
This same staff Adam carried with him out of Eden. 
Noah inherited it, and gave it to Shem. It passed into 
the hands of Abraham, and Abraham left it to Isa.ic ; 
and when Jacob fled from his brother's anger into 
Mesopotamia, he carried it in his hand, and gave it at 
Meath to his son Joseph.— The Talmud, vi. 

Moses Slow of Speech. The 

tradition is this : One day, Pharaoh was 
carrying Moses in his arms, when the 
child plucked the royal beard so roughly 
that the king, in a passion, ordered him 
to be put to death. Queen Asia said to 
her husband, the child was only a babe, 
and was so young he could not dis- 
cern between a ruby and a live coal. 
Pharaoh put it to the test, and the child 
clapped into its mouth the burning coal, 
thinking it something good to eat. 
Pharaoh's anger was appeased, but the 
child burnt its tongue so severely that 
ever after it was " slow of speech." — Shal- 
shel : Hakkabala, 11. 

V The account given in the Talmud 
is somewhat different. It is therein 
stated that Pharaoh was sitting one day 
with Moses on his lap, when the child 



MOST CHRISTIAN KING. 

took the crown from the king's head and 
placed it on his own. The " wise men " 
of Egypt persuaded Pharaoh that this 
act was treasonable, and that the child 
should be put to death. Jithro [sic] the 
priest of Midian said it was the act of 
a child who knew no better. " Let two 
plates," said he, "be set before the child, 
one containing gold and the other live 
coals, and you will presently see that he 
will choose the coals in preference to the 
gold." The advice of Jithro being fol- 
lowed, the boy Moses snatched at the 
coals, and, putting one of them into his 
mouth, burnt his tongue so severely that 
ever after he was "heavy of speech." — 
The Talmud, vi. 

Most Christian King 1 (Le Roy 

Tres-Christien). The king of France used 
to be so called by others, either with or 
without his proper name ; but he never 
styled himself so in any letter, grant, or 
rescript. 

In St. Remigius' or Remy's Testament, 
king Clovis is called Christianissimus 
Ludovicus. (See Flodard: Historia Re- 
tnensis, i. 18, A.D. 940.) 

Motallab (Abdal), one of the four 
husbands of Zesbet the mother of Ma- 
homet. He was not to know her as a 
wife till he had seen Mahomet in his 
pre-existing state. Mahomet appeared 
to him as an old man, and told him he 
had chosen Zesbet for her virtue and 
beauty to be his mother. — Comte de 
Caylus: Oriental Tales ("History of 
Abdal Motallab," 1743). 

Mo'tar ("one doomed or devoted to 
sacrifice"). So prince Assad was called, 
when he fell into the hands of the old 
fire-worshipper, and was destined by him 
to be sacrificed on the fiery mountain. — 
Arabian Nights (" Amgiad and Assad"). 

Moth, page to don Adriano de 
Arma'do the fantastical Spaniard. He 
is cunning and versatile, facetious and 
playful. — Shakespeare: Love's Labour's 
Lost (1594). 

Moth, one of the fairies. — Shake- 
speare : Midsummer Night's Dream 
(1592). 

Moths and Candles. The moths 
fell in love with the night-fly ; and the 
night-fly, to get rid of their importunity, 
maliciously bade them to go and fetch 
fire for her adornment. The blind lovers 
flew to the first flame to obtain the love- 
token, and few escaped injury or death. — 
Kamp/er ; Account of Japan, vii. (1727). 



73? 



MOTHER HUBBARD. 



Mother Ann, Ann Lee, the 

" spiritual mother " of the shakers 
(1734-1784). 

".' Mother Ann is regarded as the fe- 
male form, and Jesus as the male form, of 

the Messiah. 

Mother Bunch, a celebrated ale- 
wife in Dekker's Satiro-mastix (1602). 

V In 1604 was published PasquiTs 
Jests, mixed with Mother Bunch's Merri- 
ments. In 1760 was published, in two 
parts, Mother Bunch's Closet newly Broke 
Open, etc., by a "Lover of Mirth and 
Hater of Treason." 

Mother Bunch's Fairy Tales are known 
in every nursery. 

Mother Carey's Chickens. The 

fish-fags of Paris in the first Great 
Revolution were so called, because, like 
the "stormy petrel," whenever they 
appeared in force in the streets of Paris, 
they always forboded a tumult or poli- 
tical storm. 

Mother Carey's Goose, the great 
black petrel or gigantic fulmar of the 
Pacific Ocean. 

Mother Doug-las, a noted crimp, 
who lived at the north-east corner of 
Covent Garden. Her house was superbly 
furnished. She died 1761. 

•. • Foote introduces her in The Minor 
as " Mrs. Cole " (1760) ; and Hogarth in 
his picture called " The March to Finch- 
ley. " 

Mother Goose, in French Contes de 
Ma Mere rOye, by Charles Perrault 
(1697). 

• . • There are ten stories in this book, 
seven of which are from the Pentamerone. 

Mother Goose, a native of Boston, 
in Massachusetts, authoress of nursery 
rhymes. Mother Goose used to sing her 
rhymes to her grandson, and Thomas 
Fleet, her brother-in-law, of Pudding 
Lane (now Devonshire Street), printed 
and published the first edition, entitled 
Songs for the Nursery or Mother Goose's 
Melodies, in 1719. 

(Dibdin wrote a pantomime entitled 
Mother Goose.) 

Mother Hubbard, an old lady 

whose whole time and attention were 
taken up by her dog, who was most 
wilful ; but the dame never lost her tem- 
per nor forgot her politeness. After 
running about all day, vainly endeavour* 
ing to supply Master Doggie — 



MOTHER HUBBERD. 

Tb* dame made a curtsey, the dog made a bow j 
The dame said, " Your servant 1 " the dog said, " Bow, 
wow t " 

A Nurstry Tale in Rhyme. 

•.' This tale is comparatively modern, 
certainly subsequent to the introduction 
of clay pipes in the seventeenth century ; 
for on one occasion the dame found 
her dog " smoking his pipe." Probably 
it is not earlier than the middle of the 
eighteenth century, when smoking pipes 
had become pretty common. It may be 
a political skit, as so many of our nur- 
sery songs are, the "bull-dog" being 
William Pitt, and the dame the French, 
who tried to win him over, and even 
made a curtsey, but the "dog" cried 
Bow-wow / 

Mother Hubberd, the supposed 
narrator of a tale called The Fox and 
the Ape, related to the poet Spenser to 
beguile the weary hours of sickness. 
Several persons told him tales, but 

Amongst the rest a good old woman was 
Hight Mother Hubberd, who did far surpass 
The rest in honest mirth that seemed her well| 
She, when her turn was come her tale to tell. 
Told of a strange adventure that betided 
Betwixt a fox and ape by him misguided ; 
The which, for that my sense it greatly pleased, . , . 
Ill write it as she the same did say. 

Spenser. 

Mother Hubbard's Tale. A fox 

and an ape determined to travel about the 
world as chevaliers de lindustrie. First, 
Ape dressed as a broken-down soldier, and 
Fox as his servant. A farmer agreed to 
take them for his shepherds ; but they de- 
voured all his lambs and then decamped. 
They next "went in for holy orders." 
Reynard contrived to get a living given 
him, and appointed the ape as his clerk ; 
but they soon made the parish too hot to 
hold them, and again sheered off. They 
next tried their fortune at court ; the 
ape set himself up as a foreigner of dis- 
tinction, with Fox for his groom. They 
played the part of rakes, but being found 
to be desperate rogues, had to flee with 
all despatch, and seek another field of 
action. As they journeyed on, they saw 
a lion sleeping, and Master Fox persuaded 
his companion to steal the crown, sceptre, 
and royal robes. The ape, arrayed in 
these, assumed to be king, and Fox was 
his prime minister ; but so ill did they 
govern that Jupiter interfered, the lion 
was restored, and the ape was docked of 
his tail and had his ears cropt. 

Since which, all apes but half their ears hare left. 

And of their tails are utterly bereft. 

So Mother Hubberd her discourse did end. 

Spenser: Mothet UubbercCs TaU. 

Mother Shipton, T. Evan Preece, 



733 MOUNT OF TRANSFIGURATION. 

of South Wales, a prophetess, whose pre- 
dictions (generally in rhymes) were at 
one time in everybody's mouth in South 
Wales, especially in Glamorganshire. 

• . • She predicted the death of Wolsey, 
lord Percy, and others. Her prophecies 
are still extant. That of " the end of 
the world in eighteen hundred and eighty- 
one " is a forgery. 

Mother of the People (The), Mar- 
guerite of France la Mire des Peuples, 
daughter of Francois I. (1523-1574). 

Mother's Three Joys (A). "The 
three holydays allowed to the fond mo- 
ther's heart," passing by the ecstasy of 
the birth of her child, are — 

x. When first the white blossoms of his teeth appear, 
breaking the crimson buds that did encase them ; that 
Is a day of joy. 

a. Next, when from his father's arms he runs without 
support, and clings, laughing and delighted, to his 
mother's knee ; that is the mother's heart's next holy- 
day. 

3. And sweeter still the third, whenever his little 
stammering tongue shall utter the grateful sound of 
"father," "mother; " oh, that is the dearest joy of all! 
—Sheridan : Pizarro (altered from Kotzebue, 1799). 

Mould (Mr.), undertaker. His face 
had a queer attempt at melancholy, sadly 
at variance with a smirk of satisfaction 
which might be read between the lines. 
Though his calling was not a lively one, 
it did not depress his spirits, as in the 
bosom of his family he was the most 
cheery of men, and to him the " tap, tap " 
of coffin-making was as sweet and exhila- 
rating as the tapping of a woodpecker.— 
Dickens : Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Mouldy (Ralph), '* a good-limbed fel- 
low, young, strong, and of good friends." 
Ralph was pricked for a recruit in sir 
John Falstaff s regiment. He promised 
Bardolph forty shillings "to stand his 
friend." Sir John, being told this, sent 
Mouldy home, and when justice Shallow 
remonstrated, saying that Ralph * ' was 
the likeliest man of the lot," Falstaff 
replied, " Will you tell me, Master Shal- 
low, how to choose a man ? Care I for the 
limb, the thews, the stature, bulk, and big 
assemblance of a man? Give me the 
spirit, Master Shallow." — Shakespeare : a 
Henry IV. act iii. sc. 2 (1598). 

Moullahs, Mohammedan lawyers, 
from which are selected the judges. 

Mount of Transfiguration. The 

two most popular opinions are that it was 
either Mount Tabor or one of the peaks 
of Mount Hermon. The great objection 
to the former is that Mount Tabor was 
fortified at the time. Tennyson con- 



MOUNT ZION. 

ridered the latter suggestion the most 
feasible, and it seems more likely, as 
Christ and His disciples were at the time 
In the vicinity of Caesarea Philippi. 

Mount Zion, the Celestial City. — 
Bunyan : Pilgrims Progress (1678). 

Mountain ( The). A name given in 
the French Revolution to a faction which 
sat on the benches most elevated in the 
Hall of Assembly. The Girondins sat 
in the centre or lowest part of the hall, 
and were nicknamed the "plain." The 
"mountain" for a long time was the 
dominant part ; it utterly overthrew the 
" plain " on August 31, 1793 ; but was in 
turn overthrown at the fall of Robespierre 
(9 Thermidor ii. or July 27, 1794). 

Mountain {The Old Man of the), the 
imaum Hassan ben Sabbah el Homairi. 
The sheik Al Jebal was so called. He 
was the prince of the Assassins. 

'.•In Rymer's Fcedera (vol. i.) Dr. 
Clarke, the editor, has added two letters 
of this sheik ; but the doctor must be 
responsible for their genuineness. 

Mountain Brutus (The), William 
Tell (1282-1350). 

Mountain-Monarch of Europe, 

mont Blanc. 

Mountain of Plowers, the site of 
the palace of Violenta, the mother fairy 
who brought up the young princess after- 
wards metamorphosed into ' * The White 
Cat." — Comtesse D' Aulnoy : Fairy Tales 
(" The White Cat," 1682). 

Mountain of Miseries. Jupiter 
gave permission for all men to bring their 
grievances to a certain plain, and to ex- 
change them with any others that had been 
cast off. Fancy helped them ; but, though 
the heap was so enormous, not one single 
vice was to be found amongst the rubbish. 
Old women threw away their wrinkles, 
and young ones their mole-spots ; some 
cast on the heap poverty ; many their red 
noses and bad teeth ; but no one his 
crimes. Now came the choice. A galley- 
slave picked up gout, poverty picked up 
sickness, care picked up pain, snub noses 
picked up long ones, and so on. Soon 
all were bewailing the change they had 
made ; and Jupiter sent Patience to tell 
them they might, if they liked, resume 
their own grievances again. Every one 
Madly accepted the permission, and 
Patience helped them to take up their 
own bundle, and bear it without a 



734 



MOWBRAY. 



murmur. — Addison: The Spectator (1711, 
1712, 1714). 

Mountains (Prince of German), 
Schneekoppe (5235 feet), in Eastern 
Prussia. 

Mourning. In Colman's Heir-at- 
Law (1797) every character is in mourn- 
ing : the Dowlases as relatives of the 
deceased lord Duberly ; Henry Morland 
as heir of lord Duberly ; Steadfast as 
the chief friend of the family ; Dr. Pan- 
gloss as a clergyman ; Caroline Dormer 
for her father recently buried ; Zekiel and 
Cicely Homespun for the same reason ; 
Kenrick for his deceased master. — J, 
Smith: Memoirs (1840). 

Mourning Bride (The), a drama 
by W. Congreve (1697). "The mourn- 
ing bride " is Alme'ria daughter of Manuel 
king of Grana'da, and her husband was 
Alphonso prince of Valentia. On the day 
of their espousals they were shipwrecked, 
and each thought the other had perished ; 
but they met together in the court of 
Granada, where Alphonso was taken cap- 
tive under the assumed name of Osmyn. 
Osmyn, having effected his escape, 
marched to Granada at the head of an 
army, found the king dead, and "the 
mourning bride " became his joyful wife. 

\* This play is noted for the intro- 
ductory lines — 

Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast. 
To soften rocks, and bend a knotted oak. 

And Dr. Johnson extravagantly praises 
the description of a cathedral in the play, 
beginning — 

How reverend is the race of this tall pile 1 

Mouse (The Country and the City) 
(1687), a travesty, by Prior, of Dryden's 
Hind and the Panther (1687). 

Mouse-Tower (The), on the Rhine. 
It was here that bishop Hatto was de- 
voured by mice. (See Hat to, p. 474. ) 

•.• Mauth is a toll or custom-house, 
and the mauth or toll-house for collecting 
duty on corn, being very unpopular, gave 
rise to the tradition. 

Moussa, Moses. 

Mowbray (Mr. John), lord of the 
manor of St. Ronan's. 

Clara Mowbray, sister of John Mow- 
bray. She was betrothed to Frank 
Tyrrel, but married Valentine Bulmer. — 
Sir W. Scott : St. Ronan's Well (time, 
George III.). 

Mowbray (Sir Miles), a dogmatical, 



MOWCHER. 



735 



MUCKLEWRATH. 



»elf-oplnionated old man, who fancied he 
could read character, and had a natural 
instinct for doing the right thing ; but he 
would have been much wiser if he had 
paid more heed to the proverb, "Mind 
your own business and not another's." 

Frederick Mowbray, his eldest son, a 
young man of fine principles, and greatly 
liked. His " first love" was Clara Mid- 
dleton, who, being poor, married the rich 
lord Ruby. His lordship soon died, leav- 
ing all his substance to his widow, who 
bestowed it with herself on Frederick 
Mowbray, her first and only love. 

David Mowbray, younger brother of 
Frederick. He was in the navy, and 
was a fine open-hearted, frank, and honest 
British tar. 

Lydia Mowbray, sister of Frederick and 
David, and the wife of Mr. Wrangle. — 
Cumberland : First Love (1796). 

Mow cher {Miss), a benevolent little 
dwarf, patronized by Steerforth. She is 
full of humour and common vulgarity. 
Her chief occupation is that of hair- 
dressing. — Dickens : David Copperjield 
(1849). 

Mowis, the bridegroom of snow, who 
woed and won a beautiful bride, but at 
dawn melted into the sun. The bride 
hunted for him night and day, but 
never saw him more. — American- Indian 
Legend. 
Mowis, the bridegroom of snow, who won and wedded 

a maiden, 
But when the morning came, arose and passed from 

the wigwam, 
Fading and melting away, and dissolving into the sun- 
shine, 
Tul she beheld him no more, tho' she followed far into 
the forest. 

Lonzfilhrw ; Evangtlint, li. 4 (1849). 

Mozaide (2 syl.), the Moor who be- 
friended Vasco de Gama when he first 
landed on the Indian continent. 

The Moor attends, Mozaide. whose zealous care 

To Gaina'f eyes revealed each treacherous snare. 

Cametns : Lusiad, ix. (1569). 

Mozart, of Germany. The composer 
of Don Giovanni, Nozze di Figaro, 
/.auberfldte (operas), and the famous 
Requiem* etc. (1756-1792). 

The English Mozart, sir Henry Bishop 
(1780-1855). 

The Italian Mozart, Cherubim of 
Florence (1760-1842). 

Much, the miller's son, the bailiff or 
" acater " of Robin Hood. (See Midge, 

Robyn stode In Bemysdale, 

And lened hym to a tree ; 
And by hym stode Ly tell " 

A good yeman w<u he ; ' 



And also dyde good ScathelocV, 

And Much the miller's scne. 
Ritson : Robin Hood Ballads, L I (1594). 

Much, the Miller's Son, in the 

morris-dance. His feat was to bang, with 
an inflated bladder, the heads cf gaping 
spectators. He represented the fool or 
jester. 

Much Ado about Nothing, a 
comedy by Shakespeare (1600). Hero, 
the daughter of Leonato, is engaged to 
be married to Claudio of Aragon ; but 
don John, out of hatred to his brother 
Leonato, determines to mar the happi- 
ness of the lovers. Accordingly, he bribes 
the waiting-maid of Hero to dress in her 
mistress's clothes, and to talk with him 
by moonlight from the chamber balcony. 
The villain tells Claudio that Hero has 
made an assignation with him, and in- 
vites him to witness it. Claudio is fully 
persuaded that the woman he sees is 
Hero, and when next day she presents 
herself at the altar, he rejects her with 
scorn. The priest feels assured there is 
some mistake, so he takes Hero apart, 
and gives out that she is dead. Then 
don John takes to flight, the waiting- 
woman confesses, Claudio repents, and 
by way of amendment (as Hero is dead) 
promises to marry her cousin, but this 
cousin turns out to be Hero herself. 

^ A similar tale is told by Ariosto in 
his Orlando Furioso, v. (1516). 

H Another occurs in the Faerie Queene, 
by Spenser, bk. ii. 4, 38, etc. (1590). 

1[ George Turberville's Geneura (1576) 
is still more like Shakespeare's tale. 
Belleforest and Bandello have also similar 
tales (see Hist. , xviii.). 

Mucklebackit (Saunders), the old 

fisherman at Musselcrag. 

Old Elspeth Mucklebackit, mother of 
Saunders, and formerly servant to lady 
Glenallan. 

Maggie Mucklebackit, wife of Saunders. 

Steenie Mucklebackit, eldest son of 
Saunders. He is drowned. 

Little Jennie Mucklebackit, Saunders's 
child.— Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Mucklethrift (Bailie), ironmonger 
and brazier of Kippletringan, in Scotland. 
— Sir W. Scott : Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Mucklewrath (Habakkuk), a fanatic 
preacher.— Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Mucklewrath (John), smith at 
Cairn vreckan village. 



MUCKWORM. 

Dame Mucklewrath, wife of John. A 
terrible virago. — Sir W.Scott: Waverley 
(time, George II. ). 

Muckworm (Sir Penurious), the 
miserly old uncle and guardian of Ar- 
bella. He wants her to marry squire 
Sapskull, a raw Yorkshire tike ; but she 
loves Gaylove, a young barrister, and, of 
course, Muckworm is outwitted. — Carey : 
The Honest Yorkshireman (1736). 

Mudarra, son of Goncalo Bustos de 
Salas de Lara, who murdered his uncle 
Rodri'go while hunting, to avenge the 
death of his seven half-brothers. The 
tale is that Rodrigo Velasquez invited 
his seven nephews to a feast, when a fray 
took place in which a Moor was slain ; 
the aunt, who was- a Moorish lady, de- 
manded vengeance, whereupon the seven 
boys were allured into a ravine and 
cruelly murdered. Mudarra was the son 
of the same father as ' ' the seven sons of 
Lara," but not of the same mother. — 
Romance of the Eleventh Century. 

Muddle, the carpenter under captain 
Savage and lieutenant O'Brien. — Mar- 
yrat : Peter Simple (1833). 

Muddlewick {Triptolemus), in 
Charles XII., an historical drama by 

Planche" (1826). 

Mudjekee'wis, the father of Hia- 
watha, and subsequently potentate of the 
winds. He gave all the winds but one 
to his children to rule ; the one he re- 
served was the west wind, which he him- 
self ruled over. The dominion of the 
winds was given to Mudjekeewis because 
he slew the great bear called the Mish6- 
Mokwa. 

Thus was slain the Mishe-Mokwa . . . 
" Honour be to Mudjekeewis I 
Henceforth he shall be the west wind. 
And hereafter, e'en for ever, 
Shall he hold supreme dominlro 
Over all the vrinds of heaven." 

Longfellow : Hia-watha, ft. (x*55). 

Muff (Sir Harry), in The Rival Can- 
didates (a musical interlude) by Dudley 
( 1774). Muff is not only unsuccessful in 
his election, he also finds his daughter's 
affections are engaged during his ab- 
sence. 

Mug" (Matthew), a caricature of the 
duke of Newcastle. — Foote: The Mayor 
of Gar rat t (1763). 

Mugby Junction, a Christmas 
number in All the Year Round (186^), 
Dickens wrote Barbox Brothers, The 
Boy at Mugby, and The Signalman. 



73° MUL&YKEH. 

Mugello, the giant slain by Averardo 
de Medici, a commander under Charle- 
magne. This giant wielded a mace from 
which hung three balls, which the Medici 
adopted as their device. 

*.' Three balls have been adopted by 
pawnbrokers as a symbol of their trade. 

Muggins (Dr.), a sapient physician, 
who had the art " to suit his physic to 
his patients' taste ; " so when king Artax- 
aminous felt a little seedy after a night's 
debauch, the doctor prescribed to his 
majesty "to take a morning whet." — 
Rhodes: Bombastes Furioso (1790). 

Muhldenau, the minister of Marien- 
dorpt, and father of Meeta and Adolpha. 
When Adolpha was an infant, she was 
lost in the siege of Magdeburg ; and 
Muhldenau, having reason to suppose 
that the child was not killed, went to 
Prague in search of her. Here Muhl- 
denau was seized as a spy, and con- 
demned to death. Meeta, hearing of his 
capture, walked to Prague to beg him off, 
and was introduced to the governor's 
supposed daughter, who, in reality, was 
Meeta's sister Adolpha. Rupert Rosel- 
heim, who was betrothed to Meeta, 
stormed the prison and released Muhl- 
denau. — Knowles : The Maid of Marien- 
dorpt (1838). 

Mulatto, a half-caste. Strictly speak- 
ing, Za?nbo is the issue of an Indian and 
a Negress ; Mulatto, of a Whiteman and 
a Negress ; Terzeron, of a Whiteman 
and a Mulatto woman ; Quadroon, of a 
Terzeron and a White. 

MuTciber, Vulcan, who was black 

smith, architect, and god of fire. 

In Ausonianland 
Men called him Mulciber ; and how he fell 
From heaven, they fabled, thrown by angry Jor» 
Sheer o'er the crystal battlements : from morn 
To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve, 
A summer's day ; and with the setting sun 
Dropt from the zenith like a falling star, 
On Lemnos, the JEgean ile. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, 739, etc (16657. 

Muley Bugentuf , king of Morocco, 
a blood-and-thunder hero. He is the 
chief character of a tragedy of the same 
name, by Thomas de la Fuenta. 

In the first act, the king of Morocco, by way of r©> 
creation, shot a hundred Moorish slaves with arrows ; 
in the second, he beheaded thirty Portuguese officers, 
prisoners of war; and in the third and last act. Muley, 
mad with his wives, set fire with his own hand to a 
detached palace, in which they were shut up, and re- 
duced them all to ashes. . . . This conflagration, accom- 
panied with a thousand shrieks, closed the piece in a 
very diverting manner.— Lesage : Gil Bias, IL 9 (1715). 

Muleykeh, a beautiful mare which 
belonged to an Arab called Hoseyn. 



MULL SACK. 



737 



MUNERA. 



One night she was stolen by Duhl, who 
galloped away on her. H6seyn followed 
the thief on the sister mare Buheyseh, and 
gained so fast that the horses were soon 
' ' neck by croup. " Then it flashed across 
Hdseyn's mind that his darling was being 
beaten, and he shouted instructions to 
Duhl to urge her on. The mare obeyed 
her master's voice, bounded forward, and 
was soon out of sight and lost to him for 
ever. — An old Arabian Story. 
(Browning has a poem called Muliykeh. ) 

Mull Sack. John Cottington, in the 
time of the Commonwealth, was so 
called, from his favourite beverage. John 
Cottington emptied the pockets of Oliver 
Cromwell when lord protector ; stripped 
Charles II. of ^1500 ; and stole a watch 
and chain from lady Fairfax. 

*. • Mull sack is spiced sherry negus. 

Mulla. Thomas Campbell, in his 
poem on the Spanish Parrot, calls the 
island of Mull " Mulla's Shore." 

Mulla's Bard, Spenser, author of 
the Faerie Queene. The Mulla {Awbeg) 
is a tributary of the Blackwater, in 
L eland, and flowed close by the spot where 
the poet's house stood. He was born 
and died in London (1553-1599). 

... it irks me while I write, 
As erst the bard of Mulla's silver stream. 
Oft as he told of deadly dolorous plight. 
Sighed as he sung, and did in tears indite. 

Shtnstonc : The Schoolmistress (1758). 

Mullet {.Professor), the "most re- 
markable man " of North America. He 
denounced his own father for voting on 
the wrong side at an election for presi- 
dent, and wrote thunderbolts, in the form 
of pamphlets, under the signature of 
"Suturb," or "Brutus" reversed. — 
Dickens: Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Mul'mutine Laws, thecode of Dun- 
vallo Mulmutius, sixteenth king of the 
rtntons (about B.C. 400). This code was 
ranslated by Gildas from British into 
Latin, and by Alfred into English. The 
Mulmutine laws obtained in this country 
till the Conquest. — Holinshed : History 
of England, etc., Hi. i (1577). 

Mulmutius made our laws. 
Who was the first of Britain which did put 
His brows within agolden crown, and call'd 
Himself a king. 
Shakespeare : Cymbeline, act iii. so. i (1605). 

Mulmutius (Dunwallo), son of 
Cloten king of Cornwall. " He excelled 
all the kings of Britain in valour and 
gracefulness of person." In a battle 
fought against the allied Welsh and 
Scotch armies, Mulmutius tried the very 



scheme which Virgil (AZneid, ii.) says 
was attempted by ^Eneas and his com- 
panions — that is, they dressed in the 
clothes and bore the arms of the enemy 
slain ; and, thus disguised, committed 
very great slaughter. Mulmutius, in hia 
disguise, killed both the Cambrian and 
Albanian kings, and put the allied army 
to thorough rout. — Geoffrey : British 
History, ii. 17 (1142). 

Mulmutius this land in such estate maintained 
As his great belsire Brute. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, viiL (1612). 

Mulready Envelope. (See En- 
velope, p. 325.) 

Multon (Sir Thomas de), of Gilsland. 
He is lord de Vaux, a crusader, and 
master of the horse to Richard I.— Sir W. 
Scott: The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Mumblazen (Master Michael), th* 
old herald, a dependent of sir Hugfc 
Robsart.— Sir W. Scott: Kenilwortt 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Mumbo Jumbo, an African bogi<* 
hideous and malignant, the terror <* 
women and children. 

Mumps (Tib), keeper of the 
" Mumps' Ha' ale-hous'," on the road to 
Charlie's Hope farm. — Sir W. Scott: 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Munchausen (The baron), a hero 
of most marvellous adventures. — Rudolf 
Erich Raspe (a German, but storekeeper 
of the Dolcoath mines, in Cornwall, 1792). 

*.* The name is said to refer to 
Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von Mtinch- 
hausen, a German officer in the Russian 
army, noted for his marvellous stories 
(1720-1797). It is also supposed to be an 
implied satire on the travellers' tales of 
baron de Tott, in Mimoires sur les Turcs 
et Tartares (1784), and those of James 
Bruce "The African Traveller" in Travels 
to Discover the Sources of the Nile (1790). 

Munchausen (The baron). The 
French Munchausen is represented by M. 
de Crac, the hero of a French operetta. 

Mundungus. So Sterne, in his Senti- 
mental Journey, calls Dr. S. Sharp, who 
published his continental tour, containing 
scurrilous remarks on Italian ladies (1768). 

Mu'nera, daughter of Pollentfi the 
Saracen, to whom he gave all the spoils 
he could lay his hands on. Munera was 
beautiful and rich exceedingly ; but Talus, 
having chopped off her golden hands and 
silver feet, tossed her into the moat— 
Spenser: Faerie Queer '•% v. 2 (1596^ 
3 » 



MUNGO. 



738 



MUSES. 



Mungo, a black slave of don Diego* 

Dear heart, what a terrible life am I led I 

A dog has a better dat's sheltered and fed . » . 

Mungo here, Mungo dere, 

Mungo everywhere . . . 
Me wish to de Lord me was dead. 

Biqkerstaff: The Padlock (176*). 

Mango {St.), that is St. Kentigern. 
Mungo = lovable friend, and is a pet 
name. 

Marat {The Russian), Michael Milo- 

radowitch (1770-1820). 

Murdstone {Edward*), the second 
husband of Mrs. Copperfield. His cha- 
racter was " firmness," that is, an un- 
bending self-will, which rendered the 
young life of David intolerably wretched. 

Jane Murdstone, sister of Edward, as 
hard and heartless as her brother. Jane 
Murdstone became the companion of Dora 
Spenlow, and told Mr. Spenlow of David's 
love for Dora, hoping to annoy David. 
At the death of Mr. Spenlow, Jane re- 
turned to live with her brother. — Dickens: 
David Ctpperfield (1849). 

Murray or Moray ( The bonnie earl 
of), was son-in-law of James Stuart. He 
is called the "Good Regent," and was 
named Moray by special creation, in 
right of his wife. The Regent, born 
1531, was a natural son of James V. of 
Scotland by Margaret daughter of John 
lord Erskine. He joined the reform 
party in 1556, was an accomplice in the 
murder of Rizzio, and was himself as- 
sassinated, in 1570, at Linlithgow, by 
Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh. His son- 
in-law, the bonnie earl, was, according to 
an ancient ballad, " the queen's love," 
i.e. queen Anne of Denmark, daughter 
of Frederick II., and wife of James I. 
of England. It is said that James, being 
jealous of the handsome earl, instigated 
the earl of Huntly to murder him (1592). 

\ * Introduced by Scott in The Monastery 
and The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Murray [John), of Broughton, secre- 
tary to Charles Edward, the Young Pre- 
tender. He turned king's evidence, and 
revealed all the circumstances which 
gave rise to the rebellion, and the 
persons most active in its organization. 

If crimes like these hereafter are forgiven, 
Judas and Murray both may go to heaven. 

Jacobite Relics, ii. 374. 

Murrey {Dolly), who dies playing 
Cards. — Crabbe : Borough (1810). 

Musseus, the poet (b.c. 1410), author 
of the elegant tale of Leander and Hero. 
Virgil places him in the Elysian fields, 
attended by a vast multitude of ghosts, 



Musseus being taller by a head than any 
of them {s&neid, vi. 677). 

Swarm ... as the infernal spirits 

On sweet Musseus when he came to hen. 

Marlow : Dr. Faustut (1590). 

Muscadins of Paris, Paris exqui- 
sites, who aped the London cockneys in 
the first French Revolution. Their dress 
consisted of top-boots with thick soles, 
knee-breeches, a dress-coat with long 
tails and high stiff collar, and a thick 
cudgel called a constitution. It was 
thought John Bull-like to assume a 
huskiness of voice, a discourtesy of 
manners, and a swaggering vulgarity of 
speech and behaviour. 

Cockneys of London 1 Muscadins of Paris I 

Byron : Don Juan, viiL 134 (1834). 

Mus'carol, king of flies, and father 
of Clarion the most beautiful of the race. 
— Spenser: Muiopotmos or The Butterfly 's 
Fate (1590). 

Muse ( The Tenth), Marie Lejars de 
Gournay, a French writer (1566 -1645). 

Antoinette Deshoulieres ; also 
called " The French Calliope." Her best 
work is an allegory called Les Moutons 
(1633-1694). 

Mlle. Scuderi was preposterously 
so called (1607-1701). 

Also Delphine Gay, afterwards Mme. 
Emile de Girardin. She assumed the 
name of *' viconte de Launay. " BeYanger 
sang of "the beauty of her shoulders," 
and Chateaubriand of "the charms of 
her smile" (1804-1855). 

Muse-Mother, Mnemos'yne, god- 
dess of memory and mother of the Muses. 

Memory, 
That sweet Muse-mother. 
X. Brvwning: Pronutfuus Bound (1850). 

Muses {Symbols of the). 

(1) Cal'liope [Kal'-ly-o-py], the epic 
Muse. Her symbols are a tablet and 
stylus ; sometimes a scroll. 

(2) Clio, Muse of history. Her sym- 
bol is a scroll, or an open chest of books. 

(3) Er'ato, Muse of love ditties. Her 
symbol is a lyre. 

(4) Euter'pe, Muse of lyric poetry, 
whose symbol is a flute. 

(5) Melpom'ene, Muse of tragedy : a 
tragic mask, the club of Hercules, or a 
sword. She wears the cothurnus, and 
her head is wreathed with vine leaves. 

(6) Pol'yhym'nia, Muse of sacred 
poetry. She sits pensive, but has no 
attribute, because deity is not to be 
represented by any visible symbol 

(7) Terpsic'hor* \Terp-sick'~Q-ry\ 



MUSEUM. 



739 



MUSKETEER. 



Muse of choral song and dance. Her 
symbols are a lyre and the plectrum. 

(8) Thali'a, Muse of comedy and 
idyllic poetry. Her symbols are a comic 
mask, a shepherd's staff, or a wreath of ivy. 

(9) Uran'ia, Muse of astronomy. She 
carries a staff pointing to a globe. 

Museum (A Walking), Longinus, 
author of a work on The Sublime (213- 
273)- 

Musgrave {Sir Richard), the English 
champion who fought with sir William 
Deioraine the Scotch champion, to de- 
cide by combat whether young Scott, the 
heir of Branksome Hall, should become 
the page of king Edward or be delivered 
up to his mother. In the combat, sir 
Richard was slain, and the boy was 
delivered over to his mother. — Sir W. 
Scott: Lay of the Last Minstrel (1805). 

Musgrave (Sir Miles), an officer in 
the king's service under the earl of Mont- 
rose. — Sir W. Scott: Legend of Montrose 
(time, Charles I.). 

Musgrave and Lady Barnard 
[Little], an old ballad, which is often 
quoted and referred to by mediaeval writers. 
Lady Barnard invited Little Musgrave to 
pass the night with her at her country 
house in Bucklesford-bury. He con- 
sented to do so, but her page, who over- 
heard the assignation, went and told lord 
Barnard. Lord Barnard disbelieved the 
page, but nevertheless went to his country 
house, and found that the page had 
spoken the truth. He commanded Little 
Musgrave to dress himself, and then 
handing him a sword, they fought, and 
Musgrave felL Lord Barnard then cut 
off the two breasts of his wife, and left 
her to bleed to death. — Percy : Reliques, 
series hi. bk. 1, xi. 

Music. Amphion is said to have 
built the walls of Thebes by the music 
of his lyre. Ilium and the capital of 
Arthur's kingdom were also built to 
divine music. The city of Jericho was 
destroyed by music {Josh. vi. 20). 

They were building still, teeing the dty was built 
To music 

Ttnnystn. 

The Father of Music , Giovanni Battista 
Pietro Aluisio da Palestri'na (1529-1594). 

The Father of Greek Music, Ter pander 
(fl. B.C. 676). 

Music and Madness. Persons 
bitten by the tarantula are said to be 
cured by music. (See Burton: Anatomy 
*f Melancholy , ii. a, 1624.) 



Music and Men of Genius. 

(1) The following had no ear for music . 
Byron, Hume, Dr. Johnson, and sii 
Walter Scott. 

(2) The following were actually averse 
to it : Barke, Fox, Daniel O'Connell, sir 
Robert Peel, Pitt, and Southey. 

(3) To Rogers the poet it gave actual 
discomfort ; and even the smooth-versifier 
Pope preferred a street barrel-organ to 
Handel's oratorios. 

Music's Pirst Martyr. Menaphon 
says that when he was in Thessaly he saw 
a youth challenge the birds in music ; 
and a nightingale took up the challenge. 
For a time the contest was uncertain; 
but then the youth, " in a rapture," played 
so cunningly, that the bird, despairing, 
" down dropped upon his lute, and brake 
her heart." 

".* This beautiful tale by Strada (in 
Latin) has been translated in rhyme by 
R. Crashaw, in his Delights »f the Muses 
(1646). Versions have been given by 
Ambrose Philips and others ; but none 
can compare with the exquisite relation 
of John Ford, in his drama entitled The 
Lover's Melancholy (1628). 

Musical Small-Coal Man, Thos. 
Britton, who used to sell small coals, and 
keep a musical club (1654-1714). 

Musicians (Prince of), Giovanni 
Battista Pietro Aloisio da Palestri'na 
(1529-1594). 

Musidora, the dame du caeur of 
Damon. Damon thought her coyness 
was scorn ; but one day he caught her 
bathing, and his delicacy on the occasion 
so enchanted her that she at once ac- 
cepted his proffered love. — Thomson : 
Seasons (" Summer," 1727). 

Musido'rus, prince of Thessalia, in 
love with Pamela. He is the hero whose 
exploits are told by sir Philip Sidney, in 
his Arcadia (1581). 

Musketeer, a soldier armed with a 
musket, but specially applied to a com- 
pany of gentlemen who were a mounted 
guard in the service of the king of 
France from 16^1. 

They formed two companies, the grey 
and the black ; so called from the colour 
of their hair. Both were clad in scarlet, 
and hence their quarters were called the 
Maison rouge. In peace they followed 
the king in the chase to protect him ; in 
war they fought either on foot or horse- 
back. They were suppressed in 1791 ; 
restored in 1814, but only for a few 



MUSLIN. 

months ; and after the restoration of 
Louis XVIII. we hear no more of them. 
Many Scotch gentlemen enrolled them- 
selves among these dandy soldiers, who 
went to war with curled hair, white 
gloves, and perfumed like milliners. 

(A. Dumas has a novel called The 
Three Musketeers (1844), the first of a 
series ; the second is Twenty Years After- 
wards ; the third, Viconte de Bragelonne.) 

Muslin, the talkative, impertinent, 
intriguing suivante of Mrs. Lovemore. 
Mistress Muslin is sweet upon William 
the footman ; and loves cards. — Murphy : 
The Way to Keep Him (1760). 

Muspelheim, the Scandinavian hell. 
There is a poem so called, the subject 
of which is the "Last Judgment." In 
this poem Surtur is antichrist, who at 
the end of the world will set fire to all 
creation. The poem (which is based on 
a legend of the fourth century) is in alli- 
terative verse, and shows both imagina- 
tion and poetic talent. 

Mussel, a fountain near the waterless 
sea, which purges from transgression. 
So called because it is contained in a 
hollow stone like a mussel-shell. It is 
mentioned by Prester John in his letter 
to Manuel Comnenus emperor of Con- 
stantinople. Those who test it enter the 
water, and, if they are true men, it rises 
till it covers their heads three times. 

Mus'tafa, a poor tailor of China, 
father of Aladdin, killed by illness 
brought on by the idle vagabondism of 
his son. — Arabian Nights ("Aladdin and 
the Wonderful Lamp ). 

Mutton, a courtezan, sometimes 
called a "laced mutton." " Mutton 
Lane," in Clerkenwell, was so called 
because it was a suburra or quarter for 
harlots. The courtezan was called a 
' ' mutton " even in the reign of Henry 
III., for Bracton speaks of them as oves. 
— De Legibus, etc., ii. (1 185-1267). 

Mutton {Who Stole the) f This was 
a common street jeer flung at policemen 
when the force was first organized, and rose 
thus : The first case the force had to deal 
with was the thief of a leg of mutton; 
but they wholly failed to detect the thief, 
and the laugh turned against them. 

Mutton - Eating Xing' ( The), 
Charles II. of England (1630, 1659-1685). 

Here lies our mutton-eating king, 
Whose word no man relies on ; 

He never said a foolish thing. 
And mtu did a wise on*. 

Earl 0/R*cfustir. 



74* 



MY-BOOK. 



Mutual Admiration Society, the 

nickname popularly given in Paris to the 
Soci&e" Observation M^dicale. In Eng- 
land the term is of more general applica- 
tion, and is used with reference to persons 
who are themselves lavish of compliments 
from a desire to be repaid in kind. 

Mutual Friend (Our), a novel by 
Charles Dickens (1864). The " mutual 
friend " is John Harmon, the mutual friend 
of Mr. Boffin and the Wilfers (see chap. 
ix.). The tale is this : John Harmon 
was the son of a hard-hearted, bad old 
dust contractor, who had made his for- 
tune "in dust." The old man turned 
his only daughter out of doors, and when 
the son, a boy of 14, pleaded for his 
sister, the unnatural father cursed him 
and sent him adrift. The Boffins worked 
under the dust contractor, and had always 
been kind to the boy ; they gave him 
money to go abroad, and he disappeared 
for fourteen years. When the story 
opens, the father has just died, leaving 
his immense property to his son, on 
condition of his marrying Bella Wilfer ; 
if the son dies or the conditions are 
unfulfilled, the money is to go to the 
Boffins. The son, is erroneously sup- 
posed to have been murdered on his home- 
ward journey, and as he much disliked 
the idea of marrying an unknown per- 
son, he allowed the idea to prevail, 
assumed the name of John Rokesmith, 
and became the secretary of Mr. Boffin 
" the golden dustman," residuary legatee 
of old John Harmon, by which he became 
the possessor of £100,000. Boffin knew 
Rokesmith, but concealed his knowledge 
for a time. At Boffin's house, John Har- 
mon (as Rokesmith) met Bella Wilfer, 
and fell in love with her. Mr. Boffin, in 
order to test Bella's love, pretended to 
be angry with Rokesmith for presuming 
to love Bella ; and as Bella married him, 
he cast them both off "for a time," to 
live on John's earnings. A babe was 
born, and .then the husband took the 
young mother to a beautiful house, and 
told her he was John Harmon, that the 
house was their house, that he was 
the possessor of £100,000 through the 
disinterested conduct of Mr. Boffin ; and 
the young couple live happily with Mr. 
and Mrs. Boffin, in wealth and luxury. 

My-Book {Dr.). Dr. John Aber- 
ne'thy (1765-1830) was so called, because 
he used to say to his patients, " Read my 
book " {On Surgical Observations). 



MY NOVEL. 



74t 



NADAB. 



My Novel, by lord Lytton (1853). 
His best novel, but Sterne's Tristram 
Shandy apparently gave lord Lytton the 
original idea. 

Myrebeau (Le sieure de), one of the 
committee of the states of Burgundy. — 
Sir W. Scott: Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Myri'ne (3 syl.), sister of Pygmalion, 
in love with Leucippe (3 syl. ), a soldier. — 
Gilbert : Pygmalion and Galatea (1871). 

Myris, priest of Isis. — Dry den: All 
for Love (1678). 

Myro, a statuary of Eleu'therse, who 
carved a cow so true to nature that even 
bulls mistook it for a living animal. (See 
Horse Painted.) 

E'en Myro's statues, which for art surpass 
Ail others, once were but a shapeless mass. 

Ovid: Art 0/ Love, lit. 

Myrob'alan Comfits (Greek, muron 
balanon, "myrrh fruit "), dried fruits of 
various kinds, sometimes used as pur- 
gatives. The citrins resemble the French 
" prunes de Mirabelle ; " the belerins have 
a noyau flavour ; the indis are acidulated. 
There are several other varieties. 

She is sweeter to me than the myrabolan [sic] comfit. 
Beck/ord: Vathtk\^&>). 

Myrra, an Ionian slave, and the be- 
loved concubine of Sardanapa'lus the 
Assyrian king. She roused him from his 
indolence to resist Arba'ces the Mede, 
who aspired to his throne, and when she 
found his cause hopeless, induced him to 
mount a funeral pile, which she fired with 
her own hand, and then, springing into 
the flames, she perished with the tyrant. — 
Byron : Sardanapalus ( 1819). 

At once brave and tender, enamoured of her lord, 
yet yearning to be free; worshipping at once her 
distant land and the soft barbarian. . . . The heroism 
of this fair Ionian is never above nature, yet always on 
the highest verge. The proud melancholy that mingles 
with her character, recalling her fatherland ; her warm 
and generous love, without one tinge of self; her 
passionate desire to elevate the nature of Sardana- 
pa'lus,— are the result of the purest sentiment and the 
noblest art.— Lord Lytton. 

Mysie, the female attendant of lady 
Margaret Bellenden of the Tower of Til- 
lietudlem.— Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Mysie, the old housekeeper at Wolfs 
Crag Tower.— Sir W. Scott : Bride of 
Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

Mysis, the scolding wife of Sile'no, 
and mother of Daph'ne and Nysa. It is 
to Mysis that Apollo sings that popular 
song, " Pray, Goody, please to moderate 
the rancour of your tongue " (act i. 3). 
'-Kane O'Hara: Midas (1764). 



Mysteries of TJdolpho {The), a 

romance by Mrs. Radcliffe (1794). 

Mysterious Husband (The), a 
tragedy by Cumberland (1783). Lord 
Davenant was a bigamist. His first wife 
was Marianne Dormer, whom he forsook 
in three months to marry Louisa Travers. 
Marianne, supposing her husband to be 
dead, married lord Davenant's son ; and 
Miss Dormer's brother was the betrothed 
of the second lady Davenant before her 
marriage with his lordship, but was told 
that he had proved faithless and had 
married another. The report of lord 
Davenant's death and the marriage of 
captain Dormer were both false. When 
the villainy of lord Davenant could be 
concealed no longer, he destroyed him- 
self. 



Nab, the fairy that addressed Orpheus 
in the infernal regions, and offered him 
for food a roasted ant, a flea's thigh, 
butterflies' brains, some sucking mites, a 
rainbow tart, etc., to be washed down with 
dew-drops and beer made from seven 
barleycorns — a very heady liquor. — King : 
Orpheus and Eurydice (1730-1805). 

Nab-man ( The), a sheriffs officer. 

Old Dornton has sent the nab-man after him at last. 
— Guy Mannering, ii. 3. 

(This is the dramatized version of sir 
W. Scott's novel by Terry, 1816.) 

Nacien, the holy hermit who intro- 
duced Galahad to the " Siege Perilous," 
the only vacant seat in the Round Table. 
This seat was reserved for the knight who 
was destined to achieve the quest of the 
holy graal. Nacien told the king and hia 
knights that no one but a virgin knight 
could achieve that quest. — Malory : His- 
tory of Prince Arthur, iii. (1470). 

Nadab, in Dryden's satire of Absa- 
lom and Achitophel, is meant for lord 
Howard of Esrick, a profligate, who laid 
claim to great piety. As Nadab offered 
incense with strange fire and was slain, so 
lord Howard, it is said, mixed the conse- 
crated wafer with some roast apples and 
sugar. 

And canting Nadab let oblivion damn. 
Who made new porridge for the Paschal Lamb, 
f*rt I. S7S. 576 (1681). 



NADALET. 

Na'dalet, a peculiar peal rung at 
Christmas-time by the church-bells of 
Languedoc. 

Christmas is come ... a coming: which Is announced 
on all sides of us ... by our charming nadalet.— 
Cornkill Magazine (Eugenie de Guerin, 1863). 

Nadgett, a man employed by Mon- 
tague Tigg (manager of the " Anglo- 
Bengalee Company ") to make private 
inquiries. He was a dried-up, shrivelled 
old man. Where he lived and how he 
lived, nobody knew ; but he was always 
to be seen waiting for some one who never 
appeared ; and he would glide along ap- 
parently taking no notice of any one. — 
Dickens: Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Nag's Head Consecration, a 

scandal perpetuated by Pennant on the 
dogma of "apostolic succession." The 
•■ high-church clergy " assert that the 
ceremony called holy orders has been 
transmitted without interruption from 
the apostles. Thus, the apostles laid 
hands on certain persons, who (say they) 
became ministers of the gospel; these 
persons "ordained" others in the same 
manner ; and the succession has never 
been broken. Pennant says, at the Re- 
formation the bishops came to a fix. 
There was only one bishop, viz. Anthony 
Kitchen of Llandaff, and Bonner would 
not allow him to perform the ceremony. 
In this predicament, the fourteen candi- 
dates for episcopal ordination rummaged 
up Story, a deposed bishop, and got him 
to "lay hands" on Parker, as archbishop 
of Canterbury. As it would have been 
profanation for Story to do this in a 
cathedral or church, the ceremony was 
performed in a tavern called the Nag's 
Head, corner of Friday Street, Cheapside. 
Strype refutes this tale in his Life of Arch- 
bishop Parker, and so does Dr. Hook , 
but it will never be stamped out. 

Naggleton [Mr. and Mrs. ), types of 
a nagging husband and wife. They are 
for ever nagging about trifles and wilful 
misunderstandings. — Punch (1864-5). 

Naked Bear ( The). Hush ! the naked 
bear will hear you I a threat and reproof to 
unruly children in North America. The 
naked bear, says the legend, was larger 
and more ferocious than any of the species. 
It was quite naked, save and except one 
spot on its back, where was a tuft of 
white hair. — Heckewelder : Transactions 
of the American Phil. Soc., iv. a6o. 

Thus the wrinkled old Nokomla 
Nursed the little Hiawatha, 
Rocked him In his Under, cradle. 



74* NAMBY. 

Stifled his fretful wall by faring, 

M Hush ! the naked bear will get thee I " 

Longfellow: Hiawatha, ttL (iSjs). 

(Even to the present hour the threat, 
" I'll look over your head and see youi 
naked nose ! " is used occasionally in Eng- 
land to quiet fretful and unruly children. 
I have myself heard it scores of times.) 

Nakir', Nekir, or Nakeer. (See 

MONKER AND NAKIR, p. 719.) 

Nala, a legendary king of India, 
noted for his love of Damayanti, and his 
subsequent misfortunes. This legendary 
king has been the subject of numerous 
poems. 

(Dean Milman has translated into Eng- 
lish the episode from the Mahdbharata ; 
and W. Yates has translated the Nalodaya 
of the great Sanskrit poem. ) 

Nama, a daughter of man, beloved 
by the angel Zaraph. Her wish was to 
love intensely and to love holily ; but as 
she fixed her love on a seraph, and not 
on God, she was doomed to abide on 
earth, '' unchanged in heart and frame," 
so long as the earth endureth ; but at the 
great consummation both Nama and her 
seraph will be received into those courts 
of love, where "love never dieth." — 
Moore: Loves of the Angels, ii. (1822). 

Namancos, Numantia, a town of 
Old Castile, in Spain. Milton says the 
"guarded mount looks towards Naman- 
cos," that is, the fortified mount called 
St. Michael, at the Land's End, faces Old 
Castile. — Milton: Lycidas, 161 (1638). 

Namby {Major), a retired officer, 
living in the suburbs of London. He 
had been twice married ; his first wife 
had four children, and his second wife 
three. Major Namby, though he lived 
in a row, always transacted his domestic 
affairs by bawling out his orders from 
the front garden, to the annoyance of his 
neighbours. He used to stalk half-way 
down the garden path, with his head high 
in the air, his chest stuck out, and flour- 
ishing his military cane. Suddenly he 
would stop, stamp with one foot, knock 
up the hinder brim of his hat, begin to 
scratch the nape of his neck, wait a 
moment, then wheel round, look at the 
first-floor window, and roar out, " Ma- 
tilda 1 " (the name of his wife) " don't do 
so-and-so ; " or " Matilda I do so-and-so." 
Then would he bellow to the servants to 
buy this, or not to let the children eat 
that, and so on. — Wilkie Collins: Pray 
Employ Major Namby (a sketch). 



NAMBY-PAMBY. 

Namby-Pamby. So Henry Carey 
called the lines of Ambrose Philips (on the 
infant child of lord Carteret). ' ' Namby " 
is a baby way of pronouncing Ambrose, 
and the • ' P " of Philips suggested the 
jingle. It now signifies babyish literature. 

N.B. — This is not John Philips, who 
wrote the Splendid Shilling. 

Name. To tell one's name to an enemy 
about to challenge you to combat was 
deemed by the ancient Scotch heroes a 
mark of cowardice ; because, if the pre- 
decessors of the combatants had shown 
hospitality, no combat could ensue. 
Hence ' ' to tell one's name to an enemy " 
was an ignominious synonym of craven 
or coward. 

•*I have been renowned In battle," said Cless'am- 
mor, " but I never told my name to a foe."— Ossian : 
Carthon. 

Names of Terror. The following, 
amongst others, have been employed as 
bogie-names to frighten children with : — 

(i) Attila was a bogie-name to the 
later Romans. 

(2) Befana (q.v.). To tell Befana im- 
plies that she will bring only dust and 
ashes instead of a pretty toy on Christmas 
Eve. 

(3) Bo or Boh, son of Odin, was a 
fierce Gothic captain. His name was 
used by his soldiers when they would 
fight or surprise the enemy. — Sir W. 
Temple. 

Wart on tells us that the Dutch scared their children 
with the name of Boh. 

(4) Bonaparte, at the close of the 
eighteenth and beginning of the nine- 
teenth centuries, was a bogie-name. 

(5) Bourbon (Le connitable de). Mu- 
ratori tells us that of all names of terror 
none equals this. 

(6) Corvi'nus {Mathias) the Hun- 
garian, was a scare- name to the Turks. 

(7) Lilis or Lilith was a bogie-name 
used by the ancient Jews to unruly 
children. The rabbinical writers tell us 
that Lilith was Adam's wife before the 
creation of Eve. She refused to submit 
to him, and became a horrible night- 
spectre, especially hostile to young 
children. 

(8) Lunsford, a name employed to 
frighten children in England. Sir Thomas 
Lunsford, governor of the Tower, was a 
man of most vindictive temper, and the 
dread of every one. 

Made children with your tones to run fort. 
As bad as Bloody-bones or Lunsford. 

5. ButUr : Hudibras, iil. 2, line ma (1678). 

(9) N ARSES (2 syl.) was the name used 



743 



NAMOUNA. 



by Assyrian mothers to scare children 
with. 

The name of Narses was the formidable sound with 
which the Assyrian mothers were accustomed to 
terrify their infants.— Gibbon : Decline and Fall of the 
Roman Empire, viii. 219 (1776-88). 

(10) Rawhead and Bloody-bones 
were at one time bogie-names. 

Servants awe children and keep them in subjection 
by telling them of Rawhead and Bloody-bones.— 
Locke. 

(11) Richard I., " Coeur de Lion." 
This name, says Camden {Remains), was 
employed by the Saracens as a " name of 
dread and terror." 

His tremendous name was employed by the Syrian 
mothers to silence their infants ; and if a horse suddenly 
started from the way, his rider was wont to exclaim, 
" Dost thou think king Richard is in the bush ? "— 
Gibbon : Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, xL 
146 (1776-88). 

(12) Sebastian {Dom), a name of 
terror once used by the Moors. 

Nor shall Sebastian's formidable name 
Be longer used to still the crying babe. 

Dryden : Don Sebastian (1690). 

(13) Talbot (John), a name used in 
France in terrorem to unruly children. 

They in France to feare their young children crye, 
'* The Talbot cometh 1 "—Hall: Chronicles (1545). 
Here (said they) is the terror of the French, 
The scarecrow that affrights our children so. 
Shakespeare: 1 Henry VI. act i. sc 4 (1589). 
Is this the Talbot so much feared abroad, 
That with his name the mothers still their babes? 
Shakespeare : x Henry VI. act iv. sc 5 (1589). 

(14) Tamerlane, a name used by the 
Persians in terrorem. 

(15) Tarquin, a name of terror in 

Roman nurseries. 



The nurse, to still her child, will tell my story, 
And fright her crying babe with Tarquin 's name. 
Shakespeare : Rape of Lucrece (1594). 

(16) Victor Emmanuel, after the 
promulgation of the law of conscription. 

I heard a Roman father the other day stilling the 
cries of a peevish child with the threat, " Take care, 
Vittor 'Manuel will soon be here, . . . and then 111 
give you to him."— R otnan Correspondent (West- 
minster Gazette, April, 1871). 

(See also Maugraby, p. 686 ; Naked 
Bear, p. 742.) 

Nameless City ( The). This term is 
sometimes used of ancient Rome, fabled 
to have had a prior name which could 
not be pronounced without risk of death. 
This mysterious name is said to have 
been Valentia, Grecized into 'P»m»i. 

Namo, duke of Bavaria, and one of 
Charlemagne's twelve paladins. — Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Namou'na, an enchantress. Though 
first of created beings, she is still young and 
beautiful as ever. — Persian Mythology. 

Namou'na, a poem by Alfred de MusseU 



NAMOUS. 744 

Namons, the envoy of Mahomet in 
paradise. 

NANCY, servant to Mrs. Pattypan. 
A pretty little flirt, who coquets with Tim 
Tartlet and young Whimsey, and helps 
Charlotte Whimsey in her "love affairs." 
—Cobb : The First Floor (1756-1818). 

Nancy, a poor misguided girl, who 
really loved the villain Bill Sikes (1 syl.). 
In spite of her surroundings, she had 
still some good feelings, and tried to 
prevent a burglary planned by Fagin and 
his associates. Bill Sikes, in a fit of 
passion, struck her twice upon the face 
with the butt-end of a pistol, and she fell 
dead at his feet. — Dickens: Oliver Twist 
(1837). 

Nancy, the sailor's fancy. At half- 
past four he parted from her ; at eight 
next morn he bade her adieu. Next day 
a storm arose, and when it lulled the 
enemy appeared ; but when the fight was 
hottest, the jolly tar "put up a prayer 
for Nancy." — Dibdin: Sea Songs (1790). 

Nancy {Miss), Mrs. Anna Oldfield, a 
celebrated actress, buried in Westminster 
Abbey. She died in 1730, and lay in 
state, attended by two noblemen. Mrs. 
Oldfield was buried in a "very fine 
Brussels lace head-dress, a new pair of 
kid gloves, and a robe with lace ruffles 
and a lace collar." (See Narcissa.) 

Nancy Dawson, a famous actress, 
who took London by storm. Her father 
was a poster in Clare Market (1728-1767). 

Her easy mien, her shape so neat. 
She foots, she trips, she looks so sweet ; 
I die for Nancy Dawson. 

Nancy Lammeter, in George Eliot's 
(Mrs. J. W. Cross) novel of Silas Marner. 
She eventually marries Godfrey Cass 
(1861). 

Nancy or Nan of the Vale, a 

village maiden, who preferred Strephon 
to the gay lordlings who sought hef 
hand in marriage. — Shenstone: A Ballad 
(1554). 

Nannie, Miss Fleming, daughter of 
a farmer in the parish of Tarbolton, in 
Ayrshire. Immortalized by R. Burns. 

Nan'tolet, father of Rosalura and 
Lillia-Bianca. — Fletcher: The Wild-goose 
Chase (1652). 

Napoleon I., called by the Germans 
"kaiser Klas" (q.v.). 

"M" is curiously coupled with the 
history of Napoleon I. and III. (See 
M..P.644.) 



NAPOLEON IIL 



N.B. — The following is a curious play 
on the word " Napoleon " : — 

Napoleon apolefin poleon oleon lefln eOn 
Napoleon Apollyoncitiesdcstroyinga-liongoing-abitt 

on {being}. That is— 
Napoleon-Apollyon {being} b a Men going about de- 
stroying cities. 

Davids Picture of Napoleon. The 
picture of Napoleon galloping up the 
Alps on a rampant war-charger, is by 
David. The war-horse is a poetical re- 
presentation of a patient mule trudging 
wearily up the steep ascent. The cocked 
hat and cut-away coat, which the emperor 
wore on gala days, are poetical repre- 
sentations of the fur cap pulled over his 
ears, and the thick great coat, "close- 
buttoned to the chin,' during his passage 
over the mountains. 

Napoleonic Idolatry is called Chau- 
vinism, from Chauvin, in Charlet's Con- 
scrit Chauvin. 

Napoleon III. His Nicknames. 

Arenenberg (Comte <T). So he called himself 
after his escape from the fortress of Ham. 

Badinguet, the name of the man he shot In his 
Boulogne escapade. 

Boustrapa, a compound of Bou[logne], StraTs- 
bourg], and Pa[ris], the places of his noted escapades. 

CONSCIENCE TRANQUELLE. 

GROSBEC So called from the rather unusual size 
of his nose. 

MAN OF DECEMBER So called because Decem- 
ber was his month of glory. Thus, he was elected 
president December n, 1848; made his coup d'e'tat 
December 2, 1851 ; and was created emperor Decem- 
ber 2, 1852. 

Man of Sedan or Sedantairh. So called be- 
cause at Sedan he surrendered his s/word to the king 
of Prussia (September, 1870). Also L'homme Sedan- 
taire. 

Man OF Silence, because he listened to what 
others said, but made few replies or remarks, as 
whatever he said flew through Europe and affected 
the funds. 

Ratipole, same as the West of England RANTI- 
POLE, a harum-scarum, half idiot, half madcap. I 
myself in 1856 saw a man forbidden to remain a single 
night in Paris, because he addressed his dog as " Rati- 
pole." We were dining at the same table. 

THE LITTLE. Victor Hugo gave him this title; 
but the hatred of Hugo to Napoleon was a mono- 
mania. 

Verhuel, the name of his supposed father. 

(The prince imperial was called " Lulu ; " and prince 
Napoleon " Plon-Plon.") 

Napoleon's Number, The second of 
the month was Louis Napoleon's day. 
It was also one of the days of his uncle, 
the other being the fifteenth. 

The coup d'e'tat was December 2; he 
was made emperor December 2, 1852 ; 
the Franco-Prussian war opened at Saar- 
briick, August 2, 1870 ; he surrrendered 
his sword to William of Prussia, Septem- 
ber 2, 1870. 

Napoleon I. was crowned December 2, 
1804 ; and the victory of Austerlitz was 
December 2, 1805. 

Numerical Curiosities. 1. 1869, the 
last year of Napoleon's glory; the next 



NAPOLEON AND TALLEYRAND. 745 



NARCISSUS 



year was that of bis downfall. As a 
matter of curiosity, it may be observed 
that if the day of his birth, or the day of 
the empress's birth, or the date of the 
capitulation of Paris, be added to that 
of the coronation of Napoleon III., the 
result always points to 1869. Thus, he 
was crowned 1852 ; he was born 1808 ; 
the empress Eugenie was born 1826 ; the 
capitulation of Paris was 1871. Whence — 
1852 rt$a 185a coronation. 

s\ birth of s\ birth of s\ capitulation 
eon. » J Eugenie. 71 of Pari*. 



of Napoleon. 



V 



1869 



2. 1870, the year of his downfall. By 
adding the numerical values of the birth- 
date either of Napoleon or Eugenie to the 
date of their m:irriage, we get their fatal 
year of 1J870. Thus, Napoleon was born 
1808 ; Eugenie, 1826 ; married, 1853. 
**53 **53 year of marriage. 



8 I birth of e\ 

ojNapeleon. »f 



birth of 

Eugenie 



I87O I87O 

3. Empereur. The votes for the presi- 
dent to be emperor were 7,119,791 ; those 
against him were 1,119,000. If, now, 
the numbers 711979111119 be written on a 
piece of paper, and held up to the light, 
the reverse side will show the word 
empereur. (The dash is the dividing 
mark, and forms the long stroke of the 

"P-") 

4. The French Revolution, 1794. 

ffM The Rerolution. 



The battle of Waterloo 



1830 The Rerolution of Jnly. 



184a Death of the dncd'Orleeae. 

(See Louis Philippe, p. 628. ) 

Napoleon and Talleyrand. Na- 
poleon I. one day entered a roadside inn, 
and called for breakfast There was 
nothing in the house but eggs and cider 
(which Napoleon detested). " What 
shall we do?" said the emperor to 
Talleyrand. In answer to this, the 
grand chambellan improvised the rhymes 
following: — 



Le bon roi Dagobert 
Aimait le bon vin au d 

Le grand St. Eloi 

Lui dit, " O rnon rol, 

Le droit reuni 

L'a bien rencheri." 
•• Eh bien 1 " lui dit le rol . . . 

But he could get no further. Whereupon 
Napoleon himself instantly capped the 
line thus — 

M Je bolrai du ddre avec toi." 

Chapus: Dieppe, etc (1853). 
Our royal master Dagobert 
Good wine loved at his dessert. 
But St. Eloi 
Once said, " Mon roi, 
We here prepare 
No dainty fare." 
14 Well," cried the king, " so let it be. 
Cider to-day I'll drink with thee." 

B. C. B. 

The Napoleon of the Drama, Alfred 
Bunn, lessee of Drury Lane Theatre 
(1819-1826) was so called ; and so was 
Robert William Elliston, his predecessor 
(1774-1826, died 1831). 

The Napoleon of Mexico, the emperor 
Augusto Iturbide' (1784-1824). 

The Napoleon of Oratory, W. E. Glad- 
stone (1809- ). 

The Napoleon of Peace, Louis Philippe 
of France (1773, reigned 1830-1848, died 
X850). 

Narcissa, meant for Elizabeth Lee 
(Mrs. Temple), the step-daughter of Dr. 
Young. In Night ii. the poet says she 
was clandestinely buried at Montpellier, 
because she was a protestant. "Phi- 
lander" is meant for Mrs. Temple's 
husband. — Dr. Young: Night Thoughts 
(1742-6). 

Narcissa, Mrs. Oldfield the actress, 
who insisted on being rouged and dressed 
in Brussels lace when she was " laid out" 
(See Nancy, p. 744.) 

" Odious I In woollen T Twould a saint provoke I " 
Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke. 
" No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace 
Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face ; 
One would not, sure, be frightful when one's dead I 
And, Betty, give this cheek a little red." 

Pope : Moral Essays, 1. (1731). 

Narcissus, a flower. According to 
Grecian fable, Narcissus fell in love with 
his own reflection in a fountain, and, 
having pined away because he could not 
kiss it, was changed into the flower which 
bears his name. — Ovid: Metamorphoses, 
iii. 346, etc. 

N. B. — Echo was in love with Narcissus, 
and died of grief because he would not 
return her love. 

Narcissus fair, 
As o'er the fabled fountain hanging stUL 
Thomson : The Seasons (" Spring," lyel). 

(Gluck, in 1779, produced an opera 
called Echo et Narcisse.) 



NARREN-SCHIFF. 

Narren-SchiiF (" the ship of fools "), 
a satirical poem in German, by Brandt 
(1491), lashing the follies and vices of 
the period. Brandt makes knowledge 
of one's self the beginning of wisdom ; 
maintains the equality of man ; and speaks 
of life as a brief passage only. The 
book at one time enjoyed unbounded 
popularity. 

Narses (2 syl.), a Roman general 
against the Goths ; the terror of children. 

The name of Narses was the formidable sound with 
which the Assyrian mothers were accustomed to terrify 
their infants. — Gibbon : Decline and Fall of the Roman 
Empire, viii. 219 (1776-88). 

Narses, a domestic slave of Alexius 
Comnenus emperor of Greece. — Sir W. 
Scott: Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Rufus). 

Nasnas, an ape which the Arabs 
maintain was once a human being. (See 
Man, p. 662.) 

Haso, Ovid the Roman poet, whose 
full name was Publius Ovidus Naso. 
(Naso means " nose.") Hence the pun 
of Holofernes — 

And why Naso, but for smelling out the odoriferous 
fl o wers of fancy t— Shakespeare : Love's Labour's L*st, 
act iv. sc. 2 (1594). 

Nathan the Wise, the title and 
chief character of a drama in verse by 
Lessing. The prototype of Nathan was 
Moses Mendelssohn. 

Nathaniel (Sir), the grotesque curate 
of Holofernes. Though grotesque, he is 
sharp, witty, and sententious. — Shake- 
speare; Love's Labour's Lost (1594). 

Nathos, one of the three sons of 
Usnoth lord of Etha (in Argyllshire), 
made commander of the Irish army at 
the death of Cuthullin. For a time he 
propped up the fortune of the youthful 
Cormac, but the rebel Cairbar increased 
in strength and found means to murder 
the young king. The army under Nathos 
then deserted to the usurper, and Nathos 
with his two brothers was obliged to quit 
Ireland. Dar'-Thula, the daughter of 
Colla, went with them to avoid Cairbar, 
who persisted in offering her his love. 
The wind drove the vessel back to Ulster, 
where Cairbar lay encamped, and the 
three young men, being overpowered, 
>vere slain. As for Dar-Thula, she was 
pierced with an arrow, and died also. — 
Ossian : Dar- Thula. 

Nation of Gentlemen (A). The 
Scotch were so called by George IV., 
when he visited Scotland in 1822. 



746 



NATURE AND ART. 



Nation of Shopkeepers. The 

English were so called by Napoleon I. 

National Airs. Four series, each 
containing twelve lyrics, or words adapted 
to national airs of divers nations. Thus : 
"A Temple to Friendship" (series i. 1) 
is adapted to a Spanish air ; " Flow on, 
thou Shining River," to a Portuguese air; 
"All that's Bright must fade," to an 
Indian air ; " Oh, come to me when Day- 
light sets," to a Venetian air; "Oft in 
the Stilly Night," to a Scotch air. And 
so on through the forty-eight lyrics. 

(These airs are among the best of Moore's popular 



National Assembly. (1) The 

French deputies which met in the year 
1789. The states-general was convened, 
but the clergy and nobles refused to sit 
in the same chamber with the commons, 
so the commons or deputies of the tiers 
itat withdrew, constituted themselves 
into a deliberative body, and assumed the 
name of the Assemblie Nationale. (a) 
The democratic French parliament of 
1848, consisting of 900 members elected 
by manhood suffrage, was so called also. 
National Convention, the French 
parliament of 1792. It consisted of 72X 
members, but was reduced first to 500, 
then to 300. It succeeded the National 
Assembly. 

Natty Bumppo, called "Leather- 
stocking." He appears in five of F. 
Cooper's novels : (1) The Deerslayer ; 
(2) The Pathfinder; (3) "The Hawk- 
eye," in The Last of the Mohicans; (4) 
" Leather-stocking " in The Pioneers ; and 
(5) "The Trapper," in The Prairie, in 
which he dies. 

Natural History of Enthusiasm 

(The), by Isaac Taylor (1829). 

Natural Theology, popularly called 
Paley's Evidences. An attempt to prove 
the existence, wisdom, and omnipotence 
of God from evidences of design in the 
works of nature. This book was once 
extremely popular, but is now partly 
obsolete. 

Nature abhors a Vacuum. This 

was an axiom of the peripatetic philosophy, 
and was repeated by Galileo as an ex- 
planation of the rise of water for about 
thirty-two feet in wells, etc. 

Nature and Art, a novel by Mrs. 
Inchbald (1796). (1) The two brothers, 
William and Henry Norwynn, are the op- 
posites of each other in fortune and dispose 



NAUSICAA. 



747 



NEGUS. 



tlon. (2) The fates of William the seducer 
and Hannah whom he seduces are very 
different ; William rises to the judicial 
bench : but Hannah sinks into infamy. 
The trial of Hannah is admirably told. 

Nausic'aa (4 syl.), daughter of 
Alcinous king of the Phoea'cians, who 
conducted Ulysses to the court of her 
father when he was shipwrecked on the 
coast 

Nausicaa, as she had gone down through the 
orchards and the olive gardens to the sea, holding 
the golden cruse of oil in one hand, with her feet bare 
so that she might wade in the waves, and in her eyes 
the great soft wonder that must have come there when 
Odysseus awoke.— Ouida : A riadnt, i. 10. 

Navigation {The Father of), don 
Henrique duke of Viseo, one of the 
greatest men that Portugal has produced 
[1394-1460). 

The Father of British Inland Naviga- 
tion, Francis Egerton, duke of Bridge- 
water (1736-1803). 

Naviget Anticyram {Horace: Sat , 
ii. 3, 166), Anticyra, in Thessaly, famous 
for hellebore, a remedy for madness ; 
hence, when a person acted foolishly, he 
was told to go to Anticyra, as we should 
say, " to get his simples cut." 

Naxian Groves. Naxos (now 
Naxia), an island of the /Egean Sea or 
the Archipelago, was noted for its wines. 

. . fair Baccantes, 
Wild from Naxian groves. 

Longfellow : Drinking Smf. 

Nesera, a fancy name used by Horace, 
Virgil, and Tibuilus as a synonym of 
sweetheart. 

To sport with Amaryllis In the shade, 
Or with the tangles of Nesera's hair. 

Milton. Lycidas (1638). 

Nealliny (4 syl ), a suttee, the young 
widow of Arvalan son of Keha ma. — 
Southey: Curse of Kehama, L 11 (1809). 

Nebuchadnezzar [Ne-boch-ad-ne- 
Tzar], in Russian, means "there is no 
God but the czar." — Notes and Queries 
(July 21, 1877). 

Necessity. Longfellow, in The Way- 
wide Inn (1863), says the student— 



? noted Horace, where he sings 
he dire Necessity of things, 
That drives into the roof subllm* 
Of new-built houses of the great. 
The adamantine nails of Fate. 



He refers to — 

Si fig-it adamantlnos 
Suminis vertJcibus dira ] 
Clavos. 

Horace : Odes, $. 24. 

Neck. Calig'ula the Roman emperor 
used to say, " Oh that the Roman people 



had but one neck, that I might cut it oft 

at a blow 1 " 

I love the sex, and sometimes would reverse 
The tyrant's wish, that " mankind only had 
One neck, which he with one fell stroke might pierce." 
Byron : Don yuan, vi. 27 (1824). 

Neck or Nothing, a farce by Gar- 
rick (1766). Mr. Stockwell promises to 
give his daughter in marriage to the son 
of sir Harry Harlowe of Dorsetshire, 
with a dot of j£ 10,000 ; but h so happens 
that the young man is privately married. 
The two servants of Mr. Belford and sir 
Harry Harlowe try to get possession of 
the money, by passing off Martin (Bel- 
ford's servant) as sir Harry's son ; but it 
so happens that Belford is in love with 
Miss Stockwell, and, hearing of the plot 
through Jenny, the young lady's-maid, he 
arrests the two servants as vagabonds. 
Old Stockwell gladly consents to his 
marriage with Nancy, and thinks himself 
well out of a terrible scrape. 

Neckan {The), a water-spirit who 
married a human bride whom he carried 
to his deep-sea home. She soon regretted 
that Neckan was not a Christian knight, 
so he came to earth to be baptized into 
the Christian faith. A priest said to him, 
" Sooner shall my staff bud than Neckan 
go to heaven." The words were scarcely 
uttered when the staff budded. "Ah ! " 
said Neckan, " there is mercy everywhere 
except in the heart of a monk." — Matthew 
Arnold: The Neckan (a ballad). 

Nectaba'nus, the dwarf at the cell 
of the hermit of Engaddi.— Sir IV. Scott: 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Nectar, the beverage of the gods. 
It was white as cream, for when HeM 
spilt some of it, the white arch of heaven, 
called the Milky Way, was made. The 
food of the gods was ambr*sia. 

Ned {Lying), " the chimney-sweeper 
of Savoy," that is, the duke of Savoy, 
who joined the allied army against France 
in the war of the Spanish Succession. — 
Dr. Arbuthtft: NisUry «f John Bull 
(1712). 

Negro 'ni, a princess, the friend of 
Lucrezia di Borgia. She invited the 
notables who had insulted the Borgia to 
a banquet, and killed them with poisoned 
wine. — Donizetti : Lucretia di Borgia (an 
opera, 1834). 

Ne'gns, sovereign of Abyssinia. 
Erco'co or Erquico on the Red Sea marks 
the north-east boundary of this empire. 

The empire of Negus to his utmost port. 
Ercoco. 

Mtlten : PmrmdiM Lett, «L JP7 (1665J 



NEHEMIAH. 

Nehemiah. {The Book of), one of the 
historic books of the Old Testament. 
Ezra had been appointed governor of 
Judaea, and this book tells us what he did 
during his rule of about thirty years. 

Nehemiali Holdenough, a pres- 
byterian preacher. — Sir W. Scott: Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Neilson {Mr. Christopher), a surgeon 
at Glasgow.— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Neibelungen Lied. (See Nibe- 

LUNGEN . . .) 

Neim'heid (a syl.) employed four 
architects to build him a palace in 
Ireland ; and, that they might not build 
another like it or superior to it for some 
other monarch, had them all secretly put 
to death. — O'Halloran: History of Ire- 
land. 

% A similar story is told of Ndman- 
al-A6uar king of Hirah, who employed 
Senna'mar to build him a palace. When 
finished, he cast the architect headlong 
from the highest tower, to prevent his 
building another to rival it. — D' Herbelot : 
Bibliotheque Orientate (1697). 

Nekayali, sister of Rasselas prince of 
Abyssinia. She escapes with her brother 
from the "happy valley," and wanders 
about with him to find what condition or 
rank of life is the most happy. After 
roaming for a time, and finding no con- 
dition of life free from its drawbacks, the 
brother and sister resolve to return to the 
" happy valley." — Dr. Johnson : Rasselas 
(i759)- 

Nell, the meek and obedient wife of 
Jobson ; taught by the strap to know 
who was lord and master. Lady Love- 
rule was the imperious, headstrong bride 
of sir John Loverule. The two women, 
by a magical hocus-pocus, were changed 
for a time, without any of the four know- 
ing it. Lady Loverule was placed with 
Jobson, who soon brought down her tur- 
bulent temper with the strap, and when 
she was reduced to submission, the two 
women were restored again to their re- 
spective husbands. — Cqfey : The Devil to 
Pay (1731). 

The merit of Mrs. Clive [1711-1785] as an actress 
first showed itself In "Nell'' the cobbler's wife.— 
T. Davits. 

Nell {Little) or Nelly Trent, a 
sweet, innocent, loving child of 14 sum- 
mers, brought up by her old miserly 
grandfather, who gambled away all his 



748 



NEMCX 



money. Her days were monotonous and 

without youthful companionship, her 
evenings gloomy and solitary ; there were 
no child-sympathies in her dreary home, 
but dejection, despondence akin to mad- 
ness, watchfulness, suspicion, and im- 
becility. The grandfather being wholly 
ruined by gaming, the two went forth as 
beggars, and ultimately settled down in 
a cottage adjoining a country churchyard. 
Here Nelly died, and the old grandfather 
soon afterwards was found dead upon her 
grave. —Dickens : The Old Curiosity Shop 
(1840). 

*." The solution of the grandfather's 
story is given in ch. lxix. 

Nelly, the servant-girl of Mrs. Din- 
mont. — Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

Nelson. The Death of Nelson. The 
words are by S. J. Arnold (not Dr. 
Samuel Arnold), and the music by 

Braham. 

Nelson's Ship, the Victory. 

Now from the fleet of the foemen past 

Ahead of the Victory, 
A four-decked ship, with a flagless mast. 

An Anak of the sea. 
His gaze on the ship lord Nelson cast ; 

" Oh, oh 1 my old friend ! " quoth he. 
" Since again we have met, we must all bo glad 
To pay our respects to the Trinidad." 
So, full on. the bow of the giant foe. 

Our gallant Victory runs ; 
Thro' the dark'ning smoke the thunder broke 

O'er her deck from a hundred guns. 

Lord Lytten : Ode, iii. 9 (1839). 

Nem'ean Lion, a lion of Arg61is, 
slain by Hercules. 

In this word Shakespeare has pre- 
served the correct accent : "As hardy as 
the Nem'ean lion's nerve " {Hamlet, act i. 
sc. 5) ; but Spenser incorrectly throws 
the accent on the second syllable, which 
is e short : " Into the great Neme'an 
lion's grove " {Faerie Queene, v. 1). 

Ere Nemca's boast resigned his shaggy spoils. 
Statius: The Thebaid.X. 

Nem'esis, the Greek personification 
of retribution, or that punishment for 
sin which sooner or later overtakes the 
offender. 

. . . and some great Nemesis 
Break from a darkened future. 

Tennyson : The Princess, tL (1847). 

Ne'mo, the name by which captain 
Hawdon was known at Krook's. He had 
once won the love of the future lady 
Dedlock, by whom he had a child called 
Esther Summerson ; but he was compelled 
to copy law-writings for daily bread, and 
died a miserable death from an overdose 
of opium. — Dickens : Bleak House (1852). 



NEPENTHE. 

Nepenthe (3 syl.) or Nepenthes, a 

care-dispelling drug, which Polydamna, 
wife of Tho'nis king of Egypt gave to 
Helen (daughter of Jove and Leda). A 
drink containing this drug " changed 
grief to mirth, melancholy to joyfulness, 
and hatred to love." Tn'e water of Ar- 
denne had the opposite effects. Homer 
mentions the drug nepenthe" in his 
Odyssey, iv. 228. 

That nepenthes which the wife of Thono 
In Egypt gave to Jove-born Helena. 

Milton : Comus, 675 (1634). 



749 



NESSUS'S SHIRT. 



Nepenthe is a drink of sovereign grace, 

Devised by the gods for to assuage 
Heart's grief, and Ditter gall away to chase 



Which stirs up anger and contentious rag» ; 

Instead thereof sweet peace and quietago 
It doth establish in the troubled mind . . 
And such as drink, eternal happiness do find. 

Spenser : Faerie Queene, ir. a (1596). 

Neph'elo-Coccyg''ia, the cloudland 
of air castles. The word means " cuckoo 
cloudland." The city of Nephelo-Coccygia 
was built by cuckoos and gulls, and was 
so fortified by clouds that the gods could 
not meddle with the affairs of its in- 
habitants. — Aristophanes: The Birds. 

'.' The name occurs also in Lucian'i 
Verce Histories. 

Without flying to Nephelo-Coccygia, or to the court 

of queen Mab, we can meet with sharpers, bullies, . . . 
impudent debauchees, and women worthy of such par- 
amours. — Macaulay . 

Nep'omuk or Nepo'muck (St. 
John), canon of Prague. He was thrown 
from a bridge in 1381, and drowned by 
order of king Wenceslaus, because he 
refused to betray the secrets confided to 
him by the queen in the holy rite of con- 
fession. The spot whence he was cast 
into the Moldau is still marked by a 
cross with five stars on the parapet, in- 
dicative of the miraculous flames seen 
flickering over the dead body for three 
days. Nepomuk was canonized in 1729, 
and became the patron saint of bridges. 
His statue in stone usually occupies a 
similar position on bridges as it does at 
Prague. 

Like St. John Nep'omuck In stone, 
Looking down into the stream. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend (1851). 

(The word is often accented on the 
second syllable.) 

Neptune (Old Father), the ocean or 
sea-god. 

Nerestan, son of Gul Lusignan 
D'Outremer king of Jerusalem, and 
brother of Zara Nerestan was sent on 
his parole to France, to obtain ransom for 
certain Christians who had fallen into 
the hands of the Saracens. When Osnian, 
the sultan, was informed of his relation- 



ship to Zara, he ordered all Christian 
captives to be at once liberated " without 
money and without price."— Hill: Zara 
(adapted from Voltaire's tragedy). 

Ne'reus (a syl.), father of the water- 
nymphs. A very old prophetic god of 
great kindliness. The scalp, chin, and 
breast of Nereus were covered with sea- 
weed instead of hair. 

By hoary Ne'reus' wrinkled look. 

Milton : Camus, 871 (1634). 

Neri'ne, Doto, and Nyse, the 

three nereids who guarded the fleet of 
Vasco da Gama. When the treacherous 
pilot had run Vasco's ship upon a sunken 
rock, these three sea-nymphs lifted up 
the prow and turned it round. 

The lovely Nys4 and NerinA spring 
With all the vehemence and speed of win*. 
Camolns : Lusiad, ii. (1569). 

Nerissa, the clever confidential wait- 
ing-woman of Portia the Venetian heiress. 
Nerissa is the counterfeit of her mistress, 
with a fair share of the lady's elegance 
and wit. She marries Gratiano a friend 
of the merchant Anthonio. — Shakespeare: 
The Merchant of Venice (1698). 

Nero, a Roman emperor. A name 
synonymous with tyranny, persecution, 
and wickedness (37, 54-68). 

Nerds Friend. When all the statues 
of Nero were thrown down by order of the 
senate, some unknown friend strewed the 
grave with violets. 

The Nero of the North, Christian II. 
of Denmark (1480, reigned 1534-1558, 
died 1559). 

Nesle (Blondel de), the favourite 
minstrel of Richard Coeur de Lion 
[Nesle =Neel\—Sir W. Scott: The 
Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Nessus's Shirt. Nessos (in Latin, 
A T essus) the centaur carried the wife of 
Hercules over a river, and, attempting to 
run away with her, was shot by Hercules. 
As the centaur was dying, he told Dei- 
ani'ra (5 syl. ) that if she steeped in his 
blood her husband's shirt, she would 
secure his love for ever. This she did, 
but when Hercul6s put the shirt on, his 
body suffered such agony, that he rushed 
to mount CEta, collected together a pile of 
wood, set it on fire, and, rushing into the 
midst of the flames, was burnt to death. 

IT When Creusa (3 syl. ), the daughter of 
king Creon, was about to be married to 
Jason, Medea sent her a splendid wedding 
robe ; but when Creusa put it on, she was 
burnt to death in excruciating pain, 



NESTOR 

IT Morgan le Fay, hoping to kill king 
Arthur, sent him a superb royal robe. 
Arthur told the messenger to try it on, 
that he might see its effect ; but no 
sooner had the messenger done so, than 
he dropped down dead, "burnt to mere 
coal." — Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, i. 75 (1470). 

Eros, ho I the shirt of Nessus Is apen me {ia. J mm 

in agony\ 
Shake SJ ea re : A nUtty and CUefcUra, act Ir . sc . xo (1606). 

Nestor {A), a wise old man. Nestor 
of Pylos was the oldest and most ex- 
perienced of all the Greek chieftains who 
went to the siege of Troy. — Homer: Iliad. 

Nestor of the Chemical Revo- 
lution. Dr. Black is so called by 
Lavoisier (1728-1799). 

Nestor of Europe, Leopold king 
of Belgium (1790, 1831-1865). 

Neuha, a native of Toobouai, one of 
the Society Islands. It was at Too- 
bouai that the mutineers of the Bounty 
landed, and Torquil married Neuha. 
When a vessel was sent to capture the 
mutineers, Neuha conducted Torquil to a 
secret cave, where they lay perdu till all 
danger was over, when they returned to 
their island home. — Byron : The Island. 

(The character of Neuha is given in 
canto ii. 7. ) 

Never {Synonyms for). 

On the Greek Kalends. (There are no Greek Kc* 

ItHds.) When the Spanish ambassador announced In 

Latin the terms on which queen Elizabeth might hope 

to avert the threatened invasion, her majesty replied— 

Ad Grcecas, bone rex, fient mandata calendas. 

On St. Tibs's eve. (There is no such saint as Tibs.) 

On the 31st of June, 1897 (or any other impossible 

date). 

At latter Lammas. {There Is no such time.) Fuller 
thus renders the speech of the Spanish ambassador— 
These to you are our commands : 
Send no help to th' Netherlands} 
Of the treasure ta'en by Drake 
Restitution you must make ; 
And those abbeys build anew 
Wnich your father overthrew. 
The foeen's reply- 
Worthy king, know this : Your wO 
At latter Lammas well fulfil. 
On the year of the coronation of Napoleon fflL 
In the reign of queen Dick. 
Once in a blue moon. 
When two Sundays meet. 
When the Yellow River runs clear (Chinese). 
In that memorable week which had three Thursday* 
—Rabelais : Pmntag'ruel, ii. t. 

The year when the middle of August was In May.— 
Rabelais : Pantag'ruel, ii. 1. 

The year of the great medlars, three of which would 
III a bushel. — Rabelais : Pantag'ruel, ii. 1. 

At the coming of the Cocklicranes (3 syl.).—R*it- 
fais: Gargantua, 49. 
Cum multis aliis. 

Never s (Comte de), to whom Valen- 
t}'na (daughter of the governor of the 



7SP 



NEW TIMON. 



Louvre) was affianced, and whom she 
married in a fit of jealousy. The count 
having been shot in the Bartholomew 
slaughter, Valentina married Raoul \Rawt\ 
her first love, but both were killed by a 
party of musketeers commanded by the 
governor of the Louvre. — Meyerbeer : 
Les Huguenots (opera, 1836). 

N.B. — The duke [not count] deNevert, 
being asked by the governor of the 
Louvre to join in the Bartholomew Mas- 
sacre, replied that his family contained 
a long list of warriors, but not one 
assassin. 

Neville [Major), an assumed name 
of lord Geraldin, son of the earl of 
Geraldin. He first appears as Mr. 
William Lovell. 

Mr. Geraldin Neville, uncle to lord 
Geraldin.— Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III ). 

Neville {Miss), the friend and con- 
fidante of Miss Hardcastle. A handsome 
coquettish girl, destined by Mrs. Hard- 
castle for her son Tony Lumpkin, but 
Tony did not care for her, and she 
dearly loved Mr. Hastings ; so Hastings 
and Tony plotted together to outwit 
madam, and of course won the day. — 
Goldsmith : She Stoops to Conquer (1773). 

Neville {Sir Henry), chamberlain of 
Richard Cceur de Lion. — Sir W. Scott : 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

New Atlantis {The), an imaginary 
island in the middle of the Atlantic 
Bacon, in his allegorical fiction so called, 
supposes himself wrecked on this island, 
where he finds an association for the 
cultivation of natural science and the 
promotion of arts. — Bacon: The New 
Atlantis (1626). 

•.* Called the New Atlantis to dis- 
tinguish it from Plato's Atlantis, an 
Imaginary island of fabulous charms. 

New Bath Guide ( The), a series of 
letters in verse, describing the life at Bath. 
Full of wit and humour, and abounding 
in odd rhymes, by Christopher Anstey 

(1760). 

New Timon ( The), a politico-satirical 
poem by lord Lytton (1845), containing 
several sketches of the men of the time. 
Tennyson's poetry he calls — 

A jingling medley of purloined conceits. 
Out-babying Wordsworth, and out-glittering Keats, 

(Tennyson replied, but there is too 
much personality in his rejoinder. Thus 
he speaks of Lytton wearing stays, curling 



NEW WAY TO PAY OLD DEBTS. 751 



NEWGATE FASHION. 



his hair, priding himself on his spotless 
shirts, dapper boots, and dainty hands. 
No doubt he was extremely vain, but he 
was a man of considerable talent.) 

New Way to Pay Old Debts, a 

drama by Philip Massinger (1625). 
Wellborn, the nephew of sir Giles Over- 
reach, having run through his fortune 
and got into debt, induces lady Allworth, 
out of respect and gratitude to his father, 
to give him countenance. This induces 
sir Giles to suppose that his nephew was 
about to marry the wealthy dowager. 
Feeling convinced that he will then be 
able to swindle him of all the dowager's 
property, as he had ousted him out of 
his paternal estates, sir Giles pays his 
nephew's debts, and supplies him liberally 
with ready money, to bring about the 
marriage as soon as possible. Having 
paid Wellborn's debts, the overreaching 
old man is compelled, through the 
treachery of his clerk, to restore the 
estates also, for the deeds of conveyance 
are found to be only blank sheets of 
parchment, the writing having been 
erased by some chemical acids. 

New Zealander. It is Macaulay 
who said the time might come when 
some "New Zealand artist shall, in the 
midst of a vast solitude, take his stand on 
a broken arch of London bridge to sketch 
the ruins of St. Paul's." 

•.• Shelley was before Macaulay in the 
same conceit. (See Dedication of Peter 
Bell the Third.) 

Newcastle (The duchess of), in the 
court of Charles 11.— Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles I.). 

Newcastle [The marquis of), a 
royalist in the service of Charles I. — Sir 
W. Scott: Legend of Montrose (time, 
Charles I.). 

Newcastle Apothecary ( The), Mr. 
Bolus of Newcastle used to write his pre- 
scriptions in rhyme. A bottle bearing the- 
couplet, "When taken to be well shaken," 
was sent to a patient, and when Bolus 
called next day to inquire about its effect, 
John told the apothecary his master was 
dead. The fact is, John had shaken the 
sick man instead of the bottle, and had 
shaken the life out of him. — Colnuut. 

Newcome (Clemency), about 30 years 
old, with a plump and cheerful face, but 
twisted into a tightness that made it 
comical. Her gait was very homely, her 
limbs seemed all odd ones: her shoes 



were so self-willed that they never 
wanted to go where her feet went. She 
wore blue stockings, a printed gown of 
hideous pattern and many colours, and a 
white apron. Her sleeves were short, 
her elbows always grazed, her cap any- 
where but in the right place; but she 
was scrupulously clean, and " maintained 
a kind of dislocated tidiness." She 
carried in her pocket "a handkerchief, 
a piece of wax-candle, an apple, an 
orange, a lucky penny, a cramp-bone, 
a padlock, a pair of scissors, a handful 
of loose beads, several balls of worsted 
and cotton, a needle-case, a collection 
of curl-papers, a biscuit, a thimble, a 
nutmeg-grater, and a few miscellaneous 
articles." Clemency Newcome married 
Benjamin Britain, her fellow-servant at 
Dr. Jeddler's, and opened a country 
inn called the Nutmeg-Grater, a cozy, 
well-to-do place as any one could wish to 
see, and there were few married people 
so well assorted as Clemency and Ben 
Britain.— Dickens: The Battle of Life 
(1846). 

Newcome (Sir Barms), the bean- 
ideal of nineteenth-century worldliness. 

Clive Newcome, the hero of Thackeray's 
novel, The Newcomes. An artist, in love 
with Ethel Newcome, his cousin, whom 
he marries as his second wife. 

Colonel Newcome, a widower, dis- 
tinguished for the moral beauty of his 
life. He loses his money and enters the 
Charter House. 

Ethel Newcome, both clever and good. 
She is the niece of colonel Newcome, and 
loves her cousin Clive, who returns her 
affection. — Thackeray : The Newcomes 

(1855)- 

(The Newcomes is one of the best of 
Thackeray's novels.) 

Newcome (Johnny), any raw youth 
when he first enters the army or navy. 

Newgate Fashion (To March), 
two and two, as the prisoners were at one 
time conveyed to Newgate two and two 
together. 

Falstaff. Must we all march? 
Bardolfih. Yea, two and two, Newgate fashion. 
Shakespeare : Henry IV. act iu. sc. 3 (1597). 

Newgate Fringe, a beard worn only 
under the chin, as the hangman's rope is 
fastened round the neck of those about to 
be hanged. Sometimes called the New- 
gate Frill, and sometimes the Tyburn 
Collar. 

The Newgate Knocker, a lock of hair 
worn especially by costermongers, twisted 



tfEWLAND. 



7S* 



NIBELUNGEN LIED. 



towards the ear. It is supposed to re- 
mind one of the knocker on the prison 
door of Newgate. The cow-lick is a curl 
worn on the temples. 

Newland {Abraham), one of the 
governors of the Bank of England, to 
whom, in the early part of the nineteenth 
century, all Bank of England notes were 
made payable. A bank-note was called 
an ' ' Abraham Newland ; " and hence the 
popular song, "I've often heard say, sham 
Ab'ram you may, but must not sham 
Abraham Newland." 

Trees are notes issued from the bank of nature, and 
as current as those payable to Abraham Newland. — 
Colman : The Poor Gentleman, i. a (1802). 

Newspapers ( The Oldest). 

Stamford Mercury, 1695. The editor 
says that No. 6833, July 7, 1826, means 
that the paper had arrived at the 6833rd 
week of issue, or the 131st year of its 
existence. 

Nottingham Journal, 1710. 

Northampton Mercury, 172a 

Gloucester Journal, 1722. 

• . • Chalmers says that the first English 
newspaper was called the English 
Mercury, 1588 ; but Mr. Watts has 
proved that the papers so called, now 
in the British Museum, are forgeries, 
because they bear the paper-mark of 
George I. The English Mercuries consist 
of seven distinct articles, three printed, 
and four in MS. 

Newton. 

Newton . . . declared, with all his grand dbcoreries 

recent. 
That he himself felt only " like a youth 
Picking up shells by the great ocean, truth." 

Byron : Don Juan, vii. 5 (ita4). 

Newton discovered the prismatic colours 
of light, and explained the phenomenon 
by the emission theory. This theory is 
not now accepted ; the wave theory of 
Dr. Young has superseded it. 

Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night. 
God said, " Let Newton be ; " and all was light. 
Pope : Epitaph, intended /or Newton 's Monument in 
Westminster Abbey (1727). 

Newton is called by Campbell "The 
Priest of Nature." — Pleasures of Hope, i. 
(i799)- 

Newton and the Apple. It is 

said that Newton was standing in his 
mother's garden at Woolsthorpe, Lincoln- 
shire, in the year 1665, when an apple 
fell from a tree and set him thinking. 
From this incident he ultimately de- 
veloped his theory of gravitation. 

When Newton saw an apple fall, he found, 
In that slight startle from his contemplation, . . . 
A mode of proving that the earth turned round, 
In a most aatura' whirl called gravitation. 

Byron: Don Juan, x. 1 (1834). 



Newton's mother had married the Rer. B. Smith, 
and had returned to the manor-house of Woolsthorpe, 
where Newton was born. Mr. Conduit, who succeeded 
Newton at the Mint, was the husband of Catherine 
Barton, granddaughter of Mrs. Smith (Newton's 
mother). 

Newton and his Dog. One winter's 
morning, while attending early service in 
Trinity College, Newton inadvertently 
left his dog Diamond shut up in his 
room. On returning from chapel, he 
found that the little pet had upset the 
candle on his table, and several important 
papers were burnt On perceiving this 
irreparable loss, he exclaimed, "Oh, 
Diamond, Diamond, thou little knowest 
the mischief thou hast done ! " — Diffusion 
of Useful Knowledge (" Life of Newton," 
p. 26, col. 2). 

IT When Ainsworth was finishing the 
letter "S" of his Latin Dictionary, his 
wife, in a pet, threw the whole manuscript 
of the dictionary into the fire, but by 
marvellous perseverance he set to work 
at once to repair the loss. 

When Mr. Ainsworth was engaged in the laborious 
work of his Dictionary of the Latin Language, and had 
reached the letter " S," his wife in a fit of ill nature . . . 
committed the whole MS. to the flames . . . the pel- 
severing industry of Ainsworth repaired the loss . . . 
by his assiduous industry. — Cyclopadia of Literary 
and Scientific Anecdote (Griffin and Co.). 

Nibelnng, a mythical king of Nibe- 
lungenland (Norway). He had twelve 
paladins, all giants. Siegfried [Sege- 
freed], prince of the Netherlands, slew 
the giants, and made Nibelungenland 
tributary. — Nibelungen Lied, iii. (1210). 

Nibelungen Hoard, a mythical 
mass of gold and precious stones, which 
Siegfried [Sege-freed], prince of the 
Netherlands, took from Nibelungenland 
and gave to his wife as a dowry. The 
hoard filled thirty-six waggons. After 
the murder of Siegfried, Hagan seized 
the hoard, and, for concealment, sank it 
in the " Rhine at Lockham," intending 
to recover it at a future period, but 
Hagan was assassinated, and the hoard 
was lost for ever. — Nibelungen Lied, xix. 

Nibelungen Lied [Ne. by-lung.' n 
leed], the German Iliad (1210). It is 
divided into two parts, and tiiirty-two 
lieds or cantos. The first part ends with 
the death of Siegfried, and the second 
part with the death of Kriemhild. 

Siegfried, the youngest of the kings 
of the Netherlands, went to Worms, 
to crave the hand of Kriemhild in 
marriage. While he was staying with 
Giinther king of Burgundy (the lady's 
brother), he assisted him to obtain in 
marriage Brunhild queen of Issland. 



NIBELUNGEN N(fr. 



753 



NICHOLAS 



who announced publicly that he only 
should be her husband who could beat 
her in hurling a spear, throwing a huge 
stone, and in leaping. Siegfried, who 
possessed a cloak of invisibility, aided 
Gunther in these three contests, and 
Brunhild became his wife. In return for 
these services, Gunther gave Siegfried his 
sister Kriemhild in marriage. After a 
time, the bride and bridegroom went to 
visit Gunther, when the two ladies dis- 
puted about the relative merits of their 
respective husbands, and Kriemhild, to 
exalt Siegfried, boasted that Gunther 
owed to him his victories and his wife. 
Brunhild, in great anger, now employed 
Hagan to murder Siegfried, and this he 
did by stabbing him in the back while 
he was drinking from a brook. 

Thirteen years elapsed, and the widow 
married Etzel king of the Huns. After 
a time, she invited Brunhild and Hagan 
to a visit. Hagan, in this visit, killed 
Etzel's young son, and Kriemhild was 
like a fury. A battle ensued, in which 
Gunther and Hagan were made prisoners, 
and Kriemhild cut off both their heads 
with her own hand. Hildebrand,* hor- 
rified at this act of blood, slew Kriemhild ; 
and so the poem ends. — Authors un- 
known (but the story was pieced together 
by the minnesingers). 

• . * The Volsunga Saga is the Icelandic 
version of the Nibelungen Lied. This 
saga has been translated into English by 
William Morris. 

The Nibelungen Lied has been ascribed 
to Heinrich von Oftendingen, a minne- 
singer; but it certainly existed before 
that epoch, if not as a complete whole, 
in separate lays, and all that Heinrich 
von Oftendingen could have done was to 
collect the floating lays, connect them 
and form them into a complete story. 

F. A. Wolf, in 1795, wrote a learned 
book to prove that Homer did for the 
Iliad and Odyssey what Oftendingen did 
for the Nibelungen Lied. 

The Nibelungen Lied was translated 
into English verse (12-syl.) by Lettsom, 
in 1850. Richard Wagner composed, in 
1850, an opera called Die Niebelungen. 

Nibelungen Not, the second part 
of the Nibelungen Lied, containing the 
marriage of Kremhild with Etzel, the 
visit of the Burgundians to the court of 
the Hun, and the death of Gunther, 
Hagan, Kriemhild, and others. This part 
contains eighty-three four-line stanzas 
more than the first part. The number of 



lines in the two parts is 9836; so that 
the poem is almost as long as Milton's 
Paradise Lost. 

Nibelungers, whoever possessed the 
Nibelungen hoard. When it was in Nor- 
way, the Norwegians were so called : when 
Siegfried [Sege-freed] got possession of it, 
the Netherlanders were so called ; and 
when the hoard was removed to Bur- 
gundy, the Burgundians were the 
Nibelungers. 

Nic. Frog', the Dutch, as a nation ; 
as the English are called John Bull.— Dr. 
Arbuthnot : History of John Bull (1712). 

Nica'nor, " the Protospathaire," a 
Greek general.— Sir W. Scott: Giunt 
Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Nice (Sir Courtly), the chief character 
and title of a drama by Croune (1685). 

NICHOLAS, a poor scholar, who 
boarded with John, a rich old miserly 
carpenter. The poor scholar fell in love 
with Alison, his landlord's young wife, 
who joined him in duping the foolish old 
carpenter. Nicholas told John that such 
a rain would fall on the ensuing Monday 
as would drown every one in "less than 
an hour ; " and he persuaded the old fool 
to provide three large tubs, one for him- 
self, one for his wife, and the other for 
his lodger. In these tubs, said Nicholas, 
they would be saved ; and when the flood 
abated, they would then be lords and 
masters of the whole earth. A few hoars 
before the time of the "flood," the old 
carpenter went to the top chamber of his 
house to repeat his pater nosters. He fell 
asleep over his prayers, and was roused 
by the cry of " Water 1 water! Help! 
help ! " Supposing the rain had come, 
he jumped into his tub, and was let down 
by Nicholas and Alison into the street. 
A crowd soon assembled, were delighted 
at the joke, and pronounced the old man 
an idiot and fool — Chaucer: Canterbury 
Tales (" The Miller's Tale," 1388). 

Nicholas, the barber of the village in 
which don Quixote lived. — Cervantes: 
Don Quixote, I. (1605). 

Nicholas (Brother), a monk at St. 
Mary's Convent.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Nicholas (St.), patron saint of boys, 
parish clerks, sailors, thieves, and of 
Aberdeen, Russia, etc. 

Nicholas (St.). The legend is, that 
an angel told him a certain father was so 
3 C 



NICHOLAS NICKLEBY. 754 

poor that he was about to raise money by 
the prostitution of his three daughters. 
On hearing this, St. Nicholas threw in at 
the cottage window three bags of money, 
sufficient to portion off each of the three 
damsels. 

The gift 
Of Nicholas, which on the maidens he 
Bounteous bestowed, to save their youthful pH— 
Unblemished. 

Dante : Purgatory, xx. (1308). 

Nicholas Nickleby, the title and 
chief character of a novel by C. Dickens 
(1838). Nicholas Nickleby is the son of 
a poor country gentleman, and has to 
make his own way in the world. He 
first goes as usher to Mr. Squeers, 
schoolmaster at Dotheboys Hall, in 
Yorkshire ; but leaves in disgust with the 
tyranny of Squeers and his wife, espe- 
cially to a poor boy^named Smike. Smike 
runs away from the school to follow 
Nicholas, and remains his humble 
follower till death. At Portsmouth, 
Nicholas joins the theatrical company of 
Mr. Crummies, but leaves the profession 
/or other adventures. He falls in with 
the brothers Cherryble, who make him 
their clerk ; and in this post he rises to 
become a merchant, and ultimately mar- 
ries Madeline Bray. 

Mrs. Nickleby, mother of Nicholas, and 
a widow. She is an enormous talker, 
fond of telling long stories with no con- 
nection. Mrs. Nickleby is a weak, vain 
woman, who imagines an idiot neighbour 
is in love with her because he tosses cab- 
bages and other articles over the garden 
wall. In conversation, Mrs. Nickleby 
rides off from the main point at every 
word suggestive of some new idea. As a 
specimen of her sequence of ideas, take 
the following example: "The name 
began with ' B ' and ended with ' g,' I am 
sure. Perhaps it was Waters " (ch. xxi.). 
(See also Aircastle, p. 17.) 

"The original of 'Mrs. Nickleby,'" says John 
Foster, "was the mother of Charles Dickens."— Life 
if Dickens, iii. 8. 

Kate Nickleby, sister of Nicholas ; 
beautiful, pure-minded, and loving. Kate 
works hard to assist in the expenses of 
housekeeping, but shuns every attempt of 
Ralph and others to allure her from the 
path of virgin innocence. She ultimately 
marries Frank, the nephew of the 
Cheeryble brothers. 

Ralph Nickleby, of Golden Square 
(London), uncle to Nicholas and Kate. 
A hard, grasping money-broker, with no 
ambition but the love of saving, no spirit 
beyood the thirst of gold, and no principle 



NIDHOGG. 

except that of fleecing every one who 
comes into his power. This villain is the 
father of Smike, and ultimately hangs 
himself, because he loses money, and 
sees his schemes one after another burst 
into thin air. — Dickens : Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

Nicholas of the Tower (The), 
the duke of Exeter, constable of the 
Tower. 

He was encountered with a shippe of warre apper- 
teinyng to the duke of Exeter, the constable of the 
Towre of London, called The Nicholas 0/ the Towre. 
—Hall: Chronicle (1542). 

Nicholas's Clerks, highwaymen ; 
so called by a pun on the phrase Old 
Nick and St. Nicholas who presided over 
scholars. 

I think yonder come, prancing down the hill from 
Kingston, a couple of St. Nicholas's clerks. — Rowley ; 
Match at Midnight (1633). 

St. Nicholas's Clerks, scholars; so 
called because St. Nicholas was the 
patron of scholars. The statutes of 
Paul's School require the scholars to 
attend divine service on St. Nicholas's 
Day. — Knight; Life of Dean Colet, 36a 
(1726). 

Nickie-Ben, a familiar Scotch name 
for the deviL (See Burns's Address to 
theDeil.) 

Nicneven, a gigantic malignant hag 
of Scotch superstition. 

(Dunbar, the Scotch poet, describes 
her in his Flyting of Dunbar and 
Kennedy, 1508.) 

Nicode'mus, one of the servants of 
general Harrison. — Sir IV. Scott: Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Nicodemxis'd into Nothing ; i.e. 

the prospects of one's life being spoiled 
by a silly name. " Give a dog a bad name 
and hang him." (The evil influence of a 
silly name on the bearer of it. ) 

How many Caesars and Pompeys ... by mere in- 
spiration of the names, have been made worthy of 
them ! and how many . . . might have done . . . well 
. . . had they not been Nicodenius'd into nothing 1— 
Sterne: Tristram Shandy, voL i. 19. 

Nicol, Anglo-Norman for Lincoln. 

The tight counties »/ Lincoln— 

Nichole e Hamton [JVorthatnflon\ 
Hereford [Hertford] e Huntedune, 
Leicestre e Bedefurd, 
Buckinham e Oxnefford. 

Gaimar : Lestorie dei Bngles. 

Nicole (a syl.), a female servant of 
M. Jourdain, who sees the folly of her 
master, and exposes it in a natural and 
amusing manner. — Moliere : Le Bourgeois 
Gentilhomme (1670). 

NidJibgg", the dragon or adder that 



NIFLHEIM. 

pnavts the fabled ash tree yggdrasil (q.v.) 
in old Scandinavian mythology. 

Niflheim, the region of cold and 
darkness into which one of the roots of 
the ash tree yggdrasil [q.v.) descends. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Nigel. (See Fortunes of Nigel, 
P. 387-) 

Night or Noz. So Tennyson calls 
sir Peread, the Black Knight of the Black 
Lands, one of the four brothers who kept 
the passages to Castle Perilous. — Tenny~ 
son: Idylls of the King ("Gareth and 
Lynette"); sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 126 (1470). 

Night and Morning, a novel by 
lord Lytton (1841). 

Night Side of Nature {The), a 
collection of ghost stories by Mrs. Crowe 
(1848). 

Night Thoughts, a series of poems 
in blank verse by Dr. Young. The first 
eight books were published in 174a, the 
ninth book in 1745. 

Night i, on Life, Death, and Immortality. 
Night 2, on Time. Death, and Friendship. 
Night 3, Narcissa. 
Night 4, The Christian Triumph. 
Night 5, The Relapse. 

Nights 6 and 7, The Infidel reclaimed {in a parti). 
Night 8, Virtue's apology, or the Man of the World 
answered. 
Night 9, Consolations. 

The great defect of the Night Thoughts 
is the want of continuity. The nine 
nights are full of detached bursts of 
passion and poetic fancy, but even 
Lorenzo excites in us no interest. There 
is plenty of epigram, some pathos, much 
emotion, and several fine reflections ; but 
the book should not be read through at 
once, or it would pall the appetite. I 
know of no book more fitted for ' ' select 
beauties " and judicious extracts. 

Nightingale ( The). It is said that 
this bird is unknown in Wales, Ireland, 
and Scotland ; that it does not visit Corn- 
wall, nor even the west of Devon. 

The Arcadian Nightingale, an ass. 

The Cambridgeshire Nightingale, the 
edible frog, once common in the fen 
district ; also called the ' ' Whaddon 
organ. " 

The Fen Nightingale, the edible frog. 

The Italian Nightingale, Angelica 
Catala'ni ; also called "The Queen of 
Song" (1782-1849). 

The Liege Nightingale, the edible frog. 

Tke Swedish Nightingale, Jenny Lind, 



753 NIMUE. 

afterwards Mme. Goldschmidt She ap- 

f>eared in London 1847, and retired 1851 
1821-1886). 

The Nightingale of Wittenberg. Martin 
Luther is so called by Sachs, one of the 
minnesingers (1483-1546). 

Nightingale and the Lutist. 
The tale is that a lute-master challenged 
a nightingale in song. The bird, after 
sustaining the contest for some time, 
feeling itself outdone, fell on the lute, and 
died broken-hearted. 

*.* This tale is from the Latin of 
Strada, translated by Richard Crashaw, 
and called Music's Duel (1650). It is 
most beautifully told by John Ford, in 
his drama entitled The Lover's Melan- 
choly, where Men'aphon is supposed to 
tell it to Ame'thus (1628). 

Nightingale and the Thorn. 

As it fell upon a day 
In the merry month of May, 
Sitting in a pleasant shade 
Which a grove of myrtles made- 
Beasts did leap, anci birds did sing. 
Trees did grow, and plants did spring; 
Everything did banish moan. 
Save the nightingale alone ; 
She, poor bird, as all forlorn. 
Leaned her breast up-till a thorn. 
Barnfield : Address to the NightingaU (1504). 
So Philomel, perched on an aspen sprig, 
Weeps all the night her lost virginity, 
And sings her sad tale to the merry twig, 
That dances at such joyful mysery. 
Ne ever lets sweet rest invade her eye, 
But leaning on a thorn her dainty chest, 
For fear soft sleep should steal into her breast. 
Expresses in her song grief not to be expressed. 
Q. FUtcher : Christ's Triumph over Death (1610). 
The nightingale that sings with the deep thorn 
Which fable places in her breast. 

Byron : Don yuan, rl 87 (1834). 

Nightmare of Europe (The), 
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769, reigned 1804- 
1814, died 1821). 

Nightshade (Deadly). We are told 
that the berries of this plant so intoxi- 
cated the soldiers of Sweno the Danish 
king, that they became an easy prey to 
the Scotch, who cut them to pieces. 

*.' Called "deadly," not from its 
poisonous qualities, but because it was 
used at one time for blackening the eyes 
in mourning. 

Nihil. Ex nihilo nihil fit (" Nothing 
can come out of nothing "]. The axiom 
of Xenoph'anes (4 syl.), founder of the 
Eleatic school. 

Nimrod, pseudonym of Charles James 
Apperley, author of The Chase, The Road, 
The Turf (1777-1843). 

Nim'ue, a " damsel of the lake," who 
cajoled Merlin in his dotage to tell her 



NINA-THOMA. 

the secret " whereby he could be rendered 
powerless ; " and then, like Delilah, she 
overpowered him, by "confining him 
under a stone." 

Then after these quests, Merlin fell in a dotage on 
. . . one of the damsels of the lake, hight Nimue, and 
Merlin would let her have no rest, but always he would 
be with her in every place. And she made him good 
cheer till she had learned of him what she desired. . . . 
And Merlin shewed to her in a rock, whereas was a 
great wonder . . . which went under a stone. So by 
her subtle craft, she made Merlin go under that stone 
. . . and he never came out, for all the craft that he 
could do.— Malory : History of Prince Arthur ; i. 60 
(1470). 

Without doubt the name Nimue is a 
clerical error for Nineve or Ninive. It 
occurs only once in the three volumes. 
(See Nineve.) 

N.B. — Tennyson makes Vivien the 
seductive betrayer of Merlin, and says 
she enclosed him "in the four walls of a 
hollow tower ; " but the History says 
" Nimue put him under the stone " (pt. i. 
60). 

Nina-Thoma, daughter of Tor- 
Thoma (chief of one of the Scandinavian 
islands). She eloped with Uthal (son of 
Larthmor a petty king of Berrathon, a 
neighbouring island); but Uthal soon 
tired of her, and, having fixed his affec- 
tions on another, confined her in a desert 
island. Uthal, who had also dethroned 
his father, was slain in single combat by 
Ossian, who had come to restore the 
deposed monarch to his throne. When 
Nina-Thoma heard of her husband's 
death, she languished and died, "for, 
though most cruelly entreated, her love for 
Uthal was not abated." — Ossian; Berra- 
thon. 

Nino. "It is by nines that Eastern 
presents are given, when they would 
extend their magnificence to the highest 
degree." Thus, when Dakianos wished 
to ingratiate himself with the shah — 

He caused himself to be preceded by nine superb 
camels. The first was loaded with nine suits of gold 
adorned with jewels; the second bore nine sabres, tha 



7& NINEVR 

Bjr the nine gods he swore It, 
And named a trysting day . . . 
T« summon his array. 

Macaulay : Lays of Ancient Rom* 
{" Horatius," 1., 1842). 

Nine Orders of Angels (The)-. 

(1) Seraphim, (2) Cherubim (in the first 
circle) ; (3) Thrones, (4) Dominions (in 
the second circle) ; (5J Virtues, (6) Powers, 
(7) Principalities, (8) Archangels, (9) 
Angels (in the third circle). 

In heaven above 
The effulgent bands in triple circles move. 
Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered, xi. 13 (1575). 
Novem vero angelorum ordines dicimus ; . . . scimus 



; ; upon the third camel were nine suits of 
r; the fourth had nine suits of horse furniture ; 



monds ; 
armour ; 

the fifth had nine cases full of sapphires ; the sixth had 
nine cases full of rubies; the seventh nine cases full of 
emeralds ; the eighth had nine cases full of amethysts ; 
and the ninth had nine cases full of diamonds.— Comte 
de Caylus : Oriental Tales (" Dakianos and the Seven 
Sleepers," 1743)- 

Nine Gods ( The) of the Etruscans : 
Juno, Minerva, and Tin'ia (the three 
chief). The other six were Vulcan, 
Mars, Saturn, Hercules, Summa'nus, and 
Vedius. (See Novensiles, p. 763.) 

Lars Por'sSna of Clusium, 

By the nine gods he swore 
That the great house of TarquJa 

Should suffer wrong no more. 



(1) Angelos, (2) Archangelos. (3) Virtutes, (4) Potes- 
tates, (5) Principatus, (6) Dominationes, (7) Thronos, 
(8) Cherubim, (9) Seraphim.— Gregory : Homily, 34 
(A.D. 381). 



Nine Planets (The): Mercury, 
Venus, the Earth, Mars, the Planetoids, 
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. 

* . • According to the Ptolemaic system, 
there are only seven planets, or, more 
strictly speaking, " planetary heavens," 
viz. the Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, 
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Beyond these 
were three other spheres, that of the fixed 
stars, the primum mobile, and the em- 
pyrean. This is the system DantS follows 
in his Paradise. 

Nine Worthies (The). Three were 
pagans: Hector, Alexander, and Julius 
Caesar. Three were Jews: Joshua, 
David, and Judas Maccabaeus. Three 
were Christians: Arthur, Charlemagne, 
and Godfrey of Bouillon. 

Nine Worthies (privy councillors to 
William III.). Four were Whigs: 
Devonshire, Dorset, Monmouth, and 
Edward Russell. Five were Tories : 
Caermarthen, Pembroke, Nottingham, 
Marlborough, and Lowther. 

Nine Worthies of London ( The) : 
sir William Walworth, sir Henry Prit- 
chard, sir William Sevenoke, sir Thomas 
White, sir John Bonham, Christopher 
Croker, sir John Hawkwood, sir Hugh 
Caverley, and sir Henry Maleverer. 

(The chronicles of these nine worthies 
are written in prose and verse by Richard 
Johnson (1592), author of The Seven 
Champions of Christendom. ) 

Nineteenth Century (The), a 
monthly periodical started in 1877. 

Nineve (2 syl. ), the Lady of the Lake, 
in Arthurian romance. 

Then the Lady of the Lake, that was always friendly 
unto king Arthur, understood by her subtle crafts that 
he was like to have been destroyed ; and so the Lady 
of the Lake, that hight Nineve, came into the forest t« 
■eek sir Launcelot du Lake.— Sir T. MaUry : History 
t/PriHci Arthur, ii. 57 (1470). 



NINEVEH. 



7S7 



NO ONE. 



V This name occurs three times in the 
Morte d Arthur — once as " Nimue," once 
as "Nineve," and once as "Ninive." 
Probably "Nimue" (q.v.) is a clerical 
error, as we also find Nynyue. 

Nineveh (The Fall of), an historic 
poem by Edwin Atherstone, in thirty 
books. Six were published in 1825, 
seven more in 1830, and the rest in 1847. 

Ninon de Lenclos, a beautiful 
Parisian, rich, spirituelle, and an atheist, 
who abandoned herself to epicurean in- 
dulgence, and preserved her charms to a 
very advanced age. Ninon de Lenclos 
renounced marriage, and had numberless 
lovers. Her house was the rendezvous 
of all the most illustrious persons of the 
period, as Moliere, St. Evremont, Fonte- 
nelle, Voltaire, and so on (1615-1705). 

Some never grow 
Ugly; for Instance, Ninon de Lenclos. 

Byron : Don Juan, v. 98 (itao). 

Niobe [Ne'-o-by], the beau-ideal of 
grief. After losing her twelve children, 
she was changed into a stone, from which 
ran water. 

•.• The group of "Niobe and her 
Children in Florence," discovered at 
Rome in 1583, was the work either of 
Praxit'elSs or Scopas. 

She followed my poor father's body, 
tike Niobe, all tears. 

Shakespeare : Hamlet, act L sc. * (1596). 

Niobe of Nations ( The). Rome is 
so called by Byron. — Childe Harold, iv. 
79 (1817). 

Nipha'tes (3 syl. ), a mountain on the 
borders of Mesopotamia. It was on this 
mountain that Satan lighted when he 
came from the sun to visit our earth. 

. . . toward the coast of earth beneath, 
Down from the ecliptic, sped with hoped success . . . 
Nor stayed till on Niphates' top he lights. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iii. 730, etc (1665). 

Nipper (Susan), generally called 
" Spitfire," from her snappish disposition. 
She was the nurse of Florence Dombey, 
to whom she was much attached. Susan 
Nipper married Mr. Toots (after he had 
got over his infatuation for Florence). 

Susan Nipper says, " I may wish to take a voyage to 
Chaney, but I mayn't know now to leave the London 
Docks." — Dickens : Dombey and Son (1846). 

Nippotate (4 syl.), "a live lion 
stuffed with straw," exhibited in a raree- 
show. So called from the body of a tame 
hedgehog exhibited by Old Harry, a 
notorious character in London at the 
beginning of the eighteenth century (died 
1710). 



Of monsters stranger than can be expressed. 
There's Nippotate lies amongst the rest. 

Sutton Micffllt. 

Niquee [Ne'-kay], the sister of Anas- 
terax, with whom she lived in incest. 
The fairy Zorphee was her godmother, 
and enchanted her, in order to break off 
this connection. — Vasco de Lobeira : 
Amadis de Gaul (thirteenth century). 

Nisroch \Nisf-rok\ " of principalities 
the prince." A god of the Assyrians. 
In the book of Kings the " Seventy " call 
him " Meserach," and in Isaiah " Nasa- 
rach." Josephus calls him "AraskSs." 
One of the rebel angels in Milton's 
Paradise Lost. 

Sense of pleasure we may well 
Spare out of life, perhaps, and'not repine. 
But live content, which is the calmest life ; 
But pain is perfect misery, the worst 
Of evils, and, excessive, overturns 
All patience. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, vi. 459, etc (1665). 

Nirva'na, elemental ens, abstract 
existence, that is existence stripped of 
will, passion, pleasure, pain, etc. Life is 
not nirvana, because life is a compound ; 
and death is not nirvana, but death is the 
cessation of existence. 

Nisus and Eury'alns, an episode 
in Virgil's sErieid. They were two young 
Trojans who accompanied /Eneas from 
Troy, and won great distinction in the 
war with Turnus. They entered the 
enemy's camp at dead of night, but, being 
detected by the Rutulians, Eury'alus was 
slain, and Nisus (trying to save his friend) 
perished also (bk. ix.). 

(This is given as an example of friend- 
ship, q.v.) 

Nit, one of the attendants of queen 
Mab. 

Hop, and Mop, and Drap so clear, 
Pip, and Trip, and Skip, that were 
To Mab their sovereign dear — 

Her special maids of honour. 
Fib, and Tib, and Pinck, and Pin, 
Tick, and Quick, and Jill, and Jin, 
Tit, and Nit, and Wap. and Win— 

The train that wait upon her. 

Drayton : Nymphidia (1563-1631). 

Nixon {Christal), agent to Mr. 
Edward Redgauntlet the Jacobite. — Sir 
W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Nixon (Martha), the old nurse of the 
earl of Oxford. — Sir W. Scott; Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

No Cross no Crown, a discourse 
by W. Pcnn, written in prison (1669). 
(See Prison Literature.) 

No One (Cctsar or). Julius Caesar 



NO SONG NO SUPPER. 



758 



NON MI RICORDO. 



said, "Aut Caesar aut nullus." And 
again, " I would sooner be first in a 
village than second at Rome. " 

Milton makes Satan say, "Better to 
reign in hell than serve in heaven." 

Jonathan Wild used to say, " I'd rather 
stand on the top of a dunghill than at the 
bottom of a hill in paradise." 

Tennyson says, "All in all or not at 
all."— Idylls (" Vivien"). 

"Six thrice or three dice" (aces were 
called dice, and did not count). 

No Song* no Supper, a musical 
drama by Prince Hoare, F.S.A. (1790). 
Crop the farmer has married a second 
wife called Dorothy, who has an amiable 
weakness for a rascally lawyer named 
Endless. During^ the absence of her 
husband, Dorothy provides a supper for 
Endless, consisting of roast lamb and a 
cake ; but just as the lawyer sits down to 
it, Crop, with Margaretta, knocks at the 
door. Endless is concealed in a sack, and 
the supper is carried away. Presently, 
Robin the sweetheart of Margaretta 
arrives, and Crop regrets there is nothing 
but bread and cheese to offer him. Mar- 
garetta now volunteers a song, the first 
verse of which tells Crop there is roast 
lamb in the house, which is accordingly 
produced ; the second verse tells him 
there is a cake, which is produced also ; 
and the third verse tells him that Endless 
is concealed in a sack. Had there been 
no song there would have been no supper, 
but the song produced the roast lamb and 
new cake. 

No Thoroughfare, a Christmas 
tale by Dickens and Collins, in All the 
Year Round (1867). Dramatized by the 
authors. 

Noah's Flood, a poem by Drayton 
(1627). 

Noah's Raven. (For a remarkable 
parallel, see Raven.) 

Noah's Wife, Waila (3 syl.), who 
endeavoured to persuade the people that 
her husband was distraught. 

The wife of Noah \}Vdild\ and the wife of Lot 
[IVdhela] were both unbelievers . . . and deceived 
their husbands . . . and it shall be said to them at the 
last day. " Enter ye Into hell fire."— Sale : A I Kordn, 
lxvi. 

Nobbs, the horse of "Dr. Dove of 
Doncaster. " — Southey : The Doctor (1834). 

Noble (The), Charles III. of Navarre 
(1361, 1 387-1425). 

Soliman, Tckelibi, the Turk (died 
14 10). 



•.• Khosrou or Chosroes I. was called 
'■ The Noble Soul " (*, 531-579). 

Noctes (2 syl. ), a series of seventy-one 

hypothetical conversations contributed to 
Blackwood 's Magazine between 1822 and 
1835. About half were by professor 
Wilson. The conversations were supposed 
to take place in the "blue parlour "of 
an inn, kept by one Ambrose, and hence 
were called Noctes Ambrosiana. 

Nodel, the lion, in the beast-epic 
called Reynard the Fox. Nodel, the lion, 
represents the regal element of Germany ; 
Isengrin, the wolf, represents the baronial 
element ; and Reynard, the fox, the 
Church element (1498). 

Noel (Eusebe), schoolmaster of Bout 
du Monde. " His clothes are old and 
worn, and his manner vacant " (act i. 2). — 
Stirling: The Gold-Mine or Miller c$ 
Grenoble (1854). 

Noggs (Newman), Ralph Nickleby's 
clerk. A tall man of middle age, with 
two goggle eyes (one of which was fixed), 
a rubicund nose, a cadaverous face, and 
a suit of clothes decidedly the worse for 
wear. He had the gift of distorting and 
cracking his finger-joints. This kind- 
hearted, dilapidated fellow "kept his 
hunter and hounds once," but ran through 
his fortune. He discovered a plot of old 
Ralph, which he confided to the Cheeryble 
brothers, who frustrated it and then pro- 
vided for Newman. — Dickens: Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). 

Noko'mis, mother of Weno'nah, and 
grandmother of Hiawatha. Nikomis was 
the daughter of the Moon. While she 
was swinging one day, some of her com- 
panions, out of jealousy, cut the ropes, 
and she fell to earth in a meadow. The 
same night her first child, a daughter, 
was born, and was named Wenonah. 

There among the ferns and mosses . . . 
Fair Nokomis bore a daughter, 
And she called her name Wenonah. 

Longfellow : Hiawatha, «L (1855). 

Non Mi Ricordo, the usual reply 
of the Italian courier and other Italian 
witnesses when on examination at the trial 
of queen Charlotte (the wife of George 
IV.), in 1820. 

The Italian witnesses often created amusement, 
when under examination, by the frequent answer; 
"Non mi ricordo. "— Cassell s History 0/ England, 
VII. iv. 16(1863;. 

H " Lord Flint," In Such Things Art, 
by Mrs. Inchbald (1786), when asked a 
question he wished to. evade, used to reply, 



N0NACR1S' STREAM. 



759 NORNA OF THE FITFUL HEAD. 



•' My people know, no doubt, but I cannot 
recollect." 

IT "Pierre Choppard," in The Courier 
of Lyons, by Edward Stirling (1852), when 
asked an ugly question, always answered, 
"I'll ask my wife, my memory's so 
slippery." 

IT The North American society called 
the " Know Nothings," founded in 1853, 
used to reply to every question about 
themselves, " I know nothing about it." 

Nona'cris' Stream, the river Styx, 
in Arcadia. Cassander says he has in 
a phial some of this " horrid spring," one 
drop of which, mixed with wine, would 
act as a deadly poison. To this Polyper- 
chon replies— 

I know its power, for I hare seen It tried. 
Pains of all sorts thro' every nerve and artery 
At once it scatters,— burns at once and freeze!,— 
Till, by extremity of torture forced, 
Tke soul consents to leave her joyless home. 

Lee: Alexander tke Great, iv. i (1678). 

Nonentity [Dr.), a metaphysician, 
and thought by most people to be a pro- 
found scholar. He generally spreads him- 
self before the fire, sucks his pipe, talks 
little, drinks much, and is reckoned very 
good company. You may know him by 
his long grey wig, and the blue handker- 
chief round his neck. 

Dr. Nonentity, I am told, writes Indexes to perfec- 
tion, makes essays, and reviews any work with a 
single day's warning.— Goldsmith : A Citizen of the 
World, xxix. (1759). 

Nones and Ides (each i syl.\ 

On March the 7th. Tune, July, 
October, too, the Nones you spy; 
Except in these, those Nones appeal 
On the 5th day of all the year. 
If to the Nones you add an 8, 
Of all the Ides you'll find the date. 

S.C.B. 

Hence we have the 15th for the Ides of 
March, June, July, and October ; and the 
13th for every other month. 

Nongtong'pa'W, a comic ballad by 
Charles Dibdin (1745-1814). 

Nonsense (Foote 's farrago of). (See 
Panjandrum.) 

Norbert {Father). Pierre Parisot Nor- 
bert, the French missionary (1697-1769). 

Norfolk Street (Strand), with 
Arundel, Surrey, and Howard Streets, 
occupy the site of the house and grounds 
of the Howards (earls of Arundel and 
Surrey). 

Norland [Lord), father of lady Eleanor 
Irwin, and guardian of lady Ramble (Miss 
Maria Wooburn). He disinherited his 
daughter for marrying against his will. 



and left her to starve ; but subsequently 
he relented, and relieved her wants and 
those of her young husband. — Mrs. Inch- 
bald : Every One has His Fault (1794). 

Norma, a vestal who had been 
seduced, and discovers her paramour 
trying to seduce a sister vestal. In de- 
spair, she contemplates the murder of 
her base-born children. — Bellini: Norma 
(1831) ; libretto by Romani. 

Norman, forester of sir William 
Ashton lord-keeper of Scotland. — Sir 
IV. Scott : Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Norman, a " sea-captain," in love 

with Violet the ward of lady ArundeL 
It turns out that this Norman is her 
ladyship's son by her first husband, and 
heir to the title and estates ; but lady 
Arundel, having married a second hus- 
band, had a son named Percy, whom she 
wished to make her heir. Norman's 
father was murdered, and Norman, who 
was born three days afterwards, was 
brought up by Onslow, a village priest. 
At the age of 14 he went to sea, and 
became captain of a man-of war. Ten 
years later, he returned to Arundel, and 
though at first his mother ignored him, 
and Percy flouted him, his noble and 
generous conduct disarmed hostility, and 
he not only reconciled his half-brother, 
but won his mother's affection, and 
married Violet his heart's "sweet sweet- 
ing." — Lord Lytton: The Sea-Captain 
(1839). 

Norman-nan-Ord or Norman of 
the Hammer, one of the eight sons of 
Torquil of the Oak.— Sir W. Scott: Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Normandy [The Gem of), Emma, 
daughter of Richard I. (died 1052). 

Noma of the Fitful Head, " The 

Reimkennar." Her real name was Ulla 
Troil, but after her seduction by Basil 
Mertoun (Vaughan), and the birth of a 
son named Clement Cleveland (the future 
pirate), she changed her name. Towards 
the end of the novel, Noma gradually 
recovered her senses. She was the aunt 
of Minna and Brenda Troil. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Pirate (time, William III.). 

* . * She thought that M01 daunt Mertoun 
was her son, but her son was really Cleve- 
land the pirate. Basil Mertoun, the 
natural father of Cleveland, afterwards 
married, and Mordaunt was the son of 



NORRIS. 

this marriage. (For Noma's mistake, see 
ch. xxxiii. ; for the explanation, seech, xli.) 

[One] cannot fail to trace in Noma — the victim of 
remorse and insanity, and the dupe of her own 
Imposture, her mind to* flooded with all the wild 
literature and extravagant superstitions of the north— 
something distinct from the Dumfriesshire gipsy, 
whose pretensions to supernatural powers are not 
beyond those of a Norwood prophetess.— The PiraU 
(introduction, i8ai). 

Norris, a family to whom Martin 
Chuzzlewit was introduced while he was 
in America. They were friends of Mr. 
Bevan, rabid abolitionists, and yet hanker- 
ing after titles as the gilt of the ginger- 
bread of life. — Dickens: Martin Chuzxle- 
wit (1844). 

Norris [Black), a dark, surly man 
and a wrecker. _He wanted to marry 
Marian, "the daughter" of Robert (also 
a wrecker) ; but Marian was betrothed to 
Edward, a young sailor. Robert, being 
taken up for murder, was condemned to 
death ; but Norris told Marian he would 
save his life if she would promise to 
marry him. Marian consented, but was 
saved by the arrest of Black Norris for 
murder. — Knowles : The Daughter ( 1836). 

North (Christopher), pseudonym of 
John Wilson, professor of moral philo- 
sophy, Edinburgh. He contributed to 
Blackwood's Magazine thirty-nine of the 
" Noctes Ambrosianae." (1785-1854.) 

North (Lord), one of the judges in 
the State trial of Geoffrey Peveril, Julian, 
and the dwarf, for being concerned in the 
popish plot. — Sir W. Scott; Peveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

North Britain, Scotland. 

The North Britain, a radical periodical, 
conducted by John Wilkes. The cele- 
brated number of this serial was No. 45, 
published April 23, 1763, in which the 
ministers are charged ". with putting a he 
in the king's mouth." 

Northampton, a contraction of 
North-Avon-town (Northavonton), the 
town on the north of the Avon (Nen). 
As Drayton says, "Nen was Avon called." 
— Polyolbion, xxiii. (1622). 

Northamptonshire Poet (The), 
John Clare (1793-1864). 

Northern Farmer (The), two 
poems in Yorkshire dialect by Tennyson. 
One is called "Old Style," and the other 
•' New Style." In the latter the tramp of 
the horse sounds like " property, property, 
property l" 



760 



NORVAL. 



Northern Harlot (The), Elizabeth 
Petrowna, empress of Russia ; also called 
•'The Infamous" (1709-1761). 

Northern Waggoner, Ursa Major 
or Charles's waggon, a corruption of the 
churls waggon. It contains seven large 
stars, designated by the Greek letters, 
«» 0, t, «, «, Ct n. The first four form the 
waggon and the rest the pole or shaft 
The driver of the teamjs Bootes. 

By this the northern wagoner has set 

His sevenfold team behind the steadfast star [ta*>«*- 

star] 
That was in ocean waves yet never wet, 
But firm is fixed, and sendeth light from far 
To all that on the wide deep wandering are. 

Sjemtr: Faerie Quetne, I. ii. 1 (1590). 

Nornmba'ga, a province of North 
America. 

Now from the aorth 
Of Norumbega and the Samoed shoiw . . . 
Boreas and Caecias, and Argestes loud, 
And Thrascias rend the woods, and seas upturn. 

MilUn : Parodist Ust, x. 695 (1665). 

(" Samoed shore," the shore con- 
tiguous to the frozen ocean; "Boreas," 
north wind ; " Caecias," north-west wind; 
"Argestes," north-east wind; "Thras- 
cias," wind from Thrace.) 

Norval (Old), a shepherd, who bringi 
up lady Randolph's son (Douglas) as his 
own. He was hidden and exposed at 
birth in a basket, because sir Malcolm 
hated the child, which was the offspring 
of Douglas and his daughter, who after- 
wards married lord Randolph. The child, 
being found by old Norval, was brought 
up as his own; but the old man dis- 
covered that the foundling was "sir 
Malcolm's heir and Douglas's son." 
When 18 years old, the foster-son saved 
the life of lord Randolph. Lady Ran- 
dolph took great interest in the young 
man, and when old Norval told her his 
tale, she instantly perceived that the 
young hero was in fact her own son. 

Pathos rendered the rolce of William Bensley [173S- 
1817] in " Old Norval " rugged as well as repulsive ; and 
he never, as to his feet, either stood or walked with the 
character of age. His helpless action had a character 
of restrained vigour ; he implored pity in the noisy 
shout of defiance. —Scadetu 

Young Norval, the infant exposed, and 
brought up by the old shepherd as his 
own son. He turned out to be sir Mal- 
colm's heir. His mother was lady Ran- 
dolph, and his father lord Douglas, her 
first husband. Young Norval, having 
saved the life of lord Randolph, was 
given by him a commission in the army. 
Glenalvon, the heir-presumptive of lord 
Randolph, hated the new favourite, and 
persuaded his lordship that the young 



NORWAY. 



761 



NOUMAN. 



man was too familiar with lady Randolph. 
Being waylaid, Norval was attacked, slew 
Glenalvon, but was in turn slain by lord 
Randolph. After the death of Norval, 
lord Randolph discovered that he had 
killed the son of his wife by a former 
marriage. The mother, in her distrac- 
tion, threw herself headlong from a lofty 
precipice, and lord Randolph went to the 
war then raging between Denmark and 
Scotland. — Home: Douglas (1757). 

(This was a favourite character with 
John Kemble, 1757-1823.) 

Henry Johnston selected "Young Norval" for his 
maiden part. His youthful form and handsome ex- 
pressive countenance won for him universal approba- 
tion. Previously the young shepherd had been 
dressed in the trews and Scotch jacket; but when 
Johnston appeared in full Highland costume, kilt, 
breastplate, shield, claymore, and bonnet, the whole 
house rose en masse, and such a reception was never 
witnessed within the walls of a provincial theatre 
before.— Donaldson : Recollections. 

Norway (The Fair Maid *f), Mar- 
garet, granddaughter of Alexander III. 
of Scotland. She died (1290) of sea- 
sickness on her passage from Norway to 
Scotland. Her father was Eric II. king 
of Norway, and her mother was Margaret 
only daughter of Alexander III. 

Norwynn {William and Henry). 
(See Nature and Art, p. 746.) 

Nose (Golden), Tycho Brahe, the 
Danish astronomer. Having lost his nose 
in a duel with one Passberg, he adopted 
a golden one, and attached it to his face 
by a cement which he carried about with 



That eminent man who had a golden nose, Tycho 
Brahe, lost his nose in a duel, and a golden one was 
supplied, which gave him the appearance of a wizard. 
—Marryat : Jutland and the Danish Isles, 305. 

Nosebag 1 (Mrs.), wife of a lieutenant 
in the dragoons. She is the inquisitive 
travelling companion of Waverley when 
he travels by stage to London. — Sir W. 
Scott: Waverley (time, George II.). 

Nosey (Play up) I This exclamation 
was common in our theatres in the days 
of Macklin, etc. M. Nozay was the 
leader of the orchestra in Covent Garden 
Theatre. 

• . • Some persons affirm that ' ' Old 
Nosey " was Cervetto, the violoncello 
player at Drury Lane (1753), and say 
that he was so called from his long nose. 

Napoleon III. was nicknamed Grosbec 
(" Nosey"). 

Nosnot-Bocai [Bd-ky], prince of 
purgatory. 

Sir, I last night received command 
To see you out of Fairy-land 
fato the realm of Nosnot-Bocai. 

King : OrJ>htus and Eurydict. 



Nostrada'mus (Michael), an as- 
trologer of the sixteenth century, who 
published an annual Almanac and a Re- 
cueil of Prophecies, in verse (1503-1566). 

Nostrada'mus of Portugal, Gon- 
calo Anne's Bandarra, a poet-cobbler, 
whose career was stopped, in 1556, by the 
Inquisition. 

Notes and Queries, a weekly 
periodical for literary criticism and in- 
formation ; started by W. J. Thorns, in 

1849. 

Nottingham (The countess of), a 
quondam sweetheart of the earl of Essex, 
and his worst enemy when she heard that 
he had married the countess of Rutland. 
The queen sent her to the Tower to ask 
Essex if he had no petition to make, and 
the earl requested her to take back a ring, 
which the queen had given him as a pledge 
of mercy in time of need. As the coun- 
tess out of jealousy forbore to deliver it, 
the earl was executed. — H. Jones: The 
Earl of Essex (1745). 

Nottingham Lambs (The), the 

Nottingham roughs. 

Nottingham Poet (The), Philip 
James Bailey, the author of Festus, etc. 
(1816- ). 

No'tus, the south wind ; Afer is the 

south-west wind. 

Notus and Afer, black with thundrous clouds. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, x. 70a (1665). 

Noukhail, the angel of day and 
night. 

The day and night are trusted to my care. I hold 
the day in my right hand, and the night in my left ; 
and I maintain the just equilibrium between them, for 
If either were to overbalance the other, the universe 
would either be consumed by the heat of the sun, or 
would perish with the cold of darkness.— Cow A; de 
Caylus : Oruntal Talts (" History of Abdal Motallab," 
»743>- 

Nouxnan (Sidi), an Arab who married 
Amine, a very beautiful woman, who ate 
her rice with a bodkin. Sidi, wishing to 
know how his wife could support life and 
health without more food than she par- 
took of in his presence, watched her 
narrowly, and discovered that she was a 
ghoul, who went by stealth every night 
and feasted on the fresh-buried dead. 
When Sidi made this discovery, AminS 
changed him into a dog. After he was 
restored to his normal shape, he changed 
Amine into a mare, which every day he 
rode almost to death. — Arabian Nights 
(" History of Sidi Nouman "). 

Your majesty knows that ghouls of either sex ar* 
demons which wander about the fields. They com- 
monly inhabit ruinous buildings, whence they i&tu* 



NOUREDDIN. 76a 



travellers, whom they kill and 
devour. If they. fail to meet with travellers, they go 
by night into burying-grounds, and dig up dead 
bodies, on which they feed.— History of Sid* Nou- 
man. 

Noureddin, son of Khacan (vizier 
of Zinebi king of Balsora). He got 
possession of the "beautiful Persian" 
purchased for the king. At his father's 
death he soon squandered away his patri- 
mony in the wildest extravagance, and 
fled with his beautiful slave to Bagdad. 
Here he encountered Haroun-al-Raschid 
in disguise, and so pleased the caliph, 
that he was placed in the number of 
those courtiers most intimate with his 
majesty, who also bestowed on him so 
plentiful a fortune, that he lived with the 
* ' beautiful Persian " in affluence all the 
rest of his life. — Arabian Nights (" Nour- 
eddin and the Beautiful Persian "). 

Nour'eddin' Ali, younger son of 
the vizier of Egypt. ' * He was possessed 
of as much merit as can fall to the lot of 
man." Having quarrelled with his elder 
brother, he travelled to Baso'ra, where he 
married the vizier's daughter, and suc- 
ceeded his father-in-law in office. A son 
was born to him in due time, and on the 
very same day the wife of his elder 
brother had a daughter. Noureddin 
died when his son was barely twenty and 
unmarried. — Arabian Nights ("Nour- 
eddin Ali," etc.). 

Nourgehan's Bracelet. Nourge- 
han emperor of the Moguls had a brace- 
let which had the property of discovering 
poison, even at a considerable distance. 
When poison was anywhere near the 
wearer, the stones of the bracelet seemed 
agitated, and the agitation increased as 
the poison approached them. — Comte de 
Caylus: Oriental Tales ("The Four 
Talismans," 1743). 

Nour'jahad, a sleeper, like Rip 
van Winkle, Epimen'id£s, etc. (See 
Sleepers.) A romance by Mrs. Sheri- 
dan (1767). 

Nourjeham ["light of the world""]. 

So the sultana Nourmahal' was subse- 
quently called. — Moore : Lalla Rookh 
("The Light of the Haram," 1817). 

Nour-jehan, the widow of Shere 
Afgun. Her name was " Mher ul Nissa" 
{the sun of women). Selim slew Shere 
Afgun, in order to obtain possession of 
Nour-jehan,as David morally slew Uriah 
the Hittite in order to make Bathsheba 
N is wife. In both cases the woman was 



NOUROUNNIHAR. 

but too willing to pander to royal lust— 
Percy: Anecdotes, p. 246. 

Honrmahal' (The sultana), i.e. 
" Light of the Haram," afterwards called 
Nozirjeham ("light of the world "). She 
was for a season estranged from the sul- 
tan, till he gave a grand banquet, at which 
she appeared in disguise as a lute-player 
and singer. The sultan was so enchanted 
with her performance, that he exclaimed, 
" If Nourmahal had so played and sung, 
I could forgive her all ; " whereupon the 
sultana threw off ber mask, and Selim 
"caught her to his heart." — Moore: 
Lalla Rookh (" The Light of the Haram," 
1817). 

Nouronihar, daughter of the emir 
Fakreddin ; a laughing, beautiful girl, 
full of fun and pretty mischief, dotingly 
fond of Gulchenrouz, her cousin, a boy of 
13. She married the caliph Vathek, with 
whom she descended into the abyss of 
Eblis, whence she never after returned to 
the light of day. 

The trick she played Bababalouk was 
this : Vathek the caliph was on a visit to 
Fakreddin the emir', and Bababalouk his 
chief eunuch intruded into the bath-room, 
where Nouronihar and her damsels were 
bathing. Nouronihar induced the old 
eunuch to rest himself awhile on the 
swing, when the girls set it going with 
all their might. The cords broke, the 
eunuch fell into the bath, the girls made 
off with their lamps, and left the meddle- 
some old fool to flounder about till 
morning, when assistance came, but not 
before he was half dead.— Beckford : 
Vathek (1784). 

Nouroun'nihar, niece of a sultan 
of India who had three sons all in love 
with her. The sultan said he would give 
her to him who, in twelve months, gave 
him the most valuable present. The 
three princes met in a certain inn at the 
expiration of the time, when one prince 
looked through a tube, which showed 
Nourounnihar at the point of death; 
another of the brothers transported all 
three instantaneously on a magic carpet to 
the princess's chamber ; and the third 
brother gave her an apple to smell of, 
which effected an instant cure of any 
malady. It was impossible to decide 
which of these presents was the most 
valuable ; so the sultan said that that son 
should have her who shot an arrow to 
the greatest distance. The eldest (Hous- 
sain) shot first ; Ali overshot the arrow 



KOVEU 



763 



NUMBERS. 



of his elder brother; but that of the 

youngest brother (Ahmed) could nowhere 
be found (the fairy Pari-Banou had con- 
veyed it beyond recovery). So the award 
was given to Ali. — Arabian Nights 
(" Ahmed and Pari-Banou "). 

Novel {Father of the English). Henry 
Fielding is so called by sir W. Scott 
(1707-1754). 

Novels by Eminent Hands, a 

series of parodies by Thackeray. 
Amongst the parodies are those on 
Fenimore Cooper, Disraeli (Beacons- 
field), Mrs. Gore, James, Lever, lord 
Lytton, etc. 

November or Blot-monath, i,*. 
•' blood month," meaning the month in 
which oxen, sheep, and swine were 
slaughtered, and afterwards salted down 
for winter use. Some idea may be formed 
of the enormous stores provided, from 
the fact that the elder Spencer, in 1327, 
when the season was over, had a surplus, 
in May, of " 80 salted beeves, 500 bacons, 
and 600 muttons." In Chichester the 
October fair is called " Slo-fair," i.e. 
the fair when beasts were sold for the 
slaughter of Blot-monath (Old English, 
slian sldh, "to slaughter"). 

Noven'dial Ashes, the ashes of 
the dead just consigned, or about to be 
consigned, to the grave. The Romans 
kept the body seven days, burnt it on 
the eighth, and buried the ashes on the 
ninth. 

A Noven'dial holiday, nine days set 
apart by the Romans, in expiation of a 
shower of stones. 

Noven'siles (4 syl.), the nine Sabine 
gods : viz. Hercules, Romulus, Escu- 
lapius, Bacchus, ./Eneas, Vesta, Santa, 
Fortuna, and Fides or Faith. (See Nine 
Gods of the Etruscans.) 

Novit {Mr. Nichil), the lawyer of the 
old laird of Dumbiedikes.— Sir W. Scott: 
Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Novins, the usurer, famous for tho 
loudness of his voice. 

... at hie si plaustra ducenta 
Concurrantque foro tna funera magna sonabtt 
Cornua quod viucatque tubas. 

Horace : Satires, I. ri 
These people seem to be of the race of Novius. that 
Roman banker, whose voice exceeded tho nui.o of 
carmen.— Lesage : Gil Bias, riL 13 (1735). 

Now-now (Old Anthony), an itine- 
rant fiddler. The character is a skit 
on Anthony Munday, the dramatist — 
ChettU; Kindheart $ Dream (1592). 



Nuath (a syl.), father of Lathmon 
and Oith'ona [q.v.). — Ossian: Oithona. 

Nubbles {Mrs. ) , a poor widow woman, 
who was much given to going to Little 
Bethel. 

Christopher or Kit Nubbles, her son, the 
servant in attendance on little Nell, whom 
he adored. After the death of little Nell, 
Kit married Barbara, a fellow-servant. — 
Dickens: The Old Curiosity Shop (1840). 

Nudio'si, small stones, which pre- 
vent the sight of those who carry them 
about their person from waxing dim. 
They will even restore the sight after it 
is lost or impaired. The more these 
stones are gazed on, the keener will be 
the gazer's vision. Prester John, in his 
letter to Manuel Comne'nus emperor of 
Constantinople, says they are found in 
his country. 

Nugget. The largest ever found — 

1. The Sarah Sands nugget, found at 
Ballarat. It weighed 130 lbs. troy or 
1560 ozs. This, at £4 per ounce, would 
be worth ^6240. 

2. The Blanche Barkly nugget, dug up 
at Kingower. It weighed 145 lbs., and 
was worth ^6960. 

3. The Welcome nugget, found at Bal- 
larat. It weighed 184 lbs. , and was sold 
for ,£10,000. This was the largest ever 
found. 

• . • The first nugget was discovered in 
New South Wales, in 185 1 ; the next in 
Victoria, in 1852. The former of these 
two weighed a hundredweight, and was 
purchased of a shepherd for ^ia 

Nulla Fides Fronti. 

There is no art 
To find the mind's construction im tho fee*. 
Shakespeare : Macbeth, act L IC 4 (1606). 

Number Nip, the name of the 
gnome king of the Giant Mountains, — 
Musaus: Popular Tales (1782). 

(Musaeus was a German, uncle of 
Kotzebue, died 1788.) 

Numbers ( The Book of). An English 
translation of the Greek title of the fourth 
book of the Old Testament. It is called 
by Jews In the Wilderness. As the first 
six words are like those of Leviticus, 
the next three are taken instead It 
t lis us the number of persons in 
each of the twelve tribes, both at the 
beginning and at the end of their sojourn 
in the wilderness (chs. L-iv. and xxvi.). 
It also tells us how the people were pro- 
vided with food, and how they were 
punished for disobedience. 



.NUMBERS. 764 

Leviticus begins, ''And the Lord called unto 
Moses." Numbers begins, "And the Lord spake 
unto Moses in the wilderness." 

Numbers. The symbolism of the 

first thirteen numbers — 

1 is that sacred Unity, before the world began ; 

2 is the mystic union of Christ both God and man ; 

3 is the Holy Trinity — a perfect Three-in-one ; 

4 are the evangelists of God's incarnate Son ; 

5 are the wounds of Christ— in hands, and feet, and 

side; 

6 the days when heaven was made, the earth, and all 

beside ; 
God rested on the 7th day, and so from work should 

we; 
And 7 words the Saviour spake from the " accursed 

tree. " 
8 are the Beatitudes ; the heavenly orders 9 ; 
10 the commandments given to man, writ by the 

hand Divine ; 
iz were the faithful left, after the traitor's fall ; 
is was the college all complete ; and 13 with St. PauL 

E. C. B. 

Nun, the fish on which the faithful 
feed in paradise. The lobes of its liver 
will suffice for 70,000 men. The ox 
provided for them is called Balam. 

Nun's Priest's Tale ( The), the tale 
of the cock and the fox. One day, dan 
Russell, the fox, came into the poultry- 
yard, and told Master Chanteclere he 
could not resist the pleasure of hearing 
him sing, for his voice was so divinely 
ravishing. The cock, pleased with this 
flattery, shut his eyes, and began to crow 
most lustily ; whereupon dan Russell 
seized him by the throat, and ran off with 
him. When they got to the wood, the 
cock said to the fox, " I would recom- 
mend you to eat me at once, for I think 
I can hear your pursuers." " I am going 
to do so," said the fox ; but when he 
opened his mouth to reply, off flew the 
cock into a tree, and while the fox was 
deliberating how he might regain his 
prey, up came the farmer and his men 
with scythes, flails, and pitchforks, with 
which they despatched the fox without 
mercy. — Chaucer : Canterbury Tales 
(1388). 

(This fable is one of those by Marie 
of France, called Don Coc and Don 
Werpil. ) 

The Second Nun's Tale. This is the 
tale about Maxime and the martyrs 
Valirian and Tiburce\ The prefect or- 
dered Maxime (2 syl.), to put Valirian 
and Tuburce 1 to death, because they 
/efused to worship the image of Jupiter ; 
but Maxime showed kindness to the two 
Christians, took them home, became con- 
verted, and was baptized. When Valirian 
and Tiburce" were put to death, Maxime 
declared that he saw angels come and 
carry them up to heaven, whereupon the 
prefect caused him to be beaten to death 



NUTSHELL. 

with whips of lead.— Chaucer: Canter- 

bury Tales (1388). 

(This tale is very similar to that of St. 
Cecilia in the Legenda Aurea. See also 
Acts xvi. 25-34.) 

Nupkins, mayor of Ipswich, a man 
who has a most excellent opinion of 
himself, but who, in all magisterial 
matters, really depends almost entirely 
on Jinks, his half-starved clerk. — 
Dickens : The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Nush'ka "[*.*. "look/"], the cry of 
young men and maidens of North Ameri- 
can Indian tribes when they find a red 
ear of maize, the symbol of wedlock. 

And whene'er some lucky maiden 
Found a red ear in the husking, . . . 
" Nushka 1 " cried they altogether ; 
** Nushka ! you shall have a sweetheart, 
You shall have a handsome husband 1 " 

Lo?igfeUow : Hiawatha, xiii. (1855). 

Nut-Brown Maid {The), the maid 
wooed by the "banished man." The 
•* banished man " describes to her the 
hardships she would have to undergo if 
she married him ; but finding that she 
accounted these hardships as nothing 
compared with his love, he revealed 
himself to be an earl's son, with large 
hereditary estates in Westmoreland, and 
he married her. — Percy : Reliques, series 
ii. bk. i. 6. 

(This ballad is based on the legendary 
history of lord Henry Clifford, called 
"The Shepherd Lord." It was modern- 
ized by Prior, who called his version of 
the story Henry and Emma, The oldest 
form of the ballad extant is contained in 
Arnolde's Chronicle, 1502.) 

Nutshell ( The Iliad in a). George 

P. Marsh tells us he had seen the whole 
Koran in Arabic inscribed on a piece of 
parchment four inches wide and half an 
inch in diameter. In any photographer's 
shop may be seen a page of the Times 
newspaper reduced to about an inch long, 
and three-quarters of an inch in breadth, 
or even to smaller dimensions. Charles 
Toppan, of New York, engraved on a 
plate one-eighth of an inch square 12,000 
letters. The Iliad contains 50 r , 930 letters, 
and would, therefore, require forty-two 
such plates, both sides being used. Huet, 
bishop of Avranches, wrote eighty verses 
of the Iliad on a space equal to that occu- 
pied by a single line of this dictionary. 
Thus written, 2000 lines more than the 
entire Iliad might be contained in one 
page. The Toppan engraving would re- 
quire only one of these columns for the 
entire Iliad, 



NYM. 7«5 

So that when Pliny [Natural History, 
vii. 21) says the whole Iliad was written 
on a parchmeht which might be put into 
a nutshell, we can credit the possibility, 
as by the Toppan process, the entire Iliad 
might be engraved on less than half a 
column of this dictionary, provided both 
sides were used. See Iliad, p. 519. ) 

Nym, corporal in the army under 
captain sir John Falstaff, introduced in 
The Merry Wives of Windsor and in 
Henry V., but not in Henry IV. It 
seems that lieutenant Peto had died, and 
given a step to the officers under him. 
Thus ensign Pistol becomes lieutenant, 
corporal Bardolph becomes ensign, and 
Nym takes the place of Bardolph. He 
is an arrant rogue, and both he and 
Bardolph are hanged [Henry V.). The 
word means " to pilfer." 

It would be difficult to give any other reply sare that 
of corporal Nym— it was the author's humour or 
caprice.— Sir IV. Scott. 

Nymphid'ia, a mock-heroic by Dray- 
ton. The fairy Pigwiggen is so gallant 
to queen Mab as to arouse the jealousy 
of king Oberon. One day, coming home 
and finding his queen absent, Oberon 
vows vengeance on the gallant, and sends 
Puck to ascertain the whereabouts of 
Mab and Pigwiggen. In the mean time, 
Nymphidia gives the queen warning, and 
the queen, with all her maids of honour, 
creep into a hollow nut for concealment. 
Puck, coming up, sets foot in the en- 
chanted circle which Nymphidia had 
charmed, and, after stumbling about for 
a time, tumbles into a ditch. Pigwiggen 
seconded by Tomalin, encounters Oberon 
seconded by Tom Thum, and the fight 
is "both fast and furious." Queen Mab, 
in alarm, craves the interference of Pro- 
serpine, who first envelopes the com- 
batants in a thick smoke, which compels 
them to desist ; and then gives them a 
draught "to assuage their thirst." The 
draught was from the river Lethfi ; and 
immediately the combatants had tasted 
it, they forgot not only the cause of the 
quarrel, but even that they had quarrelled 
at all. — Drayton : Nyynphidia (159 ). 

Nysa, daughter of Sileno and My'sis, 
and sister of Daphn6. Justice Mi'das is 
in love with her; but she loves Apollo, 
her father's guest. — Kane O'Hara: Midas 
(1764). 

Nyee, Doto, and Neri'ne, the 
three nereids who went before the Meet of 
Vasco de Gama. When the treacherous 
pilot steered the ship of Vasco towards a 



OAKLY. 

sunken rock, these three sea-nymphs 
lifted up the prow and turned it round. — 
Camoens: Lusiad, ii. (1569). 



O {Our Lady of). The Virgin Mary 

is so called in some old Roman rituals, 
from the ejaculation at the beginning of 
the seven anthems preceding the Mag- 
nificat, as : " O when will the day ar- 
rive . . . ? " " O when shall I see . . . ? " 
" O when . . . ? " and so on. 

Oak. The Romans gave a crown of 
oak leaves to him who saved the life of a 
citizen. 

To a cruel war I sent him; from whence he returned, 
his brows bound with oak — Shakcsftart : C*riolanus, 
act i. sc. 3 (1609). 

Oak [Byron). On his first arrival at 
Newstead Abbey, in 1798, Byron planted 
an oak in the garden, and cherished the 
fancy that as the tree flourished so would 
he. When he revisited the spot some 
years later he found the young tree choked 
with weeds and nearly destroyed. The 
sight called forth the poem To an Oak at 
Newstead (1807). When colonel Wild- 
man took possession, it narrowly escaped 
being cut down ; but ultimately it grew 
into a fine tree, and became known as 
the Byron Oak. 

Oakly [Major), brother to Mr. Oakly, 
and uncle to Charles. He assists his 
brother in curing his "jealous wife." 

Mr. Oakly, husband of the "jealous 
wife." A very amiable man, but de- 
ficient in that strength of mind which is 
needed to cure the idiosyncrasy of his 
wife ; so he obtains the assistance of his 
brother, the major. 

Mrs. Oakly, ' ' the jealous wife " of Mr. 
Oakly. A woman of such suspicious 
temper, that every remark of her husband 
is distorted into a proof of his infidelity. 
She watches him like a tiger, and makes 
both her own and her husband's life 
utterly wretched. 

Charles Oakly, nephew of the major. 
A fine, noble-spirited young fellow, who 
would never stand by and see a woman 
insulted ; but a desperate debauchee and 
drunkard. He aspires to the love of 



OATES. 



766 



OBERMANN. 



Harriot Russet, whose influence over him 
is sufficiently powerful to reclaim him. — 
Colman: The Jealous Wife {1761). 

Oates {Dr. Titus), the champion of 
the popish plot. — Sir W. Scott: Pcveril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Forth came the notorious Dr. Oates, rustling In tho 
full silken canonicals of priesthood, for . . . he 
affected no small dignity of exterior decoration and 
deportment. . . . His exterior was portentous. A 
fleece of white periwig showed a most uncouth visage, 
of great length, having the mouth . . . placed in the 
very centre of the countenance, and exhibiting to the 
astonished spectator as much chin below as there was 
nose and brow above it. His pronunciation was after 
a conceited fashion of his own, in which he accented 
the vowels in a manner altogether peculiar to himself. 
-Cn.xli. 

Oaths {Strange). (See Isabella, 
P- S3o- ) 
Oaths used by Men of Note »— 

(1) ANGUS [earl of), when Incensed, used to say. 
By the might of God/ but at other times his oath was, 
By St. Bride of Douglas l—Godscroft, 275. 

(2) BAYARD ( The Chevalier), By God's Holy-day! 

(3) Charles II. of England, Odsfishl a corrup- 
tion of " God's flesh." 

U) CHARLES VIII. of France. By God's light/ 

(5) EDWARD THE CONFESSOR, By God and His 
Mother I 

(6) ELIZABETH, By God I God's death 1 God's 
wounds I softened afterwards into Zounds I and 
Zouterkins I 

(7) Francois I., On the -word of a gentleman I 

(8) Henri IV., Ventre Saint Grist 

Ventre Saint Grist are you dumb, man?— Stanley 
Weyman; A Minister of France (1895) ("V. The 
Lost Cipher "). 

(9) HENRY II. of England, By the death at our 
Lord I 

(10) HENRY III., when he confirmed Magna 
Charta, On the word of a gentleman, a king, and a 
knight / 

(11) HENRY V., By'r Lady I 

\ta) HENRY VIII., By God's wounds / 
J13) James I., On my soul! 

(14) JOHN (King), By God's tooth I By the light of 
our Lady's brow 7 Sir W. Scott, in Ivanhoe (ch. xiiLj, 
makes him swear. By the bones of St. Becket I 

(15) Joseph, viceroy of Egypt, By the life of 
Pharaoh ! 

(16) LOUIS TO.., By Gods Easter I (Pasque DIeul) 
and Mother of God I 

(17) LOUIS XII., The devil take me I (Diablo 
m'emporte !) 

(18) OTTO I. of Germany, By my beard I 

(19) PERROT (John), a natural son of Henry VIII., 
was the first to employ the profane oath of Gods 
■wounds I afterwards softened into Zounds I 

(20) PHILIP II. of Spain, By the soul of my father i 
(Charles V.). 

(21) RICHARD h, Mori de ma vie! and Despar 

(22) Richard II., By St. John I (i.e. tho Baptist) 

and God of Paradise I 

(23) Richard HI., By my George and Garter I 

(24) Simon de MONTFORT, the great patriot In tho 
_ign of Henry III., By the arm of St. James/ 

(25) William the Conqueror, By the splen- 
dour of God I 

(26) William Rufus, Par sante voult de 
Lucq-ues I l" By the holy face of Lucca I " or " By 
Lucca's holy face I "). Lucca was a great crucifix in 
Lucca Cathedral.— Albert Butler : Lives of the Saints 
April 21), p. 494, coL 1. (See LUCCA, p. 635.) 

(27) Winifred (St.) or Boniface, By St. Peter's 

IT In the reign of Charles II., fancy 
oaths were in fashion. {For specimens, 
see FOPPINGTON, p. 381.) 



IT The most common oaths of the 
ancient Romans were By HercuUs / (Me* 
hercule !) ; Roman women, By Castor I 
and both men and women, By Pollux I 

Viri per Herculem, mulieres per Castorem, utrique 
per Pollucem, jurare soiitL— Aulus Gellius: Ncxtss 
Attica, ii. 6. 

N.B. — In the early part of the nine- 
teenth century, oaths were exceedingly 
common, both among men and women ; 
they were rarely heard in good society 
towards the close of the century. 

Obad'don, the angel of death. This 
is not the same angel as Abbad'ona, one 
of the fallen angels and once the friend 
of Ab'diel (bk. vi.). 

My name is Ephod Obaddon or Sevenfold Revenge. 
I am an angel of destruction. It was I who destroyed 
the first-born of Egypt. It was I who slew the army 
of Sennacherib. — Klopstock: The Messiah, xiii. (1771). 

Obadi'ah, a household servant, in 
Sterne's novel of Tristram Shandy (1759). 

There is an Obadiah in Fielding's Tom 
Jones. 

Obadiah, clerk to justice Day. A 
nincompoop, fond of drinking, but with 
just a shade more brains than Abel Day, 
who is " a thorough ass " (act i. sc. 1). — 
Knight; The Honest Thieves (died 1820). 

*.' This farce is a mere richauffi of 
The Committee (1670), a comedy by the 
Hon. sir R. Howard, the names and 
much of the conversation being identical. 
Colonel Blunt is called in the farce 
"captain Manly." 

Every play-goer must have seen Munden [1758-1832] 
In "Obadiah,' in The Committee or Honest Thieves t 
If not, they are to be pitied.— Mrs. C. Mathews: 
Tea-Table Talk. 

Munden was one night playing "Obadiah," and 

Jack Johnstone, as " Teague, was plying him with 
quor from a black bottle. The grimaces of Munden 
were so irresistibly comical, that not only did the 
house shriek with laughter, but Johnstone himself was 
too convulsed to proceed. When "Obadiah" was 
bome off, he shouted, " Where's the villain that filled 
that bottle? Lamp oil I lamp oil ! every drop of it I" 
The fact is, the property-man had given the bottle of 
lamp oil instead of the bottle filled with sherry and 
water. Johnstone asked Munden why he had not 
given him a hint of the mistake, and Munden replied, 
" There was such a glorious roar at the faces I made, 
that I had not the heart to spoil it."— Theatrical 
Anecdotes. 

Obadiah, Prim, a canting, knavish 
hypocrite ; one of the four guardians of 
Anne Lovely the heiress. Colonel Feigpi- 
well personates Simon Pure, and obtains 
the quaker's consent to his marriage with 
Anne Lovely. — Mrs. Centlivre: A Bold 
Stroke for a Wi/e (1717). 

Obermann, the impersonation of 
high moral worth without talent, and 
the tortures endured by the consciousness 
of this defect. — Etienne Pivert de Sen'- 
ancour : Obermann ( 1 804.). 



OBERON. 767 

Oberon, king of the fairies. He 
quarrelled with his wife Titania about a 
" changeling " which ObSron wanted for 
a page, but Titania refused to give up. 
Oberon, in revenge, anointed her eyes in 
sleep with the extract of " Love in Idle- 
ness," the effect of which was to make 
the sleeper in love with the first object 
beheld on waking. Titania happened 
to see a country bumpkin whom Puck 
had dressed up with an ass's head. 
Oberon came upon her while she was 
fondling the clown, sprinkled on her an 
antidote, and she was so ashamed of her 
folly that she readily consented to give 
up the boy to her spouse for his page. — 
Shakespeare: Midsummer Night s Dream 
(iS92). 

Oberon the Pay, king of Mommur, 
a humpty dwarf, three feet high, of 
angelic face. He told sir Huon that 
the Lady of the Hidden Isle (Cephalonia) 
married Neptanebus king of Egypt, by 
whom she had a son named Alexander 
M the Great." Seven hundred years later 
she had another son, Oberon, by Julius 
Caesar, who stopped in Cephalonia on 
his way to Thessaly. At the birth of 
Oberon, the fairies bestowed their gifts 
on him. One was insight into men's 
thoughts, and another was the power of 
transporting himself instantaneously to 
any place. At death, he made Huon his 
successor, and was borne to paradise. — 
Huon de Bordeaux (a romance). 

Oberthal {Count), lord of Dordrecht, 
near the Meuse. When Bertha, one of 
his vassals, asked permission to marry 
John of Leyden, the count withheld his 
consent, as he designed to make Bertha 
his mistress. This drove John into re- 
bellion, and he joined the anabaptists. 
The count was taken prisoner by Gio'na, 
a discarded servant, but was liberated by 
John. When John was crowned prophet- 
king, the count entered the banquet-hall 
to arrest him, and perished with him in 
the flames of the burning palace. — Meyer- 
beer: Le Prophete (opera, 1849). 

Obi. Among the negroes of the West 
Indies, "Obi" is the name of a magical 
power, supposed to affect men with all 
the curses of an "evil eye." 

Obi-Woman {An), an African sor- 
ceress, a worshipper of Mumbo Jumbo. 

Obi'dah, a young man who meets 
with various adventures and misfortunes 
allegorical of human life. — Dr. Johnson : 
The Rambler (1750-52). 



OCNUS. 

Obid'icnt, the fiend of Inst, a«d one 
of the five which possessed " poor Tom." 
— Shakespeare : King Lear, act iv. sc 1 
(1605). 

O'Brallaghan (Sir Callaghan), "a 
wild Irish soldier in the Prussian army. 
His military humour makes one fancy he 
was not only born in a siege, but that 
Bellona had been his nurse, Mars his 
schoolmaster, and the Furies his play- 
fellows" (act i. 1). He is the successful 
suitor of Charlotte Goodchild. — Macklin : 
Love d-la-Mode (1759). 

O'Brien, the Irish lieutenant under 
captain Savage. — Marryat: Peter Simple 
(1833). 

Observant Friars, those friars who 
observe the rule of St. Francis — to abjure 
books, land, house, and chapel; to live 
on alms, dress in rags, feed on scraps, 
and sleep anywhere. 

Obsidian Stone, the lapis Obsidid- 
nus of Pliny (Nat. Hist. , xxxvi. 67 and 
xxxvii. 76). A black diaphanous stone, 
discovered by Obsidius in Ethiopia. 

For with Obsidian stone 'twas chiefly lined. 

Davenant : Gttidibert, U. 6 (died 1668). 

Obstinate, an inhabitant of the City 
of Destruction, who advised Christian to 
return to his family, and not run on a wild- 
goose chase. — Bunyan: Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress, I (1678). 

Obstinate as % Breton, a French 
proverbial phrase. 

Occasion, the mother of Furor; an 
ugly, wrinkled old hag, lame of one foot, 
Her head was Laid behind, but in front 
she had a few hoary locks. Sir Guyon 
seized her, gagged her, and bound her. — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii. 4 (1590). 

Oce'ana, an ideal republic, on the 
plan of Plato's Atlantis. It represents 
the author's notion of a model common- 
wealth. — Harrington : Oceana (1656). 

Ochiltree (Old Edie), a king's bedes- 
man or blue-gown. Edie is a garrulous, 
kind-hearted, wandering beggar, who 
assures Mr. Lovel that the supposed 
ruins of a Roman camp are no such thing. 
The old bedesman delighted "to daunder 
down the burnsides and green shaws." 
He is a well-drawn character. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Antiquary (time, George 

Ocnus ( The Rope of), profitless labour. 
Ocnus is represented as twisting with 
unwearied diligence a rope, which an ass 



O'CON NELL'S TAIL. 



768 O'DONOHUE'S WHITE HORSES. 



eats as fast as it is made. The allegory 
signifies that Ocnus worked hard to earn 
money, which his wife spent by her ex- 
travagance. 

O'Connell's Tail, the nickname 
given to the party of the Irish agitator 
Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847), after the 
passing of the Reform Bill of 1832. 

Octa, a mountain from which the 
Latin poets say the sun rises. 

Octave (2 syl.), the son of Argante 
(2 syl.). During the absence of his 
father, Octave fell in love with Hya- 
cinthe daughter of Geronte, and married 
her, supposing her to be the daughter of 
signior Pandolphe of Tarentum. His 
father wanted him to marry the daughter 
of his friend Geronte, but Octave would 
not listen to it. It turned out, however, 
that the daughter of Pandolphe and the 
daughter of Geronte were one and the 
same person, for Geronte had assumed 
the name of Pandolphe while he lived in 
Tarentum, and his wife and daughter 
stayed behind after the father went to 
live at Naples. — Moliere: Les Fourberies 
de Scapin (1671). 

(In the English version, called The 
Cheats of Scapin, by Thomas Otway, 
Octave is called "Octavian," Argante is 
called "Thrifty," Hyacinthe is called 
" Clara," and Geronte is " Gripe.") 

Octavia, wife of Mark Antony, 
Caesar's sister. — Dryden : All for Love 
(1678). 

Octavian, the lover of Floranthg. 
He goes mad because he fancies that 
Floranthe loves another ; but Roque, a 
blunt, kind-hearted old man, assures him 
that dona Floranthe is true to him, and 
induces him to return home. — Colman: 
The Mountaineers (1793). 

Octavian, the English form of " Oc- 
tave " (2 syl. ), in Otway 's Cheats of Scapin. 
(See Octave.) 

Octa'vio, the supposed husband of 
Tacintha. This Jacintha was at one 
tune contracted to don Henrique, but 
Violante (4 syl. ) passed for don Hen- 
rique's wife. — Fletcher : The Spanish 
Curate (1622). 

Octavio, the betrothed of donna 
Clara. — Jephson: Two Strings to your 
Bow (1792). 

Octer, a sea-captain in the reign of 
king Alfred, who traversed the Norwegian 



mountains, and sailed to the Dwina in 
the north of Russia. 

The Saxon swaying all, in Alfred's powerful reign, 
Our English Octer put a fleet to sea again. 

Drayton : Pelyolbicn, xix. (xte). 

O'Cntter {Captain), a ridiculous Irish 
captain, befriended by lady Freelove and 
lord Trinket. He speaks with a great 
brogue, and interlards his speech with 
sea terms. — Colman: The Jealous Wife 
(1761). 

Oc'ypus, son of Podalirius and 
Astasia, noted for his strength, agility, 
and beauty. Ocypus used to jeer at the 
gout, and the goddess of that disease 
caused him to suffer from it for ever. — 
Lucian. 

Oda, the dormitory of the sultan's 

seraglio. 

It was a spacious chamber (Oda Is 

The Turlush title), and ranged round the wall 

Were couches. 

Syren : Den yuan, tL si (1804}. 

Odalisque, in Turkey, one of the 
female slaves in the sultan's harem {odalik, 
Arabic, "a chamber companion," oda, 
"a chamber"). 

He went forth with the lovely odalisques. 

Byron : Den Juan, vi. 29 (1834). 

Odd Numbers. Among the Chinese, 

heaven is odd, earth is even ; heaven is 
round, earth is square. The numbers 
x » 3» S» 7> 9. belong to yang ("heaven ) ; 
but 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, belong to ym ("earth). 
— Rev. Mr. Edkins. 

Ode {Prince of the), Pierre de Ronsard 
(1524-1585). 

Odoar, the venerable abbot of St 
Felix, who sheltered king Roderick after 
his dethronement. — Southey : Roderick, 
Last of the Goths, iv. (1814). 

\ • Southey sometimes makes the word 
Odoar' [O'.dor], and sometimes O'doar 
(3 9*). «£"•— 



Odoar', the venerable abbot, sat (a syl.). . . . 
Odoar' and Urban eyed him while he spake. . 
The lady Adosinda, O'doar cried (3 syl.). . . 
Tell him in O'doar's name the hour is come I 



O'Doh'erty {Sir Morgan), a pseu- 
donym of W. Maginn, LL.D., in Black- 
wood's Magazine (1819-1842). 

O'Donohue's White Horses. 

The boatmen of Killarney so call those 
waves which, on a windy day, come 
crested with foam. The spirit of 
O'Donohue is supposed to glide over the 
lake of Killarney every May-day on his 
favourite white horse, to the sound of 
unearthly music 



ODORICO. 



769 



ODYSSEY. 



Odori'co, a Biscayan, to whom Zer- 
bi'no commits Isabella. He proves a 
traitor, and tries to defile her, but is 
interrupted in his base endeavour. 
Almonio defies him to single combat, 
and he is delivered bound to Zerbino, 
who condemns him, in punishment, to 
attend on Gabrina for twelve months, as 
her 'squire. He accepts the charge, but 
hangs Gabrina on an elm, and is himself 
hung by Almonio to the same tree. — 
Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Odour of Sanctity. To die "in 

the odour of sanctity" did not mean 
simply in "good repute." It was a 
prevalent notion that the dead body of 
a saint positively emitted a sweet- 
smelling savour, and the dead body of 
the unbaptized an offensive smell. When 
good persons die, catholic priests attend, 
and use incense freely, which naturally 
adds a sweet savour to the body. 

Then he smote off his head ; and therewithall came 
a stench out of the body when the soul departed, so 
that there might nobody abide the savour. So was 
the corpse had away and buried in a wood, because 
he was a panim. . . . Then the haughty prince said 
unto sir Palimedes, " Here have ye seen this day a 
great miracle by sir Corsabrin, what savour there was 
when the soul departed from the body, therefore we 
require you for to take the holy baptism upon you 
[that ■when you die, you may die in the odour of 
sanctity, and not, like sir Corsabrin, in the distdour 
•ftite unbaftized\"—SirT. Malory: History ofPrinct 
Arthur, ii. 133 (1470). 

When sir Bors and his fellows came to sir Launco- 
lot's bed, they found him stark dead. . . . and tha 
sweetest savour about him that ever they smelled. 
[ This was the odour of sanctity, .]— History of Princ* 
Arthur, iii. 175. 

V In Shakespeare's Pericles Prince 
of Tyre, Antiochus and his daughter, 
whose wickedness abounded, were killed 
by lightning, and the poet says— 

A fire from heaven came, and shrivell'd up 
Their bodies, e*en to loathing ; for they so Stunk 
That all those eyes ador'd them ere their fall 
Scorn now their hand should give them burial. 
Act ii. sc 4. 

Odours for Pood. Plutarch, Pliny, 
and divers other ancients tell us of a 
nation in India that lived only upon 
pleasing odours. Democ'ritos lived for 
several days together on the mere efiluvia 
of hot bread.— Dr. Wilkins (1614-1672). 

O'Dowd, the hero of a play adapted 
by Boucicault, in 1880, from the French 
Les crochets du Pere Martin, by Conn an 
and Grang6 (1850), from which John 
Oxenford also drew his Porters Knot. 
The O'Dowd is an old Irishman who 
having by hard work scraped together 
a fortune, the whole of which he destined 
for his only son, finds that by educating 
that son above his station he has ruined 



him. To screen the youth from dis- 
honour and infamy, he yields up all his 
savings, and begins again with a fish- 
barrow to earn his daily bread. 

■.* In Oxenford's version the man 
begins again as a porter. , 

In Thackeray's Vanity Fair there is 
an Irishwoman called Mrs. O'Dowd. 

O'Dowd {Cornelius), the pseudonym 
of Charles James Lever, in Blackwood's 
Magazine (1809-1872). 

Odyssey. Homer's epic, recording 
the adventures of Odysseus (Ulysses) in 
his voyage home from Troy. 

Book I. The poem opens in the island 
of Calypso, with a complaint against 
Neptune and Calypso for preventing the 
return of Odysseus (3 syl.) to Ithaca. 

II. Telemachos, the son of Odysseus, 
Starts in search of his father, accom- 
panied by Palias in the guise of Mentor. 

III. He goes to Pylos, to consult old 
Nestor, and 

IV. Is sent by hira to Sparta, where 
he is told by Menelaos that Odysseus is 
detained in the island of Calypso. 

V. In the mean time, Odysseus leaves 
the island, and, being shipwrecked, is cast 
on the shore of Phaeacia, 

VI. Where Nausicaa, the king's 
daughter, finds him asleep, and 

VII. Takes him to the court of her 
father Alcinoos, who 

VIII. Entertains him hospitably. 

IX. At a banquet, Odysseus relates his 
adventures since he started from Troy. 
Tells about the Lotus-eaters and the 
Cyclops, with his adventures in the cave 
of Polyphemos. He tells how 

X. The wind-god gave him the winds 
in a bag. In the island of CircS, he says, 
his crew were changed to swine, but 
Mercury gave him a herb called moly, 
which disenchanted them. 

XI. He tells the king how he de- 
scended into hadfis ; 

XII. Gives an account of the syrens; 
of Scylla and Charybdis ; and of his being 
cast on the island of Calypso. 

XIII. Alcinoos gives Odysseus a ship 
which conveys him to Ithica, where he 
assumes the disguise of a beggar, 

XIV. And is lodged in the house of 
Eumceos, a faithful old domestic. 

XV. Telemachos, having returned to 
Ithaca, is lodged in the same house, 

XVI. And becomes known to his 
father. 

XVII. Odysseus goes to his palace, is 
recognized by his dog Argos ; but 

3D 



CEAGRIAN HARPIST. 



770 



OG. 



XVIII. The beggar Iros insults him, 
and Odysseus breaks his jaw-bone. 

XIX. While bathing, the returned 
monarch is recognized by a scar on his 
leg; 

XX. And when he enters his palace, 
becomes an eye-witness to the disorders 
of the court, and to the way in which 

XXI. Penelope 1 is pestered by suitors. 
To excuse herself, Penelope tells her 
suitors he only shall be her husband who 
can bend Odysseus's bow. None can do 
so but the stranger, who bends it with 
ease. Concealment is no longer possible 
or desirable ; 

XXII. He falls on the suitors hip and 
thigh ; 

XXIII. Is recognized by his wife ; 

XXIV. Visits his old father Laertes; 
and the poem ends. -* 

(For English translations in Terse, see 
under Homer.) 

The German Odyssey. The Kudrun, in 
three parts, called The Hagen, The 
Hilde (a syl.), and The Hedel. 

CEa'grian Harpist (The), Orpheus 
son of GEa'gros and Cal'liSpe. 

. . . can no lesse. 
Tame the fierce walkers of the wilderness*, 
Than that CEagrian harpist, for whose lay 
Tigers with hunger pined and left their prey. 
Brown : Britannia's Pastorals, v. (1613). 

CS'dipos (in Latin (Edipus), son of 
Lai'us and Jocasta. The most mournful 
tale of classic story. 

(This tale has furnished the subject- 
matter of several tragedies. In Greek 
we have (Edipus Tyrannus and CEdipus 
at Co/onus, by Soph'oclgs. In French, 
(Edipe, by Corneille (1659); (Edifie, by 
Voltaire (1718); (Edipe chez Admlte, by 
J. F. Ducis (1778) ; (Edipe icWand (Edipe 
a Colone, by Chgnier ; etc. In English, 
(Edipus, by Dry den and Lee.) 

(Eno'ne (3 syl.), a nymph of mount 
Ida, who had the gift of prophecy, and 
told her husband, Paris, that his voy.ige 
to Greece would involve him and his 
country (Troy) in ruin. When the dead 
body of old Priam's son was laid at her 
feet, she stabbed herself. 

Hither came at noon 
Mournful CEnone, wandering forlorn 
Of Paris, once her playmate on the hills [Ma}. 
Tennyson: CEnone (1892). 

(Kalkbrenner, in 1804, made this the 
subject of an opera.) 

N.B. — Ovid, in his Heroides (4 syl.), 
has an hypothetical letter, in verse, sup- 
posed to be written by CEnone to Paris, 
dissuading him from going to Troy, and 



upbraiding him for his love of Helen the 

wife of Menelaos. 

CEno'piaxx, father of Mer'opfi, to 
whom the giant Orion made advances. 
CEnopian, unwilling to give his daughter 
to him, put out the giant's eyes in a 
drunken fit. 

Orion . . . 
Reeled as of yore beside tha sea. 
When blinded by QEnopion. 
Longfellow : The Ocailtation of Orion. 

CEtean Knight (The). Her'cules is 
so called, because he burnt himself to 
death on mount CEta or CEtsea, in 
Thessaly. 

So also did that great CEtean knight 
For bis love's sake his lion's skin undight. 

Spenser: Fairie Queene, v. 8 (1596). 

Offa, king of Mercia, was the son of 
Thingferth, and the eleventh in descent 
from Woden. Thus : Woden, (i) his son 
Wihtlaeg, (2) his son Wsermund, (3) Offa 
I., (4) Angeltheow, (5) Eomaer, (6) Icel, 
(7) Pybba, (8) Osmod, (9) Enwulf, (10) 
Thingferth, (11) Offa, whose son was 
Egfert who died within a year of his 
father. His daughter, Eadburga, married 
Beitric king of the West Saxons; and 
after the death of her husband, she went 
to the court of king Charlemagne. Offa 
reigned thirty-nine years (755-794). 

OfFa's Dyke, a dyke from Beachley 
to Flintshire, repaired by Offa king of 
Mercia, and used as a rough boundary of 
his territory. Asser, however, says — 

There was in Mercia (A.D. 855) a certain valiant king 
who was feared by all the kings and neighbouring 
states around. His name was Offa. He it was who 
had the great rampart made from sea to sea between 
Britain and Mercia.— Life 0/ Alfred (ninth century). 
Offa, ... to keep the Britons back. 
Cast up that mighty mound of eighty miles in length, 
Athwart from sea to sea. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, be (i6n). 

0'Plah.erty (Dennis), called "major 
O' Flaherty." A soldier, says he, is "no 
livery for a knave," and Ireland is "not 
the country of dishonour." The major 
pays court to old lady Rusport, but when 
he detects her dishonest purposes in brib- 
ing her lawyer to make away with sir 
Oliver's will, and cheating Charles Dudley 
of his fortune, he not only abandons his 
suit, but exposes her dishonesty. — Cum- 
berland: The West Indian (1771). 

Og\ king of Basan. Thus saith the 
rabbis — 

The height of bis stature was 23,033 cubits [nearly 
six miles]. He used to drink water from the clouds, 
and toast fish by holding them before the orb of the 
sun. He asked Noah to take him into the ark, but 
Noah would not. When the flood was at its deepest 
It did not reach to the knees of this giant. Og lived 



OGDOISTES. 

«ooo yean, and then he was slain by the hand of 
Moses. 

Moses was himself ten cubits in stature [fifteen 
feet\ and he rook a spear ten cubits iong, and threw it 
ten cubits high, and yet it only reached the heel of Og. 
. . . When dead, his body reached as far as the river 
Nile, in Egypt. 

Og"s mother was Enac, a daughter of Adam. Her 
fingers were two cubits long [one yard], and on each 
finger she had two sharp nails. She was devoured by 
wild beasts. — Maracci. 

In the satire of Absalom and Achitophel, 
by Dryden and Tate, Thomas Shad well, 
who was a very large man, is called 
"Og." 

Og from a treason-tavern rolling home 
Round as a globe. . . . 
N With all this bulk there's nothing lost in Ojf, 
For every inch, that is not fool, is rogue. 

Pt. ii. 458.. etc. 

Ogdoistea (4 syl.) or Ogdoists, the 

eight heretical writers which St. Jerome 
so vigorously assailed (345-420) ; viz. (1) 
theMontanists, (2) Helvetius, (3) Jovinian, 
(4) Rufinus, (5) the Origenists, (6) the 
Luciferians, (7) Vigilantius, and (8) 
Pelagius. 

Ogfier the Dane, one of the paladins 
of the Charlemagne epoch. When 100 
years old, Morgue the fay took him to the 
island of Av'alon, " hard by the terrestrial 
paradise ; " gave him a ring which restored 
hira to ripe manhood, a crown which 
made him forget his past life, and intro- 
duced him to king Arthur. Two hundred 
vears afterwards, she sent him to defend 
France from the paynims, who had 
invaded it ; and, having routed the 
invaders, he returned to Avalon again. — 
Ogier le Danois (a romance). 

In a pack of French cards, Ogier the 
Dane is knave of spades. His exploits 
are related in the Chansons de Geste ; he is 
introduced by Ariosto in Orlando Furioso, 
and by Morris in his Earthly Paradise 
("August "). 

Ogier s Swords, Curtana (" the cutter") 
and Sauvagine. 

Ogier s Norse, Papillon. 

Ogle {Miss), friend of Mrs. Racket. 
She is very jealous of young girls, and 
even of Mrs. Racket, because she was 
some six years her junior. — Mrs. Cowley: 
The Belle's Stratagem (1780). 

O'gfleby (Lord), an old fop, vain to 
excess, but good-natured withal, and 
quite the slave of maidens young and fair. 
At the age of 70, his lordship fancied 
himself an Adonis, notwithstanding hi» 
qualms and his rheumatism. He required 
a great deal 01 " brushing, oiling, screw- 
ing, and winding up before he appeared 
In public," but, when fully made up, was 



771 



OITHONA. 



game for the part of " lover, rake, or fine 

gentleman." Lord Ogleby made his bow 
to Fanny Sterling, and promised to make 
her a countess ; but the young lady had 
been privately married to Lovewell for 
four months. — Colmanand Garrick: The 
Clandestine Marriage (1766). 

No one could deliver such a dialogue as is found la 
"lord Ogleby " and in " sir Pet«r Teazle " [Schotl f*r 
Scandal, Sheridan] with such point as Thomas King 
[1730-1805].— Life of Sheridan. 

O'gfri, giants who fed on human flesh. 

O'Groat (John), with his two brothers, 
Malcolm and Gavin, settled in Caithness 
in the reign of James IV. The families 
lived together in harmony for a time, and 
met once a year at John's house. On one 
occasion a dispute arose about precedency 
— who was to take the head of the table, 
and who was to go out first. The old 
man said he would settle the question at 
the next annual muster ; accordingly he 
made as many doors to his house as there 
were families, and placed his guests at a 
round table. 

(The legend is sometimes told some- 
what differently. See John O'Groat, 
P- 552.) 

O'Hara Family ( Tales of the), by 
John and Michael Branim (1825-26). 
They are tales of rebellion, violent passion, 
turbulence, and crime. 

Oig M'Combicli (Robin) or M'Gre- 
gor, a Highland drover, who quarrels 
with Harry Wakefield an English drover, 
about a pasture-field, and stabs him. 
Being tried at Carlisle for murder, Robin 
is condemned to death. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Two Drovers (time, George III.). 

Oil on Troubled Waters. (See 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 911.) 

Oina-Morul, daughter of Mal-Orchol 
king of Fuai fed (a Scandinavian island). 
Ton-Thormod asked her in marriage, 
and, being refused by the father, made 
war upon him. Fingal sent his son 
Ossian to the aid of Mal-Orchol, and he 
took Ton-Thormod prisoner. The king 
now offered O-sian his daughter to wife, 
but the warrior-bard discovered that the 
lady had given her heart toTon-Thormod ; 
whereupon he resigned his claim, and 
brought about a happy reconciliation. — 
Ossian : Oina-Morul. 

Oith'ona, daughter of NuSth, be- 
trothed to Gaul son of Morni, and the 
day of their marriage was fixed ; but 
before the time arrived, Fingal sent for 



O. K. 77a 

Gaul to aid him in an expedition against 
the Britons. Gaul promised Oithona, if 
he survived, to return by a certain day. 
Lathmon, the brother of Oithona, was 
called away from home at the same time, 
to attend his father on an expedition ; so 
the damsel was left alone in Dunlathmon. 
It was now that Dunrommath lord of 
Uthal (one of the Orkneys) came and 
carried her off by force to Trom'athon, a 
desert island, where he concealed her in 
a cave. Gaul returned on the day ap- 
pointed, heard of the rape, sailed for 
Trom'athon, and found the lady, who 
told him her tale of woe ; but scarcely 
had she ended when Dunrommath entered 
the cave with his followers. Gaul in- 
stantly fell on him, and slew him. While 
the battle was ragrhg, Oithona, arrayed 
3S a warrior, rushed into the thickest of 
the fight, and was slain. When Gaul had 
cut off the head of Dunrommath, he saw 
what he thought a youth dying of a 
wound, and, taking off the helmet, per- 
ceived it was Oithona. She died, and 
Gaul returned disconsolate to Dunlath- 
mon. — Ossian: Oithona. 

O. K., all correct. 

" You are quite safe now, and we shall be off la a 
minute," says Harry. " The door is locked, and the 
gfuard O. K."— Buxton : Jennie of the Prince's, iii. 
302. 

Okha, one of the sorcerers in the caves 
of Dom-Daniel " under, the roots of the 
ocean." It was decreed by fate that one 
of the race of Hodei'rah (3 syl.) would 
oe fatal to the sorcerers ; so Okba was 
sent forth to kill the whole race both 
root and branch. He succeeded in cutting 
off eight of them, but Thal'aba contrived 
to escape. Abdaldar was sent to hunt 
down the survivor, but was himself killed 
by a simoom. 

" Curse on thee, Okba I " Khawla cried. . . • 
" Okba, wert thou weak ef heart? 
Okba, wert thou blind of eye? 
Thy fate and ours were on the lot. . . . 
Thou hast let slip the reins of Destiny. 
Curse thee, curse thee, Okba I " 
Southey : Thalaba the Destroyer, li. 7 (1797). 

O'Kean {Lieutenant), a quondam 
admirer of Mrs. Margaret Bertram of 
Singleside.— Sir W. Scott : Guy Manner- 
ing (time, George II.). 

Olave, brother of Noma, and grand- 
father of Minna and Brenda Troil. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

Old Agfe restored to Youth. The 

following means are efficacious : — 

The J on taine de jouvence, " cui fit rajo- 



OLD ENGLISH BARON. 

venir la gent ; " the water of life (q v.) ; 
the fountain of Bi'mini ; the river of 
juvescence at the foot of Olympus ; the 
dancing water, presented by prince Chery 
to Fairstar ; the water of the river Sy- 
baris {q.v.) ; the broth of Medea. (See 
Medea's Kettle, p. 691.) 
(For instances, see Youth Restored.) 

Old Armchair {The), a poem by 
Eliza Cook (1840). 

Old Bag's. John Scott, lord Eldon ; 
so called because he carried home with 
him in sundry bags the cases pending his 
judgment (1751-1838). 

Old Bona Pide (a syl.), Louis XIV. 
(1638, 1643-1715). 

Old Court Suburb {The), an his- 
torical account of Kensington and its 
celebrities by Leigh Hunt (1855). 

Old Curiosity Shop (The), a tale 
by C. Dickens (1840). An old man, 
having run through his fortune, opened 
a curiosity shop in order to earn a living, 
and brought up a granddaughter named 
Nell [Trent], 14 years of age. The child 
was the darling of the old man ; but, 
deluding himself with the hope of making 
a fortune by gambling, he lost everything, 
and went forth, with the child, a beggar. 
Their wanderings and adventures are 
recounted till they reach a quiet country 
village, where the old clergyman gives 
them a cottage to live in. Here Nell soon 
dies, and the grandfather is found dead 
upon her grave. The main character 
next to Nell is that of a lad named Kit 
[Nubbles], employed in the curiosity 
shop, who adored Nell as "an angel." 
This boy gets into the service of Mr. 
Garland, a genial, benevolent, well-to-do 
man, in the suburbs of London ; but 
Quilp hates the lad, and induces Brass, 
a solicitor of Bevis Marks, to put a ^5 
bank-note in the boy's hat, and then 
accuse him of theft. Kit is tried, and 
condemned to transportation, but the 
villainy being exposed by a girl-of-all- 
woik nicknamed "The Marchioness," 
Kit is liberated and restored to his place ; 
and Quilp is drowned. 

Old Cutty Soames (1 syl.), the 
fairy of the mine. 

Old Ebony, a punning synonym of 
Black-wood, editor of Blackwood's Maga- 
tine (1777-1834). 

Old English Baron (The), a tale 
by Clara Reeve (1777). 



OLD FOX. 



773 



OLD MORTALITY. 



Old Pox {The), marshal Soult ; so 
called from his strategic abilities and 
never-failing resources (1769-1851). 

Old Gib. \JiS], Gibraltar Rock. 

Old Glory, sir Francis Burdett ; so 
called by the radicals, because at one 
time he was their leader. In his latter 
years sir Francis joined the tories (177c— 
1844). 

Old Grog, admiral Edward Vernon ; 
so called from his wearing a grogram 
coat in foul weather (1684-1757). 

Old Harry, the devil. The Hebrew 
seirim (" hairy ones ") is translated 
" devils " in Lev. xvii. 7, probably mean- 
ing " he-goats." 

Old Hickory. General Andrew 
Johnson was so called in 1813. He was 
first called "Tough," then "Tough as 
Hickory," then "Hickory," and lastly 
" Old Hickory." 

Old Humphrey, the pseudonym 
of George Mogridge of London (died 
1854)- 

Old Lady of Threadneedle 
Street, a cant-name for the Bank of 
England. 

Old Maid ( The), a farce by Murphy 
(1761). Miss Harlow is the " old maid," 
aged 45, living with her brother and his 
bride a beautiful young woman of 23. 
A young man of fortune, having seen 
them at Ranelagh, falls in love with the 
younger lady ; and, inquiring their names, 
is told they are " Mrs. and Miss Harlow." 
He takes it for granted that the elder 
lady is the mother, and the younger the 
daughter; so asks permission to pay his 
addresses to " Miss Harlow." The re- 
quest is granted, but it turns out that the 
young man meant Mrs. Harlow, and the 
worst of the matter is, that the elder 
spinster was engaged to be married to 
captain Cape, but turned him off for the 
younger man. When the mistake was 
discovered, the old maid was left, like the 
last rose of summer, to " pine on the 
stem," for neither felt inclined to pluck 
and wear the flower. 

Old Maid(/4»), the signature adopted 
fey Miss Phillipps (1841). 

Old Maids, a comedy by S. Knowles 
(1841). The "old maids" are lady 
Blanche and lady Anne, two young ladies 
who resolve to die old maids. Their 
resolutions, however, are but ropes of 



sand, for lady Blanche falls in love with 
colonel Blount, and lady Anne with sir 
Philip Brilliant 

Old Man {An), sir Francis Bond 
Head, bart., published his Bubbles from 
the Brunnen of Nassau under this signa- 
ture (1793-1875). 

Old Man Eloquent {The), Isoc'- 
rates the orator. The defeat of the 
Athenians at Cheronae'a had such an effect 
on his spirits, that he languished and 
died within four days, in the 99th year of 
his age. 

. . . that dishonest victory 
At Cheronsea, fatal to liberty. 
Killed with report that Old Man Eloquent, 

Milton : Sonnet, is. 

Old Man of Hoy {The), a tall pillar 
of old red conglomerate in the island of 
Hoy. The softer parts have been washed 
away by the action of the waves. 

Old Man of the Mountain, 

Hassan-ben-Sabah, sheik al Jebal ; also 
called subah of Nishapour, the founder 
of the band (1090). Two letters are 
inserted in Rymer's Faeiera by Dr. Adam 
Clarke, the editor, said to be written by 
this sheik. 

V Aloaddin, "prince of the Assas- 
sins" (thirteenth century). 

Old Man of the Sea ( The), a mon- 
ster which contrived to get on the back of 
Sinbad the sailor, and refused to dis- 
mount. . Sinbad at length made him 
drunk, and then shook him off". — Arabian 
Nights ("Sinbad the Sailor," fifth 
voyage). 

Old Man of the Sea {The), Phorcus. 
He had three daughters, with only one 
eye and one tooth between 'em. — Greek 
Mythology. 

Old Manor-House {The), a novel 
by Charlotte Smith. Mrs. Rayland is the 
lady of the manor ; but Orlando and 
Monimia are the hero and heroine (1793). 

Old Moll, the beautiful daughter of 
John Overie or Audery (contracted into 
Overs) a miserly ferryman. "Old 
Moll is a standing toast with the parish 
officers of St. Mary Overs. 

Old Mortality, one of the best of 
Scott's novels (1816). Morton is the best 
of his young heroes, and serves as an ex- 
cellent foil to the fanatical and gloomy 
Burley. The two classes of actors, viz. 
the brave and dissolute cavaliers, and 
the resolute oppressed covenanters, are 



OLD MORTALITY. 774 

drawn in bold relief. The most striking 
incidents are the terrible encounter with 
Burley in his rocky fastness ; the dejection 
and anxiety of Morton on his return from 
Holland ; and the rural comfort of Cuddie 
Headrigg's cottage on the banks of the 
Clyde, with its thin blue smoke among 
the trees, "showing that the evening 
meal was being made ready." 

Old Mortality always appeared to me the "Mar- 
mion " ef Scott's novels. — Chambers: English 
Literature, ii. 587. 

Old Mortality, an itinerant anti- 
quary, whose craze is to clean the moss 
from gravestones, and keep their letters 
and effigies in good condition. — Sir W. 
Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

•.• The prototype of " Old Mortality" 
was Robert Patterson.. 

Old Noll, Oliver Cromwell (1599- 
1658). 

Old NolVs Fiddler, sir Roger Le- 
strange, who played the bass-viol at the 
musical parties held at John Hingston's 
house, where Oliver Cromwell was a con- 
stant guest. 

Old Rowley, Charles II. ; so called 
from his favourite race-horse (1630, 1660- 
1685). 

N.B. — A portion of Newmarket race- 
course is still called " Rowley mile." 

Old Stone, Henry Stone, statuary 
and painter (died 1653). 

Old Tom, cordial gin. So called 
from Tom Chamberlain (one of the firm 
of Messrs. Hodges' gin distillery), who 
first concocted it. 

Oldboy {Colonel), a manly retired 

officer, fond of his glass, and not averse 
to a little spice of the Lothario spirit. 

Lady Mary Oldboy, daughter of lord 
Jessamy and wife of the colonel-. A 
sickly nonentity, "ever complaining, ever 
having something the matter with her 
head, back, or legs." Afraid of the 
slightest breath of wind, jarred by a loud 
voice, and incapable of the least exertion. 
' Diana Oldboy, daughter of the colonel. 
She marries Harman. 

Jessamy Oldboy, son of the colonel and 
lady Mary. An insufferable prig. — Bicker- 
staff: Lionel and Clarissa (1768). 

Oldbuck {Jonathan), the antiquary, 
devoted to the study and accumulation 
of old coins and medals, etc. He is 
sarcastic, irritable, and a woman-hater ; 
but kind-hearted, faithful to his friends, 
and a humorist.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 



OLIMPIA. 

An excellent temper, with a slight degree of tabadd 
humour ; learning, wit, and drollery, the more poignant 
that they were a little marked by the peculiarities of an 
old bachelor ; a soundness of thought, rendered mora 
forcible by an occasional quaintness of expression,— 
these were the qualities in which the creature of my 
Imagination resembled my benevolent and excellent 
old friend.— Sir W. Scttt. 

The merit ef The A ntifuary as a novel rests on the 
inimitable delineation of Oldbuck, that model of black- 
letter and Roman-camp antiquaries, whose oddities 
and conversation are rich and racy as any of the old 
crusted port that Jehn of the Girnel might have held in 
his monastic cellars. — Chambers: English Literature, 
ii.586. 

Oldcastle {Sir John), a drama by 

Anthony Munday (1600). This play 
appeared with the name of Shakespeare 
on the title-page. 

Oldcastle {Humphrey), the assumed 
name of Henry St. John, viscount Boling- 
broke (1678-1751). 

Oldham {Sir John), in the Nabob by 
Foote (1772). A local squire, whose ances- 
tors had for ages controlled their family 
borough, opposed by sir Matthew Mite, 
who had risen from the ranks. 

Lady Oldham, his wife. 

Oldstyle {Jonathan), a name assumed 
by Washington Irving (1785-1859). 

Oldworth, of Oldworth Oaks, a 
wealthy squire, liberally educated, very 
hospitable, benevolent, humorous, and 
whimsical. He brings up Maria "the 
maid of the Oaks " as his ward, but she 
is his daughter and an heiress. — Bur- 
goyne: The Maid of the Oaks (1779). 

Olifant, the horn of Roland or Or- 
lando. This horn and the sword " Du- 
rinda'na" were buried with the hero. 
Turpin tells us in his Chronicle that 
Charlemagne heard the blare of this horn 
at the distance of eight miles. 

Olifant {Basil), a kinsman of lady 
Margaret Bellenden, of the Tower of 
Tillietudlem.— Sir IV. Scott : Old Mor- 
tality (time, Charles II.). 

Olifaunt {Lord Nigel), of Glenvar- 
loch. On going to court to present a 
petition to king James I., he aroused the 
dislike of the duke of Buckingham. Lord 
Dalgarno gave him the cut direct, and 
Nigel struck him, but was obliged to seek 
refuge in Alsatia. After various adven- 
tures, he married Margaret Ramsay, the 
watchmaker's daughter, and obtained the 
title-deeds of his estates. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Olim'pia, the wife of Bireno, uncon> 
promising in love, and relentless in hate. 
—Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (15x6). 



OLIMPIA. 

Olim'pia, a proud Roman lady of 
high rank. When Rome was sacked by 
Bourbon, she flew for refuge to the high 
altar of St. Peter's, where she clung to a 
golden cross. On the advance of certain 
soldiers in the army of Bourbon to seize 
her, she cast the huge cross from its 
stand, and as it fell it crushed to death 
the foremost soldier. Others then at- 
tempted to seize her, when Arnold dis- 
persed them and rescued the lady ; but 
the proud beauty would not allow the foe 
of her country to touch her, and flung 
herself from the high altar on to the pave- 
ment. Apparently lifeless, she was borne 
off; but whether she recovered or not we 
are not informed, as the drama was never 
finished. — Byron: Tfu Deformed Trans- 
formed (1821). 

Olindo, the lover of Sophronia. Ala- 
dine king of Jerusalem, at the advice 
of his magicians, stole an image of the 
Virgin, and set it up as a palladium in 
the chief mosque. During the night it 
was carried off, and the king, unable to 
discover the thief, ordered all his Christian 
subjects to be put to death. To prevent 
this massacre, Sophronia delivered up 
herself as the perpetrator of the deed, 
and Olindo, hearing thereof, went to the 
king and declared Sophronia innocent, as 
he himself had stolen the image. The 
king commanded both to be put to death, 
but by the intercession of Clorinda they 
were both set free. — Tasso : Jerusalem 
Delivered, ii. (1575). 

Oliphant or Ollyphant, the twin- 
brother of Argan'tg the giantess. Their 
father was Typhseus, and their mother 
Earth. — Spenser; Faerie Queene, iii. 7, 
11 (1590). 

Olive, emblem of peace. In Greece 
and Rome, those who desired peace used 
to carry an olive branch in their hand 
(see Gen. viii. 11). 

Peace sitting under her ollre, and slurring the day* 
gone by. 

Tennyson : Maud, I. L 9 (1855). 

Olive Tree ( The), emblem of Athens, 
in memory of the famous dispute between 
Minerva (the patron goddess of Athens) 
and Neptune. Both deities wished to 
found a city on the same spot ; and re- 
ferred the matter to Jove. The king of 
gods and men decreed that the privilege 
should be granted to whichever would 
bestow the most useful gift on the future 
inhabitants. Neptune struck the earth 
with his trident, and forth came a war- 
horse ; Minerva produced an olive tree, 



775 



OLIVER TWIST. 



emblem of peace; and Jove gave the 
verdict in favour of Minerva. 

Oliver, the elder son of sir Rowland 

de Boys [Bwor], left in charge of his 
younger brother Orlando, whom he hated 
and tried indirectly to murder. Orlando, 
finding it impossible to live in his 
brother's house, fled to the forest of 
Arden, where he joined the society of 
the banished duke. One morning, he 
saw a man sleeping, and a serpent and 
lioness bent on making him their prey. 
He slew both the serpent and the lioness, 
and then found that the sleeper was his 
brother Oliver. Oliver's disposition from 
this moment underwent a complete 
change, and he loved his brother as much 
as he had before hated him. In the 
forest, the two brothers met Rosalind 
and Celia. The former, who was the 
daughter of the banished duke, married 
Orlando ; and the latter, who was the 
daughter of the usurping duke, married 
Oliver. — Shakespeare: As You Like It 
(1598). 

Oliver and Rowland (or Roland), 
the two chief paladins of Charlemagne. 
Shakespeare makes the duke of Alencon 
say — 

Froissart, a countryman of ours, records, 
England all Olivers and Rowlands bred 
During the time Edward the Third did reign. 
Shakespeare : x Henry £V. act i. sc 2 (1596). 

Oliver's Horse, Ferrant d'Espagne; 
Oliver s Sword, Haute-claire. 

Oliver le Dain or Oliver le DiabU, 
court barber, and favourite minister of 
Louis XI. Introduced by sir W. Scott 
in Quentin Durward and Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Oliver Twist, a novel by C. Dickens 
(1838). Oliver was born in a parish work- 
house, and his mother died soon after his 
birth. When he was 9 years old he was 
deputed by the workhouse boys to go 
and ask the master for a little more gruel. 
This was thought by Mr. Bumble, the 
parish beadle, so great an offence, that 
the board of directors gave Mr. Sower- 
berry, the coffin-maker, ^5 to take him 
off their hands. Mrs. Sowerberry, her 
servant Charlotte, and Noah Claypole 
behaved to him so insolently and cruelly 
that he ran away to London, seventy miles 
off, and there fell into the hands of John 
Dawkins (the Art ul Dodger), who intro- 
duced him to Fagin, a Jew, who kept a 
gang of pickpockets, thieves, and house- 
breakers. Going out under the charge 



OLIVIA. 



776 



OLIVIA DE ZUNIGA. 



of two boys, he saw them pick the 
pocket of Mr. Brownlow and run away. 
A hue and cry arose ; Oliver ran in the 
opposite direction, was caught, and taken 
before Mr. Fang the magistrate, but 
fainted in the dock. Mr. Brownlow had 
compassion on him, took him to his 
house, and treated him so kindly that 
Oliver was most grateful and attached. 
One day Mr. Brownlow sent him on an 
errand, to return a parcel of books and 
pay a small bill ; he was seen by some of 
Fagin's gang and taken to the Jew's den. 
Some time rolled on, when Bill Sikes 
planned to break into Mrs. Maylie's 
mansion at Chertsey, and Oliver was sent 
to get through a small lattice and open 
the front door. Instead of doing so, he 
alarmed the house, -and one of the men- 
servants, firing a gun, wounded him in 
the arm. Sikes drew him up, and, run- 
ning off, left him in a ditch. Next day, 
faint with fright, fatigue, and loss of 
blood, he applied at the mansion for 
relief, was taken in, and most tenderly 
treated by Mrs. Maylie and her " niece " 
Rose. Ultimately it was discovered that 
Rose was his own sister. He came into a 
small property left by his father ; and 
when Rose married the son of Mrs. May- 
lie, Mr. Brownlow adopted Oliver as his 
heir. 

OIiIV'IA, a rich countess, whose love 
was sought by Orsino duke of Illyria; 
but, having lost her brother, Olivia lived 
for a time in entire seclusion, and in no 
wise reciprocated the duke's love; in 
consequence of which Viola nicknamed 
her " Fair Cruelty." Strange as it may 
seem, Olivia fell desperately in love with 
Viola, who was dressed as the duke's 
page, and sent her a ring. Mistaking 
Sebastian (Viola's brother) for Viola, she 
married him out of hand. — Shakespeare : 
Twelfth Night (1614). 

Never were Shakespeare's words more finely given 
than by Miss M. Tree [1802-1862] in the speech to 
" Olivia," beginning, " Make me a willow cabin at thy 
gate."—TaO r ourd (1821). 

Oliv'ia, a female Tartuffe (2 syl. ), and 
consummate hypocrite of most unblushing 
effrontery. — Wycherly; The Plain Dealer 

(1677). 

(The due de Montausierwas the proto- 
type of Wycherly's "Mr. Manly" the 
"plain dealer," and of Moliere's "Mi- 
santhrope.") 

Oliv'ia, daughter of sir James Wood- 
ville, left in charge of a mercenary 
Wretch, who, to secure to himself her 



fortune, shut her up in a convent in Paris. 
She was rescued by Leontine Croaker, 
brought to England, and became his 
bride.— Goldsmith; The Good-natured 
Man (1768). 

Oliv'ia, the tool of Ludovlco. She 

loved Vicentio, but Vicentio was plighted 
to Evadne sister of Colonna. Ludovico 
induced Evadne to substitute the king's 
miniature for that of Vicentio, which she 
was accustomed to wear. When Vicentio 
returned, and found Evadne with the 
king's miniature, he believed what Ludo- 
vico had told him, that she was the king's 
wanton, and he cast her off. Olivia re- 
pented of her duplicity, and explained it 
all to Vicentio, whereby a reconciliation 
took place, and Vicentio married his 
troth-plighted lady " more sinned against 
than sinning." — Shiel: Evadne or The 
Statue (1820). 

Olivia, "the rose of Aragon," was 
the daughter of Ruphi'no, a peasant, and 
bride of prince Alonzo of Aragon. The 
king refused to recognize the marriage, 
and, sending his son to the army, com- 
pelled the cortez to pass an act of divorce. 
This brought to a head a general revolt. 
The king was dethroned, and Almagro 
made regent. Almagro tried to make 
Olivia marry him ; ordered her father 
to the rack, and her brother to death. 
Meanwhile the prince returned at the head 
of his army, made himself master of the 
city, put down the revolt, and had his 
marriage duly recognized. As for 
Almagro, he took poison and died.— 
Knowles : The Rose of Aragon (1842). 

Olivia [Primrose], the elder daugh- 
ter of the vicar of Wakefield. She was a 
sort of Heb£ in beauty, open, sprightly, 
and commanding. Olivia Primrose 
"wished for many lovers," and eloped 
with squire Thornhill. Her father went 
in search of her, and, on his return home- 
ward, stopped at a roadside inn, called 
the Harrow, and there found her turned 
out of the house by the landlady. It was 
ultimately discovered that she was legally 
married to the squire. — Goldsmith: Vicar 
of Wakefield (1765). 

Olivia de Zuniga, daughter of don 
Caesar. She fixed her heart on having 
Julio de Melessina for her husband, and 
so behaved to all other suitors as to drive 
them away. Thus to don Garcia she 
pretended to be a termagant ; to don 
Vincentio, who was music mad, she pro- 
fessed to love a Jew's-harp above every 



OLLA. 



777 



ONE SIDE. 



other instrument. At last Julio appeared, 
and her "bold stroke" obtained as its 
reward "the husband of her choice." — 
Mrs. Cowley: A Bold Stroke for a Hus- 
band (1782). 

Olla, bard of Cairbar. These bards 
acted as heralds. — Ossian. 
Ollapod (Cornet), at the Galen's 

Head. An eccentric country apothecary, 
"a jumble of physic and shooting." Dr. 
Ollapod is very fond of " wit," and when 
he has said what he thinks a smart thing, 
he calls attention to it, with "He! he ! • 
he ! " and some such expression as " Do 
you take, good sir ? do you take ? " But 
when another says a smart thing, he 
titters, and cries, "That's well! that's 
very well ! Thank you, good sir, I owe 
you one ! " He is a regular rattle-pate ; 
details all the scandal of the village ; 
boasts of his achievements or misadven- 
tures ; is very mercenary, and wholly 
without principle.— Colman; The Poor 
Gentleman (1802). 

(This character is evidently a copy 
of Dibdin's "doctor Pother" in The 
Farmers Wife, 178a) 

Ol'lomand, an enchanter, who per- 
suaded Ahu'bal, the rebellious brother of 
Misnar sultan of Delhi, to try by bribery 
to corrupt the troops of the sultan. By 
an unlimited supply of gold, he soon 
made himself master of the southern pro- 
vinces, and Misnar marched to give him 
battle. Ollomand, with 5000 men, went 
in advance and concealed his company in 
a forest ; but Misnar, apprized thereof by 
spies, set fire to the forest, and Ollo- 
mand was shot by the discharge of his 
own cannons, fired spontaneously by the 
flames : " For enchantment has no power 
except over those who are first deceived 
by the enchanter." — Sir C. Morell [J. 
Ridley]: Tales of the Genii ("The En- 
chanter's Tale," vi., 1751). 

Olney Doctrine (The), an exten- 
sion of the "Monroe Doctrine;" ex- 
pounded in 1895 in the United States; 
that " No European Power has a right 
to intervene forcibly in the affairs of the 
New World ; and that the United States, 
owing to Its superior size and power, is 
the natural protector and champion of 
all American nations ; and that permanent 
political union between a European and 
American State is unnatural and inex- 
pedient." Mr. Olney was secretary of 
state when Mr. Cleveland was president 

How does this apply to Canada and British Columbia I 



Olney Hymns, by Cowper and the 
Rev. J. Newton. Cowper and Newton 
lived adjoining, at Olney, Bucks (1779). 

Olof (Sir), a bridegroom who rode 
late to collect guests to his wedding. On 
his ride, the daughter of the erl-king met 
him, and offered him a pair of gold spurs, 
a silk doublet, and gold, if he would dance 
with her ; when he refused, she struck him 
"with an elf-stroke." On the morrow, 
when the bridal party were assembled, 
sir Olof was found dead in a wood. — A 
Danish Legend (Herder). 

Olympia, countess of Holland and 
wife of Bire'no. Being deserted by 
Bireno, she was bound naked to a rock by 
pirates, but was delivered by Orlando, 
who took her to Ireland, where she mar- 
ried king Oberto (bks. iv., v.). — Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Olym'pia, sister to the great-duke of 
Muscovia. — Beaumont and Fletcher: The 
Loyal Subject ( 1618). 

Olympus, of Greece, was on the 
confines of Macedonia and Thessaly. 
Here the court of Jupiter was held. 

Olympus, in the dominions of Prester 
John, was "three days' journey from 
paradise." A corrupt form of Alumbo, 
the same as Colombo, in Ceylon. 

Omar Khayyam, the Persian 
astronomer - poet of Nishapur. Full 
name, Ghiyath-ud-Din Abu-1-Fath Omar 
ibn Ibrahim-al-Khayyami. Born in nth 
century. He wrote ten works, the chief 
being The Rubaiydt. This was trans- 
lated by Edward Fitzgerald (1857), who 
did not give a literal translation, but 
represented the poet's thoughts upon the 
subjects touched on. 

Omawhaws [Om'-a-waws] or Om'- 
ahas, an Indian tribe of Nebraska 
(United States). 

Ombrelia, the rival of Smilinda for 
the love of Sharper; "strong as the 
footman, as the master sweet." — Pope: 
Eclogues (" The Basset Table," 1715). 

Omnipresence of the Deity ( The), 
a poem by Robert Montgomery (1823). 

Omnium (Jacob), the name assumed 
by Matthew J. Higgins in the Times. 

One Side. All on one side, like the 
Bridgenorth election. Bridgenorth was a 
pocket borough of the Apley family. 



ONE THING AT A TIME. 778 ORACLE OF THE HOLY BOTTLE. 



One Thing at a Time. This was 
De Witt's great maxim {Spectator). 

O'Neal (Shan), leader of the Irish 
insurgents in 1567. Shan O'Neal was 
notorious for profligacy. 

Onei'sa (3 syl.), daughter of Moath 
a well-to-do Bedouin, in love with 
Thal'aba " the destroyer " of sor- 
cerers. Thalaba, being raised to the office 
of vizier, married Oneiza, but she died 
on the bridal night.— Southey: Thabala 
the Destroyer, ii., vii. (1797). 

Oneyda Warrior (The), Outalissi 
(g.v.). — Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming 
(1809). 

Only (The), Johann Paul Friedrich 
Richter, called by the Germans Der Ein- 
tige, from the unique character of bis 

writings. 

Not without reason have his panegyrists named him 
Jean Paul der Einzige, " Jean Paul the Only," ... for 
surely, in the whole circle of literature, we look in vain 
for his parallel. — Carlyle. 

IT The Italians call Bernardo Accolti, 
an Italian poet of the sixteenth century, 
•* Aretino the Only," or L Unico Aretino. 

Open, Sesame! (3 syl.), the magic 
words which caused the cave door of the 
" forty thieves " to open of itself. " Shut, 
Sesame* ! " were the words which caused 
it to shut. Sesame* is a grain, and hence 
Cassim, when he forgot the word, cried, 
"Open, Wheat 1" "Open, Rye!" "Open, 
Barley 1 " but the door obeyed no sound 
but " Open, Sesame* ! " — Arabian Nights 
(" Ali Baba, or the Forty Thieves "). 

Opening a handkerchief, in which he had a sample 
of sesame, he showed it me, and inquired how much a 
large measure of the grain was worth. ... I told him 
that, according to the present price, it would be worth 
one hundred drachms of silver.— A rabian Nights 
(" The Christian Merchant's Story "). 

Ophelia, the young, beautiful, and 
pious daughter of Polo'nius lord chamber- 
lain to the king of Denmark. Hamlet 
fell in love with her, but, finding marriage 
inconsistent with his views of vengeance 
against "his murderous, adulterous, and 
usurping uncle," he affected madness; 
and Ophelia was so wrought upon by his 
strange behaviour to her, that her intellect 
gave way. In an attempt to gather 
flowers from a brook, the branch of a tree 
she was holding snapped, and, falling 
into the water, she was drowned. — Shake- 
speare: Hamlet (1596). 

(Tate Wilkinson, speaking of Mrs. 
Cibber (Dr. Arne's daughter, 1710-1766), 
says, " Her features, figure, and singing, 
made her the best ' Ophelia ' that ever 
appeared either before or since.") 



Ophiuchus [Of-i-u'-kus], the con- 
stellation Serpentarius. Ophiuchus is a 
man who holds a serpent (Greek, ophis) 
in his hands. The constellation is situated 
to the south of Hercules ; and the prin- 
cipal star, called " Ras Alhague," is in 
the man's head. (Ras Alhague is from 
the Arabic, rds-al-hawwd, ' ' the serpent- 
charmer's head.") 

Satan stood 
Unterrified, and like a comet burned. 
That fires the length of Ophiuchus huge 
In the Arctic sky. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, U. 709, etc (1665). 

Ophiu'sa, island of serpents near 
Crete ; called by the Romans Colubra'ria. 
The inhabitants were obliged to quit it, 
because the snakes were so abundant. 
Milton refers to it in Paradise Lost, x. 
S28 (1665). 

Opium-Eater(7 , ^ J B« < ^/w/%),Thomas 
de Quincey, who published Confessions of 
an English Opium-Eater (1785-1859). 

O. P. Q,., Robert Merry (1755-1798) ; 
object of Gifford's satire in the Baviad 
and Mawiad ; and of Byron's in his 
English Bards and Scotch Reviewers. 
He married Miss Brunton, the actress. 

And Merry's metaphors appear anew. 

Chained to the signature of O. P. Q. 

Myron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Opus Magnus, by Roger Bacon ; de- 
dicated to pope Clement IV. (1267). 

Opus Minus, by the same author 
(posthumous). 

Opus Terbium, by the same author 
(posthumous). 

(Roger Bacon liyed 1214-1293.) 

Oracle ( To Work the), to raise money 
by some dodge. The "Oracle" was a 
factory established at Reading, by John 
Kendrick, in 1624. It was designed for 
returned convicts and any one out of 
employment. So when a. workman " had 
no work to do," he would say, " I must 
go and work the Oracle," i.e. I must go to 
the Oracle for work. (See Equivokes, 
P- 327-) 

Oracle of the Church (The), St 
Bernard (1091-1153). 

Oracle of the Holy Bottle ( The), 
an oracle sought for by Rabelais, to solve 
the knotty point " whether Panurge (2 
syl.) should marry or not." The question 
had been put to sibyl and poet, monk and 
fool, philosopher and witch, but none 
could answer it. The oracle was ulti- 
mately found in Lantern-land. 

•.* This, of course, is a satire on the 



ORACLE OF THE SIEVE, ETC. 779 



OREADES. 



celibacy of the clergy and the withhold- 
ing of the cup from the laity. Shall the 
clergy marry or not? — that was the moot 
point; and the " Bottle of Tent Wine," 
or the clergy, who kept the bottle to 
themselves, alone could solve it. The 
oracle and priestess of the bottle were 
called Bacbuc (Hebrew for " bottle ").— 
Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, iv., v. (1545). 

Oracle of the Sieve and Shears 

{The), a method of divination known to 
the Greeks. The modus opera?idi in the 
Middle Ages was as follows : — The points 
of a pair of shears were stuck in the rim 
of a sieve, and two persons supported the 
shears with their finger-tips. A verse of 
the Bible was then read aloud, and while 
the names of persons suspected were called 
over, the sieve was supposed to turn when 
the right name was suggested. (See Key 
and Bible, p. 565.) 

Searching for things lost with a sieve and shears.— 
Ben Jonson: The Alchemist, i. x (1610). 

Oracle of Truth, the magnet 

And by the oracle of truth below. 
The wondrous magnet, guides the wayward prow. 
Falconer : The Shipwreck, ii. a (1756). 

Oracles. (See Equivokes, p. 327.) 

Orange {Prince of), a title given to 
the heir-apparent of the king of Holland. 
"Orange" is a petty principality in the 
territory of Avignon, in the possession of 
the Nassau family. 

Orania, the lady-love of Am'adis of 
Gaul. — Lobeira : Amadis of Gaul (four- 
teenth century). 

Orator Henley, the Rev. John 

Henley, who for about thirty years de- 
livered lectures on theological, political, 
and literary subjects (1692-1756). 

*.* Hogarth has introduced him into 
several of his pictures ; and Pope says of 
him — 

Imbround with native bronze, lo I Henley stand* 
Tuning his voice, and balnncing his hands. 
How fluent nonsense trickles from his tongue I 
How sweet the periods, neither said nor sung I . . . 
Oh, great restorer of the good old stage. 
Preacher at once and zany of thy age ! 
Oh, worthy thou of Egypt's wise abodes ; 
A decent priest where monkeys were the gods I 
Pope : The Dunciad, iii. 199. etc (174a). 

Orator Hunt, the great demagogue 
in the time of the Wellington and Peel 
administrations. Henry Hunt, M. P., used 
to wear a grey hat, and these hats were 
for the time a badge of democratic prin- 
ciples, and called "radical hats" (1773- 
1835). 

Orbaneja, the painter of Ube'da, 
who painted so preposterously that he 



inscribed under his objects what he meant 

them for. 

Orbaneja would paint a cock so wretchedly designed, 
that he was obliged to inscribe under it, "This is a 
Cock."— Cervantes : Don Quixote, II. i, 3 (1615). 

Orbilius, the schoolmaster who taught 
Horace. The poet calls him ' ' the flogger " 
(plagdsus). — Ep., ii. 71. 

"." The Orbilian Stick is a birch rod 
or cane. 

Ordeal (A Fiery), a sharp trial or 
test. In England there were anciently 
two ordeals — one of water and the other 
of fire. The water ordeal was for the 
laity, and the fire ordeal for the nobility. 
If a noble was accused of a crime, he or 
his deputy was tried by ordeal thus : He 
had either to hold in his hand a piece of 
red-hot iron, or had to walk blindfold and 
barefoot over nine red-hot ploughshares 
laid lengthwise at unequal distances. If 
he passed the ordeal unhurt, he was de- 
clared innocent ; if not, he was accounted 
guilty. This method of punishment arose 
from the notion that ' ' God would defend 
the right," even by miracle, if needs be. 

Ordella, the wife of Thierry king of 
France, in the tragedy of Thierry and 

Tlieodoret, by J. Fletcher. 

Fletcher's " Ordella " and Ford's "Calantha" {q.v.\ 

ige of 

Ordigale, the otter, in the beast-epic 
of Reynard the Fox, I (1498). 

Ordovi'ces (4 syl.), people of Ordo- 
vicia, that is, Flintshire, Denbighshire, 
Merionethshire, Montgomeryshire, Car- 
narvonshire, and Anglesey. (In Latin 
the i is short : Ordovices. ) 

The Ordovicea now which North Wales people be. 
Drayton: Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

Or'dovieg (3 syl.), the inhabitants of 
North Wales. (In Latin North Wales is 
called Ordovic'ia.) 

Beneath his [Agricola's] fatal sword the Ordovies to fall 
(Inhabiting the west), those people last of all 
. . . withstood. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, vili. (161a). 

Or'ead (3 syl.), a mountain-nymph. 
Tennyson calls "Maud" an oread, be- 
cause her hall and garden were on a hill. 

I tee my Oread coming down. 

Maud, I. xvi. 1 (itss) 

Oread. Echo is so called. 

Ore'ades (4 syl.) or O'reads (3 syl.), 

mountain-nymphs. 

Ye Cambrian [ Welsh] shepherds then, whom these out 
mountains please, 



11s pie 
fellow 



And ye our fellow-nymphs, ye light Oread^s. 

Drayton: PoiyolHon.\x.{t6t%). 



ORELIO. 

Orel'io, the favourite horse of king 
Roderick the last of the Goths. 

Twas Orelio 
On which he rode, Roderick's own battle-horse, 
Who from his master's hand was wont to feed 
And with a glad docility obey 
His voice familiar. 

Southey; Roderick, etc, xxt. (1814). 

©res'tes (3 syl. ), son of Agamemnon, 
betrothed to Hermi'one (4 syl. ) daughter 
of Menela'os (4 syl.) king of Sparta. At 
the downfall of Troy, Menelaos promised 
Hermione in marriage to Pyrrhos king 
of Epiros, but Pyrrhos fell in love with 
Androm'ache the widow of Hector, and 
his captive. An embassy, led by Orestes, 
was sent to Epiros, to demand that the 
son of Andromache should be put to 
death, lest as he grew up he might seek 
to avenge his father's death. Pyrrhos 
refused to comply. In this embassage, 
Orest6s met Hermione' again, and found 
her pride and jealousy roused to fury by 
the slight offered her. She goaded Orestes 
to avenge her insults, and the ambassadors 
fell on Pyrrhos and murdered him. Her- 
mionS, when she saw the dead body of 
the king borne along, stabbed herself, 
and Orestes went raving mad. — Philips: 
The Distressed Mother (1712). 

AH the parts in which I ever saw [ W. C. MacreadyX 
such as "Orestes," " Mirandola," "William Tell, 
•' Rob Roy," and " Claude Melnotte," he certainly had 
made his own.— Rev. F. Young : Life o/C. M. Young. 

Orfeo and Heuro'dis, the tale of 
Orpheus and Eurydlce\ with the Gothic 
machinery of elves and fairies. 

(Gliick has an opera called Orfeo ; the 
libretto, by Calzabigi, based on a dramatic 
piece by Poliziano, 1764.) 

Orgari'ta, " the orphan of the Frozen 

Sea," and heroine of the drama. (See 
Martha, p. 680. )— Stirling: The Orphan 
of the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Or'g'ilus, the betrothed lover of 
Penthe'a, by the consent of her father ; 
but at the death of her father, her brother 
Ith'oclSs compelled her to marry Bass'ands, 
whom she hated. Ithocleis was about to 
marry the princess of Sparta, but a little 
before the event was to take place, Pen- 
mea starved herself to death, and Orgilus 
was condemned to death for murdering 
Ithocles.— Ford: The Broken Heart (1633). 

Orgoglio [Or-gole'-yo], a hideous 
giant, as tall as three men, son of Earth 
and Wind. Finding the Red Cross 
Knight at the fountain of Idleness, he 
beats him with a club, and makes him 
his slave. Una informs Arthur of it, and 
Arthur liberates the knight and slays the 



780 



ORIANA. 



giant (Rev. xiii. 5, 7, with Dan. vii. «, 
22). — Spenser: Faerie Queene, i. (1590). 

*.* Arthur first cut off Orgoglio's left 
arm, i.e. Bohemia was cut off first from 
the Church of Rome ; then he cut off the 
giant's right leg, i.e. England. 

Orgon, brother-in-law of Tartuffe 
(2 syl.). His credulity and faith in 
Tartuffe, like that of his mother, can 
scarcely be shaken even by the evidence 
of his senses. He hopes against hope, 
and fights every inch of ground in defence 
of the religious hypocrite.— Moliire : 
Tartuffe (1664). 

ORIA'NA, daughter of Lisuarte king 
of England, and spouse of Am'adis of 
Gaul (bk. ii. 6). The general plot of this 
series of romances bears on this marriage, 
and tells of the thousand and one obstacles 
from rivals, giants, sorcerers, and so on, 
which had to be overcome before the 
consummation could be effected. It is 
in this unity of plot that the Amadis 
series differs from its predecessors — the 
Arthurian romances, and those of the 
paladins of Charlemagne, which are de- 
tached adventures, each complete in itself, 
and not bearing to any common focus. — 
Amadis de Gaul (fourteenth century). 

\ Queen Elizabeth is called "the peer- 
less Oriana," especially in the madrigals 
entitled The Triumphs of Oriana (1601). 
Ben Jonson applies the name to the queen 
of James I. (Oriens Anna). 

Oria'na, the nursling of a lioness, 
with whom Esplandian fell in love, and 
for whom he underwent all his perils and 
exploits. She was the gentlest, fairest, 
and most faithful of her sex. — Lobeira: 
Am'adis of Gaul (fourteenth century). 

Orian'a, the fair, brilliant, and witty 
"chaser" of the "wild goose" Mirabel, 
to whom she is betrothed, and whose wife 
she ultimately becomes. — Fletcher: The 
Wild-goose Chase (1652). 

Orian'a, the ward of old Mirabel, and 
bound by contract to her guardian's son 
whom she loves. Young Mirabel shilly- 
shallies, till he gets into trouble with 
Lamorce (2 syl. ), and is in danger of being 
murdered, when Oriana, dressed as a 
page, rescues him. He then declares that 
his " inconstancy has had a lesson," and 
he marries the lady. — Farquhar : The 
Inconstant (1702). 

Orian'a, in Tennyson's oallad so 
called, " stood on the castle wall," to see 
her spouse, a Norland chief, fight. A 



ORIANDE. 



781 



ORION. 



foeman went between " the chief and the 
wall," and discharged an arrow, which, 
glancing aside, pierced the lady's heart 
and killed her. The ballad is the lamen- 
tation of the chief on the death of his 
bride (1830). 

O'riande (3 syl.), a fay who lived 
at Rosefleur, and brought up Maugis 
d'Aygremont. When her frotigt grew 
up, she loved him, " d'un si grand amour, 
qu'elle doute fort qu'il ne se departe 
d'avecques elle." — Romance de Maugis 
d'Aygremont et de Vivian son Frirc. 

O'riel, a fairy, whose empire lay along 
the banks of the Thames, when king 
Oberon held his court in Kensington 
Gardens. — Tickell : Kensington Gardens 
(1686-1740). 

Oriental Tales, by le comte de 
Caylus (1740) : French. There is an 

English version. 

Oriflamme, the banner of St. Denis. 
When the counts of Vexin became 
possessed of the abbey, the banner passed 
into - their hands; and when, in 1082, 
Philippe I. united Vexin to the crown, 
the oriflamme or sacred banner belonged 
to France. In 11 19 it was first used as a 
national banner. It consists of a crimson 
silk flag, mounted on a gilt staff {un 
glaive tout doriou est atachii une baniere 
vermeille). The loose end is cut into 
three wavy Vandykes, to represent tongues 
of flame, and a silk ta<sel is hung at each 
cleft. In war the display of this standard 
indicates that no quarter will be given. 
The English standard of no quarter was 
the " burning dragon." 

•.• Raoul de Presle says the oriflamme 
was used in the time of Charlemagne, 
being the gift of the patriarch of Jerusa- 
lem. We are told that all infidels were 
blinded who looked on it Froissart says 
it was displayed at the battle of Rosbecq, 
in the reign of Charles VI., and "no 
sooner was it unfurled, than the fog 
cleared away, and the sun shone on the 
French alone." 

I have not reared the Orlflnixmo of death. 
... me it behoves 
To Spare the fallen foe. 
Southcy : Jtan ef Arc, rllL 6m, etc. (1837). 

Oriyilla, the lady-love of Gryphon 
brother of Aquilant. But the faithless fair 
one took up with Martano, a most im- 
pudent boaster and a coward. Being at 
Damascus during a tournament in which 
Gryphon was the victor, Martano stole 
the armour of Gryphon, arrayed himself 
in it, took the prises, and then decamped 



with the lady. Aquilant happened to see 
them, bound them, and took them back 
to Damascus, where Martano was hanged, 
and the lady kept in bondage for the 
judgment of Luclna. — Ariosto: Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Origin of Species (The), by 
" Means of Natural Selection," by 
Charles R. Darwin (1859). The object 
is to show the preservation of the 
strongest in the struggle of life. Those 
animals die off which are unable to bear 
up against this struggle, and those ani- 
mals continue their species which are 
best able to overcome the difficulties of 
the battle of life. From birth there is in 
many cases a considerable difference, and 
if this difference is perpetuated it consti- 
tutes a species. 

There can be no doubt that such an animal as the 
fox owes its species to the dog and some other animal. 
Many of the bird tribe are manifestly cross-breeds. 

Orillo, a magician and robber, who 
lived at the mouth of the Nile. He was 
the son of an imp and fairy. When any 
one of his limbs was lopped off, he had the 
power of restoring it ; and when his head 
was cut off, he could take it up and 
replace it. When Astolpho encountered 
this magician, he was informed that his 
life lay in one particular hair ; so instead 
of seeking to maim him, he cut off the 
magic hair, and the magician fell lifeless 
at his feet. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Orinda "the incomparable," Mrs. 
Katherine Philipps, who lived in the 
reign of Charles II. and died of small- 
pox. 

* . • Her praises were sung by Cowley, 
Dryden, and others. 

We allowed you beauty, and we did submit . . . 
Ah, cruel sex, will you depose us too in wit! 
Orinda does in that too reign. 

CcnuUy : On Orxnda's Potms (1647). 

O'ricle (3 syl.). In America, the 
" Baltimore bird " is often so called ; but 
the oriole is of the thrush family, and the 
Baltimore bird is a starling. Its nest is 
a pendulous cylindrical pouch, some six 
inches long, usually suspended from two 
twigs at the extremity of a branch, and 
therefore liable to swing backwards and 
forwards by the force of the wind. Hence 
Longfellow compares a child's swing to 
an oriole's nest — 

. . . like an oriole's nest, 
Froa which the laughing birds hare taken wing; 
By thee abandoned hangs thy vacant swing. 

l.tnefcllo-w : To a Child. 

OKI 'ON, a giant of great beauty, and 



OR TON. 78a 

a famous hunter, who cleared the island of 
Chios of wild beasts. While in the island, 
Orion fell in love with Meropft, daughter 
of king CEnop'ion ; but one day, in a 
drunken fit, having offered her violence, 
the king put out the giant's eyes and 
drove him from the island. Orion was 
told if he would travel eastwards, and 
expose his sockets to the rising sun, he 
would recover his sight. Guided by the 
sound of a Cyclops' hammer, he reached 
Lemnos, where Vulcan gave him a guide 
to the abode of the sun. In due time his 
sight returned to him, and at death he 
was made a constellation. The lion's 
skin was an emblem of the wild beasts 
which he slew in Chios, and the club 
was the instrument he employed for the 
purpose. 

He [Orion] 
Reeled as of yore beside the sea, 

When, blinded by CEnopion, 
He sought the blacksmith at the forga^ 
And, climbing up the mountain gorge. 
Fixed his blank eyes upon the sun. 
Longfellow : The Occultation of Orion. 

Orion and the Blacksmith. The 
reference is to the blacksmith mentioned 
in the preceding article, whom Orion took 
on his back to act as guide to the place 
where the rising sun might be best seen. 

Orion s Dogs were Arctophonus I" the 
bear-killer") and Ptoophagos ("the 
glutton of Ptoon, " in Boeotia). 

Orion's Wife, SidS. 

Orion. After Orion has set in the 
west, Auriga (the Charioteer) and Gem'ini 
(Castor and Pollux) are still visible. 
Hence Tennyson says — 

. . . the Charioteer 
And starry Gemini hang like glorious crowns 
Over Orion's grave low down in the west. 

Maud, III. vi. 1 (1855). 

Ori'on, a seraph, the guardian angel 
of Simon Peter. — Klopstock : The Mes- 
siah, iii. (1748). 

Ori'on, an "epic" poem, by Richard H. 

Home, price one farthing { 1843). Several 
editions were sold. Of course the price 
was a satire on the present day's estima- 
tion of modern poetry. 

Orith'yia or Orith'ya, daughter of 
Erectheus, carried off by Boreas to 
Thrace. 

Such dalliance as alone the North wind hath with her, 
Orithya not enjoyed, from [f t«] Thrace when he her 

took, 
And in his sally plumes the trembling virgin shook. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, x. (1612). 

•.* Phineas Fletcher calls the word 
■■ Orithy'a "— 

None knew mild zephyrs from cold Euros' mouth, 
Nor Orithya's lover s violence [North vnnd\ 

Fletcher : Purple Island, I. (1633). 



ORLANDO. 

ORLANDO, the younger son of sir 
Rowland de Boys \Bwor\ At the death 
of his father, he was left under the care 
of his elder brother Oliver, who was 
charged to treat him well ; but Oliver 
hated him, wholly neglected his educa- 
tion, and even tried by many indirect 
means to kill him. At length Orlando 
fled to the forest of Arden', where he met 
Rosalind and Celia in disguise. They 
had met before at a wrestling-match, 
when Orlando and Rosalind fell in love 
with each other. The acquaintance was 
renewed in the forest, and ere many days 
had passed the two ladies resumed their 
proper characters, and both were married, 
Rosalind to Orlando, and Celia to Oliver 
the elder brother. — Shakespeare: As You 
Like 7/(1598). 

Orlando (in French Roland, q.v.) t 

one of the paladins of Charlemagne, 
whose nephew he was. Orlando was 
confiding and loyal, of great stature, and 
possessed unusual strength. He accom- 
panied his uncle into Spain, but on his 
return was waylaid in the valley of 
Roncesvall£s (in the Pyrenees) by the 
traitor Ganelon, and perished with all 
his army, A. d. 778. His adventures are 
related in Turpin's Chronique ; in the 
Chanson de Roland, attributed to The^ 
roulde. He is the hero of Bojardo's epic, 
Orlando Innamorato ; and of Ariosto's 
continuation, called Orlando Furioso 
("Orlando mad"). Robert Greene, in 
1594, produced a drama which he called 
The History of Orlando. Rhode's farce 
of Bombastes Furioso (1790) is a burlesque 
of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso. 

Orlando's Ivory Horn, Olifant, once the 
property of Alexander the Great. Its 
bray could be heard for twenty miles. 

Orlando's Horse, Brigliadoro (" golden 
bridle"). 

Orlando's Sword, Durinda'na or Duran- 
dana, which once belonged to Hector, is 
" preserved at Rocamadour, in France ; 
and his spear is still shown in the cathe- 
dral of Pa'via, in Italy." 

Orlando was of middling stature, broad-shouldered. 
crooked-lesjged, brown-visaged, red-bearded, and had 
much hair on his body. He talked but little, and had 
a very surly aspect, although he was perfectly good- 
humoured. — Cervantes : Don Quixote, II. L I (1615). 

Orlando's Vulnerable Part. Orlando 
was invulnerable except in the sole of his 
foot, and even there nothing could wound 
him but the point of a large pin ; so that 
when Bernardo del Carpio assailed him 
at Roncesvallds, he took him in his arms 
and squeezed him to death, in imitation 



ORLANDO. 



783 



ORLICK. 



Of Hercules, who squeezed to death the 
giant Antys'us (3 syl.).— Cervantes ; Don 
Quixote, II. ii. 13 (1615). 

Orlando, the hero of Mrs. Smith's 
novel, The Old Manor House (1793)- 
"Handsome, generous, brave, and 
ardent." He falls in love with the 
heroine Monimia, and ultimately marries 
her. 

Orlando, the hero of Ariosto's poem. 
(See below.) He is intended to be a 
model knight, high-minded, generous, 
compassionate, and valiant" He falls 
in love with Angelica. (See below.) 

Orlando Pnrioso, a continuation 
of Bojardo's story, with the same hero. 
Bojardo leaves Orlando in love with 
Angelica, whom he fetched from Cathay 
and brought to Paris. Here, says Ariosto, 
Rinaldo fell in love with her, and, to 
prevent mischief, the king placed the 
coquette under the charge of Namus . But 
she contrived to escape her keeper, and 
fled to the island of Ebuda, where Rogero 
found her exposed to a sea-monster, and 
liberated her. In the mean time, Orlando 
went in search of his lady, was decoyed 
into the enchanted castle of Atlantes, but 
was liberated by Angelica, who again suc- 
ceeded in effecting her escape to Paris. 
Here she arrived just after a great battle 
between the Christians and pagans ; and, 
finding Medora a Moor wounded, took 
care of him, fell in love with him, and 
eloped with him to Cathay. When Or- 
lando found himself jilted, he was driven 
mad with jealousy and rage, or rather his 
wits were taken from him for three months 
by way of punishment, and deposited in 
the moon. Astolpho went to the moon 
in Elijah's chariot, and St. John gave him 
" the lost wits " in an urn. On reaching 
France, Astolpho bound the madman, 
then, holding the urn to his nose, the 
wits returned to their nidus, and the hero 
was himself again. After this, the siege 
was continued, and the Christians were 
wholly successful. (See Orlando In- 
NAMORATO.) — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

V This romance in verse extends to 
forty-six cantos. Hoole, in his transla- 
tion (1783), compressed the forty-six 
cantos into twenty-four books; but the 
original number has been retained by 
Harrington in 1591 ; by Croker in 1755 ; 
and by Rose in 1823. The adventures of 
Orlando, under the French form " Ro- 
'and," are related by Turpin in his 



Chronicle, and by Theroulde in hit 

Chanson de Roland. 

'.' The true hero of Ariosto's romance 
is Rcgero, and not Orlando. It is with 
Rogero's victory over Rodomont that the 
poem ends. The concluding lines are — 

Then at full stretch he [Ho^ero] raised his arm above 
The furious Rodomont, and the weapon drove 
Thrice in his Raping throat— so ends the strife. 
And leaves secure Rogero's fame and life. 

Orlando Innamora'to, or Orlando 
in Love, in three books, by count Bojardo 
of Scandiano, in Italy (1495). Bojardo 
supposes Charlemagne to be warring 
against the Saracens in France, under the 
walls of Paris. He represents the city as 
besieged by two infidel hosts — one under 
Agramanti emperor of Africa, and the 
other under Gradasso king of Serica'na. 
His hero is Orlando, whom he supposes 
(though married at the time to Aldabella) 
to be in love with Angelica, a fascinating 
coquette from Cathay, whom Orlando 
had brought to France. (See Orlando 
Furioso.) 

(Bojardo's poem was incomplete, and 
in 1 53 1 three more books were added by 
Agostini ; and the whole was remodelled 
by Berni. Tofte, in 1598, produced an 
English version. Berni of Tuscany, in 
1538, published a burlesque in verse on 
the same subject.) 

Orleans, a most passionate innamo- 
rato, in love with Agripy'nar. — Dekker: 
Old Fortunatus 1600). 

Orleans talks" pure Biron and Romeo ; " he is almost 
«s poetical as they, quite as philosophical, only a little 
madder. — Lamb. 

(" Biron," in Shakespeare's Love's 
Labour's Lost; "Romeo," in his Romeo 
and Juliet.) 

Orleans [Gaston duke of), brother of 
Louis XIII. He heads a conspiracy to 
assassinate Richelieu and dethrone the 
king. If the plot had been successful, 
Gaston was to have been made regent; 
but the conspiracy was discovered, and 
the duke was thwarted in his ambitious 
plans. — Lord Lytton: Richelieu (1839). 

Orleans (Louis due d"), to whom the 
princess Joan (daughter of Louis XI.) is 
affianced. — Sir W. Scott; Quentin Dur- 
ward (time, Edward IV.). 

Orlick (Dolge), usually called "Old 
Orlick," though not above five and 
twenty, journeyman to Joe Gargery, 
blacksmith. Obstinate, morose, broad- 
shouldered, loose-limbed, swarthy, of 
great strength, never in a hurry, and 
always slouching. Being jealous of Pip, 



ORLOFF DIAMOND. 



784 



ORPHAN OF CHINA. 



he allured him to a cave in the marshes, 
bound him to a ladder, and was about 
to shoot him, when, being: alarmed by 
approaching steps, he fled. Subsequently 
he broke into Mr. Pumblechook's house, 
was arrested, and confined in the county 
jail. This surly, ill-conditioned brute 
was in love with Biddy, but Biddy married 
Joe Gargery. — Dickens: Great Expecta- 
tions (i860). 

Orloff Diamond {The), the third 
largest cut diamond in the world, set in 
the top of the Russian sceptre. The 
weight of this magnificent diamond is 194 
carats, and its size is that of a pigeon's 
egg. It was once one of the eyes of the 
idol Sheringham, in the temple of 
Brahma ; came jnto the hands of the 
shah Nadir ; was stolen by a French 
grenadier and sold to an English sea- 
captain for /2000 ; the captain sold it to 
a Jew for ,£12,000 ; it next passed into 
the hands of Shafras ; and in 1775 
Catherine II. of Russia gave for it 
^■90,000. (See Diamonds, p. 277.) 

Or'mandine (3 syl.), the necro- 
mancer who threw St. David into an 
enchanted sleep for seven years, from 
which he was reclaimed by St. George. — 
R. Johnson ; The Seven Champions of 
Christendom, i. 9 (1617). 

Orme ( Victor), a poor gentleman in 
love with Elsie. — Wybert Reeve : Parted. 

Ormond {The duke of), a privy 
councillor of Charles II. — Sir IV. Scott : 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

(Maria Edgeworth published, in 1817, 
two novels together, one called Har- 
rington and the other Ormond. The 
title Harrington and Ormond is mis- 
leading.) 

Ormston {Jock), a sheriffs officer at 
Fairport. — Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Ormus ( Wealth of), diamonds. The 
island Ormus, in the Persian Gulf, is a 
mart for these precious stones. 

High on a throne of royal state, which far 
Outshone the wealth of Ormus. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, ii. 1 (1665). 

Ornithol'ogy {The father of), 
George Edwards (1693-1773). 

Oromazes (4 syl.), the principle of 
good in Persian mythology. Same as 
Vezad {q.v.). 

Oroonda'tes (5 syl.), only son of a 
Scythian king, whose love for Statira 



(widow of Alexander the Great) led him 
into numerous dangers and difficulties, 
which, however, he surmounted. — La 
Calprenede : Cassandra (a romance). 

Oroono'ko {Prince), son and heir of 
the king of Angola, and general of the 
forces. He was decoyed by captain 
Driver aboard his ship; his suite of 
twenty men were made drunk with rum ; 
the ship weighed anchor ; and the prince, 
with all his men, were sold as slaves in 
one of the West Indian Islands. Here 
Oroonoko met lmoin'da (3 syl.), his 
wife, from whom he had been separated, 
and who he thought was dead. He 
headed a rising of the slaves, and the 
lieutenant-governor tried to seduce Imoin- 
da. The result was that Imoinda killed 
herself, and Oroonoko (3 syl.) slew first 
the lieutenant-governor and then himself. 
Mrs. Aphra Behn became acquainted 
with the prince at Surinam, and made 
the story of his life the basis of a novel, 
which Thomas Southern dramatized 
(1696). 

Jack Bannister [1760-1836] began his career In tragedy. 
. . . Garrick . . asked him what character he wished 
to play next. "Why," said Bannister. " I was thinking 
of ' Oroonoko.' " Eh, eh 1 " exclaimed David, staring 
at Bannister, who was very thin ; " you will look as 
much like ' Oroonoko ' as a chimney-sweeper in con- 
sumption."— Campbell, 

Orozem'bo, a brave and dauntless old 
Peruvian. When captured and brought 
before the Spanish invaders, Orozembo 
openly defied them, and refused to give 
any answer to their questions (act i. 1). 
— Sheridan: Pizarro (altered from Kot- 
zebue, 1799). 

Orpas, once archbishop of SeVille. 
At the overthrow of the Gothic kingdom 
in Spain, Orpas joined the Moors and 
turned Moslem. Of all the renegades 
•'the foulest and the falsest wretch was 
he that e'er renounced his baptism." He 
wished to marry Florinda, daughter of 
count Julian, in order to secure "her 
wide domains ; " but Florinda loathed 
him. In the Moorish council, Orpas ad- 
vised Abulcacem to cut off count Julian, 
" whose power but served him for fresh 
treachery, false to Roderick first, and to 
the caliph now." This advice was acted 
on ; but as the villain left the tent, 
Abulcacem muttered to himself, " Look 
for a like reward thyself; that restless 
head of wickedness in the grave will 
brood no treason." — Southey: Roderick, 
etc., xx., xxii. (1814). 

Orphan of China ( The), a drama by 



ORPHAN OF THE FROZEN SEA. 785 



ORSINI. 



Murphy. Zaphimri, the sole survivor of 
the royal race of China, was committed 
in infancy to Zamti the mandarin, that 
he might escape from the hand of Ti'- 
murkan', the Tartar conqueror. Zamti 
brought up Zaphimri as his son, and sent 
Hamet, his real son, to Corea, where he 
was placed under the charge of Morat. 
Twenty years afterwards, Hamet led a 
band of insurgents against Timurkan, 
was seized, and ordered to be put to 
death under the notion that he was "the 
orphan of China." Zaphimri, hearing 
thereof, went to the Tartar and declared 
that he, not Hamet, was the real prince; 
whereupon Timurkan ordered Zamti and 
his wife Mandane, with Hamet and Za- 
phimri, to be seized. Zamti and Man- 
dane were ordered to the torture, to wring 
from them the truth. In the interim, a 
party of insurgent Chinese rushed into 
the palace, killed the king, and estab- 
lished ' ' the orphan of China " on the 
throne of his fathers (1759). 

Orphan of the Frozen Sea, 

Martha, the daughter of Ralph de 
Lascours (captain of the Uran'ia) and 
his wife Louise. The crew having re- 
belled, the three, with their servant 
Bar'abas, were cast adrift in a boat, 
which ran on an iceberg in the Frozen 
Sea. Ralph thought it was a small island, 
but the iceberg broke up, both Ralph 
and his wife were drowned, but Barabas 
and Martha escaped. Martha was taken 
by an Indian tribe, which brought her up 
and named her Orgari'ta ("withered 
wheat "), from her white complexion. In 
Mexico she met with her sister Diana 
and her grandmother Mme. de Theringe 
(2 syl. ), and probably married Horace de 
Brienne. — Stirling : Orphan of the Frozen 
Sea (1856). 

Orphan of the Temple, Marie 
The>ese Charlotte duchesse d'Angou- 
leme, daughter of Louis XVI. ; so called 
from the Temple, where she was im- 
prisoned. She was called "The Modern 
Antig'one" by her uncle Louis XVIII. 

Orpheus. (For a parallel fable, see 
Wainamoinen.) 

\ Odin was an Orpheus and Ari'on. 

Odin was eminently skilled in music, and could tlnf 
airs so tender and melodious that the rocks would ex- 
pand with delight ; while the spirits »f inferior regions 
would s'and motionless around him, attracted by th« 
T*eccness of his strains. — Crichton and IVhealon : 
Scandinavia, io\. L p. 81. 

Orpheus and Eurydice (4 syl.), 
Gllick's best opera (Orfeo). Libretto by 



Calzabfgi, who also wrote for Gltick the 
libretto of Alceste (1767). King pro- 
duced an English version of Orpheus 
and Eurydice. 

' .' The tale is introduced by Pope in 
his St. Cecilia's Ode. 

Of Orpheus now no more let poets tell. 

To bright Cecilia greater power is given: 
His numbers raised a shade from hell, 

Hers lift the soul to heaven. 

Pope : St. Cecilia's Day (1700). 

Orpheus of Highwaymen, Joht 
Gay, author of The Beggar s Opera (1688- 
I 732). 

Orpheus of the Green Isle ( The), 
Furlough O'Carolan, poet and musician 
(1670-1738). 

Or'raca {Queen), wife of Affonso II. 

The legend says that five friars of Mo- 
rocco went to her, and said, "Three things 
we prophesy to you: (1) we five shall 
all suffer martyrdom ; (2) our bodies will 
be brought to Coimbra ; and (3) which- 
ever sees our relics first, you or the king, 
will die the same day." When their 
bodies were brought to Coimbra, the king 
told queen Orraca she must join the pro- 
cession with him. She pleaded illness, but 
Affonso replied the relics would cure her ; 
so they started on their journey. As they 
were going, the queen told the king to 
speed on before, as she could not travel 
so fast; so he speeded on with his retinue, 
and started a boar on the road. "Follow 
him 1 " cried the king, and they went 
after the boar and killed it. In the mean 
time, the queen reached the procession, 
fully expecting her husband had joined 
it long ago ; but, lo ! she beheld him 
riding up with great speed. That night 
the king was aroused at midnight with 
the intelligence that the queen was dead. 
— Southey : Queen Orraca (1838); Fran- 
cisco Manoel da Esperanca: Historia 
Serafica (eighteenth century). 

Orrock (Puggie), a sheriff's officer at 
Fairport— Sir W.Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Orsin, one of the leaders of the rabble 
rout that attacked Hudibras at the bear- 
baiting. — S. Butler : Hudibras (1663). 

(The prototype of this rabble leader 
was Joshua Gosling, who kept the Paris 
Bear-Garden, in Southwark.) 

Orsi'ni {Maffio), a young Italian 
nobleman, whose life was saved by 
Genna'ro at the battle of Rim'ini. Orsini 
became the fast friend of Gennaro, but 
both were poisoned by the princess Neg'- 
3 * 



ORSINCX j 

ronl at a banquet.— Donixettit Lucretia 
di Borgia (opera, 1834). 

Orsi'no, duke of Illyria, who sought 
the love of Olivia a rich countess ; but 
Olivia gave no encouragement to his 
suit, and the duke moped and pined, 
leaving manly sports for music and other 
effeminate employments. Viola entered 
the duke's service as a page, and soon 
became a great favourite. When Olivia 
married Sebastian (Viola's brother), and 
the sex of Viola became known, the duke 
married her and made her duchess of 
Illyria.— Shakespeare : Twelfth Night 
(1614). 

Orson, twin-brother of Valentine, 

and son of Bellisant. The twin-brothers 
were born in a wood near Orleans, and 
Orson was carried off by a bear, which 
suckled him with its cubs. When he 
grew up, he became the terror of France, 
and was called "The Wild Man of the 
Forest." Ultimately, he was reclaimed 
by his brother Valentine, overthrew the 
Green Knight, and married Fezon daugh- 
ter of the duke of Savary, in Aquitaine. — 
Valentine and Orson (fifteenth century). 

Orson and Ellen. Young Orson 
was a comely young farmer from Taun- 
ton, stout as an oak, and very fond of 
the lasses, but he hated matrimony, and 
used to say, " The man who can buy milk 
is a fool to keep a cow." While still a 
lad, Orson made love to Ellen, a rustic 
maiden; but, in the fickleness of youth, 
forsook her for a richer lass, and Ellen 
left the village, wandered far away, and 
became waiting-maid to old Boniface 
the innkeeper. One day, Orson hap- 
pened to stop at this very inn, and Ellen 
waited on him. Five years had passed 
since they had seen each other, and at 
first neither knew the other. When, how- 
ever, the facts were known, Orson made 
Ellen his wife, and their marriage feast 
was given by Boniface himself. — Peter 
Pindar [Dr. Wolcot] : Orson and Ellen 
(1809). 

Ortellius [Abraham), a Dutch geo- 
grapher, who published, in 1570, his 
Theatrum Orbis Term or Universal 
Geography (1527-1598). 

I more could tell to prove the place our own, 
Than by his spacious maps are by Ortellius shown. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, vi. (161a). 

Orthodoacy. When lord Sandwich 
said " he did not know the difference 
between orthodoxy and heterodoxy," 
Warburton bishop of Gloucester replied, 



6 OSBORNE. 

" Orthodoxy, my lord, is my doxy, and 
heterodoxy is another man's doxy. 

Orthodoxy (The Father of), Athana- 
sius (296-373). 

Orthrus, the two-headed dog of 
Euryt'ion the herdsman of Geryon'eo. 
It was the progeny of Typha'on and 

Echidna. 

With his two-headed dogge that Orthrus night, 
Orthrus begotten by great Typhaon 
And foule Echidna in the house of Night. 

Spenser : Faerie Queene, v. 10, 10 (1596). 

Ortwine (2 syl.), knight of Met*, 
sister's son of sir Hagan of Trony, a 
Burgundian. — The Nibelungen Lied 
(eleventh century). 

Or'ville (Lord), the amiable and 
devoted lover of Evelina, whom he ulti- 
mately marries. He is represented as 
" handsome, gallant, polite, and ardent, 
— he dressed handsomely," and was 
altogether irresistible. — Miss Burney : 
Evelina (1778). 

Osbaldistone (Mr.), a London mer- 
chant. 

Frank Osbaldistone, his son, in love 
with Diana Vernon, whom he marries. 

Sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone, of Os- 
baldistone Hall, uncle of Frank, his 
heir. 

His Sons were : Percival, ' ' the sot ; " 
Thorncliff, "the bully;" John, "the 
gamekeeper;" Richard, "the horse- 
jockey;" Wilfred, "the fool;" and 
Rashleigh, "the scholar," a perfidious 
villain, killed by Rob Roy.— Sir W. 
Scott: Fob Fay (time, George I.). 

(Fob Foy Macgregor was dramatized by 
Pocock. ) 

Osborne (Mr.), a hard, money- 
loving, purse-proud, wealthy London 
merchant, whose only gospel was that 
"according to Mammon." He was a 
widower, and his heart of hearts was 
to see his son, captain George, marry a 
rich mulatto. While his neighbour 
Sedley was prosperous, old Osborne en- 
couraged the love-making of George and 
Miss Sedley; but when old Sedley 
failed, and George dared to marry the 
bankrupt's daughter, to whom he was 
engaged, the old merchant disinherited 
him. Captain George fell on the field of 
Waterloo, but the heart of old Osborne 
would not relent, and he allowed the 
widow to starve in abject poverty. He 
adopted, however, the widow's son, 
George, and brought him up in absurd 



OSCAR. 



787 



OSIRIS. 



luxury and indulgence. A more de- 
testable cad than old Osborne cannot be 
imagined. 

Maria and Jane Osborne, daughters of 
the merchant, and of the same mould. 
Maria married Frederick Bullock, a 
banker's son. 

Captain George Osborne, son of the 
merchant ; selfish, vain, extravagant, and 
self-indulgent. He was engaged to 
Amelia Sedley while her father was in 
prosperity, and captain Dobbin induced 
him to marry her after the father was 
made a bankrupt. Happily, George fell 
on the field of Waterloo, or one would 
never vouch for his conjugal fidelity. — 
Thackeray: Vanity Fair (1848). 

Oscar, son of Ossian and grandson of 
Fingal. He was engaged to Malvi'na, 
daughter of Toscar, but before the day of 
marriage arrived, he was slain in Ulster, 
fighting against Cairbar, who had treacher- 
ously invited him to a banquet and then 
slew him, A.D. 296. Oscar is repre- 
sented as most brave, warm-hearted, and 
impetuous, most submissive to his father, 
tender to Malvina, and a universal 
favourite. 

"O Oscar,"" said Fingal, "bend the strong In arm, 
but spare the feeble hand. Be thou a stream of many 
tides against the foes of thy people, but like the gale 
that moves the grass to those who ask thine aid. . . . 
Never search for battle, nor shun it when it comes."— 
Ossian : Fingal, iii. 

Cairbar shrinks before Oscar's sword. He creeps In 
darkness behind a stone. He lifts the spear in secret ; 
he pierces Oscar's side. Oscar falls forward on his 
shield ; his knee sustains the chief, but still the spear is 
in his hand. See ! gloomy Cairbar falls. The steel 
pierced his forehead, and divided his red hair behind. 
He lay like a shattered rock . . . but never more shall 
Oscar arise. — Ossian : Temora, 1. 

Oscar Roused from Sleep. " Caolt 
took up a huge stone and hurled it on the 
hero's head. The hill for three miles 
round shook with the reverberation of the 
blow, and the stone, rebounding, rolled 
out of sight. Whereon Oscar awoke, and 
told Caolt to reserve his blows for his 



Gun thog Caoilte a chlach, nach pan, 
Agus a n aighai' chiean gun bhuaU; 
Tri mil an tulloch gun chri. 

Gaelic Romances. 

Oscar of Alva, the hero and title of 
a poem by lord Byron. Oscar and Allan 
were the sonsof Angus a Scottish chieftain. 
Both equally brave, Oscar "owned a 
hero's soul," while Allan was self-con- 
tained and of smooth words. When 
grown to man's estate, Mora, "Glenal- 
von's blue-eyed daughter," arrived as 
Oscar's bride ; but on the nuptial day 
Oscaj could not be found. They searched 



everywhere, and for three years they 
waited, hoping his return, without avail. 
Arrangements were then made for the 
marriage of Mora and Allan. At the 
festivities appeared a stranger chief, in a 
dark robe and a "plume of gory red," 
who invited the guests to drink to the 
memory of the departed Oscar. All 
present complied excepting Allan, who 
turned a ghastly hue, dashed the goblet to 
the ground, while a voice was heard pro- 
claiming him the murderer of his brother ; 
the feast broke up in the midst of a 
terrific thunderstorm, and Allan died. 

The catastrophe of this tale was sug- 
gested by the story of "Jeronyme and 
Lorenzo ' in vol. i. of Schiller's Armenian, 
or the Ghost Seer. It also bears some 
resemblance to a scene in the third act of 
Macbeth. 

Os'ewald (3 syl.), the reeve, of "the 
carpenteres craft," an old man. — Chaucer: 
Canterbury Tales (1388). 

Oseway {Dame), the ewe, in the 
beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

O'Shanter (Tarn), a farmer, who, 
returning home from Ayr very late and 
well soaked with liquor, had to pass the 
kirk of Alloway. Seeing it was illumi- 
nated, he peeped in, and saw there the 
witches and devils dancing, while old 
Clootie was blowing the bagpipes. Tam 
got so excited that he roared out to one 
of the dancers, " Weel done, Cutty Sark ! 
Weel done ! " In a moment all was dark. 
Tam now spurred his "grey mare Meg" 
to the top of her speed, while all the 
fiends chased after him. The river Doon 
was near, and Tam just reached the 
middle of the bridge when one of the 
witches, whom he called Cutty Sark, 
touched him ; but it was too late — he had 
passed the middle of the stream, and was 
out of the power of the crew. Not so 
his mare's tafl — that had not yet passed 
the magic line, and Cutty Sark, clinging 
thereto, dragged it off with an infernal 
wrench. — Burns: Tam O'Shanter. 

Osi'ris, judge of the dead, brother 
and husband of Isis. Osiris is identical 
with Adonis and Thammuz. All three 
represent the sun, six months above 
the equator, and six months below it 
Adonis passed six months with Aphro- 
dite in heaven, and six months with 
Perseph6n6 in hell. So Osiris in heaven 
was the beloved of Isis ; but in the land 
of darkness was embraced by Neptbjn. 



osmia 788 

Osi'ris, the sun ; Isis, the moon. 

They [the priests] wore rich mitres shaped like th« 

moon, 
To show that Isis doth the moon portend, 
Like as Osiris signifies the sun. 

Spenser : /'aerie Queene, v. 7 (1596). 

Osi'ris, the personification of that part 
of man which survives death, and (accord- 
ing to Egyptian mythology) is absorbed 
in deity. Also "the sacrifice by whom 
we are justified" (p. 37), metaphorically 
the grave. 

Now he's an Osiris . . . but an hour ago ha was an 
everyday mortal like you or me.— H. Rider Haggard; 
Cleopatra, ch. ii. 

Some few were wanting, having been gathered to 
Osiris.— Ch. v. 

Osman, sultan of the East, the great 
conqueror of the Christians, a man of 
most magnanimous^ mind and of noble 
generosity. He loved Zara, a young 
Christian captive, and was by her beloved 
with equal ardour and sincerity. Zara 
was the daughter of Lusignan d'Outremer, 
a Christian king of Jerusalem ; she was 
taken prisoner by Osman's father, with 
her elder brother Nerestan, then four 
years old. After twenty years' captivity, 
Nerestan was sent to France for ransom, 
and on his return presented himself before 
the sultan, who fancied he perceived a 
sort of intimacy between the young man 
and Zara, which excited his suspicion 
and jealousy. A letter, begging that 
Zara would meet him in a "secret 
passage" of the seraglio, fell into the 
sultan's hands, and confirmed his sus- 
picions. Zara went to the rendezvous, 
where Osman met her and stabbed her to 
the heart. Nerestan was soon brought 
before him, and told him he had mur- 
dered his sister, and all he wanted of her 
was to tell her of the death of her father, 
and to bring her his dying benediction. 
Stung with remorse, Osman liberated all 
his Christian captives, and then stabbed 
himself. — Aaron Hill : Zara (1735). 

(This tragedy is an English adaptation 
of Voltaire's Zaire, 1733. ) 

Osmand, a necromancer who, by 
enchantment, raised up an army to resist 
the Christians. Six of the champions 
were enchanted by Osmand, but St. 
George restored them. Osmand tore off 
his hair in which lay his spirit of 
enchantment, bit his tongue in two, em- 
bowelled himself, cut off his arms, and 
died. — R. Johnson : Seven Champions of 
Christendom, i. 19 (1617). 

Osmond, an old Varangian guard,— 



OSSEO. 

Sir IV. Scott: Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Osmyn, alias Alphonso, son of 
Anselmo king of Valentia, and husband 
of Alme'ria daughter of Manuel king of 
Grana'da. Supposed to have been lost at 
sea, but in reality cast on the African 
coast, and tended by queen Zara, who 
falls in love with him. Both are taken 
captive by Manuel, and brought to 
Granada. Here Manuel falls in love 
with Zara, but Zara retains her passionate 
love for Alphonso. Alphonso makes his 
escape, returns at the head of an army to 
Granada, finds both the king and Zara 
dead, but Almeria being still alive be- 
comes his acknowledged bride. — Con- 
greve : The Mourning Bride (1697). 

("Osman" was one of John Kemble's 
characters, Mrs. Siddons taking the role 
of "Zara.") 

Osnaburghs, the cloths so called ; 
a corruption of Osnabrtick, in Hanover, 
where these coarse linens were first pro- 
duced. 

Osprey. When fish see the osprey, 
the legend says, they are so fascinated 
that they "swoon," and, turning on their 
backs, yield themselves an easy prey to 
the bird. Rattlesnakes exercise the same 
fascination over birds. 

The osprey . . . the fish no sooner do espy, 

But . . . turning their bellies up, as tho their death 

they saw, 
They at his pleasure lie, to stuff his gluttonous maw. 
Drayton : Polyolbion. xxv. (1622;. 

Osricfc, a court fop, contemptible for 
his affectation and finical dandyism. He 
is made umpire by king Claudius, when 
Laertes and Hamlet " play " with rapiers 
in "friendly" combat. — Shakespeare. 
Hamlet (1596). 

Osse'o, son of the Evening Star, whose 
wife was O'weenee. In the Northland 
there were once ten sisters of surpassing 
beauty ; nine married beautiful young 
husbands, but the youngest, named 
Oweenee, fixed her affections on Osseo, 
who was "old, poor, and ugly," but 
"most beautiful within." All being 
invited to a feast, the nine set upon their 
youngest sister, taunting her for having 
married Osseo ; but forthwith Osseo 
leaped into a fallen oak, and was trans- 
formed to a most handsome young man, 
his wife to a very old woman, " wrinkled 
and ugly," but his love changed not. 
Soon another change occurred : Oweenee 
resumed her former beauty, and all the 



OSSIAN, 



789 



OTRANTO. 



sisters and their husbands were changed 
to birds, who were kept in cages about 
Osseo's wigwam. In due time a son was 
born, and one day he shot an arrow at 
one of the caged birds, and forthwith the 
nine, with their husbands, were changed 
to pygmies. 

From the story of Osseo 

Let [w] learn the fate of jesters. 

Longfellow : Hia-watha, xii. (1855). 

Ossian, the warrior-bard. He was 
son of Fingal (king of Morven) and his 
first wife Ros-crana (daughter of Cormac 
king of Ireland). 

His wife was Evir-Allen, daughter of 
Bran no (a native of Ireland) ; and his son 
was Oscar. 

Ostrich. ( The) is said, in fable, not to 

brood over her eggs, but to hatch them by 
gazing on them intently. Both birds are 
employed, for if the gaze is suspended 
for only one moment, the eggs are addled. 
— Vanslebe. 

(This is an emblem of the ever- 
watchful eye of Providence.) 

Such a look . . . 
The mother ostrich fixes on her egg, 
Till that intense affection 
Kindles its light of lite. 
Southey : Tkalaba the Destroyer, iiL n (1797). 

Ostrich, "Egg. Captain F. Burnaby 
saw an ostrich egg hung by a silver chain 
from the ceiling of the principal mosque 
of Sivas, and was told it was a warning 
to evil-doers. 

The ostrich always looks at the eggs she lays, and 
breaks those that are bad. So God will break evil- 
doers as the ostrich her worthless eggs. — Burnaby s 
On Horseback through Asia Minor, xxix. (1877). 

Oswald, steward to Goneril daugh- 
ter of king Lear. — Shakespeare : King 
Lear (1605). 

Oswald, the cup-bearer to Cedric the 
Saxon, of Rotherwood. — Sir W. Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Oswald [Prince), being jealous of 
Gondibert, his rival for the love of 
Rhodalind (the heiress of Aribert king 
of Lombardy), headed a faction against 
him. A battle was imminent, but it was 
determined to decide the quarrel by four 
combatants on each side. In this com- 
bat, Oswald was slain by Gondibert. — 
Davenant : Gondibert, i. (died 1668). 

Othello, the Moor, commander of 
the Venetian army. Iago was his ensign 
or ancient. Desdemona, the daughter of 
Brabantio the senator, fell in love with 
the Moor, and he married her ; but Iago, 
by his artful villainy, insinuated to him 
such a tissue of circumstantial evidence 



of Desdemona's love for Cassio, that, 

Othello's jealousy being aroused, he 
smothered her with a pillow, and then 
killed himself. — Shakespeare : Othello 
(1611). 

The fiery openness of Othello, magnanimous, fufle- 
Wss, and credulous, boundless in his confidence, ardent 
in his affection, inflexible in his resolution, and obdurate 
in his revenge. . . . The gradual progress which Iago 
makes in the Moor's conviction, and the circumstances 
which he employs to inaame him, are so artfully 
natural . . . that we cannot but pity him. — Dr. Johnson. 

(The story of this tragedy is taken from 
the novelletti of Giovanni Giraldi Cinthio, 
who died 1573.) 

\* Addison says of Thomas Betterton 
(1635-1710), "The wonderful agony 
which he appeared in when he examined 
the circumstance of the handkerchief in 
the part of ' Othello,' and the mixture 
of love that intruded on his mind at the 
innocent answers of ' Desdemona,' . . . 
were the perfection of acting." Donald- 
son, in his Recollections, says that Spran- 
ger Barry (1719-1777) was the beau-ideal 
of an "Othello;" and C. Leslie, in his 
Autobiography, says the same of Edmund 
Kean (1787-1833). 

In my opinion, from the insinuation of Iago that 
Cassio played false to the close of the play, Edmund 
Kean's acting was perfection. 

Otho, the lord at whose board count 
Lara was recognized by sir Ezzelin. A 
duel was arranged for the next day, and 
the contending parties were to meet in 
lord Otho's hall. When the time of 
meeting arrived, Lara presented himself, 
but no sir Ezzelin put in his appearance ; 
whereupon Otho, vouching for the 
knight's honour, fought with the count, 
and was wounded. On recovering from 
his wound, lord Otho became the invete- 
rate enemy of Lara, and accused him 
openly of having made away with sir 
Ezzelin. Lara made himself very popular, 
and headed a rebellion ; but lord Otho 
opposed the rebels.and shot him. — Byron: 
Lara (1814). 

(Keats, in conjunction with Brown, 
wrote a tragedy called Otho the Great, 
but it was never acted, 1795-1820.) 

Otnit, a legendary emperor of Lom- 
bardy, who gains the daughter of the 
soldan for wife, by the help of Elberich 
the dwarf.— The Heldenbuch (twelfth 
century). (See Gunther, p. 458.) 

0\x%X&Q{Ernest of), page of the prince 
of Otranto.— Sir W. Scott: Count Robert 
of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Otranto ( The Castle of), a romance 
by Horace Walpole (1769). 



O'TRIGGER. 

©'Trigger (Sir Lucius), a fortune- 
hunting Irishman, ready to fight every 
one, on any matter, at any time. — ■ 
Sheridan : The Rivals (xjy 5). 

"Sir Lucius O'Trigger," "Callaghan O'Brallaghan," 
"major O'Flaherty," " Teague," and "Dennis Brul- 
gTuddery," were portrayed by Jack Johnstone [1750- 
1828] in most exquisite colours.— The New Monthly 
Magazine (1829). 

("Callaghan O'Brallaghan," in Love 
a-la-Mode (Macklin); ' ' major O'Flaherty," 
in The West Indian (Cumberland) ; 
"Teague," in The Committee (Hon. sir 
R. Howard) ; " Dennis Brulgruddery," 
in Colman's John Bull. ) 

Otta'vio (Don), the lover of donna 
Anna, whom he was about to make his 
wife, when don Giovanni seduced her 
and killed her father (the commandant 
of the city) in a duel. — Mozart: Don 
Giovanni (opera, 1787). 

Otterbourne or Otterburne ( The 

Battle of), a ballad between Henry lord 
Percy (Hotspur) and James earl Douglas 
of Scotland (1388), by Richard Sheale. 
Douglas had made a raid on England, 
advancing as far as Newcastle, but was 
driven back by Hotspur. A battle en- 
sued at Otterburne, in which Douglas 
was slain, and Hotspur with his brother 
was taken prisoner. — Froissart: Chronicle 
(fourteenth century). 

The "Battle of Otterburne" should not be con- 
founded with "Chevy Chase," which is quite another 
affair, and arose from quite another cause. In the 
border-lands those on one side could not go hunting 
on the other side without permission ; Percy, out of 
bravado, went hunting on the Scotch side, and 
Douglas resisted. This is the short and long of the 
more modern ballad. 

Otto, duke of Normandy, the victim 
of Rollo called "The Bloody Brother." 
— Beaumont and Fletcher; The Bloody 
Brother (1639). 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Ot'uel (Sir), a haughty and pre- 
sumptuous Saracen, miraculously con- 
verted. He was a nephew of Ferragus 
or Ferracute, and married a daughter of 
Charlemagne. The romance was in 
verse, but only fragments remain. 

Ouida, an infantine corruption of 
Louisa. Her full name is Louise de ia 
Ram£e, authoress of Under Two Flags 
(1867), and many other novels. 

Our Boys, a comedy by H. J. Byron 
(1878). (It had a marvellous run of 
four years and three months.) 

Our Mutual Friend. (See Mu- 
tual Friend, p. 740.) 

Qrtrau abad, a monster represented 



790 



OVERIE. 



as a fierce flying hydra. It belongs to 

the same class as (1) the Rakshe, whose 
ordinary food was serpents and dragons; 
(2) the Soham, which had the head of a 
horse, four eyes, and the body of a fiery 
dragon ; (3) the Syl, a basilisk, with 
human face, but so terrible that no eye 
could look on it and live ; (4) the Ejder. 
— Richardson's Dictionary ( ' ' Persian and 
Arabic "). 

In his hand, which thunder had blasted, he \Eblis\ 
Swayed the iron sceptre that causes the monster Oura- 
nabad, the afrits, and all the powers of the abyss to 
tremble.— Beck/crd: Vathek (1786). 

Outalissi, eagle of the Indian tribe 
of Oney'da, the death-enemies of the 
Hurons. When the Hurons attacked the 
fort under the command of Waldegrave 
(2 syl.), a general massacre was made, in 
which Waldegrave and his wife were 
slain. But Mrs. Waldegrave, before she 
died, committed her boy Henry to the 
charge of Outalissi, and told him to place 
the child in the hands of Albert of Wy'- 
oming, her friend. This Outalissi did. 
After a lapse of fifteen years, one Brandt, 
at the head of a mixed army of British 
and Indians, attacked Oneyda, and a 
general massacre was made ; but Outa- 
lissi, wounded, escaped to Wyoming, 
just in time to give warning of the 
approach of Brandt. Scarcely was this 
done, when Brandt arrived. Albert and 
his daughter Gertrude were both shot, 
and the whole settlement was extirpated. 
— Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming (1809). 

Otitis (Greek for "nobody"), a 
name assumed by Odysseus (Ulysses) in 
the cave of Polypheme (3 syl.). When 
the monster roared with pain from the 
loss of his eye, his brother giants de- 
manded who was hurting him. " Outis " 
(Nobody) thundered out Polypheme, and 
his companions never came to his help. — 
Homer: Odyssey. 

Outram (Lance), park-keeper to sir 
Geoffrey Peveril. — Sir W. Scott: Peveril 
of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Overdees (Rowley), a highwayman. 
—Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

O'verdo (Justice), in Ben Jonson's 
Bartholomew Fair (1614). 

Overdone (Mistress), a bawd. — 
Shakesfeare: Measure for Measure (1603). 

Overie (John), a ferryman, who used 
to ferry passengers from Southwark to 
the City, and accumulated a considerable 
hoard of money by his savings. On one 



OVERREACH. 

occasion, to save the expense of board, 
he simulated death, expecting his ser- 
vants would fast till he was buried ; but 
they broke into his larder and cellar, and 
held riot. When the old miser could 
bear it no longer, he started up, and be- 
laboured his servants right and left ; but 
one of them struck the old man with an 
oar, and killed him. 

Mary Overie, the beautiful daughter of 
the ferryman. Her lover, hastening to 
town, was thrown from his horse, and 
died. She then became a nun, and 
founded the church of St Mary Overy on 
the site of her father's house. 

Overreach (Sir Giles), Wellborn's 
uncle. An unscrupulous, hard-hearted 
rascal, grasping and proud. He ruined 
the estates both of Wellborn and All- 
worth, and by overreaching grew enor- 
mously rich. His ambition was to see 
his daughter Margaret marry a peer; 
but the overreacher was overreached. 
Thinking Wellborn was about to marry 
the rich dowager Allworth, he not only 
paid all his debts, but supplied his pre- 
sent wants most liberally, under the 
delusion "if she prove his, all that is hers 
is mine." Having thus done, he finds 
that lady Allworth does not marry Well- 
born but lord LovelL In regard to 
Margaret, fancying she was sure to marry 
lord Lovell, he gives his full consent to 
her marriage ; but finds she returns from 
church not lady Lovell but Mrs. All- 
worth. — Mas singer: A New Way to Pay 
Old Debts (1628). 

(The prototype of "sir Giles Over- 
reach " was sir Giles Mompesson, a usurer 
outlawed for his misdeeds.) 

When Kemble played " sir Giles Overreach," he was 
anxious to represent the part as Henderson [1747-1785] 
bad done it, and wrote to Mrs. Inchbald to know " what 
kind of a hat Mr. Henderson wore ; what kind of wig, 
cravat, ruffles, clothes, stockings with or without clocks, 
square or round-toed shoes. I shall be uneasy if I hava 
not an idea of his dress, even to the shape of his 
buckles and what rings he wore on his hands. Morose- 
ness and cruelty seem the groundwork of this monstrous 
figure ; but 1 am at a loss to know whether, in copying 
It, I should draw the lines that express his courtesy to 
lord Level [sic] with an exaggerated strength or 
not. . . ." Mrs. Inchbald's answer is unfortunately 
lost.— W. C. Russell: Representative A cttrs. 

I saw Kemble play " sir Giles Overreach " last night \ 
but he came not within a hundred miles of G. F. Cooke 
[1756-1812], whose terrible visage, and short, abrupt 
utterance, gave a reality to that atrocious character. 
Kemble was too handsome, too plausible, and too 
Smooth.— Sir IV. Scetl. 

Overton {Colonel), one of Cromwell's 
officers. — Sir W.Scoit: Woodstock (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Ovid, a Latin poet in the time of 
Augustus. He wrote the poetical fables 
called Metamorphoses, but he is far more 



791 



OWEN. 



often identified as the model of eleglae 
poetry (B.C. 43-18). 

The French Ovid, Du Bel lay ; also 
called "The Father of Grace and Ele- 
gance " (1524-1560). 

Ovid and Corinna. Corinna was 
Julia, daughter of Augustus the em- 
peror, and the paramour of Ovid. She 
was noted for her beauty, talent, and 
licentiousness. Some say Corinna was 
Li via the wife of Augustus. — Amor., L 5. 

So was her heavenly body comely raised 

On two faire columnes ; those that Ovid praised 

In Julia's borrowed name. 

Ovo. Ab ovo usque ad mala ("from 
the egg to the apple "), from the beginning 
to the end of a feast or meal. The 
Romans began their entertainments with 
eggs, and ended with fruits. — Horace: 
I Satires, iii. 6 ; Cicero : Fam. , ix. 20. 

Ow'ain {Sir), the Irish knight of king 
Stephen's court, who passed through St. 
Patrick's purgatory by way of penance. 
—Henry of Salirey : The Descent of 
Cwain (1153). 

O'weenee, the youngest of ten sis- 
ters, all of surpassing beauty. She 
married Osseo, who was ' ' old, poor, and 
ugly," but " most beautiful within." (See 
Osseo, p. 788.) — Longfellow: Hiawatha, 
arii. (1855). 

Owen {Sam), groom of Darsie Latimer, 
i.e. sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet. — Sir 
W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Owen, confidential clerk of Mr. Os- 
baldistone, senior. — Sir W. Scott: Rob 
Roy (time, George I.). 

Owen {Sir) passed in dream through 
St. Patrick's purgatory. He passed the 
convent gate, and the warden placed him 
in a coffin. When the priests had sung 
over him the service of the dead, they 
placed the coffin in a cave, and sir Owen 
made his descent. He came first to an 
ice desert, and received three warnings 
to retreat, but the war rings were not 
heeded, and a mountain of ice fell on 
him. " Lord, Thou canst save 1 " he cried 
as the ice fell, and the solid mountain be- 
came like dust, and did sir Owen no harm. 
He next came to a lake of fire, and a 
demon pushed him in. " Lord, Thou 
canst save 1 " he cried, and angels carried 
him to paradise. He woke with ecstasy, 
and found himself lying before the cavern's 
mouth. — Sou they : St. Patrick's Purga* 
tory (from the Fabliaux of Mon. la 
Grand). 



OWEN MEREDITH. 

Owen Meredith, Robert Bulwer 
Lytton, afterwards lord Lytton, son of 
the poet and novelist (1831-1891). 

Owl {The), sacred to Minerva, was 
the emblem of Athens. 

Owls hoot in B i? and G l> , or in F Jj and A ■£.— 
Rev. G. White: Natural History o/Selborne, xlv. (1789). 

Owl a Baker's Daughter {The). 
Our Lord once went into a baker's shop 
to ask for bread. The mistress instantly 
put a cake in the oven for Him, but the 
daughter, thinking it to be too large, 
reduced it to half the size. The dough, 
however, swelled to an enormous bulk, 
and the daughter cried out, "Heugh I 
heugh ! heugh I " and was transformed 
into an owl. 

Well, God 'ield you ! They say the owl was a baker's 
daughter.— Shakespeare : Hamlet (1596). 

Owl-glass. (See Eulenspiegel, p. 
343.) 

Own Times {My). Burnet, bishop 
of Salisbury, published, in 1724, a work 
called History of My Own Times. It is 
chit-chatty, but one-sided. He was a 
strong anti-Jacobite, and intimate with 
William III., whose accession to the 
throne he strenuously defended. Of 
course, the Jacobites violently attacked 
the book. 

Ox ( The Dumb), St. Thomas Aqui'nas ; 
so named by his fellow-students on ac- 
count of his taciturnity (1224-1274). 

To gather in piles the pitiful chaff 

That old Peter Lombard thrashed with his brain. 



792 



OZAIR. 



To have it caught up and tossed again 
On the horns of the Dumb Ox of Cologne. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend. 
An ox once spoke as learned men deliver. — % 
Fletcher: Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, iii. i (1640). 

St. Thomas was also called "The 
Great Sicilian Ox." — Alban Butler: Lives 
of the Saints. 

We call him the " Dumb Ox, ' but he win give one 
day such a bellow as shall be heard from one end of the 
world to the other.— Alban Butler (Albertus). 

Ox. The black ox hath trod on his foot, 
he has married and is hen-pecked ; cala- 
mity has befallen him. The black ox was 
sacrificed to the infernals, and was con- 
sequently held accursed. When Tusser 
says the best way to thrive is to get 
married, the objector says — 

Why, then, do folk this proverb put, 
" The black ox near trod on thy foot," 
If that way were to thrive? 

Wiving- and Thriving, lvii. (1557). 
The black oxe had not trode on his or her foote ; 
But ere his branch of blesse could reach any roote. 
The flowers so faded, that in fifteen weekes 
A man might copy the change in the cheekes 
Both of the poore wretch and his wife. 

Heywood (1646). 



Oxford {John earl of), an exiled Lan- 
castrian. He appears with his son Arthur 
as a travelling merchant, under the name 
of Philipson. 

'.• The son of the merchant Philipson 
is sir Arthur de Vere. 

The countess of Oxford, wife of the 
earl. — Sir W. Scott : Anne of Geierstein 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Oxford ( The young earl of), in the 
court of queen Elizabeth. — Sir IV. Scott; 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Oxford Blues {The), the Royal 
Horse Guards. 

Oxford University Boat Crew. 

Colours : dark blue. 

Oxford Sausage {The), a col- 
lection of scraps and anecdotes con- 
nected with Oxford, by J. Warton 
(1764). 

Oxford University, said to have 
been founded by king Alfred, in 886. 

. . . religious Alfred . . . 
Renowned Oxford fcuilt to Apollo's learned brood; 
And on the hallowed bank of Isis' goodly flood. 
Worthy the glorious arts, did gorgeous bowers provide. 
Drayton: PolyoUnon, xL (1613). 

Oyster. Pistol says, "The world's 
mine oyster, which I with sword will 
open." He alludes to the proverb, " The 
mayor of Northampton opens oysters with 
his dagger," for, Northampton being some 
eighty miles from the sea, oysters were 
so stale before they reached the town 
(before railroads or even coaches were 
known), that the "mayor" would be 
loth to bring them near his nose. 

Oysters. Those most esteemed by 
the Romans were the oysters of Cyzicum, 
in Bithynia, and of Lucrinum, in Apulia, 
upon the Adriatic Sea. The best in 
Britain used to be the oysters of Walfleet, 
near Colchester. 

Think you our oysters here unworthy of your praise! 
Pure Walfleet ... as excellent as those . . . 
The Cyzic shells, or those on the Lucrinian coast. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xix. (1633). 

(The oysters most esteemed by Eng- 
lishmen are the Whitstable, which fetch 
a fabulous price. Colchester oysters 
{natives) in 1878 were sold at 4J. a dozen. 
Stiffkey (called Stu-ky) oysters, were at 
one time very highly esteemed. Stiffkey 
is near Wells, in Norfolk. ) 

Ozair (2 syl.), a prophet. One day, 
riding on an ass by the ruins of Jerusa- 
lem, after its destruction by the Chal- 
deans, he doubted in his mind whether 
God could raise the city up again. 



p. 



793 



PACIFIC 



Whereupon God caused him to die, and 
he remained dead a hundred years, but 
was then restored to life. He found the 
basket of figs and cruse of wine as fresh 
as when he died, but his ass was a mass 
of bones. While he still looked, the dry 
bones came together, received life, and 
the resuscitated ass began to bray; 
whereupon the prophet no longer 
doubted the power of God to raise up 
Jerusalem from its ruins. — Al Kordn, ii. 
(Sale's notes). 

(This legend is based on Neh, ii. 
ia-20.) 



P. Placentius the dominican wrote a 
poem of 253 Latin hexameters, called 
Fugna Porcorum per P. Porcium poetam, 
every word of which begins wiih the 
letter/ (died 1548). It begins thus — 

Plaudite, Porcelli, porcorum pigra propago 
Progreditur . . . etc 
Pra ise Pauls p rize p ig's prolific progeny. 

IT There are three rather celebrated 
poems, every word of which begins 
with c. 

(1) Henry Harder, for example, wrote 
100 Latin hexameter verses on the contest 
of Cats and Dogs. Its title is, Canem 
cum Catis certdmen carmine 4 composltum 
currente caldmo C. Catulli Caninii. 

The first line of this poem is as 
follows :— 

Cattorum canlmus certamina clara canuraque. 
Come, chant Cot's collie conquering Cato's cat. 
E.C.B. 

(2) Hucbald's poem in honour of 
Charles le Chauve contains more than 
100 Latin hexameters. The last two 
lines are — 

Conveniet claras claustris componere carinas 
Complctur Claris carmen cantablle CALVIS. 

(3) Hamconius wrote a similar poem 
on the Controversy of Catholics and 
Calvinists. The title is, Certdmen Catho- 
licum cum Calvinistis. 

H In the Materia more Magistralis 
every word begins with m. 

U The following distich on cardinal 
Wolsey is excellent : — 

Begot by butchers, but by bigots bred, 

How high his honour holds bis haughty head. 

\ Tusser has a poem of twelve lines 



in rhyme, every word of which begins 
with t. The subject is on Thrift. (See 
T.) Tusser died 1850. 

The best-known alliterative poem in 
English is the following : — 

An Austrian army, awfully arrayed. 

Bravely by battery besieged Belgrade. 

Cossack commanders, cannonading-, com*, 

Dealing destruction's devastating doom; 

Every endeavour engineers essay 

For fame, for fortune, forming furious fray. 

Gaunt gunners grapple, giving gashes good} 

Heaves high his head heroic hardihood. 

Ibraham, Islam, Ismael, imps in ill. 

Jostle John, JarovKtz, Jem, Joe, Jack, Jill; 

Kick kindling Kutusoff, kings' kinsmen kill; 

Labour low levels loftiest, longest lines ; 

Men march 'mid moles, 'mid mounds, 'mid murderous 

mines. 
Now nightfall's nigh, now needful nature nods. 
Opposed, opposing, overcoming odds. 
Poor peasants, partly purchased, partly pressed, 
Quite quaking, " Quarter! Quarter !" quickly quest. 
Reason returns, recalls redundant rage. 
Sees sinking soldiers, softens signiors sage. 
Truce, Turkey, truce I truce, treacherous Tartar tram! 
Unwise, unjust, unmerciful Ukraine! 
Vanish, vile vengeance! vanish, victory vain I 
Wisdom wails war — wails warring words. What wen 
Xerxes, XantippS, Ximenes, XavierT 
Yet Yassy's youth, ye yield your youthful yest 
Zealously, zanies, zealously, zeal's zest. 
From H. Southgate : Many Thoughts on Many Thing*. 

N. B. — This alliterative poem is at- 
tributed to Alaric Watts (1820) ; but is 
generally assigned to the Rev. B. 

Poulter, prebendary of Winchester. 
Tf There is another beginning— 

About an age ago, as all agree. 
Beauteous Belinda, brewing best Bohe* 

and so on, by no means difficult. 

P's (The Five), William Oxberry, 
printer, poet, publisher, publican, and 

player (1784-1824). 

T'sl(Four). (See PLAY CALLED THB 

Four P's, p. 853.) 

Pacchiarotto (Giacomo) was a 
painter of i5iena. His story is to be 
found in the Commentary on the Life of 
Sodoma, by the editors of Vasari ; 
Florence, 1855. 

Browning has a poem called Pac- 
chiarotto, and how he worked in Dis- 
temper. 

Pache (J. Nicolas), a Swiss by birth. 
He was minister of war in 1792, and 
maire de Paris 1793. Pache hated the 
Girondists, and at the fall of Danton was 
imprisoned. After his liberation, he 
retired to Thym-le-Moutiers (in the 
Ardennes), and died in obscurity (1740- 
1823). 

Swiss Pache sits sleek-headed, frugal, the wonder of 
his own ally for humility of mind. ... Sit there. Tar- 
tuffc, till wanted.— Carlylt. 

Pacific (The), Amadeus VIII. count 
of Savoy (1383, 1391-1439, abdicated 
and died 1451). 



PACOLET. 

Frederick III. emperor of Germany 
(1415, 1440-1493). 
Olaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093). 

Pac'olet, a dwarf, "full of great 
sense and subtle ingenuity." He had an 
enchanted horse, made of wood, with 
which he carried off Valentine, Orson, 
and Clerimond from the dungeon of 
Ferragus. This horse is often alluded to. 
" To ride Pacolet's horse " is a phrase for 
going very fast. — Valentine and Orson 
(fifteenth century). 

Pac'olet, a familiar spirit. — Steele: 
The Tatler (1709). 

Pac'olet or Nick Strumpfer, the 
dwarf servant of Noma "of the Fitful 
Head."— Sir W. Scott: The Piratg 
(time, William IIL)i 

Facomo (St. ), an Egyptian, who lived 
in the fourth century. It is said that he 
could walk among serpents unhurt ; and 
when he had occasion to cross the Nile, 
he was carried on the back of a crocodile. 

The hermit fell on bis knees before an image of St. 
Pacomo, which was glued to the wall. — Lesage ; Gil 
Bias, iv. 9 (1724). 

Facto'lns (now called Bagouly), a 
river of Lydia, in Asia Minor, which was 
said to flow over golden sand. 

Fad'alon, the Hindu hell, under the 
earth. It has eight gates, each of which 
is guarded by a gigantic deity. Described 
by Southey, in cantos xxii., xxiii. of The 
Curse of Kehama (1809). 

Padding-ton (Harry), one of Mac- 
heath's gang of thieves. Peachum de- 
scribes him as a " poor, petty-larceny 
rascal, without the least genius. That 
fellow," he says, " though he were to live 
for six months, would never come to the 
gallows with credit" (act L 1). — Gay: 
The Beggar s Opera (1727). 

Padding-ton Fair, a public execu- 
tion. Tyburn is in the parish of Pad- 
dington. Public executions were abolished 
in 1868. 

Paddy, an Irishman. A corruption 
of Padhrig, Irish for Patrick. 

Padlock (The), a comic opera by 
Bickerstaff. Don Diego (2 syl. ), a 
wealthy lord of 60, saw a country maiden 
named Leonora, to whom he took a fancy, 
and arranged with the parents to take 
her home with him and place her under 
the charge of a duenna for three months, 
to see if her temper was as sweet as her 
face was pretty ; and then either " to 



794 



PAGE. 



return her to them spotless, or make her 
his lawful wife." At the expiration of 
the time, the don went to arrange with 
the parents for the wedding, and locked 
up his house, giving the keys to Ursula 
the duenna. To make surance doubly 
sure, he put a padlock on the outer door, 
and took the key with him. Leander, 
a young student smitten with the damsel, 
laughed at locksmiths and duennas ; and, 
having gained admission into the house, 
was detected by don Diego, who returned 
unexpectedly. The old don, being a man 
of sense, at once perceived that Leander 
was a more suitable bridegroom than him- 
self, so he not only sanctioned the alliance, 
but gave Leonora a handsome wedding 
dowry (1768), 

Fssan, the physician of the Immortals. 

Psea'na, daughter of Corflambo, "fair 
as ever yet saw living eye," but "too 
loose of life and eke too light." Pseana 
fell in love with Amias, a captive in her 
father's dungeon ; but Amias had no heart 
to give away. When Placldas was brought 
captive before Paeana, she mistook him 
for Amias, and married him. The poet 
adds, that she thenceforth so reformed her 
ways " that all men much admired the 
change, and spake her praise." — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, iv. 9 (1596). 

Pagan, a fay who loved the princess 
Imis ; but Imis rejected his suit, as she 
loved her cousin Philax. Pagan, out of 
revenge, shut them up in a superb crystal 
palace, which contained every delight 
except that of leaving it. In the course 
of a few years, Imis and Philax longed 
as much for a separation as, at one time, 
they had wished to be united. — Comtesse 
D Aulnoy : Fairy Tales (" Palace of Re- 
venge," 1682). (See Perdrix, Perdrix, 
toujours Perdrix !) 

Page (Mr.), a gentleman living at 
Windsor. When sir John Falstaff made 
love to Mrs. Page, Page himself assumed 
the name of Brook, to outwit the knigiit. 
Sir John told the supposed Brook his 
whole "course of wooing," and how 
nicely he was bamboozling the husband. 
On one occasion, he says, " 1 was carried 
out in a buck-basket of dirty linen before 
the very eyes of Page, and the deluded 
husband did not know it." Of course, 
sir John is thoroughly outwitted and 
played upon, being made the butt of the 
whole village. 

Mrs. Page, wife of Mr. Page, of Wind- 
sor. When sir John Falstaff made love 



PAGE. 



795 PAINTERS' CHARACTERISTICS. 



to her, she joined with Mrs. Ford to dupe 
him and punish him. 

Anne Page, daughter of the above, in 
love with Fenton. Slender calls her 
" the sweet Anne Page." 

William Page, Anne's brother, a school- 
boy. — Shakesfeare: Merry Wives of 
Windsor (1596). 

Page (Sir Francis), called " The 
Hanging Judge " (1661-1741). 

Slander and poison dread from Delia's rage ; 
Hard words or hanging if your judge be Page. 
Pofe. 

Paget ( The Lady), one of the ladies 
of the bedchamber in queen Elizabeth's 
court. — Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Fainted Chamber ( The), an apart- 
ment in the old Royal Palace of West- 
minster, the walls of which were painted 
chiefly with battle-scenes, in six bands, 
somewhat similar to the Bayeaux tapestry 
(q.v., p. 98). 

Painted Mischief, playing cards. 

There are plenty of ways of gambling . . . without 
recourse to the " painted mischief," which was not in- 
vented for the benefit of king Charles VI. of France.— 
Daily News, March 8, 1879. 

Painter of Nature. Remi Belleau, 
one of the Pleiad poets (1528-1577). 

(The Shepheardes Calendar, by Spen- 
ser. It is largely borrowed from Belleau's 
Song of April. ) 

Painter of the Graces, Andrea 
Appiani (1754-1817). 

Painters (Prince of). Parrhasios and 
Apelles are both so called (fourth century 
B.C.). 

Painters, Characteristics of 
some— 

(1) ANCELICO (Fra) : II Beate, or the blessed 
painter: angels, saints. Saviour and Virgin; grouping 
and draping full of grace, even of splendour. Rich 
gold ornaments and backgrounds, and gay delicate 
flowers "like spring flowers." Drawing often defec- 
tive, from the want of human knowledge. The faces 
of his heavenly beings are full of serenity, and of a 
perfect radiance of expression (1387-1455). (See ANA- 
CHRONISMS, p. 40.) 

(2) ANGBLO (Michael), painter, sculptor, architect, 
engineer, poet, and musician. His power lay in the 
mastery of form and the display of the human figure. 
The sibyls painted on the ceiling or the Sistine 
Chapel are most characteristic of MichaeJ Angelo. 
"They exactly fitted his standard of art, not always 
sympathetic nor comprehensible to the average human 
mind, of which the grand in form and the abstract in 
expression were the first and last conditions."— Lady 
Eastlake : History 0/ our Lord. He is the ./Eschylos 
of painters (1475-1564). (See ERRORS, p. 331.) 

h) Botticelli (Sandro Fmpefi, called Botti- 

celli) : " vehement and impetuous, full of passion and 
poetry, seeking to express movement." The most 
dramatic painter of his school (1447-1515). — Sarah 
Tytler : The Old Masters, etc. 

(4) CARRACCI : eclectic artists, who picked out and 
pieced together parts taken from Correggio, Raphael, 
Titian, and other great artists. If Michael Angelo is 
the ifischylos of artists, and Raphael the SophocKs, 
the Carracci may be called the Euripides of painters. 



I know not why in England the name is spelt with only 
one r. 

(5) CORREGGIO (AnUnii Allerri) : wonderful 
foreshortenings, magnificent right and shade. Pictures 
are full of motion and stir. He is said to have delighted 
"in the buoyance of childish glee, the bliss of earthly, 
the fervour of heavenly love." Chiaro-scuro so perfect 
that "you seem to look through Correggio's shadows 
and to see beyond them the genuine texture of the 
flesh" (Mrs. Jameson). (1494-1534.) 

(6) CUYP (Albert), the Dutch Claude: landscapes 
which show the painter's love of nature. Skies with 
their " clearness and coolness," and the " expression 
of yellow sunlight " (i4©5 ; date «/ death uncertain, 
about 1638). 

(7) David: noted for his stiff, dry, pedantic, 
" highly classic " Style, according to the interpretation 
of the phrase by the French in the first Revolution 
11748-1825). 

(8) DOLCE (CarU): famous for his Madonnas, 
which are all finished with most extraordinary delicacy 
(1616-1686). 

(9) GuiDO (Rent): student in the Carracci school. 
His characteristic was a refined sense of beauty, which 
had a tendency te develop into " empty grace " with- 
out soul (i575-i»42). 

(10) HOLBEIN (Hans): characterized by the living 
truthfulness of his likenesses, and the "inimitable 
bloom" imparted to his pictures, which he "touched 
till not a touch became discernible." He used a 
peculiar green for the backgrounds of his larger 
portraits, a blue background tor his miniatures (1494 
or 1495 -1543). 

(n) Lorraine (Claude GeUe). He was fond of 
painting scenes on the Tiber and in the Roman 
Campagna. His landscapes are suffused with a golden 
haze, so that the expression "a mellow" or a "sunny 
Claude " is used in relation to his work (1600-1682). 

(12J MURILLO (Barlolom/ Estevan). A great 
religious painter, eminently Spanish ; his Virgins are 
dark-eyed and olive-complexioned ; the Holy Child is 
S Spanish babe (1618-1682). 

(13J OMMEGANCK: sheep (X775-1826). 

(14) Perugino (Pittro) : " At his best he had 
luminous colour, grace, softness, and enthusiastic 
earnestness." "His defects were monotony and for- 
mality." He had some tiresome affectations and 
mannerisms, which are found in his upturned heads, 
etc.— Sarah Tytler : The Old Masters, etc. (1446-1524.) 

(15) POUSSIN (Nicholas) : famous for his classic 
Style. Reynolds says, "No works of any modem 
have so much the air of antique painting as those of 
Poussin " (1593-1665). 

(16) POUSSIN (Gasfar)\ a landscape painter, the 
▼ery opposite of Claude Lorraine. He seems to have 
drawn his inspiration from Hervey's Meditations 
among the Tombs, Blair's Grave, Young's Night 
Thoughts, and Burton's Anatomy 0/ Melancholy. 
(1613-1675.) 

(17) RAPHAEL. The Sophocles of painters. The 
head of the Roman school. He painted the loveliest 
Madonnas and Child Cbrists : his portraits are 
perfect, Angelo's figures are all gigantesque and 
ideal bke those of Aschylos; Raphael's are perfect 
human beings (1483-1520). 

(18) REMBRANDT (Van Rhyn) : his character- 
istics are fire-light, camp-light, and torch-light scenes, 
with the deep black shadows belonging to these 
artificial lights (1606-1669). 

(19) REYNOLDS : a portrait-painter. He presents 
his portraits in bal masque, not always suggestive 
either of the rank er character of the person repre- 
sented. There is about the same analogy between 
Watteau and Reynolds as between Claude Lorraine 
and Gaspar Poussin (1723-1792). (See ERRORS, p. 331.) 

(20) ROSA (Salvalor) : dark, inscrutable pictures, 
relieved by dabs of the palette-knife. He is fond of 
savage scenery, broken rocks, wild caverns, blasted 
heaths, and so on (1615-1673). 

(21) RUBENS (Peter Paul). According to sir 
Joshua Reynolds, Rubens was " perhaps the greatest 
master in the mechanical part of the art, the best 
•workman with his tools that ever exercised a 
pencil." His excellence lay in his execution and 
wonderful colouring. His choice of subjects from 
Grecian mythology was very characteristic of him. 
He was renowned for the beauty and grace of his 
paintings of children (1577-1640). 



PAINTERS TRUE TO NATURE. 796 

{22) STEHN {yan) : great as a genre painter. H* 
generally painted tavern scenes; the motifs fre- 
quently eating, drinking, card-playing, etc. (1626- 
1679). 

(23) TINTORETTO {II), i.e. the little dyer; real 
name, Jacopo Robusti. He was called "II Furioso" 
from the rapidity and recklessness of his manner of 
painting. His contemporaries said of him th.it he 
* used three pencils— one jold, one silver, one lead." 
His magnificent painting was often spoilt by the 
inequality of his slovenly, careless work (1512-1394). 
(See Errors, p. 331.) 

(24) Titian : the greatest painter of the Venetian 
school A glorious colourist, great as a landscape. 
and magnificent as a portrait, painv.er. He was noted 
for his broad shades of divers gradations (1477-1566). 

(25) Turner (R. A.) : his special characteristic is 
scenes in a mist (1775-1851). 

(26) Veronese (Paul): the most magnificent of 
the Venetian painters; in fact, magnificence is his 
great characteristic. He painted all his sacred and 
historical scenes as if they had happened in his own 
day and city, giving even the humblest the pomp and 
splendour which was the fashion of that time (1530- 
1588). (See Errors, p. 331.) 

(27) Watteau (Antoine) : noted for his fgtes 
galantes, fancy-ball costumes, charming groups of 
ladies in sacques, and cavaliers in lace cravats and 
flowing hats. His exquisite fans were a great charac- 
teristic (1684-1731). 

The colouring of Titian, the expression of Rubens, 
the grace of Raphael, the purity of Domenichino, tha 
correggioscity of Correggio, the learning of Poussin, 
the airs of Guido, the taste of the Carrachi [sic\ the 
grand contour of Angelo, . . . the brilliant truth of a 
Watteau, the touching grace of a Reynolds. — Sterne. 

I have found Sarah Tytler's book, The Old Masters 
and their Pictures, very helpful in preparing this 
list. 



Painters True to Nature. 

(1) A Bee. Quintin Matsys, the Dutch 
painter, painted a bee so well that the 
artist Mandyn thought it a real bee, and 
proceeded to brush it away with his 
handkerchief (1450-1529). 

(2) A Cow. Myron carved a cow so 
true to nature that bulls mistook it for a 
living animal (B.C. 431). (See Gibbon, 
vol. ii. p. 92.) 

(3) A Curtain. Parrhasios painted a 
curtain so admirably that even Zeuxis, 
the artist, mistook it for real drapery 
(B.C. 400). 

(4) A Fly. George Alexander Stevens 
says, in his Lectures on Heads — 

I have heard of a connoisseur who was one day in an 
auction-room where there was an inimitable piece of 
painting of fruits and flowers. The connoisseur would 
not give his opinion of the picture till he had first ex- 
amined the catalogue ; and finding it was done by an 
Englishman, he pulled out his eye-glass. " Oh, sir," 
says he, " those English fellows have no more idea of 
genius than a Dutch skipper has of dancing a cotillion. 
The dog has spoiled a fine piece of canvas ; he is worse 
than a Harp Alley sign-post dauber. There's no keep- 
ing, no perspective, no foreground. Why, there now, 
the fellow has actually attempted to paint a fly upon 
that rosebud. Why, it is no more like a fly than I am 

like ;" but, as he approached his finger to the 

picture, the fly flew away (1772). 

(5) Grapes. Zeuxis (2 syl.), a Grecian 
painter, painted some grapes so well that 
birds came and pecked at them, thinking 
them real grapes (B.C. 400). 

(6) A Horse. Apelles painted Alex- 
ander's horse Bucephalos so true to life 
that some mares came up to the canvas 



PALAMEDES. 

neighing, under the supposition that It 
was a real animal (about B.C. 334). 

(7) A Man. Velasquez painted a Spa- 
nish admiral so true to life that when 
king Felipe IV. entered the studio, he 
mistook the painting for the man, and 
began reproving the supposed officer for 
neglecting his duty, in wasting his time 
in the studio, when he ought to have been 
with his fleet (1590-1660). 

IF Accidental effects in painting. 

Apelles, being at a loss to paint the 
foam of Alexander's horse, dashed his 
brush at the picture in a fit of annoyance, 
and did by accident what his skill had 
failed to do (about B.C. 334). 

*. * The same tale is told of Protog'enes, 
who dashed his brush at a picture, and 
thus produced " the foam of a dog's 
mouth," which he had long been trying 
in vain to represent (about B.C. 332). 

Pais des Dames (La), the treaty of 
peace concluded at Cambray in 1529, 
between Francois I. of France and Karl 
V. emperor of Germany. So called be- 
cause it was mainly negotiated by Louise 
of Savoy (mother of the French king) 
and Margaret the emperor's aunt. 

Palace of Art {The), an allegorical 
poem by Tennyson (1830). 

Its object is to show that dwelling even In the palace 
of art will not render happiness, or that love of art will 
not alone suffice to make man happy. 

Paladore, a Briton in the service of 
the king of Lombardy. One day, in a 
boar-hunt, the boar turned on the princess 
Sophia, and, having gored her horse to 
death, was about to attack the lady, but 
was slain by the young Briton. Between 
these two young people a strong attach- 
ment sprang up ; but the duke Bire'no, 
by an artifice of false impersonation, in- 
duced Paladore to believe that the princess 
was a wanton, and had the audacity to 
accuse her as such to the senate. In 
Lombardy, the punishment for this offence 
was death, and the princess was ordered 
to execution. Paladore, having learned 
the truth, accused the duke of villainy. 
They fought, and Bireno fell. The prin- 
cess, being cleared of the charge, married 
Paladore.— Jephson: The- Law of Lom- 
bardy (1779). 

Falame'des (4 syl.), son of Nauplios, 
was, according to Suidas, the inventor of 
dice. (See Alea, p. 22.) 

Tabula nomen ludi ; hanc Palamedes ad Graeci exer- 
citus delectationem magna eruditione atque ingenio 
invenit. Tabula enimesi niundus terrestris, duodena- 
rius numerus est Zodiacus, ipsa vero area et septein in 
ea grana sunt septein stellae planetarum. Turns est 
altitudo coeli, ex qua omnibus bona et mala xepen- 
duntur.— Suidai (Wolfs trans.). 



PALAMEDES. 



797 



Palame'des (Sir) or sir Palamede 

(3 syt')' a Saracen, who adored Isolde tbe 
wife of king Mark of Cornwall. Sir 
Tristrem also loved the same lady, who 
was his aunt. The two "lovers " fought, 
and sir Palamedes, being overcome, was 
compelled to turn Christian. He was 
baptized, and sir Tristrem stood his 
sponsor at the font. — Thomas of ErceU 
doune (called "The Rhymer"): Sir 
Tristrem (thirteenth century). 

Palame'des of Lombardy, one of 

the allies of the Christian army in the 
first crusader He was shot by Corinda 
with an arrow (bk. xi.). — Tasso : Jeru- 
salem Delivered (1575). 

Pal'amon and Arcite (2 syl.), two 
young Theban knights, who fell into the 
hands of duke Theseus (2 syl. ), and were 
by him confined in a dungeon at Athens. 
Here they saw the duke's sister-in-law 
Emily, with whom both fell in love. 
When released from captivity, the two 
knights told the duke their tale of love ; 
and the duke promised that whichever 
proved the victor in single combat should 
have Emily for his prize. Arcite prayed 
to Mars "for victory," and Palamon to 
Venus that he might "obtain the lady," 
and both their prayers were granted. 
Arcite won the victory, according to his 
prayer, but, being thrown from his horse, 
died; so Palamon, after all, "won the 
lady," though he did not win the battle. 
— Chaucer: Canterbury Tales ("The 
Knight's Tale," 13S8). 

This tale is taken from the Le Teseida 
of Boccaccio. 

IT The Black Horse, a drama by John 
Fletcher, is the same tale. 

(Richard Edwards, in 1566, produced 
a comedy called Palamon and Arcyte. 
Dryden has modernized Chaucer's tale.) 

Pale (The) or The English Pale, 
a part of Ireland, including Dublin, 
Meath, Carlow, Kilkenny, and Louth. 

Pale Faces. So the American 

Indians call the European settlers. 

Pale'mon, son of a rich merchant. 
He fell in love with Anna, daughter of 
Albert master of one of his father's ships. 
The purse-proud merchant, indignant at 
this, tried every means to induce his son 
to abandon such a " mean connection," 
but without avail ; so at last he sent him 
in the Britannia (Albert's ship) " in 
charge of the merchandise." The ship 
was wrecked near cape Colonna, in 



PALINODE. 

Attica ; and although Palemon escaped, 
his ribs were so broken that he died 
almost as soon as he reached the shore. 

A gallant youth, Palemon was his name, 
Charged with the commerce hither also cams ; 
A father's stern resentment doomed to prove. 
He came, the victim of unhappy love. 

Falconer: The Shipwreck, L 3 (1756). 

Pale'mon and Lavinia, a poetic 
version of Boaz and Ruth. " The lovely 
young Lavinia " went to glean in the 
fields of young Palemon " the pride of 
swains ; " and Palemon, falling in love 
with the beautiful gleaner, b^th wooed 
and won her. — Thomson : Tht Seasons 
("Autumn," 1730). 

Pales (2 syl.), god of shepherds and 
their flocks. — Roman Mythology, 

Pomona loves the orchard ; 

And Liber loves the vine : 
And Pales ioves the straw-built shed. 
Warm with the breath of kine. 
ifacaulay : Lays of Ancient Rome (" Prophecy 
of Capys," 18+2). 

Pal'inode (3 ry/.), a shepherd in 

Spenser's Eclogues. In ecL v. Palinode 
represents the catholic priest. He invites 
Piers (who represents the protestant 
clergy) to join in the fun and pleasures 
of May. Piers then warns the young 
man of the vanities of the world, and 
tells him of the great degeneracy of 
pastoral life — at one time simple and 
frugal, but now discontented and licen- 
tious. He concludes with the fable of 
the kid and her dam. 

Thefa&le is this : A mother-goat, going 
abroad for the day, told her kid to keep 
at home, and not to open the door to 
strangers. She had not been gone long, 
when up came a fox, with head bound 
from " headache," and foot bound from 
" gout," and carrying a ped of trinkets. 
The fox told the kid a most piteous tale, 
and showed her a little mirror. The kid, 
out of pity and vanity, opened the door ; 
but while stooping over the ped to pick 
up a little bell, the fox clapped down the 
lid, and carried her off. 

IT. In eel. vii. Palinode is referred to by 
the shepherd Thomalin as " lording it 
over God's heritage," feeding the sheep 
with chaff, and keeping for himself the 
grains. — Spenser: Shepheardes Calendar 
(1572). 

Pal'inode (3 syl.), a poem in recanta- 
tion of a calumny. Stesich'oros wrote a 
bitter satire against Helen, for which her 
brothers, Castor and Pollux, plucked out 
his eyes. "When, however, the poet re« 



PALINURUS. 



798 PALMYRA OF THE DECCAN. 



canted, his sight was restored to him 

again. 

The bard who libelled Helen in his song, 
Recanted after, and redressed the wrong. 

Ovid: Art of Love, iiL 

Horace's 1 Odes, xvi. is a palinode. 
Samuel Butler has a palinode, in which 
he recanted what he said in a previous 
poem of the Hon. Edward Howard. Dr. 
Watts recanted in a poem the praise he 
had previously bestowed on queen Anne. 

Palinu'ras, the pilot of ^Ene'as. 
Palinurus, sleeping at the helm, fell into 
the sea, and was drowned. The name 
is employed as a generic word for a 
steersman or pilot, and sometimes for a 
chief minister. 

More had she spoke, but yawned. AD nature nods . . . 
E'en Palinurus nodded a^the helm. 

Pope: The Dunciad, It. 614 (174a). 

Falisse (La), a sort of M. Prud- 
homme ; a pompous utterer of truisms 
and moral platitudes. 

Palla'dio (Andrea), the Italian clas- 
sical architect (1518-1580). 

The English Palladio, Iaigo Jones 
(1573-1653). 

Palla'dinm. 

(1) Of Ceylon, the delada or tooth of 
Buddha, preserved in the Malegawa 
temple at Kandy. Natives guard it with 
great jealousy, from a belief that who- 
ever possesses it acquires the right to 
govern Ceylon. When, in 1815, the 
English obtained possession of the tooth, 
the Ceylonese submitted to them without 
resistance. 

(2) Of Eden Hall, a drinking-glass, in 
the possession of sir Christopher Mus- 
grave, bart. , of Edenhall, Cumberland. 

(3) Of Jerusalem. Aladine king of 
Jerusalem stole an image of the Virgin, 
and set it up in a mosque, that she might 
no longer protect the Christians, but 
become the palladium of Jerusalem. The 
image was rescued by Sophronia, and the 
city taken by the crusaders. 

(4) Of Meg'ara, a golden hair of king 
Nisus. Scylla promised to deliver the 
city into the hands of Minos, and cut off 
the talismanic lock of her father's head 
while he was asleep. 

(5) Of Rome, the ancilfi or sacred buckler 
which Numa said fell from heaven, and 
was guarded by priests called Salii. 
/Eneas also introduced " Venus " as a 
palladium. 

(6) Of Scotland, the great stone of 
Scone, near Perth, which was removed 
by Edward h to Westminster, and is 



still there, preserved in the coronation 
chair. 

(7) Of Troy, a colossal wooden statue 
of Pallas Minerva, which " fell from 
heaven." It was carried off by Ulysses 
and Diomede, by whom the city was 
taken and burned to the ground. 

Pallet, a painter, " without any 
reverence for the courtesies of life." In 
Smollett's novel of Peregrine Pickle 

(i75i). 

The absurdities of Pallet are painted 
an inch thick, and by no human pos- 
sibility could such an accumulation of 
comic disasters have befallen the cha- 
racters of the tale. 

Palm Sunday (Sad), March 29, 1461, 
the day of the battle of Towton, the 
most fatal of any domestic war ever 
fought. It is said that 37,000 English- 
men fell on this day. 

Whose banks received the blood of many thousand men 
On "sad Palm Sunday" siain, that Towton field we 

call . . . 
The bloodiest field betwixt trm White Rose and the Red. 
Drayton: Polyolbion, xxviii. (1622). 

Palmer (Roundell), earl of Selborne, 
of Mixbury, in Oxfordshire (1812-1894). 
His Memorials (part i.), 1896, were edited 
by lady Sophia Palmer. 

Pal'merin of England, the hero 
and title of a romance in chivalry. There 
is also an inferior one entitled Palmerin 
de Oliva. 

The next two books were Palmerin de OFiva and 
Palmerin of England. " The former," said the curd, 
"shall be torn in pieces and burnt to the last ember; 
but Palmerin of England shall be preserved as a relique 
of antiquity, and placed in such a chest as Alexander 
found amongst the spoils of Darius, and in which ho 
kept the writings of Homer. This same book is valuable 
for two things : first, for its own especial excellency, and 
next, because it is the production of a Portuguese 
monarch, famous for his literary talents. The adven- 
tures of the castle of Miraguarda therein are finely 
imagined, the style of composition is natural and ele- 
gant, and the utmost decorum is preserved throughout." 
— Cervantes : Don Quixote, I.i.6 (1605). 

Palmi'ra, daughter of Alcanor chief 
of Mecca. She and her brother Zaphna 
were taken captives in infancy, and 
brought up by Mahomet As they grew 
in years, they fell in love with each other, 
not knowing their relationship ; but when 
Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, Zaphna 
was appointed to assassinate Alcanor, and 
was himself afterwards killed by poison. 
Mahomet then proposed marriage to 
Palmira, but to prevent such an alliance, 
she killed herself. — James Miller: 
Mahomet the Impostor (1740). 

Palmyra of the Deccan, Bijapur, 
in the Poonah district. 



PALMYRENE. 

Palmyra of the North, St Petersburg. 

Pal'myrene {The), Zenobia queen 
of Palmyra, who claimed the title of 
" Queen of the East." She was defeated 
by Aurelian, and taken prisoner (a.d. 
273). Longinus lived at her court, and 
was put to death on the capture of 
Zenobia. 

The Palmyrene that fought Aurelian. 

Tennyson : The Princess, ii. (184)). 

Pal'omides (Sir), son and heir of 
sir Astlabor. His brothers were sir Safire 
and sir Segwar'ide's. He is always called 
the Saracen, meaning "unchristened." 
Next to the three great knights (sir Laun- 
celot, sir Tristram, and sir Lamorake), he 
was the strongest and bravest of the 
fellowship of the Round Table. Like sir 
Tristram, he was in love with La Belle 
Isond wife of king Mark of Cornwall ; but 
the lady favoured the love of sir Tristram, 
and only despised that of the Saracen 
knight After his combat with sir Tris- 
tram, sir Palomides consented to be bap- 
tized by the bishop of Carlisle (pt iii. 28). 

He was well made, cleanly, and blgly, and neither too 
young nor too old. And though he was not christened, 
yet he believed in the best manners, and was faithful 
and true to his promise, and also well conditioned. He 
made a vow that he would never be christened unto 
the time that he achieved the beast Glatisaint. . . . 
And also he avowed never to take full Christendom 
unto the time that he had done seven battles within 
the lists.— Malory : History 1/ Prince Arthur, ii. 144 

Fam, Henry John Temple, viscount 
Palmerston (1784-1865). Knave of clubi 
is called " Pam " in the game of " loo." 

Fam'ela. Lady Edward Fitzgerald is 
so called (*-i83i). 

Fam'ela [Andrews], a simple, un- 
sophistical country girl, the daughter of 
two aged parents, and maidservant of a 
rich young squire, called B, who tries to 
seduce her. She resists every temptation, 
and at length marries the young squire and 
reforms him. Pamela is very pure and 
modest, bears her afflictions with much 
meekness, and is a model of maidenly 
prudence and rectitude. The story is told 
in a series of letters which Pamela sends 
to her parents. — Richardson : Pamela or 
Virtue Rewarded (1740). 

The pure and modest character of the English 
maiden [Pamela] is so well maintained, . . . her sorrows 
and afflictions are borne with so much meekness ; her 
little intervals of hope . . . break in on her troubles so 
much like the specks of blue sky through a cloudy 
atmosphere,— that the whole recollection is soothing, 
tranquillizing, and doubtless edifying.— Sir Jf. Scott. 

Pamela Is a work of much humbler pretensions than 
Clarissa Harlow*. . . A simple country girl, whom be* 



799 



PANACEAS. 



master attempts to seduce, and afterwards marries. . . 
The wardrobe of poor Pamela, her gown of sad-coloured 
stuff, and her round-eared caps; her various attempts 
at escape, and the conveyance of her letters ; the hateful 
character of Mrs. Jewkes, and the fluctuating passions 
of her master before the better part of his nature obtains 
ascendancy,— these are ail touched with the hand of a 
master.— Chamber*: English Literature, il. 161. 

••• Pope calls the word M Pamela"— 

The gods, to curse Pamela with her prayers, 
Gave the gilt coach and dappled Flanders maresv 
The shining robes, rich jewels, beds of state, 
And, to complete her bliss, a fool for mate. 
She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring, 
A vain, unquiet, glittering, wretched thing ; 
Pride, pomp, and state, but reach her outward part,— > 
She sighs, and is no duchess at her heart. 

Epistles (" To Mrs. Blount, with the work 
of Voiture," 1709). 

Fami'na and Tami'no, the two 

lovers who were guided by "the magic 
flute " through all worldly dangers to 
the knowledge of divine truth (or the 
mysteries of Isis). — Mozart; Die Zauber- 
flbte (1790). 

Pamphlet {Mr.), a penny-a-liner. 
His great wish was " to be taken up for 
sedition." He writes on both sides, for, 
as he says, he has " two hands, ambo 
dexter." 

" Time has been," he says, " when I could turn 1 
penny by an earthquake, or live upon a jail distemper, 
or dine upon a bloody murder; but now that's all over 
— nothing will do now but roasting a minister, or telling 
the people they are ruined. The people of England 
are never so happy as when you tell them they are 
ruined."— Murphy: The Upholsterer, ii. 1 (1758). 

FAN, Nature personified, especially 
the vital crescent power of nature. 

Universal Pan, 
Knit with the Graces and the Hours in danc«. 
Led on the eternal spring. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, It. 266, etc. (1665). 

Fan, in Spenser's eel. iv., is Henry 
VIII., and "Syrinx" is Anne Boleyn. 
In eel. v. '' Pan " stands for Jesus Christ 
in one passage, and for God the Father 
in another. — Spenser: Shepheardes 
Calendar (157a). 

Fan {The Dead), a poem by Mrs. 
Browning (1841), founded on the legend 
that when Christ died on the cross a cry 
swept across the sea that " Great Pan is 
dead I " 

Fan {The Great), Francois M. A. de 
Voltaire; also called "The Dictator of 
Letters " (1694-1778). 

Fanaceas. 

(1) Ahmed's apple, or the apple 0/ Samarkand. (Se« 

P- 16.) 

(2) Aladdin's ring was a preservative against all the 
Ills th.it flesh is heir to. (See p. 18.) 

(3) Balsam 0/ Fierabras ( The). (See p. 85.) 
■4) Panthera's borne (a.v.). 

) Unguent 0/ Prometheus {The) rendered Um 
y invulnerable. 



J 



PANCASTE. 



PANDOLF. 



1T Thetis dipped Achilles in the river 
Styx, and every part of his body which 
the water touched was rendered invulner- 
able. (See Achilles' Heel, p. 5 ; Pri- 

AMUS, p. 870 ) 

• . ' Then there were the Youth Re- 
storers ; the healers of wounds, such as 
Achilles' spear, and the spear of Tele- 
phus (see Spear), Gilbert's sword and 
cere-cloth (see Gilbert, p. 422) (see Old 
/Age Restored to Youth, 772) ; and 
many others. 

Pancaste (3 syl.) or Campaspe, one 
of the concubines of Alexander the Great. 
Apellgs fell in love with her while he 
was employed in painting the king of 
Macedon, and Alexander, out of regard 
to the artist, gave her to him for a wife. 
Apelle's selected for his " Venus Rising 
from the Sea " (usually called "Venus 
AnadyomSnS") this beautiful Athr-nian 
woman, together with Phryne" another 
courtezan. 

(Phryne was also the academy figure 
for the " Cnidian Venus " of Praxiteles.) 

Fancha Tantra, a collection of 
Hindu fables (sixth century B.C.). 

Fancks, a quick, short, eager, dark 
man, with too much "way." He dressed 
in black and rusty iron grey ; had jet- 
black beads for eyes, a scrubby little 
black chin, wiry black hair striking out 
from his head in prongs like hair-pins, 
and a complexion that was very dingy by 
nature, or very dirty by art, or a com- 
pound of both. He had dirty hands, and 
dirty, broken nails, and looked as if he 
had been in the coals. He snorted and 
sniffed, and puffed and blew, and was 
generally in a perspiration. It was Mr. 
Pancks who " moled out " the secret that 
Mr. Dorrit, imprisoned for debt in the 
Marshalsea prison, was heir-at-law to a 
great estate, which had long lain un- 
claimed, and was extremely rich (ch. 
xxxv.). Mr. Pancks also induced Clen- 
nani to invest in Merdle's bank shares, 
and demonstrated by figures the profit 
he would realize ; but, the bank being a 
bubble, the shares were worthless.-— 
Dickens : Little Dorrit (1857). 

Fancrace, a doctor of the Aristotelian 
school. He maintained that it was im- 
proper to speak of the "form of a hat," 
because form "est la disposition ex- 
teYieure des corps qui sont animes ; " and 
therefore we should say the ' 'fgure of a 
hat," because figure "est la disposition 
exterieure des corps qui sont inanime"s." 
And because his adversary could not 



agree, he called him " un ignorant, vn 
ignorantissime, ignorantifiant, et igno- 
rantifie"' (sc. viii.). — Moliere : Le 
Mariage Ford (1664). 

Fancras ( The earl of), one of the 

skilful companions of Barlow the famous 
archer ; another was called " the marquis 
of Islington ; " while Barlow himself was 
mirthfully created by Henry VIII. " duke 
of Shoreditch." 

Fancras (St.), patron saint of chil- 
dren, martyred by Diocletian at the age 
of 14 (a.d. 304). 

Fan'darus, the Lycian, one of the 
allies of Priam in the Trojan war. He is 
drawn under two widely different charac- 
ters : In classic story he is depicted as an 
admirable archer, slain by Diomed, and 
honoured as a hero-god in his own 
country ; but in mediaeval romance he is 
represented as a despicable pimp, inso- 
much that the word pander is derived 
from his name. Chaucer in his Troilus 
and Cresseide, and Shakespeare in his 
drama of Troilus and Cressida, represent 
him as procuring for Troilus the good 
graces of Cressid, and in Much Ado about 
Nothing, it is said that Troilus " was the 
first employer of pandars." 

Let all pitiful goers-between be called to the world'* 
end after my name ; call them all " Pandars." Let all 
constant men be " Trofluses," all false women "Cres- 
sids." — Shakespeare : Troilus and Cressida, act iii. 
sc 2 (1602). 

Fandemo'nium, "the high capital 
of Satan and his peers." Here the infernal 
parliament was held, and to this council 
Satan summoned the fallen angels to 
consult with him upon the best method 
of encompassing the " fall of man." 
Satan ultimately undertook to visit the 
new world ; and, in the disguise of a 
serpent, he tempted Eve to eat of the 
forbidden fruit. — Milton : Paradise Lost 
u. (1665). 

Pandi'on, king of Athens, father of 
Procne and Philome'la. 

None take pity on thy pain ; 
Senseless trees, they cannot hear thee ; 
Ruthless bears, they will not cheer thee; 
King Pandion he is dead ; 
All thy friends are lapped In lead. 
Barnfield: Address to the Nightingale (1594). 

Fandolf (Sir Harry), the teller of 
whole strings of stories, which he re- 
peats at every gathering. He has also a 
stock of don-mots. "Madam," said he, 
" I have lost by you to-day." " How so, 
sir Harry?" replies the lady. "Why, 
madam," rejoins the baronet, " I have 
lost an excellent appetite." " This is the 



PANDOLFE. 



801 



PANTAGRUEL. 



thirty-third time that sir Harry hath been 
thus arch." 

We are constantly, after supper, entertained with the 
Glastonbury Thorn. When we have wondered at that 
■ little, " Father," saith the son. "let us have the Spirit 
in the Wood." After that, " Now tell us how you 
served the robber." " Alack 1 " saith sir Harry, with a 
smile, " I ha ve almost forgotten that ; but it is a pleasant 
conceit, to be sure ; " and accordingly he tells that and 
twenty more in the same order over and over again.— 
SUeU. 

Pandolfe (2 syl.), father of LeTie. — 
Moliire: L ' Etourdi (1653). 

Pando'ra, the "all-gifted woman.** 
So called because all the gods bestowed 
some gift on her to enhance her charms. 
Jove sent her to Prometheus for a wife, 
but Hermes gave her in marriage to his 
brother Epime'theus (4 syl.). It is said 
that Pandora enticed the curiosity of 
Epimetheus to open a box in her pos- 
session, from which flew out all the ills 
that flesh is heir to. Luckily the lid was 
closed in time to prevent the escape of 
Hope. 

More lovely than Pandora, whom the gods 
Endowed with all their gifts, ... to the unwiser ion 
Of Japhet brought by Hermls, she insnared 
Mankind with her fair looks, to be avenged 
On him [Protnithcus] who had stole Jove's .... fire. 
Milton ; Paradise Lost, iv. 714, etc. (1665). 

("Unwiser son" is a Latinism, and 
means "not so wise as he should have 
been ; " so audacior, timidior, vehemen- 
Hor, iracundior, etc.) 

Paadosto or The Triumph of Time, 
a tale by Robert Greene (1588), the 
quarry of the plot of The Winter's Tale 
by Shakespeare. 

Panel {The), by J. Kemble, is a 
modified version of Bickerstaff 's comedy 
'Tis Well 'tis no Worse. It contains the 
popular quotation — 

Perhaps it was right to dissemble your lovw; 
But why do you kick me downstairs t 

Pan gloss {Dr. Peter), an LL.D. and 
A.S.S. He began life as a muffin-maker 
in Milk Alley. Daniel Dowlas, when he 
was raised from the chandler's shop in 
Gosport to the peerage, employed the 
doctor " to larn him to talk English ; " 
and subsequently made him tutor to his 
son Dick, with a salary of £300 a year. 
Dr. Pangloss was a literary prig of 
ponderous pomposity. He talked of a 
"locomotive morning," of one's " spon- 
sorial and patronymic appellations," and 
so on ; was especially fond of quotations, 
to all of which he appended the author, 
as " Lend me your ears, — Shakespeare. 
Hem 1 " or " Verbum sat, — Horace. 
Hem 1 " He also indulged in an affected 



" He ! he ! "—Colman : The Heir-at-Lcno 

(i797)- 

N.B.— A.S.S. stands for Artium 
Societatis Socius (" Fellow of the Society 
of Arts "). 

Pangloss, an optimist philosopher. 
(The word means "All Tongue.")— 
Voltaire: Candide. 

Pan jam, a male idol of the Oroungou 
tribes of Africa ; his wife is Aleka, and his 
priests are called panjans. Panjam is 
the special protector of kings and govern- 
ments. 

Panjandrum {The Grand), any vil- 
lage potentate or Brummagem rmgnate. 
The word occurs in Foote's farrago of 
nonsense, which he wrote to test the 
memory of old Macklin, who said in a 
lecture "he had brought his own memory 
to such perfection that he could learn 
anything by rote on once hearing it," 

He was the Great Panjandrum of the place.— Fits- 
gerald. 

' . ' The squire of a village is the Grand 
Panjandrum, and the small gentry the 
Picninnies, Joblillies, and Garyulies. 

Foote's nonsense lines are these — 

So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage leaf to 
make an apple pie ; and at the same time a great she- 
bear, coming up the street, pops its head into the shop. 
•• What 1 no soap ? " So he died, and she very impru- 
dently married the barber ; and there were present the 
Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies, and the 
Grand Panjandrum himself, with the little round button 
at top, and they all fell to playing the game of catch as 
catch can, till the gunpowder ran out at the heel of their 
boots.— Foot* : TKt Quarterly Review, xcv. 516, 517 
(1854). 

Pan'ope (3 syl.), one of the nereids. 
Her "sisters" are the sea-nymphs. 
PanopS was invoked by sailors in storms. 

Sleek Panope with all her sisters played. 

Milton: Lycidas, 95 (1638). 

Pantag^'mel', king of the Dipsodes 
(2 syl.), son of Gargantua, and last of 
the race of giants. His mother Badebec 
died in giving him birth. His paternal 
grandfather was named Grangousier. 
Pantagruel was a lineal descendant of 
Fierabras, the Titans, Goliath, Poly- 
pheny (3 syl.), and all the other giants 
traceable to Chalbrook, who lived in 
that extraordinary period noted for its 
" week of three Thursdays." The word 
is a hybrid, compounded of the Greek 
partta ("all") and the Hagarene word 
gruel {" thirsty "). His immortal achieve- 
ment was his " quest of the oracle of the 
Holy Bottle." — Rabelais: Gargantua and 
Pantagruel, iL (1533). 

(The romance, originally written in 
French, was translated into English by 
Urquhurt and Motteux in 1653.) 
3» 



PANTAGRUEL'S COURSE, ETC. 802 

Pantag'ruel's Course of Study. 
Pantagruel's father, Gargantua, said in a 
letter to his son — 

"I intend and insist that you learn all languages 
perfectly ; first of all Greek, in Quintilian's method : 
then Latin, then Hebrew, then Arabic and Chaldee. I 
wish you to form your ityle of Greek on the model of 
Plato, and of Latin on that of Cicero. Let there be no 
history you have not at your fingers' ends, and study 
thoroughly cosmography and geography. Of liberal 
arts, such as geometry, mathematics, and music, I gave 
you a taste when not above five years old, and I would 
have you now master them fully. Study astronomy, 
but not divination and judicial astrology, which I con- 
sider mere vanities. As for civil law, I would have 
thee know the digests by heart. You should also have 
a perfect knowledge of the works of Nature, so that 
there is no sea, river, or smallest stream, which you do 
not know for what fish it is noted, wheace it proceeds, 
and whither it directs its course ; all fowls of the air, 
all shrubs and trees whether forest or orchard, all herbs 
and flowers, all metals and stones, should be mastered 
by you. Fail not at the same time most carefully to 
peruse the Talmudists and Cabalists, and be sure by 
frequent anatomies to gain a perfect knowledge of 
that other world called the microcosm, which is man. 
Master all these in your-young days, and let nothing 
be superficial; as you grow into manhood you must 
learn chivalry, warfare, and field manoeuvres."— 
Rabelais : Pantagruel, ii. 8 (1533). 



Pantag'ruel's Tongue. It formed 
shelter for a whole army. His throat 
and mouth contained whole cities. 

Then did they [the army] put themselves to close 
order, and stood as near to each other as they could, 
and Pantagruel put out his tongue half-way, and covered 
them all, as a hen doth her chickens.— Rabelais: 
Pantagruel, ii. 32 (1533). 

Fantagruelian Lawsuit {The). 
This was between lord Busqueue and 
lord Suckfist, who pleaded their own 
cases. The writs, etc., were as much 
as four asses could carry. After the 
plaintiff and defendant had stated their 
cases, Pantagruel gave judgment, and 
the two suitors were both satisfied, for no 
one understood a word of the pleadings, 
or the tenor of the verdict — Rabelais: 
Pantagruel, ii. (1533). 

Pantagfruelion, a herb (hemp), 
symbolical of persecution. Rabelais 
says Pantag'ruel' was the inventor of a cer- 
tain use for which this herb served. It was, 
he says, exceedingly hateful to felons, who 
detested it as much as strangle-weed. 

The figure and shape of the leaves of pantagruelion 
are not much unlike those of the ash tree or the agri- 
mony ; indeed, the herb is so like the eupatorio that 
many herbalists have called it the domestic eupatorio, 
and sometimes the eupatorio is called the -wild panta- 
gruelion.— Rabelais : Pantagruel, etc., iii. 49 (1545). 

Pantaloon. In the Italian comedy, // 
Pantalo'ne is a thin, emaciated old man, 
and the only character that acts in slippers. 

The sixth age shifts 
Into the lean and slippered Pantaloon. 
Shakespeare : As You Like It, act ii. sc. 7 (1600). 

Fanthea, the heroine of Beaumont 
and Fletcher's King and No King. An 
innocent creature enough, but only milk- 
and-water (16x9). 



PAN URGE. 

Panther (The), symbol of pleasure; 
When Dantd began the ascent of fame, 
this beast met him, and tried to stop him. 

Scarce the ascent 
Began, when lo 1 a panther, nimble, light. 
And covered with a speckled skin, appeared, 
... and strove to check my onward going. 

Dante: Hell, i. (1300). 

Panther (The Shotted), the Church of 
England. The "milk-white hind " is the 
Church of Rome. 

The panther, sure the noblest next the hind. 
The fairest creature of the spotted kind ; 
Oh, could her inborn stains be washed away. 
She were too good to be a beast of prey. 
Dryden ; The Hind and the Panther, L (1687). 



Fan'thera, a hypothetical beast 
which lived "in the East." Reynard 
affirmed that he sent her majesty, the 
lioness, a comb made of panthera bone, 
" more lustrous than the rainbow, more 
odoriferous than any perfume, a charm 
against every ill, and a universal panacea." 
—Reynard the Fox (1498). (See PANA- 
CEAS, p. 799.) 

Fanthino, servant of Anthonio (the 
father of Protheus, one of the two heroes 
of the play). — Shakespeare: Two Gentle- 
men of Verona (1594). 

Fanton, a celebrated punster in the 
reign of Charles II. 

And Panton waging harmless war with words. 

Dryden : MacFlccknoe (1682). 

Pantschatantra, a collection of 
Sanskrit fables. 

Panurge, a young man, handsome 
and of good stature, but in very ragged 
apparel when Pantag'ruel' first met him 
on the road leading from Charenton 
Bridge. Pantagruel, pleased with his 
person and moved with pity at his dis- 
tress, accosted him, when Panurge replied, 
first in German, then in Arabic, then in 
Italian, then in Biscayan, then in Bas- 
Breton, then in Low Dutch, then in 
Spanish. Finding that Pantagruel knew 
none of these languages, Panurge tried 
Danish, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, with no 
better success. " Friend," said the 
prince, " can you speak French ? " 
"Right well," answered Panurge, "for 
I was born in Touraine, the garden of 
France." Pantagruel then asked him if 
he would join his suite, which Panurge 
most gladly consented to do, and became 
the fast friend of Pantagruel. His great 
forte was practical jokes. Rabelais 
describes him as of middle stature, with 
an aquiline nose, very handsome, and 
always moneyless. Pantagruel made him 
governor of Salmygondin. — Rabelais s 
Pantag'ruel, Hi. a (1545X 



PANYER'S ALLEY. 



803 



PARADINE. 



Pannrge throughout Is the iravovpyta ("the wis- 
dom"), i.e. the cunning of the human animal — the 
understanding, as the faculty of means to purposes 
without ultimate ends, in the most comprehensive 
sense, and including art, sensuous fancy, and all the 
passions of the understanding.— Coleridge. 

Panyer's Alley (London). So called 
from a stone built into the wall of one 
of the houses. The stone, on which is 
rudely chiselled a pannier surmounted by 
a boy, contains this distich — 

When you have sought the city round, 
Yet still this is the highest ground. 

Panza {Sancko), of Adzpetia, the 
'squire of don Quixote de la Mancha ; 
"a littls squat fellow, with a tun belly 
and spindle shanks" (pt. I. ii. i). Ke 
rides an ass named Dapple. His sound 
common sense is an excellent foil to the 
knight's craze. Sancho is very fond of 
eating and drinking; and is perpetually 
asking the knight when he is to be put in 
possession of the promised island. He 
salts his speech with most pertinent 
proverbs, and even with wit of a racy, 
though sometimes of a somewhat vulgar 
savour. — Cervantes: Don Quixote (1605). 

*.* The wife of Sancho is called "Joan 
Panza" in pt. I., and "Teresa Panza" 
in pt. II, M My father's name," she says 
to Sancho, " was Cascajo, and I, by being 
your wife, am now called Teresa Panza, 
though by right I should be called Teresa 
Cascajo " (pt. II. i. :). 

Paolo (3 syl.), the brother of count 
Guido Franceschi'ni. Paolo advised hm 
to marry an heiress, in order to repair his 
fortune. 

... a shrewd younger poorer brother yet, 
The Abate Paolo, a regular priest. 
R. Browning: The Ring and the Book, ii. 29a 

Paper King* ( The), John Law, pro- 
jector of the South Sea bubble (1671- 
1729). 

The basU of I.aw's project was the Idea that paper 
money may be multiplied to any extent, provided 
there be secarity in fixed stock. — Rich. 

Paphian Minxp, a certain plie of 
the lips, considered needful for "the 
highly genteel." Lady Emily told Miss 
Alscrip ' ' the heiress " that it was acquired 
by placing one's self before a looking- 
glass, and repeating continually the worus 
" nimini pimini j" " when the lips cannot 
fail to take the right plie." — Burgoyne: 
The Heiress, iii. 2 (178 1). 

(C. Dickens has made Mrs. General 
tell Amy Dorrit that the pretty plie is 
given to the lips by pronouncing the 
words, " papa, potatoes, poultry, prunes, 
and prism.") 



Papillon, a broken-down critic, who 
earned four shillings a week for reviews 
of translations ' ' without knowing one 
syllable of the original," and of " books 
which he had never read." He then 
turned French valet, and got well paid. 
He then fell into the service of Jack 
Wilding, and was valey, French marquis, 
or anything else to suit the whims of that 
young scapegrace. — Foote : The Liar 
(1761). 

Papimany, the kingdom of the 
Papimans. Any priest-ridden country, 
as Spain. Papiman is compounded of 
two Greek words, papa mania ("pope- 
madness"). — Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, iv. 
4S(iS45). 

Papy'ra, goddess of printing and 
literature ; so called from papyrus, a 
substance once used for books, before 
the invention of paper. 

Till to astonished realms Papyra taught 
To paint in mystic colours sound and thought, 
With Wisdom's voice to print the pnge sublime. 
And mark in adamant the steps of Time. 

Darwin : Loves of the Plants, ii. (1781). 

Pa'quin, Pekin, a royal city of China. 
Milton says, " Paquin [the throne] of 
Sinaean kings." — Paradise Lost, xi. 390 
(1665). 

Paracelsus is said to have kept a 
small devil prisoner in the pommel of his 
sword. He favoured for medicines 
metallic substances, while Galen preferred 
herbs. His full name was Philippus 
Aure'olus Theophrastus Paracelsus, but 
his family name was Bombastus (1493- 
*54i)- 

Paracelsus, at the age of 20, thinks 
knowledge the summum bonum, and at 
the advice of his two friends, Festus and 
Michal, retires to a seat of learning in 
quest thereof. Eight years later, being 
dissatisfied, he falls in with Aprile, an 
Italian poet, and resolves to seek the 
summum bonum in love. Again he fails, 
and, when dying in a cell in the hospital 
of St. Sebastion, deserted by all but 
Festus, he declares the summum bonum 
to be, love and power. "To see good 
in evil, and a hope in ill-success." — R. 
Browning : Paracelsus. 

Par'adine (3 syl.), son of Astolpho, 
and brother of Dargonet, both rivals for 
the love of Laura. In the combat pro- 
voked by prince Oswald against Gondibert, 
which was decided by four combatants 
on each side, Hugo "the Little" slew 
both the brothers. — Davenant; Gondibert^ 
L (died 1668). 



PARADISAICA. 



804 



PARADISE LOST. 



Faradisa'ica [" the fruit of para- 
dise"']. So the banana is called. The 
Mohammedans aver that the "forbidden 
fruit" was the banana or Indian fig, and 
cite in confirmation of this opinion that 
our first parents used fig leaves for their 
covering after their fall. 

Paradise, in thirty-three cantos, by 
Dante" (1311). Paradise is separated 
from Purgatory by the river Lethe ; and 
Dante 1 was conducted through nine of 
the spheres by Beatrice, who left him in 
the sphere of "unbodied light," under the 
charge of St. Bernard (canto xxxi.). 
The entire region is divided into ten 
spheres, each of which is appropriated 
to its proper order. The first seven 
spheres are the seven planets, viz. (1) 
the Moon for angels, (2) Mercury for 
archangels, (3) Venus for virtues, (4) the 
Sun for powers, (5) Mars for principalities, 
(6) Jupiter for dominions, (7) Saturn for 
thrones. The eighth sphere is that of 
the fixed stars for the cherubim ; the 
ninth is the primum mobile for the 
seraphim ; and the tenth is the empyre'an 
for the Virgin Mary and the triune deity. 
Beatrice, with Rachel, Sarah, Judith, 
Rebecca, and Ruth, St. Augustin, St. 
Francis, St. Benedict, and others, were 
enthroned in Venus the sphere of the 
virtues. The empyrean, he says, is a 
sphere of "unbodied light," "bright 
effluence of bright essence, uncreate." 
This is what the Jews called " the heaven 
of the heavens." 

Paradise was placed, in the legendary 
maps of the Middle Ages, in Ceylon ; 
but Mahomet placed it "in the seventh 
heaven." The Arabs have a tradition 
that when our first parents were cast out 
of the garden, Adam fell in the isle of 
Ceylon, and Eve in Joddah (the port of 
Mecca). — A I Kordn, ii. 

Paradise of Central Africa, Fatiko.— 
Baker : Exploration of the Nile Sources 
(1866). 

Paradise of Bohemia, the district round 
Leitmeritz. 

The Dutch Paradise, the province of 
Gelderland, in South Holland. 

The Portuguese Paradise, Cintra, north- 
west of Lisbon. 

Paradise of Pools (Limbus Fatu- 
orum), the limbo of all vanities, idiots, 
madmen, and those of mature age not 
accountable for their ill deeds. 

Then might ye see 
Cowls, hoods, and habits, with their wearers, tact 
And fluttered into rags ; then relics, beads. 



Indulgences, dispenses, pardons, bulls, 
The sport of winds : all these, upwhirled aloft, 
Fly . . . into a limbo large and broad, since called 
" The Paradise of Fools." 

Milton ; Paradise Lost, iii. 489 (1665). 

Paradise and the Fe'ri. A peri 
was told she would be admitted into 
heaven if she would bring thither the 
gift most acceptable to the Almighty. 
She first brought a drop of a young 
patriot's blood, shed on his country's 
behalf; but the gates would not open 
for such an offering. She next took 
thither the last sigh of a damsel who had 
died nursing her betrothed, who had 
been stricken by the plague ; but the 
gates would not open for such an offer- 
ing. She then carried up the repentant 
tear of an old man converted by the 
prayers of a little child. All heaven 
rejoiced, the gates were flung open, and 
the peri was received with a joyous wel- 
come. — Moore: Lalla Rookh ("Second 
Tale," 1817). 

Paradise Lost. Satan and his 

crew, still suffering from their violent 
expulsion out of heaven, are roused by 
Satan's telling them about a "new cre- 
ation;" and he calls a general council 
to deliberate upon their future operations 
(bk. i. ). The council meet in the Pan- 
demonium hall, and it is resolved that 
Satan shall go on a voyage of discovery 
to this "new world" (bk. ii. ). The 
Almighty sees Satan, and confers with 
His Son about man. He foretells the 
Fall, and arranges the scheme of man's 
redemption. Meantime, Satan enters the 
orb of the sun, and there learns the route 
to the "new world " (bk. iii.). On enter- 
ing Paradise, he overhears Adam and 
Eve talking of the one prohibition (bk, 
iv. ). Raphael is now sent down to warn 
Adam of his danger, and he tells him 
who Satan is (bk. v. ) ; describes the war 
in heaven, and the expulsion of the rebel 
angels (bk. vi.). The angel visitant goes 
on to tell Adam why and how this world 
was made (bk. vii.); and Adam tells 
Raphael of his own experience (bk. viii.). 
After the departure of Raphael, Satan 
enters into a serpent, and, seeing Eve 
alone, speaks to her. Eve is astonished 
to hear the serpent talk, but is informed 
that it had tasted of " the tree of know- 
ledge," and had become instantly endowed 
with both speech and wisdom. Curiosity 
induces Eve to taste the same fruit, and 
she persuades Adam to taste it also 
(bk. ix.). Satan now returns to hell, to 
tell of his success (bk. x.). Michael is 



PARADISE REGAINED. 80S 

•ent to expel Adam and Eve from the 
garden (bk. xi.) ; and the poem concludes 
with the expulsion, and Eve's lamentation 
(bk. xii.).— Milton (1665). 

{Paradise Lost was first published by 
Matthias Walker of St. Dunstan's. He 
gave for it ^5 down ; on the sale of 
1300 copies, he gave another ^5. On 
the next two impressions, he gave other 
like sums. For the four editions, he 
therefore paid £20. The agreement be- 
tween Walker and Milton is preserved in 
the British Museum.) 

• . • It must be remembered that the 
wages of an ordinary workman was at 
the time about 3d. a day, and we now 
give 3J. ; so that the price given was equal 
to about ^250, according to the present 
value of money. Goldsmith tells us that 
the clergyman of his "deserted Tillage" 
was "passing rich" with ^40 a years 
^500 present value of money. 

Paradise Regained, in four books. 
The subject is the Temptation. Eve, 
being tempted, lost paradise ; Christ, 
being tempted, regained it. 

Book I. Satan presents himself as an 
old peasant ; and, entering into conversa- 
tion with Jesus, advises him to satisfy 
His hunger by miraculously converting 
stones into bread. Jesus gives the tempter 
to know that He recognizes him, and 
refuses to follow his suggestion. 

II. Satan reports progress to his minis- 
ters, and asks advice. He returns to the 
wilderness, and offers Jesus wealth, as 
the means of acquiring power, but the 
suggestion is again rejected. 

III. Satan shows Jesus several of the 
kingdoms of Asia, and points out to 
Him their military power. He advises 
Him to seek alliance with the Parthians, 
and promises his aid. He says by such 
alliance He might shake off the Roman 
yoke, and raise the kingdom of David 
to a first-class power. Jesus rejects the 
counsel, and tells the tempter that the 
Jews were for the present under a cloud 
for their sins, but that the time would 
come when God would put forth His hand 
on their behalf. 

IV. Satan shows Jesus Rome, with all 
its greatness, and says, "I can easily 
dethrone Tiberius, and seat Thee on the 
imperial throne." He then shows Him 
Athens, and says, "I will make Thee 
master of their wisdom and high state 
of civilization, if Thou wilt fall down 
and worship me." "Get thee behind 
Me, Satan 1 " was the indignant answer ; 



PARDALO. 



and Satan, finding all his endeavours 
useless, tells Jesus of the sufferings 
prepared for Him, takes Him back to 
the wilderness, and leaves Him there ; 
but angels come and minister unto Him. 
— Milton (1671). 

Paraguay {A Tab of), by Southey, 

in four cantos, Spenserian metre (1814). 
The small-pox, having broken out 
amongst the Guaranis, carried off the 
whole tribe except Quiara and his wife 
MonnSma, who then migrated from the 
fatal spot to the Mondai woods. Here 
a son (Yeriiti) and afterwards a daughter 
(Moo ma) were born ; but before the birth 
of the latter, the father was eaten by a 
jaguar. When the children were of a 
youthful age, a Jesuit priest induced the 
three to come and live at St. Joachin (3 
syl. ) ; so they left the wild woods for a city 
life. Here, in a few months, the mother 
flagged and died. The daughter next 
drooped, and soon followed her mother to 
the grave. The son, now the only re- 
maining one of the entire race, begged to 
be baptized, received the rite, cried, ' ' Ye 
are come for me I I am ready ; " and 
died also. 

Parallel. " None but itself can be 
its parallel," from The Double Falsehood, 
iii. 1, by Theobald (1721). Massinger, in 
The Duke of Milan, iv. 3 (1662), makes 
Sforza say of Marelia — 

Her goodness does disdain comparison. 
And, but herself, admits no parallel. 

It had been previously said of John 
Lilburn — 

None but himself himself can parallel. 

Anagram on John Lilburn (1658). 

Pare aux Cerfs ["the deer park "], 
a mansion in Versailles, to which girls 
were inveigled for the licentious pleasure 
of Louis XV. An Alsatia. 

Boulogne may be proud of being the fare aux cer/i 
to those whom remorseless greed drives from their 
island homes.— Saturday Review. 

Parcinus, a young prince in love 
with his cousin Irolit'a, but beloved by 
Az'ira. The fairy Danamo was Azira's 
mother, and resolved to make Irolita 
marry the fairy Brutus , but Parcinus, 
aided by the fairy Favourable, surmounted 
all obstacles, married Irolita, and made 
Brutus marry Azira. 

Parcinus had a noble air, a delicate shape, a fine head 
of hair admirably white. . . . He did everything well, 
danced and sang to perfection, and gained all the 
prizes at tournaments, wh«never he contended for 
them.— CotnUsst DAulney: Fairy TaUi (" Perfect 
Love," 1682). 

Par'dalo, the demon-steed given to 
Iniguex Guerra by his gobelin mother, 



PARDIGGLE. 



806 



PARIS IN FRANCE. 



that he might ride to Toledo and liberate 
his father, don Diego Lopez lord of Biscay, 
who had fallen into the hands of the 
Moors, — Spanish Story. 

Par'diggle {Mrs,), a formidable 
lady, who conveyed to one the idea " of 
wanting a great deal of room." She 
devoted herself to good works done in 
the most offensive and disagreeable 
manner, and made her family of small 
boys contribute all their pocket money to 
the cause of missions. — Dickens : Bleak 
House (1853). 

Pardoner's Tale ( The), in Chaucer's 
Canterbury Tales, is " Death and the 
Rioters." Three rioters agree to hunt 
down Death, and kill him. An old man 
directs them to a tree in a lane, where, 
as he said, he had just left him. On 
reaching the spot, they find a rich treasure, 
and cast lots to decide who is to go and 
buy food. The lot falls on the youngest, 
and the other two, during his absence, 
agree to kill him on his return. The 
rascal sent to buy food poisons the wine, 
in order to secure to himself the whole 
treasure. Now comes the catastrophe : 
The two set on the third and slay him, 
but die soon after of the poisoned wine ; 
so the three rioters find death under the 
tree, as the old man said, paltering in a 
double sense (1388). 

Parian Chronicle, a register of 
the chief events in the history of ancient 
Greece for 1318 years, beginning with 
the reign of Cecrops and ending with 
the archonship of Diognetus. It is one 
of the Arundelian Marbles, and was 
found in the island of Paros. 

Parian Verse, ill-natured satire ; 
so called from Archil'ochus, a native of 
Paros. 

Pari-Ba'non, a fairy who gave prince 
Ahmed a tent, which would fold into so 
small a compass that a lady might carry 
it about as a toy ; but, when spread, it 
would cover a whole army. — Arabian 
Nights ("Prince Ahmed and Pari- 
Banou"). 

Paridel is a name employed in the 
Dunciad for an idle libertine, — rich, 
young, and at leisure. The model is sir 
Paridel, in the Faerie Queene. 

Thee, too, my Paridel, she marked thee thew, 
Stretched on the rack of a too-easy chair, 
And heard thy everlasting yawn confess 
The pains and penalties of idleness. 

Pope : The Dunciad, iv. 341 (1743). 

Paridel (Sir), descendant of Paris, 
Paris's son Parius settled in Paros, and 



left his kingdom to his son Par'idas, from 
whom Paridel descended. Having gained 
the hospitality of Malbecco, sir Paridel 
eloped with his wife Dame Hel'inore (3 
syl. ), but soon quitted her, leaving her to 
go whither she would. * ' So had he served 
many another one " (bk. iii. 10). In bk. 
iv. 1 sir Paridel is discomfited by sir 
Scudamore. — Spenser; Faerie Queene, iii. 
10 ; iv. 1 (1590, 1596). 

("Sir Paridel" is meant for Charles 
Nevil, sixth and last of the Nevils earls 
of Westmoreland. He joined the Nor- 
thumberland rebellion of 1569 for the 
restoration of Mary queen of Scots ; and, 
when the plot failed, made'his escape to 
the Continent, where he lived in poverty 
and obscurity. The earl was quite a 
Lothario, whose delight was to win the 
love of women, and then to abandon 
them.) 

P ABiIS, a son of Priam and Hecuba, 
noted for his beauty. He married GEnong, 
daughter of Cebren the river-god. Sub- 
sequently, during a visit to Menelaos 
king of Sparta, he eloped with queen 
Helen, and this brought about the Trojan 
war. Being wounded by an arrow from 
the bow of Philoctetgs, he sent for his 
wife, who hastened to him with remedies ; 
but it was too late — he died of his wound, 
and GInone hung herself. — Homer: Iliad. 

Paris was appointed to decide which 
of the three goddesses (Juno, Pallas, or 
Minerva) was the fairest fair, and to which 
should be awarded ths golden apple 
thrown "to the most beautiful." The 
three goddesses tried by bribes to obtain 
the verdict : Juno promised him dominion 
if he would decide in her favour ; Minerva 
promised him wisdom ; but Venus said 
she would find him the most beautiful of 
women for wife, if he allotted to her the 
apple. Paris handed the apple to Venus. 

Not Cytherea from a fairer 3wain 
Received her apple on the Trojan plain. 

Falconer: The Shipwreck, i. 3 (1756). 

Paris, a young nobleman, kinsman of 
prince Es'calus of Verona, and the un- 
successful suitor of his cousin Juliet. — 
Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet (1598). 

Paris (Notre Dame de), by Victor 
Hugo (1831). (See Esmeralda and 
Quasimodo.) 

Paris in Prance. The French say, 
II n'y a que Paris ( ' ' There is but one city 
in the world worth seeing, and that is 
Paris "). The Neapolitans have a similar 
phrase, Voir Naples et mourir. 



PARIS GARDEN. 



807 



PARLEY. 



The Paris of Japan, Osaka, south-west 
of Miako. — Gibson: Gallery of Geography ; 
926(1872). 

Little Paris. Brussels is so called.^ So 
is the " Galleria Vittorio Emanuele " of 
Milan, on account of its brilliant shops, 
its numerous cafes, and its general gaiety. 

Paris Garden, a bear-garden on the 
south bank of the Thames ; so called from 
Robert de Paris, whose house and garden 
were there in the time of Richard II. 

Do you take the court for Paris Garden?— Shake- 
speare : Henry VIII. act t. sc 4 (1601). 

Parisina, wife of Azo chief of Fer- 
rara. She had been betrothed before her 
marriage to Hugo, a natural son of Azo, 
and after Azo took her for his bride, the 
attachment of Parisina and Hugo con- 
tinued, and had freer scope for indul- 
gence. One night, Azo heard Parisina in 
sleep confess her love for Hugo, where- 
upon he had his son beheaded, and, 
though he spared the life of Parisina, no 
one ever knew what became of her. — 
Byron : Parisina (1816). 

\ • Such is Byron's version ; but history 
says Niccolo III. of Ferrara (Byron's 
" Azo ") had for his second wife Parisina 
Malatesta, who showed great aversion to 
Ugo, a natural son of Niccolo, whom he 
greatly loved. One day, with the hope 
of lessening this strong aversion, he sent 
Ugo to escort her on a journey, and the 
two fell in love with each other. After 
their return, the affection of Parisina and 
Ugo continued unabated, and a servant 
named Zoe'se (3 syl. ) having told the 
marquis of their criminal intimacy, he 
had the two guilty ones brought to open 
trial. They were both condemned to 
death, Ugo was beheided first, then 
Parisina. Some time after, Niccolo mar- 
ried a third wife, and had several chil- 
dren. — Frizzi : History of Ferrara. 

Parish Register ( The), a poem by 
Crabbe, in heroic metre, including the 
Story of Phoebe Dawson (1807). 

Parisian Wedding {The). The 
reference is to the massacre of St. Bar- 
tholomew, which took place during the 
wedding festivities of Henri of Navarre 
and Marguerite of France. 

Charles IX., although it was not possible for him to 
recall to life the couutless victims of the Paris Wed- 
ding, was ready to explain those murders to every un- 
prejudiced mind.— MotUy : Dutch Republic, iii. 9. 

Parisme'nos, the hero of the second 
part of Parismus (o.v.). This part con- 
tains the adventurous travels of Paris- 
menos, his deeds of chivalry, and love 



for the princess Angelica, " the Lady o( 
the Golden Tower." — Foord: Parisnunot 
(1598). 

Paris 'mns, a valiant and renowned 
prince of Bohemia, the hero of a romance 
so called. This "history" contains an 
account of his battles against the Per- 
sians, his love for Laurana daughter of 
the king of Thessaly, and his strange 
adventures in the Desolate Island. The 
second part contains the exploits and 
love affairs of Parisme'nos. — Foord: 
Parismus (1598). 

Pariza'de (4 syl.), daughter of 
Khrosrou-schah sultan of Persia, and 
sister of Bah man and Perviz. These 
three, in infancy, were sent adrift, each 
at the time of birth, through the jealousy 
of their two maternal aunts, who went to 
nurse the sultana in her confinement ; but 
they were drawn out of the canal by the 
superintendent of the sultan's gardens, 
who brought them up. Parizadd rivalled 
her brothers in horsemanship, archery, 
running, and literature. One day, a 
devotee who had been kindly entreated 
by Parizade, told her the house she lived 
in wanted three things to make it per- 
fect : (1) the talking bird, (2) the singing 
tree, and (3) the gold-coloured water. 
Her two brothers went to obtain these 
treasures, but failed. Parizadg then went, 
and succeeded. The sultan paid them a 
visit, and the talking bird revealed to 
him the story of their birth and bringing 
up. When the sultan heard the infamous 
tale, he commanded the two sisters to be 
put to death ; and Parizade, with her two 
brothers, were then proclaimed the lawful 
children of the sultan. — Arabian Nights 
(" The Two Sisters," the last story). 

IF The story of Chery and Fairstar, 
by the comtesse D'Aulnoy, is an imita- 
tion of this tale ; and introduces the 
"green bird," the " singing apple," and 
the " dancing water." 

Parley {Peter), Samuel Griswold 
Goodrich, an American. Above seven 
millions of his books were in circulation 
in 1859(1793-1860). 

• . • Several piracies of this popular 
name have appeared. Thus, S. Kettell of 
America pirated the name in order to sell 
under false colours ; Darton and Co. issued 
a Peter Parley's^4n«wa/(i84i- 1855); Sim- 
kins, a Peter Parley's Lije of Paul (1845) ; 
Bogue, a Peter Parley's Visit to London, 
etc. (1844) ! Tegg, several works under 
the same name ; Hodson, a Peter Parley's 



PARLEYINGS, ETO. 



8o8 



PARSON ADAMSL 



Bible Geography (1839) ; Clements, a Peter 
Parley's Child's First Step (1839). None 
of which works were by Goodrich, the 
real " Peter Parley." 

(William Martin was the writer of 
Darton's " Peter Parley series." George 
Mogridge wrote several tales under the 
name of Peter Parley. How far such 
"false pretences" are justifiable, public 
opinion must decide. ) 

Parleying^ with Certain People 
of Importance in their Way. A 

series of poems by Robert Browning 
(1887). The "people" are Bernard de 
Mandeville, Daniel Bartoli, Christopher 
Smart, George Bubb Dodington, Francis 
Furini, Gerard de Lairesse, and Charles 
Avison. The poems are introduced by a 
prologue, "Apollo~and the Fates," and 
concluded by " A Dialogue between John 
Fust and his Friends." 

Parliament {The Black), a parlia- 
ment held by Henry VIII. in Bridewell. 

(For Addled parliament, Barebone's 
parliament, the Devil's parliament, the 
Drunken parliament, the Good parlia- 
ment, the Long parliament, the Mad 
parliament, the Pensioner parliament, 
the Rump parliament, the Running par- 
liament, the Unmerciful parliament, the 
Useless parliament, the Wonder-making 
parliament, the parliament of Dunces, 
etc. , see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 
P- 943) 

Parliament of Bees {The), an 
allegorical masque in rhyme. The cha- 
racters are all bees with suitable names.— 
John Day (1640). 

Parnassus (in Greek Parnassos), 
the highest part of a range of mountains 
north of Delphi, in Greece, chief seat of 
Apollo and the Muses. Called by poets 
"double-headed," from its two highest 
summits, TithOr'ea and Lycorfa. On Ly- 
corea was the Corycian cave, and hence the 
Muses are called the Corycian nyrrjpha. 



Conquer the severe 1 
Of high Parnassus. 
Ahtmide ; Pleasures »/ Imagination, \. (1744). 

The Parnassus of Japan, Fusiyama 
(" rich scholar's peak "). — Gibsons 
Gallery of Geography, 921 (1872). 

Parnelle {Mme. ), the mother of Mon. 
Orgon, and an ultra-admirer of Tartuffe, 
whom she looks on as a saint. In the 
adaptation of Moliere's comedy by Isaac 
Bickerstaff, Mme. Parnelle is called " old 
lady Lambert ; " her son , "sir John Lam- 
bert i " and Tartuffe, "Dr. CantweU."— . 



Moliire: Tartuffe (1664); Bickerstaff, 
The Hypocrite (1768). 

{The Nonjuror, by Cibber (1706), 
was the quarry of Bickerstaff s play.) 

Parody {Father of), Hippo'nax of 
Ephesus (sixth century B.C.). 

Parol'les (3 syl.), a boastful, 
cowardly follower of Bertram count of 
Rousillon. His utterances are racy 
enough, but our contempt for the man 
smothers our mirth, and we cannot laugh. 
In one scene the bully is taken blindfold 
among his old acquaintances, who he 
is led to suppose are his enemies, and he 
vilifies their characters to their faces in 
most admired foolery. — Shakespeare : 
Airs Well that Ends Well {1598). 

He [Dr. Parr] was a mere Parolles in a pedagogue* 
mig.—Nectes Ambrosiana. 

H For similar tongue-doughty heroes, 
see Basilisco, Bessus, Bluff, Bobadil, 

BOROUGHCLIFF, BRAZEN, FLASH, PIS- 
TOL, Pyrgo Polinices, Scaramouch, 
Thraso, Vincent de la Rosa, etc 

Farpaillons {King of the), the father 
of Gargamelle "a jolly pug and well- 
mouthed wench." Gargamelle (3 syl.) 
married Grangousier "in the vigour of 
his age," and she became mother of Gar- 
gantua. — Rabelais: Gargantua, i. 3(1533). 

Parr {Old). Thomas Parr, we are told, 
lived in the reign of ten sovereigns. He 
married his second wife when he was 120 
years old, and had a child by her. He 
was a husbandman, born at Salop, in 
1483, and died 1635, aged 152, (See 
Longevity. ) 

Parricide {The Beautiful), Beatrice 
Cenci, who is said to have murdered her 
father for the incestuous brutality with 
which he had treated her (died 1599). 

(Shelley has a tragedy on the subject, 
called The Cenci, 1819.) 

Parsley Peel, the first sir Robert 
Peel. So called from the great quantity 
of printed calico with the parsley-leaf pat» 
tern manufactured by hira (1750-1830). 

Parson Adams, a simple-minded 
country clergyman of the eighteenth 
century. At the age of 50 he was pro- 
vided with a handsome income of ^23 a 
year (nearly ^300 of our money). — Field- 
ing: Joseph Andrews (1742). 

• . • Timothy Burrell, Esq. , in 1715, be- 
queathed to his nephew Timothy the 
sum of ,£20 a year, to be paid during his 
residence at the university, and to be 
continued to him till he obtained some 



PARSON BALWHIDDER. 



809 



PARTLET. 



preferment worth at least ^30 a year. — 
Sussex Arckcsological Collections, iii. 17a. 
IT Goldsmith says the clergyman of his 
•'deserted village" was "passing" or 
exceedingly rich, for he had ^40 a year 
(equal to ^"500 now). In Norway and 
Sweden, to this day, the clergy are paid 
from £0.0 to ^40 a year ; in France, ^40 
is the usual stipend of the working clergy. 

Parson. Balwhidder. (See Bal- 

WHIDDER, p. 86.) 

IT Of St. Yves it is said (1251-1303) — 

II distribuait, avec tine sainte profusion, aux pauvres, 
les revenus de son benefice et ceux de son patrimone 
qui etaient de ,£60 de rente, alors une somme tres 
notable, particulierement en Basse Bretagne. — Dom 
Lobineau : Lives of the Saints 0/ Great Britain. 

Parson Bate, a stalwart, choleric, 
sporting parson, editor of the Morning 
Post in the latter half of the eighteenth 
century. Afterwards sir Henry Bate 
Dudley, bart. 

When sir Henry Bate Dudley was appointed an Irish 
dean, a young lady of Dublin said, " Och 1 how I long 
to see our dane I They say ... he fights like an 
angel." — Casseli s Magazine (" London Legends,' iii.). 

Parson Blattsrgrowl. (See Blat- 

TERGROWL, p. 126.) 

Parson Lot, a name under which 
Charles Kingsley published his Cheap 
Clothes and Nasty (1850). 

Parson H/ano (A), a. simple-minded 
clergyman, wholly unacquainted with the 
world ; a Dr. Primrose, in fact. It is a 
Russian household phrase, having its 
origin in the singular simplicity of the 
Lutheran clergy of the Isle of Runo. 

Parson Trnlliber, a fat clergyman, 
slothful, ignorant, and intensely bigoted. 
— Fielding : Joseph Andrews (1742). 

(See also Boanerges, Chadbrand, 
Dale, etc.) 

Parson's Tale {The), one of the 

two tales in prose in Chaucer's Canterbury 
Tales. A kind of Bunyan's Pilgrim's 
Progress, comparing the life of a Christian 
to a journey from earth to heaven. 

(The other prose tale is that of the 
host, and called "Melibeus" or "Melibe," 
q.v.) 

Parsons ( Walter), the giant porter 
of king James I. (died 1622). — Fuller: 
Worthies (1622). 

Parsons' Kaiser {The), Karl IV. 
of Germany, who was set up by pope 
Clement VI., while Ludwig IV. was still 
on the throne. The Germans called the 
pope's protigi, " pfaffen kaiser." 



Parthe'nia, the mistress of Argalus. 
— Sir P. Sidney: Arcadia (1580). 

Parthen'ia, Maidenly Chastity per- 
sonified. Parthenia is sister of Agnei'a 
(3 s yl-) or wifely chastity, the spouse of 
Encra'tfis or temperance. Her attendant 
is Er'ythre or modesty. (Greek, par- 
thenia, "maidenhood.") — Phineas Flei' 
cher: The Purple Island, x. (1633). 

Parthen'ope (4 syl.), one of the 
three syrens. She was buried at Naples. 
Naples itself was anciently called Par- 
thenopg, a name changed to Neap'olis 
("the new city ") by a colony of Cumaeans. 

By dead Parthenope's dear tomb. 

Milton : Comus, 879 (1634). 
Loitering by the sea 
That laves the passionate shores of soft Parthenopi. 
Lord Lytton : Ode, iii. 2 (1839). 

(The three syrens were Parthen'ope, 
Ligea, and Leucos'ianot Leucoth'ea, q.v.). 

Parthen'ope (4 syl.), the damsel be- 
loved by prince Voiscius. — Duke of 
Buckingham : The Rehearsal (167X). 

Parthen'ope of Naples. San- 

nazaro the Neapolitan poet, called " The 
Christian VirgiL" Most of his poems 
were published under the assumed name 
of Ac tius Sincerus (1458-1530). 

At last the Muses . . scattered . . . 

Their blooming wreaths from fair Valclusa's bowers 

[Petrarch] 
To Arno [Dant/ and Boccaccio}. . . and the shore 
Of soft Parthenope. 

Akenside : Pleasures if Imagination, 1L (1744). 

Parthenope'an Republic, Naples 
(1799). 

Partington {Mrs.) an old lady of 
amusing affectations and ridiculous blun- 
ders of speech. Sheridan's " Mrs. Mala- 
prop " and Smollett's " Tabitha Bramble" 
are similar characters. — B. P, Shillaber 
(an American humorist). 

I do not mean to be disrespectful ; but the attempt 
of the lords to stop the progress of reform reminds me 
very forcibly of the great storm of Sidmouth, and the 
conduct of the excellent Mrs. Partington on that 
occasion. In the winter of 1824, there set in a great 
flood upon that town ; the tide rose to an incredible 
height; the waves rushed in upon the houses; and 
everything was threatened with destruction. In the 
midst of this sublime storm, Dam* Partington, who 
lived upon the beach, was seen at the door of her house 
with mop and pattens, trundling her mop, squeezing 
out the sea-water, and vigorously pushing away the 
Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic was roused; Mrs. 
Partington's spirit was up ; but I need not tell you that 
the contest was unequal. The AUantic beat Mrs. Part- 
ington. She was excellent at a slop or puddle, but 
should never have meddled with a tempest. — Sydney 
Smith : Speech at Taunton (1831). 

Partlet, the hen, in "The Nun's 
Priest's Tale," and in the famous beast- 
epic of Reynard the Fox ( 1498). — Chaucer: 
Canterbury Tales (1388). 

Sister Partlet with her hooded head, 



PARTRIDGE. 



8xo 



PASSE- LOURDAUD. 



the cloistered community of nuns; the 
Roman Catholic clergy being the " barn- 
door fowls." — Dry den : Hind and Pan- 
ther (1687). 

Partridge. Talus was changed into 
a partridge. 

Partridge, cobbler, quack, astrolo- 
ger, and almanac-maker. He died 1708. 
Dean Swift wrote an elegy on him. 

Here, five feet deep, lies on his bact 
A cobler, starmonger, and quack, 
Who, to the stars in pure good wil]. 
Does to his best look upward stilL 
Weep, all you customers that use 
His pills, bis almanacs, or shoes. 

Partridge, the attendant of Tom 
Jones, as Strap is of Smollett's " Roderick 
Random." Faithful, shrewd, and of 
child-like simplicity^ He is half barber 
and half schoolmaster. His excitement 
in the play-house when he went to see 
Garrick in " Hamlet " is charming. — 
Fielding: The History of Tom Jones 
(i749)- 

The humour of Smollett, although genuine and 
hearty, is coarse and vulgar. He was superficial where 
Fielding showed deep insight ; but he had a rude con- 
ception of generosity, of which Fielding seems in- 
capable. It is owing to this that "Strap" is superior 
to "Partridge."— Hazlitt: Comic Writers. 

Partridge's Day {Saint), September 
1, the first day of partridge shooting. 
So August ia is called "St. Grouse's 
Day." 

Parvenue. One of the O'Neals, 
being told that Barrett of Castlemoae had 
only been 400 years in Ireland, replied, 
" I hate the upstart, which can only look 
back to yesterday." 

Parviz {"victorious"), surname of 
Khosrou II. of Persia. He kept 15,000 
female musicians, 6000 household officers, 
20,500 saddle-mules, 960 elephants, 200 
slaves to scatter perfumes when he went 
abroad, and 1000 sekabers to water the 
roads before him. His horse, Shibdiz, 
was called " the Persian Bucephalus." 

*.• The reigns of Khosrou I. and II. 
were the golden period of Persian history. 

Farzival, the hero of a metrical 
romance, by Wolfram von Eschenbach 
(twelfth century). Parzival was brought 
up by a widowed mother in solitude, but 
when grown to manhood, two wandering 
knights persuaded him to go to the court 
of king Arthur. His mother, hoping to 
deter him, consented to his going if he 
would wear the dress of a common jester. 
This he did, but soon achieved such noble 
deeds that Arthur made him a knight of 
the Round 1 able. Sir Parzival went in 



quest of the holy graal, which was kept 
in a magnificent castle called Graalburg, 
in Spain, built by the royal priest TitureL 
He reached the castle, but, having neg- 
lected certain conditions, was shut out, 
and, on his return to court, the priestess 
of Graal-burg insisted on his being ex- 
pelled the court and degraded from 
knighthood. Parzival then led a new life 
of abstinence and self-abnegation, and a 
wise hermit became his instructor. At 
length he reached such a state of purity 
and sanctity that the priestess of Graal- 
burg declared him worthy to become lord 
of the castle, having been "made perfect 
by suffering " {Rev. vii. 14 ; Heb. ii. 10). 

*.■ This, of course, is an allegory of a 
Christian giving up everything in order to 
be admitted a priest and king in the 
city of God, and becoming a fool in order 
to learn true wisdom (see 1 Cor. iii. 18). 

Pascal. Frederick von Hardenberg 
("Novalis") (1770-1801) is so called by 

Carlyle. 

Pasquin, a Roman cobbler in the 
latter half of the fifteenth century, whose 
shop stood in the neighbourhood of the 
Braschi palace near the Piazza Navoni. 
He was noted for his caustic remarks and 
bitter sayings. After his death, a muti- 
lated statue near the shop was called by 
his name, and made the repository of all 
the bitter epigrams and satirical verses 
of the city; hence called pasquinades 

Sir Archy M'Sarcasm — the common Pasquin of the 
town. — Macklin : Love A-la-Mode, L. x (1779). 

Passamonte {Gines de), the galley- 
slave set free by don Quixote. He re- 
turned the favour by stealing Sancho's 
wallet and ass. Subsequently he re- 
appeared as a puppet-showman. — Cer- 
vantes: Don Quixote (1605-15). 

Passatore {II), a title assumed by 
Belli'no, an Italian bandit chief, who 
died 1851. 

Fassebrewell, the name of sir Tris- 
tram's horse. — History of Prince Arthur, 
ii 68. 

Passe-IiOurdaud (3 syl.), a great 
rock near Poitiers, where there is a very 
narrow hole on the edge of a precipice, 
through which the university freshmen 
are made to pass to " matriculate" them. 
( Passe- Lourdaud means " lubber-pass.") 

1[ The same is done at Mantua, where 
the freshmen are made to pass under the 
arch of St. Longlnua. 



PASSELYON. 



8zi 



PATCH. 



Passelyon, a young foundling 
brought up by Morgan la F6e. He was 
delected in an intrigue with Morgan's 
daughter. The adventures of this amorous 
youth are related in the romance called 
Perceforest % Hi. 

Passe-tyme of Plesure, an alle- 
gorical poem in forty-six capitulos and 
in seven-line stanzas, by Stephen Hawes 
(1515). The poet supposes that while 
Graunde Amoure was walking in a 
meadow, he encountered Fame, " en- 
throned with tongues of fyre," who told 
him about La bell Pucell, a ladye fair, 
living in the Tower of Musike; and then 
departed, leaving him under the charge 
of Gouernaunce and Grace who conducted 
him to the Tower of Doctrine. Coun- 
tenaunce, the portress, showed him over 
the tower, and lady Science sent him to 
Gramer. Afterwards he was sent to 
Logyke, Rethorike, Inuention, Aris- 
metrike, and Musike. In the Tower of 
Musike he met La bell Pucell, pleaded 
his love, and was kindly entreated ; but 
they were obliged to part for the time 
being, while Graunde Amoure continued 
his " passe-tyme of plesure." On quitting 
La bell Pucell, he went to Geometrye, 
and then to Dame Astronomy. Then, 
leaving the Tower of Science, he entered 
that of Chyualry. Here Mynerue intro- 
duced him to kyng Melyzyus, after which 
he went to the temple of Venus, who sent 
a letter on his behalf to La bell Pucell. 
Meanwhile, the giant False Report (or 
Godfrey Gobilyue) met him, and put him 
to great distress in the house of Correc- 
tion ; but Perceueraunce at length con- 
ducted him to the manour-house of Dame 
Comfort. After sundry trials, Graunde 
Amoure married La bell Pucell, and, 
after many a long day of happiness and 
love, he was arrested by Age, who took 
him before Policye and Auarice. Death, 
in time, came for him, and Reruem- 
braunce wrote his epitaph. 

Paston Letters, letters chiefly 
written to or by the Paston family, in 
Norfolk. Charles Knight calls them " an 
invaluable record of the social customs 
of the fifteenth century." Two volumes 
appeared in 1787, entitled Original Letters 
II rit 'ten During the Reigns of Henry 
VI., Edward IK, and Richard III., by 
Various Persons of Rank. Three extra 
volumes were subsequently printed. 

(Some doubt has been raised respect- 
ing the authenticity of these letters.) 



Pastor Fi'do (//), a pastoral by 
Giovanni Battista Guari'ni of Ferrara 
(1585)- 

Pastoral Romance (The Father 
of), Honore" d'Urfe" (1567-1625). 

Pastorella, the fair shepherdess (bk. 
vi. 9), beloved by Corydon, but " neither 
for him nor any other did she care a 
whit." She was a foundling, brought up 
by the shepherd Melibee. When sir 
Calidore (3 syl. ) was the shepherd's 
guest, he fell in love with the fair found- 
ling, who returned his love. During the 
absence of sir Calidore in a hunting 
expedition, Pastorella, with Melibee and 
Corydon, were carried off by brigands. 
Melibee was killed, Corydon effected his 
escape, and Pastorella was wounded. 
Sir Calidore went to rescue his shepher- 
dess, killed the brigand chief, and brought 
back the captive in safety (bk. vi. n). 
He took her to Belgard Castle, and it 
turned out that the beautiful foundling 
was the daughter of lady Claribel and sir 
Bellamour (bk. vi. 12). — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, vi. 9-12 (1596). 

'." " Pastorella" is meant for Frances 
Walsingham, daughter of sir Francis 
Walsingham, whom sir Philip Sidney 
( ' ' sir Calidore ") married. After Sidney's 
death, the widow married the earl of 
Essex (the queen's favourite). Sir Philip 
being the author of a romance called 
Arcadia, suggested to the poet the name 
Pastorella. 

Fatago'nians. This word means 
"large toot," from the Spanish fatagdn 
("a large, clumsy foot "). The Spaniards 
so called the natives of this part of South 
America, from the unusual size of the 
human foot-prints in the sand. It ap- 
pears that these foot-prints were due to a 
large clumsy shoe worn by the nati ves, 
and were not the impressions of naked 
feet. 

Patam'ba, a city of the Az'tecas, 
south of Missouri, utterly destroyed by 
earthquake and overwhelmed. 

The tempest is abroad. Fierce from the north 
A wind uptears the lake, whose lowest depths 
Rock, while convulsions shake the solid earth. 
When is Patambal ... 1 he mighty lake 
lluth burst its bounds, and yon wide valley roars, 
A troubled sea, before the rolling storm. 

Southcy : Madot (1805). 

Patch, the clever, intriguing waiting- 
woman of lsabinda daughter of sir 
Jealous Traffick. As she was handing a 
love-letter in cipher to her mistress, she 
let it fall, and sir Jealous picked it up. 



PATCH. 



8xa 



PATRICK. 



He could not read it, but insisted on 
knowing what it meant. " Oh," cried the 
ready wit, "it is a charm for the tooth- 
ache ! " and the suspicion of sir Jealous 
was diverted (act iv. 2). — Mrs. Centlivre : 
The Busy Body (1709). 

Patch {Clause), king of the beggars. 
He died in 1730, and was succeeded by 
Bampfylde Moore Carew. 

Patch e (1 syl.), cardinal Wolsey's 
jester. When the cardinal felt his favour 
giving way, he sent Patche as a gift to 
the king, and Henry VIII. considered the 
gift a most acceptable one. 

We call one Patche or Cowlson, whom we see to do 

a thing foolishly, because these two in their time were 
notable fools.— Wilson : Art of Rhetoriqut (1553). 

Patched-up Peace (The), a treaty 
of peace between the due d'Orleans and 
John of Burgundy (1409). 

H Sometimes the treaty between 
Charles IX. and the huguenots, concluded 
at Longjumeau in 1568, is so called (La 
Paix Fourrie). 

Patelin (2 syl.), the hero of an 

ancient French comedy. He contrives 
to obtain on credit six ells of cloth from 
William Josseaume, by artfully praising 
the tradesman's father. Any subtle, 
crafty fellow, who entices by flattery and 
insinuating arts, is called a Patelin. — 
Blanchet : L'Avocat Patelin (1459-1519). 

On lui attribue, mais a tort, la farce de L'Avocat 
Patelin, qui est plus ancienne que lui.— Bouillc t : 
Dictionary Universel d Histoire, etc. (article 
*' Blanchet "). 

Consider, sir, I pray you, how the noble Patelin, 
having a mind to extol to the third heavens the father 
of William Josseaume, said no more than this: he did 
lend his goods freely to those who were desirous of 
them.— Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, iii. 4 (1545)- 

(D. A. de Brueys reproduced this 
comedy in 1706.) 

Pater Patrum. St. Gregory of 
Nyssa is so called by the council of Nice 
(332-395). 

Paterson (Pate), serving-boy to 
Brvce Snailsfoot the pedlar. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Pathfinder (The), Natty Bumppo ; 
also called "The Deerslayer," "The 
Hawk-eye," and "The Trapper." — 
Fenimore Cooper (five novels called The 
Pathfinder, The Pioneers, The Deerslayer, 
The Last of the Mohicans, and The 
Prairie). 

Pathfinder of the Rocky Moun- 
tains (The), major-general John Charles 
Fremont, who conducted four exploring 



expeditions across the Rocky Mountains 
in 1842. 

Patient Griselda or Grisildig, 

the wife of Wautier marquis of Salucds. 
Boccaccio says she was a poor country 
lass, who became the wife of Gualtiere 
marquis of Saluzzo. She was robbed of 
her children by her husband, reduced to 
abject poverty, divorced, and commanded 
to assist in the marriage of her husband 
with another woman ; but she bore every 
affront patiently, and without complaint. 
— Chaucer: Canterbury Tales ("The 
Clerk's Tale," 1388); Boccaccio: De- 
camej-on, x. 10 (1352). 

(The tale is allegorical of that text, 
"The Lord gave, and the Lord hath 
taken away ; blessed be the name of the 
Lord," Job i. 21.) 

N.B.— A comedy called Patient Gris- 
zell was written by Chettle and Dekker in 
1603. 

Patin, brother of the emperor of 
Rome. He fights with Am'adis of Gaul, 
and has his horse killed under him. — 
Vasco de Lobeira : Amadis of Gaul (thir- 
teenth century). 

Patison, sir Thomas More's licensed 
jester. Hans Holbein has introduced 
this jester in his famous picture of the 
lord chancellor. 

Patriarch of Dorchester, John 
White of Dorchester, a puritan divine 

(1574-1648). 

Patriarchs (The Last of the). So 
Christopher Casby of Bleeding-heart 
Yard was called. "So grey, so slow, so 
quiet, so impassionate, so very bumpy in 
the head, that patriarch was the word for 
him." Painters implored him to be a 
model for some patriarch they designed 
to paint. Philanthropists looked on him 
as famous capital for a platform. He 
had once been town agent in the Circum- 
locution Office, and was well-to-do. 

His face had a bloom on it like ripe wall-fruit, and 
his blue eyes seemed to be the eyes of wisdom and 
virtue. His whole face teemed with the look of be- 
nignity. Nobody could say where the wisdom was, or 
where the virtue was, or where the benignity was, but 
they seemed to be somewhere about him. . . . He 
wore a long wide-skirted bottle-green coat, and a 
bottle-green pair of trousers, and a bottle-green waist- 
coat. The patriarchs were not dressed in bottle-greea 
broadcloth, and yet his clothes looked patriarchal.— 
Dickens: Little Dcrrit (1857). 

Patrick, an old domestic at Shaw's 
Castle.— Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's Well 
(time, George III.). 

Patrick (St.), the tutelar saint of 
Ireland. Born at Kirk Patrick, near 



PATRICK. tx 3 

Dumbarton. His baptismal name was 
"Succeath" ("valour in war") changed 
by Milcho, to whom he was sold as a 
slave, into "Cotharig" (four families or 
four masters, to whom he had been sold). 
It was pope Celestine who changed the 
name to " Patricius," when he sent him 
to convert the Irish. 

N.B. — Certainly the most marvellous 
of all the miracles ascribed to the saints is 
that recorded of St. Patrick. "He swam 
across the Shannon with his head in his 
mouth ! " 

St. Patrick and king O'Neil. One day, 
the saint set the end of his crozier on 
the foot of O'Neil king of Ulster, and, 
leaning heavily on it, hurt the king's foot 
severely ; but the royal convert showed 
no indication of pain or annoyance 
whatsover. 

% A similar anecdote is told of St. 
Areed, who went to show the king of 
Abyssinia a musical instrument which he 
had invented. His majesty rested the 
head of his spear on the saint's foot, and 
leaned with both his hands on the spear 
while he listened to the music. St. Areed, 
though his great toe was severely pierced, 
showed no sign of pain, but went on play- 
ing as if nothing was the matter. 

St. Patrick and the Serpent. St. 
Patrick cleared Ireland of vermin. One 
old serpent resisted, but St. Patrick 
overcame it by cunning. He made a 
box, and invited the serpent to enter in. 
The serpent insisted it was too small ; 
and so high the contention grew that the 
serpent got into the box to prove that 
he was right, whereupon St. Patrick 
slammed down the lid, and cast the box 
into the sea. 

f This tradition is marvellously like 
an incident of the Arabian Nights' Enter- 
tainments. A fisherman had drawn up a 
box or vase in his net, and on breaking 
it open a genius issued therefrom, and 
threatened the fisherman with immediate 
destruction because he had been enclosed 
so long Said the fisherman to the genius, 
" I wish to know whether you really 
were in that vase." "I certainly was" 
answered the genius. " I cannot believe 
it," replied the fisherman, " for the vase 
could not contain even one of your feet." 
Then the genius, to prove his assertion, 
changed into smoke, and entered into the 
vase, saying, "Now, incredulous fisher- 
man, dost thou believe me?" But the 
fisherman clapped the leaden cover on 
the vase, and told the genius he was about 
to throw the box into the sea, and that he 



PATRON. 



would build a house on the spot to warn 
others not to fish up so wicked a genius. 
— Arabian Nights ("The Fisherman," 
one of the early tales). 

(St. Patrick, I suspect, had read the 
Arabian Nights, and stole a leaf from the 
fisherman's book. ) 

\ For other similar tales, see Virgil 
the Enchanter. 

St. Patrick a Gentleman. 

Oh, St. Patrick was a gintlemaa. 
Who came of dacent people. . . 

(This song was written by Messrs. 
Bennet and Toleken, of Cork, and was 
first sung by them at a masquerade in 
1 814. It was afterwards lengthened for 
Webbe, the comedian, who made it 
popular.) 

St. Patrick's Purgatory, lough Derg, 
in Ireland. At the end of the fifteenth 
century, the purgatory of lough Derg 
was destroyed, by order of the pope, on 
St. Patrick's Day, 1497. 

(Calderon has a drama entitled The 
Purgatory of St. Patrick, 1600-1681.) 

Patriot "King (The), Henry St. John 
viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751). He 
hired Mallet to traduce Pope after his 
decease, because the poet refused to give 
up certain copies of a work which the 
statesman wished to have destroyed. 

Write as if St. John's soul could still inspire, 

And do from hate what Mallet did for hire. 

Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Patriot of Humanity. Henry 
Grattan (1750-1820) is so called by 
Byron. (See Don Juan, preface to canto 
vi., etc., 1824.) 

Patron (The), a farce by S. Foote 
(1764). The patron is sir Thomas Lofty, 
called by his friends, "sharp-judging 
Adriel, the Muse's friend, himself a 
Muse," but by those who loved him less, 
"the modern Midas." Books without 
number were dedicated to him, and the 
writers addressed him as the " British 
Pollio, Atticus, the Maecenas of England, 
protector of arts, paragon of poets, arbiter 
of taste, and sworn appraiser of Apollo 
and the Muses." The plot is very simple : 
Sir Thomas Lofty has written a play 
called Robinson Crusoe, and gets Richard 
Bever to stand godfather to it. The 
play is damned past redemption, and, to 
soothe Bever, sir Thomas allows him to 
marry his niece Juliet. 

\ • Horace Walpole, earl of Oxford, u 
the original of "sir Thomas Lofty " 
(1717-1797). 



PATRONAGE. 



814 



PAUL. 



Patronage, a novel by Maria Edge- 
worth (1812). 

Patten, according to Gay, is so called 
from Patty, the pretty daughter of a 
Lincolnshire farmer, with whom the 
village blacksmith fell in love. To save 
her from wet feet when she went to milk 
the cows, he mounted her clogs on a 
cleat of iron in the form of a ring. 

The patten now supports each frugal dame. 
Which from the blue-eyed Patty takes its name. 
Guy: Trivia, i. (1712). 

(Of course, the word is the French 
fatin, "a skate or high-heeled shoe," 
from the Greek, patein, " to walk.") 

Pattieson (Mr. Peter), in the intro- 
duction of The Heart of Midlothian, by sir 
W. Scott ; and again in the introduction 
of The Bride of Lammermoor. He is a 
hypothetical assistant teacher at Gander- 
cleuch, and the feigned author of The 
Tales of My Landlord, which sir Walter 
Scott pretends were published by Jede- 
diah Cleishbotham, after the death of 
Pattieson. 

Patty, " the maid of the mill," 
daughter of Fairfield the miller. She 
was brought up by the mother of lord 
Aimworth, and was promised by her 
father in marriage to Farmer Giles ; but 
she refused to marry him, and became 
the bride of lord Aimworth. Patty was 
very clever, very pretty, very ingenuous, 
and loved his lordship to adoration. — 
Bickerstaff: The Maid of the Mill 
(1765). 

Pattypan (Mrs.), a widow who 
keeps lodgings, and makes love to Tim 
Tartlet, to whom she is ultimately en- 
gaged. 

By all accounts, she is just as loving now as she was 
thirty years ago.— Cobb : The First Floor, i. 2 (1756- 
1818). 

Patullo (Mrs.), waiting-woman to 
lady Ash ton. — Sir W. Scott: Bride of 
Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

Pau-Puk-Keewis, a cunning mis- 
chief-maker, who taught the North 
American Indians the game of hazard, 
and stripped them by his winnings of 
all their possessions. In a mad freak, 
Pau-Puk-Keewis entered the wigwam of 
Hiawatha, and threw everything into 
confusion ; so Hiawatha resolved to slay 
him. Pau-Puk-Keewis, taking to flight, 
prayed the beavers to make him a Denver 
ten times their own size. This they did ; 
but when the other beavers made their 
escape at the arrival of Hiawatha, Pau- 



Puk-Keewis was hindered from getting 
away by his great size ; and Hiawatha 
slew him. His spirit, escaping, flew 
upwards, and prayed the storm-fools to 
make him a "brant " ten times their own 
size. This was done, and he was told 
never to look downwards, or he would 
lose his life. When Hiawatha arrived, 
the "brant" could not forbear looking 
at him ; and immediately he fell to earth, 
and Hiawatha transformed him into an 
eagle. 

Now in winter, when the snowflakes 

Whirl in eddies round the lodges. . . . 

" There," they cry, " comes Pau-Puk-Keewta ; 

He is dancing thro' the village, 

He is gathering in his harvest." 

Longfellow: Hiawatha, xvii (1855). 

PAUL, the love-child of Margaret, who 
retired to port Louis, in the Mauritius, 
to bury herself, and bring up her only 
child. Hither came Mme. de la Tour, a 
widow, and was confined of a daughter, 
whom she named Virginia. Between 
these neighbours a mutual friendship 
arose, and the two children became play- 
mates. As they grew in years, their 
fondness for each other developed into 
love. When Virginia was 15, her 
mother's aunt adopted her, and begged 
she might be sent to France to finish 
her education. She was above two years 
in France ; and as she refused to marry 
a count of the "aunt's" providing, she 
was disinherited, and sent back to her 
mother. When within a cable's length 
of the island, a hurricane dashed the 
ship to pieces, and the dead body of 
Virginia was thrown upon the shore. 
Paul drooped from grief, and within two 
months followed her to the grave. — 
Bernardin de St. Pierre : Paul et Vir- 
gine (1788). 

(In Cobb's dramatic version, Paul's 
mother (Margaret) is made a faithful 
domestic of Virginia's parents. Virginia's 
mother dies, and commits her infant 
daughter to the care of Dominique, a 
faithful old negro servant ; and Paul and 
Virginia are brought up in the belief that 
they are brother and sister. When Vir- 
ginia is 15 years old, her aunt Leonora 
de Guzman adopts her, and sends don 
Antonio de Guardes to bring her to Spain, 
and make her his bride. She is taken by 
force on board ship ; but scarcely has the 
ship started, when a hurricane dashes it 
on rocks, and it is wrecked. Alhambra, 
a runaway slave, whom Paul and Virginia 
had befriended, rescues Virginia, who is 
brought to shore and married to Paul \ 
but Antonio is drowned. 



PAUL. 



8x5 



PAULINUS. 



Tanl {Father), Paul Sarpi (1552-1628). 

Paul {St.). The very sword which 
cut off the head of this apostle is pre- 
served at the convent of La Lisla, near 
Toledo, in Spain. If any one doubts 
the fact, he may, for a gratuity, see a 
" copper sword, twenty-five inches long, 
and three and a half broad, on one side 
of which is the word mucro (' a sword '), 
and on the other paulus . . . CAPITE." 
Can anything be more convincing ? 

Paul {The Second St.), St. Remi or 
Remigius, "The Great Apostle of the 
French. " He was made bishop of Rheims 
when only 22 years old. It was St. Remi 
who baptized Clovis, and told him that 
henceforth he must worship what he 
hitherto had hated, and abjure what he 
had hitherto adored (439-535)- 

(The cruse employed by St. Remi in 
the baptism of Clovis was used through 
the French monarchy in the anointing of 
all the kings.) 

Paul and Virginia, in French, by 
St. Pierre, 1788. (See Paul.) There is 
an English version of this very pretty 
story. 

Paul at Damascus. (See Saul . . . ) 

Paul Pry, an idle, inquisitive, 
meddlesome fellow, who has no occupa- 
tion of his own, and is for ever poking 
his nose into other people's affairs. He 
always comes in with the apology, " I 
hope I don't intrude. "—Poole : Paul Pry 
(1825). 

•.• Thomas Hill, familiarly called 
"Tommy Hill," was the original of this 
character, and also of " Gilbert Gurney," 
by Theodore Hook. Planche says of 
Thomas Hill— 

His sperialit/was the accurate Information he could 
Impart on all the petty details of the domestic economy 
of his friends, the contents of their wardrobes, their 
pantries, the number of pots of preserve in their store- 
closets, and of the table-napkins in their linen-presses, 
the dates of their births and marriages, the amounts 
of their tradesmen's bills, and whether paid weekly or 
quarterly. He had been on the press, and was con- 
nected with the Morning Chronicle. He used to 
drive Matthews crazy by ferreting out his whereabouts 
when he left London, and popping the information la 
some paper.— Recollections, L 131, 13a. 

Paul's Pigeons. So the boys of St. 
Paul's School, London, used to be called. 

Paul's Walkers, loungers who fre- 
quented the middle of St. Paul's in the 
time of the Commonwealth, as they did 
Bond Street during the regency. (See 
Ben Jonson's Every Man out of His 
Humour (1599), and Harrison Ainsworth'i 
Old St. Pauls, 1843.) 



Pauletti {The lady Erminia\ ward 

of Master George Heriot the king's gold- 
smith.— Sir W. Scott: The Fortunes of 
Nigel (time, James I.). 

Pauli'na, the noble-spirited wife of 
Antig'onus a Sicilian lord, and the kind 
friend of queen Hermi'one. When Her- 
mione' gave birth in prison to a daughter, 
Paulina undertook to present it to king 
Leont&s, hoping that his heart would be 
softened at the sight of his infant 
daughter; but he commanded the child 
to be cast out on a desert shore, and ieft 
there to perish. The child was drifted 
to the " coast " of Bohemia, and brought 
up by a shepherd, who called it Perdlta. 
Florizel, the son of king Polixgnes, fell 
in love with her, and fled with her to 
Sicily, to escape the vengeance of the 
angry king. The fugitives being intro- 
duced to LeontSs, it was soon discovered 
that Perdita was the king's daughter, and 
PolixenSs consented to the union he had 
before forbidden. Paulina now invited 
Leont&s and the rest to inspect a famous 
statue of HermionS, and the statue 
turned out to be the living queen her- 
self.— Shakespeare: The Winter's Tale 
(1604). 

Paulina b dever, penerous, strong-minded, and 
warm-hearted, fearless in asserting the truth, firm in 
her sense of right, enthusiastic in all her affections, 
quick in thought, resolute in word, and energetic in 
action, but heedless, hot-tempered, impatient, loud, 
bold, voluble, and turbulent of tongue.— Mrs. 
Jameson. 

Pauline, "The Beauty of Lyons," 
daughter of Mon. Deschappelles, a Ly- 
onese merchant; "as pretty as Venus 
and as proud as Juno." (For the rest, 
see Melnotte, p. 695.)— Lord Lytton : 
The Lady of Lyons (1838). 

Pauline {Mademoiselle) or Monna 
Paula, the attendant of lady Erminia 
Pauletti the goldsmith's ward. — Sir W. 
Scott : The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James 
I.). 

Pauli'nus of York christened 10,000 
men, besides women and their children, 
in one single day in the Swale. (Al- 
together some 50,000 souls, i.e. 104 every 
minute, 6250 every hour, supposing he 
worked eight hours without stopping.) 

When the Saxons first received the Christian faith, 
Paulinus of old York, the zealous bishop then, 
In Swale'l abundant stream chrUtened ten thousand 

men, 
With women and their babes, a number more beside. 
Upon one happy day. 

Drayton : r*kyolbion, xzriiL (iftaa*. 



PAUPIAH. 



816 



PEACE OF ANTALCIDAS. 



Faupiah, the Hindu steward of the 
British governor of Madras. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Surgeon's Daughter (time, 
George II.). 

Pausa'nias {The British), William 
Camden (1551-1623). Sometimes called 
" the British Strabo." 

Pauvre Jacques. When Marie 
Antoinette had her artificial Swiss village 
in the " Little Trianon," a Swiss girl was 
brought over to heighten the illusion. 
She was observed to pine, and was heard 
to sigh out, pauvre Jacques I This little 
romance pleased the queen, who sent for 
Jacques, and gave the pair a wedding 
portion ; while the marchioness de Tra- 
vanet wrote the song called Pauvre 
Jacques which created at the time quite 
a sensation. The first and last verses 
ran thus — 

Pauvre Jacques, quand j'etais pres de toi, 

Je ne sentais pas ma mis£re; 
Mais a present que tu vis loin de moS, 

Je manque de teut sur la terre. 
Poor Jack, while I was near to thee, 

Tho' poor, my bliss was unalloyed ; 
But now thou dwell' st so far from me, 

The world appears a lonesome void. 

E.C.B. 

Pa'via {Battle of). Franpois I. of 
France is said to have written to his 
mother these words after the loss of this 
battle, " Madame, tout est perdu hors 
l'honneur ; " but what he really wrote 
was, "Madame . . . de toutes choses 
ne m'est demeur6 pas que l'honneur et la 
vie.' 

And with a noble siege revolted Pavia took. 

Drayton : Polyolbien, xviii. (1613). 

Pavilion of prince Ahmed. 

This pavilion was so small that it might 
be held and covered by the hand, and 
yet so large when pitched that a whole 
army could encamp beneath it. Its size, 
however, was elastic, being always pro- 
portionate to the army to be covered by 
it. — Arabian Nights {" Ahmed and Pari- 
Banou "). 

Pavilion {Meinheer Hermann), the 

syndic at Liege [Le-aje]. 

Mother Mabel Pavilion, wife of mein- 
heer Hermann. 

Trudchen or Gertrude Pavilion, their 
daughter, betrothed to Hans Glover. — 
Sir W. Scott : Quentin Durward (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Fawkins {Major), a huge, heavy 
man, " one of the most remarkable of 
the age." H« was a great politician and 



great patriot, but generally under a cloud, 
wholly owing to his distinguished genius 
for bold speculations, not to say " swind- 
ling schemes." His creed was " to run a 
moist pen slick through everything, and 
start afresh." — Dickens : Martin Chuzzle- 
wit (1844). 

Pawnbrokers' Balls. Every one 
knows that these balls are the arms of 
the Medici family, but it is not so well 
known that they refer to an exploit of 
Averardo de Medici, a commander under 
Charlemagne. This bold warrior slew 
the giant Mugello, whose club he bore as 
a trophy. This mace or club had three 
iron balls, which the family adopted as 
their device. — Roscoe : Life of Lorenzo de' 
Medici (1796). 

Paynim Harper {The), referred to 
by Tennyson in the Last Tournament, 
was Orpheus. 

Swine, goats, rams, and geese 
Trooped round a paynim harper once, , . , 
Then were swine, goats, asses, geese 
The wiser fools, seeing the paynim bard 
Had such a mastery of his mystery 
That he could harp his wife up out of hell. 

Tennyson : The Last Tournament (1850). 

Peace {Prince of), don Manuel Godoy, 
born at Badajoz. So called because he 
concluded the ' ' peace of Basle " between 
the French and Spanish nations in 1795 
(1767-1851). 

The Father of Peace, Andrea Doria 
(1469-1560). 

Peace {The Perpetual), a peace con- 
cluded between England and Scotland, 
a few years after the battle of Flodden 
Field (January 24, 1502). 

Peace {The Surest Way to). Fox, 
afterwards bishop of Hereford, said to 
Henry VIII., The surest way to peace is 
a constant preparation for war. The 
Romans had the axiom, Si vis pacem, 
para bellum. It was said of Edgar, sur- 
named "the Peaceful," king of England, 
that he preserved peace in those turbulent 
times " by being always prepared for 
war " (reigned 959-975). 

Peace at any Price. Mdzeray 
says of Louis XII., that he had such 
detestation of war, that he rather chose 
to lose his duchy of Milan than burden 
his subjects with a war-tax. — Histoire de 
France (1643). 

Peace of Antal'cidas, the peace 
concluded by Antalcidas the Spartan and 
Artaxerxes (B.C. 387). 



PEACE OF GOD. 



817 



PECKSNIFF. 



Peace of God, a peace enforced by 
the clergy on the barons of Christendom, 
to prevent the perpetual feuds between 
baron and baron (1035). 

Peace to the Souls. (See Moena, 
p. 727.) 

Peach/tun, a pimp, patron of a gang 
of thieves, and receiver of their stolen 
goods. His house is the resort of thieves, 
pickpockets, and villains of all sorts. He 
betrays his comrades when it is for his 
own benefit, and even procures the arrest 
of captain Macheath. 

The quarrel between Peachum and Lockit was an 
allusion to a personal collision between Walpole and 
his colleague lord Townsend.— Ji. Chambers: English 
Literature, L 571. 

Mrs. Peachum, wife of Peachum. She 
recommends her daughter Polly to be 
■• somewhat nice in her deviations from 
virtue." 

Polly Peachum, daughter of Peachum. 
{See Polly.)— Gay; The Beggar 's Opera 
(1727). 

Peacock's Feather Unlucky (A). 
The peacock's feather is the emblem of 
an evil eye, an ever-vigilant false friend or 
traitor. The tale is this : Argus was the 
chief minister of Osiris king of Egypt. 
When the king started on his Indian 
expedition, he left queen Isis regent, with 
Argus for her chief adviser. Argus, with 
his hundred eyes (or rather secret spies), 
soon made himself powerful, shut up the 
queen-regent in a strong castle, and pro- 
claimed himself king. Mercury marched 
against him, took him prisoner, and cut 
off his head. Whereupon, Juno metamor- 
phosed him into a peacock, and set his 
hundred eyes in his taiL 

Pearl. It is said that Cleopatra 
swallowed a pearl of more value than the 
whole of the banquet she had provided 
in honour of Antony. This she did when 
she drank to his health. 

IT The same sort of extravagant folly is 
told of ^isopus son of Clodius ^Esopus 
the actor. — Horace: a Satires, iii. vers. 

239- 

"if A similar act of vanity and folly is 
ascribed to sir Thomas Gresham, when 
queen Elizabeth dined at the City banquet, 
after her visit to the Royal Exchange. 

Here .£15.000 at one clap goes 

Instead of sugar ; Gresham drinks the pearl 

Unto his queen and mistress. 

Heywood. 

Pearl of Ireland ( The), St Bridget 
or Brigette (1302- 1373). 



Pearl of the Antilles ( The), Cuba, 

which belongs to Spain. 

Pearson {Captain Gilbert), officer in 
attendance on Cromwell. — Sir W. Scott; 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Peasant-Bard ( The), Robert Burns 
(17591796). 
Peasant-Boy Philosopher ( The), 

James Ferguson (1710-1776). 

Peasant-Painter of Sweden, 

Horberg. His chief paintings are altar- 
pieces. 

The altar-piece painted by Horberg. 
Longfellow: The Children if the Lord's Stiff tr. 

Peasant-Poet of Northampton- 
shire, John Clare (1793-1864). 

Peasant of the Danube (The), 
Louis Legendre, a member of the French 
National Convention (1755-1797) ; called 
in French Le Paysan du Danube, from 
his " eloquence sauvage." 

Peasants' War (The), a revolt of 
the German peasantry in Swabia and 
Franconia, and subsequently in Saxony, 
Thuringia, and Alsace, occasioned by the 
oppression of the nobles and the clergy 
(1500-1525). 

Feaseblossom, a fairy in Shake- 
speare's Midsummer Night's Dream. 
Other of the fairies are Cobweb, Moth, 
and Mustardseed (1592). 

Pean de Chagrin, a story by 
Balzac. The hero becomes possessed of 
a magical wild ass's skin, which yielded 
him the means of gratifying every wish; 
but for every wish thus gratified the skin 
shrank somewhat, and at last vanished, 
having been wished entirely away. The 
hero died at the moment the skin disap- 
peared. Life is a peau d'ane, for every 
vital act diminishes its force, and when 
all its force is gone, life is spent (1834). 

Peckover, the butcher, and leader 
of the " Blue Lambs." — Tom Taylor ; 
The Contested Election (i860). 

Niver a j'int of meat distributed among: the poor of 
the borough; and me that has known an election 
make a deference of a score of bullocks in a mouth. 
Oh, it is mean 1 it is mean I 

Feck'snifF, "architect and land sur- 
veyor," at Salisbury. He talks homilies 
even in drunkenness, prates about the 
beauty of charity and the duty of forgive- 
ness, but is altogether a canting humbug. 
Ultimately he is so reduced in position 
that he becomes " a drunken, begging, 
squalid, letter-writing man," out at 
elbows, and almost shoeless. Pecksniff's 
3<s 



PEDANT. 



8iS 



PEELER. 



•peciality was the " sleek, smiling, crawl- 
ing abomination of hypocrisy." 

If ever man combined within himself all the mild 

Dualities «f the lamb with a considerable touch of the 
ove, and not a dash of the crocodile, or the least 
possible suggestion of the very mildest seasoning of tne 
serpent, that man was Mr. Pecksniff, '* the messenger 
•f peace."— Ch. iv. 

Charity and Mercy Pecksniff, the two 
daughters of the "architect and land 
surveyor." Charity is thin, ill-natured, 
and a shrew, eventually jilted by a weak 
young man, who really loves her sister. 
Mercy Pecksniff, usually called " Merry," 
is pretty and true-hearted. Though flip- 
pant and foolish as a girl, she becomes 
greatly toned down by the troubles of her 
married life. — Dickens : Martin Chuzzle- 
wit (1843). 

Pedant, an olch fellow set op to per- 
sonate Vincentio in Shakespeare's comedy 
called The Taming of the Shrew ( 1695). 

Fedlington [Little], an imaginary 
borough in which quackery, cant, hy- 
pocrisy, and humbug abound. John 
Poole wrote, in 1839, a satire called 
Little Pedlington and the Pcdlingtonians. 

Pedre (Don), a Sicilian nobleman, 
who has a Greek slave of great beauty 
named Isidore (3 syl.). This slave is 
loved by Adraste (3 syl.), a French 
gentleman, who gains access to the house 
under the guise of a portrait-painter. 
(For the rest, see Adraste, p. 10.) 
— Moliere: Le Sicilien ou L Amour 
Peintre (1667). 

Pedrillo, the tutor of don Juan. 
After the shipwreck, the men in the boat, 
being wholly without provisions, cast lots 
to know which should be killed as food 
for the rest, and the lot fell on Pedrillo, 
but those who feasted on him most 
ravenously went mad. 

His tutor, the licentiate Pedrillo, 
Who several languages did understand. 
Byron : Dan Juan, ii. 25 ; see 76-79 (1819). 

PE'BHO, "the pilgrim," a noble 
gentleman, servant to Alinda (daughter of 
lord Alphonso). — Fletcher: The Pilgrim 
(1621). 

Pedro (Don), prince of Aragon.— 
Shakespeare : Much Ado about Nothing 
(1600). 

Pedro (Don), father of Leonora. — 
Jephson : Two Strings to your Bow (1792). 

Pedro (Don), a Portuguese nobleman, 
father of donna Violante. — Centlivre : 
The Wonder (1714). 

Pedro [Dr. ), whose full name was Dr. 
Pedro Rezio de Aguero, court physician 



In the island of Barataria. He carried * 

whalebone rod in his hand, and whenever 
any dish of food was set before Sancho 
Panza the governor, he touched it with 
his wand, that it might be instantly re- 
moved, as unfit for the governor to eat. 
Partridges were " forbidden by Hippoc'- 
ratSs," olla podridas were "most per- 
nicious," rabbits were "a sharp-haired 
diet," veal might not be touched, but "a 
few wafers and a thin slice or two of 
quince " might not be harmful. 

The governor, being served with some beef hashed 
with onions, ... fell to with more avidity than if he 
had been set down to Milan godwits, Roman phea- 
sants, Sorrento real, Moron partridges, er green 
geese of Lavajos; and turning to Dr. Pedro, he said, 
" Look you, signor doctor, I want no dainties, . . . 
for I have been always used te beef, bacon, pork, 
turnips, and ooioaa."— Cervantes ; Den QuixtU, IL 
iii. 10, xa (16x5). 

Dr. Sangrado seems to be copied In 
some measure from this character. His 
panacea was hot water and stewed apples. 
—Lesage: Gil Bias (1715-35)- 

Dr. Hancock (a real character) pro- 
scribed cold water and stewed prunes. 

Peebles (Peter), the pauper litigant. 
He is vain, litigious, hard-hearted, and 
credulous ; a liar, a drunkard, and a 
pauper. His "ganging plea" is Ho- 
garthian comic. — Sir W. Scott: Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Peecher (Miss), a schoolmistress, in 
the fiat country where Kent and Surrey 
meet. "Small, shining, neat methodical, 
and buxom was Miss Peecher ; cherry- 
cheeked and tuneful of voice. A little 
pincushion, a little hussif, a little book, 
a little work-box, a little set of tables and 
weights and measures, and a little woman, 
all in one. She could write a little essay 
on any subject exactly a slate long, and 
strictly according to rule. If Mr. Bradley 
Headstone had proposed marriage to her, 
she would certainly have replied * yes,' 
for she loved him ; " but Mr. Headstone 
did not love Miss Peecher — he loved Lizzie 
Hexam, and had no love to spare for any 
other woman. — Dickens: Our Mutual 
Friend, ii. x (1864). 

Peel - the - Causeway (Old), a 
smuggler. — Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Peeler (Sir), any crop which greatly 
Impoverishes the ground. To peel is to 
impoverish soil, as "oats, rye, barley, 
and grey wheat," but not peas (xxxiii. 51). 

Wheat doth not well, 
Nor after sir Peeler he loveth to dwell. 

Tusstr ; Five Hundred Prints •fG—d 
Husbandry, xrilL ta (1557). 



PEELERS. 819 

Peelers, the constabulary of Ireland, 
appointed under the Peace Preservation 
Act of 1814, proposed by sir Robert Peel. 
The name was subsequently given to the 
new police of England, who are also called 
•* Bobbies " from sir Robert PeeL 

Feelites (2 syl.), those who re- 
mained faithful to sir Robert Peel on 
the second reading of the Corn Law 
Bill. In 1846 about two-fifths of the 
Tory party revolted, and 248 of them 
voted against sir Robert on the second 
reading of the Corn Law Bill. Of these 
revolters 80, under the leadership of lord 
George Bentinck and Benjamin Disraeli, 
joined the Liberals, defeated the Irish 
Coercion Bill, and turned out the Govern- 
ment. Between 1847-1852 those who 
followed Peel were called Peelites; but in 
1852, under the coalition Government 
the name disappeared. 

Peep-o'-Day Boys, Irish insurgents 
of 1784, who prowled about at daybreak, 
searching for arms. 

Peeping Tom of Coventry. 

(See Godiva, p. 432.) 

Peerage of the Saints. In the 

preamble of the statutes instituting the 
Order of St. Michael, founded by Louis 
XI. in 1469, the archangel is styled "my 
lord," and created a knight. The apostles 
had been already ennobled and knighted. 
We read of "the earl Peter," "count 
Paul," "the baron Stephen," and so on. 
Thus, in the introduction of a sermon 
upon St Stephen's Day, we have these 
lines — 

Entendes toute* a chest 

Et clair et lai tules environ. 

Contes vous vueil lela pation 

De St. Estieul le baron. 
The apostles were gentlemen of bloude, and manye 
of them descended from that worthy conqueror Judas 
Mackabeus, though, through the tract of time and 
persecution of wars, poverty oppressed the kindred, 
and they were constrayned to servile works. Christ 
was also a gentleman on the mother's side, and might, 
if He had esteemed of the vayne glorye of this world, 
have borne coat armour. — The Blazon of GentrU 
(quarto). 

Peerce (1 syl.), a generic name for a 
farmer or ploughman. Piers the plow- 
man is the name assumed by Robert or 
William Langland, in a historico-satirical 
poem so called. 



PEGASU& 



you nave a ■■ pater noster " spare, 
Then shal you pray for saylers. 



And yet, my priests, pray you to God for Peerce 
And if you nave a " pater n< 

>u pray for sayl< 

Gascoipne : Tht StuU Glas (died 1577). 

Peery {Paul), landlord of the Ship, 
Dover. 

Mrs. Peery, Paul's wife. — Colman ; 
Ways and Means (1788). 



Peerybingle {John), * carrier, 
"lumbering, slow, and honest; heavy, 
but light of spirit ; rough upon the sur- 
face, but gentle at the core ; dull without, 
but quick within ; stolid, but so good. 
O mother Nature, give thy children 
the true poetry of heart that hid itself 
in this poor carrier's breast, and we can 
bear to have them talking prose all their 
life long ! " 

Mrs. [Mary] Peerybingle, called by her 
hu-band "Dot." She was a little chubby, 
cheery, young wife, very fond of her 
husband, and very proud of her baby ; 
a good housewife, who delighted in 
making the house snug and cozy for 
John, when he came home after his day's 
work. She called him "a dear old 
darling of a dunce," or "her little 
goosie." She sheltered Edward Plummer 
in her cottage for a time, and thereby 
placed herself under a cloud ; but the 
marriage of Edward with May Fielding 
cleared up the mystery, and John loved 
his little Dot more fondly than ever. — 
Dickens: The Cricket on the Hearth 
(1845). 

Pegf, sister of John Bull ; meant for 
the Presbyterian Church. Peter is the 
Catholic party. Martin [Luther] the 
Lutheran party, and John [Calvin] the 
Calvinistic party. 

What think you of my sister Peg [Scotland], that 
faints at the sound of an organ, and yet will dance and 
frisk at the noise of a bagpipe i—Dr. Arbuthnot : 
History of John Bull (1712). 

Pegf. Drink to your peg. King Edgar 
ordered that "pegs should be fastened 
into drinking-horns at stated distances, 
and whoever drank beyond his peg at one 
draught should be obnoxious to a severe 
punishment." 

I had lately a peg-tankard to my hand. It had on 
the inside a row of eight pins, one above another, 
from bottom to top. It held two quarts, so that there 
was a gill of liquor between peg and peg. Whoever 
drank short of his pin or beyond it, was obliged to 
drink to the next, and so on till the tankard was 
drained to the bottom.— -Sharpc : History of tht 
Kings 0/ England. 

Peg'-a-B.amsey, the heroine of an 
old song. Percy says it was an indecent 
ballad. Shakespeare alludes to it in his 
Twelfth Night, act ii. sc. 3 (1614). 

James I. had been much struck with the beauty and 
embarrassment of the pretty Peg-a-Ramsey, as be 
called her.— Sir IV. Scott. 

Pegasus, the winged horse of the 
Muses. It was caught by Bellerophon, 
who mounted thereon, and destroyed the 
Chimaera ; but when he attempted to 
ascend to heaven, he was thrown from 
the horse, and Pegasus mounted alone to 



PEGG. 



PELICAN ISLAND. 



the skies, where it became the constella- 
tion of the same name. 

To break Pegasus' s neck, to write halting 

poetry. 

Some, free from rhyme or reason, rule or check. 
Break Priscian's head, and Pegasus's neck. 

Pope : The Dunciad, iii. 161 (1728). 

N.B. — To " break Priscian's head" is 
to write bad grammar. Priscian was a 
great grammarian of the fifth century. 

Pegg {Katharine), one of the mistresses 
of Charles II. She was the daughter of 
Thomas Pegg, Esq., of Yeldersey, in 
Derbyshire. 

Peggot'ty {Clara), servant-girl of 
Mrs. Copperfield, and the faithful old 
nurse of David Copperfield. Her name 
"Clara" was tabooed, because it was 
the name of Mrs. Copperfield. Clara 
Peggotty married Barkis the carrier. 

Being very plump, whenever she made any Httle 
exertion after she was dressed, some of the buttons on 
the back of her gown flew off.— Ch. ii. 

Dan el Peggotty, brother of David 
Copperfield's nurse. Dan'el was a Yar- 
mouth fisherman. His nephew Ham 
Peggotty, and his brother-in-law's child 
"little Em'ly," lived with him. Dan'el 
himself was a bachelor, and a Mrs. Gum- 
midge (widow of his late partner) kept 
house for him. Dan'el Peggotty was most 
tender-hearted, and loved little Em'ly 
dearly. 

Ham Peggotty, nephew of Dan'el Peg- 
gotty of Yarmouth, and son of Joe, 
Dan'el's brother. Ham was in love with 
little Em'ly, daughter of Tom (Dan's 
brother-in-law) ; but Steerforth stepped 
in between them, and stole Em'ly away. 
Ham Peggotty is represented as the very 
beau-ideal of an uneducated, simple- 
minded, honest, and warm-hearted fisher- 
man. He was drowned in his attempt to 
rescue Steerforth from the sea. 

Em'ly Peggotty, daughter of Dan's 
brother-in-law Tom. She was engaged 
to Ham Peggotty ; but being fascinated 
with Steerforth, ran off with him. She 
was afterwards reclaimed, and emigrated 
to Australia with Dan'el and Mrs. Gum- 
midge. — Dickens : David Copperfield 
(1849). 

Peggy, grandchild of the old widow 
Maclure a covenanter. — Sir W. Scott: 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Peggy, the laundry-maid of colonel 
Mannering at Woodburne. — Sir W. 
Scott : Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Peggy [Thrift], the orphan daugh- 



ter of sir Thomas Thrift of Hampshire, 
and the ward of Moody, who brings her 
up in perfect seclusion in the country. 
(For the rest of the tale, see Moody ) — 
The Country Girl (Garrick, altered from 
Wycherly's Country Wife, 1675). 

Mrs. Jordan [1762-1816] made her first appearance in 
London at Drury Lane in 1785. The character she 
selected was " Peggy," her success was immediate, her 
salary doubled, and she was allowed two benefits.— 
W. C. Russell: Representative Actors. 

Pegler (Mrs.), mother of Josiah 
Bounderby, Esq., banker and mill-owner, 
called "The Bully of Humility." The 
son allows the old woman ^30 a year to 
keep out of sight. — Dickens: Hard Times 
(x8 5 4). 

Pek'uan, the attendant of princess 
Nekayah, of the "happy valley." She 
accompanied the princess in her wander- 
ings, but refused to enter the great 
pyramid. While the princess was ex- 
ploring the chambers, Pekuah was carried 
off by some Arabs ; but was afterwards 
ransomed for 200 ounces of gold. — Dr. 
Johnson : Passe las (1759). 

Pelay'o (Prince), son of Favil'a, 
founder of the Spanish monarchy after 
the overthrow of Roderick last of the 
Gothic kings. Prince Pelayo united, in 
his own person, the royal lines of Spain 
and of the Goths. 

In him the old Iberian blood. 
Of royal and remotest ancestry 
From undisputed source, flowed undefiled • . . 
He, too, of Chindasuintho's regal line 
Sole remnant now, drew after him the love 
Of all true Goths. 

Southey: Roderick, etc., viii. (1814). 

Pelham, the hero of a novel by lord 
Lytton, entitled Pelham or The Adven- 
tures of a Gentleman (1828). 

Pelham (M.), one of the many aliases 
of sir R. Phillips, under which he pub- 
lished The Parent's and Tutor s First 
Catechism. In the preface he calls the 
writer authoress. Some of his other 
names are Rev. David Blair, Rev. C. C. 
Clarke, Rev. J. Goldsmith. 

Pe'lian Spear (The), the lance of 
Achilles which wounded and cured Te'- 
lephos. So called from Peleus the father 
of Achilles. 

Such was the cure the Arcadian hero found— 
The Pelian spear that wounded, made him sound. 
Ovid: Remedy 0/ Love. 

Pelican Island (The), a poem in 
blank verse, extending over nine cantos, 
by James Montgomery (1827). 

Canto L Disembodied soul, with vital imagtnarJoi^ 
longing for companionship. 
Canto S. The first era of creation, the period of 



PELIDES. 



fez 



PELO BATES 



fishes, when the cecal bofit reefs which became dry 
lands. 

Canto 13. The third period of creation saw the 
reefs made fertile with all the variety of the vegetable 
world ; then came insects innumerable, reptiles, and 
lastly monsters. A cataplasm swept over the earth, 
and every plant and animal was destroyed. 

Canto it. Surviving germs of the preceding world 
resuscitate and fill the earth with yegetables of smaller 
growth, flowers, insects, reptiles; and pelicans domi- 
nate both seas and land. 

Canto r. Coral reefs increase in number and ia 
size. The period was the Age of Birds, chiefly 
amphibious, but still the pelican ruled supreme, and 
lived out its hundred years. 

Canto vi. Animals of all sorts increase. The 
dreamer is then transferred te a spot where he sees 
man ; but it is man in his most savage state, cannibal 
man, untutored and savage. He tyrannizes over 
woman, as the weaker vessel, but in his lowest state 
retains one spark of deity — love. 

Canto vii. Man dies, and what becomes of him? 
No particle remains to tell us, but we feel assured 
there is a rest, 'and everlasting rest,,especially for those 
who lived yet knew no sin. 

Canto viii. God has given man Intelligence to enjoy 
and improve his condition ; conscience to rebuke him 
for wrong-doing ; a revelation to lead him into truth, 
and a redeemer to ransom him ; but, alas I one looks 
abroad, and the question arises, " Lord God, why 
hast Thou made all men in vain? " 

Canto ix. Nothing on earth can satisfy man's 
aspirations. Heaven and earth may pass away, but 
that which thinks within us can never cease to be. 

Peli'des (3 syl.), Achillas, son of 
Peleus (2 syl. ), chief of the Greek warriors 
at the siege of Troy. — Homer : Iliad. 

When, like Pelides, bold beyond control, 
Homer raised high to heaven the loud impetuous song. 
Bcatlie : The Minstrel (1773-4). 

Pelion. [" mud-sprung' 'J, one of the 

frog chieftains. 

A spear at Pelion, Troglodytes cast 
The missive spear within the bosom past 
Death's sable shades the fainting frog surround. 
And life's red tide runs ebbing from the wound. 

Parnell: Battle 0/ the Frogs and Mite, ill. 
(about 171a). 

Pell (Solomon), an attorney in the 
Insolvent Debtors' Court. He has the 
*ery highest opinions of his own merits, 
and by his aid Tony Weller contrives to 
get his son Sam sent to the Fleet for debt, 
that he may be near Mr. Pickwick to 
protect and wait upon him. — Dickens: 
The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Pelleas (Sir), lord of many isles, and 
noted for his great muscular strength. 
He fell in love with lady Ettard, but the 
lady did not return his love. SirGaw'ain 
promised to advocate his cause with the 
lady, but played him false. Sir Peilea.s 
caught them in unseemly dalliance with 
each other, but forbore to kill them. 
By the power of enchantment, the lady 
was made to dote on sir Pelleas ; but the 
knight would have nothing to say to her, 
so she pined and died. After the lady 
Ettard played him false, the Damsel of 
the Lake "rejoiced him, and they loved 
together during their whole lives." — Sir 



T. Malory : History of Prince Arthur, i. 

79-82 (1470). 

N.B. — Sir Pelleas must not be con- 
founded with sir Pelles (q.v.). 

(One of the Idylls of lord Tennyson is 
called " Pelleas and Etarre.") 

Fellegfrin, the pseudonym of De la 
Motte Fouque (1777-1843). 

Pelles (Sir), of Corbin Castle, "king 
of the foragn land and nigh cousin of 
Joseph of Arimathy." He was father of 
sir Eliazar, and of the lady Elaine who 
fell in love with sir Launcelot, by whom 
she became the mother of sir Galahad 
"who achieved the quest of the hoiy 
graal." This Elaine was not the "lily 
maid of Astolat." 

While sir Launcelot was visiting king 
Pelles, a glimpse of the holy graal was 
vouchsafed them — 

For when they went into the castle to take their 
repast . . there came a dove to the window, and in 
her bill was a little censer of gold, and there withall 
was such a savour as though all the spicery of the 
world had been there . . . and a damsel, passing fair, 
bare a vessel of gold between her hands, and thereto 
the king kneeled devoutly and said his prayers. . . . 
" Oh mercy I " said sir Launcelot, " what may this 
mean?" . . . "This," said the king, "is the holy 
Sancgreall which ye have seen." — Sir 7*. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, ilL a (1470). 

Pellinore (Sir), one of the knights 
of the Round Table, and called the 
"Knight of the Stranger Beast." Sir 
Pellinore slew king Lot of Orkeney, but 
was himself slain ten years afterwards by 
sir Gawaine one of Lot's sons (pt. i. 35). 
Sir Pellinore (3 syl.) had, by the wife of 
Aries the cowherd, a son named sir Tor, 
who was the first knight of the Round 
Table created by king Arthur (pt. i. 47, 
48) ; one daughter, Klein, by the Lady of 
Rule (pt. iii. 10) ; and three sons in lawful 
wedlock : viz. sir Aglouale (sometimes 
called Aglavale, probably a clerical error), 
sir Lamorake Dornar (also called sir 
Lamorake de Galis), and sir Percivale de 
Galis (pt. ii. 108). The widow succeeded 
to the throne (pt. iii. 10). — Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur (1470). 

Milton calls the name " Pellenore" (a 
syl.). In fact each of the names in the 
last line of the following quotation is a 
dissyllable : Lance-lot', or Pelle-as, or 
Pelle-nore. 

Hair damsels, met in forests wide 
By knights of Logres or of Lyones, 
Lancelot, or Pelleas, or Pellenore. 

MOUm 

Pelob'ates (4 syl.), one of the frog 
champions. The word means " mud- 
wader." In the battle he flings a heap 
of mud against Psycarpax the Hector 



PELOPS* SHOULDER. 



PENELOPE'S WEB. 



of the mice, and half blinds him; but 
the warrior mouse heaves a stone " whose 
bulk would need ten degenerate mice of 
modern days to lift," and the mass, falling 
on the " mud- wader," breaks his leg. — 
Parnell: Battle of the Frogs and Mice, 
iii. (about 1712). 

Pel'ops' Shoulder, ivory. The 
tale is that Demeter ate the shoulder of 
Pelops when it was served up by Tan'- 
talos for food. The gods restored Peloos 
to life by putting the dismembered bocy 
into a caldron, but found that it lacked a 
shoulder; whereupon Demeter supplied 
him with an ivory shoulder, and all his 
descendants bore this distinctive mark. 

N.B.— It will be remembered that 
Pythag'oras had a golden thigh. 

Your forehead high. 
And smooth as Pelops' shoulder. 
J. Fhtchtr: The Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 1 (1610). 

Felo'rus, Sicily; strictly speaking, 
the north-east promontory of that island, 
called Capo di Fero, from a pharos or 
lighthouse to Poseidon, which once stood 
there. 

So reels Pelo'rus with convulsive throes. 
When in his veins the burning- earthquake glow* ( 
Hoarse thro' his entrails roars th' infernal flame, v 
And central thunders rend his groaning frame. 

Falconer: The Ship-wreck, ii. 4 (1756). 

Felos, father of Physigna'thos king 
of the frogs. The word means "mud." 
—Parnell : Battle of the Frogs and Mice 
(about 1712). 

Pembroke {The earl of), uncle to 
sir Aymer de Valence.— Sir W. Scott: 
Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Pembroke [The Rev. Mr.), chaplain 
at Waverley Honour. — Sir W. Scott: 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Fen, Philemon Holland, translator- 
general of the classics. Of him was the 
epigram written — 

Holland, with his translations doth so fill us. 
He will not let Suetonius be Tranquility. 

(The point of which is, of course, that 
the name of the Roman historian was C. 
Suetonius Tranquillus. ) 

Many of these translations were written 
from beginning to end with one pen, and 
hence he himself wrote — 

With one sole pen I writ this book. 

Made of a grey goose-quill; 
A pen it was when it I took. 

And a pen I leave it still. 

Pen Mightier than the Sword. 

(See Journalists, p. 555.) 

Pencilling* fcy the Way, gossips 

about men and places of note, by N. P. 



Willis (1835). (See People I have 

Met.) 

Fendennis, a novel by Thackeray 
(1849), in which much of his own history 
and experience is recorded with a nove- 
list's licence. The hero, Arthur Penden- 
nis, reappears in the Adventures of Philip, 
and is represented as telling the story of 
The Newcomes. Arthur Pendennis stands 
in relation to Thackeray as David Copper- 
field does to Charles Dickens. 

Arthur Pendennis, a young man of 
ardent feelings and lively intellect, but 
self-conceited and selfish. He has a 
keen sense of honour, and a capacity for 
loving, but altogether he is not an at- 
tractive character. 

Laura Pendennis. This is one of the 
best of Thackeray's characters. 

Major Pendennis, a tuft-hunter, who 
fawns on his patrons for the sake of 
wedging himself into their society. — 
Thackeray: The History of Pendennis 
(1850). 

In this novel "(Havering" is Ottery St Mary, in 
Devonshire, where Thackeray spent ,his holidays 
between 1825 and 1828; "Chatteris" is Exeter; and 
•• Bagmouth* is Sidmouth. 

Pendrag'on, probably a title mean- 
ing " chief leader in war." Dragon is 
Welsh for a " leader in war," and pen for 
** head" or " chief." The title was given 
to Uther, brother of Constans, and father 
of prince Arthur. Like the word " Pha- 
raoh," it is used as a proper name with- 
out the article. — Geoffrey: Chronicle, vi. 
(1142). 

Once I read 
That stout Pendragon in his litter, sick. 
Came to the field and vanquished his foes. 
Shakespeare: 1 Henry VI. act iii. sc a (1589). 

Penelope's Web, a work that 
never progresses. PenelopS, the wife of 
Ulysses, being importunated by several 
suitors during her husband's long ab- 
sence, made reply that she could not 
marry again, even if Ulysses were dead, 
till she had finished weaving a shroud 
for her aged father-in-law. Every night 
she unravelled what she had woven 
during the day, and thus the shroud 
made no progress towards completion. — 
Greek Mythology. (See Vortigern's 
Tower.) 

(The French say of a work "never 
ending, still beginning," c'est fouvragede 
Pinilope.) 

Ovid, in his Herotdes (4 syl.), has an hypothetical 
letter supposed to have been written by Penelope (4 
syl.) to Ulysses, telling him that the Greeks nad 
returned from Troy, and imploring him to hasten 
home. She tells him how weary she is at his lone 
absence, and at being so pestered to* her bend and 
kingdom. 



PENELOPHON. 



8*3 



PENTAPOLIN. 



Penel'ophon, the beggar maid loved 
by king Cophetua. Shakespeare calls 
the name Zenelophon in Love's Labour s 
Lost, act hr. sc. i (1594).— Percy ; Re- 
liques, L ii. 6 (1765). 

Penelva {The Exploits and Adven- 
tures of), part of the series called Le 
Roman des Romans, pertaining to " Am - 
adis of GauL" This part was added by 
an anonymous Portuguese (fifteenth cen- 
tury). 

Penf eather {Lady Penelope), the lady 
patroness at the Spa.— Sir W. Scott: St. 
Ronans Well (time, George IIL). 

Peng"wera {The Torch of), prince 
Gwenwyn of Powys-land. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Peng^inion {Mr.), from Cornwall ; 
a Jacobite conspirator with Mr. Red- 
gauntlet. — Sir W. Scott : Redgauntlet 
(time, George III. ). 

Peninsular War {The), the war 

carried on by sir Arthur Wellesley 
against Napoleon in Portugal and Spain 
(1808-1814). 

(Southey wrote a History of the Penin- 
sular War, 1822-32.) 

Penitents of Love {Fraternity of 

the), an institution established in Langue- 
doc in the thirteenth century, consisting 
of knights and esquires, dames and 
damsels, whose object was to prove the 
excess of their love by bearing, with 
invincible constancy, the extremes of 
heat and cold. They passed the greater 
part of the day abroad, wandering about 
from castle to castle, wherever they were 
summoned by the inviolable duties of 
love and gallantry ; so that many of these 
devotees perished by the inclemency of 
the weather, and received the crown of 
martyrdom to -their profession. See 
War ton: History of English Poetry 
(1781). 

PenlaJre {Richard), a cheerful man, 
both frank and free, but married to 
Rebecca a terrible shrew. Rebecca 
knew if she once sat in St. Michael's 
chair (on St. Michael's Mount, in Corn- 
wall), that she would rule her husband 
ever after; so she was very desirous of 
going to the mount. It so happened that 
Richard fell sick, and both vowed to 
give six marks to St. Michael if he re- 
covered. Richard did recover, and they 
visited the shrine ; but while Richard 
was making the offering, Rebecca ran to 
seat herself in St. Michael's chair. No 



sooner, however, had she done so, than 
she fell from the chair, and was killed in 
the fall— Southey: St. Michoets Chair la. 
ballad, 1798). 

Penniless ( The). Kaiser Maximilian 
!• ( I 459. > I 493~ I 5 I 9) was called in Italian 
Massimillia.no Pochidanario. 

Walter the Penniless. Gautier sans 
avoir of Burgundy, joint leader of the 
First Crusade with Peter the Hermit, 
in 1096. 

Sir Walter Scott, writing to his son, offered to give 
him ,£20 if he could tell him who Walter the Penniless 
was, and where he marched to. 

Penny {Jock), a highwayman. — Sir 
W.Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George 

Penruddock {Roderick), a "philo- 
sopher," or rather a recluse, who spent 
his time in reading. By nature gentle, 
kind-hearted, and generous, but soured 
by wrongs. Woodville, his trusted 
friend, although he knew that Arabella 
was betrothed to Roderick, induced her 
father to give her to him, because he was 
the richer man ; and Roderick's life was 
blasted. Woodville had a son, who re- 
duced himself to positive indigence by 
gambling, and sir George Penruddock 
was the chief creditor. Sir George dying, 
all his property came to his cousin Rode- 
rick, who now had ample means to glut 
his revenge on his treacherous friend ; but 
his heart softened. First, he settled all 
" the obligations, bonds, and mortgages, 
covering the whole Woodville property," 
on Henry Woodville, that he might marry 
Emily Tempest ; and next, he restored to 
Mrs. Woodville " her settlement, which, 
in her husband's desperate necessity, she 
had resigned to him ; " lastly, he sold 
all his own estates, and retired again to 
a country cottage to his books and soli- 
tude. — Cumberland : The Wheel of For- 
tune (1779)- 

Who has seen J. Kemble [1757-1823] ta "Penrnd- 
dock," and not shed tears from tne deepest sources? 
His tenderly putting away the son of his treacherous 
friend, . . . examining his countenance, and then ex- 
claiming, \m a voice which developed a thousand 



mysterious feelings, " You are very like your mother ; 
was sufficient to stamp his excellence in the pathetic 
fine of acting.— Mrs. Ji. Trench : Remains (182a). 

Pentap'olin, M with the naked arm," 
king of the Garaman'teans, who always 
went to battle with his right arm bare. 
Alifanfaron emperor of Trap'oban wished 
to marry his daughter, but, being re- 
fused, resolved to urge his suit by the 
sword. When don Quixote saw two 
flocks of sheep coming along the road 
in opposite directions, he told Sancho 



PENTECOTE VIVANTE. 824 

Panza they were the armies of these two 
puissant monarchs met in array against 
each other. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, I. 
iii. 4 (1605). 

Pentecote Vivante {La), cardinal 
Mezzoianti, who was the master of fifty 
or fifty-eight languages (1774-1849). 

Penthe'a, sister of Ith'oclgs, be- 
trothed to Or'gilus by the consent of her 
father. At the death of her father, 
Ithocles compelled her to marry Bass'- 
anes whom she hated, and she starved 
herself to death.— Ford : The Broken 
Heart (1633). ' 

Penthesile'a, queen of the Amazons, 
slain by Achilles. S. Butler calls the 
name " Penthes'il&" 

And laid about in fight more busily 
Than th' Amazonian dame Penthesile. 

5. Butltr : Hudibras. 

Pen'theus (3 syl.\, a king of Thebes, 
who tried to abolish the orgies of 
Bacchus, but was driven mad by the 
offended god. In his madness he climbed 
into a tree to witness the rites, and being 
descried was torn to pieces by the Bac- 
chantes. 

As when wild Pentheus, grown mad with fear, 

Whole troops of hellish hags about him spies. 

Gilts Fletcher : Christ s Triumph over Death (1610). 

Pen'theus (2 syl.), king of Thebes, 
resisted the introduction of the worship 
of Dyoni'sos {Bacchus) into his kingdom, 
in consequence of which the Bacchantes 
pulled his palace to the ground ; and 
Pentheus, driven from the throne, was torn 
to pieces on mount Cithaeron by his own 
mother and her two sisters. 

He the fate {may sing] 
Of sober Pentheus. 

Akenside : Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Pentweazel {Alderman), a rich City 
merchant of Blowbladder Street. He is 
wholly submissive to his wife, whom he 
always addresses as " Chuck." 
1 Mrs. Pentweazel, the alderman's wife, 
very ignorant, very vain, and very con- 
ceitedly humble. She was a Griskin by 
birth, and "all her family by the 
mother's side were famous for their 
eyes." She bad an aunt among the 
beauties of Windsor, " a perdigious fine 
woman. She had but one eye, but that 
was a piercer, and got her three husbands. 
We was called the gimlet family." Mrs. 
Pentweazel says her first likeness was 
done after "Venus de Medicis the sister 
of Mary de Medicis." 

Sukey Pentwea*el % daughter of the 



PEPYS'S DIARY. 

alderman, recently married to Mr. Deputy 
Dripping of Candlewick Yard. 

Caret Pentweazel, a schoolboy, who had 
been under Dr. Jerks, near Doncaster, for 
two years and a quarter, and had learnt 
all As in Prcesenti by heart. The terms of 
this school were ^10 a year for food, 
books, board, clothes, and tuition. — 
Fooie : Taste (1753). 

Peon'ia or Paon'ia, Macedonia ; so 

called from Pseon son of Endymion. 

Made Macedon first stoop, then Thessaly and Thrace ; 
His soldiers there enriched with all Peonia's spoil. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, viii. (1612). 

People {Man of the), Charles James 
Fox (1749-1806). 

People I have Met, sketches by 

N. P. Willis (1850). (See Pencillings 
by the Way. ) 

Pepin ( William), a White friar and 

most famous preacher at the beginning 
of the sixteenth century. His sermons, 
in eight volumes quarto, formed the 
grand repertory of the preachers of those 
times. 

Qui nescit Pepinare, nesdt pnedicare.— Proverb. 

Pepper Gate, a gate on the east 
side of the city of Chester. It is said 
that the daughter of the mayor eloped, 
and the mayor ordered the gate to be 
closed. Hence the proverb, When your 
daughter is stolen, close Pepper Gate; or, 
in other words, Lock the stable door when 
the steed is stolen. — Albert Smith : Chris- 
topher Tadpole, L 

Pepperpot {Sir Peter), a West 
Indian epicure, immensely rich, con- 
ceited, and irritable.— Foote ; The Patron 
(1764). 

Peppers. (See White Horse of 
the Peppers.) 

Peps {Dr. Parker), a court physician 
who attended the first Mrs. Do m bey on 
her death-bed. Dr. Peps always gave his 
patients (by mistake, of course) a title, 
to impress them with the idea that his 
practice was exclusively confined to the 
upper ten thousand. — Dickens: Dombey 
and Son (1846). 

Pepys's Diary. Pepys died in 1703, 
but his Diary was not published till 1825. 
It is in shorthand, and is a record of his 
personal doings and sayings from Janu- 
ary, 1600, to May, 1669. 

Lord Jeffrey says : He [Pepys] finds time to go to 
every pfay, to every execution, to every procession, 
fire, concert, riot, trial, review, city feast, and picture 
gallery, that he can hear ofc Nay, there seems scarcely 



PERCEFOREST. 



8*5 



PERDITA. 



to hare been a school examination, a wedding, 
christening, charity sermon, bull-baiting, philosophical 
meeting, or private merry-making in his neighbour- 
hood, at which he is not sure to make his appearance. 
... He is the first to hear all the court scandal and 
all the public news, to observe the changes of fashion 
and the downfall of parties, — to pick up funny gossip 
and to detail philosophical intelligence, — to criticize 
every new house and carriage that is built, — every new 
book or new beauty that appears, — every measure the 
long adopts, and every mistress he discards. 

Ferceforest (King), the hero of a 
prose romance "in Greek," The MS. 
is said to have been found by count 
William of Hainault in a cabinet at 
1 ' Burtimer " Abbey, on the Humber ; 
and in the same cabinet was deposited a 
crown, which the count sent to king 
Edward. The MS. was turned into 
Latin by St. Landelain, and thence into 
French under the title of La Tres Elegante 
Delicieux Melliflue et Tres Plaisante 
Hystoire du Tres Noble Roy Perceforest 
(printed at Paris in 1528). 

(Of course, this pretended discovery is 
only an invention. An analysis of the 
romance is given in Dunlop's History of 
Fiction. ) 

' .' He was called "Perceforest" be- 
cause he dared to pierce, almost alone, 
an enchanted forest, where women and 
children were most evilly entreated. 
Charles IX. of France was especially 
fond of this romance. 

Perch, messenger in the house of 
Mr. Dombey, merchant, whom he adored, 
and plainly showed by his manner to the 
great man: "You are the light of my 
eyes," "You are the breath of my soul." 
— Dickens : Dombey and Son (1846). 

Ferche Notary (A), a lawyer who 
sets people together by the ears, one who 
makes more quarrels than contracts. The 
French proverb is, Notaire du Percke, 
qui passe plus d e'challiers que de contrat. 

Le Perche, qui se trouve partage entre les departe- 
ments de l'Orne et d'Eure-et-Loir, est un contree fort 
boisee, dans laquelle la plupart des champs sont 
entoures de haies, dans lesquelles sont menagees 
certaines ouvertures propres a donner passage auz 
pietons seulement, et que Ton nomnie ichallitrs. 
— Hilairt U Gai. 

Fercinet, a fairy prince, in love with 
Graciosa. The prince succeeds in thwart- 
ing the malicious designs of Grognon, the 
step-mother of the lovely princess. — 
Percinet and Graciosa (a fairy tale). 

Percival (Sir), the third son of sir 
Pellinore king of Wales. His brothers 
were sir Aidavale and sir Lamorake 
Dornar, usually called sir Lamorake de 
Galis ( Wales). Sir Tor was his half- 
brother. Sir Percival caught a sight of 
the .holy graal after his combat with sir 



Ector de Maris (brother of sir Launcelot), 
and both were miraculously healed by it. 
Crdtien de Troyes wrote the Roman de 
Perceval (before 1200), and Menessier 
produced the same story in a metrical 
form (See Parzival, p. 810.) 

Sir Percivale had a glimmering ot the Sancgreall and 
of the maiden that bare it, for he was perfect and clean. 
And forthwith they were both as whole of limb and hide 
as ever they were in their life days. " Oh mercy ! " 
said sir Percivale, "what may this mean?" ... "T 
wot well," said sir Ector ..." it is the holy vessel, 
wherein is a part of the holy blood of our blessed 
Saviour; but it may not be seen but by a perfect 
nan. '— Pt. iii. 14. 

• . * Sir Percival was with sir Bors and 
sir Galahad when the visible Saviour 
went into the consecrated wafer which 
was given them by the bishop. This is 
called the achievement of the quest of 
the holy graal (pt. iii. 101, 102). — Sir 
T. Malory: History of Prince Arthur 
(1470). 

Percy Anecdotes (The), nominally 
by Sholto and Reuben Percy, but really 
by J. C. Robinson and Thomas Byerley 
(1820-1823). 

Percy Arundel lord Ashdale, son of 
lady Arundel by her second husband. A 
hot, fiery youth, proud and overbearing. 
When grown to manhood, a " sea- 
captain," named Norman, made love to 
Violet, lord Ashdale's cousin. The 
young "Hotspur" was indignant and 
somewhat jealous, but discovered that 
Norman was the son of lady Arundel by 
her first husband, and the heir to the 
title and estates. In the end, Norman 
agreed to divide the property equally, 
but claimed Violet for his bride. — Lord 
Lylton : The Sea-Captain (1839). 

The derivation of Percy from Pierce-eye is, of course, 
philologically worthless. The legend that the founder 
of the race lost an eye In a sally has not one iota of 
truth for its support. The incident was made up to 
support a false etymology. 

Fer'dita, the daughter of the queen 
Hermione, born in prison. Her father, 
king Leontgs, commanded the infant to be 
cast on a desert shore, and left to perish 
there. Being put to sea, the vessel was 
driven by a storm to the "coast" of 
Bohemia, and the infant child was 
brought up by a shepherd, who called its 
name PerdTta. Flor'izel, the son of the 
Bohemian king, fell in love with Perdita, 
and courted her under the assumed name 
of Doricles ; but the king, having tracked 
his son to the shepherd's hut, told Perdita 
that if she did not at once discontinue 
this foolery, he would command her and 
the shepherd too to be put to death. 



PERDITA. 8a6 

Florizel and Perdita now fled from 
Bohemia to Sicily, and being introduced 
to the king, it was soon discovered that 
Perdita was LeonteVs daughter. The 
Bohemian king, having tracked his son 
to Sicily, arrived just in time to hear the 
news, and gave his joyful consent to the 
union which he had before forbidden. — 
Shakespeare; The Winter's 7a/* (1604). 

Fer'dita, Mrs. Mary Robinson (born 
Darby), the victim of George IV. while 
prince of Wales. She first attracted his 
notice while acting the part of" Perdita," 
and the prince called himself " Flori- 
zel." George prince of Wales settled a 
pension for life on her, ^500 a year for 
herself, and ^"200 a year for her daughter. 
She caught cold one winter, and, losing 
the use of her limbs, could neither walk 
nor stand (1758-1799, not 1800 as is given 
usually). 

She was unquestionably very beautiful, but more so 
in the face than in the figure ; and she had a remark- 
able facility in adapting her deportment to dress. . . . 
To-day she was ipaysannc with a straw hat tied at the 
back of her head . . . yesterday she had been the 
dressed belle of Hyde Park, trimmed, powdered, 
patched, painted to the utmost power of rouge and 
white lead; to-morrow she would be the cravated 
Amazon of the riding-house ; but be she what she might, 
the hats of the fashionable promenaders swept the 
ground as she passed. When she rode forth in her 
high phaeton, three candidates and her husband were 
outriders.— Mrs. Hawkins : Memoirs (1800). 

Perdrix, tonjonrs Perdrix ! Wal- 

pole tells us that the confessor of one of 
the French kings, having reproved the 
monarch for his conjugal infidelities, was 
asked what dish he liked best. The con- 
fessor replied, " Partridges ; "and the king 
had partridges served to him every day, 
till the confessor got quite sick of them. 
" Perdrix, toujours perdrix I " he would 
exclaim, as the dish was set before him. 
After a time, the king visited him, and 
hoped his favourite dish had been sup- 
plied him. "Mais oui," he replied, 
" toujours perdrix, toujours perdrix ! " 
"Ah, ah I" said the amorous monarch, 
"and one mistress is all very well, but 
not perdrix, toujours perdrix I" (See 
Notes and Queries, 337, October 23, 1869. ) 

The story is at least as old as the Cent 
Nouvelles Nouvelles, compiled between 
1450-1461, for the amusement of the 
dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XI. 
{Notes and Queries, November 27, 1869.) 

*.• Farquhar parodies the French ex- 
pression into, " Soup for breakfast, soup 
for dinner, soup for supper, and soup for 
breakfast again. " — Farquhar: The Incon- 
stant, iv. 2 (1702). 

Fere Duchesne (/>), Jacques Rend 



PEREGRINE. 

Hubert ; so called from the Pere Duchesne, 
a newspaper of which he was the editor 
(1755-1794). 

Peread (Sir), the Black Knight of 
the Black Lands. Called by Tennyson, 
•' Night "or" Nox." He was one of the 
four brothers who kept the passages to 
Castle Perilous, and was overthrown by 
sir Gareth.— Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 126 (1470) ; Tennyson : 
Idylls (" Gareth arfd Lynette "), 

Peredur (Sir), son of Evrawc, called 
"sir Peredur of the Long Spear," one of 
the knights of the Round Table. He was 
for many years called "The Dumb 
Youth," from a vow he made to speak to 
no Christian till Angharad of the Golden 
Hand loved him better than she loved 
any other man. His great achievements 
were : (1) the conquest of the Black Op- 
pressor, who oppressed every one and did 
justice to no one ; (2) killing the Addanc 
of the Lake, a monster that devoured 
daily some of the sons of the king of 
Tortures : this exploit he was enabled to 
achieve by means of a stone which kept 
him invisible ; (3) slaying the three hun- 
dred heroes privileged to sit round the 
countess of the Achievements : on the 
death of these men, the seat next the 
countess was freely given to him ; (4) the 
achievement of the Mount of Mourning, 
where was a serpent with a stone in its 
tail which would give inexhaustible 
wealth to its possessor : sir Peredur killed 
the serpent, but gave the stone to his 
companion, earl Etlym of the east coun- 
try. These exploits over, sir Peredur 
lived fourteen years with the empress 
Cristinobyl the Great 

• .* Sir Peredur is the Welsh name for 
sir Perceval of Wales. — The Mabinogion 
(from the Red Book of Hergest, twelfth 
century). 

Fer'egTine (3 syl.), a sentimental 
prig, who talks by the book. At the age 
of 15, he runs away from home, and Job 
Thornberry lends him ten guineas, " the 
first earnings of his trade as a brazier." 
After thirty years' absence, Peregrine re- 
turns, just as the old brazier is made a 
bankrupt "through the treachery of a 
friend." He tells the bankrupt that his 
loan of ten guineas has by honest trade 
grown to 10,000, and these he returns to 
Thornberry as his own by right. It turns 
out that Peregrine is the eldest brother of 
sir Simon Rochdale, J. P., and when sir 
Simon refuses justice to the old brazier, 



PEREGRINE PICKLE. 



827 PERICLES PRINCE OF TYRE. 



Peregrine asserts his right to the estate, 
etc. At the same time, he hears that the 
ship he thought was wrecked has come 
safe into port, and has thus brought him 
£ 100, 000. — Colman : John Bull (1805). 

Peregrine Pickle, the hero of a 
novel entitled The Adventures of Pere- 
grine Pickle, by Smollett (1751). Peregrine 
Pickle is a savage, ungrateful spendthrift, 
fond of practical jokes, and suffering with 
evil temper the misfortunes brought about 
by his own wilfulness. 

"The Memoirs of a Lady of Quality " included In 
this novel are those of lady Vane, whose gallantries 
were matters of common talk. 

Peregri'nus Proteus, a cynic phi- 
losopher, born at Parium, on the Helles- 
pont After a youth spent in debauchery 
and crimes, he turned Christian ; and, to 
obliterate the memory of his youthful ill 
practices, divided his inheritance among 
the people. Ultimately he burned him- 
self to death in public at the Olympic 
games, A.D. 165. Lucan has held up this 
immolation to ridicule in his Death of 
Peregrinus. 

(C. M. Wieland has an historic romance 
in German entitled Peregrinus Proteus, 
1733-1813.) 

Per'es {Gil), a canon, and the eldest 
brother of Gil Bias's mother. Gil was 
a little punchy man, three feet and a half 
high, with his head sunk between his 
shoulders. He lived well, and brought 
up his nephew and godchild Gil Bias. 
" In so doing, Peres taught himself also 
to read his breviary without stumbling." 
He was the most illiterate canon of the 
whole chapter. — Lesage : Gil Bias, i. 
(i7i5)- 

Feres {Michael), the "copper cap- 
tain." A brave Spanish soldier, duped 
into marrying Estifania, a servant of 
intrigue, who passed herself off as a lady 
of property. Being reduced to great ex- 
tremities, Estifania pawned the clothes 
and valuables of her husband ; but these 
" valuables" were but of little worth— a 
jewel which sparkled as the " light of a 
dark lanthorn," a " chain of whitings' 
eyes" for pearls, and as for his clothes, 
she tauntingly says to her husband — 

Put these and them [his jewels] on, and you're a man 

of copper, 
A copper, copper captain. 

//etcher: Rule a Wife and Have a Wife (1640). 

Perfidious Albion. Great Britain 
was so called by Napoleon I. 

Peri, plu. Peris, gentle, fairy-iike 
beings of Eastern mythology, offspring 



of the fallen angels, and constituting a 
race of beings between angels and men. 
They direct with a wand the pure-minded 
the way to heaven, and dwell in Shadu'- 
kiam' and Am'bre-abad, two cities subject 
to Eblis. (See Paradise and the 
Peri, p. 804. ) 

Are the penes coming down from their spheres T 
Beckferd: Vathek (1786J. 

Pe'rickole, the heroine of Offenbach's 
comic operetta. She is a street singer of 
Lima, in Peru. 

Perichole {La), the chere atnie of the 

late viceroy of Peru. She was a foreigner, 
and gave great offence by calling, in her 
bad Spanish, the Creole ladies pericholas, 
which means "flaunting and bedizened 
creatures." They, in retaliation, nick- 
named the favourite La Perichole. 

Pericles, the Athenian who raised 
himself to royal supremacy (died B.C. 
429). On his death-bed he overheard his 
friends recalling his various merits, and 
told them they had forgotten his greatest 
of all : " that he had caused no Athenian 
through his administration to put on 
mourning," i.e. he had caused no one to 
be put to death. 

Peri'cles was a famous man of warre . . * 

Yet at his death he rather did rejoice 

In clemencie. . . . " Be still, 'quoth he, "you grare 

Athenians* 
(Who whispered and told his valiant acts); 
" You have forgot my greatest glorie got t 
For yet by me nor mine occasion 
Was never sene a mourning garment worn." 

Gascoigne : The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Per'icles prince of Tyre, a 
voluntary exile, in order to avert the 
calamities which Anti'ochus emperor 
of Greece vowed against the Tyrians. 
Periclfis, in his wanderings, first came to 
Tarsus, which he relieved from famine, 
but was obliged to quit the city to avoid 
the persecution of Antiochus. He was then 
shipwrecked, and cast on the shore of 
Pentap'olis, where he distinguished him- 
self in the public games, and being in- 
troduced to the king, fell in love with 
the princess Thais'a and married her. 
At the death of Antiochus, he returned to 
Tyre ; but his wife, supposed to be dead 
in giving birth to a daughter (Marina), 
was thrown into the sea, Pericles en- 
trusted his infant child to Cleon (governor 
of Tarsus) and his wife Dionysia, who 
brought her up excellently well. But 
when she became a young woman, 
Dionysia employed a man to murder her, 
and when Pericles came to see her, he 
was shown a splendid sepulchre which 
had been raised to her honour. On his 



PERICLES AND ASPASIA. 



PERIWINKLE. 



return home, the ship stopped at Metalin$, 
and Marina was introduced to Pericles to 
divert his melancholy. She told him the 
tale of her life, and he discovered that 
she was his daughter. Marina was now 
betrothed to Lysim'achus governor of 
Metaline; and the party, going to the 
shrine of Diana of Ephesus to return 
thanks to the goddess, discovered the 
priestess to be Thai'sa, the wife of Pericles 
and mother of Marina. — Shakespeare : 
Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 

(This is the story of Ismene and 
Ismenias, by Eustathius. The tale was 
known to Cower by the translation of 
Godfrey Viterbo. It is from the Gesta 
Rotnanorum, clii.) 

IT Appolonius of Tyre,* British romance, 
is a similar story. - 

Pericles and Aspasia, in connected 
letters by Walter Savage Landor (1836). 

(The Rev. George Croly wrote a poem 
of the same title, 1780-1860.) 

Perigort (Cardinal), Previous to the 
battle of Poitiers, he endeavoured to 
negotiate terms with the French king, but 
the only terms he could obtain, he tells 
prince Edward, were — 

That to the castles, towns, and plunder ta'wt 
And offered now by you to be restored, 
Your royal person with a hundred knights 
Are to be added prisoners at discretion. 
Shirley: Edward the Black Prince, iv. a (1640). 

Fer'igfot (the / pronounced so as to 
rhyme with not), a shepherd in love with 
Am'oret ; but the shepherdess Amarillis 
also loves him, and, by the aid of the 
Sullen Shepherd, gets transformed into 
the exact likeness of the modest Amoret. 
By her wanton conduct, she disgusts 
Perigot, who casts her off; and by and 
by, meeting Amoret, whom he believes to 
be the same person, rejects her with 
scorn, and even wounds her with intent 
to kill. Ultimately the truth is discovered 
by Cor 'in, " the faithful shepherdess," 
and the lovers, being reconciled, are 
married to each other. — J. Fletcher: The 
Faithful Shepherdess (1610). 

Periklym'enos, son of Neleus (2 
syl.). He had the power of changing his 
form into a bird, beast, reptile, or insect. 
As a bee, he perched on the chariot of 
Herakles (Hercules), and was killed. 

Peril'los, of Athens, made a brazen 
bull for Phararis tyrant of Agrigentum, 
intended for the execution of criminals. 
They were to be shut up in the bull, 
which was then to be heated red hot ; and 
the cries of the victims enclosed were so 



reverberated as to resemble the roarings 
of a gigantic bull. Phalaris made the 
first experiment by shutting up the 
inventor himself in his own bulL 

What's a protector? 
A tragic actor, Csesar in a clown : 
He's a brass farthing: stamped witk a crown ; 
A bladder blown with other breaths puffed fuD. 
Not a Perillus, but Perrilus' bull. 
CUvtland: A Definition of a Protector (died 1659). 

Perilous Castle. The castle of 
lord Douglas was so called in the reign 
of Edward L, because the good lord 
Douglas destroyed several English garri- 
sons stationed there, and vowed to be 
revenged on any one who dared to take 
possession of it. Sir W. Scott calls it 
"Castle Dangerous" in his novel so 
entitled. 

IT In the story of Gareth and Linet, 
the castle in which Liones was held 
prisoner by sir Ironside the Red Knight 
of the Red Lands, was called Castle 
Perilous. The passages thereto were held 
by four knights, all of whom sir Gareth 
overthrew ; lastly sir Gareth conquered 
sir Ironside, liberated the lady, and mar- 
ried her. — Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur, L 120-153 ( I 47°)« 

Ferimo'nes (Sir), the Red Knight, 
one of the four brothers who kept the 
passages to Castle Perilous. He was 
overthrown by sir Gareth. Tennyson calls 
him "Noonday Sun" or "Meridies." — 
Sir T. Malory: History of Prince Arthur, 
i. 129 (1470) ; Tennyson: Idylls (" Gareth 
and Lynette"). 

Per'ion, king of Gaul, father of 
Am'adis of Gaul. His "exploits and 
adventures " form part of the series called 
Le Roman des Romans. This part was 
added by Juan Diaz (fifteenth century). 

(It is generally thought that "Gaul" 
in this romance is the same as Galis, that 
is, " Wales.") 

Perissa, the personification of ex- 
travagance, step-sister of Elissa (mean- 
ness) and of Medi'na (the golden mean) ; 
but they never agreed in any single thing. 
Perissa's suitor is sir Huddibras, a man 
"more huge in strength than wise in 
works." (Greek, perissos, "extravagant," 
ferissotes, "excess.") — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, ii. 2 (1590). 

Per'iwinkle (Mr.), one of the four 
guardians of Anne Lovely the heiress. 
He is a " silly, half-witted virtuoso, 
positive and surly ; fond of everything 
antique and foreign ; and wears clothes 
of the fashion of the last century. Mr. 



PERKER. 



8ao 



PERSEUS. 



Periwinkle dotes upon travellers, and 
believes more of sir John Mandeville 
than of the Bible" (act i. i). Colonel 
Feignwell, to obtain his consent to his 
marriage with Mr. Periwinkle's ward, 
disguised himself as an Egyptian, and 
passed himself off as a great traveller. 
His dress, he said, "belonged to the 
famous Claudius Ptolemeus, who lived 
in the year 135." One of his curiosities 
was foluflosboio, "part of those waves 
which bore Cleopatra's vessel, when she 
went to meet Antony." Another was the 
moros musphonon, or girdle of invisibility. 
His trick, however, miscarried, and he 
then passed himself off as Pillage, the 
steward of Periwinkle's father; and ob- 
tained Periwinkle's signature to the 
marriage by a fluke. — Mrs. Centlivre: A 
Bold Stroke for a Wife (1717). 

Perker {Mr.), the lawyer employed 
for the defence in the famous suit of 
" Bardell v. Pickwick" for breach of 

firomise. — Dickens : The Pickwick Papers 
1836). 

Perkin Warbeck, an historic play 
or "chronicle history," by John Ford 
(163S). 

Perkins's Ball {Mrs.), a Christmas 
story by Thackeray (1847). 

Pernelle {Madame), mother of 
Orgon ; a regular vixen, who interrupts 
every one, without waiting to hear what 
was to have been said to her. — Moliere: 
Tartuffe (1664). 

Peronella, a pretty country lass, who 
changes places with an old decrepit queen. 
Peronella rejoices for a time in the idola- 
try paid to her rank, but gladly resumes 
her beauty, youth, and rags.— A Fairy 
Tale. 

Perrette and Her Milk-Pail. 

Perrette, carrying her milk-pail well 
poised upon her head, began to speculate 
on its value. She would sell the milk 
and buy eggs ; she would set the eggs 
and rear chickens ; the chickens she 
would sell and buy a pig ; this she would 
fatten and change for a cow and calf, and 
would it not be delightful to see the little 
calf skip and play ? So saying, she gave 
a skip, let the milk-pail fall, and all the 
milk ran to waste. " Le lait tombe. 
Adieu, veau, veche, cochon, couv^e,'* 
and poor Perrette " va s'excuser a soa 
man, en grand danger d'etre batue." 

Buel esprit nc bat la campagnet 
ui m fait chateau en Espagaat 



Picrochole t?.V.\ Pyrrhus, la laidere, enfin too* 

Autant les sages que les fous. . . . 
Quelque accident fait-il que je rentre en moi-mema ; 
Je suis Gros-Jean comme devant. 

Lafantainc : Fables (" La Laitiere et la 
Pot au Lait," 1668). 

1T Dodsley has this fable, and makes 
his milkmaid speculate on the gown she 
would buy with her money. It shouM 
be green, and all the young fellows would 
ask her to dance, but she would toss her 
head at them all — but ah ! in tossing her 
head she tossed over her milk-pail. 

IT Echephron, an old soldier, related 
this fable to the advisers of king Picro- 
chole, when they persuaded the king to 
go to war : A shoemaker bought a 
ha'p'orth of milk ; this he intended to 
make into butter, and with the money 
thus obtained he would buy a cow. The 
cow in due time would have a calf, the 
calf was to be sold, and'the man when he 
became a nabob would marry a princess ; 
only the jug fell, the milk was spilt, and 
the dreamer went supperless to bed. — 
Rabelais : Gargantua, i. 33 (1533). 

IT In a similar day-dream, Alnaschar 
invested all his money in a basket of 
glassware, which he intended to sell, and 
buy other wares, till by barter he became 
a princely :merchant, when he should 
marry the vizier's daughter. Being 
offended with his wife, he became so 
excited that he kicked out his foot, 
smashed all his wares, and became 
penniless. — Arabian Nights (" The Bar- 
ber's Fifth Brother"). 

Perrin, a peasant, the son of Thibaut. 
— Moliere; Le Mtdecin Malgri Lui 
(1666). 

Persannt of India {Sir), the Blue 
Knight, called by Tennyson " Morning 
Star " or " Phosphfirus." One of the four 
brothers who kept the passages to Castle 
Perilous. Overthrown by sir ;Garcth. — 
Sir T. Malory : History of Prince Arthur, 
i. 131(1470); Tennyson : Idylls (" Gar eth 
and Lynette"). 

'.• It is manifestly a blunder to call 
the Blue Knight "Morning Star" and 
the Green Knight " Evening Star." The 
old romance makes the combat with the 
"Green Knight" at dawn, and with the 
"Blue Knight" at sunset. The error 
arose from not bearing in mind that our 
forefathers began the day with the pre- 
ceding eve, and ended it at sunset. 

Perseus [Per-suce], a famous Argive 
hero, whose exploits resemble those of 
Hercules, and hence he was called "The 
Argive Hercules." 



PERSIAN CREED. 830 

The best work of Benvenuto Cellini is 
a bronze statue of Perseus, in the Loggia 
del Lanzi, of Florence. 

Perseus' s Horse, a ship. Perseus, having 
cut off Medusa's head, made the ship Pe- 
gase, the swiftest ship hitherto known, and 
generally called " Perseus's flying horse." 

The thick-ribbed bark thro' liquid mountains cut . . . 

Like Perseus' horse. 

Shakespeare: Troilus and Cressida, act i. sc. 3 (1603). 

Persian Creed {The). Zoroaster 
supposes there are two gods or spirit- 
principles — one good and the other evil. 
The good is Yezad, and the evil Ahriman. 

Les mages reconnaissaient deux principes, un bon 
et un mauvais : le premier, auteur de tout bien ; et 
1'autre, auteur de tout mal. ... lis nommaient le boa 
principe " Yezad " ou " Yerdam," ce que les Grecs, 
ont traduit par Oromaees ; et le mauvais " Ahriman," 
en Grec Arimannis.—NtU : Diet, de la Fable, articl* 
"Arimane." 

And that same . . . doctrine ef the Persia* 
Of the two principles, but leaves behind 
As many doubts as any other doctrine. 

Byrsn : Don yuan, xiii. 41 (1824). 

Persian Letters, or, according to 
the proper title, " Letters from a Persian 
in England to his Friend in Ispahan," by 
lord Lyttelton (1735). 

Persian Tales, translated from the 
French by Ambrose Philips (1709). 

Perth {The Fair Maid of), Catharine 
or Katie Glover, "universally acknow- 
ledged to be the most beautiful young 
woman of the city or its vicinity." 
Catharine was the daughter of Simon 
Glover (the glover of Perth), and 
married Henry Smith the armourer. — 
Sir W. Scott : Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

(For the plot of the novel, see Fair 
Maid, p. 352.) 

Pertinax (Sir), (See MacSyco- 

PHANT. ) 

Pertolope {Sir), the Green Knight. 
One of the four brothers who kept the 
passages to Castle Perilous. He was 
overthrown by sir Gareth. Tennyson 
calls him "Evening Star" or "Hes- 
perus." — Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 127 (1470) ; Tennyson : 
Idylls {" Gareth and Lynette"). 

•.' It is evidently a blunder to call the 
Green Knight " Evening Star" and the 
Blue Knight " Morning Star." In the 
original tale the combat with the • ' Green 
Knight" was at dawn, and with the 
" Blue Knight " at sunset. The error 
arose from not recollecting that day began 
in olden times with the preceding eve, 
and ended at sunset. 



PETAUD. 



Pervis {Prince), son of the sultan 
Khrosrou-schar of Persia. At birth he 
was taken away by the sultana's sisters, 
and set adrift on a canal, but was rescued 
and brought up by the superintendent of 
the sultan's gardens. When grown to 
manhood, " the talking bird " told the 
sultan that Perviz was his son, and the 
young- prince, with his brother and 
sister, were restored to their rank and 
position in the empire of Persia. — 
Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters," 
the last tale). 

Prince Perviz* s String of Pearls. 
When prince Perviz went on his exploits, 
he gave his sister Parizad£ a string of 
pearls, saying, ' ' So long as these pearls 
move readily on the string, you will know 
that I am alive and well ; but if they 
stick fast and will not move, it will 
signify that I am dead." — Arabian Nights 
(" The Two Sisters," the last tale). 

IT Birtha's emerald ring, and prince 
Bahman's knife gave similar warnings. 
(See Birtha and Bahman.) 

Pescec'ola, the famous swimmer 
drowned in the pool of Charybdis. The 
tale tells us how Pescecola dived once 
into the pool and came up safe ; but king 
Frederick then threw into the pool a 
golden cup, which Pescecola dived for, 
and was never seen again. — Schiller: The 
Diver (1781). 

Pest {Mr.), a barrister.— Sir W. 
Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Pet, a fair girl with rich brown hair 
hanging free in natural ringlets. A 
lovely girl, with a free, frank face, and 
most wonderful eyes — so large, so soft, so 
bright, and set to perfection in her kind, 
good face. She was round, and fresh, 
and dimpled, and spoilt, most charmingly 
timid, most bewitchingly self-willed. She 
was the daughter of Mr. Meagles, and 
married Henry Gowan. — Dickens: Little 
Dorrit (1857). 

Petaud {King), a king whose sub- 
jects are all his equals ; all talkers and no 
hearers, all masters and no subjects. 

Petaud {King), king of the beggars. 
(Latin, peto, " I beg.") 

" It is an old saying," replied the abbe" Huet, "Pe- 
taud being: derived from the Latin ptte, 'I beg.'"— 
Asylum Christi, ii. 

The court of king Pitaud, a disorderly 
assembly, a place of utter confusion, a 
bear-garden. 

On n'y respecte rien, ehacun y parte haut, 
Et c est tout Juatement la cour du roi Petaud. 

U0liin: Tmrtuffk, i. 1 (i«4 



PETELLA. 



831 



L* eoar da re4 Petaud, oa chaain est maitre.— French 



Petella, the waiting-woman of Rosa- 
lura and Lillia-Bianca, the iwo daughters 
of Nantolet.— Fletcher: The Wild-goose 
Chase (165a). 

Peter, the stupid son of Solomon 
butler of the count Wintersen. He gro- 
tesquely parrots in an abridged form 
whatever his father says. Tnus : Sol. 
" We are acquainted with the reverence 
due to exalted personages." Pet. " Yes, 
we are acquainted with exalted person- 
ages." Again: Sol. "Extremely sorry 
it is not in my power to entertain your 
lordship." Pet. " Extremely sorry. " Sol. 
"Your lordship's most obedient, humble, 
and devoted servant." Pet. " Devoted 
servant."— B. Thompson: The Stranger 
(1797). 

Peter, the pseudonym of John Gibson 
Lockhart, in a work entitled Peter's 
Letters to his Kinsfolk (1819). 

Peter {Lord), the pope of Rome. — 
Swift: Tale of a Tub (1704); and Dr. 
Arbuthnot's History of John Bull (1713). 

Peter Boats, fishing-boats on the 
Thames and Medway. So named from 
St. Peter, the patron saint of fishermen. 
The keys of St. Peter form a part of the 
armorial bearings of the Fishmongers' 
Company. — Smyth : Sailor's Word-book. 

Peter Botte, a steep, almost per- 
pendicular " mountain " in the Mauritius, 
more than 2800 feet in height. It is so 
called from Peter Botte, a Dutch sailor, 
who scaled it and fixed a flag on its sum- 
mit, but lost his life in coming down. 

Peter Paragraph.. In Foote's 
comedy The Orators. It is a caricature 
of George Faulkner, who (like Foote) was 
lame. Faulkner was proprietor of the 
Dublin Journal, and published Swift's 
works. He lived in Parliament Street, 
Dublin. 

The word Is sometimes spelt FinlV—e r. 

Peter Parley, the assumed name of 
Samuel G. Goodrich. (See Parley.) 

Peter Peebles, a litigious, hard- 
hearted drunkard, noted for his lawsuit. 
— Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, 
George III.). 

Peter Pindar, the pseudonym of 
Dr. John Wolcot, of Dodbroke, Devon- 
shire (1738-1819). 

Peter Plymley's Letters, sitri- 



PETERBOROUGH. 

buted to the Rev. Sydney Smith (1769- 

1845). 

Peter Porcupine, William Cobbett, 
when he was a tory. He brought out 
Peter Porcupine s Gazette, The Porcupine 
Papers, etc. (1762-1835). 

Peter Simple, a sea-story, by captain 
Marryat (1834). 

Peter Wilkins, the hero of a tale 
of adventures, by Robert Pultock, of 
Clifford's Inn. His "flying women" 
(gawreys) suggested to Southey the 
" glendoveer " in The Curse of Kehama. 

Peter of Provence and the 
Pair Magalo'na, the chief characters 
of a French romance so called. Peter 
comes into possession of Merlin's wooden 
horse. 

Peter the Great of Egypt, 
Mehemet Ali (1768-1848). 

Peter the Hermit, a gentleman of 
Amiens, who renounced the military life 
for the religious. He preached up the 
first crusade, and put himself at the head 
of 100,000 men, all of whom, except a 
few stragglers, perished at Nicea. 

(He is introduced by Tasso in Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575) ; and by sir W. Scott in 
Count Robert of Paris, a novel laid in the 
time of Rufus. A statue was erected to 
him at Amiens in 1854.) 

Peter the Wild Boy. (See Wild 
Boy.) 

Peter's Gate (St.), the gate of pur- 
gatory, guarded by an angel stationed 
there by St. Peter. Virgil conducted 
Dante through hell and purgatory ; and 
Beatrice was his guide through the 
planetary spheres. Dante says to the 
Mantuan bard — 

. . . lead me, 
That I St. Peter's pate msy riew . . . 
Onward be [Ktr^i/J moved, I close his steps pursued. 
Dante : Hell, L (1300). 

Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk. 
Sketches of Scotch society, by Lockhart 
(1819). 

Peterborough, in Northampton- 
shire ; so called from Peada (son of 
Pendar king of Mercia), who founded 
here a monastery in the seventh century. 
In 1 541 the monastery (then a mitred 
abbey) was converted by Henry VIII. 
into a cathedral and bishop's see. Before 
Peada's time, Peterborough was a village 
called Medhamsted. — Drayton: Poly- 
olbion, xxiii. (1622). 



PETERLOO. 83a 

Peterloo ( The Field of), an attack of 
the military on a reform meeting held in 
St. Peter's Field, at Manchester, August 
16, 1819. Of course the word is a skit on 
that of " Waterloo." 

Peterson, a Swede, who deserts from 
Gustavus Vasa to Christian II. king of 
Denmark. — Brooke : Gustavus Vasa 
(i73o)- 

Petit Andre, the executioner. — Sir 
W. Scott: Quentin Durward (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Petit Perroquet, a king's gardener, 
with whom the king's daughter fell in 
love. It so happened that a prince was 
courting the lady, and, being jealous of 
Petit Perroquet, said to the king that the 
young man boastechhe could bring hither 
Tartaro's horse. Now, Tartaro was a 
huge giant and a cannibal. Petit Perro- 
quet, however, made himself master of 
the horse. The prince next told the king 
that the young gardener boasted he could 
get possession of the giant's diamond. 
This he also contrived to obtain. The 
prince then told the king that the young 
man boasted he could bring hither the 
giant himself; and the way he accom- 
plished the feat was to cover himself first 
with honey, and then with feathers and 
horns. Thus disguised, he told the giant 
to get into the coach he was driving, and 
he drove him to the king's court, and then 
married the princess. —Rev. W. Webster t 
Basque Legends (1877). 

Pe'to, lieutenant of " captain " sir 
John Falstaff s regiment. Pistol was his 
ensign or ancient, and Bardolph his cor- 

f»oral. — Shakespeare; x and 2 Henry IV, 
1597-8). 

Petow'ker {Miss Henrietta), of the 
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. She mar- 
ries Mr. Lillyvick, the collector of water- 
rates, but elopes with an officer.-— 
Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Petrarch {The English). Sir Philip 
Sidney (1554-1586) is so called by sir 

Walter Raleigh. 

Petrarch and Laura. Laura was 
a lady of Avignon, the wife of Hugues 
de Sade, nie Laura de Noves, the mistress 
of the poet Petrarch. (See Laura and 
Petrarch, p. 597.) 

Petrarch of Spain, Garcilaso de 
la Vega, born at Toledo (1530- 1568, or 
according to others, 1503-1536). 



PETULANT. 

Petrified City {The), Ishmonfe, !n 
Upper Egypt. So called from the num- 
ber of statues seen there, and tradi- 
tionally said to be men, women, children, 
and dumb animals turned into stone.— 
Kircher : Mundus Subterraneus (1664). 

Petro'nius {C. or T.\, a kind of 

Roman "beau Brummell ' in the court 
of Nero. He was a great voluptuary and 
profligate, whom Nero appointed Arbiter 
Elegantia, and considered nothing cotnme 
il faut till it had received the sanction 
of this dictator-in-chief of the imperia' 
pleasures. Tigellinus accused him of 
treason, and Petronius committed suicide 
by opening his veins (a.d. 66). 

Behold ths new Petronius of the day. 

The arbiter of pleasure and of play. 

Syren : English Bards and Scotch Rtvifwtrs (1809)1 

Petruccio = Pe-truch'-e-o, governor 
of Bologna. — Fletcher ; The Chances 
(1620). 

Petru'chio, a gentleman of Vero'na, 
who undertakes to tame the haughty 
Katharina, called " the Shrew." He 
marries her, and without the least per- 
sonal chastisement reduces her to lamb- 
like submission. Being a fine compound 
of bodily and mental vigour, with plenty 
of wit, spirit, and good-nature, he rules 
his subordinates dictatorially, and shows 
he will have his own way, whatever the 
consequences. — Shakespeare : Taming of 
the Shrew (1594). 

(C. Leslie says Henry Woodward 
(1717-1777) was the best " Petruchio," 
*' Copper Captain," "captain Flash," 
and " Bobadil.") 

IT John Fletcher wrote a comedy 
called The Tamer Tamed, In which 
Petruchio is supposed to marry a second 
wife, by whom he is hen-pecked (1647). 

Petticoat Lane, Whitechapel. It 
was previously called " Hog Lane," and 
is now called " Middlesex Street." 

Petty Cnry, in Cambridge, is not 
fetit icurie, but " parva cokeria ; " petit 
curary, from curare, ** to cook or cure 
meat." 

Pet'ulant, an "odd sort of small 
wit," "without manners or breeding." 
In controversy he would bluntly contra- 
dict, and he never spoke the truth. 
When in his " club," in order to be 
thought a man of intrigue, he would steal 
out quietly, and then in disguise return 
and call for himself, or leave a letter for 
himself. He not unfrequently mistook 
impudence and malice for wit ; and he 



PEU-A-PEU. 

looked upon a modest blush in woman as 
a mark of " guilt or ill-breeding." — Con- 
grevt : Tht Way of the World (1700). 

Peu-a-Peti. So George IV. called 
prince Leopold. Stein, speaking of the 
prince's vacillating conduct in reference 
to the throne of Greece, says of him, 
"He has no colour," i.e. no fixed plan 
of his own, but is blown about by every 
wind. 

Peveril {William), natural son of 
William the Conqueror, and ancestor of 
Peveril of the Peak. 

Sir Geoffrey Peveril, a cavalier, called 
" Peveril of the Peak." 

Lady Margaret Peveril, wife of sir 
Geoffrey. 

Julian Peveril, son of sir Geoffrey ; in 
love with Alice Bridgenorth. He was 
named by the author after Julian Young, 
son of the famous actor. — Sir W. Scott : 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

"Whom Is he called after?" said Scott. "It is a 
fancy name," said Young-; "in memoriam of his 
mother, Julia Ann." " Well, it is a capital name for a 
novel, I must say," he replied. In the very next novel 
by the author of Waver ley, the hero's name is "Ju- 
lian." I allude, of course, to Peveril of the Peak.— 
y. Ytunz : Memoirs, 19. 

Peveril of the Peak, the longest 
of all sir W. Scott's novels, and the most 
heavy (1823). It contains 108 characters, 
besides courtiers, officers, etc. 

• . • The hero of this novel is Julian 
Peveril a cavalier, and the heroine is 
Alice Bridgenorth, daughter of major 
Bridgenorth a Roundhead. And the 
main subject of the novel is the " Popish 
Plot." Of course the hero and heroine 
marry. 

The novel is crowded with well-known 
historic characters ; amongst them are 
Charles II., his brother James duke of 
York, prince Rupert, Antony Cooper 
earl of Shrewsbury, lord Rochester, 
George Viliiers duke of Buckingham, 
sir Edmondbury Godfrey, Hudson the 
dwarf, colonel Blood, Titus Oates, Settle 
the poet, etc. 

Amongst the women are the widow of 
Charles I., the wife of Charles II., with 
his mistresses, Nell Gwynne and Louise 
Querouaille, etc. 

Phaedra, daughter of Minos, and 
second wife of Theseus. (See Phedre.) 

(E. Smith wrote a tragedy called 
Phesdra and Hippoiytus (1708) ; Racine 
wrote a famous tragedy called Phedre 
in 1677 ; and Pradon a tragedy called 
PAidrt et Hippolyte in 1677.) 



833 



PHANTOM SHIP. 



Phaedra, waiting-woman of Alcme'na 
(wife of Amphit'ryon). A type of venality 
of the lowest and grossest kind. Phaedra 
is betrothed to judge Gripus, a stupid 
magistrate, ready to sell justice to the 
highest bidder. Neither Phaedra nor 
Gripus forms any part of the dramatis 
persona of Moliere's Amphitryon (1668). 
— Dry den : Amphitryon (1690). 

Phsedria, the impersonation of 
wantonness. She is handmaid of the 
enchantress Acrasia, and sails about Idle 
Lake in a gondola. Seeing sir Guyon, 
she ferries him across the lake to the 
floating island, where he is set upon by 
Cymoch'les. Phsedria interposes, and 
ferries sir Guyon (the knight Tem- 
perance) over the lake again. — Spenser : 
Faerie Queene, ii. (1590). 

PhsBdrus's Pables, in Latin, about 
A.D. 25. Translated into English verse 
by Christopher Smart, in 1765. 

Pha'eton (3 syl. ), son of Helios and 
ClymenS. He obtained leave to drive his 
father's sun-car for one day, but was 
overthrown, and nearly set the world on 
fire. Jove or Zeus (1 syl.) struck him 
with a thunderbolt for his presumption, 
and cast him into the river Po. 

Phal'aris, tyrant of Agrigentum, in 
Sicily. (For the tale of the "Brazen 
Bull," see Pkrillos, p. 828.) 

Letters of Phalaris, certain apocryphal 
letters ascribed to Phalaris the tyrant, 
and published at Oxford, in 1718, by 
Charles Boyle. There was an edition in 
1777 by Walckenaer ; another in 1823 by 
G. H. Schaefer, with notes by Boyle and 
others. Bentley maintained that the 
letters were forgeries, and no doubt he 
was right. 

Phaleg", James Forbes, a Scotchman, 
who had been travelling tutor to the 
family of the duke of Ormond ; and was 
accused of repaying his patron's favours 
by a scandalous intrigue. — Absalom and 
Achitophel by Dry den and Tate. 

Here Phaleg, the lay Hebronite [Scotchman\ is com*, 
"Cause, like the rest, he could not live at home. . . . 
Slim Phaler ... at the table fed, 
Returned the grateful product to the bed. 

Part ii. 329-350 (i6»»). 

Phallas, the horse of Heraclius. 
(Greek, phalios, " a grey horse.") 

Phantom Ship (The), Carlmilhan 
or Carmilhan, the phantom ship on which 
the kobold of the Cape sits, when be 
appears to doomed vessels. 

3 H 



PHAON. 834 

K. Oat phantom ship, whose form 
oots liko a meteor thro' the storm . • • 
And well the doamed spectators know 
Tis harbinger of wreck and woe. 

Sir W. Sett: Rokchy, ii. 11 (i«i»). 

Pha'on, a young man who loved 
Claribel, but, being told that she was 
unfaithful to him, watched her. He saw, 
as he thought, Claribel holding an assig- 
nation with some one he supposed to be a 
groom. Returning home, he encountered 
Claribel herself, and " with wrathfull 
hand he slew her innocent" On the trial 
for murder, "the lady" was proved to 
be Claribel's servant. Phaon would have 
slain her also, but while he was in pur- 
suit of her he was attacked by Furor. — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii. 4, 28, eta 
(15^0). 

11 Shakespeare's Much Ado about 
Nothing is a similar story. Both are 
taken from a novel by Belleforest, copied 
from one by Bandello. Ariosto, in his 
Orlando Furioso, has introduced a similar 
story (bk. v.), and Turbervil's Geneura is 
the same tale. 

Fharamond, king of the Franks, 
who visited, incognito, the court of king 
Arthur, to obtain by his exploits a place 
among the knights of the Round Table. 
He was the son of Marcomir, and father 
of Clodion. 

(Calprenede has an heroic romance so 
called, which (like his Cleopatra and 
Cassandra) is a Roman de Longue Heleine, 
1612-1666.) 

Phar'amond, prince of Spain, in the 
drama called Philaster or Love Lies a- 
bleeding, by Beaumont (?) and Fletcher 
(date uncertain, probably about 1662). 

Beaumont died 1616. 

Pharaoh, the titular name of all the 
Egyptian kings till the time of Solomon, 
as the Roman emperors took the titular 
name of Caesar. After Solomon's time, 
the titular name Pharaoh never occurs 
alone, but only as a forename : as Pharaoh 
Necho, Pharaoh Hophra, Pharaoh Shi- 
shak. After the division of Alexander's 
kingdom, the kings of Egypt were all 
called Ptolemy, generally with some dis- 
tinctive aftername, as Ptolemy Phila- 
delphos, Ptolemy Euergetgs, Ptolemy 
Philopator, etc.— Selden: Titles of Honour, 
v. 50 (1614). 

(1) Pharaohs before Solotnon (men- 
tioned in the Old Testament) — 
1. Pharaoh contemporary with Abraham 

I Gen. xii. 15). I think this was Osirtesen 
. (dynasty xii.). 



PHARAOH& 

a. The good Pharaoh who advanced 
Joseph (Gen. xli. ). I think this was 
Apophis (one of the Hyksos). 

3. The Pharaoh who "knew not Joseph'' 
(Exod. i. 8). I think this was Amen'- 
ophis I. (dynasty xviii. ). There seem to 
have been great political changes even 
before Joseph's death : evidently his power 
was considerably less, and the honoured 
strangers in Goshen were apparently 
beginning to feel the effects of the change, 
for Joseph comforts them with the promise 
that they shall surely be " visited" (Gen. 
1. 24), and begs them to take his bones with 
them when they are brought up out of 
the land — no grand funeral would be his. 

4. The Pharaoh at the flight of Moses, 
I think, was Thothmes II. 

5. The Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea. 
As this was at least eighty years after 
the persecutions began, most probably 
this was another king. Some say it was 
Menephthes son of Ram'eses II., but it 
seems quite impossible to reconcile the 
account in Exodus with any extant his- 
torical account of Egypt (Exod. xiv. 28). 
(?) Was it Thothmes II. ? 

6. The Pharaoh who protected Hadad 
(1 Kings xi. 19). 

7. The Pharaoh whose daughter 
Solomon married (1 Kings iii. 1 ; ix 16). 
I think this was Psusennes I. (dynasty 
xxi.). 

(2) Pharaohs after Solomon's time 
(mentioned in the Old Testament) — 

1 Pharaoh Shishak, who warred against 
Rehoboam (1 Kings xiv. 25, 26 ; 2 Chron. 
xii. 2). 

2. The Pharaoh called "So" king of 
Egypt, with whom Hoshea made an alli- 
ance (2 Kings xvii. 4). 

3. The Pharaoh who made a league 
with Hezekiah against Sennacherib. He 
is called Tirhakah (2 Kings xviii. 21; 
xix. 9). 

4. Pharaoh Necho, who warred against 
Josiah (2 Kings xxiii. 29, etc.). 

5. Pharaoh Hophra, the ally of Zede- 
kiah. Said to be Pharaoh Apries, who 
was strangled, B.C. 569-525 (Jer. xliv. 

30). 

(Bunsen's solution of the Egyptian 
dynasties cannot possibly be correct) 

(3) Pharaohs noted in romance — 

1. Cheops or Suphis I. , who built the 
great pyramid (dynasty iv.). 

2. Cephrenfes or Suphis II. his brother, 
who built the second pyramid. 

3. Meacheres, his successor, who traflt 



PHARAOH'S DAUGHTER. 



83S 



PHARSALIA. 



the most beautiful, though not the largest, 
of the pyramids. 

4. Memnon or A-menophis III., whose 
musical statue is so celebrated (dynasty 
xviii.). 

5. Sethos I. the Great, whose tomb 
was discovered by Belzoni (dynasty xix. ). 

6. Sethos II., called " Proteus," who 
detained Helen and Paris in Egypt (dy- 
nasty xix. ). 

7. Phuoris or ThuSris, who sent aid to 
Priam in the siege of Troy. 

8. Rampsinltus or Rameses Neter, the 
miser, mentioned by Herodotos (dynasty 
xx.). 

9. Osorthon IV. (or Osorkon), the 
Egyptian Herculds (dynasty xxiii.). 

Pharaoh's Daughter. The daugh- 
ter of Pharaoh who brought up Moses 
was, according to the Talmud, Bathia. 
(Bithiah, see 1 Chron. iv. 18.) Josephus 
says her name was Thumuthia. 

Bathia, the daughter of Pharaoh, came attended by 
her maidens, and entering the water she chanced to 
see the box of bulrushes, and, pitying the infant, aha 
rescued him from death.— The Talmud, tL 

Pharaoh's Wife, Asia daughter of 
Mozahem. Her husband crueily tor- 
mented her because she believed in Moses. 
He fastened her hands and feet to four 
stakes, and laid a millstone on her as she 
lay in the hot sun with her face upwards ; 
but angels shaded off the sun with their 
wings, and God took her, without dying, 
into paradise. — Sale: Al Kor&n, lxvi. 
note. 

Among women, four hare been perfect! Asia, wife) 
of Pharaoh; Mary, daughter of Imran ; Khadijah, 
d. ?hter of Khowailed, Mahomet's first wife; and 
I- 4tima,Mahomet's daughter.— Attributed to Mahomet. 

•.* There is considerable doubt re- 
specting the Pharaoh meant — whether the 
Pharaoh whose daughter adopted Moses, 
or the Pharaoh who was drowned in the 
Red Sea. The tale suits the latter king 
far better than it does the first. 

Pharian Fields, Egypt ; so called 
from Pharos, an island on the Egyptian 
coast, noted for its lighthouse. 

And passed from Pharian fields to Canaan land. 
Milton : Psalm cxiv. (1633). 

Pharsalia (The), a Latin historic 
poem in ten books, by Lucan, the subject 
being the fall and death of Pompey. It 
opens with the passage of Caesar across 
the Rubicon. This river formed the 
boundary of his province, and his crossing 
it was virtually a declaration of war (bk. 
i.). Pompey is appointed by the senate 
general of the army to oppose him (bk. 
v.); Caesar retreats to Thessaly ; Pompey 



follows (bk. vi.), and both prepare for 
war. Pompey, being routed in the battle 
of Pharsalia, flees (bk. vii.), and, seeking 
protection in Egypt, is met by Achillas 
the Egyptian general, who murders him, 
cuts off his head, and casts his body into 
the sea (bk. viii.). Cato leads the residue 
of Pompey's army to Cyrene, in Africa 
(bk. ix. ) ; and Caesar, in pursuit of 
Pompey, landing at Alexandria, is hos- 
pitably entertained by Cleopatra (bk. 
x.). While here, he tarries in luxurious 
dalliance, the palace is besieged by 
Egyptians, and Caesar with difficulty 
escapes to Pharos. He is closely pursued, 
hemmed in on all sides, and leaps into 
the sea With his imperial robe held 
between his teeth, his commentaries in 
his left hand, and his sword in his right, 
he buffets with the waves. A thousand 
javelins are hurled at him, but touch him 
not. He swims for empire, he swims for 
life ; 'tis Caesar and his fortunes that the 
waves bear on. He reaches his fleet, and 
is received by his soldiers with thundering 
applause. The stars in their courses 
fought for Caesar. The sea-gods were 
with him, and Egypt with her host was a 
by-word and a scorn. 

V Bk. ix. contains the account of the 
African serpents, by far the most cele- 
brated passage of the whole poem. The 
following is a pretty close translation of 
the serpents themselves. It would occupy 
too much room to give their onslaught 
also:— 

Here all the serpent deadly brood appears : 
First the dull Asp its swelling neck uprears ; 
The huge Hemor / rh3is, vampire of the blood ; 
Chersy'ders, too, that poison field and flood; 
The Water-serpent, tyrant of the lake ; 
The hooded Cobra ; and the Plantain snake ; 
Here with distended jaws the Prester strays ; 
And Seps, whose bite both flesh and bone decays , 
The Amphisbsena with its double head. 
One on the neck, and one of tail instead ; 
The horned Cerastes ; and the Hammodyte, 
Whose sandy hue might balk the keenest sight; 
A feverish thirst betrays the Dipsas' sting ; 
The ScytSla. its slough that casts in string; 
The Natrix here the crystal stream pollutes; 
Swift thro the air the venomed Javelin shoots » 
Here the Pareas, moving on its tail, 
Marks in the sand its progress by its trail ; 
The speckled Cenchris dr.rts its devious way. 
Its skin with spots as Theban marble gay ; 
The hissing SibTla : and Basilisk, 
With whom no living thing its life would risk. 
Where'er it moves none else would dare remain. 
Tyrant alike and terror of the plain. 

E. C. B. 

Amphisbctna, one that walks both ways (Greek, 
mmphis initio). 

Ch'rsydtr, one that lives on land or m water (Greek, 
chersos hudcr). 

Dipsas, one that provokes thirst (Greek, difsa). 

Natrix, the swimmer (Latin, nato). 

Prester, one that burns you (Greek. JrithgY. 

Seps, one that provokes thirst iGreek, sijr). 

SOtia, the hisser (Latin, sibilo). 



PHEASANT. 836 

(In this battle Pompey had 45,000 
legionaries, 7000 horse, and a large 
number of auxiliaries. Caesar had 22,000 
legionaries, and 1000 horse. Pompey's 
battle cry was, Hercules invictus I That 
of Caesar was, Venus victrix I Caesar 
won the battle. ) 

Translations of the Pharsali*— 
GORGE, in 1614, translated bk. 1. Into English verse. 
MARLOWE translated the Pha rsalia into blank verse 
in 1600 ; and this translation abounds in grand lines. 
MAY, in 1627-1633, made a translation. 
ROWE, in 1728, published an excellent translation. 

Pheasant. So called from Phasis, a 
stream of the Black Sea- 
There was formerly at the fort of Pod a preserve of 
pheasants, which birds derive their European name 
from the river Phasis (the present Rion). — Monttith. 

Phebe (2 syl. ), a shepherdess beloved 
by the shepherd Sihdus, While Rosalind 
was in boy's clothes, Phebe fell in love 
with the stranger, and made a proposal 
of marriage ; but when Rosalind appeared 
in her true character, and gave her hand 
to Orlando, Phebe was content to accept 
her old love Silvius. — Shakespeare: As 
You Like It ( 1600). 

Phedre (or Phaedra), daughter of 
Minos king of Crete, and wife of The- 
seus. She conceived a criminal love for 
Hippolytos her step-son, and, being re- 
pulsed by him, accused him to her hus- 
band of attempting to dishonour her. 
Hippolytos was put to death, and Phaedra, 
wrung with remorse, strangled herself. 

(This has been made the subject of tra- 
gedy by Eurip'ides in Greek, Sen'eca in 
Latin, Racine in French ( 1677). ' ' Ph6dre " 
was the great part of Mile. Rachel ; she 
first appeared in this character in 1838.) 

N.B. — Pradon, under the patronage of 
the duchesse de Bouillon and the due de 
Nevers, produced, in 1677, his tragedy of 
PMdre in opposition to that of Racine. 
The duke even tried to hiss down Racine's 
play, but the public judgment v/as more 
powerful than the duke ; and while it 
pronounced decidedly for Racine's chef 
dceuvre, it had no tolerance for Pradon's 
production. 

Phelis "the Fair," wife of sir Guy 
earl of Warwick. Also spelt Felice. 

Phid'ias (The French), (1) Jean 
Goujon ; also called " The Correggio of 
Sculptors." He was slain in the St. 
Bartholomew Massacre (1510-1572). (2) 
J. B. Pigalle (1714-1785). 

Phil [Little), the lad of John Davies 
the old fisherman.— Sir W. Scott: Fed- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 



PHILIP. 

Philaminte (3 syl.), wife of Chry- 

sale the bourgeois, and mother of Ar- 
mande, Henriette, Ariste, and Belise. — 
Molicre : Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 

Philan'der, of Holland, was a guest 
at the house of Arge'o baron of Servia, 
and the baron's wife Gabri'na fell in love 
with him. (For the rest of the tale, see 
Gabrina, p. 399.) — Ariosto : Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Philan'der, a male coquet ; so called 
from Philander the Dutch knight, who 
coquetted with Gabrina. To ' ' philander " 
is to wanton or make licentious love to a 
woman. 

Yes, 111 baste you together, you and your Philander. 
—Cengrcue: The IVayofthe World (1700). 

Philan'der, prince of Cyprus, pas- 
sionately in love with the princess Ero'ta. 
— Fletcher : The Laws of Candy (1647). 

Philanthropist (The), John How- 
ard (1726-1790). 

Philario, an Italian, at whose house 

Posthu'mus made his silly wager with 
Iachimo. (See Posthumus.) — Shake- 
speare: Cymbeline (1605). 

Phila'rio, an Italian improvisatore, 
who remained faithful to Fazio even in 
disgrace. — Dean Milman : Fazio (18 15). 

Philaster (Prince), heir to the crown 
of Messi'na. Euphra'sia, who was in 
love with Philaster, disguised herself as 
a boy, and, assuming for the nonce the 
name of Bellario, entered the prince's 
service. Philaster, who was in love with 
the princess Arethu'sa, transferred Bel- 
lario to her service, and then grew jealous 
of Arethusa's love for the young page. — 
Fletcher : Philaster or Love Lies a-bleed- 
ing (? 1622). 

(There is considerable resemblance be- 
tween Euphrasia and "Viola" in Twelfth 
Night, by Shakespeare, 1614. ) 

Philax, cousin of the princess Imis. 
(For the tale, see Imis, p. 520.) — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales (" Palace of Re- 
venge," 1682). 

Fhile'mon (3 syl.), an aged rustic, 
who, with his wife Baucis, hospitably re- 
ceived Jupiter and Mercury, after every 
one else had refused to receive them. 
(For the rest, see Baucis, p. 97.)— Greek 
Mythology. 

PhiKnte (2 syl.), friend of Alceste 
(2 syl. ). —Moliere: Le Misanthrope (1666). 

PHILIP, father of William Swidger. 



PHILIP. 



PHILLIS. 



His favourite expression was, " Lord, 
keep my memory green. I am 87." — 
Dickens: The Haunted Man (1848). 

Philip, the butler of Mr. Peregrine 
Lovei ; a hypocritical, rascally servant, 
who pretends to be most careful of his 
master's property, but who in reality 
wastes it most recklessly, and enriches 
himself with it most unblushingly. Being 
found out, he is summarily d.smissed. — 
Townley: High Life Below Stairs (1759). 

Philip {Father), sacristan of St. 
Mary's.— Sir W. Scott: The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Philip {Adventures of) "on his way 

through the world, showing who robbed 
him, who helped him, and who passed 
him bv." On the lines of Gil Bias. — 
Thackeray (i860). 

Philip Augustus, king of France, 
introduced by sir W. Scott in The Talis- 
man (time, Richard I.). 

Philip II. of Spain, a name hated 
by the English, was not an immoral man, 
but a very bigoted one. He had no 
personal doubt that the religious views 
of the catholics were right, and those of 
protestants were wrong ; and he acted 
on the principle, " Do I not hate them, 
O Lord, that hate Thee ? . . . Yea, I hate 
them with a perfect hatred, and treat 
them as mine enemies " (Ps. cxxxix. 
31, 22). It is not true that he died in 
agony of mind, for his end was peace. 

Philip Nye, brought up for the 
Anglican Church ; but he became a 
presbyterian, and afterwards an indepen- 
dent He was noted for the cut of his 
beard. 

This reverend brother, like a goat. 
Did wear a tail upon his throat. 
But set in such a curious frame, 
As if 'twere wrought in filograin. 
And cut so even, as if 't hn I 
Drawn with a pen uoon his chin 
S. Buffer: On Philip Xye's Thanksgiving Beard (r6?a). 

Philip Quarl, a castaway sailor, 
who becomes a hermit. His "man 
Friday " is a chimpanzee. — Philip Quart 
(I7-T). 

Philip Wakeham, in love with 

ie Tulliver ; but the connection was 

broken off by the parents of the *wo 

parties.— George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross) : 

The Mill on the Floss (i860). 

Philip's Pour Daughters. We 

are told, in Acts xxi. 9, that Philip the 
deacon or evangelist had four daughters 
which did prophesy. 



Helen, the mother of great Constantine, 

Nor yet St. Philip's daughters were like thM[7«Mi 0) 

Shakesftmrt : x Henry IV. act L «c a (15*9). 

Philippe, a parched and haggard 
wretch. Though infirm and bent beneath 
a pile of years, yet was he shrewd and 
cunning, greedy of gold, malicious, and 
was looked on by the common people as 
an imp of darkness. It was this old 
villain who told Thancmar that the pro- 
vost of Bruges was the son of a serf on 
Thancmar's estates. — ITnowles : The Pro- 
vost of Bruges (1836). 

Philippe Egulite (4 syl.), Louis 

Philippe due d'Orleans (1747-1793). 

Philipson {The elder), John earl of 
Oxford, an exiled Lancastrian, who goes 
to France disguised as a merchant. 

Arthur Philipson, sir Arthur de Vere, 
son of the earl of Oxford, whom he 
accompanies to the court of king Ren6 
of Provence. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV. ). 

Philisides (3 syl.), sir Philip Sidney 
(1554-1586). 

N.B. — The accent is sometimes on the 
first syllable, and sometimes on the 
second : as — 

It was the harp of Phil'isides, now dead . . . 
And now in heaven a sign it doth appear. 
The Harp well known beside the Northern Bear. 
Spenser: The Ruins 0/ Time (1591). 

But bishop Hall writes — 

He knew the grace of that new elegance 

That sweet Philis'ides fetched of late from France 

•.• Philty>] Sicfjiey], with the Greek 
termination, makes Phili-sides. 

Philistines, the vulgar rich, the 
pretentiously genteel not in " society," 
the social snobs, distinguished for their 
much jewellery and loud finery. 

Demonstrative and offensive whiskers, which are th« 

S>ecial inheritance of the British Philistines.— Mrs. 
lifhant: Phaxbe, Junr., I a. 

During the aesthetic craze, Philistine 
was the name given to those who were not 
in sympathy with the new ideas. 

The Philistine or the Proletarian still finds un- 
diluted satisfaction in the old and oldest forms of art 
and poetry, if he knows himself unwatched by the 
scornful eye of the votary of fashion.— Max Nordau : 
Degeneration, p. 7. 

Phillips {Jessie), the title and chief 
character of a novel by Mrs. Trollope, 
the object being an attack on the new 
poor-law system (1843). 

Phillis, a drama written in Spanish 
by Lupercio Leonardo of Argensola.— 
Cervantes: Don Quixote (1605-15). 



PHILLIS. 



638 



PHILOSTRATB. 



Phillis, a pastoral name for a maiden. 

Where Corydon and Thyrsis, met, 
Aro at their savoury dinner set, 
Of herbs and other country messes. 
Which the aeat-hai* led FhiUis dresses. 

Milton : L'AlUgrt (1638). 

Phillis, "the Exigent," asked 
" Damon thirty sheep for a kiss ; " next 
day, she promised him " thirty kisses for 
a sheep ; " the third day, she would have 
given " thirty sheep for a kiss ; " and the 
fourth day, Damon bestowed his kisses 
for nothing on Lizette. — Dufresny : La 
Coquette de Village (1715). 

Philo, a Pharisee, one of the Jewish 
sanhedrim, who hated Caiaphas the high 
priest for being a Sadducee. Philo made 
a vow in the judgment-hall, that he 
would take no rest till Jesus was numbered 
with the dead. In~bk. xiii. he commits 
suicide, and his soul is carried to hell by 
Obaddon the angel of death. — Klopstock: 
The Messiah, iv. (1771). 

Philoclea, that is, lady Penelope 1 
Devereux, with whom sir Philip Sidney 
was in love. The lady married another, 
and sir Philio transferred his affections to 
Frances Walsingham, eldest daughter of 
sir Francis Walsingham. 

Philocte'tes (4 syl.), one of the 
Argonauts, who was wounded in the 
foot while on his way to Troy. An 
oracle declared to the Greeks that Troy 
could not be taken "without the arrows 
of Hercules," and as Hercules at death 
had given them to Philoctetgs, the Greek 
chiefs sent for him, and he repaired to 
Troy in the tenth and last year of the 
siege. 

All dogs have their day, eren rabid ones. Sorrowful, 
Incurable Pkiloctetfs Marat, without whom Troy cannot 
be taken. — Carlyle. 

Philomel, daughter of Pandlon king 
of Attica. She was converted into a 

nightingale. 

And the mute Silence hist alone. 
'Less Philomel will deign a song 
In her sweetest, saddest plight, 
Smoothing the rugged brow of night. . . ( 
Sweet bird, that shunn'st the noise of folly. 
Most musical, most melancholy. 

Milton : II Penseroso (1638). 

Ph.ilopolimarch.ides (Philo-polli- 
mari'-i-dees), the braggart in Plautus. 

Philosopher (The). Marcus Aure- 
lius Antoninus, the Roman emperor, was 
so called by Justin Martyr (121, 161-180). 

Leo VI. emperor of the East (866, 
886-911). 

Porphyry, the Neoplatonist (223-304). 

Alfred or Alured, surnamed " Angli- 
cus," was also called " The Philosopher" 
(died 1370}. 



Philosopher Prince ( The), Frede- 
rick II. of Prussia was so called by Voltaire 
(1712, 1740-1786). 

The Philosopher cf China, Confucius 
(B.C. 551-479)- 

The Philosopher of Ferney, Voltaire, 
who lived at Ferney, near Geneva, for the 
last twenty years of his life (1694-1778). 

The Philosopher of Malmesbury, 
Thomas Hobbes, author of Leviathan. 
He was born at Malmesbury (1588-1679). 

The Philosopher of Persia, Abou Ebn 
Sina of Shiraz (died 1037). 

The Philosopher of Sans Souci, Frede- 
rick the Great of Prussia (1712, 1740- 
1786). 

'.' Frederick elector of Saxony was 
called " The Wise " (1463, 1544-1554). 

The Philosopher of Wimbledon, John 
Home Tooke, author of the Diversions of 
Purley. He lived at Wimbledon, near 
London (1736-1812). 

(For the philosophers of the different 
Greek sects, as the Cynic, Cyrenaic, 
Eleac, Eleatic, Epicurean, Heraclnian, 
Ionic, Italic, Megaric, Peripatetic, Sceptic, 
Socratic, Stoic, etc., see Dictionary of 
Phrase and Fable, p. 971. ) 

Philosopher's Stone (The), a red 
powder of amalgam, to drive off the 
impurities of baser metals. The word 
stone, in this expression, does not mean 
the mineral so called, but the substratum 
or article employed to produce a certain 
effect. (See Elixir Vit.*, p. 320.) 

Philosophers (The Five English): 

(1) Roger Bacon, author of Opus Majus 
(1214-1292) ; (2) sir Francis Bacon, 
author of Novum Organum (1561-1626) ; 

(3) the Hon. Robert Boyle (1627-1691) ; 

(4) John Locke, author of a treatise on 
the Human Understanding and Innate 
Ideas (1632-1704) ; (5) sir Isaac Newton, 
author of Princip'ia (1 642-1 727). 

Philosophy (The Father of), (r) 
Albrecht von Haller of Berne (1708-1777). 

(2) Roger Bacon is also so called (1214- 
1292). 

The Father of Inductive Philosophy, 
Francis Bacon lord Verulam (1561-1626). 

The Father of Roman Philosophy, 
Cicero the orator (B.C. 106-43). 

The Nursing Mother of Philosophy, 
Mme. de Boufflers was so called by 
Marie Antoinette. 

Phil'ostrate (3 syl.), master of the 
revels to Theseus (2 syl. ) king of Athens, 
— Shakespeare { Midsummer Night" t 
Dream (1592). 



PHILOTA& 



899 



PHOCYAS. 



Philo'tas, son of Parmenio, and 
commander of the Macedonian cavalry. 
He was charged with plotting against 
Alexander the Great Being put to the 
rack, he confessed his guilt, and was 
stoned to death. 



The kinj may doom me to a thousand ( 
Ply me with fire, and rack me like Philotas, 
Ere I will stoop to idolize his pride. 

Lee : Alexander the Great, L x (i6fj%). 

Philot'ime l^syl., "love of glory"), 
daughter of Mammon, whom the money- 
god offers to sir Guyon for a wife ; but 
the knight declines the honour, saying 
he is bound by love-vows to another. — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii. 7 (1590). 

Philot'iinus, Ambition personified. 
(Greek, philo-timos, "ambitious, covetous 
of honour.") — Phineas Fletcher: The 
Purple Island, viii. (1633). 

Fhilot'imus, steward of the house 
in the suite of Gargantua. — Rabelais : 
Gargantua, i. 18 (1533). 

Philox'eno«, an epicure who wished 
he had the neck of a crane, that he might 
enjoy the taste of his food longer before 
swallowing it — Aristotle: Ethics, iii. 10. 

Philpot {senior), an avaricious old 
hunks, and father of George Philpot. 
The old City merchant cannot speak a 
sentence without bringing in something 
about money. " He wears square-toed 
shoes with little tiny buckles, a brown 
coat with small brass buttons. . . . His 
face is all shrivelled and pinched with 
care, and he shakes his head like a 
mandarin upon a chimney-piece" (act 

LI). 

When I was very young:, I performed the part of 
"Old Philpot," at Brighton, with great success, and 
next evening- 1 was introduced into a club-room full of 
corr^any. On hearing my name announced, one of the 
gentlemen laid down his pipe, and, taking up his glass, 
said, " Here's to your health, young gentleman, and to 
your father's too. I had the pleasure of seeing him 
last night in the part of Philpot, and a very nice clever 
old gentleman he is. I hope, young sir, you may one 
day be as good an actor as your worthy father."— 
Munden. 

George Philpot. The profligate son of 
old Philpot, destined for Maria Wilding, 
but the betrothal is broken off, and Maria 
marries Beaufort. George wants to pass 
for a dashing young blade, but is made 
the dune of every one. " Bubbled at 
play ; duped by a girl to whom he paid 
his addresses ; cudgelled by a rake ; 
laughed at by his cronies; snubbed by 
his father; and despised by every one." 
—Murphy: The Citizen (1757 or 1761). 

Ph.i7.tra, a lady of large fortune, be- 
trothed to Bracldas; but, seeing the 



fortune of Amid as daily increasing, and 
that of Bracidas getting smaller and 
smaller, she forsook the declining fortune 
of her first lover, and attached herself to 
the more prosperous younger brother. — 
Spenser : Faerie Queene, v. 4 (1596). 

Phineus [Fi'-nuce], a blind sooth- 
sayer, who was tormented by the harpies. 
Whenever a meal was set before him, the 
harpies came and carried it off. The 
Argonauts delivered him from these pests 
in return for his information respecting 
the route they were to take in order to 
obtain the golden fleece. (See Tire- 
si as.) 

Tlresias and Phineus, prophets old. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iii. 36 (rf6j). 

Phis, the pseudonym of Hablot K. 
Browne, who illustrated the Pickwick 
Papers (1836), Nicholas Nickleby, and 
most of Charles Dickens's works of fiction. 
He also illustrated the Abbotsford edition 
of the Waverley Novels. 

Phleg'ethon (3 syl. ), one of the five 

rivers of hell. The word means the 
"river of liquid fire." (Greek, phlego, 
"to burn.") The other rivers are Styx, 
Ach'eron, Cocy'tus, and Le'the. (See 
Styx.) 

Fierce Phlegethon. 
Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, ii. 580 (1665). 

Phleg'rian Size, gigantic. Phlegra 
or the Phlegrae'an plain, in Macedon, is 
where the giants attacked the gods, and 
were defeated by Hercul6s. Drayton 
makes the diphthong <b a short i — 

Whose only love surprised those of the Phlegrian size, 
The Titanois, that once against high heaven durst rise. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, vi. (x6ia). 

Phobbs. Captain and Mrs. Phobbs, 
with Mrs. major Phobbs a widow, sister- 
in-law to the captain, in Lend Me Five 
Shillings, by J. M. Morton. 

Pho'cion, husband of Euphra'sia 
" the Grecian daughter." — Murphy : The 
Grecian Daughter (1772). 

Phocyas, general of the Syrian army 
in the siege of Damascus. Phocyas was 
in love with Eudo'cia, daughter of Eu'- 
menes the governor, but when he asked 
the governor's consent, Eumenes sternly 
refused to give it. After gaining several 
battles, Phocyas fell into the hands of 
the Arabs, and consented to join their 
army to revenge himself on Eumenes. 
The Arabs triumphed, and Eudocia was 
taken captive, but she refused to wed a 
traitor. Ultimately, Phocyas died, and 



PHCEBUS. 

Eudocia entered a convent. — Hughes: 
Siege of Damascus (1720). 

Phoebus, the suri^god. Phoebe (a 
syl. ), the moon-goddess. — Greek Mytho- 
logy. 

Phoebus' s Son. Pha'Ston obtained per- 
mission of his father to drive the sun-car 
for one day, but, unable to guide the 
horses, they left their usual track, the car 
was overturned, and both heaven and 
earth were threatened with destruction. 
Jupiter struck Phaeton with his thunder- 
bolt, and he fell headlong into the Po. 

. . . like Phoebus' fayrest child. 
That did presume his father's fiery wayne, 
And flaming- mouths of steeds unwonted wilde, 
Thro' highest heaven with weaker hand to rayn*| ••• 
He leaves the welkin way most beaten playne, 
And, wrapt with whirling wheels, inflames the skyen 
With fire not made to burne, but fayrely for to shyne. 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, \. 4, 10 (1590). 

Phoebus. Gaston de Foix was so 
called, from his great beauty (1488-15 12). 

Phoebus {Captain), the betrothed of 
Fleur de Marie. He also entertains a 
base love for Esmeralda, the beautiful 
gipsy girl. — Victor Hugo: Notre Dame 
de Paris (1831). 

Phoenix ( The ) is said to live 500 (or 
1000) years, when it makes a nest of 
spices, burns itself to ashes, and comes 
forth with renewed life for another simi- 
lar period. There never was but one 
phoenix. 

The bird of Arabye . . . Can never dye, 

And yet there is none. But only one, 

A phenix. . . . Plinni showeth al In his Story Natural, 

What he doth finde Of the phenix kinde. 

Skelton: Philip Sparoiu (time, Henry, VIII.). 

Phoenix Theatre ( The), now called 
Drury Lane. 

Phoenix Tree, the rasin, an Arabian 
tree. Floro says, " There never was but 
one, and upon it the phoenix sits." — 
Dictionary (1598). 

*.• Pliny thinks the tree on which the 
phcenix was supposed to perch is the 
date tree (called in Greek phoinix), adding 
that " the bird died with the tree, and 
revived of itself as the tree revived."— 
Nat. Hist., xiiL 4. 

Now I will believe 
That there are unicoms ; that in Arabia 
There is one tree, the phoenix' throne ; one phoenix 
At this hour reigning there. 

Shakespeare : The Tempest, act iii. sc. 3 (1609). 

Fhorcus, " the old man of the sea." 
He had three daughters, with only one 
eye and one tooth between 'em. — Greek 
Mythology. 

This is not "the old man of the sea" 
mentioned in the Arabian Nights {" Sin- 
bad the sailor "). 



840 



PHYLLIS. 



Phor'mio, a parasite, who is "all 
things to all men." — Terence: Phormio. 

Phosphor, the light-bringer or morn- 
ing star; also called Hesperus, and by 
Homer and Hesiod Heds-phoros. 

Bright Phosphor, fresher for the night. 
Sweet Hesper-Phosphor, double name. 

Tennyson : In Memoriam, exxi. (1850). 

Phos'phorus, a knight called by 
Tennyson "Morning Star," but, in the 
History of Prince Arthur, " sir Persaunt 
of India or the Blue Knight." One of 
the four brothers who kept the passages 
to Castle Perilous. — Tennyson : Idylls 
of the King ("Gareth and Lynette"); 
sir T. Malory: History of Prince Arthur, 
i 131 (1470). 

•.* It is evidently a blunder to call the 
Blue Knight "Morning Star" and the 
Green Knight " Evening Star." In the 
old romance, the combat with the " Green 
Knight " is at dawn, and with the " Blue 
Knight " at nightfall. The error arose 
from not bearing in mind that our fore- 
fathers began the day with the preceding 
eve, and ended it at sunset 

Phraortes (3 syl.), a Greek admiral. 
— Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Phrat, the Eu-phrat-es, now called 
Forat or Frat 

Phry'ne (2 syl.), an Athenian cour- 
tezan of surpassing beauty. Apelles's 
celebrated picture of " Venus Anadyo- 
meng " was drawn from Phryne\ who 
entered the sea with hair dishevelled for 
a model. The " Cnidian Venus" of 
Praxiteles was also taken from the same 
model. 

(Some say Campaspg was the academy 
figure of the "Venus Anadyomene." 
Pope has a poem called Phryne.) 

Phunky (Mr.), Serjeant Snubbins's 
junior in the defence of Pickwick, in the 
suit of Mrs. Bardell v. Pickwick.— 
Dickens: Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Phyllis, a Thracian who fell in love 
with Demoph'oon. After some months 
of mutual affection, Demophoon was 
obliged to sail for Athens, but promised 
to return within a month. When a 
month had elapsed, and Demophoon did 
not put In an appearance, Phyllis so 
mourned for him that she was changed 
into an almond tree, hence called by the 
Greeks Phylia. In time, Demophoon 
returned, and, being told the fate of 
Phyllis, ran to embrace the tree, which, 



I 



PHYLLIS. 

though bare and leafless at the time, was 
instantly covered with leaves, hence called 
Phylla by the Greeks. 

Let Demophoon tell 
Why Phyllis by a fate untimely felL 

Ovid : Art of Love, ffl. 

Phyllis, a country girl in Virgil's 
third and fifth Eclogues. Hence, a rustic 
maiden. Also spelt Phillis [q.v.). 

Phyllis, in Spenser's eclogue Colin 
Clout's Come Home Again, is lady Carey, 
wiie of sir George Carey (afterwards lord 
Hunsdon, 1596). Lady Carey was Eliza- 
beth, the second of the six daughters of 
sir John Spenser of Althorpe, ancestor of 
the noble houses of Spenser and Marl- 
borough. 

No less praiseworthy are the sisters three, 
The honour of the noble family 
Of which I meanest boast myself to be, . , s 
Phyllis, Charyllis, and sweet Amaryllis 1 
Phyllis the fair is eldest of the three. 
Sfenser : Colin Clouts Come Home Again (1594). 

Phyllis and Branetta, rival beau- 
ties. Phyllis procured for a certain 
festival some marvellous fabric of gold 
brocade in order to eclipse her rival ; but 
Brunetta dressed the slave who bore her 
train in a robe of the same material and 
cut in precisely the same fashion, while 
she herself wore simple black. Phyllis 
died of mortification. — The Spectator 
(1711, 1712, 1714). 

Phynnodderee, a Manx spirit, simi- 
lar to the Scotch brownie. Phynnodderee 
is an outlawed fairy who absented him- 
self from Fairy -court on the great levie 
day of the harvest moon. Instead of 
paying his respects to king Oberon, he 
remained in the glen of Rushen, dancing 
with a pretty Manx maid whom he was 
courting. 

Physic a Parce is {His). Sir John 
Hill began his career as an apothecary 
in St. Martin's Lane, London ; became 
author, and amongst other things wrote 
farces. Garrick said of him — 

For physic and farces, his equal there scarce Isi 
His farces are physic, bis physic a farce is. 

Physician {The Beloved), St. Luke 
the evangelist {Col. iv. 14). 

Physician or Fool. Plutarch, in his 
treatise On the Preservation of Health, 
telis us that Tiberius used to say, " A 
man is his own physician or a fool at 
forty." 

Physicians {The prince of), Avi- 
cenna the Arabian (980-1037). 

Physigna'tlios, king of the frogs, 



841 



PICCOLINO. 

and son of Pelus ("mud"). Being 
wounded in the battle of the frogs and 
mice by Troxartas the mouse king, he 
flees ingloriously to a pool, " and, half in 
anguish of the flight, expires " (bk. iii. 
112). The word means "puffed chaps." 

Great Physignathos I from Pelus' race, 

Begot in fair Hydromede's embrace. 

Parnell : Battle of the Frogs and Mice, i. 1 (about X7»>. 

Physiology {The Father of), Albert 

von Haller (1708-1777). 

Pihrac {Seigneur de), poet and diplo- 
matist, author of Cinqua?ite Quatrains 
{1574). Gorgibus bids his daughter 
study Pibrac instead of trashy novels and 
poetry. 

Lisez-moi, comme il faut, au lieu de ces somettet, 
Les Quatrains de Pibrac, et les doctes Tableau 
Du conseiller Matthieu ; l*ouvrage est de valeur, . . . 
La Guide des pe"cheurs est encore un bon livre. 

Moliere : Sganarelle, L 1 (1660). 

(Pierre Matthieu, poet and historian, 
wrote Quatrains de la Vaniti du Monde, 
1629.) 

Pibroch. It is remarkable how com- 
mon the error is of mistaking this word, 
which is the name of a kind of air, 
generally martial, for the instrument on 
which it is played, namely, the bag-pipe. 
Even lord Byron falls into it in his poem 
Oscar of Alva — 

It is not war their aid demands. 
The pibroch plays the song of peace. 

Oscar 0/ Ah*. 24. 

Ficanninies (4 syl.), little children ; 
the small fry of a village. — West Indian 
Negroes. 

There were at the marriage the plcannlnles and the 
Jobliilies, but not the Grand Panjandrum. — Yon^e. 

Ficaresco School {The), romances 
of roguery ; called in Spanish Gusto 
Ficaresco. Gil Bias is one of this school 
of novels. 

Fic'atrix, the pseudonym of a Span- 
ish monk ; author of a book on demono- 
logy. 

When I was a student, . . . that same Rer. Plcatrix 

. . . was wont to tell us that devils did naturally fear the 
bright flashes of swords as much as he feared the 
Splendour of the s\xa.—Raitlau : Pantag'rtul, iii. 33 
(IMS)- 

Piccolino, an opera by Mons. 
Guiraud (1875) ; libretto by MM. Sardou 
and Nuittier. This opera was first intro- 
duced to an English audience in 1879. 
The tale is this : Marthe, an orphan girl 
adopted by a Swiss pastor, is in love with 
Frecteric Auvray, a young artist, who 
" loved and left his love." Marthe plods 
through the snow from Switzerland to 
Rome to find her young artist, but, for 



PICKEL-HERRINGE. 



642 PICROCHOLE'S COUNSELLORS. 



greater security, puts on boy's clothes, 

and assumes the name of Piccolino. She 
sees Fr6d6ric, who knows her not ; but, 
struck with her beauty, makes a drawing 
of her. Marthe discovers that the faith- 
less Fr6d6ric is paying his addresses to 
Elena (sister of the duke Strozzi). She 
tells the lady her love-tale ; and Fr6d6nc, 
deserted by Elena, forbids Piccolino 
JMarthe) to come into his presence again. 
The poor Swiss wanderer throws herself 
into the Tiber, but is rescued. Frederic 
repents, and the curtain falls on a recon- 
ciliation and approaching marriage. 

Pickel-Herring-e (5 syl.), a popular 
name among the Dutch for a buffoon ; a 
corruption of pickle-harin ("a hairy 
sprite"), answering to Ben Jonsons 
Puck-hairy. 

Fickle {Peregrine), a savage, un- 
grateful spendthrift, fond of practical 
jokes. He delighted in tormenting others, 
but bore with ill temper the misfortunes 
which resulted from his own wilfulness. 
His ingratitude to his uncle, and his 
arrogance to Hatchway and Pipes, are 
simply hateful. — Smollett : The Adven- 
tures of Peregrine Pickle (1751). 

Pickle the Spy, so scandalously 
mixed up with the history of " Bonnie 
prince Charles," was Alastair Ruadh 
McDonnell, heir to the chieftainship of 
Glengarry. Charles Edward (the young 
Pretender) trusted this Scotch Judas to 
the very last. — Andrew Lang: Pickle the 
Spy (1896). 

Pickwick [Samuel), the chief cha- 
racter of The Pickwick Papers, a novel 
by C. Dickens. He is general chairman 
of the Pickwick Club. A most ver- 
dant, benevolent, elderly gentleman, who, 
as member of a club instituted " for the 
purpose of investigating the source of 
the Hampstead ponds," travels about 
with three members of the club, to whom 
he acts as guardian and adviser. The 
adventures they encounter form the sub- 
ject of the Posthumous Papers of the 
Pickwick Club (1836). 

(The original of Seymour's picture of 
" Pickwick " was a Mr. John Foster {not 
the biographer of Dickens, but a friend 
of Mr. Chapman's the publisher). He 
lived at Richmond, and was "a fat old 
beau," noted for his "drab tights and 
black gaiters.") 

Pickwick Club {The Posthumous 
Papers of the), the title of the novel gene- 
rally called the " Pickwick Papers," by 



Dickens (1836). Mr. Seymour was re- 
tained to illustrate the papers, and after 
his death H. K. Browne, who assumed 
the name of Phiz. The first five monthly 
parts were a decided failure, but on the 
introduction of Sam Weller the sale rose 
twentyfold, and the publishers sent 
Dickens .£500 on the publication of the 
twelfth number, and at the close of the 
novel they sent him a further sum of 
,£3000 over and above his stipulated 
agreement. 

(Moncrieff dramatized the novel under 
the title of Sam Weller or The Pick- 
wickians. In this version Mrs. Bardell 
is the wife of Alfred Jingle, and therefore 
her charge against Pickwick involved her 
in a charge of bigamy, while Messrs. 
Dodson and Fogg are sent to Newgate 
for conspiracy.) 

Pickwickian Sense {In a), an 

insult whitewashed. Mr. Pickwick ac- 
cused Mr. Blotton of acting in "a vile 
and calumnious manner ; " whereupon 
Mr. Blotton retorted by calling Mr. 
Pickwick "a humbug." But it finally 
was made to appear that both had used 
the offensive words only in a parlia- 
mentary sense, and that each entertained 
for the other "the highest regard and 
esteem." So the difficulty was easily 
adjusted, and both were satisfied. 

Lawyers and politicians daily abase each other in a 
Pickwickian sense.— Bowditch. 

Pio'rochole, king of Lerne, noted for 
his choleric temper, his thirst for empire, 
and his vast but ill-digested projects. — 
Rabelais: Gargantua, i. (1533). 

(Supposed to be a satire on Charles V. 
of Spain.) 

The rustics of Utopia one day asked the cake-bakers 
of Lerne' to sell them some cakes. A quarrel ensued, 
and king Picrochole marched with all his army against 
Utopia, to extirpate the insolent inhabitants.— Bit i. 33. 

Picrochole's Counsellors. The 

duke of Smalltrash, the earl of Swash- 
buckler, and captain Durtaille, advised 
king Picrochole to leave a small garrison 
at home, and, dividing his army into 
two parts, to send one south and the 
other north. The former was to take 
Portugal, Spain, Italy, Germany (but 
was to spare the life of Barbarossa), to 
take the islands of the Mediterranean, 
the Morea, the Holy Land, and all 
Lesser Asia. The northern army was to 
take Belgium, Denmark, Prussia, Poland, 
Russia, Norway, Sweden, sail across the 
Sandy Sea, and meet the other half at 
Constantinople, when king Picrochole 
was to divide the nations amongst his 



PICT& 



843 PIED PIPER OF HAMELN. 



great captains. Echephron said he had 
heard about a pitcher of milk which was 
to make its possessor a nabob, and give 
him for wife a sultan's daughter ; only 
the poor fellow broke his pitcher, and 
had to go supperless to bed. (See Boba- 
DlL.p. 133.)— Rabelais : Pantag'ruel, i. 33 
(1533)- 

A shoemaker bought a ha'p'orth of milk ; with this 
be intended to make butter, the butter was to buy a 
cow, the cow was to have a calf, the calf was to be sold, 
and the man to become a nabob ; only the poor 
dreamer cracked the jug, spilt the milk, and had to go 
wpperlesa to bed.— Pantag ruel, L 33. 

Picts, the Caledonians or inhabitants 
of Albin, i.e. Northern Scotland. The 
Scots came from Scotia, north of Ire- 
land, and established themselves under 
Kenneth M'Alpin in 843. 

(The etymology of "Picts" from the 
Latin picti ("painted men"), is about 
equal to Stevens's etymology of the word 
"brethren" from tabernacle, "because 
we breathe therein.") 

Picture {The), a drama by Mas- 
singer (1629). The storv of this plav 
(li.;e that of the Twelfth Night, by 
Shakespeare) is taken from the novel- 
letti of Bandello of Piedmont, who died 
1555- 

Picas, a soothsayer and augur ; hus- 
band of Canens. In his prophetic art 
he made use of a woodpecker (picus), a 
prophetic bird sacred to Mars. Circe fell 
in love with him, and, as he did not re- 
spond to her advances, changed him into 
a woodpecker, whereby he still retained 
his prophetic power. 

"There is Picus,"said Maryx. "What a strange 
thing is tradition ! Perhaps it was in this very forest 
that Circe, gathering her herbs, saw the bold friend of 
Mars on his fiery courser, and tried to bewitch him, 
and, failing, metamorphosed bim so. What, I wonder, 
ever first wedded that story to the woodpecker?"— 
Ouida : Ariadni, i. n. 

Pied Horses. Motassem had 
130,000 pied horses, which he employed 
to carry earth to the plain of Catoul ; 
and having raised a mound of sufficient 
height to command a view of the whole 
neighbourhood, he built thereon the royal 
city of Samarah '. — Khondemyr : Khelassat 
al Akhbar (1495). 

The Hill of the Pied Horses, the site of 
the palace of Alkoremmi, built by Mo- 
tassem, and enlarged by Vathek. 

Pied Piper of Hameln (or Hame- 
lin), in "Westphalia, a piper named 
Hunting, from his dress. He undertook, 
for a certain sum of money, to free the 
town of Hamelin, in Brunswick, of the 
rats which infested it ; but when he had 



drowned all the rats in the river Weser, 
the townsmen refused to pay the sum 
agreed upon. The piper, in revenge, 
collected together all the children of 
Hameln, and enticed them by his piping 
into a cavern in the side of the mountain 
Koppenberg, which instantly closed 
upon them, and 130 went down alive into 
the pit (June 26, 1284). The street through 
which Bunting conducted his victims was 
Bun gen, and from that day to this no 
music is ever allowed to be played in this 
particular street. — Verstegan : Restitution 
of Decayed Intelligence (1634). 

(Robert Browning has a poem entitled 
The Pied Piper, which he wrote for little 
Willie Macready, and did not mean to 
publish. ) 

N.B. — Erichius, in his Exodus Hame- 
lensis, maintains the truth of this legend ; 
but Martin Schoock, in his Fabula Hame- 
lensis, contends that it is a mere myth. 

" Don't forget to pay the piper " is still 
a household expression in common use. 

IF A similar tale is told of the fiddler 
of Brandenberg. The children were led 
to the Marienberg, which opened upon 
them and swallowed them up. 

IF When Lorch was infested with ants, 
a hermit led the multitudinous insects by 
his pipe into a lake, where they perished. 
As the inhabitants refused to pay the 
stipulated price, he led their pigs the 
same dance, and they, too, perished in 
the lake. 

Next year, a charcoal-burner cleared 
the same place of crickets ; and when 
the price agreed upon was withheld, he 
led the sheep of the inhabitants into the 
lake. 

The third year came a plague of rats, 
which an old man of the mountain piped 
away and destroyed. Being refused his 
reward, he piped the children of Lorch 
into the Tannenberg. 

% About 200 years ago, the people 
of Ispahan were tormented with rats, 
when a little dwarf named Giouf, not 
above two feet high, promised, on the 
payment of a certain sum of money, to 
free the city of all its vermin in an hour. 
The terms were agreed to, and Giouf, by 
tabor and pipe, attracted every rat and 
mouse to follow him to the river Zen- 
derou, where they were all drowned. 
When the dwarf demanded payment, 
the people gave him several bad coins, 
which they refused to change. Next day, 
they saw with horror an old black woman, 
fiity feet high, standing in the market- 
place with a whip in her hand She waa 



PIERIA. 844 

the genie Mergian Banou, the mother of 

the dwarf. For four days she strangled 
daily fifteen of the principal women, and 
on the fifth day led forty others to a 
magic tower, into which she drove them, 
and they were never after seen by mortal 
eye. — Gueulette: Chinese Tales (" History 
of Prince Kader-Bilah," 1723). 

'.• The syrens of classic story had, by 
their weird spirit-music, a similar irre- 
sistible influence. 

(See Curious Myths a/the Middle Ages.) 

(Weird music is called Alpleich or 
Elfenseigen.) 

Pieria, a mountainous slip of land in 
Thessaly. A portion of the Mountains 
is called Pier us or the Pierian Moun- 
tain, the seat of the Muses. 

Ah ! will they leave Pieria's happy shore, 
To plough the tide where wintry tempests roar t 
Falconer: The Shipwreck (1756). 

Pierre [Peer], a blunt, bold, out- 
spoken man, who heads a conspiracy to 
murder the Venetian senators, and induces 
Jaffier to join the gang. Jaffier (in order 
to save his wife's father, Priuli) reveals 
the plot, under promise of free pardon ; 
but the senators break their pledge, and 
order the conspirators to torture and death. 
Jaffier, being free, because he had turned 
*' king's evidence," stabs Pierre to prevent 
his being broken on the wheel, and then 
kills himself. — Otway; Venice Preserved 
(1682). 

John Kemble [1757-1823] could not play "sir Per- 
tinax " like Cooke, nor could Cooke play " Pierre" like 
Kemble.— C. R. Leslie: Autobiography. 

Charles M. Young's " Pierre," if net so lofty, b mora 
Oatural and soldierly than Kemble's.— New Monthly 
Magazine (1822). 

Macready's "Pierre" was occasionally too familiar, 
and now and then too loud ; but it had beauties of the 
highest order, of which I chiefly remember his passion- 
ate taunt of the gang of conspirators, and his silent 
reproach to "Jaffier" bv holding up his manacled 
hands, and looking upon the poor traitor with stedfast 
sorrow [1793-1873].— Tal/ourd. 

Pierre, a very inquisitive servant of 
M. Darlemont, who long suspects his 
master has played falsely with his ward 
Julio count of Harancour.— Holcroft : TJie 
Deaf and Dumb (1785). 

Pierre Alpnonse {Rabbi Moise 
Sephardi), a Spanish Jew converted to 
Christianity in 1062. 

All stories that recorded are 
By Pierre Alfonse he knew by heart. 
Longfellow : The Wayside Inn (prelude). 

Pierre du Coignet or Coigneres, 

an advocate-general in the reign of Phi- 
lippe de Valois, who stoutly opposed the 
encroachments of the Church. The 
monks, in revenge, nicknamed those 



PIETRO. 



grotesque figures in stone (called n gar- 
goyles"), pierres du coignet. At Notre 
Dame de Paris there were at one time 
gargoyles used for extinguishing torches, 
and the smoke added not a little to their 
ugliness. 

You may associate them with Master Pierre da 
Coignet, . . . which perform the office of extinguishers, 
—Rabelais : Gargantua and Pantag'ruel (1533-45). 

Pierrot [Pe'-er-ro], a character in 
French pantomime, representing a man 
in stature and a child in mind. He is 
generally the tallest and thinnest man in 
the company, and appears with his face 
and hair thickly covered with flour. He 
wears a white gown, with very long 
sleeves, and a row of big buttons down 
the front. The word means "Little 
Peter." 

Piers and Palinode, two shepherds 
in Spenser's fifth eclogue, representing 
the protestant and the catholic priest. 

Piers or Percy again appears in eel. x. 
with Cuddy, a poetic shepherd. This 
noble eclogue has for its subject "poetry." 
Cuddy complains that poetry has no 
patronage or encouragement, although it 
comes by inspiration. He says no one 
would be so qualified as Colin to sing 
divine poetry, if his mind were not so 
depressed by disappointed love. — Spen» 
ser: The Shepheardes Calendar (1579). 

Piers Plowman (The Vision of), a 
satirical poem divided into twenty parts. 
The vision is supposed to have been seen 
while the plowman was sleeping in the 
Malvern Hills. First published in 1550 ; 
but the author, William Langland, a 
secular priest, lived 1332-1400. The 
poem is not in rhymes, nor yet in heroic 
blank verse like Shakespeare's plays, but 
in alliterative verse containing from ten 
to twelve syllables, with a pause at the 
fifth or sixth foot He preceded Chaucer, 
who wrote in rhymes. 

(The Malvern Hills form a boundary between Wo». 
eestershire, Monmouthshire, and Herefordshire.) 

N.B. — Anglo-Saxon alliterative poetry 
does not require every word of a line to 
begin with the same letter, but that three 
words in two short lines (or one long line) 
should do so. Two words in the former 
part and one in the latter, as — 

Mercy hight that Maid. H a Meek thing withal . . . 
Her .Sister at it Seemed || came ibothiy walking 
When these Afaidens Met j| ,1/ercy and Truth. 

From Piers Plowman. 

But by no means was this method strictly 
observed. 

Fie'tro (a syl.), the putative father of 



PIETRO OF ABANO. 

Pompilia. This paternity was a fraud, 
perpetrated, unknown to Pietro, by 
Violante his wife, ' ' partly to please old 
Pietro," partly to oust the heirs of certain 
property which would otherwise fall to 
them. — R. Browning : The Ring and the 
Book, ii. 575(1868-69). 

Pietro of Abano, the greatest 
Italian philosopher and physician of the 
thirteenth century. He was an astrologer, 
and was persecuted as a wizard. Abano 
is a village near Padua. 

Browning has a poem called Pietro of 
Abano (1880). 

Pig. Phaedrus tells a tale of a popular 
actor who imitated the squeak of a pig. 
A peasant said to the audience that he 
would himself next night challenge and 
beat the actor. When the night arrived, 
the audience unanimously gave judgment 
in favour of the actor, saying that his 
squeak was by far the better imitation ; 
but the peasant presented to them a real 
pig, and said, " Behold, what excellent 
judges are ye ! " 

IF This is similar to the judgment of 
the connoisseur who said, "Why, the 
fellow has actually attempted to paint a 
fly on that rosebud, but it is no more like 

a fly than I am like ; " but, as he 

approached his finger to the picture, the 
fly flew away. — Stevens : The Connoisseur 
(*754). 

Pigal (Mons. de), the dancing-master 
who teaches Alice Bridgenorth. — Sir IV. 
Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, Charle* 
II.). 

Pigeon and Dove (The). Prince 
Constantio was changed into a pigeon 
and the princess Constantia into a dove, 
because they loved, but were always 
crossed in love. Constantio found that 
Constantia was sold by his mother for a 
slave, and in order to follow her he was 
converted into a pigeon. Constantia was 
seized by a giant, and in order to escape 
him was changed into a dove. Cupid 
then took them to Paphos, and they 
became "examples of a tender and sin- 
cere passion ; and ever since have been 
the emblems of love and constancy." — 
Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy 7a/«("Tbe 
Pigeon and Dove," 1682). 

Pigmy, a dwarf. (See Pygmy.) 

Pigott Diamond (The), brought 
from India by lord Pigott. It weighs 
82$ carats. In 1818 it came into the 
hands of Messrs. Rundeil and Bridge. 



845 PILGRIM TO COMPOSTELLA. 

Pigrogrom'itns, a name alluded to 
by sir Andrew Ague-cheek. 

In sooth thou wast in very gracious fooling last night 
when thou spokest of Pigrogromitus, of the Vapian 
passing the equinoctial of Queubus. 'Twas very good, 
V faith. — Shakespeare : Twelfth Night, act ii. sc 3 
(X614). 

Pigwig'gen, a fairy knight, whose 
amours with queen Mab, and furious 
combat with Oberon, form the subject of 
Drayton's Nymphidia (1593). 

Pike. The best pike in the world are 
obtained from the Wyth'am, in that 
division of Lincolnshire called Kesteven 
(in the west). 

Yet for my dainty pike I \Wythani\ am without com- 
pare. 

Drayton : Pelyolbion, xxv. (162a). 

Pike (Gideon), valet to old major 
Bellenden.— Sir W. Scott: Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 

Pila'tns (Mount), In Switzerland. 
The legend is that Pontius Pilate, being 
banished to Gaul by the emperor Tibe- 
rius, wandered to this mount, and flung 
himself into a black lake at the summit 
of the hill, being unable to endure the 
torture of conscience for having given up 
the Lord to crucifixion. 

Of course there is no historical value in this tradition. 
Pilatus means " capped " [with snow], but the ami - 
larity of the two words gave rise to the tradition. 

Pilcrow, a mark in printing, to 
attract attention, made thus IT or C^" 

In husbandry matters, where pilcrow ye find, 
That verse appertaineth to husbandry kind. 
Tusser : Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry 
(1557). 

Pilgrim Fathers. They were 102 
puritans (English, Scotch, and Dutch), 
who went, in December, 1620, in a ship 
called the Mayflower, to North America, 
and colonized Maine, New Hampshire, 
Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecti- 
cut. These states they called " New 
England." New Plymouth (near Boston) 
was the second colony planted by the 
English in the New World. 

Men in the middle of life, austere and grave in deport- 
ment . . . 
God had sifted three kingdoms to find the wheat for 

this planting. 
Longfellow : Courtship of Miles Standish, iv. (1858). 

Pilgrim— Palmer. Pilgrims had 
dwellings, palmers had none. Pilgrims 
went at their own charge, palmers pro- 
fessed willing poverty and lived on 
charity. Pilgrims might return to a 
secular life, palmers could not. Pilgrims 
might hold titles and follow trades, 
palmers were wholly " religious " men. 

Pilgrim to Compostella. Some 



PILGRIMS AND THE PEA& 846 

pilgrims on their way to Compostella 
stopped at a hospice in La Calzada. The 
daughter of the innkeeper solicited a 
young Frenchman to spend the night with 
her, but he refused ; so she put in his 
wallet a silver cup, and when he was on 
the road, she accused him to the alcaydS 
of theft. As the property was found in 
his possession, the alcayde ordered him 
to be hung. His parents went on their 
way to Compostella, and returned after 
eight days, but what was their amaze- 
ment to find their son alive on the gibbet 
and uninjured. They went instantly to 
tell the alcayde" ; but the magistrate 
replied, " Woman, you are mad ! I 
would just as soon believe these pullets, 
which I am about to eat, are alive, as that 
a man who has been gibbeted eight days 
is not dead." No sooner had he spoken 
than the two pullets actually rose up 
alive. The alcayde" was frightened out 
of his wits, and was about to rush out of 
doors, when the heads and feathers of the 
birds came scampering in to complete the 
resuscitation. The cock and hen were 
taken in grand procession to St. James's 
Church of Compostella, where they lived 
seven years, and the hen hatched two 
eggs, a cock and a hen, which lived just 
seven years and did the same. This has 
continued to this day, and pilgrims 
receive feathers from these birds as holy 
relics ; but no matter how many feathers 
are given away, the plumage of the 
sacred fowls is never deficient 

Galium capiunt et gallinam, et in eccleslara trans- 

ferunt magna solemnitate. Quae ibi clausae res admir- 
abiles et Dei potentiam testificantes observantur, ubi 
septennio vivunt; hunc enim terminum Deus illus 
instituit ; et in fine septennii antequam moriantur, 
pullum relinquunt et pullam sui coloris et magnitudinis ; 
et hoc fit in ea ecclesia quolibet septennio. Magna 
quoque admirationis est, quod omnes per hanc urbera 
transeuntes peregrini, qui sunt innumerabiles, galli 
hujus et gallinae plumam capiunt, et nunquam illis 



plumse deficiunt. Hac EGO TESTOR, propterea quod 
ViDl et interfui.— Lucius M. Siculus : Rerum His- 
fianicarwn Scriptorts, ii. 805. 

• . * This legend is also seriously related 
by bishop Patrick, Parable of the Pilgrims, 
xxxv. 430-4. Udal ap Rhys repeats it in 
his Tour through Spain and Portugal, 
35-8. It is inserted in the Acta Sancto- 
rum, vi. 45. Pope Calixtus II. mentions 
it among the miracles of Santiago. Mgr. 
Guerin, the pope's chamberlain, inserts 
it in his Petits Bollandists, as un- 
doubtedly true ; and Lucius M. Siculus 
(see above) says, "Hac Ego Testor, 
propterea quod Vidi et interfui." — His- 
tory of Spanish Authors, ii. 805. 

Pilgrims and the Feas. Two 



PILOT. 

pilgrims, for penance, had to walk to the 
Holy Land with peas in their shoes. 
One accomplished the journey without 
difficulty, but the other was well-nigh 
crippled. The latter asked the former 
why he was so nimble, and he replied, " I 
boiled my peas." — Peter Pindar [Dr. 
Wolcot](i782). 

Pilgrims of the Hhine {The), a 
novel by lord Lytton (1834). 

Pilgrim's Progress ( The), by John 
Bunyan (pt. i., 1678 ; pt. ii., 1684). 
This is supposed to be a dream, and to 
allegorize the life of a Christian from 
his conversion to his death. His doubts 
are giants, his sins a bundle or pack, his 
Bible a chart, his minister Evangelist, his 
conversion a flight from the City of De- 
struction, his struggle with besetting sins a 
fight with Apollyon, his death a toilsome 
passage over a deep stream, and so on. 

The second part is Christiana and her 
family led by Greatheart through the 
same road, to join Christian, who had 
gone before. 



Pilgrims' Songs; or, "Songs of 
the Goings-up," Psalms written from the 
recollection of the going up from Babylon 
to Jerusalem, when, full of joy, the cara- 
vans returned with Zerubbabel after the 
Captivity. They were afterwards collected 
into one volume, and were then intended 
for the use of the pilgrims who went up 
from all parts of the Holy Land to keep 
the yearly festivals in the second temple. 

Pillar of the Doctors [La Colonne 
des DocteursX William de Champeaux 

(*-II2l). 

Pillars of Hercules ( The), Calpe 
and Abyla, two mountains, one in Europe 
and the other in Africa. Calpe" is now 
called " The Rock of Gibraltar," and 
Abyla is called "The Apes' Hill" or 
" mount Hacho." 

Pills to Purge Melancholy. 

Another title is " Laugh and be Fat," a 
collection of sonnets by D'Urfey (1719). 

Pilot (The), an important character 
and the title of a nautical burletta by E. 
Fitzball, based on the novel so called by 
J. Fenimore Cooper of New York (1823). 
" The pilot " turns out to be the brother 
of colonel Howard of America. He 
happened to be in the same vessel which 
was taking out the colonel's wife and only 
son. The vessel was wrecked, but ' ' the 
pilot" (whose name was John Howard) 
saved the infant boy, and sent him to 



PILOT. 

England to be brought up, under the 
name of Barnstable. When young Barn- 
stable was a lieutenant in the British 
navy, colonel Howard seized him as a 
spy, and commanded him to be hung 
to the yardarm of an American frigate 
called the Alacrity. At this crisis " the 
pilot " informed the colonel that Barn- 
stable was his own son, and the father ar- 
rived just in time to save him from death. 

Pilot that Weathered the Storm 

(The), William Pitt (1759-1806). The 
"storm" referred to was the European 
disturbance created by Napoleon Buona- 
parte. There was a silver medal cast 
in the Pitt Club, on the obverse side of 
which was the motto given above, and 
below it was the date of Pitt's birth. On 
the reverse is "Warrington Pitt Club, 
MDCCCXIV." 

Pilpay', the Indian iEsop. His com- 
pilation was in Sanskrit, and entitled 
Pantschatantra (fourth century B.C.). 

It was rumoured he could say . . . 
All the " Fables " of Pilpay. 
Longfellow : The Wayside Inn (prelude). 

Pilum'nus, the patron god of bakers 
and millers, because he was the first 
person who ever ground corn. 

Then there was Pilumnus, who was the first to male* 
cheese, and became the god of bakers.— Ouida : 
Ariadni, i. 40. 

P imp er limp imp (Powder), a worth- 
less nostrum, used by quacks and sor- 
cerers. Swift uses the word in his Tale 
of a Tub (1704). 

This famous doctor [Sherloct] plays the Merry 
Andrew with the world, and, like the powder "Pimper 
le Pimp," turns up what trump the knave of clubs calls 
for.— A Dialogue between Dr. Sherlock . . . and Dr. 
Oates (1690). 

Finabello, son of Anselmo (king of 
Maganza). Marphi'sa overthrew him, 
and told him he could not wipe out the 
disgrace till he had unhorsed a thousand 
dames and a thousand knights. PinaLello 
was slain by Brad'amant. — Ariosto : 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Pinac, the lively spirited fellow- 
traveller of Mirabel "the wild goose." 
He is in love with the sprightly Lillia- 
Bianca, adaughterofNantolet. — Fletcher: 
The Wild-goose Chase (1652). 

Pinch, a schoolmaster and conjurer, 
who tries to exorcise Antiph'olus (act iv. 
sc. 4). — Shakespeare : Comedy of Errors 
(iS93). 

Finch (Tom), clerk to Mr. Pecksniff 
"architect and land surveyor." Simple 
as a child, green as a salad, and honest 



847 PINDER OF WAKEFIELD. 

as truth itself. Very fond of story-books, 
but far more so of the organ. It was the 
seventh heaven to him to pull out the 
stops for the organist's assistant at Salis- 
bury Cathedral ; but when allowed, after 
service, to finger the notes himself, he 
lived in a dream-land of unmitigated 
happiness. Being dismissed from Peck- 
sniffs office, Tom was appointed librarian 
to the Temple library, and his new 
catalogue was a perfect model of pen- 
manship. 

Ruth Pinch, a true-hearted, pretty girl, 
who adores her brother Tom, and is the 
sunshine of his existence. She marries 
John Westlock. — Dickens: Martin 
Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Pinchbeck (Lady), with whom don 
Juan placed Leila to be brought up. 

Olden she was— but had been very young ; 
Virtuous she was— and had been, I believe . . . 
She merely now was amiable and witty. 

Byron: Don Juan, xii. 43, 47 (1834). 

Pinch wife (Mr.), the town husband 
of a raw country girl, wholly unpractised 
in the ways of the world, and whom he 
watches with ceaseless anxiety. 

Lady Drogheda . . . watched her town husband as 
assiduously as Mr. Pinchwife watched his country wife. 
— Macaulay. 

Mrs. Pinchwife, the counterpart of 
Moliere's "Agnes," in his comedy en- 
titled L'icole des Femmes. Mrs. Pinch- 
wife is a young woman wholly unsophisti- 
cated in affairs of the heart. — Wycherly : 
The Country Wife (1675). 

(Garrick altered VV ycherly's comedy to 
The Country Girl.) 

Pindar (Peter), the pseudonym of Dr. 
John Walcot (1738-1819). 

Pindar, the Theban poet, whose 
lyrics in irregular verse have furnished the 
word "pindaric" (B.C. 518-442). 

The British Pindar, Thomas Gray 
(1716-1771). On his monument in West- 
minster Abbey is inscribed these lines — 

No more the Grecian muse unrivalled reigns; 

To Britain let the nations homage pay: 
She felt a Homer's fire in Milton's Strains, 

A Pindar's rapture in the lyre of Gray. 

The French Pindar, (1) Jean Dorat 
(1507-158:! ; (2) Ponce Denis Lebrun 
(1729- 1 807). 

The Italian Pindar, Gabriello Chia- 
brera (1552-1637). 

Pindar of England ( The). Cowley 
was preposterously called by the duke of 
Buckingham, " The Pindar, Horace, and 
Virgil of England." Posterity has not en- 
dorsed this absurd eulogium (1618-1667). 

Finder of Wakefield ( The), George- 



PINDORUS AND ARIDEUS. 848 

a-Green, pinner of the town of Wake- 
field, that is, keeper of the public pound 
for the confinement of estrays. — The 
History of George-a-Green, Pinder of the 
Town of Wakefield (time, Elizabeth). 

Pindo'rus and Aride'us, the two 
heralds of the Christian army in the 
siege of Jerusalem. — Tasso: Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

Pine-Sender ( The), Sinis, the Corin- 
thian robber, who used to fasten his 
victims to two pine trees bent towards 
the earth, and leave them to be torn to 
pieces by the rebound. 

Pinker ton {Miss), a most majestic 
lady, tall as a grenadier, and most proper. 
Miss Pinkerton kept an academy for 
young ladies on Chiswick Mall. She was 
" the Semiramis of Hammersmith, the 
friend of L^r. Johnson, and the corre- 
spondent of Mrs. Chapone." This very 
distinguished lady " had a Roman nose, 
and wore a solemn turban." Amelia 
Sedley was educated at her academy, and 
Rebecca Sharp was a pupil teacher there. 
— Thackeray: Vanity Fair, i. (1848). 

Pinnit {Orson), keeper of the bears.— 
Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Pinto {Ferdinand Mendez), a Portu- 
guese traveller, whose "voyages" were 
at one time wholly discredited, but have 
since been verified (1509-1583). 

Ferdinand Mendez Pinto was but a type of thee, thou 
liar of the first magnitude. — Congreve : Love for Love 
(I69S). 

Pious {The), Ernst I. founder of the 
house of Gotha (1601-1674). 

Robert, son of Hugues Capet (971, 
996-1031). 

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161). 

Pip, the hero of Dickens's novel called 
Great Expectations. His family name 
was Pirrip, and his Christian name 
Philip. He was enriched by a convict 
named Abel Magwitch ; and was brought 
up by Joe Gargery a blacksmith, whose 
. wife was a woman of thunder and light- 
ning, storm and tempest. Magwitch, 
having made his escape to Australia, 
became a sheep farmer, grew very rich, 
and deposited ^500 a year with Mr. 
J aggers, a lawyer, for the education of 
Pip and to make a gentleman of him. 
Magwitch returned to England, was 
captured, and died in jaiL All his property 
being confiscated, Pip was reduced to 
poverty, and had to earn his living as a 
clerk. His friend Herbert Pocket used 



PIPER. 

to call him " Handel," because Handel 

wrote the Harmonious Blacksmith. — 
Dickens: Great Expectations (i860). 

Pipchin {Mrs.), an exceedingly "well- 
connected lady," living at Brighton, where 
she kept an establishment for the training 
of children. Her " respectability " chiefly 
consisted in the circumstance of her 
husband having, broken his heart in 
pumping water out of some Peruvian 
mines (that is, in having invested in these 
mines, and being let in). Mrs. Pipchin 
was an ill-favoured old woman, with 
mottled cheeks and grey eyes. She was 
given to buttered toast and sweetbreads, 
but kept her children on the plainest 
fare. — Dickens: Dombey and Son (1846). 

Pipe ( The Queens), the dock kiln in 
the centre of the great east vault of the 
wine-cellars of the London docks. This 
is the place where useless and damaged 
goods that have not paid duty are burnt. 

Pipe and Dance. As you pipe I 
must dance, I must accommodate myself 
to your wishes. To " pipe another dance " 
is to change one's bearing, to put out of 
favour. J. Skelton speaking of the clergy, 
says their pride no man could tolerate, 
for they "would rule king and kayser," 
and " bryng all to nought ; " but, if kings 
and nobles, instead of wasting their time 
on hunting and hawking, would attend 
to politics, he says — 

They would pype you another daunce. 

Spenser: Colyn Clout (1460-1529). 

Piper ( Tom), one of the characters in 
e morris-dance. 

So have I seen 
Tom Piper stand upon our village green, 
Backed with the May-pole. 

IV. Browne : Shepherd's Pipe (1614). 

Piper {Paddy the), an Irish piper, 
supposed to have been eaten by a cow. 
Going along one night during the 
"' troubles," he knocked his head against 
the body of a dead man dangling from 
a tree. The sight of the " iligant " boots 
was too great a temptation ; and as they 
refused to come off without the legs, 
Paddy took them too, and sought shelter 
for the night in a cowshed. The moon 
rose, and Paddy, mistaking the moon- 
light for the dawn, started for the fair, 
having drawn on the boots and left the 
"legs" behind. At daybreak, some of 
the piper's friends went in search of him, 
and found, to their horror, that the cow, 
as they supposed, had devoured him 
(with the exception of his legs) — clothes, 
bags, and alL They were horror-struck, 



PIPER OF HAMELIN. 



«49 



PlSISTRATOa 



and of course the cow was condemned to 
be sold ; but while driving her to the 
fair, they were attracted by the strains 
of a piper coming towards them. The 
cow startled, made a bolt, with a view, 
as it was supposed, of making a meal on 
another piper. " Help, help ! " they 
shouted; when Paddy himself ran to 
their aid. The mystery was soon ex- 
plained over a drop of the " cratur," and 
the cow was taken home again. — Lover: 
Legends and Stories of Ireland (1834). 

Piper of Hamelin. (See Pied 
Piper of Hameln, p. 843.) 

Piperman, the factotum of Chalomel 
chemist and druggist. He was " so 
handy " that he was never at his post ; 
and being "so handy," he took ten times 
the trouble of doing anything that another 
would need to bestow. For the self- 
same reason, he stumbled and blundered 
about, muddled and marred everything he 
touched, and being a Jack-of-all-trades 
was master of none. 

There has been an accident because I am so handy. 
I went to the dairy at a bound, came back at another, 
and fell down in the open street, where I spilt the milk. 
I tried to bale it up— no go. Then I ran back or raa 
home, I forget which, and left the money somewhere ; 
and then, in fact, I have been four times to and fro, 
because I am so uandy. — Wart; Piptrmaris Prtdica* 
wunt. 

Pipes (Tom), a retired boatswain's 
mate, living with commodore Trunnion to 
keep the servants in order. Tom Pipes is 
noted for his taciturnity. — Smollett : Tlia 
Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751). 

(The incident of Tom Pipes concealing 
in his shoe his master's letter to Emilia, 
was suggested by Ovid — 

Cum possi t solea chartas celare ligata*. 
Et viucto blandu tub pede ferre notaa. 

Ovid: Arto/LrVf.) 

Pippa Passes, a dramatic poem by 
R. Browning (1841). Pippa is a poor 
child, at work all the year round, except 
one day, in the silk-mills at Asolo, in 
Italy. Her one holiday is New Year's 
Day, and the drama hinges on her chance 
appearance "at critical moments in the 
spiritual life-history of the leading cha- 
racters in the play." Just at the supreme 
moment, Pippa passes, singing some 
refrain, and her voice alters the destinies 
of the men and women to whom she is 
unknown. Unconsciously, her own des- 
tiny is altered in the end by her last 
song (see note at beginning, vol. i.). 
The leading feature of Browning's teach- 
ing lies in the refrain of Pippa's first song— 

"Cod's in His heaven — 

All's right with the worldj!" 
B.ob—H Brrmmng ; Pippa Passu (1844. 



Pirate ( The), a novel by sir W. Scott 
(182 1 ). In this novel we are introduced 
to the wild sea scenery of the Shetlands ; 
the primitive manners of the old udaller 
Magnus Troil, and his fair daughters 
Minna and Brenda : lovely pictures, 
drawn with nice discrimination, and most 
interesting. 

(A udaller is one who holds his lands 
on allodial tenure.) 

Pirner (John), a fisherman at Old St 
Ronan's. — Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Pisa. The banner of Pisa is a cross 
on a crimson field. It is said to have 
been brought from heaven by Michael 
the archangel, and delivered to St. 
Efeso, the patron saint of Pisa, 

Pisanio, servant of Posthu'mus. 
Being sent to murder Imogen the wife of 
Posthumus, he persuades her to escape to 
Milford Haven in boy's clothes, and sends 
a bloody napkin to Posthumus, to make 
him believe that she has been murdered. 
Ultimately, Imogen becomes reconciled 
to her husband. (See Posthumus.)— 
Shakespeare: Cymbeline (1605). 

Pisis'tratos of Athens, being asked 
by his wife to punish with death a young 
man who had dared to kiss their daughter, 
replied, " How shall we requite those who 
wish us evil, if we condemn to death those 
who love us ? " This anecdote is referred 
to by Dante, in his Purgatory, xv. — 
Valerius Maximus : Memorable Acts and 
Sayings, v. 

Pisis'tratos and His Two Sons. 

The history of Pisistratos and his two 
sons is repeated in that of Cosmo de 
Medici of Florence and his two grand- 
sons. It is difficult to find a more striking 
parallel, whether we regard the characters 
or the incidents of the two families. 

• . * Pisistratos was a great favourite of 
the Athenian populace ; so was Cosmo de 
Medici with the populace of Florence. 
Pisistratos was banished, but, being re- 
called by the people, was raised to sove- 
reign power in the republic of Athens ; 
so Cosmo was banished, but, being re- 
called by the people, was raised to supreme 
power in the republic of Florence. Pisis- 
tratos was just and merciful, a great 
patron of literature, and spent large sums 
of money in beautifying his city (Athens) 
with architecture ; the same may be said 
of Cosmo de Medici. To Pisistratos we 
owe the poems of Homer in a connected 
form ; and to Cosmo we owe the best 
3' 



PISO'S NOTION OF JUSTICE. 850 



PIXIE-STOOL& 



literature of Europe, for he spent fortunes 
in the copying of valuable MSS. The two 
sons of Pisistratos were Hipparchos and 
Hippias ; and the two grandsons of 
Cosmo were Guiliano and Lorenzo. Two 
of the most honoured citizens of Athens 
(Harmodios and Aristogiton) conspired 
against the sons of Pisistratos— Hippar- 
chos was assassinated, but Hippias es- 
caped ; so Francesco Pazzi and the 
archbishop of Pisa conspired against 
the grandsons of Cosmo — Guiliano was 
assassinated, but Lorenzo escaped. In 
both cases it was the elder brother who 
fell, and the younger who escaped. 
Hippias quelled the tumult, and suc- 
ceeded in placing himself at the head of 
Athens ; so did Lorenzo in Florence. 

Fiso's Notion of Justice. Seneca 
tells us that Piso condemned a man to 
death for murder on circumstantial 
evidence ; but on going to execution the 
man supposed to be dead exclaimed, 
" Hold ! I am the man supposed to have 
been killed." The centurion sent back 
the prisoner to Piso, and explained the 
reason why. Whereupon Piso con- 
demned all three to death, saying, " Fiat 
justitial I condemn the prisoner to 
death, because sentence of death has 
been passed upon him ; the centurion, for 
disobeying orders ; and the man supposed 
to have been murdered, because he is the 
cause of death to the other two." 

(The tale is told of others besides Piso.) 
Pistol, in The Merry Wives of Wind- 
sor and the two parts of Henry IV., is 
the ancient or ensign of captain sir John 
Falstaff. Peto is his lieutenant, and Bar- 
dolph his corporal. Peto being removed 
(probably killed), we find in Henty V. 
that Pistol is lieutenant, Bardolph is 
ancient, and Nym is corporal. Pistol is 
also introduced as married to Mistress 
Nell Quickly, hostess of the tavern in 
Eastcheap. Both Pistol and his wife die 
before the play is over ; so does sir John 
Falstaff; Bardolph and Nym are both 
hanged. Pistol is a model bully, 
wholly unprincipled, utterly despicable; 
but he treated his wife kindly, and she 
was certainly fond of him.— Shakespeare. 

His [Pistol's'] courage is boasting, his learning 
ignorance, his ability weakness, and his end beggary. 
— Dr. Lodge. 

V His end was not "beggary;" as 
host of the tavern in Eastcheap, he seems 
much more respectable, and better off 
than before. Theophilus Cibber (1703- 
1758) was the best actor of this part. 



Pistris, the sea-monster sent to <!©• 
vour Androm'eda. It had a dragon's head 
and a fish's tail. — Aratus: Commentaries. 

Pithyrian [Pi-thirry-an], a pagan of 
Antioch. He had one daughter, named 
Mara'na, who was a Christian. A young 
dragon of most formidable character in- 
fested the city of Antioch, and demanded 
a virgin to be sent out daily for its meal. 
The Antioch'eans cast lots for the first 
victim, and the lot fell on Marana, who 
was led forth in grand procession as the 
victim of the dragon. Pithyrian, in dis- 
traction, rushed into a Christian church, 
and fell before an image which attracted 
his attention, at the base of which was 
the real arm of a saint The sacristan 
handed the holy relic to Pithyrian, who 
kissed it, and then restored it to the 
sacristan ; but the servitor did not observe 
that a thumb was missing. Off ran 
Pithyrian with the thumb, and joined his 
daughter. On came the dragon, with tail 
erect, wings extended, and mouth wide 
open, when Pithyrian threw into the 
gaping jaws the ■ ' sacred thumb. " Down 
fell the tail, the wings drooped, the jaws 
were locked, and up rose the dragon into 
the air to the height of three miles, when 
it blew up into a myriad pieces. So the 
lady was rescued, Antioch delivered ; and 
the relic, minus a thumb, testifies the fact 
of this wonderful miracle. — Sou they: 
The Young' Dragon (Spanish legend). 

Pitt Bridge. Blackfriars Bridge, 
London, was so called by Robert Mylne, 
its architect ; but the public would not 
accept the name. 

Pitt Club (The), the club of the 

supporters of W. Pitt, the great states- 
man ; all members of parliament or of 
the Upper House. There was also a Fox 
Club for those of the policy of Mr. Fox. 
The present Carlton Club is a con- 
servative club, like the Pitt Club. 

Pitt Diamond {The), the sixth 
largest cut diamond in the world. It 
weighed 410 carats uncut, and 136I carats 
cut. It once belonged to Mr. Pitt, grand- 
father of the famous earl of Chatham. 
The duke of Orleans, regent of France, 
bought it for ,£135,000, whence it is often 
called "The Regent." The French re- 
public sold it to Treskon, a merchant of 
Berlin. Napoleon I. bought it to ornament 
his sword. It now belongs to the king of 
Prussia. (See Diamonds, p. 277.) 

Pixie-Stools, toad-stools for the 



PIZARRO. 



8 S i 



fairies to sit on, when they are tired of 
dancing in the fairy-ring. 

Fizarro, a Spanish adventurer, who 
made war on Atali'ba inca of Peru. 
Elvi'ra, mistress of Pizarro, vainly en- 
deavoured to soften his cruel heart. Be- 
fore the battle, Alonzo the husband of 
Cora confided his wife and child to 
Rolla, the beloved friend of the inca. 
The Peruvians were on the point of 
being routed, when Rolla came to the 
rescue, and redeemed the day ; but Alonzo 
was made a prisoner of war. Rolla, 
thinking Alonzo to be dead, proposed to 
Cora ; but she declined his suit, and 
having heard that her husband had fallen 
into the hands of the Spaniards, she im- 
plored Rolla to set him free. Accordingly, 
he entered the prison where Alonzo was 
confined, and changed clothes with him, 
but Elvira liberated him on condition that 
he would kill Pizarro. Rolla found his 
enemy sleeping in his tent, spared his 
life, and made him his friend. The 
infant child of Cora being lost, Rolla 
recovered it, and was so severely wounded 
in this heroic act that he died. Pizarro 
was slain in combat by Alonzo ; Elvira 
retired to a convent ; and the play ends 
with a grand funeral march, in which the 
dead body of Rolla is borne to the tomb. 
— Sheridan : Pizarro (1814). 

The sentiments of loyalty uttered by " Rolla " had 90 
food an "effect, that when the duke of Queensberry 
asked whv the stocks had fallen, a stock-jobber re- 



StOCK-JOl 

plied, " Because they hare left off playing Pizarro at 
Dr 



asked why the stocks had fallen, 
lied, " Because they hare left off 
)rury Lane." — Sheridan' t Memoirs. 

(Sheridan's drama of Pizarro is taken 
from that of Kotzebue, but there are 
several alterations : Thus Sheridan makes 
Pizarro killed by Alonzo, which is a 
departure from both Kotzebue and also 
historic truth. Pizarro lived to conquer 
Peru, and was assassinated in his palace at 
Lima by the son of his friend Almagro.) 

Pizarro, " the ready tool of fell Velas- 
quez' en mes. "—Jephson : Braganxa ( 1775). 

Fizarro, the governor of the State 
prison in which Fernando Florestan was 
confined. Fernando's young wife, in 
boy's attire, and under the name of 
Fidelio, became the servant of Pizarro, 
who, resolving to murder Fernando, sent 
Ficlelio and Rocco (the jailer) to dig his 
grave. Pizarro was just about to deal 
the fatal blow, when the minister of state 
arrived, and commanded the prisoner to 
be set free. — Beethoven: Fidelio (1791). 

Place [Lord), noted for his corrupt 
briberies. His fellow-candidate is colonel 



PLAGUE OF LONDON. 

Promise. Their opponents are Harry 
Foxchase and squire Tankard. — Fielding: 
Pasquin (1736). 

Flace'bo, one of the brothers ol 
January the old baron of Lombardy. 
When January held a family conclave to 
know whether he should marry, Placebo 
told him "to please himself, and do as 
he liked." — Chaucer : Canterbury Tales 
(" The Merchant's Tale," 1388). 

Placid (Mr. ), a hen-pecked husband, 
who is roused at last to be somewhat 
more manly, but could never be better 
than " a boiled rabbit without oyster 
sauce." (See Pliant, p. 854.) 

Mrs. Placid, the lady paramount of the 
house, who looked quite aghast if her 
husband expressed a wish of his own, or 
attempted to do an independent act — 
Inchbald: Every One has His Fault 
(1794). 

Flac'idaa, the exact fac-simile of his 
friend Amias. Having heard of his 
friend's captivity, he went to release 
him, and being detected in the garden, 
was mistaken by Corfiambo's dwarf for 
Amias. The dwarf went and told Paea'na 
(the daughter of Corflambo, " fair as ever 
yet saw living eye, but too loose of life 
and eke of love too light "). Placidas 
was seized and brought before the lady, 
who loved Amias, but her love was not 
requited. When Placidas stood before 
her, she thought he was Amias, and 
great was her delight to find her love 
returned. She married Placidas, re- 
formed her ways, "and all men much 
admired the change, and spake her 
praise." — Spenser: Faerie Queenc, iv. 8, 
9 (I59 6 )- 

Plagiary (Sir Fretful), a play- 
wright, whose dramas were mere plagiar- 
isms from " the refuse of obscure 
volumes." He pretended to be rather 
pleased with criticism, but was sorely 
irritated thereby. 

(Richard Cumberland (1732-1811), 
noted for his vanity and irritability, 
was the model of this character. — 
Sheridan : The Critic, i. x, 1779. ) 

Herrick, who had no occasion to steal, has taken this 
image frem Suckling, and spoilt It in the theft. Like 
sir Fretful Plagiary, Herrick had not skill to steal with 
taste— R. Chambers: English Literature, L 134. 

William Parsons [1736-1705) was th« original "sir 
Fretful Plagiary," and from his delineation most of 
our modern actors have borrowed their idea. — LiSt #> 
Sheridan. ' 

Plagne of London (1665). 68,586 
persons died thereof. Defoe wrote • 



PLAIDS ET GIEUX SOUSL'ORMEL. 85a 



PLATONIC BODIES, 



Journal of the Plague of London (1722). 
As this was fifty-seven years after the 
plague, and Defoe was born in 166 1, of 
course he can scarcely be considered an 
eye-witness, but his description is most 
vivid and lifelike. 

Plaids et Gieux sons l'Ormel, 

a society formed by the troubadours of 
Picardy in the latter half of the twelfth 
century. It consisted of knights and 
ladies of the highest rank, exercised and 
approved in courtesy. The society as- 
sumed an absolute judicial power in 
matters of the most delicate nature ; 
trying, with the most consummate cere- 
mony, all causes in love brought before 
their tribunals. 

IF This was similar to the " Court of 
Love," established about the same time 
by the troubadours of Provence. — Uni- 
versal Magazine (March, 1792). 

Plain {The), the level floor of the 
National Convention of France, occupied 
by the Girondists or moderate repub- 
licans. The red republicans occupied 
the higher seats, called " the mountain." 

Plain and Perspicuous Doctor 

(The), Walter Burleigh (1275-1357). 

Plain Dealer (The), a comedy by 
William Wycherly (1677). 

The countess of Drogheda . . . Inquired for the /Yet* 
Dealer. " Madam," said Mr. Fairbeard, . . . "there 
he is," pushing Mr. Wycherly towards her. — Cibber: 
Lives of the Poets, iii. 252. 

(Wycherly married the countess in 1680. 
She died soon afterwards, leaving him the 
whole of her fortune. ) 

Plain Speaker (The), Hazlitt's 
opinions on certain "books, men, and 
things" (1826). 

Planet of Love. Venus is so called 
by TeDnyson, in his Maud, 1. xxii. a 
(1855). 

Flantagenet (Lady Edith), a kins- 
woman of Richard I. She marries the 
prince royal of Scotland (called sir 
Kenneth knight of the Leopard or 
David earl of Huntingdon). — Sir W. 
Scott: The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Plantain or Planta'go, the favour- 
ite food of asses. It is very astringent, 
and excellent for cuts and open sores. 
Plantain leaves bruised, and rubbed on 
the part affected, will instantly relieve 
the pain and reduce the swelling occa- 
sioned by the bite or sting of insects. 
Ths Highlanders ascribe great virtues 



to the plantain, which they call slan-ltu 

(" the healing plant"). — Lightfoot. 

The hermit gathers . . . plantane for a sore. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (16x3). 

Plato. The mistress of this philo- 
sopher was Archianassa ; of Aristotle, 
Hepyllis ; and of Epicurus, Leontium. 
(See Lovers, p. 633.) 

The English Plato, the Rev. John 
Norris (1657-1711). 

The German Plato, Friedrich Heinrich 
Jacobi (1743-1819). 

The Jewish Plato, Philo Judaeus (fl. 
A.D. 20-40). 

The Puritan Plato, John Howe (1630- 
1706). 

Plato and the Bees. It is said 
that when Plato was an infant, bees 
settled on his lips while he was asleep, 
indicating that he would become famous 
for his "honeyed words." The same 
story is told of Sophocles, St. Chrysostom, 
and others. 

And as when Plato did i' the cradle thrive. 

Bees to his lips brought honey from the hive; 

So to this boy [Dor'idon] they came— I know not whether 

They brought or from his lips did honey gather. 

Browne; Britannia's Pastorals, ii. (1613). 

Plato and Homer. Plato greatly 
admired Homer, but excluded him from 
his ideal republic. 

Plato, 'tis true, great Homer doth commend, 
Yet from his common-weal did him exile. 
Brooke : Inquisition upon Fame, etc. (1554-1628!. 

Plato despised Poets. 

Plato, anticipating the Reviewers, 

From his "republic " banished without pity 

The poets. 

Longfellow: The Poets Tale. 

Plato of the Eighteenth Cen- 
tury, Voltaire (1694-1778). 

The sage Plato of the eighteenth century.— Carlyle ; 
Frederick II. of Prussia, voL ii. p. 597. 

Plato's Republic, in Greek prose. 
It is not so much a political treatise, as 
an ideal of perfect men living in a perfect 
state. It may be called an ideal of social 
life. It has been well translated by 
Davies and Vaughan (1866). 

Plato's Year, 25,000 Julian years. 

Cut out more work than can be done 
In Plato's year. 

5. Butler: Hudibras, iii. i (1678). 

Platonic Bodies, the five regular 
geometrical solids described by Plato, 
all of which are bounded by like, equal, 
and regular planes. The four-sided, the 
six-sided, the eight-sided, the twelve- 
sided, and the twenty-sided ; or the tetra- 
hedron, hexahedron or cube, octahedron, 
dodecahedron, and icosahedron. 



PLATONIC LOVE. 

Platonic Love, the innocent friend- 
ship of opposite sexes, wholly divested of 
all animal or amorous passion. 

The noblest kind of love Is lore platoaicaL 

Syren : Don Ju*n, ix. 76 (1824). 

Platonic Puritan {The), Joha 
Howe, the puritan divine (1630-1706). 

Plausible {Counsellor) and serjeant 
Eitherside, two pleaders in The Man of 
the World, by C. Macklin (1764). 

Play called the Pour P's {The), 
by John Hey wood (1569). It is a con- 
tention as to which of the four can tell the 
greatest lie, and the Palmer (who asserted 
that he never saw a woman out of temper) 
wins the prize. The other three P's are 
the Pardoner, the Poticary, and the 
Pedlar. 

Pleasant {Mrs.), in The Parson's 
Wedding, by Tom Killigrew (1664). 

Pleasure {A New). 

Tis said that Xerxes offered a reward 
To those who could invent him a new pleasure. 
Byron : Von yuan, I 108 (1819). 

Pleasures of Hope, a poem in two 
parts, by Thomas Campbell (1799). It 
opens with a comparison between the 
beauty of scenery and the ideal enchant- 
ments of fancy in which hope is never 
absent, but sustains the seaman on his 
watch, the soldier on his march, and 
Byron in his perilous adventures. He 
goes on to descant on the hope of a 
mother, the hope of a prisoner, the hope 
of the wanderer, the grand hope of the 
patriot, the hope of regenerating un- 
civilized nations, extending liberty, and 
ameliorating the condition of the poor. 
Pt. ii. speaks of the hope of love, and the 
hope of a future state, concluding with 
the episode of Conrad and Ellenore. 
Co irad was a felon, transported to New 
South Wales, but, though "a martyr to 
bis crimes, was true to his daughter.' 

But not, my child, with life's precarious fire. 
The immortal ties of Nature shall expire; 
These shail resist the triumph of decay, 
When time is o'er, and worlds have passed away. 
Cold in the dust this perished heart may lie. 
But that which warmed it once shall never die-» 
That spark, unbailed in its mortal frame. 
With living light, eternal, and the same. 
Shall beam on Joy's interminable years. 
Unveiled by darkness, unassuaged by tears. 

pt-i. 

Pleasures of Imagination, a 
poem in three books, by Akenside (1744), 
All the pleasures of imagination arise 
from the perception of greatness, wonder- 
fulness, or beauty. (1) The beauty of 
greatness — witness the pleasure of moun- 



853 



PLEIADS. 



tain scenery, of astronomy, of infinity. 

(2) The pleasure of what is wonderful — 
witness the delight of novelty, of the 
revelations of science, of tales of fancy. 

(3) The pleasure of beauty, which is 
always connected with truth — the beauty 
of colour, shape, and so on, in natural 
objects ; the beauty of mind and the 
moral faculties. Bk. ii. contemplates 
accidental pleasures arising from con- 
trivance and design, emotion and passion, 
such as sorrow, pity, terror, and indigna- 
tion. Bk. iii. denounces morbid imagina- 
tion as the parent of vice ; and contrasts 
with it the delights of a well-trained 
imagination. 

(The first book is by far the best. Aken- 
side recast his poem in maturer life, but 
no one thinks he improved it by so doing. 
The first or original cast is the only one 
read, and parts of the first book are well 
known and much admired.) 

Pleasures of Melancholy {The), 
a poem by Warton (1745). 

Pleasures of Memory, a poem in 

two parts, by Samuel Rogers (1793). The 
first part is restricted to the pleasure of 
memory afforded by the five senses, as 
that arising from visiting celebrated 

? laces, and that afforded by pictures. 
1 ii. goes into the pleasures of the 
mind, as imagination, and memory of past 
griefs and dangers. The poem concludes 
with the supposition that in the life to 
come this faculty will be greatly en- 
larged. The episode is this : Florio, a 
young sportsman, accidentally met Julia 
in a grot, and followed her home, when 
her father, a rich squire, welcomed him 
as his guest, and talked with delight of 
his younger days when hawk and hound 
were his joy of joys. Florio took Julia 
for a sail on the lake, but the vessel was 
capsized, and, though Julia was saved 
from the water, she died on being brought 
to shore. It was Florio's delight to haunt 
the places which Julia frequented — 

Her charm around the enchantress Memory threw, 
A charm that soothes the mind and sweetens too. 

pt.a. 

Pleiads {The), a cluster of seven 
stars in the constellation Taurus, and 
applied to a cluster of seven celebrated 
contemporaries. The stars were the 
seven daughters of Atlas : Mala, Electra, 
Tayggtg (4 syl.), AsterOpfi, MerOpe, 
Alcyone, and Celeno. 

The Pleiad of Alexandria consisted of 
Callimachos, Apollonios Rhodios, Ara- 
tos, Homer the Younger, Lycophron, 



PLEONECTES. 



854 



PLON-PLON. 



Nicander, and Theocrftos. AH of Alex- 
andria, in the time of Ptolemy Phila- 
delphos. 

The Pleiad of Charlemagne consisted 
of Alcuin, called " Alblnus ; " Angilbert, 
called "Homer;" Adelard, called 
"Augustine;" Riculfe, called " Da- 
maetas ; " Varnefrid ; Eginhard ; and 
Charlemagne himself, who was called 
" David." 

The First French Pleiad (sixteenth cen- 
tury) : Ronsard, Joachim du Bellay, 
Antoine de Baif, Remi-Belleau, Jodelle, 
Ponthus de Thiard, and the seventh is 
either Dorat or Amadis de Jamyn. All 
under Henri III. 

The Second French Pleiad (seventeenth 
century) : Rapin, Commire, Larue, San- 
teuil, Menage, Duperier, and Petit. 

We have also our English clusters. 
There were those born in the second half 
of the sixteenth century: Spenser (1553), 
Drayton (1563), Shakespeare and Marlowe 
(1564), Ben Jonson (1574), Fletcher 
(1576), Massinger (1585), Beaumont 
(Fletcher's colleague) and Ford (1586). 
Besides these, there were Tusser (1515)1 
Raleigh (1552), sir Philip Sidney (1554), 
Phineas Fletcher (1584), Herbert (1593), 
and several others. 

Another cluster came a century later: 
Prior (1664), Swift (1667), Addison and 
Congreve (1672), Rowe (1673), Farqu- 
har (1:678), Young (1684), Gay and Pope 
(i638), Macklin (1690), etc. 

The following were born in the latter 
half of the eighteenth century; Sheridan 
(1751), Crabbe (1754). Burns (1759). 
Rogers (1763), Wordsworth (1770), Scott 
(1771), Coleridge (1772), Southey (1774), 
Campbell (1777), Moore (1779), Byron 
(1788), Shelley and Keble (1792), and 
Keats (1796). 

Butler (1600), Milton (1608), and Dry- 
den (1630) came between the first and 
second clusters. Thomson (1700), Gray 
(1717), Collins (1720), Akenside (1721), 
Goldsmith (1728), and Cowper (1731), 
between the second and the third. 

Pleonec'tes (4 syl.), Covetousness 
personified in The Purple Island, by 
Phineas Fletcher (1633). " His gold his 
god" ... he "much fears to keep, 
much more to lose his lusting." Fully 
described in canto viii. (Greek, pleo- 
nektes, "covetous.") 

Pleydell {Mr. Paulus), an advocate 
in Edinburgh, shrewd and witty. He 
was at one time the sheriff at Elian- 
gowan. 



icman, wun a proicssionai snrewaness in nis eye, 
generally speaking, a professional formality in his 
ner; but this he could slip off on a Saturday evening, 
n . . .he joined in the ancient pastime of High 



Mr. counsellor Pleydell was a lively, sharp-looHug 
gentleman, with a professional shrewdness in his eye, 
and, 
manner; 
when . 

Jinks.— Sir IV. Scott ; Guy Mannering, xxxbr, (time, 
George II.). 

Pliable, one of Christian's neigh- 
bours, who accompanied him as far as 
the "Slough of Despond," and then 
turned back. — Bunyan ; Pilgrim's Pro- 
gress, i. (1678). 

Pliant {Sir Paul), a hen-pecked 
husband, who dares not even touch a 
letter addressed to himself till my lady 
has read it first. His perpetual oath is 
" Gadsbud ! " He is such a dolt that he 
would not believe his own eyes and ears, 
if they bore testimony against his wife's 
fidelity and continency. (See Placid, 
p. 851.) 

Samuel Foote [1721-1777] attempted the part of " sir 
Paul Pliant," but nothing could be worse. However, 
the people laughed heartily, and that he thought wai 
a full approbation of his grotesque performance.— 
Dairies. 

Lady Pliant, second wife of sir Paul 
•' She's handsome, and knows it ; is very 
silly, and thinks herself wise ; has a 
choleric old husband " very fond of her, 
but whom she rules with spirit, and snubs 
"afore folk." My lady says, "If one 
has once sworn, it is most unchristian, 
inhuman, and obscene that one should 
break it." Her conduct with Mr. Care- 
less is most reprehensible. — Congreve ; 
The Double Dealer (1694). 

Those who remember the " lady Pliant " of Margaret 
Woffington [1718-1760] will recollect with pleasure her 
whimsical discovery of passion, and her awkwardly as- 
sumed prudery.— Davits. 

Pliny, a Roman, author of Historia 
Naturalis, A.D. 77. It embraces astro- 
nomy, meteorology, geography, mine- 
ralogy, zoology, botany, inventions, insti- 
tutions, the fine arts. It is divided into 
37 books. 

(English versions by Dr. Holland in 
1601 ; by Bostock in 1828 ; by Riley (in 
Bohn's series), 1855-57.) 

The German Pliny, or " Modern 
Pliny," Konrad von Gesner of Zurich, 
who wrote Historia Animalium, etc. 
(1516-1565). 

The Pliny of the East, Zakarija ibn 
Muhammed, surnamed " Kazwint," from 
Kazwin, the place of his birth. He is so 
called by De Sacy (1200-1283). 

Plon-Plon, prince Napoleon Joseph 
Charles Bonaparte, son of Jerome Bona- 
parte by his second wife (the princess 
Frederica Catherine of Wurtemberg). 



PLORNISH. 855 

Plon-Plon is a euphonic corruption of 
Craint-Plomb (" fear-bullet "),a nickname 
given to the prince in the Crimean war 
(1854-6). 

Plornish, plasterer, Bleeding-heart 
Yard. He was a smooth-cheeked, fresh- 
coloured, sandy-whiskered man of 30. 
Long in the legs, yielding at the knees, 
foolish in the face, flannel-jacketed and 
lime-whitened. He generally chimed in 
conversation by echoing the words of the 
person speaking. Thus, if Mrs. Plornish 
said to a visitor, " Miss Dorrit dursn't 
let him know ; " he would chime in, 
"Dursn't let him know." "Me and 
Plornish says, ' Ho ! Miss Dorrit ; ' " 
Plornish repeated after his wife, " Ho ! 
Miss Dorrit." "Can you employ Miss 
Dorrit ? " Plornish repeated as an echo, 
"Employ Miss Dorrit?" (See Peter, 
p. 831.) 

Mrs. Plornish, the plasterer s wife. A 
young woman, somewhat slatternly in 
herself and her belongings, and dragged 
by care and poverty already into wrinkles. 
She generally began her sentences with, 
"Well, not to deceive you." Thus : " Is 
Mr. Plornish at home?" "Well, sir, not 
to deceive you, he's gone to look for a 
job." "Well, not to deceive you, 
ma'am, I'll take it kindly of you." — 
Dickens: Little Dorrit (1857). 

Plotting- Parlour (The). At Whit- 
tington, near Scarsdale, in Derbyshire, is 
a farm-house where the earl of Devon- 
shire (Cavendish), the earl of Danby 
(Osborne), and Baron Delamer (Booth) 
concerted the Revolution. The room in 
which they met is called " The Plotting 
Parlour." 

Where Scarsdale's cliffs the swelling pastures bound, 
. . . there let the fanner hail 
The sacred orchard which embowers his gate, 
And shew to strangers, passing down the vale, 
Where Cav'ndish, Booth, and Osborne sate 
When, bursting from their country's chain, . . . 
They planned Tor freedom this her noblest reign. 
Akenside: Ode, XVIII. v. 3 (1767). 

Plotwell (Mrs.), in Mrs. Centlivre's 
drama The Beau's Duel ( 1703). 

Plousina, called Hebe\ endowed by 
the fairy Anguilletta with the gifts of 
wit, beauty, and wealth. Hebe still felt 
she lacked something, and the fairy told 
her it was love. Presently came to her 
lather's court a young prince named 
Atimir. The two fell in love with each 
other, and the day of their marriage 
was fixed. In the interval Atimir fell 
in love with Hebe's elder sister Iberia; 
and Hebe in her grief, was sent to the 



PLUMMER. 

Peaceable Island, where she fell in love 

with the ruling prince, and married 
him. After a time, Atimir and Iberia, 
with HebS and her husband, met at the 
palace of the ladies' father, when the 
love between Atimir and HebS re- 
vived. A duel was fought between the 
young princes, in which Atimir was slain, 
and the prince of the Peaceable Islands 
was severely wounded. Hebe, coming 
up, threw herself on Atimir's sword, and 
the dead bodies of Atimir and Hebe 
were transformed into two trees called 
"charms." — Comtesse D'Aulnoy: Fairy 
Tales ("Anguilletta," 1682). 

Plowman (Piers), the dreamer, who, 
falling asleep on the Malvern Hills, 
Worcestershire, saw in a vision pictures 
of the corruptions of society, and par- 
ticularly of the avarice and wantonness 
of the clergy. This supposed vision is 
formed into a poetical satire of great 
vigour, fancy, and humour. It is divided 
into twenty parts, each part being called 
a passus or separate vision. — William 
[or Robert] Langland: The Vision oj 
Piers Plowman (1362). 

Flumdamas (Mr. Peter), grocer. — 
Sir W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Plume (Captain), a gentleman and 
an officer. He is in love with Sylvia a 
wealthy heiress ; and, when he marries 
her, gives up his commission. — Farquhar: 
The Recruiting Officer (1705). 

Plume (Sir), in Pope's Rape of the 
Lock, is the photograph of Thomas Coke, 
vice-chamberlain in the reign of queen 
Anne (1712). 

Sir Plume of amber snuff-box justly rain, 

of a clouded' 



And the nice conduct 1 



cane. 
Rape of the Leek. 



Plnmmer (Caleb), a little old toy- 
maker, in the employ of Gruff and 
Tackleton, toy merchants. He was 
spare, grey-haired, and very poor. It 
was his pride " to go as close to Natur' 
in his toys as he could for the money." 
Caleb Plummer had a blind daughter, 
who assisted him in toy-making, and 
whom he brought up under the belief 
that he himself was young, handsome, 
and well off, and that the house they 
lived in was sumptuously furnished and 
quite magnificent. Every calamity he 
smoothed over, every unkind remark of 
their snarling employer he called a merry 
jest ; so that the poor blind girl lived in a 
castle of the air, "a bright little world 



PLURALITY OF WORLDS. 856 



POCKET. 



of her own." When merry or puzzled, 
Caleb used to sing something about "a 
sparkling bowL" 

It would have gladdened the heart of that inimitable 
creation of Charles Dickens, "Caleb Plummer."— 
Lord W. Lennox: Celebrities, U. 

Bertha Plummer, the blind daughter of 
the toy-maker, who fancied her poor old 
father was a young fop, that the sack he 
threw across his shoulders was a hand- 
some blue great-coat, and that their 
wooden house was a palace. She was in 
love with Tackleton, the toy merchant, 
whom she thought to be a handsome 
young prince ; and when she heard that 
he was about to marry May Fielding, she 
drooped and was like to die. She was 
then disillusioned, heard the real facts, 
and said at first, "Why, oh, why did you 
deceive me thus ? Why did you fill my 
heart so full, and then come like death, 
and tear away the objects of my love ? " 
However, her love for her father was not 
lessened, and she declared after a time that 
the knowledge of the truth was "sight 
restored." "It is my sight," she cried. 
" Hitherto I have been blind, but now 
my eyes are open. I never knew my 
father before, and might have died with- 
out ever having known him truly." 

Ed-ward Plummer, son of the toy- 
maker, and brother of the blind girl 
He was engaged from boyhood to May 
Fielding, went to South America, and 
returned to marry her; but, hearing of 
her engagement to Tackleton the toy 
merchant, he assumed the disguise of a 
deaf old man, to ascertain whether she 
loved Tackleton or not. Being satisfied 
that her heart was still his own, he married 
her, and Tackleton made them a present 
of the wedding-cake which he had 
ordered for himself. — Dickens: The 
Cricket on the Hearth (1845). 

Plurality of Worlds (The), an 
essay by Dr. Whewell (1853). Dr. 
Whewell maintains that our world is 
ihe only one inhabited by sentient beings 
like ourselves. Dr. Brewster, in his 
treatise More Worlds than One (1854), 
took the other side. 

(The arguments on both side* an briefly stated l» 
my Theology in Science.) 

Plush (John), any gorgeous footman 
conspicuous for his plush breeches and 
rainbow colours. 

Plutarch ( The Modern), Vayer, born 
at Paris. His name in full was Francis 
Vayer de la Motne (1586-1672). 

Plutarck's Parade! Lives, la 



Greek prose (about A.D. 110-113), hare 
been translated into English prose by 
North, 1579 ; Langhorn, 1771, etc 
Shakespeare used North's translation. 
Pluto, the god of hadSs. 

Brothers, be of good cheer, for this night wa shall 
tup with Pluto.— Lttnidas : To the Thrte Hundred 
at Thermopylce. 

Plutus, the god of wealth.— C lassie 

Mythology. 

Within a heart, dearer than Plutus mine. 
Shakespeare \ Julius Ccesar, act iv. sc. 3 (1607). 

Plymouth Cloak (A), a cane, a 
cudgel. So called, says Ray, "because 
we use a staff in cuerpo, but not when wo 
wear a cloak. " 

Wellborn. How, dog t (Raising his cudgel.) 

Tapwell. Advance your Plymouth cloak. 
There dwells, and within call.'if it please your worship, 
A potent monarch, called the constable, 
That doth command a citadel, called the stocks. 
Massinger : A New Way to Pay Old Debts, L 1 (1638). 

Po (Tom), a ghost. (Welsh, bo, "a 
hobgoblin.") 

He now would pass for spirit Po. 

S. Sutler : Hudibras, iii. 1 (1678). 

Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, 
an Indian chief of Virginia, who rescued 
captain John Smith when her father was 
on the point of killing him. She subse- 
quently married John Rolfe, and was 
baptized under the name of Rebecca 
(1595-1617). — Old and New London, ii. 
481 (1875). 

Pochet (Madame), the French " Mrs. 

Gamp." — Henri Monnier. 

Pochi Dana'ri {"the penny less"']. 
So the Italians call Maximilian I. emperor 
of Germany (1459, 1493-1519). 

Pocket (Mr. Matthew), a real scholar, 
educated at Harrow, and an honour-man 
at Cambridge, but, having married young, 
he had to take up the calling of "grinder" 
and literary fag for a living. Mr. Pocket, 
when annoyed, used to run his two hands 
into his hair, and seemed as if he intended 
to lift himself by it. His house was a 
hopeless muddle, the best meals and chief 
expense being in the kitchen. Pip was 
placed under his charge. 

Mrs. Pocket [Belinda], daughter of a 
City knight, brought up to be an orna- 
mental nonentity, helpless, shifdess, and 
useless. She was the mother of eight 
children, whom she allowed to " tumble 
up " as best they could, under the charge 
of her maid Flopson. Her husband, who 
was a poor gendeman, found life a very 
uphill work. 

Herbert Pocket* son of Mr. Matthew 



PODGERS. 857 POETS OF ENGLAND. 

Pocket, and an insurer of ships. He was Poet ( The Quaker), Bernard Barton 

a frank, easy young man, lithe and brisk, (1784-1849). 
but not muscular. There was nothing 

mean or secretive about him. He was Poet Sire of Italy, Alighieri Dante 

wonderfully hopeful, but had not the (1265-1321). 

stuff to push his way into wealth. He -0^4. «„ -U t i. t> j 

was tall, slim, and pale; had a languor „ p ° e * £*"**• f | ohn , D /? den was s ° 

which showed itself even in his briskness ; *j"£ ^j 16 , earl ° Rochester, on account 

was most amiable, cheerful, and com- of his corpulence (1631-1701). 

municative. He called Pip "Handel," p oe t of Prance (The), Pierre Ron- 

because he had been a blacksmith, and sard (1524-1585). 
Handel composed a piece of music 

entitled The Harmonious Blacksmith. Poet of Poets, Percy Bysshe Shelley 

Pip helped him to a partnership in an (1792-1822). 

agency business ; and when Pip lost bis p t f ^ p h R Q 

' expectations, Herbert gare him a r™w»/T . a \ ^c«i 6 c 

clerkship. Crabbe (1754-^3*). 

Sarah Pocket, sister of Matthew Pocket, Poets (Lives of the), by Dr. Johnson 

a little dry, brown, corrugated old woman, (1779-81). 
with a small face that might have been 

made of walnut-shell, and a large mouth Poets [The prince of). Edmund Spen- 

likeacat's without the whiskers.— Dickens: ser is so called on his monument in West- 

Great Expectations (i860). minster Abbey ( 1553-1 598). 

Prince of Spanish Poets, Garcilaso de 

Podgers (The), lickspittles of the la Vega ; so called by Cervantes (1503- 

grzat.—Hollingshead: The Birthplace of 1^36). 
Podgers. 

Poets Laureate, by letters patent — 

Podsnap (Mr.), "a too, too smiling a *p»inu* 

large man with a fatal freshness on him." (1) benjonson i6is-6« 

Mr. Podsnap has "two little light-coloured <-> sir w. davenant i6 3 8« 

wiry wings, one on either side of his else gj t °homas shadwell' " " £» 

bald head, looking as like his hair-brushes 15) nahum Tate i6*« 

n* hi<? hair" On his forphpaH arc (61 Nicholas ROWE 1713* 

as nis nair. un nis ioreneaa are ( 7 ) Laurence eusden .. .. 171$ 

generally "little red beads," and he {s> colleycibber 1730 

wears "a large allowance of crumpled $ SK'™r.. V. 7% 

shirt-collar up behind. (u) henry James pye .. .. 1790 

Mrs Podsnat " a fine woman for nro- (12) Robert Southhy 1813 

mrs.roamap, a nne woman ior pro- ( I3 ) William Wordsworth .. 1843 

fessor Owen : quantity of bone, neck and (14) Alfred Tennyson (Lord} .. 1850* 

nostrils like a rocking-horse, hard fea- (15) Alfred Austin 1896 

tures, and majestic head-dress in which JK5 t&rd «£°$£ M "'' "* Wh * n ° n ^ 

Podsnap has hung golden Offerings." Those marked with a • were buried in Westminster 

Gtorgiana Podsnap, daughter Of the g*^ , And Davenant it one of the five. "Proh 

above ; called by her father " the young 

person." She is a harmless, inoffensive Poets of England (not alive in 

girl, " always trying to hide her elbows." 1896). 

( .corgiana adores Mrs. Lammle, and when Addison, Akenside, Beaumont, Robert 

Mr. Lammle tries to marry the girl Browning, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, 

to Mr. Fledgeby, Mrs. Lammle induces Burns, Butler, Byron, Campbell, 

Mr. Twemlow to speak to the father and Chatterton, Chaucer, Collins, Congreve, 

warn him against the connection. Cowley, Cowper, Crabbe, Drayton, 

it may not be so in the gospel iccordin, to Pod- Dryden, Fletcher, Ford, Gay, Goldsmith, 

snappery, ... but it has been the truth since the Cjray, Lee, Mrs. riemans, Herbert, 

foundations of the universe were Uid.-Du*ens : Our Herrick, Hogg, Hood, Ben TonSOn, 

Mutual Friend (1864). ., ' Tr , ,•*>* _, '. ,/ . ' 

Keats, Keble, Macaulay, Marlowe, 
Poem in Marble (A), the Taj, a Marvel, Massinger, Milton, Mont- 
mausoleum of white marble, raised in gomery, Moore, William Morris, Parnell, 
Agra by shah Jehan, to his favourite Pope, Prior, Rogers, Rowe, Scott, 
sh ihrina Moomtaz-i-Mahul, who died in Shakespeare, Shelley, Shenstone, Sheri- 
childbirth of her eighth child. It is dan, Southey, Spenser, Tennyson, Thom- 
also called "The Marble Queen of son, Waller, Wordsworth, Young. With 
Sorrow." many others less generally known. 



POETS OF LICENTIOUS VERSES. 858 



POISONERS. 



Poets of Licentious Verses, Ele- 
phantis, a poetess spoken of by Martial, 

Epigrammata, xii. 43. 

Anthony Caraccio of Italy (1630-1702). 

Pietro Aretino, an Italian of Arezzo 
(1492-1557). 

Poets' Corner, in the south transept 
of Westminster Abbey. No one knows 
who christened the corner thus. With 
poets are divines, philosophers, actors, 
novelists, architects, and critics. It would 
have been a glorious thing indeed if the 
corner had been set apart for England's 
poets. But alas ! the deans of West- 
minster have made a market of the wall, 
and hence, as a memorial of British 
poets, it is almost a caricature. Where 
is the record of Byron, Ford, Hemans, 
Keats, Keble, Marlowe, Massinger, 
Pope, Shelley? Whereof E. B. Browning, 
Burns, Chatterton, Collins, Congreve, 
Cowper, Crabbe, Gower, Herbert, 
Herrick, Hood, Marvel, T. Moore, Scott, 
Shenstone, Southey , and Waller ? 

The "corner" contains a bust, statue, 
tablet, or monument to Chaucer (1400), 
Dryden (1700), Milton (1674), Shake- 
speare (1616), and Spenser (1598) ; Addi- 
son, Beaumont, (none to Fletcher), S. 
Butler, Campbell, Cowley, Cumberland, 
Drayton, Gay, Gray, Goldsmith, Ben Jon- 
son, Macaulay, Prior (a most preposterous 
affair), Rowe, Sheridan, Thomson, and 
Wordsworth. And also to such miser- 
able poetasters as Davenant (" Oh ! rare 
sir William Davenant ! "), Mason, and 
Shadwell. Truly, our Valhalla is almost 
a satire on our taste and judgment. 

N.B. — Dryden's monument was erected 
by Sheffield duke cf Buckingham. Words- 
worth's statue was erected by a public 
subscription. 

Poetry ( The Father of), Orpheus (2 

syl.) of Thrace. 

The Father of Dutch Poetry, Jakob 
Maerlant ; also called ' ' The Father of 
Flemish Poetry" (1235-1300). 

The Father of English Poetry, Geoffrey 
Chaucer (1328-1400). 

The Father of Epic Poetry, Homer. 

He compares Richardson to Homer, and predicts 
for his memory the same honours which are rendered 
to the Father of Epic Poetry.— Sir IV. Scott. 

The Father of German Poetry, Martin 
Opitz of Silesia (1597-1639). 

Poetry — Prose. Pope advised 
Wycherly "to convert his poetry into 
prose." 



Fo'gram {Elijah), one of the " master 
minds " of America, and a member of 
congress. He was possessed with the 
idea that there was a settled opposition 
in the British mind against the institu- 
tions of his "free enlightened country." 
—'Dickens : Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Foinder {George), a city officer. — Sir 
W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Poins, a companion of sir John Fal- 
staff. — Shakespeare : 1 and 2 Henry IV, 
(iS97. 1598). 

The chronicles of that day contain accounts of many 
• mad prank which [lord Warwick, Addison's step- 
son] played . . . [like] the lawless freaks of the madcap 
prince and Poins. — Thackeray. 

Poison. It is said that Mithridatfis 
VI., surnamed "the Great," had so forti- 
fied his constitution, that poisons had no 
baneful effect on him (B.C. 131, 120-63). 

Poison - Detectors. Opal turns 
pale and Venetian glass shivers at the 
approach of poison. Peacocks ruffle their 
feathers at the sight of poison ; and if 
poison is put into a liquid contained in a 
cup of rhinoceros's horn, the liquid will 
effervesce. No one could pass with 
poison the horn gate of GundofQrus. 
Nourgehan had a bracelet, the stones of 
which seemed agitated when poison ap- 
proached the wearer. Aladdin's ring 
was a perservative against every evil. 
The sign of the cross in the Middle Ages 
was looked upon as a poison-detector. 
(See Warning-Givers.) 

Poison of Kha'ibar. By this is 
meant the poison put into a leg of mutton 
by Zainab, a Jewess, to kill Mahomet 
while he was in the citadel of Kha'ibar. 
Mahomet partook of the mutton, and 
suffered from the poison all through life. 

Poisoners {Secret). 

1. Of Ancient Rome : Locusta, em- 
ployed by Agrippi'na to poison her 
husband the emperor Claudius. Nero 
employed the same woman to poison 
Britannicus and others. 

2. Of English History: the countess 
of Somerset, who poisoned sir Thomas 
Overbury in the Tower of London. She 
also poisoned others. 

Villiers duke of Buckingham, it is said, 
poisoned king James I. 

3. Of France: Lavoisin and Lavigo- 
reux, Frenoh midwives and fortune* 
tellers. 



I 



POLEXANDRE. 



«S9 



POLLY. 



Catharine de Medicis is said to have 
poisoned the mother of Henry IV. with 
a pair of wedding-gloves, and several 
others with poisoned fans. 

The marquise de Brinvilliers, a young 
profligate Frenchwoman, was taught the 
art of secret poisoning by Sainte-Croix, 
who learnt it in Italy. — World of Won- 
ders, vii. 203. 

4. Of Germany: Anna Zwanziger, sen- 
tenced to death at Bamberg in 181 1. 
Her career is related in lady Duff- 
Gordon's translation of Feuerbach's 
Criminal Trials. 

5. Of Italy : Pope Alexander VI. and 
his children Csesar and Lucrezia [Borgia] 
were noted poisoners ; so were Hierony- 
ma Spara and Tofa'na. 

Polexan'dre, an heroic romance by 

Gomberville (1632). 

Policy {Mrs.), housekeeper at Holy- 
rood Palace. She appears in the intro- 
duction. — Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Pol'idore (3 syl.), father of Valere.— 
Moliere: Le Dipit Amoureux (1654). 

Folinesso, duke of Albany, who 
falsely accused Geneura of incontinency, 
and was slain in single combat by Ario- 
dantds. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Polish Jew (The), also called The 
Bells, a melodrama by J. R. Ware, 
brought prominently into note by the 
acting of [sir] Henry Irving at the Lyceum. 
Matthias, a miller in a small German town, 
is visited on Christmas Eve by a Polish 
Jew, who comes through the snow in a 
sledge. After rest and refreshment, he 
leaves for Nantzig, "four leagues off." 
Matthias follows him, kills him with an 
axe, and burns the body in a lime-kiln. 
He then pays his debts, becomes a pros- 
perous and respected man, and is made 
burgomaster. On the wedding night of 
his only child, Annette, he dies of apo- 
plexy, of which he had ample warning by 
the constant sound of sledge-bells in his 
ears. In his dream he supposes himself 
put into a mesmeric sleep in open court, 
when he confesses everything and is 
condemned (1874). 

Polixene, the name assumed by 
Madelon Gorgibus, a shopkeeper's daugh- 
ter, as far more romantic and genteel 
than her baptismal name. Her cousin 
Cathos called herself Aminte (a syl.), . 



" A-t-on Jamais parte," asks Madelon, ** dans te beta 
style, de Cathos ni de Madelon? et ne m'avouerez-voul 
pas que ce seroit assez d'un de ces noms pout decrier 
le plus beau roraan du monde." 

" II est vrai," says Cathos to Madelon's father, "et 
le nom de Polixene . . . et celui d'Aminte . . . ont une 
grace dont il faut que vous demeuriez d'accord."— 
Moliirt: Let Pr debuses Ridicules, 5 (1659). 

Polix'enes (4 syl.), king of Bo- 
hemia, schoolfellow and old companion 
of Leont6s king of Sicily. "While on a 
visit to the Sicilian king, Leontes grew 
jealous of him, and commanded Camillo 
to poison him ; but Camillo only warned 
him of his danger, and fled with him to 
Bohemia. (For the rest of the tale, see 
Perdita, p. 825.) — Shakespeare: The 
Winter's Ttle (1604). 

Poll Pineapple, the bumboat 
woman, once sailed in seaman's clothes 
with lieutenant Belaye' (2 syl.), in the 
Hot Cross-Bun. Jack tars generally greet 
each other with ' * Messmate, ho ! what 
cheer?" but the greeting on the Hot 
Cross-Bun was always, ' ' How do you do, 
my dear ? " and never was any oath more 
naughty than "Dear me!" One day, 
lieutenant Belaye came on board and said 
to his crew, " Here, messmates, is my 
wife, for I have just come from church." 
Whereupon they all fainted ; and it was 
found that the crew consisted of young 
women only, who had dressed like sailors 
to follow the fate of lieutenant Belaye. — 
Gilbert: The Bab Ballads ("The Bum- 
boat Woman's Story "). 

Pollente (3 syl.), a Saracen, lord of 
the Perilous Bridge. When his groom 
Guizor demands "the passage-penny" 
of sir Artegal, the knight gives him a 
"stunning blow," saying, " Lo 1 knave, 
there's my hire;" and the groom falls 
down dead. Pollente then comes rushing 
up at full speed, and both he and sir 
Artegal fall into the river, fighting most 
desperately. At length sir Artegal pre- 
vails, and the dead body of the Saracen 
is carried down " the blood-stained 
stream." — Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. 2 
(15^.6). 

(Upton conjectures that " Pollente" is 
intended for Charles IX. of France, and 
his groom " Guizor" (he says) means the 
duke of Guise, noted for the part he took 
in the St. Bartholomew Massacre.) 

Polly, daughter of Peachum. A 
pretty girl, who really loved captain 
Macheath, married him, and remained 
faithful even when he disclaimed her. 
When the reprieve arrived, "the captain" 
confessed his marriage, and vowed to 



POLONIUS, 



860 



POLYDORB. 



abide by Polly for the rest of his life. — 
Gay : The Beggar's Opera {1727). 

N.B. — This character has led to the 
peerage three actresses : Miss Fenton 
(duchess of Bolton), Miss Bolton {lady 
Thurlow), and Miss Stephens {countess of 
Essex). 

Mrs. C. Mathews says of Miss Fenton — 

Both by singing and acting, the impression she made 
in " Polly" was most powerful. . . . Not a print-shop 
or fan-shop but exhibited her handsome figure in her 
"Polly's" costume, which possessed all the charac- 
teristic simplicity of the modern quakeress, without 
one meretricious ornament. 

Polo 'rains, a garrulous old chamber- 
lain of Denmark, and father of Laer'tes 
and Ophelia ; conceited, politic, and a 
courtier. Polonius conceals himself, to 
overhear what Hamlet says to his mother ; 
and, making some" unavoidable noise, 
startles the prince, who, thinking it is 
the king concealed, rushes blindly on 
the intruder, and kills him ; but finds too 
late he has killed the chamberlain, and 
not Claudius as he hoped and expected. 
— Shakespeare: Hamlet (1596). 

Polonius is a man bred in courts, exercised in busi- 
ness, stored with observations, confident of his know- 
ledge, proud of his eloquence, and declining to dotage. 
—Dr. Johnson. 

(Polonius was the great part of William 
Mynitt, 1710-1763.) 

Soon after Munden retired from the stage, an 
admirer met him in Covent Garden. It was a wet 
day, and each carried an umbrella. The gentleman's 
was an expensive silk one, and Joe's an old gingham. 
"So you have left the stage, . . . and ' Polonius,' 
•Jemmy Jumps,' 'Old Dornton.'and a dozen others 
have left the world with you? I wish you'd give me 
some trifle by way of memorial, Munden I" " Trifle, 
sir? I' faith, sir, I've got nothing. But hold, yes, 
egad, suppose we exchange umbrellas." — Theatrical 
Anecdotes. 

Polwarth {Alick), one of Waverley's 
servants. — Sir W. Scott: Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Poly-cliron'icon, one of those 

tedious chronicles running back to 
" creation," to A.D. 1342. It is sub- 
divided into seven books, by Ralph 
Higden, who died in 1363. 

Polycle'tos (in Latin, Polycletus), a 
statuary of Sicyon, who drew up a canon 
of the proportions of the several parts of 
the human body : as, twice round the 
thumb is once round the wrist ; twice 
round the wrist is once round the neck ; 
twice round the neck is once round the 
waist ; once round the fist is the length 
of the foot ; the two arms extended is 
the height of the body ; six times the 
length of the foot, or eighteen thumbs, is 
also the height of the body. 



Again, the thumb, the longest toe, 
and the nose should all be of the same 
length. The index finger should mea- 
sure the breadth of the hand and foot, 
and twice the breadth should give the 
length. The hand, the foot, and the 
face should all be the same length. The 
nose should be one-third of the face ; 
and, of course, the thumbs should be 
one-third the length of the hand. Gerard 
de Lairesse has given the exact measure- 
ments of every part of the human figure, 
according to the famous statues of • ' An- 
tinous," "Apollo Belvidere," " Hercules," 
and " Venus de Medici." 

Polycraies (4 syl.), tyrant of Samos. 
He was so fortunate in everything, that 
Am'asis king of Egypt advised him to 
part with something he highly prized. 
Whereupon Polycrat6s threw into the 
sea an engraved gem of extraordinary 
value. A few days afterwards, a fish 
was presented to the tyrant, in which this 
very gem was found. Amasis now re- 
nounced all friendship with him, as a 
man doomed by the gods ; and not long 
after this, a satrap, having entrapped the 
too fortunate despot, put him to death by 
crucifixion. (See Fish and the Ring, 
P« 370.)— Herodotus, iii. 40. 

Polyd'amas, a Thessalian athlete of 
enormous strength. He is said to have 
killed an angry lion, to have held by the 
heels a raging bull and thrown it help- 
less at his feet, to have stopped a chariot 
in full career, etc. One day, he attempted 
to sustain a falling rock, but was killed 
and buried by the huge mass. 

IF Milo carried a bull, four years old, 
on his shoulders through the stadium at 
Olympia ; he also arrested a chariot in 
full career. One day, tearing asunder a 
pine tree, the two parts, rebounding, 
caught his hands and held him fast ; in 
which state he was devoured by wolves. 

POLYBOUE (3 syl.), the name by 
which Belarius called prince Guiderius, 
while he lived in a cave in the Welsh 
mountains. His brother, prince Arvira- 
gus, went by the name of CadwaL— 
Shakespeare: Cymbeline (1605). 

Pol'ydore (3 syl.), brother of general 
Memnon, beloved by the princess Calis 
sister of Astorax king of Paphos. — Beau- 
mont and Fletcher: Tfu Mad Lover 
(1618). 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Pol'ydore (Lord), son of lord Acasto. 



POLYDORE. 



POLYPHEME. 



and Castalio's younger brother. He 
entertained a base passion for his father's 
ward Monimia "the orphan," and, making 
use of the signal (" three soft taps upon 
the chamber door") to be used by Castalio, 
to whom she was privately married, in- 
dulged his wanton love, Monimia sup- 
posing him to be her husband. When, 
next day, he discovered that Monimia 
was actually married to Castalio, he was 
horrified, and provoked a quarrel with his 
brother ; but as soon as Castalio drew his 
sword, he ran upon it and was killed. — 
Otway: The Orphan (1680). 

Pol'ydore (3 syl. ), a comrade of Ernest 
of Otranto (page of prince Tancred). — Sir 
W. Scott : Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Rufus). 

Polyglot {Ignatius), the master of 
seventeen languages, and tutor of Charles 
Eustace (aged 24). Very learned, very 
ignorant of human life ; most strict as a 
disciplinarian, but tender-hearted as a 
girl. His pupil has married clandestinely, 
but Polyglot offers himself voluntarily to 
be the scapegoat of the young couple, 
and he brings them off triumphantly. — 
Poole : The Scapegoat. 

Polyglot {A Walking), cardinal 
Mezzoianti, who knew fifty-eight different 
languages (1774-1849). 

Polyglot Bible {The), by Walton, in 
six large folio volumes, in nine languages 
(1654-1657). 

A gigantic work, both to compile and print The 
Gospels are given in six languages. The books of the 
Old Testament are not all in the same number of 
versions, and no single book is in all the nine. Walton's 
Polyglot is not a translation of the several languages, 
but each language is printed in its own character, and 
eight are accompanied with a Latin translation, viz. the 
Hebrew [version], Samaritan, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, 
Ethiopic, Persian, and Greek ; the ninth is the Latin 
▼ersion itself. Origen (220-250) published an Hexapla, 
but all his six versions were in the Greek character. 

*. ' There are other polyglots besides Walton's, as 
(1) the Complutensian, printed at Complutum (1502- 
1517) ; (2) the Antwerp (1569-1572) ; (3) the Parisian 
(1526-1545); all therefore published before Walton'9 
great work (1654-1657). 

(Polyglot is from two Greek words fela gUtta, 
"many tongues.") 

Polyolbion (the "greatly blessed"), 
by Michael Drayton, in thirty parts, 
called "songs." It is a topographical 
description of England. Song i. The 
landing of Brute. Song ii. Dorsetshire, 
and the adventures of sir Bevis of South- 
ampton. Song iii. Somerset. Song iv. 
Contention of the rivers of England and 
Wales respecting Lundy — to which 
country did it belong? Song v. Sabrina, 
as arbiter, decides that it is " allied alike 
both to England and Wales ; " Merlin, 



and Milford Haven. Song vi The salmon 
and beavor of Twy ; the tale of Sabrina ; 
the dr uids and bards. Song vii. Hereford. 
Song viii. Conquest of Britain by the 
Romans and by the Saxons. Song ix. 
Wales. Song x. Merlin's prophecies ; 
Winifred's well ; defence of the " tale of 
Brute" (1612). Song xi. Cheshire ; the 
religious Saxon kings. Song xii. Shrop- 
shire and Staffordshire ; the Saxon warrior 
kings ; and Guy of Warwick. Song xiii. 
Warwick ; Guy of Warwick concluded. 
Song xiv. Gloucestershire. Song xv. The 
marriage of Isis and Thame. Song xvi. 
The Roman roads and Saxon kingdoms. 
Song xvii. Surrey and Sussex ; the 
sovereigns of England from William to 
Elizabeth. Song xviii. Kent ; England's 
great generals and sea-captains (1613). 
Song xix. Essex and Suffolk ; English 
navigators. Song xx. Norfolk. Song xxi. 
Cambridge and Ely. Song xxii. Bucking- 
hamshire, and England's intestine battles. 
Song xxiii. Northamptonshire. Song 
xxiv. Rutlandshire ; and the British 
saints. Song xxv. Lincolnshire. Song 
xxvi. Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, 
Derbyshire; with the story of Robin 
Hood. Song xxvii. Lancashire and the 
Isle of Man. Song xxviii. Yorkshire. 
Song xxix. Northumberland. Song xxx. 
Cumberland (1622). 

Pol'ypheme (3 syl), a gigantic 
Cyclops of Sicily, who fed on human 
flesh. When Ulysses, on his return from 
Troy, was driven to this island, he and 
twelve of his companions were seized 
by Polypheme, and confined in his cave, 
that he might devour two daily for his 
dinner. Ulysses made the giant drunk, 
and, when he lay down to sleep, bored 
out his one eye. Roused by the pain, 
the monster tried to catch his tormentors ; 
but Ulysses and his surviving companions 
made their escape by clinging to the 
bellies of the sheep and rams when they 
were let out to pasture {Odyssey, ix.). 

IT There is a Basque legend told of the 
giant Tartaro, who caught a young man 
in his snares, and confined him in his 
cave for dessert. When, however, Tar- 
taro fell asleep, the young man made 
the giant's spit red hot, bored out his one 
eye, and then made his escape by fixing 
the bell of the bell-ram round his neck, 
and a sheep-skin over his back. Tartaro 
seized the skin, and the man, leaving it 
behind, made off. 

IF A very similar adventure forms the 
tale of Sinbad's third voyage, in the 



POLYPHEME AND GALATEA. 86a 



POMPOSUS. 



Arabian Nights. He was shipwrecked 
on a strange island, and entered, with 
his companions, a sort of palace. At 
nightfall, a one-eyed giant entered, and 
ate one of them for supper, and another 
for breakfast next morning. This went 
on for a day or two, when Sinbad bored 
out the giant's one eye with a charred 
olive stake. The giant tried in vain to 
catch his tormentors, but they ran to 
their rafts ; and Sinbad, with two others, 
contrived to escape. 

N.B. — Homer was translated into Syriac 
by Theophilus Edessenes in the caliphate 
of Harun-ur-Rashid (a.d. 786-809). 

Polypheme and Galatea. Poly- 
pheny loved Galatea the sea-nymph ; but 
Galatea had fixed her affections on Acis, 
a Sicilian shepherd. The giant, in his 
jealousy, hurled a huge rock at his rival, 
and crushed him to death. 

(The tale of Polypheme is from Ho- 
mer's Odyssey, ix. It is also given 
by Ovid in his Metamorphoses, xiv. 
Euripides introduces the monster in his 
Cyclops; and the tragedy of Acis and 
Galatea is the subject of Handel's famous 
opera so called. ) 

In Greek the monster la called Pohtphintes, and in 
Latin Polyphemus. 

Polyplie'mxis of literature, Dr. 

Samuel Johnson (1709-1784). 

Polypho'nua [" big- voiced n \ the 
Kapaneus and most boastful of the frog 
heroes. He was slain by the mouse 
Artophagus (" the bread-nibbler "). 

But great Artophagus avenged the slain, . . • 

And Poiyphonus dies, a frog renowned 

For boastful speech and turbulence of sound. 

Parnell: Battle of the Frogs and Mice, Ifl. 
(about 171BJ. 

Folyphrasticontixiomimegralon- 
dulation. 

Why not wind up the famous ministerial declaration 
with " Konx Ompax,' or that difficult expression, 
" polyphrasticontinomimegalondulation "1—TJte Star. 

Polypo'dium ["many-foot"], allud- 
ing to its root furnished with numerous 
fibres. Polypodium used to be greatly 
celebrated for its effect on tape-worm, 
and for rheum. 

The hermit 
Here finds upon an oak rheum-purging polypode (3 syL). 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Polyx'ena, a magnanimous and most 
noble woman, wife of Charles Emmanuel 
king of Sardinia (who succeeded to the 
crown in 1730). — R. Browning: King 
Victor and King Charles. 

Pombod'ita, hocus-pocus-land. When 
any one tells an incredible story, we 



might say to him, " Perhaps you are at 
native of Pombodita, where elephants are 
driven through the eyes of needles." 

Cum aliquis incredibilia narrat. respondent, " Forte 
ex Pombodita tu es, ubi tiaducunt elephantem per 
foramen acus."— Pole : Synopsis Criiicorum. 

It may be that thou art of Pumbeditha, where they 
can bring an elephant through the eye of a needle.— 
Lightfoot (A Jewish Proverb). (See Luke xviii. 18-25 ; 
Mark x. 2a.) 

Pomegranate Seed. When Per 
seph'one was in hadfts, whither Pluto 
had carried her, the god, foreknowing 
that Jupiter would demand her release, 
gathered a pomegranate, and said to her, 
"Love, eat with me this parting day of 
the pomegranate seed ; " and she ate. 
Demeter, in the mean time, implored 
Zeus {Jupiter) to demand Persephone's 
release ; and the king of Olympus pro- 
mised she should be set at liberty, if she 
had not eaten anything during her deten- 
tion in hadSs. As, however, she had 
eaten pomegranate seeds, her return was 
impossible. 

Low laughs the dark king on his throne— 
" I gave her of pomegranate seeds "... 
And chant the maids of Enna still— 
" O fateful flower beside the rill. 
The daffodil, the daffodil." (See DAFFODIL.) 
yean Ingelow : Persefhene. 

Pompeii ( The Last Days of), an his- 
torical novel by lord Lytton (1834). 

Pompey, a clown ; servant to Mrs. 
Overdone (a bawd). — Shakespeare: Mea- 
sure/or Measure (1603). 

Pompey the Great was killed by 
Achillas and Septimius, the moment the 
Egyptian fishing-boat reached the coast. 
Plutarch tells us they threw his head into 
the sea. Others say his head was sent 
to Caesar, who turned from it with horror, 
and sned a flood of tears. Shakespeare 
makes him killed by " savage islanders " 
(a Henry VI. act iv. sc. x, 1598). 

Pompil'ia, a foundling, the putative 
daughter of Pietro (2 syl.). She married 
count Guido Franceschini, who treated 
her so brutally that she made her escape 
under the protection of a young priest 
named Caponsacchi. Pompilia subse- 
quently gave birth to a son. but was slain 
by her husband. For Pompilia's character, 
see the magnificent speech of the pope 
(bk. x. 1000 ). 

. . . first of the tint, 
Such I pronounce PompUla, then as bow 
Ferfect in whiteness. 

R. Browning : The Ring and HU B—k, 
x., " The pope," iooo. 

Fomposus. (See Probus.) 



PONCE DE LEON. 863 

Ponce de Leon, the navigator who 
went in search of the Fontaine de Jou- 
vence, "cur fit rajovenir la gent." He 
sailed in two ships on this " voyage of 
discoveries," in the sixteenth century. 

Like Ponce de Leon, he wants to go off to the 
Antipodes in search of that Fontaine ie Jouvence 
which was fabled to give a man bark his youth.— 
Vtra, 130. 

Pond of the Prophet ( The), a well 
of life, from which all the blessed will 
drink before they enter paradise. The 
water is whiter than milk, and more 
fragrant than musk. 

Fo'nent Wind ( The\ the west wind, 
or wind from the sunse'. Lev'ant is the 
east wind, or wind from the sunrise. 

Forth rush the Levant and f < Ponent winds. 

Milton ; Paradise Lost, x. 704 (1665). 

Pongo, a cross between " a land-tiger 
and a sea-shark." This terrible monsier 
devastated Sicily, but was slain by the 
three sons of St. George. — R. Johnson: 
The Seven Champion', etc. (1617). 

Ponoc'rates (4 syl.), the tutor of 
Gargantua. — Rabelais: Gargantua (1533). 

Pons Asino'rnm ["" the asses' 
bridge"\ the fifth proposition bk. i. of 
Euclid's EUmrnts, too difficult for "asses" 
or stupid boys to get over. 

A most imp- oper term. It is the asses' trap, not 
their bridge. Their "stone of stumbling and roclc of 
offence." 

Por^ius Pilate's Body-Guard, 

the 1st Foot Regiment. In Picardy the 
Trench officers wanted to make out that 
"bey were the seniors ; and, to carry their 
>oint, vaunted that they were on duty 
m the night of the Crucifixion. The 
x>lonel of the 1st Foot replied, " If we 
had been on guard, we should not have 
ilcpt at our posts " (see Matt, xxviii. 13). 

Pontoys {Stephen), a veteran in sir 
Hugo de Lacy's troop. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Betrothed '(time, Henry II.). 

Pony {Mr. Garlands), Whisker (q.v.). 

Poole ( 1 syl.), in Dorsetshire ; once " a 
young and lusty sea-born lass," courted 
by great Albion, who had by her three 
children, Brunksey, Fursey, and [St.] 
Heilen. Thetis was indignant that one 
of her virgin train should be guilty of such 
indiscretion; and, to protect his children 
from her fury, Albion placed them in the 
bosom of Poole, and then threw his arms 
around them. — Dray ion : Polyolbion, ii. 
(1612). 

Poor (Father of the), Bernard Gilpin 
(1517-1583). 



POPE-FIG-LANDa 

Poor Gentleman (The), a comedy 
by George Colman the younger (1802). 
" The poor gentleman " is lieutenant 
Worthington, discharged from the army 
on half-pay, because his arm had been 
crushed by a shell in storming Gibraltar. 
On his haif-pay he had to support himself, 
his daughter Emily, an old corporal, and 
a maiden sister-in-law. Having put his 
name to a bill for ^500, his friend died 
without effecting an insurance, and the 
lieutenant was called upon for payment. 
Imprisonment would have followed if sir 
Robert Bramble had not most generously 
paid the money. With this piece oi good 
fortune came another — the marriage ot 
his daughter Emily to Frederick Bramble, 
nephew and heir of the rich baronet. 

Poor Jack, a popular sea-song by 
Charles Dibdin (1790). The last two 
lines are — 

There's a sweet little cherub that sits up alott, 
To keep watch o'er the life of poor Jack. 

Poor John, a hake dried and salted. 

Tis well thou art not fish ; if thou hadst \becn\, thou 
hadst been poor John.— Shakespeare : Romeo and 
Juliet, act L sc. 1 (1597). 

Poor Relations, a humourous 
essay by C. Lamb {Essays of Elia, 1823). 

Poor Richard, the pseudonym of 
Benjamin Franklin, under which he 
issued a series of almanacs, which he 
made the medium of teaching thrift, 
temperance, order, cleanliness, chastity, 
forgiveness, and so on. The maxims or 
precepts of these almanacs generally end 
with the words, "as poor Richard says" 
(begun in 1732). 

Poor Robin, the pseudonym of 
Robert Herrick the poet, under which he 
issued a series of almanacs (begun in 
l65i). 

Poor as Lazarus, that is, the beggar 
Lazarus, in the parable of Div6s and 
Lazarus (Luke xvi. 19-31). 

Pope ( To drink like a). Benedict XII. 
was an enormous eater, and such a huge 
wine-drinker that he gave rise to the 
Bacchanalian expression, Bibamus papa- 
liter. 

Pope Changing 1 His Name. Peter 

Hog^mouth, or, as he is sometimes called, 
Peter di Porca, was the first pope to 
change his name. He called himself 
Sergius II. (844-847). Some say he 
thought it arrogant to be called Peter II. 

Pope-Fig-lands, protestant coun- 
tries, The Gaillardets, being shown the 



POPE-FIGS. 

pope's image, said, «• A fig for the pope ! M 

whereupon their whole island was put to 
the sword, and the name changed to 
Pope-fig-land, the people being called 
" Pope-figs." — Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, iv. 
45 (1545)- 

(The allusion is to the kingdom of 
Navarre, once protestant ; but in 1512 it 
was subjected to Ferdinand the Catholic. ) 

Po,pe-Figs, protestants. The name 
.was given to the Gaiilardets, for saying, 
'* A fig for the pope ! " 

They were made tributaries and slaves to the 
Papimans for saying, " A fig- for the pope's image ! " 
and never after did the poor wretches prosper, but 
every year the devil was at their doors, and they were 
plagued with hail, storms, famine, and all manner of 
woes in punishment of this sin of their forefathers.— 
Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, iv. 45 (1545). 

Pope Joan, between Leo IV. and 
Benedict III., and^ called John [VIII.]. 
The subject of this scandalous story was 
an English girl, educated at Cologne, 
who left her home in man's disguise with 
her lover (the monk Folda), and went to 
Athens, where she studied law. She 
afterwards went to Rome and studied 
theology, in which she gained so high a 
reputauon that, at the death of Leo IV., 
she was chosen his successor. Her sex 
was discovered by the birth of a child 
while she was going to the Lateran 
Basilica, between the Coliseum and the 
church of St. Clement. Pope Joan died, 
and was buried, without honours, after a 
pontificate of two years and five months 
(8^-855). — Marianus Scotus (who died 
ic86). 

The story is given most fully by 
Martinus Polonus, confessor to Gregory 
X., and the tale was generally believed 
till the Reformation. There is a German 
miracle-play on the subject, called The 
Canonization of Pope Joan (1480) . David 
Blondel, a Calvinist divine, has written a 
book to confute the tale. 

The following note contains the chief 
oints of interest : — 

(1) Argument va. proof oi the allegation — 

Anastasius the librarian is the first to 
mention such a pope, A.D. 886, or thirty 
years after the death of Joan. 

Marianus Scotus, in his Chronicle, says 
she reigned two years five months and 
four days (853-855). Scotus died 1086. 

Sigebert de Gemblours, in his Chroniclt t 
repeats the same story (1112). 

Otto of Freisingen and Gotfrid of Vi- 
terbo both mention her in their histories. 

Martin Polonus gives a very full ac- 
count of the matter. He says she went 
by the name of John Anglus, and was 



864 POPES. 

born at Mete, of English parents. Whfl* 

she was pope, she was prematurely de- 
livered of a child in the street "between 
the Coliseum and St. Clement's Church." 

William Ocham alludes to the story. 

Thomas de Elmham repeats it (1422). 

John Huss tells us her baptismal name 
was not Joan but Agnes. 

Others insist that her name was Gil- 
berta. 

In the Annates Augustani (1135) we 
are told her papal name was John VIII., 
and that she it was who consecrated 
Louis II. of France. 

Arguments in favour of the allegation 
are given by Spanheim, Exercit. de Papa 
Fcemina, ii. 577 ; in Lenfant, Histoire de 
la Papesse Jeanne. 

(2) Arguments against the allegation A 
are given by Allatius or Allatus, Confutatio 
Fabulcs de Johanna Papissa ; and in 
Lequien, Ortens Christianus, iii. 777. 

(3) Arguments on both sides are given 
in Cunningham's translation of Geiseler : 
Lehrbuch, ii. 21, 22 ; and in La Bayle's 
Dictionnaire, iii. (article " Papisse "). 

•.'Gibbon says, "Two protestants, 
Blondel and Bayle, have annihilated the 
female pope ; but the expression is cer- 
tainly too strong, and even Mosheim is 
more than half inclined to believe there 
really was such a person." 

Pope Joan, the game so called, once 
very popular in England, and often played 
as a children's game in the first quarter 
of the nineteenth century. In the privy 
purse's expenses of Henry VIII. it is 
called Pope Ju'ly's [Julius's] Game, and 
supposed to represent the courtship and 
marriage of Henry VIII. and Anne 
Boleyn. The point called "stops" is 
the interference of the pope and his 
agents to prevent the marriage. The 
other points are called " intrigue," 
" matrimony," and " pope.'* 

Pope of Philosophy, Aristotle 

(B.C. 384-322). 

Pope of the Huguenots (The), 

Plessis Mornay (1549-1623). 

Popes ( Titles assumed by). " Uni- 
versal Bishop," prior to Gregory the 
Great. Gregory the Great adopted the 
Style of " Servus Servorura " (591). 

Martin IV. was addressed as " the 
lamb of God which taketh away the sins 
of the world," to which was added, 
" Grant us thy peace I " (1281). 

Leo X. was styled, by the councH of 
Lateran, "Divine Majesty," "Husband 



POPISH PLOT. 



865 



PORREX. 



of the Church," " Prince of the Apostles," 
"The Key of all the Universe," "The 
Pastor, the Physician, and a God pos- 
sessed of all power both in heaven and 
on earth" (1513). 

Paul V. styled himself "Monarch of 
Christendom," " Supporter of the Papal 
Omnipotence," "Vice-God," " Lord God 
the Pope" (1605). 

Others, after Paul, "Master of the 
World," "Pope the Universal Father," 
"Judge in the place of God," "Vice- 
gerent of the Most High." — Brady; 
Clavis Calendaria, 247(1839). 

The pope assumes supreme dominion, not only over 
spiritual bat also over temporal affairs, styling' himself 
"Head of the Catholic or Universal Church, Sole 
Arbiter of its Rights, and Sovereign Father of all the 
Kings of the Earth." From these titles, he wears a 
triple crown— one as high priest, one as emperor, and 
tbe third as kingr. He also bears keys, to denote his 
privilege of opening the gates of heaven to all true 
befierers.— Brady, 250, 351. 

N.B. — For the first five centuries the 
bishops of Rome wore a bonnet, like 
other ecclesiastics. Pope Hormisdas 
placed on his bonnet the crown sent him 
by Clovis ; Boniface VIII. added a second 
crown during his struggles with Philip 
the Fair ; and John XXIL assumed the 
third crown. 

Popish. Plot, a supposed Roman 
Catholic conspiracy to massacre the pro- 
testants, burn London, and murder the 
king (Charles II.). This fiction was con- 
cocted by one Titus Oates, who made a 
" good thing " by his schemes ; but being 
at last found out, was pilloried, whipped, 
and imprisoned (1678-79). 

Poppy {Ned), a prosy old anecdote- 
teller, with a marvellous tendency to 
digression. (See Aircastle, p. 17.) 

Ned knew exactly what parties had for dinner, . . . 
la what ditch his b^.y horse had his strain, . . . and how 
his man John— no, i* w .s William— started a hare, . . . 
so that he never got to the end of his tale.— Steele. 

Population {An Essay on the Prin- 
ciple of), by Malthus (1803). The object 
is to show that the increase of food cannot 
keep pace with the present increase of 
population, and therefore that every ob- 
stacle should be thrown in the way of 
matrimony, especially in the lower strata 
of society ; but if they persist in marrying, 
leave them entirely alone without parish 
relief. 

No doubt there is a limit to the production of food, 
but theoretically no limit to population : but we are as 
yet a long way oft the f.it u line. Canada alone mi.,'ht 
Snd room for all the inhabitants of the British Isles, 
and be the better for it. 

Porch {The). The Stoics were so 
called, because their founder gave his 



lectures in the Athenian stoa or forth 

called " Pce'cileV' 

The successors of Socrates formed . . . tbe Academy, 
the Porch, the Garden.— Sccley : Ecce Homo. 

(George Herbert has a poem called 
The Church Porch (six-line stanzas). It 
may be considered introductory to his 
poem entitled The Church, in sapphic 
verse and sundry other metres.) 

Porcins, son of Cato of Utlca (in 
Africa), and brother of Marcus. Both 
brothers were in love with Lucia ; but 
the hot-headed, impulsive Marcus, being 
slain in battle, the sage and temperate 
Porcius was without a rivaL — Addison: 
Cato (1713). 

When Sheridan reproduced Cato, Wignell, who acted 
"Porcius," omitted the prologue, and began at once 
with the lines, " The dawn is overcast, the morning 
lowers ..." " The prologue I the prologue 1 " shouted 
the audience: and Wignell went on in the same toaa, 
as if continuing his speech- 
Ladies and gentlemen, there has not been 
A prologue spoken to this play for year s 
And heavily in clouds brings on the day. 
The gTeat, the important day, big with the fate 
Of Cato and of Rome. 

History of the Stag*. 

Porcupine {Peter). William Cob- 
bett, the politician, published The Rush- 
light under this pseudonym in 1800, 

Pornei'ns (3 syl.), Fornication per- 
sonified ; one of the four sons of Anag'- 
nus {inchastity), his brothers being 
Mae'chus [adultery), Acath'arus, and Asel'- 
ges (lasciviousness). He began the battle 
of Mansoul by encountering Parthen'ia 
{maidenly chastity), but " the martial 
maid " slew him with her spear. (Greek, 
porneia, "fornication.") 

In maids his Joy ; now by a maid def ed. 
His life he lost and all his former pride. 
With women would he live, now by a woman died. 
P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, xL (1633). 

Porphyrins, in Dryden's drama of 
Tyrannic Love (1669). 

Valeria, daughter of Maximin, having killed herself 

for the love of Porphyirus, was on one ucc nlnn being 

off by the bearers, when she startc 1 up ana 

boxed one of the bearers on the ears, saying to him— 

Hold 1 are you mad, you damned confounded dogt 

I am to rise and speak the epilogje. 

W. C. Russell: Represcntctivt Actors, 456. 

Porphyro-G-enitns [" born in the 
Porphyra"], the title given to the kings 
of the Eastern empire, from the apart- 
ments called Porphyra, set apart for the 
empresses during confinement 

There he found Irene, the empress. In travail, in a 

house anciently appointed for the empresses during 

:h. I hey call that house " Porphyra," whence 

the name of the Porphyro-geniti came into the world. 

—See Selden .■ Titles of Honour, v. 61 (1614). 

Porrex, younger son of Gorboduc a 
legendary king of Britain. He drove bis 
3 * 



PORSENA. 



866 



POSTHUMUS. 



elder brother Ferrex from the kingdom, 
and. when Ferrex returned with a large 
army, defeated and slew him. Porrex 
was murdered while "slumbering on his 
careful bed," by his own mother, who 
"stabbed him to the heart with a knife." 
—Norton and Sackville : Gorboduc ( 1561- 
62). 

Por'sena, a legendary king of Etruria, 
who made war on Rome to restore 

Tarquin to the throne. 

Lord Macaulay has made this the sub- 
ject of one of his Lays of Ancient Rome 
(1842). 

Port'amour, Cupid's sheriff's officer, 
who summoned offending lovers to 
" Love's Judgment - Hall." — Spenser ; 
Faerie Queene, vi. 7^(1596). 

Forteous {Captain John), an officer 
of the city guard. He was hanged by the 
mob (1736). 

Mrs. Porteous, wife of the captain. — 
Sir W. Scott : The Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Portia, the wife of Pontius Pilate. 

Portia, wife of Marcus Brutus. 
Valerius Maximus says, " She, being 
determined to kill herself, took hot burn- 
ing coals into her mouth, and kept her 
lips closed till she was suffocated by the 
smoke." 

With this she [Portia] fell distract, 
And, her attendants absent, swallowed fire. 
Shakespeare : Julius Casar, act iv. sc. 3 (1607). 

Por'tia, a rich heiress, in love with 
Bassa'nio ; but her choice of a husband 
was restricted by her father's will to the 
following condition : Her suitors were to 
select from three caskets, one of gold, 
one of silver, and one of lead, and he 
who selected the casket which contained 
Portia's picture was to claim her as his 
wife. Bassanio chose the lead, and being 
successful, became the espoused husband. 
It so happened that Bassanio had bor- 
rowed 3000 ducats, and Anthonio, a 
Venetian merchant, was his security. 
The money was borrowed of Shylock, a 
Jew, on these conditions : If the loan 
was repaid within three months, only the 
principal would be required ; if not, the 
Jew should be at liberty to claim a pound 
of flesh from Anthonio's body. The loan 
was not repaid, and the Jew demanded 
the forfeiture. Portia, in' the dress of a 
law doctor, conducted the defence, and 
saved Anthonio by reminding the Jew 
that a pound oi flesh gave him no drop of 



blood, and that he must cut neither more 
nor less than an exact pound, otherwise 
his life would be forfeit. As it would 
be plainly impossible to fulfil these 
conditions, the Jew gave up his claim, 
and Anthonio was saved. — Shakespeare : 
Merchant of Venice {q.v.) (1598). 

Portland Place ( London). So called 
from William Bentinck, second duke of 
Portland, who married Margaret, only 
child of Edward second earl of Oxford 
and Mortimer. From these came Mar- 
garet Street, Bentinck Street, Duke Street, 
Duchess Street, and Portland Place. 

Fortman Square (London). So 
called from William Henry Portman, 
owner of the estate in which the Square 
and Orchard Street stand. 

Portsmouth {The duchess of), '* La 
Belle Louise de Querouaille," one of the 
mistresses of Charles II. — Sir W. Scott : 
Peverilofthe Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Portuguese Cid {The), Nunez 
Alvarez Pereira (1360-1431). 

Portuguese Horace ( The), Antonio 
Ferreira (1528-1569). 

Portuguese Mars {The), Alfonso 
de Albuquerque (1453-1515). 

Portuguese Nostradamus ( The), 
Gonpalo Annes Bandarra, a poet-cobbler 
(died 1556). His writings were sup- 
pressed by the Inquisition. 

Possunt, quia Posse Videntur. 

Fail not to will, and you will not fail. — 
Virgil: sEneid, v. 231. 

Postage. Design for the penny 
postage envelope. It was Mulready who 
made this ridiculous design for the penny 
postage envelopes, but happily it had a 
very brief period of existence. In 189b 
the lord mayor of London issued his 
invitation for the banquet given on the 
9th November on cards of similar cha- 
racter, but, if possible, in still worse taste 
than the Mulready envelopes {q.v.). 

Fosthu'mus [Leonatus] married 
Imogen, daughter of Cymbeline king of 
Britain, and was banished the kingdom 
for life. He went to Italy, and there, in 
the house of Philario, bet a diamond ring 
with Iachimo that nothing could seduce 
the fidelity of Imogen. (For the rest of 
the tale, see Iachimo, p. 516.)— Shake- 
speare: Cymbeline (1605). 



POTAGE. 



867 



PRAGMATIC SANCTION. 



Potage [Jean), the French Jack 
Pudding ; similar to the Italian "Maca- 
roni," the Dutch " Pickel-herringe," and 
the German "Hanswurst." Clumsy, 
gormandizing clowns, fond of practical 
jokes, especially such as stealing eatables 
and drinkables. 

Pother {Doctor), an apothecary, "city 
registrar, and walking story-book." He 
had a story a propos of every remark 
made and of every incident ; but as he 
mixed two or three together, his stories 
were pointless and quite unintelligible. 
" I know a monstrous good story on that 
point. He ! he 1 he ! " " I'll tell you a 
famous good story about that, you must 
know. He ! he ! he 1 ... " "I could 
have told a capital story, but there was 
no one to listen to it. He ! he ! he 1 " 
This is the style of his chattering . . . 
"speaking professionally — for anatomy, 
chemistry, pharmacy, phlebotomy, oxy- 
gen, hydrogen, caloric, carbonic, atmo- 
spheric, galvanic. Ha ! ha ! ha ! Can tell 
you a prodigiously laughable story on 
the subject. Went last summer to a 
watering-place — lady of fashion— feel 
pulse — not lady, but lap-dog — talk Latin 
— prescribe galvanism — out jumped Pom- 
pey plump into a batter pudding, and lay 
like a tode in a hole. Ha ! ha ! ha ! " — 
Dibdin: The Farmer's Wife (1780). 

(Colman's "Ollapod" (1802) was evi- 
dently copied from Dibden's " doctor 
Pother." See Aircastle, p. 17.) 

Potiphar's Wife, Zoleikha or Zu- 
leika ; but some call her Rail — Sale : Al 
Koran, xii. note. 

Pott [Mr.), the librarian at the Spa. 

Mrs. Pott, the librarian's wife. — Sir 
W. Scott : St. Ronan's Well (time, 
George III.). 

Potteries {Father of the), Josiah 
Wedgewood (1730-1795). 

Pounce {Mr. Peter), in The Adven- 
tures of Joseph Andrews, by Fielding 
(1742). 

Povmdtext {Peter), an "indulged 
pastor" in the covenanters' army. — 5e> 
W. Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles 
II.). 

Pourceaugnac [Poor-sone-yak], the 
hero ot a comedy so called. He is a 
pompous country gentleman, who comes 
to Paris to marry Julie, daughter of 
Oronte (e syl.) ; but Julie loves Erasta 



(2 syl.), and this young man plays off so 
many tricks, and devises so many mysti- 
fications upon M. de Pourceaugnac, that 
he is fain to give up his suit. — Moliere : 
M. de Pourceaugnac (16-9). 

Pou Sto, the means of doing. 
Archimedes said, "Give me pou sto ('a 
place to stand on '), and I could move the 
world." 

Who learns the one pou sto whence after-hands 
May move the world. 

Poussin, an eminent French land- 
scape painter (1594-1665). 

The British Poussin, Richard Cooper 
(•-1806). 

Gaspar Poussin. So Gaspar Dughet, 
the French painter, is called (1613- 
1675). 

Powell {Mary), the pseudonym of 
Mrs. Richard Rathbone. 

Powheid {Lazarus), the old sexton in 
Douglas.— Sir W. Scott: Castle Dan- 
gerous (time, Henry I.). 

Poyning's Law, a statute to estab- 
lish the English jurisdiction in Ireland. 
The parliament that passed it was sum- 
moned in the reign of Henry VII. by sir 
Edward Poynings, governor of Ireland 
( r 495)- 

Poyser {Mrs.), a capital character in 
the novel called Adam Bede, by George 
Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross, 1859). Her 
shrewd proverbial observations are in- 
imitable. 

P. P., "Clerk of the Parish," the 
feigned signature of Dr. Arbuthnot, sub- 
scribed to a volume of Memoirs in ridicule 
of Burnet's History of My Own Times. 

In Ireland P.P. often stands for Parish 
Priest. 

Those who were placed around the dinner-table had 
those feelings of awe with which P. P., Clerk of the 
Parish, was oppressed, when he first uplifted the 
psalm in presenceof. . . the wise Mr. justice Freeman, 
the good lady Jones, and the great sir Thomas Truby. 
— Sir W. Scclt. 

Pragmatic Sanction. The word 

pragmaticus means "relating to state 
affairs," and the word sanctio means " an 
ordinance " or " decree." The four most 
famous statutes so called are — 

( 1 ) The Pragmatic Sanction of Si. Louis 
(1268), which forbade the court of Rome 
to levy taxes or collect subscriptions in 
France without the express permission of 
the king. It also gave permission in 
certain cases of French subjects appeal- 
ing from the ecclesiastical to the civil 
courts of the realm. 



PRAISE INDEED. 



P.R.B. 



(2) The Pragmatic Sanction ofBourges, 
passed by Charles VII. of France in 
1438. By this ordinance, the power of 
the pope in France was limited and 
defined. The authority of the National 
Council was declared superior to that of 
the pope. The French clergy were for- 
bidden to appeal to Rome on any point 
affecting the secular condition of the 
nation ; and the Roman pontiff was 
wholly forbidden to appropriate to him- 
self any vacant living, or to appoint to 
any bishopric or parish church in France. 

(3) The Pragmatic Sanction of kaiser 
Karl VI. of Germany (in 1713), which 
settled the empire on his daughter, the 
archduchess Maria Theresa, wife of 
Francois de Loraine. Maria Theresa 
ascended the throne in 1740, and a 
European war was the result. 

(4) The Pragmatic Sanction of Charles 
III. of Spain (1767). This was to sup- 
press the Jesuits of Spain. 

N.B. — What is meant emphatically by 
The Pragmatic Sanction is the third of 
these ordinances, viz. settling the line 
of succession in Germany on the house 
of Austria. 

Praise indeed. " Approbation from 
sir Hubert Stanley is praise indeed." — 
Morton ; Cure for the Heartache, act i. 2 
(1811). 

Pramnian Mixture ( The), any in- 
toxicating draught. The " mixture " was 
made from the Pramnian grape. Circe" 
gave Ulysses "Pramnian wine" impreg- 
nated with drugs, in order to prevent his 
escape from the island. 

And for my drink prepared 
The Pramnian mixture in a golden cup. 
Impregnating [on my destruction bent) 
With noxious herbs the draught. 

Homer: Odyssey, x. (Cowper's trans.). 

Prasildo, a Babylonish nobleman, 
who falls in love with Tisbi'na wife of 
his friend Iroldo. He is overheard by 
Tisbina threatening to kill himself, and, 
in order to divert him from his guilty 
passion, she promises to return his love 
on condition of his performing certain 
adventures which she thinks to be im- 
possible. However, Prasildo performs 
them all, and then Tisbina and Iroldo, 
finding no excuse, take poison to avoid 
the alternative. Prasildo resolves to do 
the same, but is told by the apothecary 
that the "poison " he had supplied was 
a harmless drink. Prasildo tells his 
friend, Iroldo quits the country, and 



Tisbina marries Prasildo. Time 

on, and Prasildo hears that his friend's 

life is in danger, whereupon he starts 

forth to rescue him at the hazard of his 

own life. — Bojardo: Innamorato Orlando 

(1495). 

Prasu'tagfus or Pr»su'tairus, 

husband of bonduica or Boadicea queen 
of the Iceni. — Richard of Circencester : 
History, xxx. (fourteenth century). 
Me, the wife of rich Prasutagus ; me, the lover of 

liberty, — 
Me they seized, and me they tortured ! 

Tennyson: Boadicea. 

Prate 'fast {Peter), who "in all his 

life spake no word in waste." His wife 
was Maude, and his eldest son Sym Sadie 
Gander, who married Betres (daughter of 
Davy Dronken Nole of Kent and his wife 
Al'yson). — Hawes : The Passe-tyme of 
Plesure, xxix. (1515). 

Prattle {Mr.), medical practitioner, 

a voluble gossip, who retails all the news 
and scandal of the neighbourhood. He 
knows everybody, everybody's affairs, 
and everybody's intentions. — Colman, 
senior: The Deuce is in Him (1762). 

Praxitelus, in Greville's book of 
Maxims, is meant for lord Chatham. 

Prayer. Every Mohammedan must 
pray five times a day — at sunset, at 
nightfall, at daybreak, at noon, and at 
Asr or evensong (about three o'clock). 

Praying'-Wheels. The "Praying- 
wheel" used by Buddhists is either a 
small hand cylinder, or a larger one 
suspended to the ceiling or sides of a 
chapel, and pushed round by each person 
as he enters. Some have been observed 
in Thibet so arranged as to be revolved by 
the wind. The prayer-formula (printed 
in fine characters) is wound round the 
axis of the wheel from left to right, and 
when the wheel is set in motion, the 
writing passes in front of the person or 
persons pushing the wheel. It was used 
originally (like the Jewish Urim and 
Thummim) to divine answers to prayers, 
but afterwards for prayer itself. The 
hand praying-wheels are little cylinders 
of copper, with Om Main Palim om 
engraved round — containing rolls of the 
usual prayers. They are held in the 
hands and turned like a child's rattle. 

P. 2&. B., the signature of Che Pre- 
Raphaelite Brotherhood. 



PRE-ADAMITE KINGS. 



869 



PRECOCIOUS GENIUS. 



Fre-Adamite King's, Soliman 
Raad, Soliman Daki, and Soliman di 
Gian ben Gian. The last-named, having 
chained up the dives (1 syl.) in the dark 
caverns of Kaf, became so presumptuous 
as to dispute the Supreme Power. All 
these kings maintained great state [be- 
fore the existence of that contemptible 
being denominated by us " the father of 
mankind "] ; but none can be compared 
with the eminence of Soliman ben 
Daoud. 

Pre- Adamite Throne {The). It 
was Vathek's ambition to gain the pre- 
Adamite throne. After long search, he 
was shown it at last in the abyss of 
Eblis ; but, being there, return was im- 
possible, and he remained a prisoner 
without hope for ever. 

They reached at length the hall [Argents] of great 
extent, and covered with a lofty dome. ... A funereal 
gloom prevailed over it. Here, upon two beds of 
incorruptible cedar, lay recumbent the fleshless forms 
of the pre-Adamite kings, who had once been monarchs 
of the whole earth. ... At their feet were inscribed 
the events of their several reigns, their power, their 
pride, and their crimes. [This was the pre-Adamite 
throne, the a>nbition tf the caliph Vathzk.~\— Beck- 
ford : Vathek (1784). 

Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood 

(The). In 1850 or thereabouts a circle 
of young men, inspired by Ford Madox 
Brown, and led by Dante Gabriel Rossetti 
(artists), determined to band themselves 
together, and made the following resolu- 
tion, to use the words of Ruskin : " That 
as far as in them lies, they will draw 
either what they see, or what they sup- 
pose might have been the actual facts of 
the scene they desire to represent, irre- 
spective of any conventional rules of 
picture- making." They chose their 
name " because all artists did this before 
Raphael's time, and after Raphael's time 
did not this, but sought to paint fair 
pictures rather than represent stern 
facts" (Arrows of the Chace, p. 89). 
Amongst the Pre-Raphaelites were 
Woolner, Holman Hunt, Millais, 
Collins, John Lewis, etc. In 1850 a 
short-lived periodical called the Germ 
appeared under the editorship of William 
Michael Rossetti, brother of the artist, 
in which the virtues and failings of the 
Pre-Raphaelite school were displayed. 
In 1854 Holman Hunt exhibited his 
picture "The Light of the World," 
and Ruskin wrote a letter to the Times 
(May 5, 1854) respecting this, "the prin- 
cipal Pre-Raphaelite picture in the Royal 
Academy this year." He describes how 
he stood by the picture for one hour, 



watching the passers-by : " few stopped 
to look, and those who did almost in- 
variably with some contemptuous ex- 
pression, founded on what appeared to 
them the absurdity of representing the 
Saviour with a lantern in His hand" 
(Arrows of the Chace, p. 98). The whole 
description of the picture is worth a 
careful study, and is interesting to look 
back upon to-day, when we remember 
that the engraving or photograph of 
Holman Hunt's " Light of the World" 
is to be found treasured in many 
homes. 

Burne-Jones, although not one of the 
Pre-Raphaelites, has been decidedly in- 
fluenced by their teaching. 

Preacher (The), Solomon, the son of 
David, author of The Preacher (i.e. Be* 

clesiastes). 

Thus said the Preacher, " Nought beneath the sum 
Is new ; " yet still from change to change we run. 
Byron. 

The Glorious Preacher, St. Chrys'os- 
tom (347-407). The name means ' ' Golden 
Mouth." 

The Little Preacher, Samuel de Ma- 
rets, protestant controversialist (1599- 
1663). 

The Unfair Preacher. Dr. Isaac 
Barrow was so called by Charles II., 
because his sermons were so exhaustive 
that they left nothing more to be said on 
the subject, which was "unfair" to those 
who came after him. 

Preachers (The king of), Louis 
Bourdaloue (1632-1704). 

Precieuses Ridicules (Les), a 
comedy by Moliere, in ridicule of the 
" precieuses," as they were styled, forming 
the coterie of the Hotel de Rambouillet 
in the seventeenth century. The soiries 
held in this hotel were a great improve- 
ment on the licentious assemblies of the 
period ; but many imitators made the 
thing ridiculous, because they lacked 
the same presiding talent and good taste 
(1659). ( For tne rest » see Cathos, p, 
188.) 

Preciosa, a gipsy girl, the heroine of 
Longfellow's Spanish Student (1843). 
She is threatened with the vengeance of 
the Inquisition. 

Precocious Genius. 

(1) Johann Philip Baratier, a Ger- 
man, at the age of five years, knew Greek, 
Latin, and French, besides his native 
German. At nine he knew Hebrew and 



ife of this boy was w-ritten by Schoeneich, his 
His name is duly noticed in biographical 



PRESS^US. 

Chaldaic, and could translate German 
into Latin. At thirteen he could translate 
Hebrew into French, or French into 
Hebrew (1721-1740). 

The life of this boy was written by Forraey. His 
name is enrolled in all biographical dictionaries. 

(2) Christian Henry Heinecken, 
at one year old, knew the chief events of 
the Pentateuch ! ! at thirteen months he 
knew the history of the Old Testament 1 ! 
at fourteen months he knew the history 
of the New Testament ! ! at two and a 
half years he could answer any ordinary 
question of history or geography ; and at 
three years old knew French and Latin 
as well as his native German (1721- 
1725)- 

The life 
teacher 
dictionaries. 

(3) Jean Louis Elizabeth de Mont- 
CHALM knew his letters when a child in 
arms ; when thirty months old he knew 
both small letters and capitals ; at three 
years of age he could read fluently Latin 
and French, either in print or manuscript ; 
at four he could translate Latin ; at five 
he could translate the most difficult Latin 
authors ; at six he could read Greek and 
Hebrew, was good at arithmetic, history, 
geography, and metallurgy. In four 
weeks he learnt to write correctly and 
fluently. At the age of seven he had 
read all the chief poets, orators, historians, 
philosophers, grammarians, etc. ; but 
the poor fellow died before he was eight. 
— Dictionnaire d Education (1819). 

(4) Ennius Viscont read Greek and 
Latin, as well as Italian (his own 
language), before he was four years old. 
He lived to the age of 67, and died in 
1818. 



["eater of garlic"'], the 

youngest of the frog chieftains. 

Then pious ardour young Pressaeus brings. 
Betwixt the fortunes of contending kings; 
Lank, harmless frog 1 with forces hardly grown. 
He darts the reed in combats not his own, 
Which, faintly tinkling on Troxartas' shield, 
Hangs at the point, and drops upon the field. 
Parntll: Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712). 

Frest, a nickname given by Swift to 
the duchess of Shrewsbury, who was a 
foreigner. 

Prester John, a corruption oi Belul 
Gian, meaning "precious stone." Gian 
(pronounced zjon) has been corrupted 
into John, and Belul translated into 
" precious ; " in Latin Johannes preciosus 



870 



PRESTER JOHN. 

(** precious John"), corrupted into " Pres- 
byter Joannes." The kings of Ethiopia 
or Abyssinia, from a gemmed ring given 
to queen Saba, whose son by Solomon 
was king of Ethiopia, and was called 
Melech with the "precious stone," or 
Melech Gian Belul. 

jEthiopes regem suum, quern nos yulgo "Prete 

Gianni "corrupte dicimus, quatu or appellant nominibus, 
quorum primum est "Belul Gian,' hoc est lapis pre- 
ciosus. Ductum est autem hoc nomen ab annulo 
Salotnonis, quem ille filio ex regina Saba, ut putant 
genito, dono dedisse, quove omnes postea reges usos 
fuisse describitur. , . . Cum vero eum coronant, ap- 
pellant " Neghuz." Postremo cum vertice capitis in 
cororue modum abraso, ungitur a patriarcha, vocant 
*' Masih," hoc est unctum. Haec autem regias digni- 
tatis nomina omnibus communia sunt. — Quoted by 
Selden, from a little annal of the Ethiopian kings 
(1552), in his Titles 0/ Honour, v. 6s (1614). 

•.•As this title was like the Egyptian 
Pharaoh, and belonged to whole lines of 
kings, it will explain the enormous 
diversity of time allotted by different 
writers to " Prester John." 

Marco Polo says that Prester John was 
slain in battle by Jenghiz Khan ; and 
Gregory Bar-Hebrasus says, ' ' God forsook 
him because he had taken to himself a 
wife of the Zinish nation, called Quara- 
khata." 

Bishop Jordanus, in his description of 
the world, sets down Abyssinia as the 
kingdom of Prester John. Abyssinia 
used to be called " Middle India." 

Otto of Freisingen is the first author to 
mention him. This Otto wrote a chro- 
nicle to the date 1156. He says that 
John was of the family of the Magi, and 
ruled over the country of these Wise Men. 
Otto tells us that Prester John had "a 
sceptre of emeralds. " 

Maimontdes, about the same time 
(twelfth century), mentions him, but calls 
him " Preste-Cuan. " 

Before 1241 a letter was addressed by 
"Prester John" to Manuel Comnenus 
emperor of Constantinople. It is pre- 
served in the Chronicle of Albericus 
Trium Fontium, who gives for its date 
1165. 

Mandeville calls Prester John a lineal 
descendant of Ogier the Dane. He tells 
us that Ogier, with fifteen others, pene- 
trated into the north of India, and 
divided the land amongst his followers. 
John was made sovereign of Teneduc, 
and was called "Prester" because he 
converted the natives to the Christian 
faith. 

Another tradition says that Prester 
John had seventy kings for his vassals, 
and was seen by his subjects only three 
times in a year. 



PRESTON. 



871 



In Orlando Furioso, Frester John is 
called by his subjects " Senapus king of 
Ethiopia." He was blind, and, though the 
richest monarch of the world, he pined 
with famine, because harpies flew off 
with his food, by way of punishment for 
wanting to add paradise to his empire. 
The plague, says the poet, was to cease 
"when a stranger appeared on a flying 
griffin." This stranger was Astolpho, 
who drove the harpies to Cocy'tus. 
Prester John, in return for this service, 
sent 100,000 Nubians to the aid of 
Charlemagne. Astolpho supplied this 
contingent with horses by throwing 
stones into the air, and' made transport- 
ships to convey them to France by casting 
leaves into the sea. After the death of 
Agramant, the Nubians were sent home, 
and then the horses became stones again, 
and the ships became leaves (bks. xvii.- 
xix.). 

Preston (Christopher), established the 
bear-garden at Hockley-in-the-Hole, in 
the time of Charles II. He was killed in 
1709, by one of his own bears. 

Where I'd as good oppose 
Myself to Preston and his mastifls loose. 
Oldham: The Third Satire of Juvenal (1653-1684). 

Pretender (The Young), prince 
Charles Edward Stuart, son of James 
Francis Edward Stuart (called "The Old 
Pretender"). James Francis was the son 
of James II., and Charles Edward was 
that king's grandson. — Sir W. Scott : 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

*. ' Charles Edward was defeated at 
Culloden in 1746, and escaped to the 
Continent. 

God bless the king— I mean the " Faith's Defender ; " 
God bless — no harm in blessing — the I retender. 
Who that Pretender is, and who is king, 
God bless us all I that's quite another thing. 

Ascribed by sir W. Scott to John 
Byrom (in Redgauntlet). 

(The mistress of Charles Edward Stuart 
was Miss Walkingshaw.) 

Prettyman (Prince), in love with 
Cloris. He is sometimes a fisherman 
and sometimes a prince. — Duke of Buck- 
ingham: The Rehearsal (1671). 

("Prince Prettyman" is said to be a 
parody on " Leonidas" in Dryden's Mar- 
riage a-la Mode.) 

Priamus (Sir), a knight of the 
Round Table. He possessed a phial, full 
of four waters that came from paradise. 
These waters instantly healed any wounds 
which were touched by them. 



PRIG. 

•* My father," says sir Priamus, " Is lineally descended 

of Alexander and of Hector by right line. Duke Josua 
and Machabaeus were of our lineage. I am right 
Inheritor of Alexandria, and Affrike, of all the out 
isles." 

And Priamus took from his page a phial, full of four 
waters that came out of paradise ; and with certain balm 
'nointed he their wounds, and washed them with that 
water, and within an hour after, they were both as 
whole as ever they were.— Sir T. Malory; History of 
Prince Arthur, 1. 97 (1470). 

Price (Matilda), a miller's daughter ; 
a pretty, coquettish young woman, who 
marries John Browdie, a hearty York- 
shire corn-factor. — Dickens ; Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). 

Pride. " Fly pride, says the peacock," 
proverbial for pride. — Shakespeare : 
Comedy of Errors, act iv. sc. 3 (1593). 

Pride (Sir), first a drayman, then a 
colonel in the parliamentary army. — S. 
Butler: Hudibras (1663-78). 

Pride and Prejudice, a novel of 

domestic life by Jane Austen (181 2). 

Pride of Humility. Antisthenes, 
the Cynic, affected a very ragged coat ; 
but Socrates said to him, " Antisthenes, 
I can see your vanity peering through the 
holes of your coat. " 

Pride's Purge, a violent invasion of 
parliamentary rights by colonel Pride, in 
1649. At the head of two regiments of 
soldiers he surrounded the House of 
Commons, seized forty-one of the mem- 
bers, and shut out 160 others. None 
were allowed into the House but those 
most friendly to Cromwell. This fag- 
end went by the name of " the Rump." 

Pridwin or Priwen, prince Arthur's 

shield. 

Arthur placed a golden helmet upon his head, on 
which was engraven the figure of a dragon ; and on his 
shoulders his shield called Priwen, upon which the 
picture of the blessed Mary, mother of God, was 
painted ; then girding on his Caliburn, which was an 
excellent sword, made in the isle of Avallon ; he took 
in his right hand his lance Ron, which was hard, broad, 
and fit for slaughter.— Geoffrey : British History, ix. 4 
(1 142). 

Priest of Nature, sir Isaac Newton 
( 1 647-1727). 

Lo 1 Newton, priest of nature, shines afar. 
Scans the wide world, and numbers every star. 
Campbell : Pleasures of Hope, I. (1799). 

Prig, a knavish beggar. — Fletcher: 
The Beggars Bush (1622). 

Prig" (Betsey), an old monthly nurse, 
" the frequent pardner " of Mrs. Gamp; 
equally ignorant, equally vulgar, equally 
selfish, and brutal to her patients. 



PRIMER, 

•* Betsey," said Mrs. Gamp, filling her own glass, and 

passing the teapot \pf gin\ "I will now propoge a 

toast: ' My frequent pardner Betsey Prig. Which, 

altering the name to Sairah Gamp, I drink," said Mrs. 
Prig, "with love and tenderness."— Dickens: Martin 
Chitzzlewit, xlix. (1843). 

Prim'er {Peter), a pedantic country 
schoolmaster, who believes himself to be 
the wisest of pedagogues. — Foote: The 
Mayor of Garratt (1763). 

Primitive Fathers (The), The 
five apostolic fathers contemporary with 
the apostles (viz. Clement of Rome, 
Barnabas, Hermas, Ignatius, and Poly- 
carp), and the nine following, who all 
lived in the first three centuries : Justin, 
Theoph'ilus of Antioch, Irenaeus, Clement 
of Alexandria, Cyprian of Carthage, 
Ongen, Gregory "Thaumatur'gus," Dio- 
nysius of Alexandria*, and Tertullian. 

(For the "Fathers" of the fourth and 
fifth centuries, see Greek Church, 
p. 447; Latin Church, p. 594.) 

Primrose (The Rev. Dr. Charles), 
a clergyman, rich in heavenly wisdom, 
but poor indeed in all worldly knowledge. 
Amiable, charitable, devout, but not with- 
out his literary vanity, especially on the 
Whistonian theory about second mar- 
riages. One admires his virtuous indig- 
nation against the "washes," which he 
deliberately demolished with the poker. 
In his prosperity, his chief "adventures 
were by the fireside, and all his migrations 
were from the blue bed to the brown." 

Mrs. [Deborah'] Primrose, the doctor's 
wife, full of motherly vanity, and desirous 
to appear genteel. She could read with- 
out much spelling, prided herself on her 
housewifery, especially on her gooseberry 
wine, and was really proud of her ex- 
cellent husband. 

(She was painted as " Venus," and the 
vicar, in gown and bands, was presenting 
to her his book on "second marriages," 
but when complete the picture was found 
to be too large for the house.) 

George Primrose, son of the vicar. He 
went to Amsterdam to teach the Dutch 
English, but never once called to mind 
that he himself must know something of 
Dutch before this could be done. He 
becomes captain Primrose, and marries 
Miss Wilmot, an heiress. 

(Goldsmith himself went to teach the 
French English under the same circum- 
stances. ) 

Moses Primrose, younger son of the 
vicar, noted for his greenness and pe- 
dantry. Being sent to sell a good horse 
at a fair, he bartered it for a gross of 



87a 



PRINCE OF LIFE. 



green spectacles with copper rims and 
shagreen cases, of no more value than 
Hodge's razors (ch. xii.). 

Olivia Primrose, the eldest daughter of 
the doctor. Pretty, enthusiastic, a sort 
of Heb6 in beauty. "She wished for 
many lovers," and eloped with squire 
Thornhill. Her father found her at a 
roadside inn, called the Harrow, where 
she was on the point of being turned out 
of the house. Subsequently, she was found 
to be legally married to the squire. 

Sophia Primrose, the second daughter 
of Dr. Primrose. She was * ■ soft, modest, 
and alluring." Not like her sister, 
desirous of winning all, but fixing her 
whole heart upon one. Being thrown 
from her horse into a deep stream, she 
was rescued by Mr. Burchell {alias sir 
William Thornhill), and being abducted, 
was again rescued by him. She married 
him at last. — Goldsmith: Vicar of Wake- 
field (1766). 

(Sir William was the uncle of squire 
Thornhill, ch. xxiii.) 

Primum Mobile (The), a sphere 
supposed at one time to revolve in twenty- 
four hours from east to west, carrying 
with it the planets and fixed stars. 

Here is the goal whence motion on his race 
Starts ; motionless the centre, and the rest 
All moved around. Except the soul divine. 
Place in this heaven hath none . . . 
Measured itself by none, it doth divide 
Motion to all. 

Dante: Paradise, zzvii. (1311). 

Prince of Alchemy, Rudolph II. 
kaiser of Germany; also called "The 
.German Trismegistus " (1552, 1576- 
16 1 2). 

Prince of Angels, Michael. 

So spake the prince of angels. To whom thus 
The Adversary [i.e. Satan]. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, vi. a8i (1665). 

Prince of Celestial Armies, 

Michael the archangel. 

Go, Michael, of celestial armies prince. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, vi. 44 (1665). 

Prince of Darkness, Satan (Eph. 
vi. 12). (See Darkness, p. 261.) 

Whom thus the prince of darkness answered glad: 
** Fair daughter, 

High proof ye now have given to be the race 
Of Satan (I glory in the name)." 

Milton : Paradise Lost, x. 383 (1665). 

Prince of Hell, Satan. 

And with them comes a third of regal port. 
But faded splendour wan ; who by his gait 
And fierce demeanour seems the prince of HelL 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iv. 808 (1665). 

Prince of Life, * title given to 
Christ (Acts iii. 15). 



PRINCE OF PEACE. 

Prince of Peace, a title given to the 
Messiah {Isa. ix. 6). 

Prince of Peace, don Manuel 
Godoy of Badajoz. So called because 
he concluded the "peace of Basle" in 
1795 between France and Spain (1767- 
1851). 

Prince of the Air, Satan. 

. . . Jesus Son of Mary, second Eve, 

Saw Satan fall, like lightning, down from heaven. 

Prince of the air. 

Milton : Paradise Lest, x. 185 (1665). 

Prince of the Devils, Satan {Matt. 

xii. 24). 

Prince of the King's of the 
Earth, a title given to Christ {Rev. i. 5). 

Prince of the Power of the 
Air, Satan {Eph. ii. 2). 

Prince of the Vegetable King- 
dom. The palm tree is so called by 
Linnaeus. 

Prince of 1;his World, Satan {John 
xiv. 30). 

Prince's Peers, a term of contempt 
applied to peers of low birth. The phrase 
arose in the reign of Charles VII. of 
France, when his son Louis (afterwards 
Louis XI.) created a host of riff-raff peers, 
such as tradesmen, farmers, and mechanics, 
in order to degrade the aristocracy, and 
thus weaken its influence in the state. 

Princes. It was prince Bismarck the 
German chancellor who said to a courtly 
attendant, " Let princes be princes, and 
mind your own business." 

Princess ( The), a poem by Tennyson 
(1847), especially noted for the songs 
introduced. One of the songs begins — 

Home they brought her warrior dead. 

Printed Books. The first book pro- 
duced in England was printed in England 
in 1477, by William Caxton, in the 
Almonry at Westminster, and was en- 
titled The Dictes and Sayings of the Phi- 
losophers. 

'.- The Rev. T. Wilson says, "The 
press at Oxford existed ten years before 
there was any press in Europe, except 
those of Haarlem and Mentz." The 
person who set up the Oxford press was 
Corsellis, and his first printed book bore 
the date of 1468. The colophon of it runs 
thus : " Explicit exposicio Sancti Jeronimi 
in simbolo apostolorum ad papam laure- 
cium. Impressa Oxonii Et finita Anno 
Domini Mcccclxviij., xvij. die Decern- 



873 



PRISCIAN. 



bris.' The book is a small quarto of 
forty-vvvo leaves, and was first noticed 
in 1664 by Richard Afkins, in his Origin 
and Growth of Printing. Dr. Conyers 
Middleton, in 1735, charged Atkins with 
forgery. In 1812 S. W. Singer defended 
the book. Dr. Cotton took the subject 
up in his Typographical Gazetteer (first 
and second series). 

Prior {Matthew). The monument to 
this poet in Westminster Abbey was by 
Rysbrack ; executed by order of Louis 
XIV. 

Prioress's Tale {The), the seven- 
teenth of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, 
similar to that of " Hugh of Lincoln " {q.v.), 
A little boy was constantly singing the 
Alma redemptoris, and the Jews, having 
captured him on his way to school, killed 
him and cast his dead body into a well. 
His mother, anxious at his absence, went 
in search of him, and coming to the well 
heard her son's voice singing the Alma 
redemptoris. She told the provost, who had 
the Jews executed. The child was drawn 
up, still repeating the same words, and, 
being asked why he did so, replied, "he 
could never die till his tongue was cut 
out." The abbot cut out the tongue, the 
child instantly gave up the ghost, and the 
body was buried in a marble tomb. 

Yet spake this child, when spreint was the holy water, 
And sang O Alma redemptoris mater. 

(Wordsworth has modernized this tale.) 

Priory {Lord), an old-fashioned 
husband, who actually thinks that a wife 
should "love, honour, and obey" her 
husband ; nay, more, that "forsaking all 
others, she should cleave to him so long 
as they both should live." 

Lady Priory, an old-fashioned wife, 
but young and beautiful. She was, 
however, so very old-fashioned that she 
went to bed at ten and rose at six ; dressed 
in a cap and gown of her own making ; 
respected and loved her husband ; dis- 
couraged flirtation ; and when assailed by 
any improper advances, instead of show- 
ing temper or conceited airs, quietly and 
tranquilly seated herself to some modest 
household duty till the assailant felt the 
irresistible power of modesty and virtue. 
— Mrs. Inchbald: Wives as They Were 
and Maids as They Are (1797). 

Friscian, a great grammarian of the 
fifth century. The Latin phrase, Di- 
minuere Prtsciani caput (" to break Pris- 
cian's head"), means to "violate therulei 
of grammar. (See Pkgasus, p. 819.) 



PRISCILLA. 

Some, free from rhyme or reason, rule or check. 
Break Priscian's head, and Pegasus's neck. 

Pofe : The Dunciad, iii. 161 (1738). 
Quakers (that, like to lanterns, bear 
Their light within them) will not swear} . . • 
And hold no sin so deeply red 
As that of breaking Priscian's head. 

5. Butler: Hudibras, II. ii. 319, etc. (1664). 

Friscilla, daughter of a noble lord. 
She fell in love with sir Aladine, a poor 
knight. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, vi. I 
(1596). 

Priscilla, the beautiful puritan in love 
with John Alden, When Miles Standish, 
a bluff soldier in the middle of life, 
wished to marry her, he asked John 
Alden to go and plead his cause ; but the 
puritan maiden replied archly, "Why 
don't you speak for yourself, John?" 
Soon after this, Standish being killed, as 
it was supposed by a poisoned arrow, 
John did speak for himself, and Priscilla 
listened to his seduction. — Longfellow; 
The Courtship of Miles Standish (1858). 

Prison Life Endeared. The 

following are examples of prisoners who, 
from long habit, have grown attached to 
prison life : — 

(1) Comte HE LoRGEwas confined for 
thirty years in the Bastile, and when 
liberated (July 14, 1789) declared that 
freedom had no joys for him. After 
imploring in vain to be allowed to return 
to his dungeon, he lingered for six weeks 
and pined to death. 

(2) Goldsmith says, when Chinvang the 
Chaste ascended the throne of China, he 
commanded the prisons to be thrown 
open. Among the prisoners was a vener- 
able man of 85 years of age, who im- 
plored that he might be suffered to return 
to his cell. For sixty-three years he had 
lived in its gloom and solitude, which he 
preferred to the glare of the sun and the 
bustle of a city. — A Citizen of the World, 
lxxiii. (1759). 

(3) Mr. Cogan once visited a prisoner 
of state in the King's Bench prison, who 
told him he had grown to like the sub- 
dued light and extreme solitude of his 
cell ; he even liked the spots and patches 
on the wall, the hardness of his bed, the 
regularity, and the freedom from all the 
cares and worries of active life. He did 
not wish to be released, and felt sure he 
should never be so happy in any other 
place. 

(4) A woman of Leyden, on the expira- 
tion of a long imprisonment, applied for 
permission to return to her cell, and 
added, if the request were refused as a 



874 PRISONER OF CHILLON. 

favour, she would commit some offence 
which would give her a title to her old 
quarters. 

(5) A prisoner condemned to death had 
his sentence commuted for seven years' 
close confinement on a bed of nails. After 
the expiration of five years, he declared, 
if ever he were released, he should adopt 
from choice what habit had rendered so 
agreeable to him. 

Prison Literature. 

(1) Bacon (Roger), imprisoned in 1268, in France, by 
order of pope Nicholas IV., wrote during his confine- 
ment his treatise on The Means of Avoiding the 
Infirmities of Old Age. 

(2) BUNVAN wrote his Grace Abounding (1666), and 
Pt. 1. of his Pilgrim's Progress in Bedford Gaol (1660- 
1672). 

(3) COBBETT carried on bis Political Register in 
prison (1810-12). 

(4) COMBE (William) wrote his Journal of Dr. 
Syntax during his twenty years' imprisonment in the 
King's Bench (1743-1828). 

(5) Cooper (Thomas) wrote in Stafford Gaol his 
Purgatory of Suicides and Wise Saws and Modern 
Instances. 

(6) Defoe wrote In prison his Review (1704 and 
1713). 

(7) DODD (Dr.) wrote in prison his Prison Thoughts 
(18x5). 

(8) GRAY (Sir Thomas) wrote his fascinating Scala- 
cronica when prisoner of war in Edinburgh Castle in 
I3SS- 

(9) Langley (Gilbert) wrote In Maidstone Gaol his 
Life and Adventures (1740). 

(10) Lovelace (Richard) wrote some beautiful 
poems to " Divine Althea" (Lucy Sacheverel) while in 
prison for presenting to the Long Parliament a 
petition on behalf of Charles II. 

(n) Montgomery (James), in 1794-5, wrote his 
Prison Amusements while confined in York Castle 
for publishing a ballad on the "Demolition of the 
Bastile." 

(12) NUGENIUS (Cains Libius) wrote an historical 
novel called The Offressed Captive, in the Fleet 
(1787). 

(13) O'BRIEN (William) wrote the main part of his 
novel, When we were Boys, while imprisoned for in- 
citing to Irish rebellion. Published in 1890. 

(14) Pain (Thomas) wrote the first part of his Age 
of Reason while imprisoned in Paris by command of 
Robespierre, in 1794-5. 

(15) PENN (William) wrote his No Cross no Crown 
while imprisoned in the Tower at the instigation of the 
bishop of London (1644-1718), for publishing his book 
The Sandy Foundation Shaken. 

(16) RALEIGH (Sir Walter) wrote his History of 
the World (down to B.C. 170), and many other works, 
while imprisoned in the Tower by James I. on a most 
ridiculous charge (1552-1613). 

(17) SMOLLETT, while in prison (1759), wrote Tht 
Adventures of Launcelot Greaves. 

(18) TAYLOR (Robert) composed his Devits Pulpit 
in Oakham Gaol. 

(19) THOMAS (F.), while confined in a dungeon in 
Morocco, composed his Sufferings of Christ (fifteenth 
century). 

(20) VOLTAIRE wrote two cantos of his Henriade 



In the Bastille, and revised his tragedy of (JEdipe. 

orge) wrote his edogu« 
(See Shepheards Hunting.) 



(21) Wither (George) wrote 



ilogues in prison. 



(22) WOLLETT composed his Black Dwarf In 
prison. 

(Many mora names might be added, but space 
forbids.) 

Prisoner of Chillon, Francois de 
Bonnivard, a Frenchman who resided at 
Geneva, and made himself obnoxious to 
Charles III. due de Savoie, who incar- 
cerated him for six years in a dungeo* 



PRISONER OF STATE. 



875 



PROCRIS. 



of the Chateau de Chillon, at the east 
end of the lake of Geneva. The prisoner 
was ultimately released by the Bernese, 
who were at war with Savoy. 

• . • Byron has founded on this incident 
his poem entitled The Prisoner of Chillon, 
but has added two brothers, whom he 
supposes to be imprisoned with Francois, 
and who died of hunger, suffering, and 
confinement. In fact, the poet mixes up 
Dant&'s tale about count Ugolino with 
that of Francois de Bonnivard, and has 
produced a powerful and affecting story, 
but it is not historic 

Prisoner of State ( The), Ernest de 
Fridberg. E. Stirling has a drama so 
called. (For the plot, see Ernest de 
Fridberg, p. 330.) 

Frit chard ( William), commander of 
H.M. sloop the Shark.— Sir IV. Scott: 
Guy Mannering (time, George II. ). 

Friu'li, a senator of Venice, of un- 
bending pride. His daughter had been 
saved from the Adriatic by Jaffier, and 
gratitude led to love. As it was quite 
hopeless to expect Priuli to consent to 
the match, Belvidera eloped in the night, 
and married Jaffier. Priuli now dis- 
carded them both. Jaffier joined Pierre's 
conspiracy to murder the Venetian sena- 
tors, but, in order to save his father-in- 
law, revealed to him the plot under the 
promise of a general free pardon. The 
promise was broken, and all the con- 
spirators except Jaffier were condemned 
to death by torture. Jaffier stabbed Pierre, 
to save him from the wheel, and then 
killed himself. Belvidera went mad and 
died. Priuli lived on, a broken-down old 
man, sick of life, and begging to be left 
alone in some " place that's fit for mourn- 
ing ; " there all leave me — 

Sparing- no tears when you this tale relate, 
But bid all cruel fathers dread my fate. 
Otway : Venice Preserved, v. the end (1683). 

Privolvans, the antagonists of the 
Subvolvans. 

These silly, ranting Privolvans 
Have every summer their campaigns^ 
And muster like the warlike sons 
Of Rawhead and of Bloody-bones. 
5. Butler: The Elephant in the Moon, v. 85 (1754). 

Proa, a Malay skiff of great swiftness, 
much used by pirates in the Eastern 
Archipelago, and called the Jlying proa. 

The proa darted like a shooting star. 

Byron : The Island, ir. 3 (1819). 

Probe (1 syl.), a priggish surgeon, 
who magnifies mole-hill ailments into 



mountain maladies, in order to enhfmce 
his skill and increase his charges. Thus, 
when lord Foppington received a small 
flesh-wound in the arm from a foil, Probe 
drew a long face, frightened his lordship 
greatly, and pretended the consequences 
might be serious ; but when lord Fop- 
pington promised him ^500 for a cure, 
he set his patient on his legs the next 
day. — Sheridan : A Trip to Scarborough 
(*777)> 

Probus and Fomposns, names 
which frequently occur in the earlier 
poems of lord Byron, are meant respec- 
tively for Dr. Drury and Dr. Butler, suc- 
cessive headmasters of Harrow School. 
Byron was a great admirer of the former, 
but had at first a great dislike to the 
latter, who was appointed while Byron 
was a pupil. The poet, however, became 
reconciled to Dr. Butler before his de- 
parture for Greece, in 1809. 

Procession of the Black 
Breeches. This is the heading of a 
chapter in vol. ii. of Carlyle's French 
Revolution. The chapter contains a 
description of the mob procession, headed 
by Santerre carrying a pair of black 
breeches on a pole. The mob forced its 
way into the Tuileries on June 30, 1792, 
and presented the king with a bonnet 
rouge and a tricolor cockade. 

Pro'cida {John of), a tragedy by S. 
Knowles (1840). John of Procida was 
an Italian gentleman of the thirteenth 
century, a skilful physician, high in 
favour with king Fernando II., Conrad, 
Manfred, and Conrad'ine. The French 
invaded the island, put the last two 
monarchs to the sword, usurped the 
sovereignty, and made Charles d'Anjou 
king. The cruelty, licentiousness, and 
extortion of the French being quite un- 
bearable, provoked a general rising of 
the Sicilians, and in one night (the Sicilian 
Vespers, March 30, 1282) every French- 
man, Frenchwoman, and French child 
in the whole island were ruthlessly 
butchered. Prodfda lost his only son Fer- 
nando, who had just married Isoline (3 
syl. ) the daughter of the French governor 
of Messina. Isoline died broken-hearted, 
and her father, the governor, was amongst 
the slain. The crown was given to John 
of Procida. 

Procris, the wife of Cephalos. Out 
of jealousy, she crept into a wood to 
act as a spy upon her husband. Cephalos, 
hearing something move, discharged an 



PROCRUSTES. 



876 



PROPHET. 



arrow In the direction of the rustling, 
thinking it to be caused by some wild 
beast, and shot Procris. Jupiter, in pity, 
turned her into a star. — Greek and Latin 
Mythology. 

The unerring dart of Procris. Diana 
gave Procris a dart which never missed 
its aim, and after being discharged re- 
turned back to the shooter. 

Proerus'tes (3 syl.), a highwayman 
of Attica, who used to place travellers on 
a bed ; if they were too short he stretched 
them out till they fitted it, if too long he 
lopped off the redundant part — Greek 
Mythology. 

Critic, more cruel than Procrustes old. 

Who to his iron bed by torture fits 

Their nobler parts, the souls of suffering wits. 

Mallet: Verbal Criticism (1734). 

Proctor's Dogs or Bull-dogs, the two 
"runners" or officials who accompany 
a university proctor in his rounds, to give 
chase to recalcitrant gownsmen. 

And he had breathed the proctor's dogs [was a num- 
ber of Oxford or Cambridge University']. 

Tennyson : prologue of The Princess (1830). 

Prodigal (The), Albert VL duke of 
Austria (1418, 1439-1463). 

Prodigy of Prance (The). Guil- 
laume Bude" was so called by Erasmus 
(1467-1540). 

Prodigy of Learning (The). 
Samuel Hahnemann, the German, was 
so called by J. P. Richter (1755-1843). 

Professor ( The), a novel by Charlotte 
Bront6, who adopted the pseudonym of 
Currer Bell. The novel was published in 
1856. 

Profitless Toil. (See Rope of 

OCNUS.) 

Profound (The), Richard Middleton, 
an English scholastic divine (*-i304). 

Profound Doctor (The), Thomas 
Bradwardine, a schoolman. Also called 
" The Solid Doctor " (*-i349). 

/Egidius de Columna, a Sicilian school- 
man, was called "The Most Profound 
Doctor " (*-i3i6). 

Progne (2 syl.), daughter of Pandlon, 
and sister of Philomela. Progne was 
changed into a swallow, and Philomela 
into a nightingale. — Greek Mythology. 

As Progne or as Philomela mourns . . . 
So Bradamant laments her absent knight. 

A riosto : Orlando Furioso, xxiii . (1516). 

Progress of Poesy (The), a pin- 



daric ode by Gray (1757). It stops at 
Dryden. 

Prome'thean Unguent ( The), 
made from the extract of a herb on 
which some of the blood of Prometheus 
(3 syl.) had fallen. Medea gave Jason 
some of this unguent, which rendered his 
body proof against fire and warlike 
instruments. 

Prome'theus (3 syl.) taught man the 
use of fire, and instructed him in archi- 
tecture, astronomy, mathematics, writing, 
rearing cattle, navigation, medicine, the 
art of prophecy, working metal, and, 
indeed, every art known to man. The 
word means "forethought," and fore- 
thought is the father of invention. The 
tale is that he made man of clay, and, 
in order to endow his clay with life, stole 
fire from heaven and brought it to earth 
in a hollow tube. Zeus, in punishment, 
chained him to a rock, and sent an eagle 
to consume his liver daily ; during the 
night it grew again, and thus his torment 
was ceaseless, till Hercules shot the 
eagle, and unchained the captive. 

Learn the while, in brief. 
That all arts came to mortals from Prometheus. 
Mrs. Browning : Prometheus Bound (1850). 

Truth shall restore the light by Nature given, 
And, like Prometheus, bring the fire from heaven. 
Campbell : Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

(Percy B. Shelley has a classical drama 
entitled Prometheus Unbound, 1819. ) 

Promise (Colonel). (See Place, 
Lord, p. 851.) — Fielding: Pasquin (1736). 

Promised Land (The), Canaan or 
Palestine. So called because God pro- 
mised to give it to Abraham, Isaac, and 
Jacob. — Gen. xii. 7 ; xxvi. 3 ; xxviii. 13. 

Prompt, the servant of Mr. and 
Miss Blandish. — Burgoyne: The Heiress 
(1871). 

Pronouns. It was of Henry Mos- 
sop, tragedian (1729-1773), that Churchill 
wrote the two lines — 

In monosyllables his thunders roll — 

He, she, it, and we, ye, they, fright the soul ; 

because Mossop was fond of emphasizing 
his pronouns and little words. 

Prophesy. (See Equivokes, p. 327.) 

Prophet ( The), Mahomet (560-632). 

The Mohammedans entertained an inconceivable 
veneration for their prophet. . . . Whenever he made 
his ablutions, they ran and caught the water he had 
used ; and when he spat, licked up the spittle with 

su 1 <ci-,ntious eagerness Abu^jcda: Vita Moham.,gg 

(thirteenth century). 



PROPHET ELM. 877 

Prophet Elm, an elm growing in 
Credenhill Court, belonging to the Eckley 
family. It is so called because one of 
the branches is said to snap off and thus 
announce an approaching death in the 
family. 

Prophetess (The), Aye'shah, the 
second and beloved wife of Mahomet. It 
does not mean that she prophesied, but, 
like Sultana, it is simply a title of 
honour. He was the Prophet, and she 
the Propheta or Madam Prophet. 

Prose (Father of English), Wycliffe 
(1324-1384). 

The Father of Greek Prose, Herodotos 
(b.c. 484-408). 

The Father of Italian Prose, Boccaccio 
(1313-1375). 

Proserpine (3 syl.), called Proser'. 
fina in Latin, and " Proser'pin " by Mil- 
ton, was daughter of Ce'rSs. She went to 
the fields of Enna to amuse herself by 
gathering asphodels, and, being tired, fell 
asleep. Dis, the god of hell, then carried 
her off, and made her queen of the in- 
fernal regions. Ceres wandered for nine 
days over the world disconsolate, looking 
for her daughter, when Hec'ate (2 syl.) 
told her she had heard the girl's cries, 
but knew not who had carried her off. 
Both now went to Olympus, when the 
sun-god told them the true state of the 
case. 

N.B.— This is an allegory of seed- 
corn. 

Not that fair field 
Of Enna, where Proser'pin, gathering flower* 
Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis 
Was gathered— which cost Ceres all that pain 
To seek her thro' the world. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iv. 268 (1665). 

Prosperity Ensured. (See Ring- 
Fairy. ) 

Prosperity Robinson, Frederick 
Robinson, afterwards viscount Goderich 
and earl of Ripon, chancellor of the ex- 
chequer in 1823. So called by Cobbett, 
from his boasting about the prosperity of 
the country just a little before the great 
commercial crisis of 1825. 

Prospero, the banished duke of 
Milan, and father of Miranda. He was 
deposed by his brother Anthonio, who 
sent him to sea with Miranda in a 
"rotten carcass of a boat," which was 
borne to a desert island. Here Prospero 
practised magic. He liberated Ariel 
from the rift of a pine tree, where the 
witch Syc'orax had confined him for 
twelve years, and was served by that 



PROTESTANT POPE. 



bright spirit with true gratitude. The 
only other inhabitant of the island was 
Caliban the witch's "welp." After a 
residence in the island of sixteen years, 
Prospero raised a tempest by magic, to 
cause the shipwreck of the usurping duke 
and of Ferdinand his brother's son. 
Ferdinand fell in love with his cousin 
Miranda, and eventually married her. — 
Shakespeare: The Tempest (1609). 

He [sir W. Scott] waves his wand more potent than 
that of Prospero, and the shadows of the olden time 
appear before us, and we absolutely believe in their 
reanimation.— Encyc. Brit, (article "Romance"). 
Still they kept limping to and fro. 
Like Ariels round old Prospero, 
Saying, " Dear master, let us go." 
But still the old man answered, " No t " 

Thomas Moore: A Vision. 

Pross (Miss), a red-haired, ungainly 
creature, who lived with Lucie Manette, 
and dearly loved her. Miss Pross, 
although very eccentric, was most faith- 
ful and unselfish. 

Her character (dissociated from stature) was short- 
ness. ... It was characteristic of this lady that when- 
ever her original proposition was questioned, she 
exaggerated it,— Dickens ; A Tale of Two Cities, ii. 6 

(1859). 

Protectionists, the name originally 
given to that section of the conservative 
party which opposed the repeal of the 
corn laws, and which separated from sir 
Robert Peel in 1846. Lord George 
Bentinck was the head of the party from 
1846 till his death in 1848. The name 
has since undergone modification. 

Preterms of Cappadocia, father of 
Cyra. (See Sinner Saved. ) 

Protesila'os, husband of Laodamla. 
Being slain at the siege of Troy, the 
dead body was sent home to his wife, 
who prayed that she might talk with him 
again, if only for three hours. Her 
prayer was granted, but when Protesilaos 
returned to death, Laodamia died also. — 
Greek Mythology. 

(In Fdnelon's Tilemaque, " Protdsilaos" 
is meant for Louvois, the French minister 
of state. ) 

Protestant Duke (The), James 
duke of Monmouth, a love-child of 
Charles II. So called because he re- 
nounced the Catholic faith, in which he 
had been brought up, and became a pro- 
tcstant (1619-1685). 

Protestant Pope (The), Gian Vin- 
cenzo Ganganelli, pope Clement XIV. So 
called from his enlightened policy, and 
for his bull suppressing the Jesuits (1705, 
1769-1774). 



PROTEUS. 

Proteus [Pro-tuce], a sea-god, who 
resided in the Carpathian Sea. He had 
the power of changing his form at will. 
Being a prophet also, Milton calls him 
"the Carpathian wizard." — Greek Mytho- 
logy. 

By hoary Nereus' wrinkled look, 
And the Carpathian wizard's hook [or tridenf\. 
Milton : Contus (1634). 

IT Periklym'enos, son of Neleus (2 
syl. ), had the power of changing his form 
into a bird, beast, reptile, or insect. As 
a bee, he perched on the chariot of 
Herakles (Hercules), and was killed. 

IT Artstogiton, from being dipped in 
the Achelous (4^/.), received the power 
of changing his form at will. — Finelon: 
Tilimaque, xx. (1700). 

IF The genii, both good and bad, of 
Eastern mythology had the power of 
changing their form instantaneously. This 
is powerfully illustrated by the combat be- 
tween the Queen of Beauty and the son 
of Eblis. The genius first appeared as 
an enormous lion, but the Queen of 
Beauty plucked out a hair, which became 
a scythe, with which she cut the lion in 
pieces. The head of the lion now became 
a scorpion, and the princess changed her- 
self into a serpent ; but the scorpion in- 
stantly made itself an eagle, and went 
in pursuit of the serpent. The serpent, 
however, being vigilant, assumed the 
form of a white cat; the eagle in an 
instant changed to a wolf, and the 
cat, being hard pressed, changed into a 
worm ; the wolf changed to a cock, and 
ran to pick up the worm, which, how- 
ever, became a fish before the cock could 
pick it up. Not to be outwittted, the 
cock transformed itself into a pike to 
devour the fish, but the fish changed into 
a fire, and the son of Eblis was burnt to 
ashes before he could make another 
change. — Arabian Nights ("The Second 
Calender "). 

Proteus or Frotheus, one of the two 

gentlemen of Verona. He is in love with 
Julia. His servant is Launce, and his 
father Anthonio or Antonio. The other 
gentleman is called Valentine, and his 
lady-love is Silvia. — Shakespeare; The 
Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594) 

(Shakespeare calls the word Pro'-te-us. 
Malone, Dr. Johnson, etc., retain the h in 
both names, but the Globe edition omits 
it from them.) 

Protevangfelon ["first evangelist "], 
a Gospel falsely attributed to St. James 



878 



PROVIS. 



the Less, first bishop of Jerusalem ; it is 
noted for its minute details of the Virgin 
and Jesus Christ. Said to be the pro- 
duction of L. Carinus of the second 
century. 

First of all we shall rehearse . . . 
The nativity of our Lord, 
As written in the old record 
Of the Protevangelon. 
Longfellow : The Golden Legend (1851). 

Protocol (Mr. Peter), the attorney in 
Edinburgh employed by Mrs. Margaret 
Bertram of Singleside. — Sir W. Scott . 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Frotosebastos {The) or Sebasto- 
crator, the highest state officer in 
Greece. — Sir W. Scott : Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Frotospathaire (The), or general 
of Alexius Comnenus emperor of Greece. 
His name is Nicanor. — Sir W. Scott. 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Proud (The). Tarquin II. of Rome 
was called Superbus (reigned B.C. 535- 
516, died 496). 

Otho IV. kaiser of Germany was called 
••The Proud" (1175, 1209-1218). 

Proud Duke {The), Charles Sey- 
mour duke of Somerset. His children 
were not allowed to sit in his presence ; 
and he spoke to his servants by signs 
only (*-i748). 

Proudfute (Oliver), the boasting 
bonnet-maker at Perth. 

Magdalen or Maudie Proudfute, 
Oliver's widow. — Sir W. Scott: Fair 
Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Prout (Father), the pseudonym of 
Francis Mahoney, a humorous writer in 
Fraser's Magazine, etc. (1 805-1 866). 

Proverbial Philosophy. Thoughts 
in a sort of verse, once very popular, by 
Martin Tupper, in three series (1838, 
1842, 1867). 

Proverbs ( The Book of), one of the 
poetical books of the Old Testament, 
which may conveniently be subdivided 
into five parts — 

1. The introduction (chs. l.-lx.). 
a. The proverbs of Solomon (chs. x.-xx!t.). (See ch. 
«. 1). 

3. Proverbs compiled in the reign of Hezekiah (chs. 
xxv.-xxiv.). (See ch. xxv. i.) 

4. The words of Agar (ch. xxx.). 

5. The words to king Lemuel by his mother (ch. 
xxxi.). 

Provis, the name assumed by Abel 
Magwitch, Pip's benefactor. He was a con- 
vict, who had made a fortune, and whose 



PROVOKED HUSBAND. 879 

chief desire was to make Pip a gentleman. 
—Dickens : Great Expectations (i860). 

Provoked Husband (The), a 
comedy by Cibber and Vanbrugh. The 
"provoked husband" is lord Townly, 
justly annoyed at the conduct of his 
young wife, who wholly neglects her 
husband and her home duties for a life 
of gambling and dissipation. The hus- 
band, seeing no hope of amendment, 
resolves on a separate maintenance ; but 
then the lady's eyes are opened — she 
promises amendment, and is forgiven. 

(This comedy was Vanbrugh's Journey 
to London, left unfinished at his death. 
Cibber took it, completed it, and brought 
it out under the title of The Provoked 
Husband, 1728.) 

Provoked Wife ( The), lady Brute, 
the wife of sir John Brute, who, by his 
ill manners, brutality, and negkct, is 
"provoked" to intrigue with one Con- 
stant. The intrigue is not of a very 
serious nature, since it is always inter- 
rupted before it makes head. At the 
conclusion, sir John says — 

Surly I may be, stubborn I am not. 
For I have both forgiven and forgot. 

Sir y. Vanbrugh (1697). 

Provost of Bruges ( The), a tragedy 
based on "The Serf," in Leitch Ritchie's 
Romance of History. Published anony- 
mously in 1836 ; the author is S. 
Knowies. (For the plot, see Ber- 

TULPHE, p. 115.) 

Prowler (Hugh), any vagrant or 

highwayman. 

For fear of Hugh Prowler, get home with the rest. 

Tusser: Five Hundred Points 0/ Good 
Husbandry, xxxiiL 25 (1557). 

Prudence (Mistress), the lady at- 
tendant on Violet ward of lady ArundeL 
When Norman " the sea-captain " made 
love to Violet, Mistress Prudence remon- 
strated, " What will the countess say if I 
allow myself to see a stranger speaking to 
her ward?" Norman clapped a guinea 
on her left eye, and asked, "What see 
you now?" "Why, noihing with my 
left eye," she answered, " but the right 
has still a morbid sensibility." "Poor 
thing!" said Norman; "this golden 
ointment soon will cure it. What see 
you now, my Prudence?" "Not a 
soul," she said.— Lord Lytton: The Sea- 
Captain (1839). 

Prudens, the wife of Melibeus in 
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales ("The 
Hosts Tale," in prose, 1388). 



PRY. 



Prudes for proctors ; dowagers for 
deans. — Tennyson : prologue of The Prin- 
cess (1830). 

Prudhoxnme (Joseph), "pupil oi 
Brard and Saint-Omer,' caligraphist and 
sworn expert in the courts of law. Joseph 
Prudhomme is the synthesis of bourgeois 
imbecility ; radiant, serene, and self- 
satisfied ; letting fall from his fat lips 
" one weak, washy, everlasting flood " of 
peurile aphorisms and inane circumlocu- 
tions. He says, "The car of the state 
floats on a precipice." "This sword is 
the proudest day of my life." — Henri 
Monnier: Grandeur et Decadence de 
Joseph Prudhomme (1852). 

No creation of modern fiction ever embodied a phase 
of national character with such original power as that of 
•* M. Joseph Prudhomme." ..." Podsnap," his English 
parallel, is more self-contained, more ponderous and 
less polite. . . In 1857 Monnier turned his piece into 
a bulky volume, entitled Vie et Opinions de M, Joseph 
Prudhomme. 

Prue (Miss), a schoolgirl still under 
the charge of a nurse, very precocious 
and very injudiciously brought up. Miss 
Prue is the daughter of Mr. Foresight a 
mad astrologer, and Mrs. Foresight a 
frail nonentity. — Congreve : Love for Love 
(1695). 

The love-scene between Jack Bannister [1760-1836], 
is " Tattle," and " Miss Prue," when this latter part 
was acted by Mrs. Jordan, was probably never sur- 
passed in rich natural comedy.— F. Reynolds. 

Prunes and Prisms, the words 

which give the lip the right plie of the 
highly aristocratic mouth, as Mrs. General 
tells Amy Dorrit. 

"'Papa gives a pretty form to the lips. 'Papa, 
'potatoes, 'poultry, 'prunes and prisms.' You will 
find it serviceable if you say to yourself on entering a 
room, ' Papa, potatoes, poultry, prunes, and prisms.'"— 
Dickens : Little Dorrit (1855). 

If General Burgoyne, in The Heiress, 
makes lady Emily tell Miss Alscrip that 
the magic words are " nimini pimini ; " 
and that if she will stand before her 
mirror and pronounce these words re- 
peatedly, she cannot fail to give her lips 
that happy plie which is known as the 
"Paphian mimp."— The Heiress, iii. a 
(1781). 

Pru'sio, king of Alvarecchia, slain 
by Zerbi'no. — Ariosto: Orlando Furiosi 
(1S16). 

Pry (Paul), one of those idle, 
meddling fellows, who, having no em- 
ployment of their own, are perpetually 
interfering in the affairs of other people. 
—Poole : Paul Pry (1825). 



PRYDWEN. 



PSYCARPAX. 



Prydwen or Pridwin {g.v.), called 
in the Mabinogion the ship of king 
Arthur. It was also the name of his 
shield. Taliessin speaks of it as a ship, 
and Robert of Gloucester calls it a shield. 

Hys sseld that het Prydwen. 

Myd ys suerd he was ygurd, that so strong was and 

kene ; 
Calybourne yt was ycluped, nas nour no such ye wene. 
In ys right hond ys lance he nom, that ycluped was Ron. 

I. X74. 

Prynne {Hester), in Hawthorne's 
novel entitled The Scarlet Letter (1850). 

Psalmanazar [George). (See under 
Forgers, etc, p. 385.) 

Psalmist {The). King David is 
called "The Sweet Psalmist of Israel" 
(2 Sam. xxiii. 1). - 

Psalms. One hundred and fifty 
pieces of poetry composed by different 
persons and collected together in the Old 
Testament. 

In the Septuagint the whole collection 
is styled *a\noi (Psalms), songs sung to 
a musical accompaniment. In the New 
Testament the Psalter is called Bi/3\at 
VdKfjivbv, " the Book of Psalms " {Luke xx. 
42 ; Acts i. 20). 

The Psalms are divided into five 
books. 

The first book consists, with two or three exceptions, 
of Psalms of David ; the second, of a series of Psalms 
by the sons of Korah, and another series by David ; 
the third, of two minor collections, one supposed to 
be by Asaph, and the other by the sons of Korah. 
In the fifth we have one group of " Pilgrim songs " 
(p. 846), and another group of " Hallelujah Psalms," 
each of them manifestly, in the first instance, distinct 
hymn-books or liturgies.— Perovme : The Psalms, 
voL i. p. 74. 

Perowne thinks that the Psalms now 
classed in the first book were nearly all 
written by David, and were probably 
collected by Solomon, who would naturally 
provide for the preservation of his father's 
poetry. The next collection was not 
completed till the time of Hezekiah. 
Probably we owe the preservation of 
many of the Psalms attributed to David, 
and grouped in the second book, to " the 
men of Hezekiah." In the time of Ezra 
and Nehemiah the Psalter was enriched 
by a large number of songs written during 
and after the Exile. The fourth and 
fifth books are due, in the main, to this 
period ; but now and then we find an 
earlier psalm, probably some relic of 
the ancient psalmody of Israel, not 
hitherto classed in any collection, and, 
perhaps, preserved by oral repetition 
from father to son. 



The most ancient songs, those of David sad mi 

David's time, are chiefly contained in Pss. i-xli. Id 
xliii.— lxxxix. mainly those of the middle period of 
Hebrew poetry. In xc. — d. by far the majority are 
of the later date, composed during or after the 
Babylonish captivity.— Perowne : Psalms, vol. i. p. 79. 

The following psalms are supposed to 
refer to incidents in the life of David : — 

Ps. Use. Saul watching to slay David (1 Sam. xix. 11). 
cxiiL David hiding in the cave of Adullam (a Sam 
xx. 1, a). 
zxxiv. David's flight from Ahimelech (1 Sam. xxl 
1-10). 
lvl David at Gath feigning madness (1 Sam. xxi, 

10-15). 
Ixii. David in the wilderness of Judah (1 Sam. xxii. 5). 
lii. Doeg informing against David (1 Sam. xxii. 

9, 10). 
llv. The men of Ziph informing against David 

(1 Sam. xxiii. 19, ao). 
ML David hiding in the care from Saul (x Sam. 
xxiv.). 
cxlii. David's prayer at the time. 
cv.,cvi. The psalms sung when the ark was brought 
back from the house of Obed-edom (1 Chron. 
xvi. 7-34). 
Ix. On the victory gained in the valley of Salt 

(2 Sam. viii. 13). 
1L After Nathan's reproof (2 Sam. xii. 1-15). 
lii. David after his flight from Jerusalem (a Sam. 

xv. 14-37). 
Til David's trust in God in his deep affliction 

(2 Sam. xvi.). 
lv. David's bitter grief at Absalom's conduct 
(2 Sam. xvi.). 
xviii. David's psalm of thanksgiving when all his 

enemies had been subdued (a Sam. xxii.), 
xxx. After the plague was stayed. 

N.B. — For two of these we have the 
Bible authority : 2 Sam. xxii. and 2 
Chron. xvi. 7. Ps. xc. is ascribed to 
Moses. The Pss. cxx. to exxxiv. are 
called "Songs of Degrees," and were 
sung by the Jews on their march home 
from Babylon ; subsequently they were 
used by the priests as they went up to the 
temple for their da ; ly service. Pss. 
cxlvi. to cl. were probably composed for 
the dedication of the restored temple. 
Ps. Ix. refers to the victory of Joab 
over the Edomites (2 Sam. vii. 13). 
(See Sabbath-day Psalms and Halle- 
lujah Psalms, Pilgrims' Songs.) 

Psalter of Tarali or Tara, a 
volume in which the early kings of 
Ireland inserted all historic events and 
enactments. It began in the reign of 
Ollam Fodlah, of the family of Ir, B.C. 
900, and was read to the assembled 
princes when they met in the convention 
which assembled in the great hall of that 
splendid palace. Also called Tara's 
Psaltery. 

Their tribe, they said, their high degree. 
Was sung in Tara's Psaltery. 

Campbell: O'Connors Child. 

Pschent {The). (See Egypt, p. 316.) 

Psycarpaz {i.e. "granary-thief), 
son of Troxartas king of the mice. The 



PSYCHE. 



PUCELLE. 



frog Wng offered to carry the young 
Psycarpax over a lake ; but a water- 
hydra made its appearance, and the frog 
king, to save himself, dived under water, 
whereby the mouse prince lost his life. 
This catastrophe brought about the fatal 
Battle of the Frogs and Mice. Translated 
from the Greek into English verse by 
Parnell (1679-1717). 

Psyche \Si'-ke\ a most beautiful 
maiden, with whom Cupid fell in love. 
The god told her she was never to seek 
to know who he was ; but Psyche" could 
not resist the curiosity of looking at him 
as he lay asleep. A drop of the hot oil 
from Psyche's lamp, falling on the love- 
god, woke him, and he instantly took to 
flight. Psyche now wandered from place 
to place, persecuted by Venus ; but after 
enduring ineffable troubles, Cupid came 
at last to her rescue, married her, and 
bestowed on her immortality. 

(This exquisite allegory is from the 
Golden. Ass of Apuleios. Lafontaine has 
turned it into French verse. M. Laprade 
(born 1812) has rendered it into French 
most exquisitely. The English version, 
by Mrs. Tighe (1805), in six cantos, is 
simply unreadable. ) 

V The story of Cupid and Psyche is 
an allegory, meaning that romances of 
love, like castles in the air, are exquisite 
till we look at them as realities, when 
they instantly vanish, and leave only dis- 
appointment and vexation behind. 

Ptah, the Creator, in Egyptian my- 
thology. "Amen" is the Egyptian god- 
head. 

Hath not Ptah, the Creator, fashioned the form to 
ft the imperial garb t— H. Rider Haggard : Cleopatra, 
ch. ii. 

O Amen, god of gods, who hast been from the 
beginning . . . the self-begot, who shall be to all 
eternity, . . . listen unto me. — H. Rider Haggard: 
Cleopatra, ch. iii. 

Pternogflyplius [' ' bacon-scooper "1 
one of the mouse chieftains. — Parnell: 
Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii (about 
1712). 

Fternopb.'agH8 [•' bacon-eater"\ on* 
of the mouse chieftans. 

But dire Pternophagus divides his war 
Thro' breaking ranks, and leads the dreadful day. 
No nibbling prince excelled in fierceness more,— 
His parents fed him on the savage boar. 
Parnell : Battle of the Frog* and Mice, iii. (about 17x9^ 

Pternotr act as [" bacon-gnawer "1, 
father of " the meal-licker," Lycomlle 
{wife of Troxartas, "the bread-eater"). 
Psycarpas, the king of the mice, was son 



of Lycomile, and grandson of Pterno- 
tractas. — Parnell: Battle of the Frogs and 
Mice, i. (about 1712). 

Ptolemean System (The). King 
Alfonso, speaking of this system, said, 
if he had been consulted at the creation 
of the world, he would have spared the 
Maker of it many absurdities. 

I settle all these things by intuition . . , 
Like king Alfonso. 

Byron: Vision q/ Judgment (1819). 

Ptolemy's Great Book was called 
the Almagest (Arabic, al, " the," ma- 
jisti, "greatest '), meaning the chief book 
of astronomy on the geometric system. 
It was written in the second century of 
our era, and was the standard work for 
fourteen centuries, when Ptolemy was 
superseded by Copernicus, who pointed 
out the difference between real motion 
and apparent motion ; and that the earth 
is a mere planet 

Travelling in a railway carriage, the hedges and 
bouses seem to be running the opposite way to our- 
selves, and the carriage seems to be motionless. 

Public Good (The League of the), a 
league between the dukes of Burgundy, 
Brittany, and other French princes 
against Louis XI. 

Fublic'ola, of the Despatch news- 
aper, was the assumed name of Mr. 
illiams, a vigorous political writer. 

Publius, the surviving son of Horatius 
after the combat between the three Hora- 
tian brothers against the three Curiatii of 
Alba. He entertained the Roman notion 
that "a patriot's soul can feel no ties but 
duty, and know no voice of kindred " if 
it conflicts with his country's weal. His 
sister was engaged to Caius Curiatius, 
one of the three Alban champions ; and 
when she reproved him for " murdering " 
her betrothed, he slew her, for he loved 
Rome more than he loved friend, sister, 
brother, or the sacred name of father.— 
Whitehead : The Roman Father (1741). 

Pucel. La belPucel lived in the tower 
of " Musyke." Graunde Amoure, sent 
thither by Fame to be instructed by the 
seven ladies of science, fell in love with 
her, and ultimately married her. After 
his death, Remembraunce wrote his 
"epitaphyon his gra.ue."—Jfawes: The 
Passetyme of Plesure (1506, printed 
I5X5)- 

Pncelle (La), a surname grven to 
Joan of Aro the "Maid of Orleans * 
(1410-143!). 

3 ** 



w 



PUCK. 



PUMPKIN. 



Puck, generally called Hobgoblin. 
Same as Robin Goodfellow. Shakespeare, 
in Midsummer Night's Dream, represents 
him as "a very Shetlander among the 
gossamer- winged, dainty-limbed fairies, 
strong enough to knock all their heads 
together ; a rough, knurly-limbed, fawn- 
faced, shock-pated, mischievous little 
urchin." 

He [Oberon] meeteth Puck, which most men cal 
Hobgoblin, and on him doth fall. 
With words from frenzy spoken. 
Hohl hohl" quoth Hob; "God save your grace . . ." 
Drayton : Nymphidia (1593). 

Pudding {Jack), a gormandizing 
clown. In French he is called Jean 
Potage ; in Dutch, Picket- Herringe ; in 
Italian Macaroni; in German, John 
Sausage (Hanswurst). 

Puddle-Dock Hill, St. Andrew's 
Hill, Blackfriars, leading down to Puddle 
Wharf, Ireland Yard. 

PUPP, servant of captain Loveit, and 

husband of Tag of whom he stands in 
awe. — Garrick : Miss in Her Teens ( 1753). 

Puff (Mr. ), a man who had tried his 
hand on everything to get a living, and 
at last resorts to criticism. He says of 
himself, " I am a practitioner in pane- 
gyric, or to speak more plainly, a pro- 
fessor of the art of puffing. " 

" I open," says Puff, '.'with a clock striking, to beget 
an awful attention in the audience ; it also marks the 
time, which is four o'clock in the morning, and saves a 
description of the rising sun, and a great deal about 
gilding the eastern hemisphere."— Sheridan ; The 
Critic, i. i (1779). 

"God forbid," says Mr. Puff, "that, in a free country, 
all the fine words in the language should be engrossed 
by the higher characters of the piece."— Sir IV. Scott: 
The Drama. 

Puff, publisher. He says — 

" Panegyric and praise I and what will that do with 
the public t Why, who will give money to be told that 
Mr. Such-a-one is a wiser and better man than himself? 
No, no I 'tis quite and clean out of nature. A good 
sousing satire, now, well powdered with personal 
pepper, and seasoned with the spirit of party, that 
demolishes a conspicuous character, and sinks him 
below our own level,— there, there, we are pleased; 
there we chuckle and grin, and toss the half-crowns on 
the counter." — F00U : The Patron (1764). 

Puff (Mr. Partenopex), a sayer of 
smart things, which he fathers on his 
valet Booby, his monkey, or his parrot. — 
Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield) : Vivian Grey 
(1826-7). 

Pug", a mischievous little goblin, called 
" Puck " by Shakespeare. — Ben Jonson : 
The Devil is an Ass(xb\6). 

Pug-gie Orrock, a sheriffs officer at 
Fairport.— Sir W.Scott; The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 



Pugna Porco'rum (/.*. ** tattle of 

the pigs"), a poem extending to several 
hundred lines, in which every word 
begins with the letter /. (See P, p. 793. ) 

Ful'ci (L.), poet of Florence (1432- 
1487), author of the heroi'-comic poem 
called Morganti Maggiori, a mixture of 
the bizarre, the serious, and the comic, 
in ridicule of the romances of chivalry. 
This Don Juan class of poetry has since 
been called Bemesque, from Francesco 
Berni of Tuscany, who greatly excelled 
in it, 

Pulci was sire of the half-serious rhyme, 
Who sang when chivalry was more quixotic. 
And revelled in the fancies of the time. 
True knights, chaste dames, huge giants, Mugs 
despotic 

Byron : Don yuan, iv. 6 (i8ao). 

Pulia'no, leader of the Nasamo'ni. 
He was slain by Rinaldo. — Ariosto ; Or- 
lando Furioso (i 516). 

Pumblechook, uncle to Joe Gargery 
the blacksmith. He was a well-to-do 
corn-chandler, and drove his own chaise- 
cart. A hard-breathing, middle-aged, 
slow man was uncle Pumblechook, with 
fishy eyes and sandy hair inquisitively on 
end. He called Pip, in his facetious way, 
" six-pen orth of ha'pence;" but when 
Pip came into his fortune, Mr. Pumble- 
chook was the most servile of the servile, 
and ended almost every sentence with, 
" May I, Mr. Pip?" i.e. have the honour 
of shaking hands with you again. — 
Dickens; Great Expectations (i860). 

Pumpernickel (His Transparency), 
a nickname by which the Times satirized 
the minor German princes. 

Some ninety men and ten drummers constitute their 
whole embattled host on the parade-ground before 
their palace ; and their whole revenue is supplied by a 
percentage on the tax levied on strangers at the 
Pumpernickel kursaaL — Times, July 18, 1866. 

Pumpkin (Sir Gilbert), a country 
gentleman plagued with a ward (Miss 
Kitty Sprightly) and a set of servants all 
stage mad. He entertains captain Charles 
Stanley and captain Harry Stukely at 
Strawberry Hall ; Stanley, under cover 
of acting, makes love to Kitty (an heiress), 
elopes with her, and marries her. 

Miss Bridget Pumpkin, sister of sir 
Gilbert of Strawberry Hall. A Mrs, 
Malaprop. She says, *' The Greeks, the 
Romans, and the Irish are barbarian 
nations who had plays ; " but sir Gilbert 
says, "they were all Jacobites." She 
speaks of ' ' taking a degree at our prin- 
cipal adversity ; " asks " if the Muses are 
a family living at Oxford," if so, she tells 
captain Stukely, she will be delighted to 



PUN. 



883 



PURGATORY. 



" see them at Strawberry Hall, with any 
other of his friends." Miss Pumpkin 
hates " play-acting," but does not object 
to love-making. — Jackman: All the 
World's a Stage (1777). 

Pun. He who would make a fun 
would pick a pocket, generally ascribed 
to Dr. Johnson (1709-1784) ; but by Moy 
Thomas to Dr. Donne (1573-1631). 

W. H. Pym, in Wine and Walnuts, rol. ii. p. S77, 
says, " It is well known that John Dennis (1*57-1734) 
execrated a pun. He said, ■ He that would make a 
pun would not scruple to pick a pocket.' If Moy 
Thomas is right, Dr. Donne has the pre-eminence ; 
but puns with lads and lasses, like riddles, sharpen 
their wits, and sometimes contain wit creditable to 
mature age." 

Punch, derived from the Latin Mimi, 
through the Italian Pullicinella. It was 
originally intended as a characteristic 
representation. The tale is this : Punch, 
in a fit of jealousy, strangles his infant 
child, when Judy flies to her revenge. 
With a bludgeon she belabours her 
husband, till he becomes so exasperated 
that he snatches the bludgeon from her, 
knocks her brains out, and flings the 
dead body into the street. Here it 
attracts the notice of a police-officer, who 
enters the house, and Punch flies to save 
his life. He is, however, arrested by an 
officer of the Inquisition, and is shut up 
in prison, from which he escapes by a 
golden key. The rest of the allegory 
shows the triumph of Punch over slander 
in the shape of a dog, disease in the 
guise of a doctor, death, and the devil. 

• . ' Pantalone was a Venetian merchant ; 
Dottore, a Bolognese physician ; Spa- 
viento, a Neapolitan braggadocio ; Pulli- 
cinella, a wag of Apulia ; Giangurgolo 
and Coviello, two clowns of Calabria ; 
Gelsomino, a Roman beau : Beltrame, a 
Milanesesimpleton ; Brighella, a Ferrarese 
pimp ; and Arlecchino, a blundering ser- 
vant of Bergamo. Each was clad in an 
appropriate dress, had a characteristic 
mask, and spoke the dialect of the place 
he represented. 

Besides these, there were Amorosos or 
Innamoratos, with their servettas or 
waiting-maids, as Smeraldina, Colom- 
bina, Spilletta, etc., who spoke Tuscan. 
— Walker : On the Revival of the Drama 
in Italy, 249. 

Punch, the periodical, started in 1841. 
The first cover was designed by A. S. 
Henning ; the present one by R. Doyle. 

Pure (Simon), a Pennsylvania 
quaker. Being about to visit London 
to attend the quarterly meeting of his 



sect, he brings with him a letter of intro- 
duction to Obadiah Prim, a rigid, stern 
quaker, and the guardian of Anne Lovely, 
an heiress worth ^30,000. Colonel 
Feignwell, availing himself of this letter 
of introduction, passes himself off as 
Simon Pure, and gets established as the 
accepted suitor of the heiress. Presently 
the real Simon Pure makes his appear- 
ance, and is treated as an impostor and 
swindler. The colonel hastens on the 
marriage arrangements, and has no sooner 
completed them, than Master Simon re- 
appears, with witnesses to prove his 
identity ; but it is too late, and colonel 
Feignwell freely acknowledges the " bold 
stroke he has made for a wife." — Mrs. 
Centlivre: A Bold Stroke for a Wife 
(I7I7)- 

Purefoy (Master), former tutor of 
Dr. Anthony Rochecliffe the plotting 
royalist. — Sir W.Scott: Woodstock (time. 
Commonwealth). 

Purgatory, by Dante 1 , in thirty-three 

cantos (1308). Having emerged from 
hell, Dante saw in the southern hemi- 
sphere four stars, " ne'er seen before, save 
by our first parents." The stars were 
symbolical of the four cardinal virtues 
(prudence, justice, fortitude, and tem- 
perance). Turning round, he observed 
old Cato, who said that a dame from 
heaven had sent him to prepare the 
Tuscan poet for passing through Pur- 
gatory. Accordingly, with a slender reed 
old Cato girded him, and from his face 
he washed "all sordid stain," restoring 
to it "that hue which the dun shades 
of hell had covered and concealed " 
(canto i.). Dante" then followed his guide 
Virgil to a huge mountain in mid-ocean 
antipodal to Judaea, and began the ascent. 
A party of spirits were ferried over at the 
same time by an angel, amongst whom 
was Casella, a musician, one of Dante's 
friends. The mountain, he tells us, is 
divided into terraces, and terminates in 
Earthly Paradise, which is separated 
from it by two rivers — Lethe and Eu'noe 
(3 syl.). The first eight cantos are occu- 
pied by the ascent, and then they come 
to the gate of Purgatory. This gate is 
approached by three stairs (faith, peni- 
tence, and piety) ; the first stair is trans- 
parent white marble, as clear as crystal ; 
the second is black and cracked ; and the 
third is of blood-red porphyry (canto ix. ). 
The porter marked on Dante's forehead 
seven P's (peccata, "sins"), and told 
him he would lose one at every stage, 



PURGON. 



884 



till he reached the river which divided 
Purgatory from Paradise. Virgil con- 
tinued his guide till they came to Lethe, 
when he left him during sleep (canto xxx. ). 
Dant6 was then dragged through the 
river Lethe\ drank of the waters of 
EunSe, and met Beatrice, who conducted 
him till he arrived at the "sphere of 
unbodied light," when she resigned her 
office to St Bernard. 

Purgon, one of the doctors in 
Moliere's comedy of Z* Malade Imagi- 
naire. When the patient's brother inter- 
fered, and sent the apothecary away with 
his clysters, Dr. Purgon got into a 
towering rage, and threatened to leave 
the house and never more to visit it He 
then said to the patient, "Que vous 
tombiez dans la bradypepsie . . . de la 
bradypepsie dans la dyspepsie . . . de la 
dyspepsie dans l'apepsie . . . de 1'apepsie 
dans la lienterie . . . de la lienterie dans 
la dyssenterie . • . de la dyssenterie dans 
1'hydropisie . . . et l'hydropisie dans la 
privation de la vie." 

Votre M. Purgon, . . . c'est on homme tout midede 
depuis la tete jusqu' aux pieds; un homme qui croit a 
ses regies plus qu' a toutes les demonstrations des 
mathematiques, et qui croirait du crime a les vouloir 
examiner ; qui ne veir rien d'obscur dans la medecine, 
rien de douteux, rien de difficile ; et qui, avec une im- 
petuosity de prevention, une roideur de confiance, une 
brutalite de sens cemmun et de raison, donne au 
travers des purgations et des saignees, et ne balance 
aucune chose.— Moiiert : Lt Malmdt lm*£ittair*, iii. 
3 (1673)- 

Purita'ni (/), "the puritan," that is 
Elvi'ra, daughter of lord Walton also a 
puritan, affianced to Ar'turo [lord Arthur 
Talbot) a cavalier. On the day of 
espousals, Arturo aids Enrichetta {Hen- 
rietta, widow of Charles I.) to escape; 
and Elvira, supposing that he is eloping, 
loses her reason. On his return, Arturo 
explains the fact to Elvira, and they vow 
nothing on earth shall part them more. 
This vow is but just made, when Arturo 
is arrested for treason, and led off to 
execution. At this crisis, a herald an- 
nounces the defeat of the Stuarts, and 
Cromwell pardons all political offenders ; 
whereupon Arturo is released, and marries 
Elvira.— Bellini: J Puritani (an opera, 

1834). 

(The libretto of this opera is by C 
Pepoli.) 

Purley {Diversions of), a work on the 
analysis and etymology of English words, 
by John Home, the son of a poulterer in 
London. In 1782 he assumed the name 
of Tooke, from Mr. Tooke of Purley, in 
Surrey, with whom he often stayed, and 



PYGMALION. 

who left him ^8000 (vol. i„ 1785; *ol. ii., 

1805). 

Purple Island {The), the human 

body. It is the name of a poem in 
twelve cantos, by Phineas Fletcher (1663). 
Canto i. Introduction. Cantos ii.-v. An 
anatomical description of the human 
body, considered as an island kingdom. 
Canto vi. The "intellectual man." Canto 
vii. The " natural man," with its affec- 
tions and lusts. Canto viii. The world, 
the flesh, and the devil, as the enemies 
of man. Cantos ix., x. The friends of 
man who enable him to overcome these 
enemies. Cantos xi., xii. The battle of 
" Mansoul," the triumph, and the mar- 
riage of Eclecta. The whole is supposed 
to be sung to shepherds by Thirsil a 
shepherd. 

Pusil'lus, Feeble-mindedness per- 
sonified ; "a weak, distrustful heart." 
Fully described in canto viii. of The 
Purple Island. (Latin, pusillus, " pusil- 
lanimous. ) 

Puss in Boots, from Charles Per- 
tault's tale Le Chat BotU ( 1697). Perrault 
borrowed the tale from the Nights of 
Straparola an Italian. Straparola's Nights 
were translated into French in 1585, and 
Perrault's Contes de Ftes were published 
in 1697. Ludwig Tieck, the German 
novelist, reproduced the same tale in his 
Volksmdrchen (1795), called in German 
Der Gestiefelte Kater. The cat is mar- 
vellously accomplished, and by ready wit 
or ingenious tricks secures a fortune and 
royal wife for his master, a penniless 
young miller, who passes under the name 
of the marquis de Car'abas. In the 
Italian tale, puss is called " Const an tine's 
cat" 

Putrid Plain (The), the battle-field 
of Aix, in Provence, where Marius over- 
threw the Teutons, B.C. 102. 

Pwyll's Bag {Prince), a bag that it 
was impossible to fill. 

Come thou in by thyself, clad in ragged garments, 
and holding a bag in thy hand, and ask nothing but a 
bagful of food, and I will cause that if all the meat and 
liquor that are in these seven cantreves were put into 
it, it would be no fuller than before. — The Mabinogion 
(" Pwyll Prince of Dyved," twelfth century). 

Pygmalion, the statuary of Cyprus. 
He resolved never to marry, but became 
enamoured of his own ivory statue, which 
Venus endowed with life, and the statuary 
married. 

(Morris has a poem on the subject in 
his Earthly Paradise ("August"), and 



PYGMY. S85 

Gilbert a comedy. . In Gilbert's comedy, 

Pygmalion provokes the jealousy of his 
wife Cynisca by his love for the statue, 
and she calls down blindness on him. 
Afterwards they become reconciled, Pyg- 
malion's sight is restored, and the Galatea 
becomes a statue again.) 

Fall in loue with these, 
As did Pygmalion with his carved trea. 
Brooke: Treatie on Human Learning (1554-1638). 

(Lord Brooke calls the statue " a carved 
tree." There is a vegetable ivory, no 
doubt one of the palm species, and there 
is the ebon tree, the wood of which is black 
as jet. The former could not be known 
to Pygmalion, but the latter might, as 
Virgil speaks of it in his Georgics, ii. 117, 
" India nigrum fert ebenum.' Probably 
lord Brooke blundered from the resem- 
blance between ebor (" ivory ") and ebon, 
in Latin "ebenum.") 

Pygmy, a dwarf. The pygmies were 
a nation of dwarfs, always at war with 
the cranes of Scythia. They were not 
above a foot high, and lived somewhere 
at the "end of the earth" — either in 
Thrace, Ethiopia, India, or the Upper 
Nile. The pygmy women were mothers 
at the age of three, and old women at 
eight. Their houses were built of egg- 
shells. They cut down a blade of wheat 
with an axe and hatchet, as we fell huge 
forest trees. 

One day, they resolved to attack Her- 
cules in his sleep, and went to work as in 
a siege. An army attacked each hand, 
and the archers attacked the feet. Her- 
cules awoke, and with the paw of his lion- 
skin overwhelmed the whole host, and 
carried them captive to king Eurystlieus. 

IT Swift has availed himself of this fable 
in Gulliver s Travels (" Lilliput," 1726). 

Schweinfurth, it is said, mat the Akkers (pygmies) ia 
the Mombuttu country. 

Dr. Ludwig Wolf and Wissman, who recently ex- 
plored the Sankuru. also came upon a nation of 
pygmies, not exceeding 1*4 metre in height. These 
dwarfs are called " Batua," and their chief employ- 
ment is the manufacture of palm oil. The main height 
of these little folk is 1*3 metre. 

Stanley came upon pygmies in Ms African explora- 
tion. He saw the first specimen at an Arab settlement 
near the Ainiri Falls — a woman thirty-three inches in 
height. The pygmies are said to be thickly scattered 
north of the Sturi, from the Ngaiyu eastward, 
—Stanley : Darkest Africa, pp. 197, 198. 

Pyke and Pluck {Messrs.), the 
tools and toadies of sir Mulberry Hawk. 
They laugh at all his jokes, snub all who 
attempt to rival their patron, and are 
ready to swear to anything sir Mulberry 
wishes to be confirmed. — Dickens : 
Nicholas Nichleby (1838). 



PYRAM03L 

Pylades and Orestes, inseparable 

friends. Pyladfis was a nephew of king 
Agamemnon, and Orestes was Aga- 
memnon's son. The two cousins con- 
tracted a friendship which has become 
proverbial. Subsequently, Pylades mar- 
ried Orestgs's sister Electra. 

(Lagrange-Chancel has a French drama 
entitled Oreste et Pylade (1695). Voltaire 
also {Oreste, 1750). The two characters 
are introduced into a host of plays, 
Greek, Italian, French, and English. 
See Andromache, p. 43.) 

Pyrac'mon, one of Vulcan's work- 
men in the smithy of mount Etna. (Greek* 
f&r akmdn, " fire anvil.") 

Far passing Bronteus or Pyracmon great, 
The which in Lipari do day and night 
Frame thunderbolts for Jove. 

Sjenser: Faerie Queen*, to. 5 (ijoS). 

Pyramid. According to Diodo'rus 
Sic'ulus {Hist., L) and Pliny {Nat. Hist., 
xxxvi. 12), there were 360,000 men em- 
ployed for nearly twenty years upon one 
of the pyramids. 

The largest pyramid was built by 
Cheops or Suphis, the next largest by 
Cephrenes or Sen-Suphis, and the third 
by MencherSs last king of the fourth 
Egyptian dynasty, said to have lived 
before the birth of Abraham. 

(Respecting the third pyramid, there is 
a tradition that it was built by Rhod5pis 
or RhodopS, the Greek courtezan. 
R hod op is means the " rosy-cheeked.") 

Th* Rhodope' that built the pyramid. 

Tennyson : The Princess, ii. (1890V 

Pyramid of Mexico. This pyramid 
is said to have been built in the reign of 
Montezuma emperor of Mexico (1466- 
1520). Its base is double the size of 
Cheops's pyramid, that is, 1423 feet each 
side, but its height does not exceed 164 
feet. It stands west of Puebla, faces the 
four cardinal points, was used as a 
mausoleum, and is usually called "The 
Pyramid of Cholula." 

Pyr'amos (in Latin, Pyramus), the 
lover of Thisbe. Supposing Thisbd had 
been torn to pieces by a lion, Pyramos 
stabs himself "under a mulberry tree " 
in his unutterable grief. Thisbe finds the 
dead body, and kills herself on the same 
spot. Ever since then the juice of mul- 
berries has been blood-stained. — Greek 
Mythology. 

(Shakespeare has introduced a burlesque 
or this pretty love story in his Midsummer 
Night's Dream; but Ovid has told the 
tale beautifully.) 



PYRENI. 



886 



QUACKS. 



Fyro'ni, the Pyrenees. 

Who [Henry V.] by his conquering sword should lB 

the land surprise. 
Which 'twixt the Penmenmaur and the Pyreni lies. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, iv. (i6ia). 

| Penmenmaur, a hill in Caernarvon- 
shire.) 

Pyrgfo Polini'ces, an extravagant 
blusterer. (The word means ' ' tower and 
town taker. ) — Plautus: Miles Gloriosus. 

If the modern reader knows nothing of Pyrgo 
Polinices and Thraso, Pistol and Parolles ; if he is shut 
out from Nephelo-Ceccygia, he may take refuge in 
Lilliput.— Macauiay. 

•.' "Thraso," a bully in Terence 
(The Eunuch) ; "Pistol," in the Merry 
Wives of Windsor and 2 Henry 1 V. ; 
"Parolles," in AlU Well that Ends 
Well; " Nephelo-Coccygia " or cloud 
cuckoo-town, in Aristophanes (The 
Birds); and "Lilliput," in Swift (Gul- 
liver's Travels). 

Py'rocles (3 syl.) and his brother 
Cy'moclSs (3 syl.), sons of Acra'tSs {in- 
continence). The two brothers are about 
to strip sir Guyon, when prince Arthur 
comes up and slays both of them.— 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, ii. 8 (1590). 

Fyrooles and Musidoms, heroes 
whose exploits are told by sir Philip 
Sidney in his Arcadia (1581). 

Pyr'rho, the founder of the sceptics 
or Pyrrhonian school of philosophy. Ho 
was a native of Elis, in Peloponne'sus, 
and died at the age of 90 (b.c. 285). 

It is a pleasant voyage, perhaps, to float. 
Like Pyrrho, on a sea of speculation. 

Byron: Don Juan, ix. 18 (1824). 

("Pyrrhonism" means absolute and 
unlimited infidelity.) 

Pytliagf'oras, the Greek philosopher, 
who is said to have invented the lyre 
from hearing the sounds produced by a 
blacksmith hammering iron on his anvil. 
(See Dictionary ef Phrase and Faile, p. 
loaa.) 

As great Pythagoras of yore, 
Standing beside the blacksmith's doo*, 
And hearing the hammers, as he smote 
The anvils with a different note . . . 
. . . formed the teven-chorded lyre. 

LenzfclU-w: To u Ckiid. 

(Handel wrote an " air with variations " 
which he called The Harmonious Black- 
smith, said to have been suggested by the 
sounds proceeding from a smithy, where 
he heard the village blacksmiths swinging 
their heavy sledges " with measured beat 
and slow.") 

Pythias, a Syracusian soldier, no'ed 



for his friendship for Damon. When 
Damon was condemned to death by 
Dionysius the new-made king of Syra- 
cuse, Pythias obtained for him a respite 
of six hours, to go and bid farewell to 
his wife and child. The condition of this 
respite was that Pythias should be bound, 
and even executed, if Damon did not 
return at the hour appointed. Damon 
returned in due time, and Dionysius was 
so struck with this proof of friendship, 
that he not only pardoned Damon, but 
even begged to be ranked among his 
friends. The day of execution was the 
day that Pythias was to have been married 
to Calanthfi. — Damon and Pythias, a 
drama by R. Edwards (1571), and another 
by John Banim in 1825. 

Python, a huge serpent engendered 
from the mud of the deluge, and slain 
by Apollo. In other words, pytho is the 
miasma or mist from the evaporation of 
the overflow, dried up by the sun. 
(Greek, puthesthai, "to rot;" because 
the serpent was left to rot in the sun.) 



Q (Old), the earl of March, afterwards 
duke of Queensberry, at the close of the 
eighteenth and the beginning of the 
nineteenth centuries. 

Quacks (Noted). 

(1) Booker (John), astrologer, etc. 
(1601-1667). 

(2) BOSSY (Dr.), a German by birth. 
He was well known in the beginning of 
the nineteenth century in Covent Garden, 
and in other parts of London. 

(3) Brodum (eighteenth century). His 
"nervous cordial" consisted of gentian 
root infused in gin. Subsequently a 
little bark was added. 

(4) CAGLIOSTRO, the prince of quacks. 
His proper name was Joseph Balsamo, 
and his father was Pietro Balsamo of 
Palermo. He married Lorenza, the 
daughter of a girdle-maker of Rome, 
called himself * the count Alessandro di 
Cagliostro," and his wife "the countess 
Seraphina di Cagliostro. " He professed 
to heal every disease, to abolish wrinkles, 
to predict future events and was a great 



QUACKS. 

mesmerist. He styled himself "Grand 
Cophta, Prophet, and Thaumaturge." 
His "Egyptian pills " sold largely at 30J. 
a box (1743-1795). One of the famous 
novels of A. Dumas is Joseph Balsamo 
(i84S)- 

He had a flat, snub face ; dew-lapped, flat-nosed, 
greasy, and sensual. A forehead impudent, and two 
eyes which turned up most seraphically languishing. 
It was a model face for a quack.— Carlyle: Lift of 
Cagliostro. 

(5) Cask {Dr. John), of Lime Regis, 
Dorsetshire. His name was Latinized 
into Caseus, and hence he was sometimes 
called Dr. Cheese. He was born in the 
reign of Charles II., and died in that of 
Anne. Dr. Case was the author of the 
Angelic Guide, a kind of Zadkiel 's Alma- 
nac, and over bis door was placed this 
couplet— 

Within this place 

Lives Dr. Case. 
Legions of quacks shall join us In this place* 
From great Kirleus down to Dr. Case. 

Garth : Dispensary, iii. (1699). 

(6) Franks {Dr. Timothy), who lived 
in Old Bailey, was the rival of Dr. Rock. 
Franks was a very tall man, while his 
rival was short and stout (1692-1763). 

Dr. Franks, F.O.G.H., calls his rival " DiunpHn' 
Dick." . . . Sure the world is wideeno.igh for two great 
personages. Men of science should leave controversy 
to the little world, . . . and then we mig'at see Rock 
and Franks walking together hand-in-hand, smiling 
onward to immortality.— Goldsmith: A Citixtn of tht 
World, lxviii. (1759;. 

(7) Graham {Dr.), of the Temple of 
Health, first in the Adelphi, then in Pall 
MalL He sold his "elixir of life" for 
£1000 a bottle, was noted for his mud 
baths, and for his " celestial bed," which 
assured a beautiful progeny. He died 
poor in 1784. 

(8) Grant {Dr.), first a tinker, then 
a baptist preacher in South wark, then 
oculist to queen Anne. 

Her majesty sure was in a surprise, 

Or else was very short-sighted. 
When a tinker was swom to look after her ej m, 

And the mountebank tailor was knighted. 

Grub Street journal. 

(The "mountebank tailor" was Dr. 
Read ; see below. 1 

(9) Hancock (Dr.), whose panacea 
was cold water and stewed prunes. 

^ Dr. Sangrado prescribed hot water 
and stewed apples. — Lesage: Gil Bias, ii. 

2 (1715)- 

H Dr. Rezio of Barataria would allow 
Sancho Panza to eat only "a few wafers, 
and a thin slice or two of quince." — Cer*> 
vantes : Don Quixote, II. iii. 10 (1615). 

(10) Hannes {Dr.), knighted by queen 
Anne. He was born in Oxfordshire. 



887 



QUACKS. 



The queen, like heaven, shines equally on al, 

Her favours now without distinction fall, 

Great Read, and slender Hannes, both knighted, show 

That none their honours shall to merit owe. 

A Political Squib of the Period. 

(n) Katkrfelto {Dr.), the influenza 
doctor. He was a tall man, dressed in 
a black gown and square cap ; and 
was originally a common soldier in the 
Prussian service. In 1782 he exhibited 
in London his solar microscope, and 
created immense excitement by showing 
the infusoria of muddy water, etc. Dr. 
Katerfelto used to say that he was the 
greatest philosopher since the time of sir 
Isaac Newton. 

And Katerfelto with his hair on end. 
At his own wonders, wondering fer his bread. 
Ctvfer: The Task («■ The Winter Evening," 178a). 

(12) LILLY ( William), astrologer, born 
at Diseworth, in Leicestershire (1602- 
x68i). 

(13) LONG {St. John), born at New- 
castle, began life as an artist ; but after- 
wards set up as a curer of consumption, 
rheumatism, and gout. His profession 
brought him wealth, and he lived in 
Harley Street, Cavendish Square. SL 
John Long died of rapid consumption 
(1798-1834). 

(14) Mapp {Mrs.), bone-setter. She 
was bom at Epsom, and at one time was 
very rich ; but she died in great poverty 
at her lodgings in Seven Dials, 1737. 

(Hogarth has introduced her in his 
heraldic picture, "The Undertakers' 
Arms." She is the middle of the three 
figures at the top, and is holding a bone 
in her hand. ) 

(15) Moore {Mr. John), of the Pestle 
and Mortar, Abchurch Lane, immor- 
talized by his " worm-powder," and called 
the " Worm-Doctor " (died 1733). 

Vain is thy art, thy powder rain. 
Since worms shall eat e'en thee. 

Po/e: To Mr. John Moore (1733). 

ft6) Morison {Dr.), famous for his 
pills (consisting of aloes and cream of 
tartar, equal parts). Professor Holloway, 
Dr. Morison, Rowland maker of hair oil 
and tooth-powder, and Pear maker of 
" Pear's soap," were the greatest adver- 
tisers of the nineteenth century. 

(17) Nostradamus {Michael), a physi- 
cian and astrologer, born December 14, 
1503, at St. Remy, in Provence. Hetookhis 
doctor's degree at Montpelier, after which 
he practised at various places, particularly 
Aix and Lyons, where he was successful 
in the cure of a pestilential disease. He 
pretended to the gift of prophecy, and one 
of his prognostications bore so remarkable 



QUACKS. 8881 

an allusion to the death of Henry II., 

that Nostradamus received many pre- 
sents, and was appointed physician to 
the court. He died July 2, 1566. His 
Centuries of Prophecies have been pub- 
lished in English. 

(18) Partridge, cobbler, astrologer, 
almanac-maker, and quack (died 1708). 

Weep, all you customers who use 
His pills, his almanacs, or shoes. 

Swift : Elegy, tic 

(19) Read(Sz> William), a tailor, who 
set up for oculist, and was knighted by 
queen Anne. This quack was employed 
both by queen Anne and George I. Sir 
William could not read. He professed 
to cure wens, wry-necks, and hare-lips 
(died 1715). 

. . . none their honours shall to merit ows— 
That popish doctrine is exploded quite. 
Or Ralph had been no duke, and Read no knight t 
That none may virtue or their learning plead, 
This hath no grace, and that can hardly read. 

A Political Squib of the Period. 

(The "Ralph" referred to is Ralph 
Montagu, son of Edward Montagu, 
created viscount in 1682, and duke of 
Montagu in 1705. He died 1709. ) 

(20) Rock (Dr. Richard) professed to 
cure every disease, at any stage thereof. 
According to his bills, " Be your disorder 
never so far gone, I can cure you." He 
was short in stature and fat, always wore 
a white three-tailed wig, nicely combed 
and frizzed upon each cheek, carried a 
cane, and waddled in his gait (eighteenth 
century). 

Dr. Rock, F.U.N., never wore a hat. He Is usually 
drawn at the top of his own bills sitting in an armchair, 
holding a little bottle between his finger and thumb, 
and surrounded with rotten teeth, nippers, pills, and 
gallipots.— Goldsmith: A Citixtn of the World, lxvilL 
(1759). 

(21) Smith (Dr.), who went about the 
country in the eighteenth century in his 
coach with four outriders. He dressed in 
black velvet, and cured any disease for 
sixpence. " His amusements on the stage 
were well worth the sixpence which he 
charged for his box of pills." 

As I was sitting at the George inn, I saw a coach with 
six bay horses, a calash and four, a chaise and four, 
enter the inn, in yellow livery turned up with red ; and 
four gentlemen on horseback, in blue, trimmed with 
silver. As yellow is the colour given by the dukes in 
England, I went out to see what duke it was, but there 
was no coronet on the coach, only a plain coat-of-anns, 
with the motto ARGENTO LABORAT FABER [Smith 



QUAINT. 



■works for money]. Upon inquiry, I found this grand 

equipage belonged to a mountebank: 

A Tour through England (1723). 



named Smith.- 



(22) Solomon (Dr.), eighteenth century. 
His " anti-impetigines " was simply a so- 
lution of bichloride of mercury coloured. 

(23) Taylor (Dr. Chevalier John). 
He called himself " Opthalminator, Pon- 
tificial, Imperial, and RoyaL" It is said 



that five of his horses were blind from 
experiments tried by him on their eyes 
(died 1767). 

(Hogarth has introduced Dr. Taylor in 
his " Undertakers' Arms." He is one of 
the three figures at the top, to the left 
hand of the spectator. ) 

(24) Thornhill (Dr. Benjamin), "the 
seventh son of a seventh son," and the 
" servant of his majesty king George II." 
His advertisement as such appeared in 
the Evening Post, August 6, 17 17. 

(25) Unborn Doctor (The), of Moor- 
fields. Not being born a doctor, he 
called himself "The Un-born Doctor." 

(26) Walker (Dr.), one of the three 
great quacks of the eighteenth century, the 
others being Dr. Rock and Dr. Timothy 
Franks. Dr. Walker had an abhorrence 
of quacks, and was for ever cautioning 
the public not to trust them, but come at 
once to him, adding, "there is not such 
another medicine in the world as mine." 

Not for himself but for his country he prepares his 
gallipot, and seals up his precious drops for any country 
or any town, so great is his zeal and philanthropy.— 
Goldsmith : A Citisen of the World, lxviii. (1759). 

(27) Ward (Dr.), a footman, famous 
for his "friars' balsam." He was called 
in to prescribe to George II., and died 
1761. Dr. Ward had a claret stain on 
his left cheek, and in Hogarth's famous 
picture, "The Undertakers' Arms," the 
cheek is marked gules. He occupies the 
right-hand side of the spectator, and 
forms one of the triumvirate ; the others 
being Dr. Taylor and Mrs. Mapp. 

IT Dr. Kirleus and Dr. Tom Saffold are 
also known names. 

Quackleben (Dr. Quentin), "the 
man of medicine,' one of the committee 
at the Spa.— Sir IV. Scott: St Ronaris 
H^//(time, George III.). 

Quadroon. Zambo is the issue of an 
Indian and a Negro ; Mulatto, of a 
Whiteman and a Negress ; Terzeron, of 
a Whiteman and a Mulatto woman; 
Quadroon, of a Terzeron and a White. 

Quaint (Timothy), servant of gover- 
nor Heartall. Timothy is "an odd fish, 
that loves to swim in troubled waters." 
He says, " I never laugh at the governor's 
good humours, nor frown at his infirmities. 
I always keep a sober, steady phiz, fixed 
as the gentleman's on horseback at Char- 
ing Cross ; and, in his worst of humours, 
when all is fire and faggots with him, if 
I turn round and coolly say, ' Lord, sir, 
has anything ruffled you?' he'll burst 
out into an immoderate fit of laughter, 



QUAKER POET. 



QUEEN OF SONG. 



and exclaim, ' Curse that inflexible face 
of thine ! Though you never suffer a 
smile to mantle on it, it is a figure of fun 
to the rest of the world." " — Cherry: The 
Soldiers Daughter (1804). 

Quaker Poet [The), Bernard Barton 
(1784-1849) ; and J. G. Whittier, an 

American (1808-1892). 

Quale (Mr.), a philanthropist, noted 
for his bald, shining forehead. Mrs. 
Jellyby hopes her daughter Caddy will 
become Quale's wife. — Dickens: Bleak 
House (18 52). 

Quarll (Philip), a sort of Robinson 
Crusoe, who had a chimpanzee for his 
" man Friday." The story consists of the 
adventures and sufferings of an English 
hermit named Philip Quarll (1727). 

Quasimodo, the Hunchback of 
No ore Dame. Quasimodo, the ringer 
of Notre Dame, hunchbacked, bowlegged, 
and one-eyed. He was found, when a 
baby, by Claude Frollo, the archdeacon 
of Joas, on Quasimodo Sunday. Frollo 
adopted the miserable, misshapen child, 
and baptized it by the name of Quasimodo. 
One day Esmeralda, the beautiful gipsy 
dancing-girl, crossed the hunchback's 
path, and he loved her as she spoke 
kindly to him. He saved her when she 
was about to be executed for witchcraft, 
and hid her in Notre Dame, where she 
lived till Claude Frollo, who entertained 
a base passion for her, enticed her away. 
She did not return his love ; he left her 
to the mercy of the people, and she was 
hanged for a witch. Quasimodo threw 
Frollo over the battlements of Notre 
Dame, and disappeared. Two years after, 
the skeleton of his body was found in the 
cave of Montfau9on, clasping the skeleton 
of I- meralda, and it was inferred that he 
crept into the cave where the body was 
thrown, and lay down by her to die. The 
tale takes place about the year 1482. — 
Victor Hugo: Notre Dame de Paris 
(1831). 

Quatre Fils Aymon (Les), the four 
sons of the duke of Dordona (Dordogne). 
Their names are Rinaldo, Guicciardo, 
Alardo, and Ricciardetto (i.e. Renaud, 
Guiscard, Alard, and Richard), and their 
adventures form the subject of an old 
French romance by Huon de Villeneuve 
(twelfth century). 

Ouaver, a singing-master, who says, 
" U it were not for singing-masters, men 
and women might as well have been born 



dumb." He courts Lucy by promising 
to give her singing lessons. — Fielding: 
The Virgin Unmasked (about 1740). 

Queen (The Starred Ethiop), Cassi- 
opea, wife of Cepheus (2 syl.) king of 
Ethiopia. (See Cassiopea, p. 184.)— 
Milton: II Penseroso, 19 (1638). 

The White Queen, Mary queen of 
Scots, La Peine Blanche; so called by 
the French, because she dressed in white 
as mourning for her husband. 

Queen Dick, Richard Cromwell 
(1626, 1658-1660, died 1712). 

// happened in the reign of queen Dick, 
i.e. never, on the Greek kalends. This 
does not refer to Richard Cromwell, but 
to queen " Outis." There never was A 
queen Dick, except by way of joke. 

Queen Mary, an historic drama by 
lord Tennyson (1875). It introduces her 
love for Philip of Spain, her marriage, and 
her hopeless yearning for a son who 
might inherit the crown of Great Britain 
and of Spain. 

(Victor Hugo wrote a tragedy called 
Mary Tudor, in 1833 ; Aubrey de Vere, in 
1847 ; and Miss Dickenson, in 1876.) 

Queen Sarah, Sarah Jennings 
duchess of Marlborough (1660-1744). 

Queen Anne oniy reigned, while queen Sarah 
governed.— Temple Bar, 208. 

Queen Square Hermit (The), 
Jeremy Bentham, 1, Queen Square, 
London (1748-1832). 

Queen Victoria's Name is Alexan- 
dria Victoria Guelph. Prince Albert's 
name was Francis Augustus Charles 
Emanuel Busici. The family name of 
prince Albert was Wetter ; if, therefore, 
the queen took her husband's family name, 
she would be Mrs. Wetter. 

Queen of Hearts, Elizabeth Stuart 
daughter of James I., the unfortunate 
queen of Bohemia (1596-1662). 

Queen of Heaven, Astarte ("the 
moon"). Horace calls the moon "the 
two-horned queen of the stars." 

N.B. — Some speak of the Virgin Mary 
as " the queen of heaven." 

Queen of Queens. Cleopatra was 
so called by Mark Antony (B.C. 69-30). 

Queen of Song, Angelica Catala'ni ; 
also called "The Italian Nightingale 
(1782-1849). 

IT The Swedish Nightingale was Jenny 
Lind (Mrs. Goldscbmidt) (1821-1886). 



QUEEN OF SORROW. 

Queen of Sorrow (The Marble), 
the mausoleum built by shah Jehan to his 
favourite wife Moomtaz-i-Mahul. 

Queen of Tears, Mary of Mo'dena, 
second wife of James II. of England 
(1658-1718). 

Her eyes became eternal fountains of sorrow for that 
crown her own ill policy contributed to lose,— Noble : 
Memoirs, etc. (1784). 

Queen of the Antilles [An-teel], 
Cuba. 
Queen of the East, Zenobia queen 

of Palmy'ra (*, 266-273). 

Queen of the Eastern Archi- 
pelago, the island of Java. 

Queen of the Mississippi 

Valley, St. Louisjof Missouri. 

Queen of the North, Edinburgh. 

Queen of the Sciences, theology. 

Queen of the Sea, ancient Tyre. 

Queen of the South, Maqueda or 
Balkis queen of Sheba or Saba. 

The queen of the south ; . . came from the uttermost 
parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon.— 
Man. xii. 43 ; see also x Kings z. x. 

(According to tradition, the queen of 
the south had a son by Solomon named 
Melech, who reigned in Ethiopia or 
Abyssinia, and added to his name the 
words Belul Gian ("precious stone"), 
alluding to a ring given to him by Solo- 
mon. Belul Gian translated into Latin 
became pretiosus Joannes, which got cor- 
rupted into Prester John (presbyter Jo- 
hannes), and has given rise to the fables 
of this "mythical king of Ethiopia.") 

Queen of the Swords. Minna 
Troil was so called, because the gentle- 
men, formed into two lines, held their 
swords so as to form an arch or roof 
under which Minna led the ladies of the 
party.— Sir W. Scott: The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

(In 1877 W. Q. Orchardson, R.A., 
exhibited a picture in illustration of this 
incident.) 

Queens (Four daughters). Raymond 
Ber eager count of Provence had four 
daughters, all of whom married kings : 
Margaret married Louis IX. of France; 
Eleanor married Henry III. of England ; 
Sancha married Henry's brother Richard 
king of the Romans ; and Beatrice mar- 
ried Charles I. of Naples and Sicily. 

Four daughters were there born 
To Raymond Ber'enger, and every on* 
Became a queen. 

Dante : Paradise, vL (1311). 



890 QUESTING BEAST. 

Queerummania, the realm of Chro- 
nonhotonthologos. — Carey : Chronon- 
hotonthologos (1734). 

Qnentin (Black), groom of sir John 
Ramorny.— Sir W. Scott; Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Quentin Bur-ward, a novel by sir 

W. Scott (1823). A story of French his- 
tory. The delineations of Louis XI. and 
Charles the Bold of Burgundy will stand 
comparison with any in the whole range 
of fiction or history (time, Louis XL). 

In this novel are introduced Louis XI. and his 
Scottish Guards, Oliver le Dane and Tristan I'Hennite, 
Cardinal Balue, De la Marck (the " wild boar of Ar- 
dennes "), Charles the Bold, Philip des Comines, Le 
Glorieux (the court jester), and other well-known 
historic characters. 

The tale is as follows : Quentin Dur- 
ward first sees the countess Isabelle at a 
turret-window, while taking breakfast 
with the king. Soon after this he is en- 
rolled by his uncle in the Scottish Guards, 
and saves the life of the king from the 
attack of a wild boar. The king, with a 
small retinue, visits the duke of Burgundy, 
who charges him with the murder of the 
bishop of Liege. Matters look ominous, 
but ultimately the duke and king are re- 
conciled. The countess Isabelle rejects 
the suit of the duke of Orleans, and 
marries Quentin Durward, whose wounds 
she had dressed when he had been 
attacked by De la Marck and the count 
de Dunois, and by whom she had been 
conducted to Liege (1823 ; in English 
history, time, Edward IV.). 

Quern-Biter, the sword of Haco L 
of Norway. 

Quern-biter of Hacon the Good 
Wherewith at a stroke he hewed 
The millstone thro and thro'. 

Longfellow. 

Querno (Camillo) of Apulia was in- 
troduced to pope Leo X. as a buffoon, but 
was promoted to the laurel. This laureate 
was called the "Antichrist of Wit." 

Rome in her capitol saw Querno sit. 
Throned on seven hills, the antichrist of wit. 

Pope : The Dunciad, ii. (1728). 

Querpo (Shrill), in Garth's Dis* 
fensary, is meant for Dr. Howe. 

To this design shrill Querpo did agree, 
A zealous member ofthe faculty. 
His sire's pretended pious steps he treads. 
And where the doctor fails, the saint succeeds. 
Dispensary, iv. (1699). 

Questing Beast (The), a monster 
called Glatisaunt, that made a noise called 
questing, "like thirty couple of hounds 
giving quest " or cry. King Pellinore (3 
syl.) followed the beast for twelve month* 



QUEUBUS. 



891 



QUIDNUNC 



(pt 1. 17), and after his death sir Palo- 
mides gave it chase. 

The questing beast had tn shape and head like a 
terpent's head, and a body like a libard, buttocks like 
a lion, and footed like a hart ; and in his body there 
was such a noise as it had been the noise of thirty 
couple of hounds questing', and such a noise that 
heast made wheresoever h« went ; and this beast 
evermore sir Palomides followed. — Sir T. iialtry : 
History 0/ Prince Arthur, L 17 ; iL 53 (i47«). 

Queubus ( The Equinoctial of), a line 
in the "unknown sea," passed by the 
Vapians on the Greek kalends of the 
Olympiad era B.C. jyj, according to 
the authority of Quinapalus (q.v.). — 
Shakespeare : Twelfth Night, act ii. sc 3 
(1614). 

Quiara and Mon'nema, man and 
wife ; the only persons who escaped the 
ravages of the small-pox plague which 
carried off all the rest of the Guara'ni 
race, in Paraguay. They left the fatal 
spot, settled in the Mondai woods, had 
one son Yeriiti and one daughter Mooma ; 
but Quiara was killed by a jaguar before 
the latter was born. — Southey : A Tale of 
Paraguay (1814). (See Monnema, p. 
720 ; and MoOMA, p. 723.) 

Quick {Abel), clerk to Surplus the 
lawyer. — Morton : A Regular Fix. 

Quick {John), called "The Retired 

Diocletian of Islington " (1748-1831). , 

Litdc Quick, the retired Diocletian of Islington, with 
bis squeak like a Bart'lemew fiddle. — Ch. Matthews. 

Quicken Trees ( The Fairy Palace 
of the). This is one of a type of story 
very common in Gaelic romantic litera- 
ture. One or more of the heroes are 
entrapped by some enchanter and held 
under a spell in castle, cave, or dungeon, 
until, after a series of adventures, they 
are released by the bravery or mother-wit 
of their companions. Erin had been 
invaded by Colga king of Lochlann 
(Denmark). Colga had been slain, and 
his army defeated by Finn and the Feni. 
The young prince Midac was spared, and 
was brought up by Finn. Arrived at 
man's estate, he set up a princely estab- 
lishment in Erin, the while meditating 
revenge. He secured the assistance of 
his father's allies, as well as the services 
of " the king of the world " (the Roman 
power); and when his plans were ready 
he invited Finn and his heroes to a ban- 
quet. The king and most of the chit (s 
accepted, and soon found themselves 
spell-bound in the Fairy Palace of the 
Quicken Trees. Some few, however, wore 
absent, hunting, amongst them Oss:m 
the warrior-bard and the brave Deimat 



O'Dyna (q.v.). On their return from 

the chase they discovered the evil plight 
of their friends, courageously guarded 
them while under the charm, slew Midac 
and the enchanters, broke the spell, 
called together the Feni, and a terrible 
battle was fought, in which the mercen- 
aries were completely routed. 

(The quicken tree or quickbeam is the 
mountain ash or rowan tree ; Gaelic, 
caerthainn. Many mystic virtues were 
anciently attributed to this tree. ) 

Quickly (Mistress), servant-of-all- 
woric to Dr. Caius a French physician. 
She says, "I wash, wring, brew, bake, 
scour, dress meat and drink, make the 
beds, and do all myself." She is the go- 
between of three suitors for "sweet 
Anne Page," and with perfect disinte- 
restedness wishes all three to succeed, and 
does her best to forward the suit of all 
three, " but speciously of Master Fen ton." 
— Shakespeare: Merry Wives of Windsor 
(1601). 

Quickly (Mistress Nell), hostess of 
a tavern in East-cheap, frequented by 
Harry prince of Wales, sir John Falstaff, 
and all their disreputable crew. In 
Henry V. Mistress Quickly is represented 
as having married Pistol the " lieutenant 
of captain sir John's army." All three die 
before the end of the play. Her descrip- 
tion of sir John Falstaff's death (Henry 
V. act ii. sc. 3) is very graphic and true 
to nature. In 2 Henry IV. Mistress 
Quickly arrests sir John for debt, but, 
immediately she hears of his commission, 
is quite willing to dismiss the bailiffs, 
and trust "the honey sweet " old knight 
again to any amount — Shakespeare: 1 
and 2 Henry IV. and Henry V. 

Quid (Mr.), the tobacconist, a relative 
of Mrs. Margaret Bertram. — Sir W. 
Scott : Guy Mannering (time, George II. ). 

Quid Rides, the motto of Jacob 
Brandon, tobacco-broker, who lived at 
the close of the eighteenth century. It 
was suggested by Harry Calendon of 
Lloyd's coffee-house. 

(Quid Rides (Latin) means "Why do 
you laugh?" Quid rides, i.e. "the 
tobacconist rides.") 

Quidnunc ( A braham), of St. Martin's- 
in-tne-Fields, an upholsterer by trade, 
but bankrupt. His head " runs only on 
schemes for paying off the National 
Debt, the balance of power, the affairs 



QUIDNUNCS. 

of Europe, and the political news of the 
day." 

The prototype of this town politician was the father 
of Dr. Arne (see The Tatier, No. 155). 

Harriet Quidnunc, his daughter, 
rescued by Belmour from the flames of a 
burning house, and adored by him. 

John Quidnunc, under the assumed 
name of Rovewell, having married a rich 
planter's widow, returns to England, pays 
his father's debts, and gives his sister to 
Mr. Belmour for wife. — Murphy: The 
Upholsterer (1758). 

Quidnuncs, a name given to the 

ancient members of certain political clubs, 
who were constantly inquiring, " Quid- 
nunc ? What news ? " 

This the Great Mother dearer held than all 
The clubs of Quidnuncs, or her own GuildhalL 
Pfe: The Dunciad, L 269 (1798). 

Qui&nunkis, a monkey which 
climbed higher than its neighbours, and 
fell into a river. For a few moments the 
monkey race stood panic-struck, but the 
stream flowed on, and in a minute or 
two the monkeys continued their gambols 
as if nothing had happened. — Gay : The 
Quidnunkis (a fable, 1726). 

• . * The object of this fable is to show 
that no one is of sufficient importance to 
stop the general current of events or 
cause a gap in nature. Even kings and 
kaisers die, having climbed, like Quid- 
nunkis, somewhat higher than their kin, 
but when they fall into the stream Flat- 
tery scrawls Hie jacet on a stone, but no 
one misses them. 

Quiidrive (2 syl.), clerk to old Phil- 
pot "the citizen." — Murphy: The Citizen 
(1761). 

Quilp {Daniel), a hideous dwarf, 
cunning, malicious, and a perfect master 
in tormenting. Of hard, forbidding fea- 
tures, with head and face large enough 
for a giant. His black eyes were restless, 
sly, and cunning ; his mouth and chin 
bristly with a coarse, hard beard ; his 
face never clean, but always distorted 
with a ghastly grin, which showed the 
few discoloured fangs that supplied the 
place of teeth. His dress consisted of a 
large high-crowned hat, a worn-out dark 
suit, a pair of most capacious shoes, and 
a huge crumpled dirty white neck-cloth. 
Such hair as he had was a grizzled black, 
cut short but hanging about his ears in 
fringes. His hands were coarse and 
dirty ; his finger-nails crooked, long, and 
yellow. He lived on Tower Hill, collected 
rents, advanced money -to seamen, and 



892 QUINTESSENCE OF HEAVEN. 

kept a sort of wharf, containing rusty 
anchors, huge iron rings, piles of rotten 
wood, and sheets of old copper, calling 
himself a ship-breaker. He was on the 
point of being arrested for felony, when 
he was drowned. 

He ate hard eggs, shell and all, for his breakfast, 
devoured gigantic prawns with their heads and tails on, 
chewed tobacco and water-cresses at the same time, 
drank scalding hot tea without winking, bit his fork 
and spoon till they bent again, and performed so many 
horrifying acts, that one might doubt if he were indeed 
human.— Ch. v. 

Mrs. Quilp (Betsy), wife of the dwarf, 
a loving, young, timid, obedient, and 
pretty blue-eyed little woman, treated 
like a dog by her diabolical husband, 
whom she really loved but more greatly 
feared.— Dickens: The Old Curiosity 
Shop (1840). 

Quinap'alus, the Mrs. Harris of 
"authorities in citations." If any one 
quotes from an hypothetical author, he 
gives Quinapalus as his authority. 

What says Quinapalus : " Better a witty fool than a 
foolish wit."— Shakesfeare : Twelfth Night, act L sc. 5 
(1614), 

Quintans Plestrin ["the man- 
mountain "\ So the Lilliputians called 
Gulliver (ch. ii.).— Swift : Gulliver's 
Travels ("Voyage to Lilliput," 1726). 

Quince (Peter), a carpenter, who 
undertakes the management of the play 
called " Pyramus and ThisbS," in Mid- 
summer Night's Dream. He speaks of 
"laughable tragedy," "lamentable 
comedy," " tragical mirth," and so on. — 
Shakespeare : Midsummer Nights Dream 
(1592). 

Quino'nes (Suero de), in the reign of 
Juan II, He, with nine other cavaliers, 
held the bridge of Orbigo against all 
comers for thirty-six days, and in that 
time they overthrew seventy-eight knights 
of Spain and France. 

Quintano'na, the duenna of queen 
Guinever or Ginebra. — Cervantes: Don 
Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615). 

Quintessence (Queen), sovereign of 
Entelechie, the country of speculative 
science visited by Pantag'ruel and his 
companions in their search for " the 
oracle of the Holy Bottle." — Rabelais: 
Pantag'ruel, v. 19 (1545). 

Quintessence of Heaven. Be- 
sides the four elements of earth, Aristotle 
imagined a fifth element, out of which 
the stars and other ethereal bodies were 
formed. The motion of this " quint- 
essence," he said, was orbicular. 



QUINTIQUINIESTRA. 

H. this ethereal " quintessence of heaven • 
ew upward, spirited with various forms. 
That rolled orbicular, and turned to stars 
Numberless. 

Milton : Pmrmdist Lett, Ifl. 716, etc. (1665). 

Qnin'tiqninies'tra {Queen), a much- 
dreaded, fighting giantess. It was one 
of the romances in don Quixote's library 
condemned by the priest and barber of 
the village to be burnt. — Cervantes : Don 
Quixote, I. (1605). 

Quintus Fixlein [Fix-line], the title 
and chief character of a romance by Jean 
Paul Friedrich Richter (1796). 

Francia, like Quintus Fixlein, had perennial fireproof 
Joys, namely, employment*.— CarfyU. 

Quiri'nns, Mars. 

Now, by our sire Quirinu*, 

It was a goodly sight 
To see the thirty standards 

Swept down the tide of flight 
MacauUy ; Lays of Ancient Rome (" Battle of th« 
Lake Regillus," xxxvi., 184a). 

Quit am (Mr.), the lawyer at the 
Black Bear inn at Darlington. — Sir W. 
Scott: Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

(The first two words in an action on 
a penal statute are Qui tarn. Thus, Qui 
tarn pro domina regina, quam pro seipso, 
sequitur. ) 

Quixa'da (Gutierre), lord of Villa- 
garcia. Don Quixote calls himself a 
descendant of this brave knight. — Cer- 
vantes : Don Quixote, L (1605). 

Quixote (Don), a gaunt country 
gentleman of La Mancha, about 50 years 
of age, gentle and dignified, learned and 
high-minded ; with strong imagination 
perverted by romance and crazed with 
ideas of chivalry. He is the hero of a 
Spanish romance by Cervantes. Don 
Quixote feels himself called on to become 
a knight-errant, to defend the oppressed 
and succour the injured. He engages for 
his 'squire Sancho Panza, a middle-aged, 
ignorant rustic, selfish but full of good 
sense, a gourmand but attached to his 
master, shrewd but credulous. The 
knight goes forth on his adventures, 
thinks wind-mills to be giants, flocks of 
sheep to be armies, inns to be castles, and 
galley-slaves oppressed gentlemen ; but 
the 'squire sees them in their true light. 
Ultimately, the knight is restored to his 
right mind, and dies like a peaceful 
Christian. The object of this romance 
was to laugh down the romances of 
chivalry of the Middle Ages. 

(Quixote means " armour for the 
thighs," but Quixada means " lantern 
jaws." Don Quixote's favourite author 
was Feliciano de Sylva ; his model knight 



893 



was Am'adfs de Gaul. The romance Is 
in two parts, of four books each. Pt. I. 
was published in 1605, and pt. II. in 
1615.) 

(The prototype of the knight was the 
duke of Lerma. ) 

Don Quixote is a tall, meagre, lantern-jawed, hawk- 
nosed, long-limbed, grizzle-haired man, with a pair of 
large black whiskers, and he styles himself "The 
Knight of the Woeful Countenance/— Cervantes : Don 
Quixote, II. i. 14 (1615). 

Don Quixote's Horse, RosinantS (4 syl. ), 

all skin and bone. 

The Female Quixote or Adventures of 
Arabella, a novel by Mrs. Lennox (1752). 

The Quixote of the North, Charles XII. 
of Sweden ; sometimes called " The 
Madman " (1682, 1697-1718). 

Quodlingf ( The Rev. Mr. ), chaplain to 
the duke of Buckingham. — Sir W. Scott : 
Peverilofthe Peak (time, Charles II.). 

" Why," said the duke, " I had caused my little Quod- 
ling to go through his oration thus : ' Whatever evil 
reports had passed current during the lifetime of the 
worthy matron whom they had restored to dust that 
day, even Malice herself could not deny that she was 
born well, married well, lived well, and died well ; 
since she was born at Shad-well, married to Cresnuell, 
lived In Camberwell, and died in Bridewell.' "—Peveril 
of the Peak, xliv. (1823). 

(Some give Clerkenwell instead of 
M Camberwell.") 

Quos Eg"o— , a threat intended but 
witnheld ; a sentence broken off. Eolus, 
angry with the winds and storms which 
had thrown the sea into commotion with- 
out his sanction, was going to say he 
would punish them severely for this act 
of insubordination ; but having uttered 

the first two words, " Whom I ," he 

says no more, but proceeds to the busi- 
ness in hand. — Virgil: AZneid, i. 

" Next Monday," said he, " you will be a ' substance, 

«nd then ; " with which quos ego he went to the 

next boy.— Dastnt : Half a Life (1850). 

Quo'tem (Caleb), a parish clerk or 
Jack-of-all-trades. — Colman : The Review 
or The Wags of Windsor (1798). 

I resolved, like Caleb Quotem, to have a place at the 
ttview.—tr'ashinrUn Irving, 



It. Neither Demosthgnfes nor Aristotle 

could pronounce the letter r. 

"R [rogues], vagabonds, etc., who were 
branded on the left shoulder with this 
letter. 



RAB AND HIS FRIENDS. 



894 



RACINE OF ITALY. 



They . . . may be burned with a hot burning iron 
of the breadth of a shilling, with a great Roman R on 
the left shoulder, which letter shall remain as the mark 
of a rogue.— Prynne : Histrio-mastix or The Players' 
Scourge. 

If I escape the halter with the letter R 
Printed upon it. 
Massinger : A New Way to Pay Old Debts, If. * (1635). 

Rab and his Friends. Rab is a 

dog fond of his master and mistress, and 
most faithful to them. The story is con- 
tained in Dr. John Brown's Horn Sub- 
secivcB (1858-60). 

Rab'agas, an advocate and editor of 

a journal called the Carmagnole. At the 
same office was published another radical 
paper, called the Crapaud Volant. Rab- 
agas lived in the kingdom of Monaco, 
and was a demagogue leader of the 
deepest red ; but was won over to the 
king's party by the tact of an American 
lady, who got him an invitation to dine 
at the palace, and made him chief minis- 
ter of state. From this moment he be- 
came the most strenuous opponent of the 
" liberal " party. — Sardou : Rabagas 
(1872). 

Rabbi Akron of Trent, a fictitious 
sage and most wonderful linguist. " He 
knew the nature of all manner of herbs, 
beasts, and minerals." — Reynard the Fox, 
»i. (1498). 

B,abbits. Those rabbits have more 
nature in them than you commonly find 
in rabbits ; i.e. my production is better 
than the production of other men. This 
was said by a conceited artist. — Foster: 
Life of Dickens, ii. 367. 

Rabelais ( The English). Dean Swift 
was so called by Voltaire (1667-1745). 

Sterne (1713-1768) and Thomas Amory 
(1699- 1788) have also been so called. 

The Modern Rabelais, William Ma- 
ginn ( 1794-1842). 

Rabelais of Germany, J. Fischart, 

called " Mentzer" (1550-1614J. 

Rabelais's Poison. Rabelais, being 
at a great distance from Paris, and with- 
out money to pay his hotel bill or his 
fare, made up three small packets of 
brick-dust. One he labelled " Poison 
for the king," another " Poison for mon- 
sieur," and the third " Poison for the 
dauphin." The landlord instantly in- 
formed against this " poisoner," and the 
secretary of state removed him at once to 
Paris. When, however, the joke was 
found out, it ended only in a laugh. — 
Spectator (" Art of Growing Rich "). 



(Baker fathers this trick on Tarleton, 
the famous clown. — Biographia Drama- 
tica, article " Tarleton. ) 

Rab'ican or Rabica'no, the horse 

of Astolpho. Its sire was Wind and its 
dam Fire. It fed on human food. The 
word means "short tail." — Ariosto: Or- 
lando Furioso (1516). 

(Argalia's horse is called by the same 
name in Orlando Innamorato % 1495.) 

Rabisson, a vagabond tinker and 
knife-grinder. He was the only person 
who knew about " the gold-mine " left to 
the " miller of Grenoble." Rabisson was 
murdered for his secret by Eusebe Noel 
the schoolmaster of Bout des Monde. — 
Stirling: The Gold- Mine or Miller of 
Grenoble (1854). 

Rab'sheka (in the Bible Rab- 
SHAKEH), in the satire of Absalom and 
Achitophel, by Dry den and Tate, is meant 
for sir Thomas Player (2 Kings xviii. ). 

Next him let railing Rabsheka have place- 
So full of zeal, he has no need of grace. 

Pt. ii. 297, 298 (16S2). 

Raby {.Aurora), a rich young English 
orphan, catholic in religion, of virgh. 
modesty, "a rose with all its sweetest 
leaves yet folded." She was staying in 
the house of lord and lady Amundeville 
during the parliamentary vacation. Here 
don Juan, "as Russian envoy," was also 
a guest, with several others. Aurora 
Raby is introduced in canto xv., and 
crops up here and there in the two re- 
maining cantos ; but, as the tale was 
never finished, it is not possible to divine 
what part the beautiful and innocent girl 
was designed by the poet to play. Pro- 
bably don Juan, having sown his "wild 
oats," might become a not unfit match 
for the beautiful orphan. — Byron: Don 
Juan (1824). 

Raby ( The Rose of). (See Rose. ) 

Rachael, a servant-girl at lady 
Peveril's of the Peak.— Sir W. Scott : 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Rachel (2 syl.), one of the "hands" 
in Bounderby's mill at Coketown. She 
loved Stephen Blackpool, and was greatly 
beloved by him in return; but Stephen 
was married to a worthless drunkard. 
After the death of Stephen, Rachel 
watched over the good-for-nothing young 
widow, and befriended her. — Dickens: 
Hard Times (1854). 

Racine of Italy {The), Metastasio 
(1698-1782). 



RACINE OF MUSIC 

Racine of Music {The), Antonio 
Gaspare Sacchini of Naples (1735-1786). 

Racine's Monkey, J. E. de Cam- 
pestron, called Le Singe a* Racine, 

Racket (Sir Charles), a young man 
of fashion, who has married the daughter 
of a wealthy London merchant. In the 
third week of the honeymoon, sir Charles 
paid his father-in-law a visit, and quar- 
relled with his bride about a game of 
whist. The lady affirmed that sir Charles 
ought to have played a diamond instead 
of a club. Sir Charles grew furious, and 
resolved upon a divorce ; but the quarrel 
was adjusted, and sir Charles ends by 
saying, "You may be as wrong as you 
please, but I'll be cursed if I ever endea- 
vour to set you right again." 

Lady Racket, wife of sir Charles, and 
elder daughter of Mr. Drugget.— Mur- 
phy: Three Weeks after Marriage (1776), 

Racket ( Widow), a sprightly, good- 
natured widow and woman of fashion. 

A coquette, a wit, and a fine lady.— Mrs. Cowlty : 
The Belle's Stratagem, ii I (1780). 

The " Widow Racket " was one of Mrs. Pope s best 
parts. Her usual manner of expressing piquant care- 
lessness consisted in tossing her head from right to 
left, and striking the palm of one hand with the back 
of the other [1740-1797].— James Smith. 

Rackrent {Sir Condy), in Miss Edge- 
worth's novel of Castle Rackrent (1802). 

Raddle (Mrs.), keeper of the lodgings 
occupied by Bob Sawyer. The young 
medical practitioner invited Mr. Pickwick 
and his three friends to a convivial meet- 
ing ; but the termagant Mrs. Raddle 
brought the meeting to an untimely end. 
—Dickens: The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Rad'egonde (St.) or St. Radegund, 
queen of France (born 519, died 587). She 
was the daughter of Bertaire king of 
Thuringia, and brought up a pagan. 
King Clotaire I. taught her the Christian 
religion, and married her in 538 ; but six 
years later she entered a nunnery, and 
lived in the greatest austerity. 

There thou must walk In greatest graftty, 
And seem as saintlike as St. Radr-gund. 

Spenser : Mother HubbercTs Tale (1591). 

Radigund or Radegone, the proud 
queen of the Amazons. Being rejected 
by Bellodant " the Bold," she revenged 
herself by degrading every man who fell 
into her power, by dressing them like 
women, giving them women's work to 
do, such as spinning, carding, sewing, 
etc., and feeding them on bread and 
water to effeminate them (canto 4). 



«95 



RAINE. 



When she overthrew sir Artegal In single 
combat, she imposed on him the condition 
of dressing in " woman's weeds," with a 
white apron, and to spend his time in 
spinning flax, instead of in deeds of arms. 
Radigund fell in love with the captive 
knight, and sent Clarinda as a go-between ; 
but Clarinda tried to win him for herself, 
and told the queen he was inexorable 
(canto 5). At length Britomart arrived, 
cut off Radigund's head, and liberated 
the captive knight (canto 7). — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, v. 4-7 (1596). 

Rag and Famish (The), the Army 
and Navy Club ; so christened by Punch. 
The rag refers to the flag, and the famish 
to the bad cuisine. 

Ragged Regiment (The), the wan 
figures in Westminster Abbey, in a gal- 
lery over Islip's Chapel. 

Ragnarok, the last days of the 
world, or the twilight of the gods. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Railway King ( The), George Hud- 
son of Yorkshire, chairman of the North 
Midland Company. In one day he 
cleared by speculation ^100,000. It was 
the Rev. Sydney Smith who gave Hudson 
the title of ** Railway King " (1800-1871). 

Rain. In India the rain-god is 
imagined to pour down showers from a 
sieve. The Mandan Indian used to call 
down rain by a rattle. 

The Peruvians suppose there is a 
celestial princess who holds a rain-vase, 
and that thunder is the noise made by her 
brother striking the vase. 

The Polynesians suppose that rain 
comes from the angry stars stoning the 
sun. 

The Burmese say they can pull down 
the rain by tugging a rope. 

In New Caledonia there is a regular 
college of rain-priests ; and in Moffat's 
time, the rain-makers of South Africa 
were held in higher honour than the 
kings. 

In Alaska the storm-spirit is pro- 
pitiated by offerings of tobacco. 

Weather-witches were at one time sup- 
posed to reside in Norway and other 
countries. And at one time the Fin- 
landers drove a profitable trade by selling 
winds. (See Mont St. Michel, p. 720.) 

Raine (Old Roger), the tapster, near 
the abode of sir Geoffrey Peveril. 

Dame Raine, old Roger's widow ; after- 
wards Dame Chamberlain. — Sir W. 



RAINY-DAY SMITH. 

Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

Rainy-Day Smith, John Thomas 
Smith, the antiquary (1766-1833). 

Rajah of Mattan (Borneo) has a 
diamond which weighs 367 carats. The 
largest cut diamond in the world. It is 
considered to be a palladium. (See 
Diamonds, p. 277.) 

Rake (Lord), a nobleman of the old 
school, fond of debauch, street rows, 
knocking down Charlies, and seeing his 
guests drunk. His chief boon com- 
panions are sir John Brute and colonel 
Bully.— Vanbrugh: The Provoked Wife 
(1697). 

Rakeland (Lord), a libertine, who 
makes love to married women, but takes 
care to keep himself free from the bonds 
of matrimony. — Mrs. Inchbald: The 
Wedding Day (1790). 

Rak'she (2 syl.), a monster, which 
lived on serpents and dragons. (See 

OURANABAD, p. 790.) 

Raleigh (Sir Walter), introduced by 
sir W. Scott in Kenilworth. The tradition 
of sir Walter laying down his cloak on a 
miry spot for the queen to step on, and 
the queen commanding him to wear the 
" muddy cloak till her pleasure should 
be further known," is mentioned in 
ch. xv. (1821). 

IT The following is a parallel instance 
of instinctive politeness : — 

A lady on her way to visit a sick man, came to a 
Duddle. A little boy, who saw the difficulty she was 
In, stepped into the mud, and, throwing- off his wooden 
shoes, jumped over the plash. The lady cried out, 
" Little boy, you have left your shoes behind you." 
" Yes, ma'am, he replied ; " they are for you to walk 
on."— Temple Bar, cxxiiii. ("Politeness," a true 
story). 

Raleigh (Sir Walter). Jealous of 
the earl of Essex, he plots with lord 
Burleigh to compass his death. — H, 
Jones: The Earl of Essex (1745). 

RALPH, abbot of St Augustine'^ 
expended ,£43,000 on the repast given at 
his installation. 

IT It was no unusual thing for powerful 
barons to provide 30,000 dishes at a 
wedding breakfast. The coronation din- 
ner of Edward III. cost £40,000, equal to 
half a million of money now. The duke 
of Clarence at his marriage entertained 
xooo guests, and furnished his table with 
36 courses. Archbishop Neville had 
1000 egrettes served at one banquet, and 
the whole species seems to have been 
extirpated. 



896 



RALPH. 



H After this it will be by no means diffi- 
cult to understand why Apicius despaired 
of being able to make two ends meet, 
when he had reduced his enormous for- 
tune to £80,000, and therefore hanged 
himself. 

N. B. — After th* winter of 1327 was over, 
the elder Spencer had left of the stores 
laid in by him the preceding November 
and salted down, "80 salted beeves, 500 
bacons, and 600 muttons." 

Ralph, son of Fairfield the miller. 
An outlandish, ignorant booby, jealous of 
his sister Patty, because she " could paint 
picturs and strum on the harpsicols." He 
was in love with Fanny the gipsy, for 
which "feyther" was angry with him; 
but "what argufies feyther's anger?" 
However, he treated Fanny like a brute, 
and she said of him, " He has a heart as 
hard as a parish officer. I don't doubt 
but he would stand by and see me 
whipped." When his sister married lord 
Aimworth, Ralph said — 

Captain Ralph my lord will dub me, 

Soon 111 mount a huge cockade ; 
Mounseer shall powder, queue, and club Be,-* 

'Gad ! I'll be a roaring blade. 
If Fan should offer then to snub me, 

When in scarlet I'm arrayed ; 
Or my feyther 'temp to drub me— 

Let him frown, but who's afraidt 

Bicktrstaff: The Maid q/ the Mill (1647). 

Ralph, or Ralpho, the 'squire of 
Hudibras. — Fully described in bk. i. 457- 
644.-5. Butler: Hudi Iras (1663-78). 

(The prototype of " Ralph " was Isaac 
Robinson, a zealous butcher in Moorfields. 
Ralph represents the independent party, 
and Hudibras the presby terian. ) 

'.'In regard to the pronunciation of 
this name, which in 1878 was the subject 
of a long controversy in Notes and 
Queries, Butler says — 

A squire he had whose name was Ralph. 
That in th' adventure went his half; . . • 
And when we can, with metre safe. 
We'll call him Ralpho, or plain Ra'ph. 

Bk. L 4* 

Ralph (Rough), the helper of Lance 
Outram park-keeper at sir Geoffrey 
Peveril's of the Peak. — Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Ralph (James), an American who 
came to London and published a poem 
entitled Night (1725). 



Silence, ye wolves 1 while Ralph to Cynthia 1 
Making night hideous ; answer him, ye owls. 

Pope : The Dunciad, iii. 165 (1738). 

Ralph [de Lascours], captain of 
the Uran'ia, husband of Louise de Las- 
cours. Ralph is the father of Diana and 
Martha alias Orgari'ta. (See under 



RALPH ROISTER DOISTER. 897 



RANDOLPH. 



Martha, p. 680.)— Stirling : Orphan of 
the Frozen Sea (1856). 

Ralph Roister Doister, by 

Nicholas Udall, the first English comedy, 
about 1534. It contains nine male and 
four female characters. Ralph is a vain, 
thoughtless, blustering fellow, who is in 
pursuit of a rich widow named Custance, 
but he is baffled in his intention. 

Ram Alley, in Fleet Street, London. 
Now called Hare Place. It was part of 
the Sanctuary. 

Ramble (Sir Robert), a man of 
gallantry, who treats his wife with such 
supreme indifference that she returns to 
her guardian, lord Norland, and resumes 
her maiden name of Maria Wooburn. 
Subsequently, however, she returns to 
her husband. 

Mrs. Ramble, wife of sir Robert, and 
ward of lord Norland. — Mrs. Inchbald: 
Every One has His Fault (1794). 

Rambler (The), a periodical pub- 
lished twice a week by Dr. Johnson 
(1750-52). 

Ram'iel (3 syl.), one of the "atheist 
crew " o'erthrown by Ab'diel. (The word 
means, according to Hume, " one who 
exalts himself against God.") — Milton: 
Paradise Lost, vi. 371 (1665). 

Raminago'bris. Lafontaine, in his 
fables, gives this name to a cat Rabe- 
lais, in his Pantag'ruel, iii. 21, satirizes 
under the same name Guillaume Cretin, 
a poet. 

Ramirez, a Spanish monk, and 
father confessor to don Juan duke of Bra- 
ganza. He promised Velasquez, that when 
he absolved the duke at bed-time, he would 
give him a poisoned wafer prepared by 
the Carmelite Castruccio. This he was 
about to do, when he was interrupted, 
and the breaking out of the rebellion 
saved the duke from any similar attempt. 
— Jephson: Braganta (1775). 

Rami'ro (King) married Aldonza, 
who, being faithless, eloped with Alboa'- 
zar the Moorish king of Gaya. Ra- 
miro came disguised as a traveller to 
Alboazar's castle, and asked a damsel for 
a draught of water, and when he lifted 
the pitcher to his mouth, he dropped in 
it his betrothal ring, which Aldonza saw 
and recognized. She told the damsel to 
bring the stranger to her apartment. 
Scarce had he arrived there when the 
Moorish king entered, and Ramiro hid 



himself in an alcove. ' ' What would yon 
do to Ramiro," asked Aldonza, " if he 
were in your power?" "I would hew 
him limb from limb," said the Moor. 
" Then lo I Alboazar, he is now skulking 
in that alcove." Ramiro was now 
dragged forth, and the Moor said, " How 
would you act if our lots were reversed ? " 
Ramiro replied, " I would feast you well, 
and send for my chief princes and 
counsellors, and set you before them, 
and bid you blow your horn till you died." 
" Then be it so," said the Moor. But 
when Ramiro blew his horn, his " merry 
men " rushed into the castle, and the 
Moorish king, with Aldonza and all their 
children, princes, and counsellors, were 
put to the sword. — Southey: Ramiro (a 
ballad from the Portuguese, 1804). 

Ramorny (Sir John), a voluptuary, 
master of the horse to prince Robert of 
Scotland.— Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Ramsay (David), the old watch- 
maker near Temple Bar. 

Margaret Ramsay, David's daughter. 
She marries lord NigeL— Sir W. Scott: 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Ramsbottom (Mrs. ), a vile speller 
of the language. Theodore Hook's pseu- 
donym in the_7^« Bull newspaper (1829). 

(Winifred Jenkins, the maid of Miss 
Tabitha Bramble (in Smollett's Humphrey 
Clinker, 1770), rivals Mrs. Ramsbottom 
in bad spelling.) 

Randal, the boatman at Lochleven 
Castle.— Sir W. Scot/: The Abbot (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Randolph (Lord), a Scotch noble- 
man, whose life was saved by young Nor- 
vaL For this service his lordship gave 
the youth a commission ; but Glenalvon 
the heir-presumptive hated the new fa- 
vourite, and persuaded lord Randolph 
that Norval was too familiar with his lady. 
Accordingly, Glenalvon and lord Ran- 
dolph waylaid the lad, who being attacked 
slew Glenalvon in self-defence, but was 
himself slain by lord Randolph. When 
the lad was killed, lord Randolph learned 
that "Norval" was the son of lady 
Randolph by lord Douglas her former 
husband. He was greatly vexed, and 
went to the war then raging between 
Scotland and Denmark, to drown his 
sorrow by activity and danger. 

Lady Randolph, daughter of sir Mal- 
colm, was privately married to lord 
3 M 



RANDOM. 898 

Douglas, and when her first boy was 
born she hid him in a basket, because 
there was a family feud between Malcolm 
and Douglas. Soon after this, Douglas 
was slain in battle, and the widow 
married lord Randolph. The babe was 
found by old Norval a shepherd, who 
brought him up as his own son. When 
18 years old, the lad saved the life of 
lord Randolph, and was given a commis- 
sion in the army. Lady Randolph, 
hearing of the incident, discovered that 
young Norval was her own son Douglas. 
When lord Randolph, who had slain 
Norval, went to the wars to drive away 
care, lady Randolph, in her distraction, 
cast herself headlong from a steep 
precipice.— Home : Douglas (1757)- 

The voice of Mrs. Crawford [1734-1801], when thrown 
out by the vehemence of- strong feeling, seemed to 
wither up the hearer; It was a flaming arrow, a 
lighting of passion. Such was the effect of her almost 
shriek to old Norval, " Was he alive t" It was like an 
electric shock, which drove the blood back to the 
heart, and produced a shudder of terror through the 
crowded theatre.— Boadtn : Lift »/ Kemble. 

Random, a man of fortune with a 
scapegrace son. He is pale and puffy, 
with gout and a tearing cough. Random 
goes to France to recruit his health, and 
on his return to England gets arrested 
for debt in mistake for his son. He 
raves and rages, threatens and vows ven- 
geance, but finds his son on the point of 
marrying a daughter of sir David Dunder 
of Dunder Hall, and forgets his evils in 
contemplation of this most desirable 
alliance. — Colman: Ways and Means 
(1788). 

Random (Roderick), a young Scotch 
scapegrace in quest of fortune. At one 
time he revels in prosperity, at another 
he is in utter destitution. Roderick is 
led into different countries (whose pecu- 
liarities are described), and falls into the 
society of wits, sharpers, courtiers, and 
harlots. Occasionally lavish, he is essen- 
tially mean ; with a dash of humour, he 
is contemptibly revengeful ; and, though 
generous-minded when the whim jumps 
with his wishes, he is thoroughly selfish. 
His treatment of Strap is revolting to 
a generous mind. Strap lends him 
money in his necessity, but the heartless 
Roderick wastes the loan, treats Strap 
as a mere servant, fleeces him at dice, 
and cuffs him when the game is adverse. 
— Smollett : Roderick Random (1748). 

Ranger, the madcap cousin of 
Clarinda, and the leading character in 
Hoadly's Suspicious Husband (1747). 



RAPHAEL, 



Ran'tipole (3 syl.), or Ratipole, a 

madcap. One of the nicknames given to 
Napoleon III. (See Napoleon III. , p. 
744.) 

Dick, be a little rantlpolish. 

Coltnan : Htir-at-La-w, L a (1797). 

Raoul \Rawl\, the old huntsman of 
sir Raymond Berenger. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Raoul di Nangis (Sir), the hugue- 
not in love with Valentina (daughter of 
the comte de St. Bris, governor of the 
Louvre). Sir Raoul is offered the hand 
of Valentina in marriage, but rejects it 
because he fancies she is betrothed to the 
comte de Nevers. Nevers being slain 
in the Bartholomew Massacre, Raoul 
marries Valentina, but scarcely is the 
ceremony over when both are shot by the 
musketeers under the command of St 
Bris. — Meyerbeer: Les Huguenots (opera, 
1836). 

Rape of the Lock ( The), a poem in 
five cantos, in rhyming heroic lines, by 
Pope {1711 and 1714). The subject is a 
lock of Belinda's hair surreptitiously cut 
off by baron Plume, at a card-party given 
at Windsor Court Belinda indignantly 
demanded back the ringlet, but after a 
fruitless charge it was affirmed that, like 
Berenice's hair, it had been transported 
to heaven, and henceforth shall ' ' midst 
the stars inscribe Belinda's name." 

Raphael (2 or 3 syl.), called by 
Milton "The Sociable Spirit," and "The 
Affable Archangel." In the book of Tobit 
it was Raphael who travelled with Tobias 
into Media and back again ; and it is the 
same angel that holds discourse with 
Adam through two books of Paradise 
Lost, v. and vi. (1665). 

Raphael, the guardian angel of John 
the Beloved. 

•.'Longfellow calls Raphael "The 
Angel of the Sun," and says that he 
brings to man ' ' the gift of faith." — Golden 
Legend (" Miracle-Play," iii., 1851). 

The Flemish Raphael, Frans Floris. 
His chief works are ' ' St. Luke at his 
Easel," and the "Descent of the Fallen 
Angels," both in Antwerp Cathedral 
(1520-1570). 

The French Raphatl, Eustace Lesueur 
(1617-1655). 

The Raphael of Cats, Godefroi Mind, 
a Swiss painter, famous for his cats (1768- 
X814). 

The Raphael of Holland, Martin vaa 
Hemskerck (1498-1574). 



RAPHAEL'S ENCHANTER. 899 



RATTLIN. 



The Raphael of Music, Mozart ( 1756- 
1791)- 

Raphael's Enchanter, Ginlia 

Fornarin.i, a baker's wife. Her likeness 
appears in several of his paintings. (See 
Lovers, p. 633. ) 

Rapier {The), was introduced by 
Rowland York in 1587. 

He [Rowland York) was a Londoner, famous among 
the cutters in his time for bringing in a new kind of 
fight — to run the point of a rapier into a man's body 
. . . before thit time the use was with little bucklers, 
and with broadswords to strike and never thrust, ana 
it was accounted unmanly to strike under the girdle.— 
CarUton : Thankful Rcmcmbranct (1625). 

Rare Ben. Ben Jonson, the drama- 
tist, was so called by Shakespeare (1574- 
1637)- 

Raredrench {Master), apothecary. 
— Sir W. Scott: Fortunts of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

Rascal, worthless, lean. A rascal 
deer is a lean, poor stag. Brutus calls 
money "rascal counters," i.e. contemp- 
tible, ignoble coin. 

When Marcus Brutus grows so covetous, 
To lock such rascal counters from his friends, 
Be ready, gods, with all your thunderbolts ; 
Dash him to pieces 1 
Shakespeare : Julius Casar, act It. sc 3 (1607). 

Rashleigh Osbaldistone, called 
"the scholar," an hypocritical and 
accomplished villain, killed by kob Roy. 
— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy (time, George 
I.). 

V Surely never gentleman was plagued 
with such a family as sir Hildebrand 
Osbaldistone of Osbaldistone Hall, (i) 
Percival, "the sot ; " (2) Thorncliff, " the 
bully;" (3) John, "the gamekeeper;" 
(4) Richard, "the horse-jockey;" (5) 
Wilfred, " the fool ; " (6) Rashleigh, "the 
scholar and knave." 

Ras'selas, prince of Abyssinia, fourth 
son of the emperor. According to the 
custom of the country, he was confined 
in a private paradise, with the rest of the 
royal family. This paradise was in the 
valley of Amhara, surrounded by high 
mountains. It had only one entrance, 
which was by a cavern under a rock 
concealed by woods, and closed by iron 
gates. The prince, having made his 
escape with his sister Nekayah and Imlac 
the poet, wandered about to rind out 
what condition or rank of life was the 
most happy. After careful investigation, 
he found no lot without its drawbacki, 
and resolved to return to the "happy 
valley."— Dr. Johnson: Rasselas (1759). 

The mad astronomer, who imagined that he possessed 
the regulation of the weather and the distribution of 



the seasons, (a an original character fa romance ; a*4 
til* " happy ralley,' T in which Rasselas resides, is 
sketched with poetic feeling.— Young. 

Rat destroys a whole Province 

{A). One of the richest provinces of 
Holland was once inundated by a hole 
made in the dykes by a single water-rat 

(" How great a fire a little spark kind- 
leth ! ") 

Rat -without a Tail. Witches 
could assume any animal form, but the 
tail was ever wanting. Thus, a cat with- 
out a tail, a rat without a tail, a dog 
without a tail, were witch-forms. (See 
Macbeth, act i. sc, 3.) 

Rats {Devoured by). Archbishop 
Hatto, count Graaf, bishop Widerolf of 
S-rasburg, bishop Adolph of Cologne, and 
Freiherrvon Giittingen, were all devoured 
by rats. (See Hatto, p. 474.) 

Ratcliffe (James), a notorious thief. 
— Sir W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Ratcliffe {Mr. Hubert), a friend of 
sir Edward Manley "the Black Dwarf." — 
Sir W. Scott: The Black Dwarf {time, 
Anne). 

Ratcliffe {Mrs.), the widow of " don 
Carlos " who rescued Sheva at Cadiz 
from an auto da fe. 

Charles Ratcliffe, clerk qf sir Stephen 
Bertram, discharged because he had a 
pretty sister, and sir Stephen had a 
young son. Charles supported his 
widowed mother and his sister by his 
earnings. He rescued Sheva, the Jew, 
from a howling London mob, and was 
left the heir of the old man's property. 

Miss [Eliza'] Ratcliffe, sister of Charles, 
clandestinely married to Charles Bertram, 
and given j£ 10,000 by the Jew to reconcile 
sir Stephen Bertram to the alliance. She 
was handsome, virtuous, and elegant, 
mild, modest, and gentle. — Cumberland : 
The Jew (1776). 

Rath'mor, chief of Clutha {the 
Clyde), and father of Calthon and Colmar. 
Dunthalmo lord of Teutha "came in his 
pride against him," and was overcome, 
whereupon his anger rose, and he went 
by night with his warriors, and slew 
Rathmor in his own halls, where his 
feasts had so often been spread for 
strangers. — Ossian : Calthon and Colmal. 

Rattlin (Jack), a famous naval cha- 
racter in Smollett's Roderick Random. 
Tom Bowling Is in the same novel 
(«749)- 



RATTLIN THE REEFER. 



900 



RAVENSWOOD. 



Rattlin the Reefer, published in 
the works of captain Marryat, was by 
Edward Howard. 

On the 29th September, at Sydney, New South 
Wales, captain Frederick Howard, R.N., youngest 
son of the late Edward Howard, author of Rattlin 
the Reefer. — Times, November 10, 1892. 

Rattray (Sir Runnion), of Runna- 
gullion ; the duelling friend of sir Mungo 
Malagrowther. — Sir W. Scott: Fortunes 
of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Raucocan'ti, the buffo of a troupe 
of singers going to act in Sicily. The 
whole were captured by Lambro the 
pirate, and sold in Turkey for slaves. 

"Twould not become myself to dwell upon 

My own merits, and, tho' young, I see, sir, you [Don 

Jnan\ 
Have got a travelled air, which speaks you one 
To whom the opera is by na means new. 
You've heard of Raucocanti? I'm that man . . . 
You was \sic\ not last year at the fair of Lugo, 
But next, when I'm engaged to sing there,— do go. 
Byron ; Don Juan, iv. 88 (1820). 

RAVEN, emblem of Denmark, and 
standard of the Danes. Necromantic 
powers are ascribed to it. Asser says, 
in his Life of Alfred, If the Danes 
were destined to gain a victory, " a live 
crow would appear flying on the middle 
of the unfurled flag; but if they were 
doomed to be defeated, the flag would 
hang down motionless ; " and this, he 
continues, "was often proved to be so." 

• . • The raven banner was called Lan- 
deyda ("the desolation of the country"), 
and its device was woven by the daughters 
of Regner Lodbrok. 

... we have shattered back 
The hugest wave from Norseland ever yet 
Surged on us, and our battle-axes broken 
The Raven's wing, and dumbed the carrion croak 
From the gray sea for ever. 

Tennyson : Harold, Iv. 3 (1873). 

Raven (The), a poem by Poe (1831). 

Raven {Barnaby's), Grip, a large bird, 
of most impish disposition. Its usual 
phrases were: "I'm a devil! " "Never say 
die 1 " " Polly, put the kettle on ! " He also 
uttered a cluck like cork-drawing, a 
barking like a dog, and a crowing like a 
cock. Barnaby Rudge used to carry it 
about in a basket at his back. The bird 
drooped while it was in jail with his 
master, but after Barnaby's reprieve 

It soon recovered its good looks, and became as 
glossy and sleek as ever . . . but for a whole year it 
never indulged in any other sound than a grave and 
decorous croak. . . . One bright summer morning 
. . . the bird advanced with iantastic steps to the 
door of the Maypole, and then cried, " I'm a devil 1 " 
three or four times with extraordinary rapture, . . . 
and from that time constantly practised and improved 
himself in the vulgar tongue.— Dicken s : Barnaby 
Rudge, ii. (1841). 

Raven (Noah's). It is said that Noah, 



at the end of forty days, "sent forth a 
raven, which went to and fro [the ark] till 
the waters fof the Flood] were dried up 
from the earth" (Gen. viii. 7). It is 
usually said that the raven fed on the 
dead bodies, and thus supplied itself with 
daily food. But before the mariner's 
compass was invented, the sea-kings and 
others employed ravens to ascertain if 
land was in sight. If not, the raven 
returned to the ship, but if it saw land it 
did not return. 

Floco, leaving Hletlandia, took certayn ravens unto 
him, and when he thought he had sayled a great way, 
he sent forth one raven, which, flying aloft, went back 
again to Hiedandia. . . . Whereupon Floco per- 
ceived he was nearer to Hietlandia than to any other 
countaye, and therefore courageously going forward, 
he sent forth another raven, which, because it could 
see no land ... lit upon the ship again. Lastly, he 
sent forth a third raven . . . which through the sharp- 
ness of her sight, having discerned land, flew thither, 
and Floco, following, beheld the eastern side of the 
island.— Arngrim jfonas ("Floco's Journey from 
Shetland to Iceland *). 

Ravens of Owain (The). Owain 
had in his army 300 ravens, who were 
irresistible. It is thought that these 
ravens were warriors who bore this device 
on their shields. 

A man who caused the birds to fly upon the host, 
Like the ravens of Owain eager for prey. 
Bleddynt Vardd: Myvyrian Archaiology, i. 363. 

Ravens once White. One day, 
a raven told Apollo that Coro'nis, a 
Thessalian nymph whom he passionately 
loved, was faithless. Apollo, in his rage, 
shot the nymph, but hated the raven, 
and " bade him prate in white plumes 
never more." — Ovid: Metamorphoses, ii. 

Ravenspurn, at the mouth of the 
Humber, where Henry IV. landed, in 
1399, to depose Richard II. It no 
longer exists, having been wholly en- 
gulfed by the sea, but no record exists 
of the date of this catastrophe. 

Ra'venstone or Ra'benstein, the 

stone gibbet of Germany. So called 
from the ravens which perch on it. 

Do you think 
111 honour you so much as save your throat 
From the ravenstone, by choking you myself? 
Byron : Werner, ii. 2 (1822). 

Ravens-wood. (Allan lord of), a 
decayed Scotch nobleman of the royalist 
party. 

Master Edgar Ravenswood, the son of 
Allan. In love with Lucy Ashton, 
daughter of sir William Ashton lord- 
keeper of Scotland. The lovers plight 
their troth at the " Mermaid's Fountain," 
but Lucy is compelled to marry Frank 
Hayston laird of Bucklaw. The bride, 
in a fit of insanity, attempts to murder 



RAWHEAD AND BLOODY-BONES. 901 

the bridegroom, and dies in convulsions. 
Bucklaw recovers, and goes abroad. 
Colonel Ashton appoints a hostile meet- 
ing with Edgar ; but young Ravenswood, 
on his way to the place appointed, is lost 
in the quicksands of Kelpies Flow, in 
accordance with an ancient prophecy. — 
Sir IV. Scott: Bride of Lammermoor 
(time, William III.). 

(In Donizetti's opera of Lucia di Lam- 
mermoor, Bucklaw dies of the wound 
inflicted by the bride, and Edgar, heart- 
broken, comes on the stage and kills 
himself.) 

The catastrophe in the Bride of Lammermoor, where 
[Edgar] Ravenswood is swallowed up by a quicksand, 
is singularly grand in romance, but would be in- 
admissible in a drama.— Encyc. Brit. (article 
" Romance "). 

Rawhead and Bloody-Bones, 

two bogies or bugbears, generally coupled 
together. In some cases the phrase is 
employed to designate one and the 
same "shadowy sprite." 

Servants awe children ... by telling: them of Raw- 
head and Bloody-bones. —Locke. 



Rayland {Mrs.), the domineering 
lady of the Old Manor-House, by Char- 
lotte Smith (1749-1806). 

Mrs. Rayland is a sort of queen Elizabeth la private 
Ufe.-S»> IV. Scott. 

Raymond, count of Toulouse, the 
Nestor of the crusaders. He slays 
Aladine king of Jerusalem, and plants 
the Christian standard on the tower of 
David. — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered, 
xx. (1516). 

(Introduced by sir W. Scott in Count 
Robert 0/ Paris, a novel of the period of. 
Rufus.) 

Raymond {Sir Charles), a country 
gentleman, the friend and neighbour of 
sir Robert Belmont. 

Colonel Raymond, son of sir Charles, 
in love with Rosetta Belmont. Being 
diffident and modest, Rosetta delights in 
tormenting him, and he is jealous even of 
William Faddle "a fellow made up of 
knavery, noise, and impudence." 

Harriet Raymond, daughter of sir 
Charles, whose mother died in giving 
her birth. She was committed to the care 
of a governante, who changed her name 
to Fidelia, wrote to sir Charles to say 
that she was dead, and sold her at 
the age of 12 to a villain named Villard. 
Charles Belmont, hearing her cries of 
distress, rescued her and took her home. 
The governante at death confessed the 
truth, and Charles Belmont married her. 
—Edw. Moore: The Foundling (1748). 



REASON. 

Raz'eka, the giver of food, one of th* 
four gods of the Adites (2 syl.). 

We called on Razeka for food. 
Southey : Thalaba the Destroyer, L M (1797). 

Razor, a barber who could " think 
of nothing but poor old England." He 
was the friend and neighbour of Quid- 
nunc the upholsterer, who was equally 
crazy about the political state of the 
nation, and the affairs of Europe in 
general — Murphy : The Upholsterer 
(1758). 



Razor ( To cut blocks with a), i.e. to 
crush a fly on a wheel. Oliver Goldsmith 
said of Edward Burke, the statesman — 

Too deep for his hearers, he went on refining, 

And thought of convincing, while they thought ot 

dining ; 
Tho equal to all things, to all things unfit : 
Too nice for a statesman, too proud for a wit ; 
For a patriot too cool; for a drudge disobedient; 
And too fond of the right to pursue the expedient. 
In short, 'twas his fate, unemployed or in place, sir, 
To eat mutton cold, and cut blocks with a razor. 

Retaliation (1774). 

The National Razor. The guillotine 
was so called in the first French Revo- 
lution. 

Read {Sir William), a tailor, who set 
up for oculist, and was knighted by 
queen Anne. This quack was employed 
both by queen Anne and George I. Sir 
William could not read. He professed 
to cure wens, wry-necks, and hare-lips 
(died 1715). 

None shall their rise to merit owe- 
That popish doctrine Is exploded quite, 
Or Ralph had been no duke, and Read no knight. 
A Political Squib of the Period. 

'.' The " Ralph " referred to is Ralph 
Montagu, created viscount in 1682, and 
duke of Montagu in 1705 (died 1709). 

Ready - to - Halt, a pilgrim who 
journeyed to the Celestial City on 
crutches. He joined Mr. Greatheart's 
party, and was carried to heaven in a 
chariot of fire. — Bunyan : Pilgrim's 
Progress, ii. (1684). 

Real Life in London, or ' ' The 

Rambles and Adventures of Rob Tallyho, 
Esq., and his cousin, the honourable Tom 
Dashall, through the Metropolis," by 
Pierce Egan (1821-22). (See Life in 
London (1824), p. 612.) 

Reason ( The goddess of), in the French 
Revolution, some say, was the wife of 
Momoro the printer ; Lamartine says it 
was Mile. Malliard, an actress; Michelet 
says it was Mile. Aubray. Probably the 
foolery was repeated by different parties 



REASON. 



90a 



RED CROSS KNIGHT. 



at different times— apparently thrice at 
least. 

Chaumette, assisted by Lais, an actor of the Opera, 
had arranged the fite of December 20, 1793. Mile. 
Malliard, an actress, brilliant with youth and talent, 
played the part of the goddess. She was borne in a 
palanquin, the canopy of which was formed of oak 
branches. Women in white, with tri-coloured sashes, 

Preceded her. Attired with theatrical buskins, a 
hrygian cap, and a blue chlamys over a transparent 
tunic, she was taken to the foot of the altar, and seated 
there. Behind her burnt an immense torch, symboliz- 
ing "the flame of philosophy," the true light of the 
world. Chaumette, taking a censer in his hands, fell 
on his knees to the goddess, and offered incense, and 
the whole concluded with dancing and song.— M. dt 
Lamartine. 

Reason (The Age of), by Thomas 

Paine (1792-96). 

(It was answered by Watson, bishop 
of Llandaff, in 1796. ) 

Reasonableness of Christianity 

(The), by John Locke (1695). 

Rebecca, leader of the Rebeccaftes, 
a band of Welsh rioters, who in 1843 
made a raid upon toll-gates. The captain 
and his guard disguised themselves in 
female attire. 

*.- This name arose from a gross 
perversion of a text in Scripture, "And 
they blessed Rebekah, and said unto her, 
... let thy seed possess the gate of those 
which hate them " (Gen. xxiv. 60). 

Rebecca, daughter of Isaac the Jew ; 
meek, modest, and high-minded. She 
loves Ivanhoe, who has shown great kind- 
ness to her and to her father ; and when 
Ivanhoe marries Rowena, both Rebecca 
and her father leave England for a 
foreign land.— Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Rebecca (Mistress), the favourite 
waiting-maid of Mrs. Margaret Bertram 
of Singleslde.'— Sir W. Scott: Guy Man- 
nering (time, George II.). 

Rebecca and Rowena, "a romance 
upon a romance," i.e. a satirical romance 
on Scott's romance of Ivanhoe: by Thack- 
eray (1850). 

Rebellion and Civil Wars in 

England (History of the), by Edward 
Hyde, earl of Clarendon (1702). 

(Bishop Sprat and dean Aldrich added 
a continuation in 1826.) 

Record, noted for his superlatives, 
" most presumptuous," " most auda- 
cious," " most impatient," as — 

Oh, you will, most audacious. . . . Look at hiin, most 
Inquisitive. . . . Under lock and key, most noble. . . . 
I will, most dignified.— 5. Birch: The Adopted Child. 

Recruiting* Officer ( The), a comedy 
by G. B'arquhar (1705). The " recruiting 



officer" is sergeant Kite, his superior 
officer is captain Plume, and the recruit 
is Sylvia, who assumes the military dress 
of her brother and the name of Jack 
Wilful, alias Pinch. Her father, justice 
Balance, allows the name to pass the 
muster, and when the trick is discovered, 
to prevent scandal, the justice gives her 
in marriage to the captain. 

Red Book of Hergest (The), a 
collection of children's tales in Welsh ; so 
called from the name of the place where 
it was discovered. Each tale is called 
in Welsh a mabinogi, and the entire col- 
lection is the Mabinogion (from mab, 
"a child"). The tales relate chiefly to 
Arthur and the early British kings. A 
translation in three vols., with notes, 
was published by lady Charlotte Guest 
(1838-49). 

Red-Cap (Mother), an old nurse at 
the Hungerford Stairs.— Sir IV. Scott: 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Red-Cap (Mother). Madame Bufflon 
was so called, because her bonnet was 
deeply coloured with her own blood in a 
street fight at the outbreak of the French 
Revolution . — Melville. 

Red-Cotton Night-Cap Country, 

or "Turf and Towers;" a poem by 
R. Browning (1873). A real-life drama 
enacted partly in Paris, partly in Nor- 
mandy. The story is as follows : Leonce 
Miranda was son and heir to a wealthy 
Spanish jeweller in the Place Vendome. 
He fell in love with an adventuress, Clara 
'Mulhausen, retired with her from Paris, 
and took up his abode at Clairvaux in an 
old priory. His mother died from grief at 
her son's wrong-doing, and Miranda at 
first tried to abjure Clara; but, his love 
being too strong, he lived with her again. 
At last, tired of life, he threw himself from 
the top of his Belvedere and was killed. 
The title of the book arose as follows : The 
volume is dedicated to Miss Thackeray. 
She and Browning met at St. Aubyn, and 
she called the place, for a joke, " White- 
Cotton Night-Cap Country," from its 
sleepy appearance and the white cap 
universally worn. Mr. Browning called 
his story, Red-Cotton, etc, from the 
tragedy of Clairvaux. 

(The real names of the characters are 
found in Mrs. Sutherland Orr's Handbook 
to Browning, p. 261.) 

Red Cross Knight (The) repre- 
sents St. George the patron saint of Eng- 



RED FLAQ. 

land. His adventures, which occupy 
bk. i. of Spenser's Faerie Queene, sym- 
bolize the struggles and ultimate victory 
of holiness over sin (or protestantism over 
popery). Una comes on a white ass to 
the court of Gloriana, and craves that one 
of the knights would undertake to slay 
the dragon which kept her father and 
mother prisoners. The Red Cross Knight, 
arrayed in all the armour of God (Eph. 
vi. 11-17), undertakes the adventure, and 
goes, accompanied for a time with Una ; 
but, deluded by Archimago, he quits the 
lady, and the two meet with numerous 
adventures. At last, the knight, having 
slain the dragon, marries Una ; and thus 
holiness is allied to truth (1590). 

Red Flag 1 (A) signified war in the 
Roman emp:re ; and when displayed on 
the capitol it was a call for assembling 
the military for active service. 

Bed Hair. Judas was represented in 
ancient paintings with red hair and red 
beard. 

His very hair Is of the dissembling colour, 
Something browner than Judas s. 
Shakespeare : As You Like It, act It. ac 4 (1600J. 

Red Hand of Ulster. 

Calverley of Calverley, Yorkshire. 
Walter Calverley, Esq., in 1605, mur- 
dered two of his children, and attempted 
to murder his wife and a child " at 
nurse." This became the subject of The 
Yorkshire Tragedy. In consequence of 
these murders, the family is required to 
we.ir " the bloody hand." 

II The Holt family, of Lancashire, has 
a similar tradition connected with their 
coat armour. 

Bed Horse [Vale of the), in War- 
wickshire ; so called from a horse cut in 
a hill of reddish soil, "a witness of that 
day we won upon the Danes." 

White bora* Is . . . exalted to the skies ; 

But Red horse of you all conten.ned only lies. 

Drmyten : Polyoibion, xiii. (1613). 

Bed Knight {The), sir Perirao'nes, 
one of the four brothers who kept the 
passages leading to Castle Perilous. In 
the allegory of Gareth, this knight repre- 
sents noon, and was the third brother. 
Night, the eldest born, was slain by sir 
Gareth; the Green Knigt, which repre- 
sents the young day-spring, was over- 
come, but not slain ; and the Red Knight, 
being overcome, was spared also. The 
reason is this : darkness is slain, but 
dawn is only overcome by the stronger 
light of noon, and noon decays into the 



903 RED PIPE. 

evening twilight. Tennyson, in his 
Gareth and Lynette, calls sir Perimonfis 
"Meridies" or "Noonday Sun." The 
Latin name is not consistent with a 
British tale.— Sir T. Malory; History of 
Prince Arthur, L 129(1470); Tennyson: 
Idylls. 

Red Knight of the Red Lands 

(The), sir Ironside. "He had the 
strength of seven men, and every day his 
strength went on increasing till noon." 
This knight kept the lady Liones captive 
in Castle Perilous. In the allegory of 
sir Gareth, sir Ironside represents death, 
and the captive lady "the Bride" or 
Church triumphant Sir Gareth combats 
with Night, Morn, Noon, and Evening, 
or fights the fight of faith, and then over- 
comes the last enemy, which is death, 
when he marries the lady or is received 
into the Church which is "the Lamb's 
Bride." Tennyson, in his Gareth and 
Lynette, makes the combat with the Red 
Knight ("Mors" or "Death") to be a 
single stroke ; but the History says that 
it endured from morn to noon, and from 
noon to night — in fact, that man's whole 
life is a contest with moral and physical 
death.— Sir T. Malory : History of 
Prince Arthur, i. 134-137 (1470) ; Tenny- 
son : Idylls ( ' ' Gareth and Lynette "). 

Red Land (The). Westphalia was 
so called by the members of the Vehna- 
gericht. 

Originally, none but an inhabitant of the Red Land 
. . . could be admitted a member of the Wissende [#r 
secret tribunal\.— Chambers : Encyclopedia, It. ati. 

Bed-Lattice Phrases, ale-house 
talk. Red lattices or chequers were 
ordinary ale-house signs. — Shakespeare: 
Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 4 
('596). 

The chequers were the arms of Fhawarren, the head 
of which house. In the days of the Henrys, iras invested 
with the power of licensing the establishments of 
vintners and publicans. Houses licensed notified the 
same by displaying the Fltxwarren arm*.— Times, April 

Bed Pipe. The Great Spirit long 
ago called the Indians together, and, 
standing on the red pipe-stone rock, 
broke off a piece, which he made into a 
pipe, and smoked, leiting the smoke 
exhale to the four quarters. He then 
told the Indians that the red pipe-stone 
was their flesh, and they must use the 
red pipe when they made peace ; and that 
when they smoked it the war-club and 
seal ping-knife must not be touched. 
Having so spoken, the Great Spirit was 



RED RIDING-HOOD. 904 

received up into the clouds. — American- 
Indian Mythology. 

The red pipe has blown Its fumes of peace and war 
to the remotest corners of the continent. It visited 
every warrior, and passed through its reddened stem 
the irrevocable oath of war and desolation. Here, too, 
the peace-breathing calumet was born, and fringed 
with eagle's quills, which had shed its thrilling fumes 
ovei the land, and soothed the fury of the relentless 
savage.— Cettlin : Letters an . . . the North Americans, 
ii. 160. 

lied Riding-Hood {Little), a child 
with a red cloak, who goes to carry cakes 
to her grandmother. A wolf placed itself 
in the grandmother's bed, and when the 
child remarked upon the size of its eyes, 
ears, and nose, replied it was the better 
to see, hear, and smell the little grand- 
child. " But, grandmamma," said the 
child, "what' a great mouth you have 
got 1 " " The better to eat you up," was 
the reply, and the child was devoured by 
the wolf. 

(This nursery tale is, with slight varia- 
tions, common to Sweden, Germany, and 
France. In Charles Perrault's Contes des 
F&s(i6g7) it is called " Le Petit Chaperon 
Rouge.") 

Red Sea (The). So called by the 
Greeks and Romans. Perhaps because 
it was the sea of Edom (" the red man ") ; 
perhaps because the shore is a red sand ; 
perhaps because the waters are reddened 
by red sea-weeds or a red bottom. The 
Hebrews called it "The Weedy Sea" 
( Yam-Suph). 

The Rede Sea is not more rede than any other sea, 
but in some places thereof is the gravelle rede, and 
therefore men clepen it the Rede Sea. — Mandeville : 
Travels (1499). 

Red Swan (The). Odjibwa, hearing 
a strange noise, saw in the lake a most 
beautiful red swan. Pulling his bow, he 
took deliberate aim, without effect. He 
shot every arrow from his quiver with 
the same result ; then, fetching from his 
father's medicine-sack three poisoned 
arrows, he shot them also at the bird. 
The last of the three arrows passed 
through the swan's neck, whereupon the 
bird rose into the air, and sailed away 
towards the setting sun. — Schoolcraft : 
Algic Researches, ii. 9 (1839). 

Redgauntlet, a story, told in a series 
of letters, about a conspiracy formed 
by sir Edward Hugh Redgauntlet, on 
behalf of the " Young Pretender " Charles 
Edward, then above 40 years of age. 
The conspirators insist that the prince 
should dismiss his mistress, Miss Walk- 
ingshaw ; and, as he refuses to comply 
with this demand, they abandon their 



REDLAW. 



enterprise. Just as a brig is prepared for 
the prince's departure from the island, 
colonel Campbell arrives with the mili- 
tary. He connives, however, at the affair, 
the conspirators disperse, the prince em- 
barks, and Redgauntlet becomes the 
prior of a monastery abroad. This is 
one of the inferior novels, but is redeemed 
by the character of Peter Peebles. — Sir 
W. Scott: Redgauntlet (1824). 

Redgauntlet embodies a great deal ot Scott's own 
personal history and experience.— Chambers: English 
Literature, U. 589. 

Sir Alberick Redgauntlet, an ancestor 
of the family. 

Sir Edward Redgauntlet, son of sir 
Alberick ; killed by his father's horse. 

Sir Robert Redgauntlet, an old tory, 
mentioned in Wandering Willie's tale. 

Sir John Redgauntlet, son and suc- 
cessor of sir Robert, mentioned in Wan- 
dering Willie's tale. 

Sir Redwald Redgauntlet, son of sir 
John. 

Sir Henry Darsie Redgauntlet, son of 
sir Redwald. 

Lady Henry Darsie Redgauntlet, wife 
of sir Henry Darsie. 

Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet, alias 
Darsie Latimer, son of sir Henry and 
lady Darsie. 

Miss Lilias Redgauntlet, alias Green- 
mantle, sister of sir Arthur. She marries 
Allan Fairford. 

Sir Edward Hugh Redgauntlet, the 
Jacobite conspirator. He is uncle to 
Darsie Latimer, and is called " Laird of 
the Lochs," alias "Mr. Herries of Bir- 
renswark," alias " Master Ingoldsby." — 
Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Redi (Francis), an Italian physician 
and lyric poet. He was first physician 
to the grand-duke of Tuscany (1626- 
1698). 

Even Redi, tho* he chanted 
Bacchus in the Tuscan valleys, 

Never drank the wine he vaunted 
In his dithyrambic sallies. 

Longfellow: Drinking Song. 

Redlaw (Mr.), the "haunted man." 
He is a professor of chemistry, who bar- 
gained with the spirit which haunted him 
to leave him, on condition of his impart- 
ing to others his own idiosyncrasies. 
From this moment the chemist carried 
with him the infection of sullenness. 
On Christmas Day the infection ceased, 
Redlaw lost his morbid feelings, and all 
who suffered by his infection, being 
healed, were restored to love, mirth, 



REDMAIN. 

benevolence, and gratitude. — Dickens: 
The Haunted Man (1848). 

Redmain (Sir Magnus), governor of 
the town of Berwick (fifteenth century). 

He was remarkable for his long red beard, and was 
therefore called by the English " Magnus Red-beard," 
but by the Scotch, in derision, " Magnus Red-mane," 
u if his beard had been a horse-mane. — Godscroft, 178. 

Redmond O'Neale, Rokeby's page, 
beloved by Rokeby's daughter Matilda, 
whom he marries. He turns out to be 
Mortham's son and heir. — Sir W. Scott : 
Rokeby (1812). 

Reece ( Captain ), R. N. , of the Mantel- 
piece ; adored by all his crew. They had 
feather-beds, warm slippers, hot-water 
cans, brown Windsor soap, and a valet to 
every four, for captain Reece said, " It is 
my duty to make my men happy, and I 
will." Captain Reece had a daughter, ten 
female cousins, a niece, and a ma, six 
sisters, and an aunt or two, and, at the 
suggestion of William Lee the coxswain, 
married these ladies to his crew — " It is 
my duty to make my men happy, and I 
wilL" Last of all, captain Reece married 
the widowed mother of his coxswain, and 
they were all married on one day — ' * It 
was their duty, and they did it." — Gilbert: 
The Bab Ballads ("Captain Reece, 
R.N."). 

Reeve's Tale {The). Symond Sym- 
kyn, a miller of Trompington, near 
Cambridge, used to serve ' ' Soler Hall 
College," but was an arrant thief. Two 
scholars, Aleyn and John, undertook to 
see that a sack of corn sent to be ground 
was not tampered with ; so one stood by 
the hopper, and one by the trough which 
received the flour. In the mean time, the 
miller let their horse loose, and, when the 
young men went to fetch it, purloined 
half a bushel of the flour, substituting 
meal instead. It was so late before the 
horse could be caught, that the miller 
offered the two scholars a " shakedown" 
in his own chamber, but when they were 
in bed he began to belabour them un- 
mercifully. A scuffle ensued, in which 
the miller, being tripped up, fell upon his 
wife. His wife, roused from her sleep, 
seized a stick, and mistaking the bald 
pate of her husband for the night-cap of 
one of the young men, banged it so 
lustily that the man was almost stunned 
with the blows. In the mean time, the 
two scholars made off without payment, 
taking with tlv m the sack and also the 
halt-bushel of flour which had been made 



90S 



REGILLUS. 



into cakes.— Chaucer: Canterbury Tales 
(1388). 

H Boccaccio has a similar story in 
his Decameron. It is also the subject of 
a fabliau entitled De Gombert et des 
Deux Clers. Chaucer borrowed his story 
from a fabliau given by Thomas Wright 
in his Anecdota Literaria, 15. 

Reformado Captain, an officer 
shelved or degraded because his troops 
have been greatly reduced. 

Reformation ( The). It was noticed 
in the early Lollards, and was radiant in 
the works of Wycliffe. 

It was present in the pulpit of Pierre 
de Bruys, in the pages of Arnoldo da 
Brescia, in the cell of Roger Bacon. 

It was active in the field with Peter 
Revel, in the castle of lord Cobham, in 
the pulpit with John Huss, in the camp 
with John Ziska, in the class-room of 
Pico di Mirandola, in the observatory 
of Abraham Zacuto, and the college of 
Antonio di Lebrija, before father Martin 
was born. 

Reg'an, second daughter of king 
Lear, and wife of the duke of Cornwall. 
Having received the half of her father's 
kingdom under profession of unbounded 
love, she refused to entertain him with 
his suite. On the death of her husband, 
she designed to marry Edmund natural 
son of the earl of Gloster, and was 
poisoned by her elder sister Goneril out 
of jealousy. Regan, like Goneril, is 
proverbial for " filial ingratitude." — 
Shakespeare : King Lear ( 1 605) . 

Regent Diamond (The). So called 
from the regent duke of Orleans. This 
diamond, the property of France, at first 
set in the crown, and then in the sword 
of state, was purchased in India by a 
governor of Madras, of whom the regent 
bought it for ,£80,000. 

Regillus (The Battle of the Lake). 
Regillus Lacus is about twenty miles 
east of Rome, between Gabii (north) and 
Lavicum (south). The Romans had ex- 
pelled Tarquin the Proud from the throne, 
because of the most scandalous conduct 
of his son Sextus, who had violated 
Lucretia, and abused her hospitality. 
Thirty combined cities of Latium, with 
Sabines and Volscians, took the part of 
Tarquin, and marched towards Rome. 
The Romans met the allied army at thf 
lake Regillus, and here, on July 15, B.C. 
499, they won the great battle which con- 



REGIMEN OF THE SCHOOL, ETC. 906 REJECTED ADDRESSES. 



firmed their republican constitution, and 
in which Tarquin, with his sons Sextus 
and Titus, was slain. While victory 
was still doubtful, Castor and Pollux, on 
their white horses, appeared to the Roman 
dictator, and fought for the Romans. The 
victory was complete, and ever after the 
Romans observed the anniversary of this 
battle with a grand procession and sacrifice. 
The procession started from the temple 
of Mars outside the city walls, entered by 
the Porta Capena, traversed the chief 
streets of Rome, marched past the temple 
of Vesta in the forum, and then to the 
opposite side of the great " square," where 
they had built a temple to Castor and 
Pollux iii gratitude for the aid rendered 
by them in this battle. Here offerings 
were made, and sacrifice was offered to 
the Great Twin-Brothers, the sons of 
Leda. Macaulay has a lay called Tht 
Battle of the Lake Regillus. 

Where, by the lake Regillus, 

Under the Porcian height, 
All in the land of Tusculum, 

Was fought the glorious fight. 
Macaulay : Lays of Ancient Rom* (1849). 

IT A very parallel case occurs in the life 
of Mahomet. The Koreishites had armed 
to put down " the prophet ; " but Ma- 
homet met them in arms, and on January 
13, 624, won the famous battle of Bedr. 
In the Kordn (ch. iii.), he tells us that 
the angel Gabriel, on his horse Halzum, 
appeared on the field with 3000 " angels," 
and won the battle for him. 

H In the conquest of Mexico, we are told 
that St. James appeared on his grey horse 
at the head of the Castilian adventurers, 
and led them on to victory. Bernal Diaz, 
who was in the battle, saw the grey horse, 
but fancies the rider was Francesco de 
Morla, though, he confesses, "it might be 
the glorious apostle St. James " for aught 
he knew. 

Regimen of the School of Sa- 
lerno, a collection of precepts in Latin 
verse, written by John of Milan, a poet 
of the eleventh century, for Robert duke 
of Normandy. 

A volume universally known 
At the " Regimen of the School of Salem." 
Longfellow : Tht Goldtn Legend (1851). 

Region of Death [Marovsthullt], 
Thurr, near Delhi, fatal, from some at- 
mospheric influence, especially about sun- 
set 

Regno ( The), Naples. 

Are our wiser heads leaning towards an alliance with 
the pope and the RognoT— Gttrgt Eliot (Mrs. J. W. 
Cross). 



Reg'ulns, a Roman general who 
conquered the Carthaginians (B.C. 256), 
and compelled them to sue for peace. 
While negotiations were going on, the 
Carthaginians, joined by Xanthippos the 
Lacedemonian, attacked the Romans at 
Tunis, and beat them, taking Regulus 
prisoner. In 250 the captive was sent to 
Rome to make terms of peace and demand 
exchange of prisoners ; but he used all 
his influence with the senate to dissuade 
them from coming to terms with their 
foe. On his return to captivity, the 
Carthaginians cut off his eyelashes and 
exposed him to the burning sun, then 
placed him in a barrel armed with nails, 
which was rolled up and down a hill till 
the man was dead. 

(This subject has furnished Pradon 
and Dorat with tragedies {French), and 
Metastasio the Italian poet with an opera 
called Regolo (1740). " Regulus" was a 
favourite part of the French actor Fran- 
cois J. Talma. ) 

Rehearsal ( The), a farce by George 
Villiers duke of Buckingham (1671). It 
was designed for a satire on the rhyming 
plays of the time. The chief character, 
Bayes (i syl.), is meant for Dryden. 

The name of George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, 
demands cordial mention by every writer on the stage. 
He lived in an age when plays were chiefly written in 
rhyme, which served as a vehicle for foaming senti- 
ment clouded by hyperbole. . . . The dramas of Lee 
and Settle . . . are made up of blatant couplets that 
emptily thundered through five long acts. To explode 
an unnatural custom by ridiculing it, was Bucking- 
ham's design In The Rehearsal, but in doing this the 
gratification of private dislike was a greater stimulus 
than the wish to promote the public good. — W. C. Rus- 
sell : Representative Actors. 

Reichel {Colonel), in Charles XII., 

by J. R. Planche (1826). 

Reign of Terror (The), a term 
applied to a period of anarchy, blood- 
shed, and confiscation in the French 
Revolution. It began after the fall of the 
Girondists (May 31, 1793), and extended 
to the overthrow of Robespierre and his 
accomplices (July 27, 1794). During this 
short time thousands of persons were put 
to death. 

Rejected Addresses, parodies on 

Wordsworth, Cobbett, Southey, Scott, 
Coleridge, Crabbe, Byron, Theodore 
Hook, etc., by James and Horace Smith ; 
the copyright after the sixteenth edition 
was purchased by John Murray, in 1819, 
for ^131. The directors of Drury Lane 
Theatre had offered a premium for the 
best poetical address to be spoken at 
the opening of the new building, and the 



REJUVENESCENCE. 

brothers Smith conceived the idea of 
publishing a number of poems supposed 
to have been wriiten for the occasion and 
rejected by the directors (1812). 

" I do not see why they should have been rejected," 
said a Leicestershire clergyman, "for I think some of 
them are very good." — Janus Smith. 

Rejuvenescence. (See Youth Re- 
storers.) 

Reksh, sir Rustam's horse. 

Relapse {The), a comedy by Van- 
brugh (1697). Reduced to three acts, 
and adapted to more modern times by 
Sheridan, under the title of A Trip to 
Scarborough (1777). 

Rel'dresal, principal secretary for 
private affairs in the court of Lilliput, 
and great friend of Gulliver. When it 
was proposed to put the Man-mountain 
to death forhigh treason, Reldresal moved, 
as an amendment, that the "traitor should 
have both his eyes put out, and be suffered 
to live that he might serve the nation."— 
Swift: Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage to 
Lilliput," 1726). 

•.• Probably the dean had the Bible 
story of Samson and the Philistines in 
his thoughts. 

Relics {Sacred). The most famous 
are the following : — 

(z) COAL. On* of tha coais that roasted St. Law» 

rence. 

(2) Facb. The face of a seraph, with only part at 
the nose. (See below, "Snout.") 

(3) KiNGER. A finger of St. Andrew; one of John 
the Baptist ; one of the Holy Ghost ; and the thumb of 
St. Thomas. 

(4) Handkerchiefs ( T-wo), with Impressions of tha 
face of Christ : one sent by our Lord Himself, as a 
present to Agbarus prince of Edessa ; and the other 
given to St. Veronica, as the " Man of sorrows " was on 
His way to execution. The woman had lent it to Jesus 
to wipe His brow with, and when He returned It aa 
impression of His face was photographed thereon. 

(5) HEAD. Two heads of John the Baptist. 

(6) HEM. The hem of our Lord's garment which 
the woman with the issue of blood touched; and tha 
hem of Joseph's garment. 

(7) Lock of Hair. A lock of the hair with which 
Mary Magdalene wiped the Saviour's feet. 

(8) Nail. One ot the nails used in the Crucifixion. 
set in the "Iron crown of Lombardy." 

(9) Phial of Sweat. A phial of the sweat of St. 
Michael, when he contended with Satan. 

(10) Rays OF a Star. Some of the rays of tha 
guiding star which appeared to the Wise Men of tha 
East. 

(n) Rib. A rib of tha "Verbum caro factum," or 
the Word made fiesh. 

(12) ROD. Moses' rod. 

(13) SEAMLESS COAT. The seamless coat of our 
Lord, for which lots were cast at the Crucifixion. 

(14) Slippers. A pair of slippers worn by Enoch 
before the Flood. 

(15) Snout. The "snout " of a seraph, supposed to 
have belonged to the face (see above). 

(16) Spocjn. The pap dish and spoon used by tha 
Virgin Mary for the chilil Jesus. 

117) Sword and Shield. The short sword of St. 

Michael, and bis square buckler lined with red velvet. 

(tB) TEAR. Tha taar shad by Jesus over the grave 



907 REMEMBER THOU ART MORTAL! 

of Lazarus. It was given by an angel to Mary Magda- 
lene. 

(19) TOOTH. A tooth of our Lord Himself. 

jao) WATER-POT. One of the water-pots used at 
the marriage at Cant, in Galilee. 

This list is taken from Brady'* Ciavis CaUndaria, 
■40 (1839). 

It appears by the confessions of the Inquisition that 
instances of failure have occurred ; but the sacred relics 
have always recovered their virtue (as Galbert, a mouk 
of Marchiennes informs us) "after they hava bean 
flogged with rods."— Brady, aar. 

IT In the Hotel de Cluny, Paris, I was 
shown a ring which I was assured con- 
tained part of one of the thorns of the 
"crown of thorns." 

Religio Laici, a poem by Dryden. 
He says that at one time the clergy traded 
on the ignorance of the people, but that 
now the Bible is well known and well 
abused (1682). 

So, all we make of Heaven's discovered will 
Is not to have it, or to use it ill. 

(In this poem Dryden stood fast to the 
Church of England. In the Hind and 
the Panther (1687), the Hind— 

Without unspotted, innocent within, 

[Which] feared no danger, for she knew no tin— 

is the Church of Rome. Sir Thomas 
Brown wrote a prose treatise called Re- 
ligio Medici, in defence of the Reformed 

Religion.) 

Reliqnes of Ancient English 
Poetry, consisting of ballads, songs, 
etc. , of our early poets, by Thomas Percy 
(1765). A capital book. 

Reloxa, the clock town. (From the 
Spanish re/ox, " a clock.") 

It would be an excellent joke, indeed, If the natives 
of Reloxa ware to slay every one who only asked them 
what o'clock it was.— CtrvanUs ; Don Quixote, II. ii. 8 
(1615). 

Remember Thou art Mortal! 

When a Roman conqueror entered the 
city in triumph, a slave was placed in 
the chariot to whisper from time to time 
into the ear of the conqueror, " Remem- 
ber thou art a man ! " 

IT Vespasian, the Roman emperor, had 
a slave who said to him daily, as he left 
his chamber, " Remember thou art a 
man ! " 

1f In the ancient Egyptian banquets it 
was customary during the feast to draw a 
mummy in a car round the banquet-hall, 
while one uttered aloud, " To this estate 
you must come at last l " 

If When the sultan of Serendib {i.e. 
Ceylon) went abroad, his vizier cried 
aloud, "This is the great monarch, the 
tremendous sultan of the Indies . . . 
greater than Solima or the grand Mihr- 
age 1 " An officer behind the monarch 



REMOIS. 

then exclaimed, "This monarch, though 
so great and powerful, must die, must 
die, must die 1 " — Arabian Nights ("Sin- 
bad," sixth voyage). 

Remois (a syl. ), the people of Rheims, 
in France. 

Remond, a shepherd in Britannia's 
Pastorals, by William Browne (1613). 

Remond, young Remond, that full well could sing, 

And tune his pipe at Pan's birth carolling; 

Who, for his nimble leaping, sweetest layes, 

A laurell garland wore on holidayes ; 

In framing of whose hand dame Nature swore, 

Ti.ere never was his like, nor should be more. 

Pastoral, L 

Rem'ora, a little fish, which fastens 
itself on the keel of a ship, and impedes 
its progress. 

The shippe is as insensible of the living as of the 
dead ; as the living malce it not goe the faster, so the 
dead make it not goe the slower, for the dead are no 
Rhemoras [sic] to alter the course of her passage.— 
Helpe to Memory, etc., 56 (1630). 

A goodly ship with banners bravely dight. 

And flag on her top-gallant I espied. ... 

All suddenly there clove unto her keel 

A little fish that men call Remora, 

Which stopped her course and held her by the heel. 

That wind nor tide could move her thence away. 
Spenser: Sonnets (1591). 

Rem'ores, birds which retard the 
execution of a project 

" Remores " aves in auspicio dicuntur quse acturum 
aliquid remorari compellunt. — Ftstus : De Verborum 
Sign ifica Hone. 

Re'naud, one of the paladins of 
Charlemagne, always described with the 
properties of a borderer, valiant, alert, 
ingenious, rapacious, and unscrupulous. 
Better known in the Italian form Rinaldo 
(q.v.). 

Renault, a Frenchman, and one of 
the chief conspirators in which Pierre 
was concerned. When Jaffier joined the 
conspiracy, he gave his wife Belvide'ra a 
surety of his fidelity, and a dagger to be 
used against him if he proved unfaithful. 
Renault attempted the honour of the 
lady, and Jaffier took her back in order 
to protect her from. such insults. The 
old villain died on the wheel, and no one 
pitied him. — Otway : Venice Preserved 
(1682). 

Rene, the old king of Provence, father 
of queen Margaret of Anjou (wife of 
Henry VI. of England). He was fond 
of the chase and tilt, poetry and music. 
Thiebault says he gave in largesses to 
knights-errant and minstrels more than 
he received in revenue (ch. xxix. ). — Sir W. 
Scott : Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Rene (a syl), the hero and title of a 



908 



RESTLESS. 



romance by Chateaubriand (1801). It 
was designed for an episode to his Ginie 
du Christianisme (1802). Rene" is a man 
of social inaction, conscious of possessing 
a superior genius ; but his pride produces 
in him a morbid bitterness of spirit. 

Rene [Leblanc], notary public of 
Grand Pre\ in Acadia {Nova Scotia). 
Bent with age, but with long yellow hair 
flowing over his shoulders. He was the 
father of twenty children, and had a 
hundred grandchildren. When Acadia 
was ceded by the French to England, 
George II. confiscated the goods of the 
simple colonists, and drove them into 
exile. Rene* went to Pennsylvania, where 
he died and was buried. — Longfellow: 
Evangeline (1849). 

Rentowel (Mr. yabesh), a covenant- 
ing preacher.— S ir W. Scott: Waver ley 
(time, George II.). 

With the vehemence of some pulpit-drumming Gowk- 
thrapple [JVaverley] or " precious " Mr. Jabesh Ren- 
towel.— CarlyU. 

Renzo and Lucia, the hero and 
heroine of an Italian novel by Alessando 
Manzoni, entitled The Betrothed Lover 
("Promessi Sposi "). This novel con- 
tains an account of the Bread Riot and 
plague of Milan. Cardinal Borro'meo is, 
of course, introduced. There is an Eng- 
lish translation (1827). 

Representative Men, in a series 
of lectures by R. W. Emerson (1849); 

Plato (of a philosopher). 
S-wedtnborg (of a mystic). 
Montaigne (of a sceptic). 
Shakespeare (of a poet). 
Napoleon (of a man of the world). 
Goethe (of a writer). 

Republican Queen (The), Sophie 
Charlotte, wife of Prederick I. of Prussia. 

Resolute (The), John Florio, philo- 
logist. He was the tutor of prince Henry 
(1545-1625). 

(This "Florio" was the prototype of 
Shakespeare's " HolofernSs.") 

Resolute Doctor ( The), John Bacon- 
thorp (*-i346). 

•." Guillaume Durandus de St. Pour- 

g.in was called "The Most Resolute 
octor " (1267-1332). 

Restless (Sir John), the suspicious 

husband of a suspicious wife. Both are 
made wretched by their imaginings of the 
other's infidelity, but neither has the 
slightest ground for such suspicion. 
Lady Restless, wife of sir John. As 



RETALIATION. 



909 



REVOLT OF ISLAM. 



she has a fixed idea that her husband is 
inconstant, she is always asking the ser- 
vants, "Where is sir John?" '• Is sir 
Iohn returned ? " " Which way did sir 
ohn go ? " " Has sir John received any 
etters ? " " Who has called ? " etc. ; and, 
whatever the answer, it is to her a con- 
firmation of her surmises. — Murphy: All 
in the Wrong (1761). 

Retaliation, a trial of wit, mainly 
between Garrick and Goldsmith. 
Garrick, in 1774, wrote in the form of 

an epitaph — 

Here lies poor Goldsmith, for shortness called Noll, 
Who wrote like an angel, but talked like poor Poll. 

To this Goldsmith replied, and called 
Garrick 

... a salad ; for in him we see 

Oil, vinegar, sugar, and saltness agree. 

(In Goldsmith's retaliating verses, 
several other persons are introduced, as 
Burke, Cumberland, Macpherson, Rey- 
nolds, and some others. ) 

Return of the Druses {The), a 

tragedy by R. Browning (1848). The 
love of Aneal is divided between adora- 
tion for the Hakeem, and her love for 
Djabal whom she believes to be the 
incarnate God. (See Druses, p. 302.) 

Reuben Dixon, a village school- 
master of " ragged lads." 

'Mid noise, and dirt, and stench, and play, and prat*, 
He calmly cuts the pen or views the slate. 

Crabbt : Borough, xxW. (1810). 

Reuben and Seth, servants of 
Nathan ben Israel, the Jew at Ashby, a 
friend of Isaac and Rebecca.— Sir W. 
Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I. ). 

Reullu'ra (i.e. " beautiful star"), the 
wife of Aodh, one of the Culdees or 
primitive clergy of Scotland, who preached 
the gospel of God in Io'na, an island 
south of Staffa. Here Ulvfa'gre the Dane 
landed, and, having put all who opposed 
him to death, seized Aodh, bound him 
in iron, carried him to the church, and 
demanded where the treasures were con- 
cealed. Just then appeared a mysterious 
figure all in white, who first unbound 
Aodh, and then, taking the Dane by ihe 
arm, led him up to the statue of St. 
Columb, which immediately fell and 
crushed him to death. Then turning to 
the Norsemen, the same mysterious figure 
told them to "go back, and take the 
bones of their chief with them ; " adding, 
whoever lifted hand in the island again 
should be a paralytic for life. The ' ' saint " 
then transported the remnant of the 



islanders to Ireland ; but when search 
was made for Reullura, her body was in 
the sea, and her soul in heaven. — Camp- 
dell: Reullura. 

Reutha'mir, the principal man of 
Balclutha a town belonging to the Britons 
on the river Clyde. His daughter Moina 
married Clessammor (Fingal's uncle on 
the mother's side). Reuthamir was killed 
by Comhal (Fingal's father) when he 
attacked Balclutha and burned it to the 
ground. — Ossian : Carthon. 

Rev'eller (Lady), cousin of Valeria 
the blue-stocking. Lady Reveller is very 
fond of play, but ultimately gives it up, 
and is united to lord Worthy. — Mrs. 
Centlivre: The Basset Table (1706). 

Revenge (The), the ship under the 
command of sir Richard Grenville, an- 
chored at Flores, in the Azores, when a 
fleet of fifty-three Spanish ships hove in 
sight. (See Grenville, p. 449.) 

Revenge ( The Palace of), a palace of 
crystal, provided with everything agree- 
able to life, except the means of going 
out of it. (See Philax, p. 836.) 

Revenge ( The), a tragedy by Young 
(1721). The hero is the Moor Zanga, who, 
being captured by the Spaniards, is con- 
demned to slavery by don Alonzo, and in 
revenge excites the don to jealousy which 
brings about his ruin. 

Revenons a nos Moutons, let us 
return to the matter in hand. The phrase 
comes from an old French comedy of the 
fifteenth century, entitled L'Avocat Pate- 
lin, by Blanchet. A clothier, giving 
evidence against a shepherd who had 
stolen some sheep, is for ever running 
from the subject to talk about some cloth 
of which Patelin, his lawyer, had de- 
frauded him. The judge from time to 
time pulls him up, by saying, "Well, 
welll and about the sheep?" "What 
about the sheep?" (See Patelin, p. 
812.) 

Revolt of Islam (The), a poem of 
twelve cantos, in Spenserian metre, by 
Percy B. Shelley (1817); the object ot 
the story is to kindle the love of political 
and religious liberty. The hero and 
heroine are Laon and Cythna ; the tyrant 
is Othman, who is dethroned, but by the 
aid of foreign mercenaries regains his 
crown, and commands Laon to be burnt 
alive. The story says that Cythna was 
an orphan brought up with Laon, from 



REVOLUTIONARY SONGS. 910 



RHADAMANTH. 



whom she imbibed republican principles, 
and vowed to devote her life to the cause. 
When she was quite young, the tyrant 
sent some of his guards to bring her to 
the harem. Laon resisted, and slew several 
ol them, for which he was seized, laden 
with chains, and cast into prison ; but ere 
long a friend liberated him, and, putting 
to sea, the boat landed him where Cythna 
had been taken. Here he heard of the 
great work which Cythna was effecting, 
and in due time they met, and lived to- 
gether till Othman commanded Laon to 
be seized and burnt to death. Scarcely 
had he been bound to the stake, when 
Cythna came on horseback and induced 
the guards to bind her to the stake like- 
wise ; so both were burnt to death and 
taken to paradise. 

Revolutionary Song's. By far 

the most popular were — 

(1) La Marseillaise, both words and 
music by Rouget de Lisle (1792). 

(2) Veillons au Salut de I Empire, by 
Adolphe S. Boy (1791). Music by Da- 
layra. Very strange that men whose 
whole purpose was to destroy the empire, 
should go about singing, " Let us guard 
it!" 

(3) Ca Ira, written to the tune of Le 
Carillon National, in 1789, while prepa- 
rations were being made for the Fite de 
la Federation. It was a great favourite 
with Marie Antoinette, who was for ever 
"strumming the tune on her harpsi- 
chord." 

(4) Chant du Depart, by Marie Joseph 
de Che'nier (1794). Music by Me'hul. 
This was the most popular next to the 
Marseillaise. 

(5) La Carmagnole. "Madame Veto 
avait promis de faire egorger tout 
Paris ..." (1792). Probably so called 
from Carmagnole, In Piedmont. The 
burden of this dancing song is — 

Dansons la Carmagnole, 
Vive le son ! Vive le son! 

Dansons la Carmagnole, 
Vive le son du canon I 

(6) Le Vengeur, a cock-and-bull story, 
in verse, about a ship so called. Lord 
Howe took six of the French ships, June 
i, 1794; but Le Vengeur was sunk by the 
crew that it might not fall into the hands 
ot the English, and went down while the 
crew shouted, "Vive la R6publique 1 " 
There is as much truth in this story as in 
David's picture of Napoleon "Crossing 
the Alps." (See Vengeur.) 

In the second Revolution we have — 
(1) La Farisienne, called ' * The Mar- 



seillaise of 1830," by Casimir Delavigne, 
the same year. 

(2) La France a FHorreur du Sewage, 
by Casimir Delavigne (1843). 

(3) La Champ de Bataille, by Emile 
Debreaux (about 1830). 

(The chief political songs of Beranger 
are : Adieuxde Marie Stuart, La Cocarde 
Blanche, Jacques, La Diesse, Marquis de 
Car abas, Le Sacre de Charles le Simple, 
Le Senateur, Le Vieux Caporal, and L* 
Vilain.) 

Newcastle (Old John), a Jedburgh 
smuggler, and one of the Jacobite con- 
spirators with the laird of Ellieslaw. — 
Sir IV. Scott: The Black Dwarf (time, 
Anne). 

Reynaldo, a servant to Polonius.— 

Shakespeare : Hamlet (1596). 

Reynard the Pox, the hero of the 
beast-epic so called. This prose poem is 
a satire on the state of Germany in the 
Middle Ages. Reynard represents the 
Church ; Isengrin the wolf (his uncle) 
typifies the baronial element ; and Nodel 
the lion stands for the regal power. The 
plot turns on the struggle for supremacy 
between Reynard and Isengrin. Reynard 
uses all his endeavours to victimize every 
one, especially his uncle Isengrin, and 
generally succeeds. — Reineche Fuchs 
(thier-epos, 1498), by H. von Alkmaar. 

Reynardine (3 syl.), eldest son of 
Reynard the fox. He assumed the names 
of Dr. Pedanto and Crabron. — Reynard 
the Fox, by H. von Alkmaar (1498). 

Reynold of Montalbon, one of 

Charlemagne's paladins. 

Reynolds (Sir Joshua) is thus de- 
scribed by Goldsmith — 

Here Reynolds is laid ; and, to tell you my mind. 

He has not left a wiser or better behind. 

His pencil was striking, resistless, and grand ; 

His manners were gentle, complying, and bland. . . • 

To coxcombs averse, yet most civilly steering, 

When they judged without skill, he was still hard ol 

hearing ; 
When they talked of their Raphaels, Corregios [tic\ 

and stuff. 
He shifted his trumpet, and only took snuff. 

Retaliation (1774). 

N.B. — Sir Joshua Reynolds was hard 
of hearing, and used an ear-trumpet. 

Hez'io (Dr.) (See Pedro, Dr., p. 818.) 
— Cervantes: Don Quixote, ll.'\\\.xo(i6is). 

Rhadamanth, a justice of the peace 
in Somerville's Hobbinolla, a burlesque 
poem in blank verse (1740). 

Good Rhadamanth, to every wanton ekwa 
Severe, Indulgent to himself alone. 



RHADAMANTHUS. 



9" 



RHIANNON'S BIRDS. 



Rhadaman'thtiB, son of Jupiter and 
Euro' pa. He reigned in the Cyclades 
with such impartiality, that at death he 
was made one of the judges of the infernal 
regions. 

And if departed souls must rise agrain. . . . 
And bid* the judgment of reward or pain ; . . . 
Then Rhadarnanthus and stern Minos were 
Truo types of justice while they livid here. 

Lord Brooke: Monarchic, L (1554-1628). 

Rhampsini'tos, king of Egypt, 
usually called Ram'esfes III., the richest 
of the Egyptian monarchs, who amassed 
72 millions sterling, which he secured in 
a treasury of stone. By an artifice of 
the builder, he was robbed every night. — 
Herodotos, ii. 121. 

If A parallel tale is told of Hyrieus 
[Jfy'-ri-uce] of-Hyrla. His two architects, 
Trophonios and Agamedes (brothers), 
built his treasure-vaults, but left one stone 
removable at pleasure. After great loss 
of treasure, Hyrieus spread a net, in 
which Agame'des was caught. To pre- 
vent recognition, Trophonios cut off his 
brother's head. — Pausanias: Itinerary of 
Greece, ix. 37, 3. 

1T A similar tale is told of the treasure- 
vaults of AugSas king of Elis. 

Rha'sis or Mohammed Aboubekr ibn 
Zakaria el Razi, a noted Arabian physi- 
cian. He wrote a treatise on small-pox 
and measles, with some 200 other treatises 
(850-923). 

Well, error baa no end ; 
And Rhasis is a saj e. 

R. Browning: Paractlsut, ilL 

Rhea's Child. Jupiter is so called 
by Pindar. He dethroned his father 
Saturn. 

The child 
Of Rhea drove him [Saturn'] from the upper sky. 
Akensidt; Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Rheims {The Jackdaw of). The 
cardinal-archbishop of Rheims made a 
grand feast, to which he invited all the 
joblillies of the neighbourhood. There 
were abbots and prelates, knights and 
squires, and all who delighted to honour 
the grand panjandrum of Rheims. The 
feast over, water was served, and his lord- 
ship's grace, drawing off his turquoise ring, 
laid it beside his plate, dipped his fingers 
into the golden bowl, and wiped them 
on his napkin ; but when he looked to put 
on his ring, it was nowhere to be found 
It was evidently gone. The floor was 
searched, the plates and dishes lifted up, 
the mugs and chalices, every possible and 
impossible place was poked into, but 
without avail. The ring must have been 
stolen. His grace was furious, and, in 



dignified indignation, calling for bell, 
book, and candle, banned the thief, both 
body and soul, this life and for ever. It 
was a terrible curse, but none of the 
guests seemed the worse for it — except, 
indeed, the jackdaw. The poor bird was 
a pitiable object, his head lobbed down, 
his wings draggled on the floor, his 
feathers were all ruffled, and with a ghost 
of a caw he prayed the company to 
follow him ; when lo ! there was the ring, 
hidden in some sly corner by the jack- 
daw as a clever practical joke. His 
lordship's grace smiled benignantly, and 
instantly removed the curse ; when lo ! 
as if by magic, the bird became fat and 
sleek again, perky and impudent, wag- 
ging his tail, winking his eye, and cock- 
ing his head on one side; then up he 
hopped to his old place on the cardinal's 
chair. Never after this did he indulge in 
thievish tricks, but became so devout, so 
constant at feast and chapel, so well- 
behaved at matins and vespers, that when 
he died he died in the odour of sanctity, 
and was canonized, his name being 
changed to that of Jim Crow. — Barham : 
Ingoldsby Legends ( ' ' Jackdaw of Rheims, ' 
1837). 

Rhene (i syl.), the Rhine, the Latin 
Rhe'nus. — Milton : Paradise Lost, i. 353 
(1665). 

Rhesus was on his march to aid the 
Trojans in their siege, and had nearly 
reached Troy, when he was attacked in 
the night by Ulysses and Diomed. In 
this surprise Rhesus and all his army were 
cut to pieces. — Homer ' Iliad, x. 

IF A very parallel case is that of Sweno 
the Dane, who was marching to join 
Godfrey and the crusaders, when he was 
attacked in the night by Solyman, and 
both Sweno and his army perished. — 
Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered ( 1575). 

Rhetoric of a Silver Pee ( The). 

He will reverse the watchman s harsh decree. 
Moved by the rhetoric of a silver fee. 

Gay : Trivia, iil. 317 (171a). 

Rhiannon's Birds. The notes of 
these birds were so sweet that warriors 
remained spell-bound for eighty years 
together, listening to them. These birds 
are often alluded to by the Welsh bards. 
(Rhiannon was the wife of prince Pwyll. ) 
— The Mabinogion, 363 (twelfth century). 

IF The snow-white bird which the monk 
Felix listened to sang so enchantlngly 
that he was spell-bound for a hundred 
years, listening to it.— Longfellow: Golden 
Legend. 



RHINE. 

Rhine ( The Irish). The Blackwater 
is so called from its scenery. 

Rhinnon Rhin Barnawd's 
Bottles had the virtue of keeping sweet 
whatever liquor was put in them. — The 
Mabinogion (" Kilhwch and Olwen," 
twelfth century). 

Rhinoceros. The horn of the rhi- 
noceros being "cut through the middle 
from one extremity to the other, on it will 
be seen several white lines representing 
human figures." — Arabian Nights ("Sin- 
bad's Second Voyage"). 

Rhinoceros- Horn a Poison- Detector. If 
poison is put into a vessel made of a 
rhinoceros's horn, the liquid contained 
therein will effervesce. 

Rhinoceros and Elephant. The rhino- 
ceros with its horn gores the elephant 
under the belly ; but blood running into 
the rhinoceros' eyes, blinds it, and it be- 
comes an easy prey to the roc. — Arabian 
Nights (" Sinbad's Second Voyage"). 

Rhodalind, daughter of Aribert king 
of Lombardy, in love with duke Gondi- 
bert ; but Gondibert preferred Birtha, a 
country girl, daughter of the sage As- 
tragon. While the duke is whispering 
sweet love-notes to Birtha, a page comes 
post-haste to announce to him that the 
king has proclaimed him his heir, and is 
about to give him his daughter in mar- 
riage. The duke gives Birtha an emerald 
ring, and says if he is false to her the 
emerald will lose its lustre ; then hastens 
to court in obedience to the king's sum- 
mons. Here the tale breaks off, and 
was never finished. — Sir W. Davenant : 
Gondibert (1605-1668). 

Rhodian Venus [The). This was 
the "Venus" of Protog'engs mentioned 
by Pliny in his Natural History, xxxv. 10. 

When first the Rhodian 's mimic art arrayed 
The Queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade, 
The happy master mingled in his piece 
Each look, that charmed him in the fair of Greece. 
Campbell : Pleasures of Hope, il. (1709). 

•.' Prior (1664-1721) refers to the same 
painting in his fable of Protogenes and 
Apelles — 

I hope, sir, you Intend to stay 

To see our Venus ; 'tis the piece 

The most renowned throughout all Greece. 

Rhod'ope (3 syl.) or Rhod'opis, a 

celebrated Greek courtezan, who after- 
wards married Psammetichus king of 
Egypt. It is said that she built the third 
pyramid. — Pliny : Nat. Hist., xxxvi. 12. 

A statelier pyramls to her I'll rear, 
Than Rhoclope's. 
Shakespeare : x Hettty VJ. act L sc. 6 (1589). 



9X3 



RIBEMONT. 



Rhombus, a schoolmaster who speaks 
"a leash of languages at once," puzzling 
himself and his hearers with a jargon like 
that of " Holofernes " in Shakespeare's 
Love's Labour's Lost (1594). — Sidney: 
Pastoral Entertainment\i$%j). 

Rhombus, a spinning-wheel or rolling 
instrument, used by the Roman witches 
for fetching the moon out of heaven. 

Quae nunc Thessalico lunam deducere rhombo 
[sciee], — Martial : Epigrams, ix. 30. 

Rhone of Christian Eloquence 
(The), St. Hilary (300-367). 

Rhone of Latin Eloquence ( The). 
St. Hilary is so called by St. Jerome 
(300-367). 

Rhongomyant, the lance of king 
Arthur. — The Mabinogion ( ' ' Kilhwch 
and Olwen," twelfth century). 

Rhuddlan. (See Statute.) 

Rhymes for the Road, by Thomas 
Moore (1820). "Extracted from the 
journal of a travelling member of the 
Pocurante Society." In eight extracts — 

(1) Lake Geneva; (2) Fall of Venice ; {3) Lord B 's 

Memoirs; (4) The Ubiquitous English; (5) Florence: 
(6) Conspiracy of Rienzi ; (7) Mary Magdalen ; and 
(8) Rousseau. 

Rhyming to Death. In i Henry 
VI act i. sc. 1, Thomas Beaufort duke 
ol Exeter, speaking about the death of 
Henry V., says, "Must we think that 
the subtle-witted French conjurors and 
sorcerers, out of fear of him, ' by magic 
verses have contrived his end ' ? " The 
notion of killing by incantation was at 
one time very common. 

Irishmen . . . will not stick to affirme that they can 
rime either man or beast to death.— Reginald Scot: 
Discoverie of Witchcraft (1564). 

Ribbon. The yellow ribbon, in 
France, indicates that the wearer has 
won a midaille militaire (instituted by 
Napoleon III. as a minor decoration of 
the Legion of Honour). 

N.B. — The red ribbon marks a 
chevalier of the Legion of Honour. A 
rosette indicates a higher grade than that 
of chevalier. 

Ribbonism, the name given to the 
principles of a secret society in Ireland, 
organized about 1820, to retaliate on 
landlords any injuries done to their 
tenants. Many agrarian murders were 
(1858-71) attributed to the ribbonmen. 

Ribemont (3 syl.), the bravest and 
noblest of the French host in the battle 
of Poitiers. He alone dares confess that 
the English are a brave people. In the 
battle he is slain by lord Audley. — Shir- 
ley: Edward the Black Prince (1640). 



RIBEMONT. 



913 



Ribemont (Count), In The Siege of 
Calais, by Colman. 

Ricoabocca [Dr.), an eccentricity in 
lord Lytton's My Novel. Though a cynic 
he is tender-hearted, and though a sage 
is most simple-minded. He loves his 
pipe, carries a red umbrella, and is ever 
ready with hit Machiavellian proverbs 
(1853). 

Riccar'do, commander of Plymouth 
fortress ; a puritan to whom lord Walton 
has promised his daughter Elvira in 
marriage. Riccardo learns that the lady 
is in love with Arthur Talbot, and when 
Arthur is taken prisoner by Cromwell's 
soldiers, Riccardo promises to use his 
efforts to obtain his pardon. This, 
however, is not needful, for Cromwell, 
feeling quite secure of his position, 
orders all the captives of war to be 
released. Riccardo is the Italian form 
of sir Richard Forth. — Bellini : I Puri- 
tani (opera, 1834). 

Ricciardetto, son of Aymon, and 
brother of Bradamante. — Ariosto : Or* 
lando Furioso (1516). 

Rico. Eating rice with a bodkin. 
Amine, the beautiful wife of Sidi Nouman, 
ate rice with a bodkin, but she waa a 
ghoul. (See Amine, p. 37. ) 

RICHARD, a fine, honest lad, by 
trade a smith. He marries on New Year's 
Day, Meg, the daughter of Toby Veck. — 
Dickens : The Chimes (1844). 

Richard (Squire), eldest son of sir 
Francis Wronghead of Bumper Hall. A 
country bumpkin, wholly ignorant of the 
world and of literature. — Vanbrugh and 
Cibber : The Provoked Husband (1727). 



Robert Wetherilt [1708-17451 came to Drury Lano a 

ea his rising ge 

'■quire Richard."— Chttwtod : History of the Stag*. 



boy, where he showed his rising genius in the part of 



Richard (Poor). (See under Poor.) 

Richard (Prince), eldest son of king 
Henry II.— Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed 
(time, Henry II.). 

Richard "Cceur de Lion," intro- 
duced in two novels by sir W. Scott (The 
Talisman and Ivanhoe). In the latter he 
first appears as " The Black Knight," at 
the tournament, and is called Le Noir 
Fainiant or "The Black Sluggard ; " also 
"The Knight of the Fetter-lock." 

Richard a Name of Terror. The name 
of Richard I., like that of Attila, Bona- 
parte, Corvinus, Narses, Sebastian, Tal- 



RICHELIEU. 

bot, Tamerlane, and other great con- 
querors, was at one time employed in 
terrorem to disobedient children. (See 
Names of Terror, p. 743. ) 

His tremendous name was employed by the Syrian 
mothers to silence their infants ; and if a horse sud- 
denly started from the way, his rider was wont to ex- 
claim. " Dost thou think king Richard is in the bush ? * 
—Gibbtn: Dectin* and Fall of Ou Rtman Empire, 
xL 146 (1776-88). 

The Daughters of Richard I. When 
Richard was in France, Fulco a priest 
told him he ought to beware how he 
bestowed his daughters in marriage. " I 
have no daughters," said the king. 
"Nay, nay," replied Fulco, "all the 
world knows that you have three — Pride, 
Covetousness, and Lechery." "If these 
are my daughters," said the king, " I 
know well how to bestow them where 
they will be well cherished. My eldest 
I give to the Knights Templars ; my 
second to the monks ; and my third, I 
cannot bestow better than on yourself, 
for I am sure she will never be divorced 
nor neglected." — Mi lies: True Nobility 
(1610). 

The Horse of Richard /., Fennel. 

Ah, Fennel, my noble horse, thou bleedest, thou Ml 
■lain 1 — Cceur de Lion and His Horse. 

The Troubadour of Richard /., Ber- 

trand de Born. 

Richard II.'s Horse, Roan Bar- 
bary. — Shakespeare : Richard II. act T. 
«c. 5 (i597)- 

Richard III., a tragedy by Shake- 
speare {1597). At one time, parts of 
Rowe's tragedy of Jane Shore were 
woven in the acting edition, and John 
Kemble introduced other clap-traps from 
Colley Cibber. The best actors of this 
part were David Garrick (1716-1779), 
Henry Mossop (T729-1773), and Edmund 
Kean (1787-1833). 

Richard III. was only 19 yean old at th« opening of 
Shakespeare's play.— Sharan Turner. 

The Horse of Richard III., White 
Surrey. — Shakespeare: Richard III. act 
▼. sc. 3 (1597). 

Richards himself again I These words 
were interpolated by John Kemble from 
Colley Cibber. 

Richelieu (Armand), cardinal and 
chief minister of France. The duke of 
Orleans (the king's brother), the count de 
Baradas (the king's favourite), and other 
noblemen conspired to assassinate Riche- 
lieu, dethrone Louis XIII., and make 
Gaston duke of Orleans the ngent. The 
plot was revealed to the cardinal by 
3 * 



RICHLAND. 

Marlon de Lorme, in whose house the 
conspirators met. The conspirators were 
arrested, and several of them put to 
death, but Gaston duke of Orleans turned 
king's evidence and was pardoned. — 
Lord Lytton : Richelieu (1839). 

Richland {Miss), intended for Leon- 
tine Croaker, but she gives her hand in 
marriage to Mr. Honey wood, " the good- 
natured man," who promises to abandon 
his quixotic benevolence, and to make it 
his study in future " to reserve his pity 
for real distress, his friendship for true 
merit, and his love for her who first 
taught him what it is to be happy." — 
Goldsmith: The Good-natured Man 
(1768). 

Richmond ( The duchess of), wife of 
Charles Stuart, in the court of Charles II. 
The line became extinct, and the title 
was given to the Lennox family. — Sir 
W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Richmond {The earl of), Henry of 
Lancaster. — Sir IV. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Richmond Hill ( The Lass of), Miss 
I' Anson, of Hill House, Richmond, York- 
shire. Words by M'Nally ; music by 
James Hook, who married the young 

lady. 

The Last 9/ Richmond Hill Is one of the sweetest 

ballads in the language.— John Bull. 

Rickets {Mabel), the old nurse of 
Frank Osbaldistone. — Sir W. Scott : Rob 
Roy (time, George I.). 

Riderhood {Rogue), the villain in 
Dickens's novel of Our Mutual Friend 
(1864). 

Rides on the Tempest and 
Directs the Storm. Joseph Addison, 
speaking of the duke of Marlborough and 
his famous victories, says that he inspired 
the faintingsquadrons, and stood unmoved 
in the shock of battle — 

So when an angel by divine command. 
With rising tempests shakes a guilty land, 
Such as of late o'er pale Britannia past. 
Calm and serene he drives the furious blast ; 
And, pleased th' Abnigiuy's orders to perform. 
Rides ou the tempest and directs the storm. 

The Campaign (1705). 

N.B. — The " tempest " referred to by 
Addison in these lines is that called ' ' The 
Great Storm," November 26-7, 1703, the 
most terrible on record. The loss of 
property in London alone exceeded two 
millions sterling. Above 8:00 persons 
were drowned* 1* men-of-war were 



914 RIGAUD. 

wrecked, 17,000 trees in Kent alone were 
uprooted, Eddystone lighthouse was de- 
stroyed, 15,000 sheep were blown into the 
sea, and the bishop of Bath and Wells 
with his wife were killed in bed in their 
palace in Somersetshire. 

Ridicule {Father of). Francois Ra- 
belais is so styled by sir William Temple 
(1495-1553)- 

Ridolphns, one of the band of 

adventurers that joined the crusader*. 
He was slain by Argantgs (bk. vii.).— 
Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Rienii {Nicolo Gabrtni) or COLA DI 
Rienzi, last of the tribunes, who assumed 
the name of "Tribune of Liberty, Peace, 
and Justice "(1313-1354). 

(Cola di Rienzi is the hero of a novel by 
lord Bulwer Lytton, entitled Ritnzi, or 
the Last of th* Tribunes, 1849.) 

Riensi, an opera by Wagner (1841). 
It opens with a number of the Orsini 
breaking into Rienzi's house, in order to 
abduct his sister Iren6 ; but in this they 
are foiled by the arrival of the Colon na 
and his followers. The outrage provokes 
a general insurrection, and Rienzi is ap- 
pointed leader. The nobles are worsted, 
and Rienzi becomes a senator ; but the 
aristocracy hate him, and Paolo Orsini 
seeks to assassinate him, but without 
success. By the machinations of the 
German emperor and the Colonna, Rienzi 
is excommunicated and deserted by all 
his adherents. He is ultimately fired on 
by the populace and killed on the steps of 
the capitoL The libretto is by J. P. 
Jackson. 

(Mary Russell Mitford produced a 
tragedy called Rienzi in 1828. ) 

The English Rienzi, William with the 
Long Beard, alias Fitzosbert (*-iiq6). 

Rigaud {Mons.), a Belgian, 35 years 
of age, confined in a villainous prison at 
Marseilles for murdering his wife. He 
had a hooked nose, handsome after its 
kind but too high between the eyes, and 
his eyes, though sharp, were too near to 
one another. He was, however, a large, 
tall man, with thin lips, and a goodly 
quantity of dry hair shot with red. When 
he spoke, his moustache went up under 
his nose, and his nose came down over 
his moustache. After his liberation from 
prison, he first took the name of Lagnier, 
and then of Blandois, his name being 
Rigaud Lagnier Blandois.— Dickens: 
Little Dorrit (1857). 



RIGDUM-FUNNIDOS. 

RI&rdum-Fnnnidos, a courtier in 
the palace of kingChrononhotonthologos. 
After the death of the king, the widowed 
queen is advised to marry again, and 
Rigdum-Funnidos is proposed to her 
as " a very proper man." At this A!di- 
borontephoscophornio takes umbrage, and 
the queen says, " Well, gentlemen, to 
make matters easy, I'll have you both." — 
H. Carey : Chrononhotontho Logos (1734). 

N.B. — John Baliantyne, the publisher, 
was so called by sir W. Scott. He was 
"a quick, active, intrepid little fellow, 
full of fun and merriment ... all over 
quaintness and humorous mimicry." 

Right-Hitting" Brand, one of the 
companions of Robin Hood, mentioned 
by Mundy. 

Rightful Heir {The), the play caUed 
the Sea-Captain re-christened, by lord 
Lytton (1868). 

Rig-hts of Man ( The), by Thomas 
Paine (1791-2). It was written in answer 
to Burke's attack on the French Revolu- 
tion. 

Rigmarole, a confused series of 
statements ; an incoherent story. The word 
was suggested by the Rage man or Rig- 
man Rolls, which were statements of the 
value of the benefices of Scotland re- 
turned by the Scotch clergy. Rageman 
or Rigman was a legate of Scotland, em- 
ployed to collect an account of Scotch 
benefices, that they might be taxed at 
Rome according to their value. 

Subsequently the term was applied to 
four great rolls of parchment recording 
the acts of fealty and homage done by 
the Scotch nobility to Edward I. in 1296. 
These four rolls consisted of thirty-four 
pieces sewed together. The originals 
have perished, but a rec; rd of them is 
preserved in the Rolls House, Chancery 
Lane. 

Rig'olette (3 syl.), a grisette and 
courtezan. — Sue: Mysteries of Paris 
(1842-3). 

Rigoletto, an opera, describing the 
agony of a father obliged to witness the 
prostitution of his own daughter. — Verdi: 
Rigoletto (1852). 

(The libretto of this opera is borrowed 
from Victor Hugo's drama Le Roi 
i' Amuse.) 

Rimegap {Joe), one of the miners of 
«ir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak.— Sir 



915 RINALDO OF MONTALBAN. 

W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Rimini {Franceses di), a woman of 
extraordinary beauty, daughter of a sig- 
nore of Ravenna. She was married to 
Lanciotto Malatesta signore of Rimini, 
a man of great bravery, but deformed. 
His brother Paolo was extremely hand- 
some, and with him Francesca fell in 
love. Lanciotto, detecting them in 
criminal intercourse, killed them both 

(i8?9)- 

(This tale forms one of the episodes of 
Dante's Inferno. It is the subject of a 
tragedy called Francesca di Rimini, by 
Silvio Pellico (1819) ; and Leigh Hunt, 
about the same time, published his Story 
of Rimini, in verse.) 

Rimmon, seventh in order of the 

hierarchy of hell: (1) Satan, (2) Beelze- 
bub, (3) Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Tham- 
muz, (6) Dagon, (7) Rimmon whose chief 
temple was at Damascus (2 Kings v. 18). 

Him [Dafori] followed Rimmon, whose delightful seat 
Was fair Damascus on the fertile banks 
Of Al'bana and Pharphar, lucid streams. 

MilUn : Paradise Lost, i. 4*7. «tC I1665). 

Rinaldo, son of the fourth marquis 
d'Este, cousin of Orlando, and nephew 
of Charlemagne. He was the rival of 
Orlando in his love for Angelica, but 
Angelica detested him. Rinaldo brought 
an auxiliary force of English and Scotch 
to Charlemagne, which "Silence" con- 
ducted safely into Paris. — Ariosto : Or- 
lando Furioso (1516). 

Rinaldo, the Achillas of the Christian 
army in the siege of Jerusalem. He was 
the son of Bertoldo and Sophia, but was 
brought up by Matilda. Rinaldo joined 
the crusaders at the age of 15. Being 
summoned to a public trial for the death 
of G^rnando, he went into voluntary exile. 
— Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

(Pulci introduces the same character 
in his bernesque poem entitled Morgantt 
Maggiori, which holds up to ridicule the 
romances of chivalry.) 

Rinaldo, steward to the countess of 
Rousillon.— Shakespeare: Alts Well that 
Ends Well{iS9B). 

Rinaldo of Montalban, a knight 
who had the " honour " of being a public 
plunderer. His great exploit was stealing 
the golden idol of Mahomet. 

In this same Mirror 0/ Knighthood we meet with 
Rinaldo de Montalban and his companions, with the 
twelve peers of France, and Turpin the historian. . . . 
Rinaldo had • broad faca, and a pair of Urge rolUaf 



RING. 9x6 

eras} Hs complexion was ruddy, and hit disposition 
choleric He was, besides, naturally profligate, and 
a great encourager of vagrants.— Cervantes : Don 
Quixote, I. 1. 1, 6 (1605). 

Ring {A Fairy). Whoever lives in a 
house built over a fairy-ring shall wonder- 
fully prosper in everything. — Athenian 
Oracle, i. 307. 

King (Corcuds), composed of six 
different metals. It ensured the wearer 
success in any undertaking in which he 
chose to embark. 

" While you have it on your finger," said the old man, 
"misfortune shall fly from your house, and nobody 
■hall be aDle to hurt you ; but one condition is attached 
to the gift, which is this : when you have chosen for 
yourself a wife, you must remain faithful to her as long 
as she lives. The moment you neglect her for another, 
roa will lose the ring."— Gueulette : Chinese Tales 



RING POSIEa 



to the gift, which is this : when you have chosen for 
slf a wife, you must remain far 
she 
you v 
("Corcud and his Four Sons," 1723). 

Dame Lionh's Ring, a ring given by 
Dame Liones to sir Gareth during a 
tournament. 

"That ring," said Dam* Liones, "Increaseth my 
beauty much more than it is of itself; and this is the 
yirtue of my ring : that which is green it will turn to 
red, and that which is red it will turn green ; that which 
is blue it will turn white, and that which is white it will 
turn blue; and so with all other colours. Also, whoever 
beareth my ring can never lose blood."— Sir T. 
Malory: History of Prince Arthur, L 146 (1470). 

Luneds Ring. This ring rendered the 
wearer invisible. Luned or Lynet gave it 
to Owain, one of king Arthur's knights. 
Consequently, when men were sent to kill 
him he was nowhere to be found, for he 
was invisible. 

Take this ring, and put it on thy finger, with the stone 
Inside thy hand ; and close thy hand upon the stone ; 
and as long as thou concealest it, it will conceal thee.— 
The Mabinogion ("Lady of the Fountain," twelfth 
century). 

The Steel Ring made by Seidel-Beckir. 
This ring enabled the wearer to read the 
secrets of another's heart. — Cotnte de 
Caylus: Oriental Tales ("The Four 
Talismans," 1743). 

The Talking Ring, a ring given by 
Tartaro, the Basque Cyclops, to a girl 
whom he wished to marry. Immediately 
she put it on, it kept incessantly saying, 
*' You there, and I here ; " so, in order 
to get rid of the nuisance, she cut off her 
finger and threw both ring and finger 
into a pond. — Websttr: Basque Legends, 
4(1876). 

II The same story appears in Campbell's 
Popular Tales of the West Highlands, i. 
in, and in Grimm's tale of The Robber 
and His Sons. When the robber put on 
the ring, it incessantly cried out, " Here I 
am ; " so he bit off his finger, and threw 
it from him. 

Reynards Ring, a ring which Reynard 
pretended he had sent to king Lion. It 
had (ht said) three gems — one red, which 



gave light in darkness ; one white, which 
cured all blains and sprains, aches and 
pains, whether from wounds, fever, or 
indigestion ; and or\e greer, which would 
guard the king from every ill, both in 
peace and war. — Heinrich von Alkmaar : 
Reynard the Fox (1498). 

The Virgin's Wedding Ring, kept in 
the Duomo of Perugia, under fourteen 
locks. 

Ring Posies. 

AEI (Greek for " always ">. 

A heart content Can ne'er I 

All for all. 

All I refuse, And thee I choose. 

Bear and forbear. 

Beyond this life, Love me, dear wife. 

De bon cor. (Sixteenth century ; found at York.) 

Death never parts Such loving hearts. 

Dieu vous garde. 

En bon an. (Fifteenth century; H. Ellman, Esq.) 

En bon foye. 

Endless my love, As this shall prove. 

For ever and for aye. 

God alone Made us two one. 

God did decree This unity. 

God tend me well to keep. (The ring given by Henry 

VIII. toAnneofCleves.) 
Got bwar uns beid in Lieb und Leid (" With clasped 

hands," etc.). 
Heart and hand At thy command. 
I have obtained Whom God ordained. 
In love abide, Till death divide. 
In loving thee I love myself. 
In thee, my choice, I do rejoice 
In unity Let's live and die. 
Joined in one By God alone. 
Joy be with you ; or, in French, Joye sans cesse. 
Le cuer de moy. (Fifteenth century. With Virgia aad 

Child.) 
Let love increase. 
Let reason rule. 
Let vs loue Like turtle-d«««> 
Liue to loue, loue to liue. 
Live happy. 
Loue for loue. 

Love alway, By night and day. 
Love and respect I do expect. 
Love is heaven, and heaven is \or% 
Love me, and leave me not. 
May God above Increase our love 
May you live long. 
Mizpah [i.e. -watch-tower]. 
Mutual forbearance. 
My heart and I, Until I die. 
My wille were. (Gold signet-ring, with a cradle as 

device.) 
Never newe. (Allanour, wife of the duke of Somerset) 
No gift can show The love I owe. 
Not two, but one, Till life is gone. 
Post spinas palma. 
Pray to love, and love to pray. 
Quod Deus coniunsit homo non separet. (Sixteenth 

Century ; G. H. Gower, Esq.) 
Silence ends strife With man and wife. 
Tecta lege, lecta tege. (King of Matthew Paris ; found 

at Hereford.) 
Till death us depart. (Margaret, wife of the earl of 

Shrewsbury.) 
Till my life's ende. (Elizabeth, wife of lord Latymer.) 
To enjoy is to obey. 

Tout pur vous. (Fifteenth century, with St Chris- 
topher.) 
Treu und fest. 
True love Will ne'er remove. 
Truth trieth troth. 
We join our love In God above. 
Wedlock, 'tis said. In heaven is made* 
Whear this i giue, i wish to liue. 
When this you see, Remember me. 
Where hearts agree. There God will be 
Yours in heart. 



RING AND THE BOOK. 



917 



Ring and the Book {The), a dra- 
matic monologue (1868-69), by Robert 
Browning, founded on a cause calibre of 
Italian history. 

The case was this : There lived in Rome, 
in the year 1679, Pietro and Violante 
Comparing an elderly couple, who, in 
spite of a fair income, were considerably 
in debt. One expedient suggested itself : 
they must have a child, and so enable 
themselves to draw on their capital, now 
tied up for an unknown heir-at-law. 
Violante, unknown to her husband, 
secured the infant of a disreputable 
woman, and became to all appearance 
the mother of a girl, Francesco Pompilia. 
There was also in Rome an impoverished 
noble, count Guido Franceschini, of 
Arezzo — he belonged to the minor ranks 
of the clergy, and had spent years hoping 
for preferment. His only chance of 
building up the family fortune was a rich 
wife. He was fifty years old, short, thin, 
pale, and with a projecting nose. He 
heard of Pompilia, proposed for her and 
was accepted. The Comparini were 
dazzled at the accounts of his wealth, 
whilst Pompilia's dowry was grossly 
exaggerated to him. They were married, 
and the two families lived together at 
Arezzo. The arrangement was disastrous, 
and after a few months Pietro and Violante 
were glad to return to Rome. After some 
time Violante confessed her fraud, and 
was told that absolution would be given 
her if she restored to the legal heirs the 
money she had defrauded them of. 
Pompilia was the chief sufferer ; her hus- 
band treated her with great cruelty, and 
attacked her on the score of infidelity 
with a certain canon Giuseppe Capon- 
sacchi, whom she barely knew. She 
appealed for protection against her hus- 
band to the archbishop and the governor, 
but in vain. She found she was about to 
become a mother, and resolved to leave 
her husband and go to Rome, 10 she 
placed herself undw the protection of 
Caponsacchi, and they fled towards Rome. 
They were overtaken and arrested at 
Castlenuovo, and were conveyed to the 
New Prisons in Rome, where they were 
tried on the charge of adultery. Being 
found guilty, a mere nominal punishment 
was inflicted on them, and, in considera- 
tion of her state, Pompilia was allowed to 
be removed to the home of the Comparini, 
where she gave birth to a son. Count 
Guido hired four ruffians, proceeded to 
the house with them, and there murdered 
Pietro, Violante, and Pompilia, He was 



RING OF AMASISw 

taken red-handed in the deed, tried, and 

executed. 

The poem is a series of dramatic mo- 
nologues, in which the whole of the 
evidence is weighed and sifted. So ably 
is it done, that one moment you think 
Pompilia guilty, and the next you are 
sure that she and the canon are innocent. 
The pope pronounces the final judgment, 
and asserts their innocence. He names 
Pompilia "perfect in whiteness," and 
calls her " my rose, I gather for the breast 
of God." Of Caponsacchi he 



And surely not to very much apart. 
Need I place thee, my warrior-priest. 

To the old pope, on the threshold of 
another world, a clear vision is given, 
and he understands the chivalry of his 
warrior-priest towards the forlorn and 
suffering Pompilia, and knows that Capon- 
sacchi has shown himself possessed of the 
true courage which does not shrink from 
temptation, but which does not fall under 
it. The name is explained thus : The 
book is a parchment-covered book Brown- 
ing picked up in a square in Florence, 
the Piazza San Lorenzo, containing the 
records of the Franceschini murder case. 

The story . . . forms a circle of evidence to its 
one central truth ; and this circle was constructed in 
the manner in which the worker in Etruscan gold 
prepares the ornament circlet which will be worn as a 
ring. The pure metal is too soft to bear hammer or 
file ; it must be mixed with alloy to gain the necessary 
power of resistance. The ring once formed and em- 
bossed, the alloy is disengaged, and a pure geld 
ornament remains.— Mr*. Orr : H*ndb*ok to Bnnun- 

Browning's material was inadequate 
for his purpose. It was too hard and 
matter-of-fact, so he supplied the alloy 
of fancy, and wove his own ideas into the 
dead record. 

The masterpiece is dedicated to his 
dead wife, in the magnificent outburst at 
the end of the first book, beginning — 

O lyric Leve, half-angel and half-bird. 
And all a weader and a wild desire. 

The books are as follows : — 

I. The Ring and the Beok (explains the aamea, 

II. Half Rome (sympathetic to the count). 

III. The Other Half Rome (against the count). 

IV. Tcrtium Quid (thinks that both sides are pro- 
bably right). 

V. Ceunt Guide Franceschini (his defence). 

VI. Giuseppe Castensacchi. 

VII. Pompilia. 

VIII. Doniinus Hyaetathua do Archangelis (pro- 
curator of the poor). 

IX. Juris Decterjohasjtes-Baprlsta letttnlus (public 
prosecutor). 

X. The Pepe. 

XI. Guido (note, the title is dropped). 

XII. The Book and the Ring. 

Ringf of Amasis ( The), the same as 
the " Ring of Polycrates " (4 syl. ), which 
he flung into the sea to propitiate Nemesis 



RING THE BELLS BACKWARDS. 918 



RISINGHAM. 



for his too great prosperity ; but it was 
brought to him again in a fish provided 
for his dinner. — Herodotus, iii. 40. (See 
Fish and the Ring, p. 370.) 

(Robert lord Lytton has a poem to 
called, 1863.) 

Ring the Bells Backwards ( To), 

to ring a muffled peal, to lament. Thus, 

iohn Cleveland, wishing to show his ab- 
orrence of the Scotch, says — 

Haw 1 Providence ! and yet a Scottish crew I . • • 
Ring: the bells backwards. I am all on fire J 
Net all the buckets in a country quire 
Shall quench my rage. 

TJu Rebtl Sc0t (xexs-i«3«). 

(See Bells tolled Backwards, p, 

■SB.) 

B»ingfdore (The Swarthy). The re- 
sponses of the oracle of Doddna, in Eplros, 
were made by old women called "pi- 
geons," who derived their answers from 
the cooing of certain doves, the bubbling 
of a spring, the rustling of the sacred oak 
[or beech], and the tinkling of a gong or 
bell hung in the tree. The women were 
called pigeons by a play on the word/i/zVr, 
which means "old women" as well as 
* * pigeons ; " and as they came from Libya 
they were swarthy. 

' . • According to fable, Zeus gave his 
daughter Thebe two black doves endowed 
with the gift of human speech ; one of 
them flew into Libya, and the other into 
Dodona, The former gave the responses 
in the temple of Ammon, and the latter 
in the oracle of Dodona. 

. . . beech or lime, 
Or that Thessalian growth 
fa which the swarthy ringdove sat. 
And mystic sentence spoke. 

Ttnnyfn. 

Kingiiorse (Sir Robert), a magistrate 
st Old St. Ronan's.— Sir W. Scott: St. 
Renan's Well (time, George III.). 

Ringwood, a young Templar. — Sir 
W. Scott; Fortune* tf Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

Ring-wood ( The emrlof), a cynic in 

Thackeray's novel called The Adventures 
of Philip (1861). 

Rintherout (Jenny), a servant at 
Monkbarns to Mr. Jonathan Oldbuck the 
antiquary.— Sir W. Scott: The Anti- 
quary (time, George III.). 

Riou (Captain), called by Nelson 
"The Gallant and the Good ; " fell in the 
battle of the Baltic. 

Brave hearts I to Britain's pride 
Once so faithful and se true, 



Ob the deck of fame that died. 
With the gallant, good Riou. 
Camfbtll: BattU tfftht Baltic (1777-1844), 

R. I. P. y i.e. requiescat in pace. 

Hip van Winkle slept twenty years 
in the Kaatskill Mountains of North 
America. (See Winkle.) 

H EpimenldSs the Gnostic slept for 
fifty-seven years. 

II Nourjahad, wife of the Mogul em- 
peror Geaugir, who discovered the otto of 
roses, is only in a temporary sleep. 

IT Gyneth slept 500 years, by the en- 
chantment of Merlin. 

IT The seven sleepers slept for 250 years 
in mount Celion. 

IT St. David slept for seven years. (See 
Ormandine, p. 784.) 

(The following are not dead, but only 
sleep till the fulness of their respective 
times : — Elijah, Endymion, Merlin, king 
Arthur, Charlemagne, Frederick Barba- 
rossa and his knights, the three Tells, 
Desmond of Kilmallock, Thomas of 
Erceldoune, Bobadil el Chico, Brian 
Boroimhe, Knez Lazar, king Sebastian 
of Portugal, Olaf Tryggvason, the French 
slain in the Sicilian Vespers, and a few 
others. ) 

Riquet with the Tuft, the beau- 
ideal of ugliness, but with the power of 
bestowing wit and intelligence on the 
person he loved best. Riquet fell in love 
with a most beautiful woman, who was 
as stupid as Riquet was ugly, but she 
possessed the power of giving beauty to 
the person she loved best. The two 
married, whereupon Riquet gave his bride 
wit, and she bestowed on him beauty. 
This, of course, is an allegory. Love sees 
through a couleur de rose. — Perrault : 
Contes des Fies (" Riquet a la Houppe," 
1697). 

(This tale is borrowed from the Nights 
of Straparola. It is imitated by Mme. 
Villeneuve in her Beauty and the Beast.) 

Risingham (Bertram), the vassal 
of Philip of Mortham. Oswald Wycliffe 
induced him to shoot his lord at Marston 
Moor ; and for this deed the vassal de- 
manded all the gold and movables of his 
late master. Oswald, being a villain, tried 
to outwit Bertram, and even to murder 
him ; but it turned out that Philip of 
Mortham was not killed, neither was 
Oswald Wycliffe his heir, for Redmond 
O'Neale (Rokeby's page) was found to 
be the son and heir of Philip of Mortham. 
— Sir W. Scott: Rokeby (181a). 



RITHO. 



919 



ROAD TO RUIN. 



Ritho or Rython, a giant who had 
made himself furs of the beards of kings 
killed by him. He sent to king Arthur 
to meet him on mount Aravius, or else 
to send his beard to him without delay. 
Arthur met him, slew him, and took "fur" 
as a spoil. Drayton says it was this 
Rython who carried off Helena the niece 
of duke Hoel ; but Geoffrey of Monmouth 
says that king Arthur, having killed the 
Spanish giant, told his army "he had 
found none so great in strength since he 
killed the giant Ritho ; " by which it seems 
that the Spanish giant and Ritho are 
different persons, although it must be con- 
fessed the scope of the chronicle seems to 
favour their identity. — Geoffrey: British 
history, x. 3 (114a). 

As how {rreat Rython'* self he [Arthur] slew . . . 
Who ravished Howell's niece, young Helena the fair. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, iv. (1612). 

Ritsonism, malignant and insolent 
criticism. So called from Joseph Ritson 
(1752-1803). 

Ritson's assertion must be regarded as only an ex- 
ample of that peculiar species of malignant and brutal 
Insolence In criticism, which ought from him to be 
denominated " Ritsonism." — S»uth<y, 

Rival Queens (The), Stati'ra and 
Roxa'na. Statira was the daughter of 
Darius, and wife of Alexander the Great. 
Roxana was the daughter of Oxyartes the 
Bactrian ; her, also, Alexander married. 
Roxana stabbed Statira and killed her. 
— Lee: Alexander the Great ox The Rival 
Queens (1678). (See ROXANA AND 
Statira, p. 937.) 

Rivals ( The), a comedy by Sheridan 
(1775). The rivals are Bob Acres and 
ensign Beverley (alias captain Absolute), 
and Lydia Languish is the lady they 
contend for. Bob Acres tells captain 
Absolute that ensign Beverley is a booby ; 
and if he could find him out, he'd teach 
him his place. He sends a challenge to 
the unknown by sir Lucius OTrigger, 
but objects to forty yards, and thinks 
thirty-eight would suffice. When he finds 
that ensign Beverley is captain Absolute, 
he declines to quarrel with his friend ; 
and when his second calls him a coward, 
he fires up and exclaims, " Coward I 
Mind, gentlemen, he calls me ' a coward,' 
coward by my valour 1 " and when dared 
by sir Lucius, he replies, "I don't mind 
the word ' coward ; ' ' coward ' may be 
said in a joke ; but if he called me 

•poltroon,' ods daggers and balls " 

"Well, sir, what then?" "Why," re- 
joined Bob Acres, " I should certainly 



think him very ill-bred." Of course, he 
resigns all claim to the lady's hand. 

One day, as I was walking with my customary swagger. 
Says a fellow to me, " Pistol, you're a coward, though 

a bragger." 
Now, this was an indignity no gentleman could take. 

sir, 
Se I told him flat and plump, "Yoti lie— under a mis 

take, sir." 

River of Juvenescence. Prester 
John, in his letter to Manuel Comnenus 
emperor of Constantinople, says there is 
a spring at the foot of mount Olympus 
which changes its flavour hour by hour, 
both night and day. Whoever tastes 
thrice of its waters will never know 
fatigue or the infirmities of age. 

River of Paradise, St Bernard 
abbot of Clairvaux (1091-1153). 

River of Swans, the Poto'mac, 

United States, America. 

Rivers ( The hing of), the Taguc. 

Tagus they crossed, where, midland on his way, 
The king of rivers rolls his stately streams. 
Southty : Rod trick, the Last oftht Goths, xL (1814). 

Rivers, Arise ... In this Vaca- 
tion Exercise, George Rivers (son of sir 
John Rivers of Westerham, in Kent), 
with nine other freshmen, took the part 
of the ten " Predicaments," while Milton 
himself performed the part of " Ens." 
Without doubt, the pun suggested the 
idea — 

Riven, arise ; whether thon be the son 
Of utmost Tweed, or Ouse, or gulphy Don, 
Or Trent, who, like some earthborn giant, 1 
His thirty arms along the indented meads. 
Or sullen Mole that runneth underneath. 
Or Severn swift, guilty of maiden's death. 
Or rocky Avon, or of sedgy Lee, 
Or cooly Tyne, or ancient hallowed Dee, 
Or H umber loud that keeps the Scythian's 1 
Or Medway smooth, or royal towered Thame. 

Milton ; Vacation Extrcis* (16*7). 

Rivulet Controversy (The), a 
theological controversy with the Rev. T. 
T. Lynch, who died in 1871. He was 
a congregational minister of neologian 
views, expressed in a volume of poems 
called The Rivulet, and published ia 
1-53- 

Road ( The Law of the). 

The law of the road Is a paradox quhe, 

In riding or driving along: 
If you go to the left, you are sure to go right | 

If you go to the right, you go wrong. 

Road to Ruin, a comedy by Thomas 
Holcroft (1792). Harry Dornton and 
his friend Jack Milford are on " the road 
to ruin" by their extravagance. The 
former brings his father to the eve of 



ROADS. 

bankruptcy ; and the latter, having spent 
his private fortune, is cast into prison for 
debt. Sulky, a partner in the bank, 
comes forward to save Mr. Dornton from 
ruin ; Harry advances ^6000 to pay his 
friend's debts, and thus saves Milford 
from ruin ; and the father restores the 
money advanced by Widow Warren to 
his son, to save Harry from the ruin of 
marrying a designing widow instead of 
Sophia Freelove, her innocent and charm- 
ing daughter. 

Roads ( The king of), John Loudon 
Macadam, the improver of roads (1756- 
1836). 

(Of course, the wit consists in the pun 
Rhodes and Roads. ) 

Iloan Barbary, the charger of 
Richard II., which would eat from his 
master's hand. 

Oh, how it yearned my heart, when I beheld 

In London streets that coronation day. 
When Bolingbroke rode on Rcan Barbary I 
That horse that thou so often hast bestrid : 
That horse that I so carefully have dressed I 
Shakespeare : Richard II. act ▼. sc. 5 (1597 ). 

Roast Pigf, one of the best essays of 
C Lamb in his Essays of Elia. 

Rob Roy, published in 1818, excel- 
lent for its bold sketches of Highland 
scenery. The character of Bailie Nicol 
Jarvie is one of Scott's happiest concep- 
tions ; and the carrying of him to the 
wild mountains among outlaws and des- 
peradoes is exquisitely comic. The hero, 
Frank Osbaldistone, is no hero at all. 
Dramatized by I. Pocock. 

None of Scott's novels was more popular than Rob 
Roy, yet, as a story, it Is the most ill-concocted and 
defective of the whole series.— Chambers : English 
Literature, ii. 587. 

Rob Roy M'Greg'or, i.e. " Robert 
the Red," whose surname was MacGregor. 
He was an outlaw, who assumed the 
name of Campbell in 1662. He may 
be termed the Robin Hood of Scotland. 
The hero of the novel is Frank Osbal- 
distone, who gets into divers troubles, 
from which he is rescued by Rob Roy. 
The last service is to kill Rashleigh Osbal- 
distone, whereby Frank's great enemy is 
removed ; and Frank then marries Diana 
Vernon.— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy (time, 
George I.). 

Rather beneath th* middle tin than above It, his 



990 



llrnbs were formed upon the very strongest model that 
Is consistent with agility. . . . Two points in his person 
Interfered with the rules of symmetry : his shoulders 



were too broad . . . and his arms (though round, 
sinewy, and strong) were so very long as to bo rather 
* deformity.— Ch. xxliL 



ROBERT. 

Rob Tally-ho, Esq., cousin of the 
Hon. Tom Dashall, the twe blades whose 
rambles and adventures through the 
metropolis are related by Pierce Egan 
(1821-2). 

Rob fhe Rambler, the comrade of 
Willie Steenson the blind fiddler. — Sir 
W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Robb {Duncan), the grocei near 
Ellangowan.— Sir W. Scott: Guy Man- 
nering (time, George II.). 

Robber {Alexander's). The pirate 
who told Alexander he was the greater 
robber of the two, was Diomldes. See 
Evenings at H 'ome {" Alexander and the 
Robber"). The tale is from Cicero. (See 
Gesta Romanorum, cxlvi. ) 

Nam quum quaereretur ex eo, quo scelere Impulsus 
mare haberet infestum uno myoparone : eodem, inquit, 
quo tu orbem terras.— De Refub., hi. 14 sec. 24. 

Robber {Edward the). Edward IV. 
was so called by the Scotch. 

Robert, father of Marian. He had 
been a wrecker, and still hankered after 
the old occupation. One night, a storm 
arose, and Robert went to the coast to see 
what would fall into his hands. A body 
was washed ashore, and he rifled it. 
Marian followed, with the hope of re- 
straining her father, and saw in the dusk 
some one strike a dagger into a prostrate 
body. She thought it was her father, 
and when Robert was on his trial, he was 
condemned to death en his daughter's 
evidence. Black Norris, the real mur- 
derer, told her he would save her father 
if she would consent to be his wife ; she 
consented, and Robert was acquitted. 
On the wedding day, her lover Edward 
returned to claim her hand, Black Norris 
was seized as a murderer, and Marian 
was saved. — Know Us : The Daughter 
(1836). 

Robert, a servant of sir Arthur War- 
dour at Knockwinnock Castle. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Antiquary (time, George 

Robert (Mons.), a neighbour of 
Sganarelle. Hearing the screams of 
Mme. Martine (Sganarelle's wife), he steps 
over to make peace between them, where- 
upon madame calls him an impertinent 
fool, and says, if she chooses to be beaten 
by her husband, it is no affair of his ; and 
Sganarelle says, " Je la veux battre, si 
je le veux ; et ne la veux pas battre, si 



ROBERT MACAIRE. 

je ne le veux pas ; " and beats M. Robert 
again. — Molt ire: Le Midecin Malgri Lui 
(1666). 

Robert Macaire, a bluff, free- 
living libertine. His accomplice is 
Bertrand, a simpleton and a villain.— 
L'Auberge des Adrets, by Antier, etc. 

There Is a melodrama by B. Antier, St Amand, and 
Polyanthe ; a continuation by Antier, St. Amand, and 
Maurice Alroy, called Rektrt Macaire ; and subse- 
quently Daumier published drawings or sketches of it, 
which he called Les ctnt-ti-un Robert M&cairt. 

Robert Street, Adelphi, London. 
So called from Robert Adams, the 

builder. 

Robert duke of Albany, brother 

of Robert III. of Scotland.— Sir W. 
Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Robert dnke of Normandy 
sold his dominions to Rufus for 10,000 
marks, to furnish him with ready money 
for the crusade. He joined the crusade 
at the head of 1000 heavy-armed horse 
and 1000 light-armed Normans. — lasso: 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Robert earl of Huntingdon 

(The downfall of), a drama by Munday 
(1601). Robin Hood is made to die in 
the first act, and king John falls in love 
with his widow Matilda, a daughter of 
lord Fitzwalter. 

(Davenport wrote a tragedy called King 
John and Matilda (1651), which covers 
the same ground. Matilda was poisoned 
by king John.) 

N.B. — Maid Marian or Matilda is 
always spoken of as "the chaste Matilda 
or fair maid Marian." 

Robert III. of Scotland, introduced 
by sir W. Scott in the Fair Maid of Perth 
(time, Henry IV.). 

Robert le Diable, son of Bertha 
and Bertramo. Bertha was the daughter 
of Robert duke of Normandy, and 
Bertramo was a fiend in the guise of a 
knight. The opera shows the struggle 
in Robert between the virtue inherited 
from his mother and the vice inherited 
from his father. His father allures him 
to gamble till he loses everything, and 
then claims his soul, but his foster-sister 
Alice counterplots the fiend, and rescues 
Robert by reading to him his mother'* 
will. — Meyerbeer : Roberto il Diavolo 
(libretto by Scribe, 1831). 

(Robert le Diable was the hero of an 
old French metiical romance (thirteenth 



991 



ROBIN. 

century). This romance in the next 
century was thrown into prose. There 
is a miracle-play on the same subject. ) 

Robert of Paris (Count), one of the 
crusading princes. The chief hero of 
this novel is Hereward (3 syl. ), one of the 
Varangian guard of the emperor Alexius 
Comnenus. He and the count fight a 
single combat with battle-axes ; after 
which Hereward enlists under the count's 
banner, and marries Bertha also called 
Agatha.— Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Robert the Devil or Robert the 
Magnificent, Robert I. duke of 
Normandy, father of William "the 

Conqueror" (*, 1028-1035). 

% Robert Francois Damiens, who tried 
to assassinate Louis XV., was popularly 
•o called (*, 1714-1757). 

Roberts, cash-keeper of Master 
George Heriot the king's goldsmith. — 
Sir W. Scott: Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

Roberts (John), a smuggler. — Sir 
W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George 

Robespierre's Weavers, the fish- 
fags and their rabble female followers of 
the very lowest class, partisans of Robe- 
spierre in the first French Revolution. 

ROBIN, the page of sir John Fal- 
staff. — Shakespeare: Merry Wives of 
Windsor (1601). 

Robin, servant of captain Rovewell, 

whom he h lps in his love adventures 
with Arethusa daughter of Argus. — 
Carey: Contrivances (1715). 

Robin, brother-in-law of Farmer Crop, 
of Cornwall. Having lost his property 
through the villainy of lawyer Endless, he 
emigrates, and in three years returns. The 
ship is wrecked off the coast of Corn- 
wall, and Robin saves Frederick the 
young squire. On landing, he meets his 
old sweetheart Margaretta at Crop's 
house, and the acquaintance is renewed 
by mutual consent— Hoar*: No Song no 
Suffer (1790). 

Robin, a young gardener, fond of the 
minor theatres, where he has picked up 
a taste for sentimental fustian, but all 
his rhapsodies bear upon his trade. 
Thus, when Wilel nina asks why he 
wishes to dance with her, he replies— 



ROBIN. 



93a 



ROBIN HOOD. 



Ask the plants why they lore a shower [ ask the sun- 
flower why it loves the sun ; ask the snowdrop why it is 
white j ask the violet why it Is blue ; ask the trees why 
they blossom ; the cabbages why they grow. Tis all 
because they can't help it ; no more can I help my love 
for ya\x.—£Hbdin : The Waterman, i. (1774)* 

Robin (Old), butler to old Mr. Ralph 
Morton of Milnwood. — Sir W. Scott: 
Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Robin Adair, written by lady 
Caroline Keppel, daughter of the second 
earl of Albemarle ; she married (after the 
usual unsmooth run of true love) Robert 
Adair, a young Irish surgeon, in 1758. 
The air was the old Irish tune of ' ' Eileen 
Aroon," which her lover had sung to her. 
Robin Adair left a son who became the 
hon. sir Robert Adair, G.C.B. 

Robert Adair was the iather of lit* rlsjot boa. air 
Robert Adair, who died in 1855. 

Robin Blnestring. Sir Robert 
Walpole was so called, in allusion to his 
blue ribbon as a knight of the Garter 
(1676-1745). 

Robin Goodfellow, another name 
for Puck. The ballad so called is at- 
tributed by Peck to Ben Jonson, but it 
is not among his collected songs. 

Robin Gray (Auld). The words of 
this song are by lady Anne Lindsay, 
daughter of the earl of Balcarres ; she 
was afterwards lady Barnard. The song 
was written in 177a to an old Scotch tune 
called The Bridegroom Grat when the Sun 
gaed Down. (See GRAY, p. 445.) 

Robin Hood was born at Locksley, 

in Notts., in the reign of Henry II. (1160). 
His real name was Fitzooth, and it is 
commonly said that he was the earl of 
Huntingdon. Having outrun his fortune, 
and being outlawed, he lived as a free- 
booter in Barnsdale (Yorkshire), Sher- 
wood (Notts.), and Plompton Park (Cum- 
berland). His chief companions were 
Little John (whose name was Nailor), 
William Scadlock (or Scarlet), George 
Green the pinder (or pound-keeper) of 
Wakefield, Much a miller's son, and 
Tuck a friar, with one female named 
Marian. His company at one time con- 
sisted of a hundred archers. He was 
bled to death in his old age by a relative, 
the prioress of Kirkley's Nunnery, in 
Yorkshire, November 18, X247, aged 87 
years. 

• . • An excellent sketch of Robin Hood 
is given by Drayton in his Polyolbion, 
xxvi. Sir W. Scott introduces him in two 
novels — Ivanhoe and The Talisman. In 



the former he first appears as Locksley 
the archer, at the tournament. He is also 
called " Dickon Bend-the-Bow." Ritson, 
in 1791, published all the ballads, songs, 
and poems extant on this famous outlaw ; 
and T. L. Peacock, in 1822, wrote a 
romance on the outlaw, called The Maid 
Marian. 

(The following dramatic pieces have the 
famous outlaw for the hero: — Robin 
Hood, i. (1597), Munday ; Robin Hood, 
ii. (1598), Chettle; Robin Hood (1741), 
an opera, by Dr. Arne and Burney ; 
Robin Hood (1787), an opera, by O'Keefe, 
music by Shield ; Robin Hood, by Mao- 
nally, before 1820.) 

N.B. — Major tells us that this famous 
robber took away the goods of rich men 
only ; never killed any person except in 
self-defence ; never plundered the poor, 
but charitably fed them ; and adds, " he 
was most humane and the prince of all 
robbers." — Britannia Historia, 128 
(1740). 

Epitaph of Robin Hood. 

Hear undemead dis laitl stean 
Laiz robert earl of Huntingtum. 
Near arcir ver az hie sa geud. 
An pipl kauld im robin heud. 
Sick utlawz az hi an iz men 
Vil england nivr si agen. 
Obiit 24 kal. dekembris, 1247. 

Gale (dean of York). 

Hatton, in his Churches of Yorkshire, 
gives the epitaph in Kirkless Church 
thus — 

Here undemith this lact [sic] stew 
Lay robert earl of Hunting-don. 
Ner arcir yer az his sae geud. 
An piple kauld im robin Heud. 
Sicii outlauz as he an is men 
Vil england niver si agin. 
Obiit 34 kal. Dekembris, 1247. 

(There is no such date as 24 kal. of 
any month. Probably 14 is meant, 
which would be the 18th of November, 
the real date. ) 

(The abbot of St. Mary's, in York, and 
the sheriff of Nottingham were his bites 
noires. Munday and Chettle wrote a 
popular play in 1601, entitled The Death 
of Robert Earl of Huntingdon. ) 

Robin Hoods Fat Friar was friar 
Tuck. 

Robin Hoods Men, outlaws, free- 
booters. 

There came aodainly twelve men all appareled in 
short cotes of Kentish Kendal !>>*<•«] . . . every one of 
them . . . like outlaws or Kobyn Hodes men.— Hall 
i/o. lvi. b). 

I. Robin Hood in Barnsdale stood, said 
to a person who is not speaking to the 
point. This is the only line extant of a 
song of great antiquity, and a favourite 
in the law-courts. 



ROBIN HOOD. 



9»3 



ROBINSON. 



A case In Yelverton was alluded to, but the court re- 
marked, "You may as well say by way of inducement 
to a traverse, ' Robin Hood in Barnwood stood.' "— 
Bus h v. Leake. 

Mes tout un come il ust replie "Robin Whood in 
Barnwood stood," absque hoc q def. p. commandement 
sr John. — IVitham v. Barker. 

Robin Hood upon Greendale stood. 

State Trials, ill. 634. 

2. Come, turn about, Robin Hood, a 
Challenge in defiance of exceeding pluck. 

O Love, whose power and might 

No creature ere withstood, 
Thou forcest me to write, 

Come, turn about, Robin Hood. 

Wit and DrolUry (x«6l). 

3. Many talk of Robin Hood that never 
shot in his bow, many prate of things of 
which they have no practical knowledge. 

Herein our author hath verified the proverb, "Talk- 
ing at large of Robin Hood, in whose bow ha never 
•hot."— Fuller : Worthies, 315 (166a). 
Molti parlan di Orlando 
Chi non viddero mai suo brando. 

Italian Prrvtrt. 

4. To sell Robin Hood's Pennyworths, 
sold much under the intrinsic value. Aj 
Robin Hood stole his goods, he sold them 
at almost any price. It is said that 
chapmen bought his wares most eagerly. 

All men said it became me well, 
And Robin Hood's pennyworths I did sail. 
Randal-a-Barnahy. 

Robin Hood and G-uy of Gis- 
borne, an old ballad, date unknown. 
It says that Robin Hood and Little John, 
wandering together in Sherwood Forest, 
saw a man standing under a tree, when 
Little John said he would go and ask his 
business. Robin Hood thought this was 
an affront, and threatened to break his 
head, whereupon Little John parted and 
went to Burnesdale. Here he was over- 
powered by the sheriffs men and bound. 
Meantime Robin Hood went to the 
stranger and asked his name and business. 
" I am Guy of Gisborne," said he, "and 
I have sworn to take one Robin Hood 
captive." " I am Robin Hood," said the 
outlaw, and the two men struggled for 
the mastery. Ultimately, Robin Hood 
slew the stranger, and cut off his head. 
He then changed raiment, and blew Guy's 
horn. "Hoi ho I " said the sheriff, ' ' that 
is Guy's horn, and he has taken the out- 
law captive ; " so he hastened to the spot, 
and mistook Robin Hood for Guy of 
Gisborne. This enabled Robin to unbind 
Little John and give him secretly Guy's 
bow. The sheriff saw his mistake and 
fled, but Little John shot him in the back, 
and he fell dead. — Percy: Reliques, series 
i. bk. L 8. 

(Ritson has published many other 
ballads about Robin Hood, but it would 



occupy too much space to give their gist 
even in the briefest manner.) 

Robin Redbreast. One tradition 
is that the robin pecked a thorn out of 
the crown of thorns when Christ was on 
His way to Calvary, and the blood which 
issued from the wound, falling on the 
bird, dyed its breast red. 

Another tradition is that it carries in 
its bill dew to those shut up in the 
burning lake, and its breast is red from 
being scorched by the fire of Gehenna. 

He brings cool dew In his little bill. 

And lets it fall on the souls of sin ; 
Yeu can see the mark on his red breast still 

Of fires that scorch as he drops it in. 

Whittier: The Rt tin. 

Robin Redbreasts, Bow Street 
officers. So called from their red vests. 

Robin RoTtghhead, a poor cottager 
and farm labourer, the son of lord Lack- 
wit. On the death of his lordship, Robin 
Roughhead comes into the title and 
estates. This brings out the best 
qualities of his heart — liberality, bene- 
volence, and honesty. He marries Dolly, 
to whom he was already engaged, and 
becomes the good genius of the peasantry 
on his estate. — Allingham ; Fortune's 
Frolic (1800). 

Robin and Makyne (a syl.), an 
old Scotch pastoral. Robin is a shep- 
herd, for whom Makyne sighs, but he 
turns a deaf ear to her, and she goes 
home to weep. In time, Robin sighs for 
Makyne, but she replies, " He who wills 
not when he may, when he wills he shall 
have nay." — Percy : Reliques, etc., II. 

Robin des Bois, a mysterious hunter 
in the forests of Germany. 

(The name occurs in one of Eugene 
Sue's novels. ) 

Robin of Bag-shot, alias Gordon, 
alias Bluff Bob, alias Carbuncle, alias Bob 
Booty, on 3 of Macheath's gang of thieves, 
and a favourite of Mrs. Peachum's. — 
Gay : 7 he Beggar's Opera (1727). 

Robins (Zerubbabel), in Cromwell's 
troop. — Sir W. Scott: Woodstock (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Robinson. Before you can say, Jack 
Robinson, a quotation from one of Hud- 
son's songs; a tobacconist who lived at 
90, Shoe Lane, in the early part of the 
nineteenth century. 

(-Probably Hudson only adopted the 
phrase. ) 



ROBINSON CRUSOE. 

Robinson Cru'soe (2 syl.), a tale 
by Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe ran 
away from home, and went to sea. 
Being wrecked, he led for many years a 
solitary existence on an uninhabited 
island of the tropics, and relieved the 
weariness of life by numberless con- 
trivances. At length he met a human 
being, a young Indian, whom he saved 
from death on a Friday. He called him 
his "man Friday," and made him bis 
companion and servant. 

(Defoe founded this story on the adven- 
tures of Alexander Selkirk, sailing-master 
of the privateer Cinque Ports Galley, who 
was left by captain Stradling on the 
desolate island of Juan Fernandez for 
four years and four months (1704-1709), 
when he was rescued by captain Woodes 
Rogers and brought to England. ) 

Robsart (Amy), countess of Leicester. 
She was betrothed to Edmund Tressilian. 
When the earl falls into disgrace at court 
for marrying Amy, Richard Varney, 
master of the horse, loosens a trap-door 
at Cumnor Place ; and Amy, rushing 
forward to greet her husband, falls into 
the abyss and is killed. 

Sir Hugh Robsari, of Lidcote Hall, 
father of Amy.— Sir W. Scott: Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Roc, a white bird of enormous size. 
Its strength is such that it will lift up 
an elephant from the ground and carry it 
to its mountain nest, where it will devour 
it. In the Arabian Nights' Entertain- 
ments it was a roc which carried 
Sinbad the sailor from the island on 
which he had been deserted by his 
companions (" Second Voyage* ). And it 
was a roc which carried Agib from the 
castle grounds of the ten young men who 
had lost their right eyes ( ' ' The Third 
Calender's Story"). Sinbad says one 
claw of the roc is as " big as the trunk 
of a large tree," and its egg is "fifty paces 
[1:0 feet] in circumference." 

H The " rukh " of Madagascar lays an 
egg equal to 148 hen's eggs. — Comptes 
Rendus, etc., xxxii. 101 (1851). 

Rocco, the jailer sent with Fidelio 
(Leonora) to dig the grave of Fernando 
Florestan (q.v.). — Beethoven: Fidelio 

Roch'dale (Sir Simon), of the manor- 
house. He is a J. P., but refuses to give 
justice to Job Thornberry the old brazier, 
who demands that his son Frank Roch- 



934 



ROCK LIZARDS. 



dale shall marry Mary jThornberryl 
whom he has seduced. At this crisis, 
Peregrine appears, and tells sir Simon 
he is the elder brother, and as such if 
heir to the title and estates. 

Frank Rochdale, son of the baronet, 
who has promised to marry Mary Thorr* 
berry, but sir Simon wants him to marry 
lady Caroline Braymore, who has ^4000 
a year. Lady Caroline marries the hon. 
Tom Shuffleton, and Frank makes the 
best reparation he can by marrying Mary. 
—Colman : John Bull (1805). 

Roche's Bird (Sir Boyle), which 
was " in two places at the same time." 
The tale is that sir Boyle Roche said in 
the House of Commons, "Mr. Speaker, 
it is impossible I could have been in two 
places at once, unless I were a bird." 
This is a quotation from Jevon's play, 
The Devil of a Wife (seventeenth cen- 
tury). 

Wife. I cannot be in two places at once. 
Husband (Rowland). Surely no, unless thou wert a bird. 
Presuming- that the duplicate card Is the knave of 
hearts, you may make a remark on the ubiquitous 
nature of certain cards, which, like sir Boyle Roche's 
bird, are in two places at once.— Drawing-room Magic. 

RocheclifFe (Dr. Anthony), formerly 
Joseph Albany, a plotting royalist. — Sir 
W. Scott: Woodstock (time, Common- 
wealth). 

Rochester (The earl of), the 
favourite of Charles II., introduced in 
high feather by sir W. Scott in Woodstock, 
and in Peveril of the Peak in disgrace. 

Rochester, to whom Jane Eyre is 
eventually married. — Charlotte Bronti: 
Jane Eyre (1847). 

Rock (Captain), the noted Irish chief- 
tain. Thorn. Moore wrote his memoirs 
(1824). 

Rock (Dr. Richard), a famous 
quack, who professed to cure every 
disease. He was short of stature and 
fat, wore a white three-tailed wig, 
nicely combed and frizzed upon each 
cheek, carried a cane, and halted in his 
gait. 

Dr. Rock, F.U.N., never wore a hat ... He and Dr. 
Franks were at variance. . . . Rock cautioned the world 
to beware of bog-trotting quacks, while Franks called 
his rival "Dumplin" Dick." Head of Confucius, what 
profanation!— Goldsmith: A Citizen of the lVorid{ij<^. 
Oh 1 when his nerves had once received a shock. 
Sir Isaac Newton might have gone to Rock. 

Crabbe : Borough (i8ro>. 

Rock Lizards, natives of Gibraltar, 
born in the town, of British parents. 



ROCKET. 



9»S 



RODMOND. 



Rocket. He rose like a rocket, and 
fell like the stick. Thomas Paine said 
this of Mr. Burke. 

Rocnabad, a stream near the city of 
Schiraz, noted for the purity of its 
waters. 

"I am disgusted with the mountain of the Four 
Fountains," said the caliph Omar ben Abdal-aziz ; "and 
am resolved to go and drink of the stream of Rocna- 
bad."— Btckford: Vathek (1784). 

Roderick, the thirty-fourth and last 
of the Gothic kings of Spain, son of 
Theod'ofred and Rusilla. Having vio- 
lated Florinda, daughter of count Julian, 
he was driven from his throne by the 
Moors, and assumed the garb of a monk, 
with the name of " father Maccabee." 
He was present at the great battle of 
Covadonga, in which the Moors were cut 
to pieces, but what became of him after- 
wards no one knows. His helm, sword, 
and cuirass were found, so was his steed. 
Several generations passed away, when, 
in a hermitage near Viseu, a tomb was 
discovered, "which bore in ancient cha- 
racters king Roderick's name ; " but im- 
agination must fill up the gap. He is 
spoken of as most popular. 

Time has been 
When not a tongue within the Pyrenees 
Dared whisper in dispraise of Roderick's name, 
Lest, if the conscious air had caught the sound, 
The vengeance of the honest multitude 
Should fall upon the traitorous head, and brand 
For life-long infamy the lying lips. 

Southty: Roderick, etc., XT. (1814)- 

Rodericks Dog was called Theron. 
Roderick's Horse was Orel'io. 

Roderick ( The Vision of don). Rode- 
rick, the last of the Gothic kings of Spain, 
descended into an ancient vault near 
Toledo. This vault was similar to that 
in Greece, called the cave of Triphonios, 
where was an oracle. In the vault 
Roderick saw a vision of Spanish history 
from his own reign to the beginning of 
the nineteenth century. Period I. The 
invasion of the Moors, with his own 
defeat and death. Period II. The Augus- 
tine age of Spain, and their conquests in 
the two Indies. Period III. The oppres- 
sion of Spain by Bonaparte, and its 
succour by British aid. — Sir W. Scott : 
The Vision 0/ Don Roderick (1811). 

Roderick Dhu, an outlaw and chief 
of a banditti, which resolved to win back 
the spoil of the "Saxon spoiler." Fitz- 
James, a Saxon, met him and knew him 
not. He asked the Saxon why he was 
roaming unguarded over the mountains, 



and Fitz-James replied that he had 
sworn to combat with Roderick, the 
rebel, till death laid one of them pro- 
strate. "Have, then, thy wish 1 " ex- 
claimed the stranger, "for I am Rode- 
rick Dhu." As he spoke, the whole place 
bristled with armed men. Fitz-James 
stood with his back against a rock, and 
cried, "Come one, come all; this rock 
shall fly ere I budge an inch." Sir 
Roderick, charmed with his daring, 
waved his hand, and all the band disap- 
peared as mysteriously as they had ap- 
peared. Sir Roderick then bade the Saxon 
fight, "For," said he, "that party will 
prove victorious which first slays an 
enemy." "Then," replied Fitz-James, 
"thy cause is hopeless, for Red Murdock 
is slain already." They fought, how- 
ever, and Roderick, being overcome, was 
made prisoner (canto v.). — Sir W. Scott : 
The Lady of the Lake (1810). 

Roderick Random. (See Random, 
p. 898.) 

Rod'erigo or Roderi'gro (3 syl.), 
a Venetian gentleman in love with Des- 
demona. When Desdemona eloped with 
Othello, Roderigo hated the "noble 
Moor," and Ia'go took advantage of this 
temper for his own base ends. — Shake- 
speare : Othello (161 1 ). 

Roderigo's suspicious credulity and Impatient sub- 
mission to the cheats which he sees practised on him. 
and which, by persuasion, he suffers to be repeated, 
exhibit a strong picture of a weak mind betrayed by 
unlawful desires to a false friend — Dr. Johnson. 

Rodhaver, the sweetheart of Zal, a 
Persian. Zal being about to scale her 
bower, she let down her long tresses to 
assist him, but Zal managed to fix his 
crook into a projecting beam, and thus 
made his way to the lady of his devotion. 
— Champion: Ferdosi. 

Rodilardus, a huge cat, which 
attacked Panurge, and which he mistook 
for "a young soft-chinned devil." The 
word means "gnaw-lard" (Latin, rodere 
lardum). — Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, iv. 67 
(1545)- 

He saw In a fine painting the stories of the most 
famous cats: as Rodulardus[jtV] hung by the heels in 
a council of rats, puss in boots, the marquis de Carabas, 
Whittin^ton's cat, the writing cat, the ait turned woman, 
witches in the shape of cats, and so on. — Comtesst 
DAulnoy : Fairy Tales (" The White Cat," 1682). 

("The marquis de Carabas." See 
Puss in Boots, p. 884.) 

Rodmond, chief mate of the Bri- 
tannia, son of a Northumbrian engaged 
in the coal-trade ; a hardy, weather-beaten 



RODOGUNE. 



936 



ROGERO. 



seaman, uneducated, "boisterous of man- 
ners," and regardless of truth, but tender- 
hearted. He was drowned when the ship 
struck on cape Colonna, the most southern 
point of Attica. 

Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud. 
Bold without caution, without honours proud. 
In art unschooled, each veteran rule he prized, 
And all improvement haughtily despisea. 

Falconer ; The Shipwreck, i. (1756). 

Ro'dogune, Rkodogune, or Rho'- 
dogyne (3 syl.), daughter of Phraa'tes 
king of Parthia. She married Deme'trius 
Nica'nor (the husband of Cleopat'ra queen 
of Syria, q.v.), while in captivity. — Rowe : 
The Royal Convert (1708). 

(P. Corneille has a tragedy on the 
subject, entitled Rodogune, 1646.) 

Rodolfo (// cottte). It is in the bed- 
chamber of this count that Ami'na is 
discovered the night before her espousal 
to Elvino. Ugly suspicion is excited, 
but the count assures the young farmer 
that Amina walks in her sleep. While 
they are talking, Amina is seen to get 
out of a window and walk along a narrow 
ledge of the mill-root while the huge 
wheel is rapidly revolving. She crosses 
a crazy bridge, and walks into the very 
midst of the spectators. In a few minutes 
she awakes, and flies to the arms of her 
lover. — Bellini: La Sonnambula (opera, 
1831). 

Rodomont, king of Sarza or Algiers. 
He was Ulien's son, and called the " Mars 
of Africa." His lady-love was Dor'alis 
princess of Grana'da, but she eloped with 
Mandricardo king of Tartary. At 
Rogero's wedding, Rodomont accused 
him of being a renegade and traitor, 
whereupon they fought, and Rodomont 
was slain. — Orlando Innamorato (1495) » 
and Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Who so meek t I'm sure I quake at the very thought 
of hirn ; why, he's as fierce as Rodomont \—Drydett : 
Spanish Fryar, v. a (1680). 

(Rodomontade (4 syl. ), from Rodomont, 
a bragging although a brave knight. ) 

Uodri'g'o, king of Spain, conquered 
by the Moors. He saved his life by 
flight, and wandered to Guadalete\ where 
he begged food of a shepherd, and gave 
him in recompense his royal chain and 
ring. A hermit bade him, in penance, 
retire to a certain tomb full of snakes 
and toads, where, after three days, the 
hermit found him unhurt ; so, going to 
his cell, he passed the night in prayer. 
Next morning, Rodrigo cried aloud to the 
hermit, " They eat me now ; I feel the 



adder's bite." So his sin was atoned for, 

and he died. 

(This Rodrigo is Roderick, the last of 
the Goths. ) 

Uodri'g'o, rival of Pe'dro "the pil- 
grim," and captain of a band of outlaws. 
—Fletcher : The Pilgrim ( 162 1 ). 

Rodri'go de Mondragon (Don), 
a bully and tyrant, the self-constituted 
arbiter of all disputes in a tennis-court of 
Valladolid. 

Don Rodrigo de Mondragon was about 30 yean of 
age, of an ordinary make, but lean and muscular; he 
had two little twinkling eyes, that rolled in his head 
and threatened everybody he looked at ; a very flat 
nose, placed between red whiskers that curled up to 
his very temples ; and a manner of speaking so rough 
and passionate that his words struck terror into every. 
body.— Les*zt : Gil B Us, ii. 5 (1715). 

Rogel of Greece ( The Exploits and 
Adventures of), part of the series called 
Le Roman des Romans, pertaining to 
" Am'adis of Gaul." This part was added 
by Feliciano de Silva. 

Roger, the cook, who "cowde roste, 
sethe, broille, and frie, make mortreux, 
and wel bake a pye." — Chaucer : Canter- 
bury Tales (1388). 

Roger {Sir), curate to "The Scornful 
Lady" (no name given). — Beaumont and 
Fletcher: The Scornful Lady (1616). 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Roger Bontemps, the personation 
of contentment with his station in life, 
and of the buoyancy of good hope. 
" There's a good time coming, John." 

Vous pauvres, pleins d 'en vie; 

Vous rich, desireux ; 
Vous dont le char devie 

Apres un cours heureux; 
Vous qui perdrez peut-Atre 

Des titres eclatans ; 
Eh 1 gai 1 prenez pour mattre 

Le gros Roger Bontemps. 

Be'ranger (1780-1856). 
Ve poor, with envy goaded ; 

Ye rich, for more who long ; 
Te who by fortune loaded 

Find all things going wrong j 
Ye who by some disaster 

See all your cables break ; 
From henceforth for your master 

Should Roger Bontemps take. 

E. C. B. 

Roger de Coverley (Sir), an 
hypothetical baronet of Coverley or 
Cowley, near; Oxford. — Addison : The 
Spectator (1711, 1712, 1714). 

(The prototype of this famous character 
was sir John Pakington, seventh baronet 
of the line. ) 

ROG-E'RO, brother of Marphi'sa ; 
brought up by Atlantes a magician. 
He married Brad'amant, the niece of 



ROGERO. 

Charlemagne Rogero was converted to 
Christianity, and baptized. His marriage 
with Bradamant and his election to the 
crown of Bulgaria, conclude the poem. — 
Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Who more brave than Rodomontt who more cour- 
teous than Rogero 1—Ctrwntu: Don QuixoU, I. i. 
(1605). 

Rogero, son of Roberto Guiscardo 

the Norman. Slain by Tisapherngs. — 
Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (1575). 

Roge'ro (3 syl. ), a gentleman of Sicilia. 
— Shakespeare : The Winter's Tale (1604). 

(This is one of those characters which 
appear in the dramatis persona, but are 
never introduced in the play. Rogero 
not only does not utter a word, he does 
not even enter the stage all through the 
drama. In the Globe edition his name 
is omitted. See Violenta.) 

Rogero, in The Rovers, a tragedy 
contributed by Canning to the Anti- 
jacobin Review (1798-1821). It is in 
ridicule of the German sentimental drama. 
Rogero sings the famous song of the 
" U — niversity of Gottingen." When he 
matriculated, he says — 

There first for thee my passion grew, 
Sweet, sweet Matilda Pottengea| 

Thou wast the daughter of my tu» 
tor, law professor of the U- 
niversity of Gottingen. 

Roget, the pastoral name of George 
Wither in the four " eglogues " called 
The Shepheard's Hunting (1615). The 
first and last " eglogues " are dialogues 
between Roget and Willy his young 
friend ; in the second pastoral Cuddy is 
introduced, and in the third Alexis makes 
a fourth character. The subject of the 
first three is the reason of Roget's im- 
prisonment, which, he says, is a hunt that 
gave great offence. This hunt is in reality 
a satire called Abuses Stript and Whipt. 
The fourth pastoral has for its subject 
Roget's love of poetry. 

(" Willy " is his friend William Browne 
of the inner Temple (two years his junior), 
author of Britannia 's Pastorals.) 

Rolia, the camphor tree. " The juice 
of the camphor is made to run out from a 
wound at the top of the tree, and, being 
received in a vessel, is allowed to harden 
in the sun. — Arabian Nights ("Sinbad's 
Second Voyage"). 

Roi Panade [" king of slops "], Louis 
XVIII. (1755, 1814-1824). 

Roister Doister (Ralph), a vain, 
thoughtless, blustering fellow, in pursuit 



9*7 



ROLAND. 



of Custance a rich widow, but baffled In 
his endeavour. — Udall: Ralph Roister 
Doister (the first English comedy, 1534). 

Rokeby, a poem in six cantos, by sir 
Walter Scott (18 13). The time referred 
to is immediately subsequent to the battle 
of Marston Moor, Yorkshire (1644). 
Rokeby is a mansion near Greta Bridge, 
in Yorkshire, and the poem abounds in 
descriptions of the estate. 

(The tale is about the love of Wilfrid 
Wycliffe for Matilda, heiress of the knight 
of Rokeby. ) 

Rokesmith (John), alias John 
Harmon, secretary of Mr. Boffin. He 
lodged with the Wilfers, and ultimately 
married Bella Wilfer. John Rokesmith 
is described as " a dark gentleman, 30 
at the utmost, with an expressive, one 
might say a handsome, face." — Dickens: 
Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

(For the solution of the mystery, see 
vol I. ii. 13.) 

Roland, count of Mans and knight 
of Blaives. His mother, Bertha, was 
Charlemagne's sister. Roland is repre- 
sented as brave, devotedly loyal, unsus- 
picious, and somewhat too easily imposed 
upon. He was eight feet high, and had 
an open countenance. In Italian romance 
he is called Orlan'do. He was slain in 
the valley of RoncesvallSs as he was 
leading the rear of his uncle's army from 
Spain to France. Charlemagne himself 
had reached St. Jean Pied de Port at the 
time, heard the blast of his nephew's 
horn, and knew it announced treachery, 
but was unable to render him assistance 
(A.D. 778). 

(Roland is the hero of Th£roulde's 
Chanson de Roland ; of Turpi n's Chro* 
«z^«<f/ofBojardo's Orlando Innamordto ; 
of Ariosto's Orlando Furioso ; of Pic- 
cini's opera called Roland (1778) ; etc. ) 

Rolands Horn, Olivant or Olifant. 
It was won from the giant Jatmund, and 
might be heard at the distance of thirty 
miles. Birds fell dead at its blast, and the 
whole Saracen army drew back in terror 
when they heard it. So loud it sounded, 
that the blast reached from Roncesvalles 
to St. Jean Pied de Port, a distance of 
several miles. 

Roland lifts Olifant to his mouth and blows It with 
all his might. The mountains around are lofty, but 
high above them the sound of the horn arises {at the 
third blast, it sflit in twain}.— Sen? of Roland {at 
sung by TailWer, at the battle of Hastings. See 
Warfn: History of English loctry, v. i, sect. ill. 13a 
(1781). 

Rolands Horst, Veillantif, called in 



928 



ROLAND. 

Italian Vegliaritino ("the little vigilant 
one"). 

In Italian romance, Orlando has another 
horse, called Brigliado'ro (" golden 
bridle"). 

Rolands Spear. Visitors are shown a 
spear in the cathedral of Pa'>ia, which 
they are told belonged to Roland. 

Rolands Sword, Duran'dal, made by 
the fairies. To prevent its falling into 
the hands of the enemy when Roland 
was attacked in the valley of Ronces- 
valles, he smote a rock with it, and it 
made in the solid rock a fissure some 
300 feet in depth, called to this day La 
Briche de Roland. 

Then would I seek the Pyrenean breach 

Which Roland clove with huge two-handed sway, 

And to the enormous labour left his name. 

Wordsworth. 

•.'A sword is shown at Rocamadour, 
in the department of Lot (France), which 
visitors are assured was Roland's Duran- 
dal. But the romances say that Roland, 
dying, threw his sword into a poisoned 
stream. 

Death of Roland. There is a tradition 
that Roland escaped the general slaughter 
in the defile of Roncesvalles, and died of 
starvation while trying to make his way 
across the mountains. — John de la 
Bruiere Champier: De Cibaria, xvi. 5. 

Died like Roland, died of thirst. 

Nonnulli qui de Gallicis rebus historias conscripsenmt, 
non dubitarunt posteris significare Rolandum Carol! 
Ulius magni sororis nlium, virum certe bellica gloria 
omnique fortitudine nobillissimum, post ingentem His- 
panorumcaedem prope Pyrenasi saltus juga, ubi insidiae 
ab hoste collocats fuerint, siti miserrime extinctum. 
Inde nostri intolerabili siti et immiti volentes signifi- 
care se torqueri, facete aiunt " Rolandi morte sa 
perire."— ChampUr: De Cibaria, xvi. 5. 

Roland {The Roman). Sicinius Den- 
tatus is so called by Niebuhr. He is 
not unfrequently called "The Roman 
Achilles " (put to death B.C. 450). 

Roland and Oliver, the two most 
famous of the twelve paladins of Charle- 
magne. To give a " Roland for an 
Oliver " is to give tit for tat, as good as 
you received. 

Froissart, a countryman of our» {the French\ records, 
England all Olivers and Rowlands bred 
During the time Edward the Third did reign. 

Shakespeare : i Henry VI. act L sc a (1580). 
Ochl Mrs. Mustardpot, have you found a Rowland 
for your Oliver at last I— T. Knight. 

Roland de Vatuc (Sir), baron of 
Triermain, who wakes Gyneth from her 
long sleep of 500 years, and marries her. 
— Sir W. Scott: Bridal of Triermain 
(1813). ^ 

Rolando (Signor), a common railer 



ROLLIAD. 



against women, but brave, of a " happy 
wit and independent spirit." Rolando 
swore to marry no woman, but fell in 
love with Zam'ora, and married her, 
declaring " she was no woman but an 
angel." — Tobin : The Honeymoon (1804). 
(The resemblance between Rolando 
and Benedick will instantly occur to the 
mind. ) 

Rolandseck Tower, opposite the 
Drachenfels. Roland was engaged to 
Aude, daughter of sir Gerard and lady 
Guibourg ; but the lady, being told that 
Roland had been slain by Angoulaffre 
the Saracen, retired to a convent The 
paladin returned home full of glory, 
having slain the Saracen. When he 
heard that his lady-love had taken the 
veil, he built Rolandseck Castle, which 
overlooks the convent, that he might at 
least see the lady to whom he could never 
be united. After the death of Aude, 
Roland "sought the battle-field again, 
and fell at Roncevall."— Campbell: The 
Brave Roland. 

Roldan, "El encantado," Roldan 

made invulnerable by enchantment. The 
cleft " Roldan," in the summit of a high 
mountain in the kingdom of Valencia, 
was so called because it was made by a 
single back-stroke of Roldan's sword. 
The character is in two Spanish romances, 
authors unknown — Bernardo del Carpio 
and Roncesvalles. 

This book [Rinaldo de Montalban\ and all others 

written on French matters, shall be deposited in some 
dry place . . . except one called Bernardo del Carpio, 
and another called Roncivalles, which shall certainly 
accompany the rest on the bonfire.— Ctr-vanUs : Don 
Quixote, 1. L 6 (1605). 

Rolla, kinsman of the inca Atali'ba, 
and the idol of the army. "In war a 
tiger chafed by the hunters' spears ; in 
peace more gentle than the unweaned 
lamb " (act i. i). A firm friend and 
most generous foe. Rolla is wounded in 
his attempt to rescue the infant child of 
Alonzo from the Spaniards, and dies. 
His grand funeral procession terminates 
the drama. — Sheridan : Pizarro (altered 
from Kotzbue, 1799). 

John Kemble and two friends were returning to 
town In an open carriage from lord Abercorn's, and 
came to a toll-bar. As the toll-keeper and his daughter 
were fumbling for change, Kemble cried out, in the 
words of Rolla to the army, " We seek no change, 
and least of all such change as they would bring us* 
(act ii. a).— Rogers : TabU Talk (1856). 

Rolliad (The), a series of political 
satires, the first of which was devoted to 
colonel (lord) Rollo (1784). Others 
satirized the poet Tickell, George Ellis, 



ROLLO. 



929 ROMANCE OF THE ROSE. 



general Burgoyne, Brummel, Boscawen, 
the bishop of Ossory, and so on. 

Hollo, duke of Normandy, called 
"The Bloody Brother." He caused the 
death of his brother Otto, and slew 
several others, some out of mere wanton- 
ness.— Fletcher; The Bloody Brother 
(1639). 

Roman (The), Jean Dumont, the 
French painter, Le Romain (1700-1781). 

Stephen Picart, the French engraver, 
Le Romain (1631-1721). 

Giulio Pippi, called Giulio Romano 
(1492-1546). 

Adrian van Roomen, mathematician, 
Andridnus Reminus (1561-1615). 

Roman Achilles, Sicinius Denta- 
tus (slain B.C. 450). 

Roman Bird (The), the eagle, the 
distinctive ensign of the Roman legion. 

Roman Brevity. Caesar imitated 
laconic brevity when he announced to 
Amintius his victory at Zela, in Asia 
Minor, over Pharna'cfcs, son of Mithri- 
dates : Vent, vidi, vici. 

Poins. I will imitate the honourable Roman la 
breTity.— Shaktsftmrt: • Htnry IV. act ii. sc. a (1598). 

T Sir Charles Napier is credited with a 
far more laconic despatch on making 
himself master of Scinde in 1843. Taking 
possession of Hyderabad, and outflank- 
ing Shere Mohammed by a series of most 
brilliant manoeuvres, he is said to have 
written home this punning despatch : 
Peccavi ("I have sinned " [Scinde]). 

Roman Daughter (The). Valerius 
Maximus (v. 4) tells us of a young Roman 
lady who nourished her mother in 
prison, as the Grecian daughter (q.v.) 
nourished her father. The mother was 
under sentence of death, but the jailer 
deferred the execution, and allowed the 
daughter to visit her, but searched her 
to see that she carried no food into the 
prison. (Pliny, in his Natural History, 
vii. 36, repeats the story. Festus changes 
the mother into the father. ) 

Roman Father (The), Horatius, 
father of the Horatii and of Horatia. 
The story of the trapedy is the well- 
known Roman legend about the Horatii 
and Curiatii. Horatius rejoices that his 
three sons have been selected to represent 
Rome, and sinks the affection of the 
father in love for his country. Horatia 
is the betrothed of Caius Curiatius, but is 
also beloved by Valerius, and when the 
Curiatii are selected to oppose her three 



brothers, she sends Valerius to him with 
a scarf to induce him to forego the fight 
Caius declines, and is slain. Horatia is 
distracted ; they take from her every 
instrument of death, and therefore she 
resolves to provoke her surviving brother, 
Publius, to kill her. Meeting him in 
his triumph, she rebukes him for murder- 
ing her lover, scoffs at his " patriotism," 
and Publius kills her. Horatius now 
resigns Publius to execution for murder, 
but the king and Roman people rescue 
him. — Whitehead (1741). 

(Corneille has a drama on the same 
subject, called Horace (1639), the basis of 
Whitehead's tragedy. ) 

Roman des Romans (Le), a 
series of prose romances connected with 
Am'adis of GauL So called by Gilbert 
Saunier. 

Romans (Last of the), Rienzi the 
tribune (1310-1354). 

Charles James Fox (1749-1806). 

Horace Walpole, Ultimus Romanorum 
(1717-1797). 

Caius Cassius was so called by Brutus. 

The last of all the Romans, fare thee well I 
It is impossible that ever Rome 
Should breed thy fellow. 
Shaktsftart : Julius Ctesar, act v. sc. 3 (1607). 

Romans (Most Learned of the), Marcus 
Terentius Varro (B.C. 116-28). 

Romance of the Forest (The), 
the best of Mrs. Radcliffe's tales (1791). 

Romance of the Rose, a poetical 
allegory, begun by Guillaume di Lorris in 
the latter part of the thirteenth century, 
and continued by Jean de Meung in the 
former half of the fourteenth century. 
The poet dreams that Dame Idleness con- 
ducts him to the palace of Pleasure, 
where he meets Love, whose attendant 
maidens are Sweet-looks, Courtesy, 
Youth, Joy, and Competence, by whom 
he is conducted to a bed of roses. He 
singles out one, when an arrow from Love's 
bow stretches him fainting on the ground, 
and he is carried off. When he comes to 
himself, he resolves, if possible, to find his 
rose, and Welcome promises to aid him ; 
Shyness, Fear, and Slander obstruct him, 
and Reason advises him to give up the 
quest. Pity and Kindness show him the 
object of his search ; but Jealousy seizes 
Welcome, and locks her in Fear Castle. 
Here the original poem ends. The sequel, 
somewhat longer than the twenty-four 
books of Homer's Iliad, takes up the tale 
from this point. 



ROMANO. 

Roma'no, the old monk who took 
pity on Roderick in his flight (viii.), 
and went with him for refuge to a small 
hermitage on the sea-coast, where they 
remained for twelve months, when the 
old monk died. — Southey : Roderick, the 
Last of the Goths, i., ii. (1814). 

Rome Does {Do as). The saying 
originated with St. Ambrose (fourth 
century). It arose from the following 
diversity in the observance of Saturday: 
The Milanese make it a feast, the Romans 
a fast. St. Ambrose, being asked what 
should be done in such a case, replied, 
" In matters of indifference, it is better 
to be guided by the general usage. When 
I am at Milan, I do not fast on Saturdays, 
but when I am at Rome, I do as they do 
at Rome." 

Rome of the North. Cologne was 
so called (says Hope) in the Middle Ages, 
from its wealth, power, and ecclesiastical 
foundations. 

Rome Saved by Geese. When 
the Gauls invaded Rome, a detachment 
in single file scaled the hill on which the 
capitol stood, so silently that the fore- 
most man reached the summit without 
being challenged ; but while striding 
over the rampart, some sacred geese were 
disturbed, and by their cackle aroused 
the guard. Marcus Manlius rushed to 
the wall, and hustled the Gaul over, thus 
saving the capitol. 

H A somewhat parallel case occurred 
in Ireland in the battle of Glinsaly, in 
Donegal. A party of the Irish would 
have surprised the protestants if some 
wrens had not disturbed the guards by 
the noise they made in hopping about the 
drums and pecking on the parchment 
heads. — Aubrey: Miscellanies, 45. 

Ro'meo, a son of Mon'tague (3 syl.) t 
in love with Juliet the daughter of 
Cap'ulet ; but between the houses of Mon- 
tague and Capulet there existed a deadly 
feud. As the families were irreconcilable, 
Juliet took a sleeping draught, that she 
might get away from her parents and elope 
with Romeo. Romeo, thinking her to be 
dead, killed himself; and when Juliet 
awoke and found her lover dead, she also 
killed herself. — Shakespeare : Romeo and 
Juliet (1598). 

(Fox said that Barry's "Romeo "was 
superior to Garrick's (S. Rogers, Table 
Talk). Fitzgerald says that Barry was 
the superior in the garden-scenes and in 
the first part of the tomb, but Garrick 



93* 



ROMULUS AND REMU& 



in the scene with the " friar" and in the 
dying part.) 

Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy by 
Shakespeare (1598), The tale is taken 
from Rhomeo and Julietta, a novel by 
Boisteau in French, borrowed from an 
Italian story by Bandelio (1554). 

*.* In 1562 Arthur Brooke produced4he 
same tale in verse, called The Tragicall 
History of Romeus and Juliet. In 1567 
Painter published a prose translation of 
Boisteau's novel. 

Rominagrobis, used in French for 

a "cat." Rabelais tells us that Panurge 
applied to Rominagrobis to tell him 
whether he should marry or let it alone, 
but received no answer. (Probably pro- 
fessors wore cats' fur, as we use rabbits' 
fur in our universities, instead of ermine.) 
Our word "cat-gut," which is no part of a 
cat, shows that the word was very loosely 
used. Similarly, " puss " means a cat, hare, 
or rabbit. Thus in the Hare and the 
Tortoise we have the line, " Poor Puss 
[Hare], what a lesson you've taught men 1 " 

Romola, a novel of Italian life by 
George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross, 1863). 
(1858-1861). Romola, the heroine, 
marries Tito Mel'ema, a Greek. 

Romp (The), a comic opera altered 
from Bickerstaff s Love in the City. Pris- 
cilla Tomboy is " the romp," and the plot 
is given under that name. 

A splendid portrait of Mrs. Jordan, in her character 
of " The Romp," hung uver the mantelpiece in tha 
dininjf-room [of Adolphus FitMClarence\—Lord Af. 
Lennox; Celebrities, etc., L 11. 

Rom'uald [St.). The Catalans had a 
great reverence for a hermit so called, and, 
hearing that he was about to quit their 
country, called together a parish meeting, 
to consult how they might best retain him 
amongst them, "For," said they, "he 
will certainly be consecrated, and his 
relics will bring a fortune to us." So 
they agreed to strangle him; but their 
intention being told to the hermit, he 
secretly made his escape. — St. Foix: 
Essais Historiques sur Paris, v. 163. 

(Southey has a ballad on the subject) 

Romulus ( The Second and Third), 
Camillus and Marius. Also called ' ' The 
Second and Third Founders of Rome." 

Romulus and Remus, the twin 
sons of Silvia a vestal virgin and the 
god Mars. The infants were exposed in 
a cradle, and the floods carried the cradle 
to the foot of the Palatine. Here a wolf 



RON. 



93« 



RORY O' THE HILL. 



suckled them, till one Faustfilus, the 
king's shepherd, took them to his wife, 
who brought them up. When grown to 
manhood, they slew Amulius, who had 
caused them to be exposed. 

IF The Greek legend of Tyro is in many 
respects similar. This Tyro had an 
amour with Poseidon (as Silvia had with 
Mars), and two sons were born in both 
cases. Tyro's mother-in-law confined her 
in a dungeon, and exposed the two infants 
(Pelias and Neleus) in a boat on the river 
Enipeus (3 syl.). Here they were dis- 
covered and brought up by a herdsman 
(Romulus and Remus were brought up by 
a shepherd), and when grown to man- 
hood, they put to death their mother-in- 
law, who had caused them to be exposed 
(as Romulus and Remus put to death 
their great-uncle Amulius). 

Ron, the ebony spear of prince Arthur. 

The temper of his sword, the tried Excalibor, 

The bigness and the length of Rone his noble spear, 

With Pridvrin his great shield. 

Drm.yfn : PolyolHon, It. (161a). 

Ronald {Lord), in love with lady 
Clare, to whom he gave a lily-white doe. 
The day before the wedding, nurse 
Alice told lady Clare she was not "lady 
Clare" at all, but her own child. On 
hearing this, she dressed herself as a 
peasant girl, and went to lord Ronald to 
release him from his engagement. Lord 
Ronald replied, " If you are not the 
heiress born, we will be married to- 
morrow, and you shall still be lady 
Clare." — Tennyson : Lady Clare. 

Ronceavalles (4 syl.), a defile in the 
Pyrenees, famous for the disaster which 
befell Roland and his army. 

Oh for a blast of that dread horn 
On Fontarabian echoes borne . . • 
When Roland brave and Oliver . . 
On Roncesvalles died. 

Scott: Marmion* 

(Sometimes the word has only 3 syl. t as 
Ron-ce-valles or Ron-ce-val.) 

Ed Olever des Vassals 

Ki morurent en Ronchevals. 

Lorris : Roman de !a R»u, B. L ij. 151 
(thirteenth century). 
And the dead who. deathless all. 
Fell at famous Ronceval 

Rondib'ilis, the physican consulted 
by Panurge on the knotty question, 
' ' whether he ought to marry, or let it 
alone." — Rabelais: Pantag'ruel (1545). 

N.B. — This question, which Panurge 
was perpetually asking every one, of 
course refers to the celibacy of the clergy. 

Rondo [The Father tf the), Jean 

Baptiste Davaux. 



Rooden Lane. All on one side, like 
Rooden Lane. The village of Rooden or 
Roden, in Lancashire, is built all on one 
side of the road, the other side being the 
high wall of Heaton Park, the residence 
of the earl of Wilton. (See Takeley 
Street. ) 

Rope of Ocnus {A), profitless labour. 
Ocnus was always twisting a rope with 
unwearied diligence, but an ass ate it as 
fast as it was twisted. 

(This allegory means that Ocnus worked 
hard to earn money, which his wife 
squandered by her extravagance. ) 

% The work of Penelope's web was 
"never ending, still beginning," because 
Penelope pulled out at night all that she 
had spun during the day. Her object 
was to defer doing what she abhorred but 
knew not how to avoid. 

Rope-dancer ( The), Yvo de Grent- 
mesnil, the crusader, one of the leaders of 
Robert duke of Normandy's party against 
Henry I. of England. Yvo was one of 
those who escaped from Antioch when it 
was besieged. He was let down over the 
wall by a rope, and to this the sobriquet 
refers. 

Rope-maker [The Beautiful), a 
soubriquet of Louise Lab£ (1526-1561), a 
poetess who wrote in three languages, 
and who was distinguished for her 
courage at the siege of Perpignan. 

Rope-Walk [Gone into the), taken up 
Old Bailey practice. The "rope" refers 
to the hangman's cord. — Barristers' 
Slang. 

Roper [Margaret) was buried with 
the head of her father, sir Thomas More, 
between her hands. 

Her, who clasped In her last trance 
Her murdered father's head. 

Tennyswn. 

Roqne (1 syl.), a blunt, kind-hearted 
old servitor to donna Floranthe. — Colman: 
The Mountaineers (1793). 

Roqne Gninart, a freebooter, whose 
real name was Pedro Rocha Guinarda. He 
is introduced by Cervantes in Don Quixote. 

Rory O'More (1 syl.), a novel by 
Lover (1836). It was dramatized. Lover 
wrote a ballad on the same subject. 

Rory o' the Hill, the signature 
adopted in 1880 by the writer of threaten- 
ing letters to Imh landlords, to those who 
paid their rents, to those who occupied 
the farms of ejected tenants, etc. 'I hese 
letters were written under the authority of 
the " Irish Land League." 



ROSA. 



93* 



ROSAMOND, 



(Like the Fenians, the Land Leaguers 
wanted to sever Ireland from the British 
crown. ) 

Rosa, a village beauty, patronized by 
lady Dedlock. She marries Mrs. Rounce- 
well's grandson, — Dickens: Bleak House 
(1852). 

Rosabelle (3 syl.), the lady's-maid of 
lady Geraldine. Rosabelle promised to 
marry L' Eclair, the orderly of chevalier 
Florian. — Dimond: The Foundling of the 
Forest. 

Rosalind (i.e. Rose Daniel), the 

shepherd lass who rejected Colin Clout (the 
poet Spenser) for Menalcas (John Florio 
the lexicographer) (1579). Spenser was at 
the time in his twenty-sixth year. Being 
rejected by Rosalind, he did not marry till 
he was nearly 41, and then we are told that 
Elizabeth was " the name of his mother, 
queen, and wife " (Sonnet, 74). In the 
Faerie Queene, " the country lass " (Rosa- 
lind) is introduced dancingwith theGraces, 
and the poet says she is worthy to be the 
fourth (bk. vi. 10, 16). In 1595 appeared 
the Epithala' mion, in which the recent 
marriage is celebrated. — Spenser: Shep- 
heardes Calendar, i., vi. (1579). 

N.B. — " Rosalinde" is an anagram for 
Rose Daniel, evidently a well-educated 
young lady of the north, and probably the 
" lady Mirabella " of the Faerie Queene, 
vi. 7, 8. Spenser calls her ' ' the widow's 
daughter of the glen " (eel. iv.), supposed 
to be either Burnley or Colne, near 
Hurstwood, in Yorkshire. Eel. i. is the 
plaint of Colin for the loss of Rosalind. 
Eel. vi. is a dialogue between Colin and 
Hobbinol his friend, in which Colin 
laments, and Hobbinol tries to comfort 
him. Eel. xii. is a similar lament to eel. 
i. Rose Daniel married John Florio the 
lexicographer, the " Holofernes " of 
Shakespeare. 

Ros'alind, daughter of the banished 
duke who went to live in the forest of 
Arden. Rosalind was retained in her 
uncle's court as the companion of his 
daughter Celia; but when the usurper 
banished her, Celia resolved to be her 
companion, and for greater security 
* Rosalind dressed as a boy, and assumed 
the name of Ganimed, while Celia dressed 
as a peasant girl, and assumed the name 
of Aliena. The two girls went to the 
forest of Arden, and lodged for a time in 
a hut ; but they had not been long there 
when Orlando encountered them. Or- 
lando and Rosalind had met before at a 



wrestling match, and the acquaintance 
was now renewed ; Ganimed resumed her 
proper apparel, and the two were married 
with the sanction of the duke.— Shake- 
speare : As You Like It (1598). 

Nor shall the griefs of Lear be alleviated, or the 
charms and wit of Rosalind be abated by time.— Drake ' 
Shakespeare and His Timss, 11 554 (»«7). 

Rosaline, the niece of Capulet, with 
whom Romeo was in love before he saw 
Tuliet. Mercutio calls her " a pale- 
hearted wench," and Romeo says she did 
not "grace for grace and love for love 
allow," like Juliet. — Shakespeare : Romeo 
and Juliet (1598). 

(Rosaline is frequently mentioned in 
the first act of the play, but is not one 
of the dramatis personee.) 

Rosaline, a lady in attendance on the 
princess of France. A sharp wit was 
wedded to her will, and "two pitch 
balls were stuck in her face for eyes." 
Rosaline is called "a merry, nimble, 
stirring spirit." Biron, a lord in atten- 
dance on Ferdinand king of Navarre 
proposes marriage to her, but she replies — 

You must be purged first, your sins are racked . . . 
Therefore if you my favour mean to get, 
A twelvemonth shall you spend, and never rest. 
Bat seek the weary beds of people sick. 

Shakespeare: Ltve's Labour's Lost (1594). 

Rosaln'ra, the airy daughter of 
Nantolet, beloved by Belleur. — Fletcher: 
The Wild-goose Chase (1652). 

Ros'amond (The Fair), Jane Clif- 
ford, daughter of Walter lord Clifford. 
The lady was loved not wisely but too 
well by Henry II., who kept her for 
concealment in a labyrinth at Woodstock. 
Queen Eleanor compelled the frail fair 
one to swallow poison (1177). 

She was the fayre daughter of Walter lord Clifford 
. . Henry made for her a house of wonderfull working, 
to that no man or woman might come to her. This 
house was named "Labyrinthus," and was wrought 
like unto a knot, in a garden called a maze. But the 
queen came to her by a clue of thredde, and so dealt 
with her that she lived not long after. She was buried 
at Godstew, in a house of nunnes, with these verses 
upon her tombe— 

Hie jacet in tumba Rosa mundl, non Rosa munda; 

Non redolet, sed olet, quae redolere solet 

Hers Rtst the graced, not Rose the c hosts, reposes ; 

Ths smell that rises is no smell o/rosss. 

S. C. B 

N.B. — The subject has been a great 
favourite with poets. We have — 

In English : (1) The tragedies of— 

Bancroft or Mountford, 1693 (Henry 
//;... "with the Death of Rosamond). 

Daniel, before 1619 (The Complaint of 
Rosamond). 

Hawkins, 1749 (Henry and Rosamond). 

Korner, 181a (Rosamond the Fair). 



ROSAMOND VINCY. 



Swinburne, 1861 (Rosamond). 
Tennyson, 1879 (Fair Rosamond). 

(2) The operas of— 
Addison, 1706 ; Dr. Arne, 1733 ; and 

Barnett (Rosamond the Fair), 1836. 

(3) A ballad by Thomas Deloney, 1612. 

(4) A poem ( The Complaint of Rosa- 
mond) by S. Daniel, 1594. He supposes 
that the frail fair one tells her pitiful story 
from the lower world. 

In Italian: Rosmonda, 1536, by 
Rucellai. 

In Spanish: Rosmunda (an opera), 
1840, by Gil y Zarate. 

In French: Rosamondo (a poem) by 
C. Briffaut, 1815. 

(Sir Walter Scott has introduced the 
beautiful soiled dove in two of his novels, 
viz. The Talisman and Woodstock. ) 

Dryden says her name was Jane — 

Jane Clifford was her name, as books aver ; 
"Fair Rosamond" was but her nom dt g-uerrt. 
We rede that in Englande was a king that had a 
concubyne whose name was Rose, and for hir gTeate 
bewtye he cleped hir Rose a mounde (Rosa mundi), 
that is to say, Rose of the world, for him thought that 
she passed al wymen in bewtye. — R. Pynson (1493), 
subsequently printed by Wynken de Worde in 1496. 

N.B. — The Rosemonde of Alfieri is 
quite another person. (See Rosemond.) 

Rosamond Vincy, in Middlemarch, 
a novel by George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. 
Cross), who is eventually married to Lyd- 
gate, the young doctor (1872). 

Rosa'na, daughter of the Armenian 
queen, who helped St. George to quench 
the seven lamps of the knight of the 
Black Castle. — R. Johnson : The Seven 
Champions of Christendom, ii. 8, 9 (1617). 

Rosciad (The), a poetical satire in 
heroic rhymes, by Churchill (1761). 

Roscius (Quintus), the greatest of 
Roman actors (died B.C. 62). 

What scene of death hath Roscius now to act I 
Shakespeare : 3 Henry VI. act v. sc. 6 (159a). 

The British Roscius, Thomas Betterton 
(1635-1710), and David Garrick (1716- 
1779)- 

The earl of Southampton says that Richard Burbaga 
"Is famous as our English Roscius" (1566-1619). 

The Irish Roscius, Spranger Barry, 
" The Silver-Tongued " (1719-1777). 

The Young Roscius, William Henry 
West Betty, who in 1803 made his dibut 
in London. He was about 12 years of 
age, and in fifty-six nights realized 
,£34,000. He died, aged 84, in 1874. 

The Roscius of France, Michel Boyron 
or Baron (1653-1729). 

Roscrana, daughter of Cormac king 



933 ROSE. 

of Ireland (grandfather of that Cormac 

murdered by Cairbar). Roscra'na is 
called "the blue-eyed and white-handed 
maid," and was " like a spirit of heaven, 
half folded in the skirt of a cloud." 
Subsequently she was the wife of Fingal 
king of Morven, and mother of Ossian 
"king of bards." — Ossian: Temora, vi. 

N.B. — Cormac, the father of Roserana, 
was great-grandfather of that Cormaa 
who was reigning when Swaran made his 
invasion. The line ran thus : (1) Cormac 
I., (2) Cairbre his son, (3) Artho his son, 
(4) Cormac II. father-in-law of Fingal. 

ROSE [Maylib], the adopted 
daughter of Mrs. Maylie of Chertsey 
mansion, which was broken into by Bill 
Sykes. Rose, at the time, was only 17 
years of age. "Cast in so slight and 
exquisite a mould, so gentle and so mild, 
so pure and beautiful, that earth seemed 
not her element." She was intensely 
loved by Mrs. Maylie's son Henry ; but 
she rejected his proposal till the mystery 
of her birth was cleared up. It turned out 
that her name was Rose Fleming, and she 
was Oliver Twist's aunt Henry Maylie 
took orders, retired to a country living, and 
Rose became his model wife. — Dickens : 
Oliver Twist (1838). 

Rose, " the gardener's daughter," a 
story of happy first love, told in later 
years by an old man who had, in his 
younger days, trifled with the passion of 
love ; but, like St. Augustin, was always 
" loving to love " (amans amdre), and was 
at length heart-smitten with Rose, whom 
he married. (See Alice, p. 25.)— 
Tennyson : The Gardener's Daughter. 

Rose (Origin of the). (1) Sir John 
Mandeville says that a Jewish maid of 
Bethlehem (whom Southey names Zillah) 
was beloved by one Ham'uel a brutish 
sot. Zillah rejected his suit, and Hamuel, 
in revenge, accused the maiden of offences 
for which she was condemned to be burned 
alive. When brought to the stake, the 
flames burnt Hamuel to a cinder, but did 
no harm to Zillah. There she stood, in a 
garden of roses, for the brands which had 
been kindled became red roses, and those 
which had not caught fire became white 
ones. These are the first roses that ever 
bloomed on earth since the loss of 
paradise. 

As the fyre beyan to brenne about hire, the made 
her preysras to oure Lerd . . . and anon was the fayer 
quenched and oute, and brondes that waren brennyn^e 
becomen white roieres . . . and thaiie werein tha 
first roiarei that ever out man saugha.— Sir J. 
MaundsmlU .- r'ei*f* and TraivmiU, 



ROSE. 



934 



ROSEMOND. 



(a) Accordirig to Mussulman tradition, 
the rose is thus accounted for: When 
Mahomet took his journey to heaven, the 
sweat which fell on the earth from the 
prophet's forehead produced while roses, 
and that which fell from Al Borak' (the 
animal he rode) produced yellow ones. 

(3) A Roman legend attributes it to the 
blood of Venus, wounded by the dart of 
Cupid. 

(4) A Moslem tradition attributes it to 
he sweat of Mahomet. (See above.) 

(5) Christian tradition attributes it to 
the blood of the first martyr. 

(6) An unauthorized legend is that when 
the Flood ceased, Love threw to earth a 
flower to show Noah that the righteous 
wrath of God had passed away. That 
flower took root and^became a rose, and 
ever since the rose has been made the 
emblem of enduring love. 

The waters ceased, and Love threw down a flower, 
To show the wrath hath passed of God above ; 

The rose took root, and ever from that hour 
Hath been the emblem of abiding love. 

s. as. 
Rose. On mount Cal'asay (the Indian 
Olympus) is a table on which lies a silver 
rose that contains two women, as bright 
and fair as pearls ; one is called Brigas'iri 
(" lady of the mouth "), and the other Ta- 
ras'iri ("lady of the tongue"), because 
they praise God without ceasing. In the 
centre of the rose is the triangle or resi- 
dence of God. — BaldcBus. 

And when the bell hath sounded, 
The Rose with all the mysteries it surrounded. 
The Bell, the Table, and mount Calasay, 
The holy hill itself with all thereon . . . 
Dissolves away. 

Southey : Curse o/Kthama, rix. xi (1800). 

Rose (Couleur de), an exaggerated 
notion of the excellence or goodness of 
something, produced by hope, love, or 
some other favourable influence. Love, 
for example, sees the object beloved 
through a medium of heart-joy, which 
casts a halo round it, and invests it with 
a roseate hue, as if seen through glass 
tinted with rose-pink. Hence the lover 
says of Maud — 

Rosy is the west, rosy is the south ; 

Roses are her cheeks, and a rose her mouth. 

Tennyson : Maud, I. xvii. (1855). 

Rose Dartle, in David Copperfield, a 
novel by Dickens (1849). 

Rose Mackenzie, the first wife of 
Clive Newcome, and daughter of " The 
Old Campaigner," i.e. Mrs. Mackenzie. 
— Thackeray : The Newcomes (1855). 

Rose of Arragon ( The), a drama 
by S. Knowles (184a). The rose is 



Olivia, daughter of Ruphi'no (a peasant), 
married to prince Alonzo of Aragon. The 
king would not recognize the match, but 
sent his son to the army, and made the 
cortez pass an act of divorce. A revolt 
having been organized, the king was de- 
throned, and Almagro was made regent. 
Almagro tried to marry Olivia, and to 
murder her father and brother ; but the 
prince, returning with the army, made 
himself master of the city, Almagro died 
of poison, the marriage of the prince and 
peasant was recognized, the revolt was 
broken up, and order was restored. 

Rose of Kar'pocrate (3 syl.). 
Cupid gave Harpocrate a rose, to bribe 
him not to divulge the amours of his 
mother Venus. 

Red as a rose of Harpocrate. 

Mrs. Browning- : IsobeCs Child, IB. 

Rose of Paradise. The roses which 
grew in paradise had no thorns. " Thorns 
and thistles " were unknown on earth till 
after the Fall (Gen. iii. 18). Both St. 
Ambrose and St. Basil note that the roses 
in Eden had no thorns, and Milton says, 
in Eden bloomed "Flowers of all hue, 
and without thorn the rose." — Paradise 
Lost, iv. 256 (1665). 

Rose of Raby, the mother of 
Richard III. This was Cecily, daughter 
of Ralph de Nevill of Raby, first earl 
of Westmoreland. Her husband was 
Richard duke of York, who was slain at 
the battle of Wakefield, in 1460. She 
died 1495. 

Rose of York, the heir and head of 
the York faction. 

When Warwick perished, Edmond de la Pole 
became the Rose of York, and if this foolish prince 
should be removed by death . . . his young and clever 
brother [Rickar<{] would be raised to the rank of Rose 
of York.— W. Hcf -worth Dixon: Two Queens. 



( War of the). The origin of 
this expression is thus given by Shake- 
speare— 

P/tcnt. Let htm that Is a true-born gentleman * * * 
If he supposes that I have pleaded truth, 
From off this briar pluck a white rose with me. 

Somerset. Let him that is no coward, nor no flatterer, 
But dare maintain the party of the truth, 
Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me. 

Whereupon Warwick plucked a white 
rose and joined the Yorkists, while Suffolk 
plucked a red one and joined the Lan- 
castrians. — Shakespeare: 1 Henry VI. act 
ii. sc. 4 (1589). 

Rosemond, daughter of Cunimond 
king of the Gepidae. She was compelled 
to marry Alboin king of the Lombards, 
who put her father to death A.D. 567. 



ROSENCRANTZ. 



933 



Rossa 



Alboin compelled her to drink from the 
sku!l of her own father, and Rosemond 
induced Peride'us (the secretary of Hel- 
michild her lover) to murder the wretch 
(573). She then married Helmichild, fled 
to Ravenna, and sought to poison her 
second husband, that she might marry 
Longin the exarch ; but Helmichild, ap- 
prised of her intention, forced her to 
drink the mixture she had prepared for 
him. This lady is the heroine of Alfieri's 
tragedy called Rosemond* (1749-1803). 
(See Rosamond.) 

Ro'sencrants, a courtier In the 
court of Denmark, willing to sell or 
betray his friend and schoolfellow, prince 
Hamlet, to p. ease a king. — Shakespeare: 
Hamlet (159^). 

Rosetta, the wicked sister of Brunetta 
and Blon'dina, the mothers of Chery and 
Fairstar. She abetted the queen-mother 
in her wicked des'gns against the off- 
spring of her two sisters, but. being found 
out, was imprisoned for life. — Comtesse 
UAulnoy : Fairy Tales (" Princess Fair- 
star," 1-82). 

Rosetta, a bright, laughing little co- 
quette, who runs away from home because 
her father wants her to marry young 
Meadows whom she has never seen. She 
enters the service of justice Woodcock. 
Now, it so happens that sir William 
Meadows wishes his son to marry Ro- 
setta, whom he has never seen, and he 
also runs away from home, and under 
the name of Thomas becomes gardener 
to justice Woodcock. Rosetta and young 
Meadows here fall in love with each other, 
and the wishes of the two fathers are 
accomplished. — Bickerstaff: Love in m 
Village (1763). 

In 1786 Mrs. Billington made her dibut In " Rosetta, 

at once dazzling the town with the brilliancy of her 
vocalization and the flush of her beauty.— Leslie. 

Rosetta [Belmont], daughter of 

sir Robert Belmont. Rosetta is high 
spiked, witty, confident, and of good 
spirits. " If you told her a merry story, 
she would sigh ; if a mournful one, she 
would laugh. For yes she would say 
' no,' and for no, ' yes.'" She is in love 
with colonel Raymond, but shows her 
love by teasing him, and colonel Ray- 
mond is afraid of the capricious beauty.— 
E.Moore: The Foundling (17 48). 

Rosiclear and Donzel del Phe- 
bo, the heroine and hero of the Mirror 
of Knighthood, a mediaeval romance. 

Rosinan'te (4 syl. ), the steed of don 



Quixote. The name implies •* that the 
horse had risen from a mean condition to 
the highest honour a steed could achieve, 
for it was once a cart-horse, and rose to 
become the charger of a knight- 
errant." — Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. ii. 
1 (1605). 

Rosinante was admirably drawn, so lean, lank, 
meagre, drooping, sharp-baclced, and raw-boned, as t» 
excite much curiosity and mirth.— Pt. I. ii. i. 

R03iphele (3 syl.), princess of Ar- 
menia; of surpassing beauty, but in- 
sensible to love. She is made' to subm it 
to the yoke of Cupid by a vision which 
befell her on a May-day ramble. — Gower: 
Confessio Amantis (1393). 

Rosmonda, a tragedy in Italian, by 
John R. Rucellai (1525). This is one of 
the first regular tragedies of modern 
times. Sophonisba, by Trissino, preceded 
it, being produced in 1514 and performed 
in iS I 5« 

Rosny (Sabina), the young wife of 
lord Sensitive. "Of noble parents, who 
perished under the axe in France." The 
young orphan, " as much to be admired 
for her virtues as to be pitied for her 
misfortunes," fled to Padua, where she 
met lord Sensitive. — Cumberland: First 
Love (1796). 

Ross, a Scotch nobleman who tells 
Macduff that his castle has been besieged, 
and his wife and children savagely mur- 
dered by Macbeth, — Shakespeare: Macbeth 
(1606). 

Ross {Lord), an officer in the king's 
army under the duke of Monmouth. — Sir 
\V. Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles 
II.). 

Ross [The Man of), John Kyrle of 
Wnitehouse, in Gloucestershire. So 
called because he resided in the village 
of Ross, Herefordshire. Kyrle was a 
man of unbounded benevolence, and 
beloved by all who knew him. 

(Pope celebrates him in his Moral 
Essays, iii., 1709.) 

Rosse (2 syl), the sword which the 
dwarf Elberich gave to Otwit king of 
Lombardy. It was so keen that it left no 
gap where it cut. 

IT Balmung, the sword forged by Wie- 
land and given to Siegfried, was so keen 
that it clove Amilias in two without his 
knowing it ; but when he attempted to 
move he fell asunder. 

This sword to thee I give ; tt Is all bright of BMC 

Whatever it may cleave no gap will there ensue. 

From Almari I brought it, ana Ross* is its name 

Tht HtUUnkuch. 






ROSTOCOSTOJAMBEDANESSE. 936 



ROUSTAM 



Rostocostojambedanesse (M. N.), 

author of After Beef, Mustard.— 
Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, h. 7 (1533). 

Rothmar, chief of Tromlo. He at- 
tacked the vassal kingdom of Croma 
while the under-king Crothar was blind 
with age, resolving to annex it to his own 
dominion. Crothar's son, Fovar-Gormo, 
attacked the invader, but was defeated 
and slain. Not many days after, Ossian 
(one of the sons of Fingal) arrived with 
succours, renewed the battle, defeated 
the victorious army, and slew the invader. 
— Ossian; Croma, 

Rothsay ( The duke of), prince Robert, 
eldest son of Robert III. of Scotland. 

Margaret duchess of Rothsay.— Sir W. 
Scott: Fair Maid-of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Ron ( The Roman de), a metrical and 
mythical history, in Norman-French, of 
the dukes of Normandy from Rollo 
downwards, by Robert Wace (author of 
LeBrut). 

(Rou', that is, Roul, the same as 
Rollo.) 

Roubigfne (Julie de), the heroine and 
title of a novel by Henry Mackenzie 
(1783). 

Rougedragon (Lady Rachel), the 
former guardian of Lilias Redgauntlet.— 
Sir W. Scott : Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Rouncewell (Mrs.), housekeeper at 
Chesney Wold to lord and lady Dedlock, 
to whom she is most faithfully attached. 
—Dickens; Bleak House (1852). 

Round Table (The), a table made 
at Carduel by Merlin for Uther the pen- 
dragon. Uther gave it to king Leode- 
graunce of Camelyard, and when Arthur 
married Guinever (the daughter of Leo- 
degraunce) he received the table with a 
hundred knights as a wedding present 
(pt. i. 45). The table would seat 150 
knights (pt. iii. 36), and each seat was 
appropriated. One of them was called 
the "Siege Perilous, 1 * because it was 
fatal for any one to sit therein except the 
knight who was destined to achieve the 
holy graal (pt. iii. 32). King Arthur in- 
stituted an order of knighthood called 
" the knights of the Round Table," the 
chief of whom were sir Launcelot, sir 
Tristram, and sir Lamerock or Lamorake. 
The "Siege Perilous" was reserved for 
sir Galahad, the son of sir Launcelot by 



Elaine.— Sir T. Malory t History of 
Prince Arthur (1470). 

N. B. — There is a table shown at Win- 
chester as "Arthur's Round Table," but 
it corresponds in no respect with the 
Round Table described in the History of 
Prince Arthur. Round tables were not 
unusual, as Dr. Percy has shown, with 
other kings in the times of chivalry. 
Thus, the king of Ireland, father of 
Christabelle, had his "knights of the 
Round Table." (See "Sir Cauline," in 
Percy's Reliques. ) 

1T In the eighth year of Edward L, 
Roger de Mortimer established at Kenil- 
worth a Round Table for "the en- 
couragement of military pastimes. " Some 
seventy years later, Edward III. had his 
Round Table at Windsor ; it was 200 feet 
in diameter ! I 

Round Table (The), 52 essays, 12 
by Hunt and the rest by Hazlitt (1778- 
1830). The original design was to obtain 
essays from several contributors. 

Harcourt's Round Table, a private 
political conference in the house of sir 
William Harcourt (January 14, 1887). 
Its object was, if possible, to reunite the 
radical party broken up by Mr. Glad- 
stone's " Home Rule BiU." 

This sense of " Round Table " is American, and to 

about equal to the French cede, a dub held at th« 
private house of one of the members. 

Roundabout Papers (The), a 
series of essays by Thackeray, contri- 
buted to the Cornhill Magazine. 

Rousseau (Jean Jacques) used to 
say that all fables which ascribe speech 
and reason to dumb animals ought to be 
withheld from children, as being only 
vehicles of deception. 

I shall not ask Jean Jacques Rousseau 
If birds confabulate or no ; 
Tis clear that they were always able 
To hold discourse — at least in fable. 
Crwfer: Pairing Time Anticipated (1789). 

In the eighteenth century, Jean Jacques 
Rousseau was often referred to by the 
initials J. J. 

Roustam or Rostam, the Persian 
Hercules. He was the son of Zal, and a 
descendant of Djamshid. At one time 
Roustan killed iooo Tartars at a blow ; 
he slew dragons, overcame devils, cap- 
tured cities, and performed other mar- 
vellous exploits. This mighty man of 
strength fell into disgrace for refusing to 
receive the doctrines of Zoroaster, and 
died by the hand of one of his brothers 
named Scheghad (sixth century B.C). 
(See Rust am, p. 94a.) 



ROVER. 937 

Rover {The), Willmore, a dissolute 
young spark, who thinks vice " is naughty 
but yet nice." The hero of O'Keefe's 
comedy called Wild Oats (1798). 

(Mrs. Behn has a comedy called The 
Rover, pt. i., 1677 ; pt. ii., 1681.) 

William Mountford [1660-1652] had to much In him 
of the agreeable, that when he played "The Rover," 
it was remarked by many, and particularly by queen 
Mary, that it was dangerous to see him act — he made 
rice so alluring.— Dibdin : History of Oil Stage. 

Rovers {The), a satirical tragedy by 
George Canning, designed to ridicule the 
German drama of the time, and published 
in the Anti-jacobin. 

Rovev/ell (Captain), in love with 
Arethusa daughter of Argus. The lady's 
father wanted her to marry squire Cuckoo, 
who had a large estate ; but Arethusa 
contrived to have her own way and marry 
captain Rovewell, who turned out to be 
the son of Ned Worthy, who gave the 
bridegroom ,£30,000. — Carey : Contri- 
vances (1715). 

Rowe (Nicholas), poet-laureate (1673, 
1714-1718). The monument in West- 
minster Abbey to this poet was by 
Rysbrack. 

Rowena (The lady), of Hargettstan- 
stede, a ward of Cedric the Saxon, of 
Rotherwood. She marries Ivanhoe. — Sir 
W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Rowland (Childe), youngest brother 
of Helen. Under the guidance of Merlin, 
he undertook to bring back his sister from 
elf-land, whither the fairies had carried 
her, and he succeeded in his perilous ex- 
ploit. — An Ancient Scotch Ballad. 

• .' Allusions to sir Rowland are pretty 
numerous. (See Shakespeare : King 
Lear, act iii. sc. 4, the end ; Beaumont 
and Fletcher: The Woman's Prise.) 

A mere hobby-horse 
She made the child Rowland, 

(R. Browning has a poem on " Childe 
Roland to the Dark Tower came.") 

Rowland for an Oliver (A). (See 
Roland and Oliver, p. 908.) 

Rowley, one of the retainers of Julia 
Avenel (2 syl.).— Sir W. Scott: The 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Rowley (Master), formerly steward 
of Mr. Surface, senior, the friend of 
Charles Surface, and the fidus Achates of 
sir Oliver Surface the rich uncle.— Sheri- 
dan : School for Scandal (1777). 

Rowley (Thomas), the hypothetical 
priest of Bristol, said by Chatterton to 



ROYAL MOTTOES. 



have lived in the reigns of Henry VI. 
and Edward IV., and to have written 
certain poems, of which Chatterton him- 
self was the author. 

Rowley Overdees, a highwayman. 
—Sir W. Scott: Guy Manner ing (time, 
George IL). 

Roxa'na, daughter of Oxyartes of 

Bactria, and wife or concubine of Alex- 
ander the Great. Proud, imperious, and 
relentless, she loved Alexander with a 
madness of love ; and, being jealous of 
Statira, daughter of king Darius and 
wife of Alexander, she stabbed her and 
slew her. — Lee : Alexander the Great 
(1678). 

(Daniel Defore wrote a romance called 
Roxana, 1724.) 

Roxa'na and Stati'ra. Dr. Doran 
says that Peg Woffington (as " Roxana"), 
jealous of Mrs. Bellamy (as "Statira") 
because she was better dressed, pulled 
her to the floor when she left the stage, 
and pummelled her with the handle of 
her dagger, screaming as she did so — 

Nor he, nor heaven, shall shield thee from my Justice. 
Die, sorceress, diet and all my wrongs die with thee t 
Table Traits. 
So now am I as great as the famed Alexander ; but 
my dear Statira and Roxana, don't exert yourselves so 
much about me.-^«. Centlivre: The IVondtr, iii 

T Campbell tells a very similar story 
of Mrs. Barry ("Roxana") and Miss 
Boutwell ("Statira"). The stage-man- 
ager had given to Miss Boutwell a lace 
veil, and Mrs. Barry out of jealousy 
actually stabbed her rival in acting, and 
the dagger went a quarter of an inch 
through the stays into the flesh. 

Royal Colleges. There are three 
so called : Westminster, Trinity, and 
Christ Church. But King's College and 
Eton are sometimes called " Royal 
Colleges." 

The collegiate character of the Institution was . . . 
kept up by the close connexion which Elizabeth 
fostered between the college of Westminster and the 
two great collegiate houses of Christ Church and 
Trinity, founded or refounded by her father at Oxford 
and Cambridge. Together they formed "the three 
Royal Coticgt*."— Memorials 0/ Westminster Abbey, 
P-4I9. 

Royal Martyr, Charles L, who 
was beheaded January 30, 1649. 

Royal Mottoes or Legends. 
Dieu et mon droit, Richard I. 
Honi soit qui mal y pense, Edward IIL 
Semper eadem, Elizabeth and Anne. 
Jt maintiendrai, William 11L 



ROYAL STYLE OF ADDRESS. 93 8 



RUBRICK. 



Royal Style of Address. 

"My Liege," the usual style till the 
Lancastrian usurpation. 

"Your Grace," Henry IV. 

"Your Excellent Grace," Henry VI. 

" Most High and Mighty Prince," 
Edward IV. 

"Your Highness," Henry VII. 

" Your Majesty," Henry VIII. So 
addressed in 1520 by Francois I. 

" The King's Sacred Majesty," 
James I. 

"Your most Excellent Majesty," 
Charles II. 

" Your most Gracious Majesty," our 
present style. 

Royal Titles. 

William I. called himself, " Rex Anglorum, comes 
Normannorum et Cinomanentium." 

William II. called himself, " Rex Anglorum," or 
" Monarchicus Britanniae." 

Henry I. called himself, " Rex Anglorum et dux 
Normannorum." Subsequent to 1106 we find " Dei 
gratia " introduced in charters. 

Henry II. called himself, " Rex Anglorum, et dux 
Normannorum et Aquitannorum, et comes Andega- 
vorum ; " or " Rex Angliae, dux Normanniae et Aqui- 
taniae, et comes Andegaviae." 

Richard I. began his charters with, " Dei gratia 
rex Angliae, et dux Normaniae et Aquitaniae, et comes 
Andegaviae." 

JOHN headed his charters with, "Johannes, D.G. 
rex Angliae, dominus Hiberniae, dux Normanniae et 
Aquitanise, et comes Andegaviae." Instead of" Hiber- 
niae," we sometimes find "Iberniae," and sometimes 
" Yberniae." 

Henry III. followed the style of his father till Octo- 
ber, 1259, when he adopted the form, "D.G. rex Angliae, 
dominus Hiberniae, et dux Aquitaniae," 

Edward I. adopted the latter style. So did Ed- 
ward II. till 1326, when he used the form, " Rex 
Angliae et dominus Hiberniae " Edward I. for thirteen 
years headed his charters with, "Edwardus, Dei 
gratia rex Angliae, dominus Hibernae, et Dux Aqui- 
taniae." But after 1337 the form ran thus: " Edwardus 
D.G. rex Angliae et Francias, dominus Hibernaei, et 
dux Aquitaniae ; " and sometimes " Franciae " stands 
before " Angliae." 

RICHARD II. began thus : " Richardus, D.G. rex 
Angliae et Franciae, et dominus Hiberniae.* 

HENRY IV. continued the same style. So did 
HENRY V. till 1420, after which date he adopted the 
form, " Henricus, D.G. rex Angliae, haeres et regens 
Franciae, et dominus Hiberniae. " 

HENRY VI. began, " Henricus, D.G. rex Angliae et 
Franciae, et dominus Hiberniae." 

EDWARD IV., EDWARD V, RICHARD III., HENRY 
VII., continued the same style. 

From HENRY VIII. (1521) to GEORGE III. (1800) 
the royal style and title was, " *by the grace of God, 
of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, king, Defender 
of the Faith." 

From GEORGE III. (1800) to the present day it has 
been, "*by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom 
of Great Britain and Ireland, king, Defender of the 
Faith." 

(A knowledge of these styles is of 
immense value in establishing the time 
of royal documents. Richard I. was 
the first to adopt the style, "king of 
England." The previous kings called 
themselves " king of the English.") 

Roy's Wife of Aldivalioch, a 

Scotch song by Mrs. Grant of Carron 
(1745-1814). 



Ruach, the isle of winds, visited by 
Pantag'ruel and his companions on their 
way to the oracle of the Holy Bottle. 
The people of this island live on wind, 
such as flattery, promises, and hope. 
The poorer sort are very ill-fed, but the 
great are stuffed with huge mill-draughts 
of the same unsubstantial puffs. — Rabe- 
lais: Pantagruel, iv. 43 (1545). 

Rubaiyat (The) of Omar Khayyam 
was translated by Edward Fitzgerald 
( l8 57)- The oldest known manuscript, 
which is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, 
is dated from Shiraz, A.H. 865 (A.D. 1460). 
Ruba'i means quatrain. 

Rubens's Women. The portrait 
of Helena Forman or Fourment, his 
second wife, married at the age of 16, 
is introduced in several of his historical 
pictures; but the painting called " Rubens 
and His Wife," in the Munich Gallery, 
contains the portrait of his fi rst wife, 
Isabella Brandt, of Antwerp. 

Ru/bezahl, Number Nip, a famous 
mountain-spirit of Germany, correspond- 
ing to our Puck. 

Riibezahl in German means " counter of turnips," 
and Nip is a contraction of Tur-nip. The sobriquet has 
reference to the Chief adventure. Some say Musaeus 
invented the legend to account for the name. 

Rubi f one of the cherubs or spirits of 
wisdom who was with Eve in paradise. 
He loved Liris, who was young, proud, 
and most eager for knowledge. She 
asked her angel lover to let her see him 
in his full glory ; so Rubi came to her in 
his cherubic splendour. Liris, rushing 
into his arms, was burnt to ashes; and 
the kiss she gave him became a brand 
upon his forehead, which shot unceasing 
agony into his brain. — Moore: Loves of 
the Angels, ii. (1822). 

Ru'bicon, a small river which sepa- 
rated ancient Italy from Cisalpine Gaul, 
the province allotted to Julius Caesar. 
When Caesar crossed this river, he passed 
beyond the limits of his own province, 
and became an invader of Italy. 

Rubicon (Napoleons), Moscow. The 
invasion of Moscow was the beginning of 
Napoleon's fall. 

Rubo'nax, a man who hanged him- 
self from mortification and annoyance at 
some verses written upon him by a poet. 
— Sidney : Defence of Poesie (1595). 

Kubrick (The Rev. Mr.), chaplain 
to the baron of Bradwardine. — Sir IV, 
Scott: Waverley (time, George II.). 



RUBY. , 

Rnby (Lady), the young widow of 
lord Ruby. Her "first love" was 
Frederick Mowbray, and when a widow 
she married him. She is described as 
"young, blooming, and wealthy, fresh 
and fine as a daisy." — Cumberland: First 
Love ( 1796). 

Rucellai (John), i.e. Oricellarius, 
poet (1475- 1 525), son of Bernard Rucellai 
of Florence, historian and diplomatist. 

As hath been said by Rucellai. 
Longfellow: The Way tide Inn (prelude, 1863). 

Ruchiel (3 syl.), in the old Jewish 
angelology, the angel who ruled the air 
and winds. 

Ruddymane (3 syl. ), the name given 
by sir Guyon to the babe rescued from 
Amavia, who had stabbed herself in grief 
at the death of her husband. So calied 
because — 

... in her ttreamlng Wood he [the in/anf\ did mm* 

bay 
His little hands. 

Spenser: Fmirie Queene, IL t, 3 (1590). 

R.udg'e (Barnaby), a. half - wittted 
young man, three and twenty years old ; 
rather spare, of a fair height and strong 
make. His hair, of which he had a 
great profusion, was red, and hung in 
disorder about his face and shoulders. 
His face was pale, his eyes glassy and 
protruding. His dress was green, clum- 
sily trimmed here and there with gaudy 
lace. A pair of tawdry ruffles dangled 
at his wrists, while his throat was nearly 
bare. His hat was ornamented with a 
cluster of peacock's feathers, limp, 
broken, and trailing down his back. 
Girded to his side was the steel hilt of an 
old sword, without blade or scabbard ; 
and a few knee-ribbons completed his 
attire. He had a large raven, named 
Grip, which he carried at his back in a 
basket, a most knowing imp, which used 
to cry out in a hoarse voice, " Halloa I " 
"I'm a devil!" "Never say die ! M 
" Polly, put the kettle on ! " 

Barnaby joined the Gordon rioters for 
the proud pleasure of carrying a flag and 
wearing a blue bow. He was arrested 
and lodged at Newgate, from whence he 
made his escape, with other prisoners, 
when the jail was burnt down by the 
rioters ; but both he and his father and 
Hugh, being betrayed by Dennis the 
hangman, were recaptured, brought to 
trial, and condemned to death, but by 
the influence of Gabriel Varden the lock- 
smith, the poor half-witted lad was re- 
prieved, and lived the rest of his life with 



9 RUDIGER. 

his mother in a cottage and garden near 
the Maypole. 

Here he lived, tending the poultry and the cattle, 
working in a garden of his own, and helping every one. 
He was known to every bird and beast about the place, 
and had a name for every one. Never was there a 
lighter-hearted husbandman, a creature more popular 
with young and old, a blither and more happy soul 
than Barnaby.— Ch. lxxxii. 

Mr. Rudge, the father of Barnaby, 
supposed to have been murdered the 
same night as Mr. Haredale, to whom 
he was steward. The fact is that Rudge 
himself was the murderer both of Mr. 
Haredale and also of his faithful servant, 
to whom the crime was falsely attributed. 
After the murder, he was seen by many 
haunting the locality, and was supposed 
to be a ghost. He joined the Gordon 
rioters when they attacked and burnt to 
the ground the house of Mr. Haredale, 
the son of the murdered man, and, being 
arrested (ch. Ivi.), was sent to Newgate, 
but made his escape with the other 
prisoners when it was burnt down by the 
rioters. Being betrayed by Dennis, he 
was brought to trial for murder, but we 
are not told if he was executed (ch. lxxiii. ). 
His name is not mentioned again, and 
probably he suffered death. 

Mrs. [Mary] Rudge, mother of Bar- 
naby, and very like him, " but where in 
his face there was wildness and vacancy, 
in hers there was the patient composure 
of long effort and quiet resignation." 
She was a widow. Her husband (steward 
at the Warren), who murdered his master 
Mr. Haredale, and his servant, told her 
of his deed of blood a little before the 
birth of Barnaby, and the woman's face 
ever after inspired terror. It was 
thought for many years that Rudge had 
been murdered in defending his master, 
and Mrs. Rudge was allowed a pension 
by Mr. Haredale, son and heir of the 
murdered man. This pension she sub- 
sequently refused to take. After the 
reprieve of Barnaby, Mrs. Rudge lived 
with him in a cottage near the Maypole, 
and her last days were her happiest — 
Dickens : Barnaby Rudge (1841). 

Ru'diger, a wealthy Hun, liegeman 
of Etzel, sent to conduct Kriemhild to 
Hungary. When Glinther and his suite 
went to visit Kriemhild, Rudiger enter- 
tained them all most hospitably, and 
gave his daughter in marriage to Giselher 
(Kriemhild's brother). In the broil which 
ensued, Rud:ger was killed fighting 
against Gemot, but Gemot dropped 
down dead at the same moment, "each 



RUDIGER. 



940 



RUMPELSTILZCHEN. 



by the other slain." — Niielungen Lied 
(by the minnesingers, 1210). 

Ru'diger, a knight who came to 
Waldhurst in a boat drawn by a swan. 
Margaret fell in love with him. At every 
tournament he bore off the prize, and in 
everything excelled the youths about him. 
Margaret became his wife. A child was 
born. On the christening day, Rudiger 
carried it along the banks of the Rhine, 
and nothing that Margaret said could 
prevail on him to go home. Presently, 
the swan and boat came in sight, and 
carried all three to a desolate place, 
where was a deep cavern. Rudiger got 
on shore, still holding the babe, and 
Margaret followed. They reached the 
cave, two giant .arms clasped Rudiger, 
Margaret sprang forward and seized the 
infant, but Rudiger was never seen more. 
— Southey : Rudiger (a ballad from 
Thomas Heywood's notes). 

Ruffians' Hall. West Smithfield 
was for many years so called, because of 
its being the usual rendezvous for duellists, 
pugilists, and other " ruffians." 

Rufus (or the Red), William II. of 

England (1056, 1087-1100). 

Rugby, the servant of Dr. Caius. — 

Shakespeare ; The Merry Wives of Wind- 
sor (1598-9). 

Rugg [Mr.\ a lawyer living at 
Pentonville. A red-haired man, who 
wore a hat with a high crown and narrow 
brim. Mr. Pancks employed him to 
settle the business pertaining to the estate 
which had long lain unclaimed, to which 
Mr. Dorrit was heir-at-law. Mr. Rugg 
delighted in legal difficulties as much as 
a housewife in her jams and preserves. — 
Dickens: Little Dorrit (1857). 

Ruggie'ro, a young Saracen knight, 
born of Christian parents. He fell in 
love with Bradamant (sister of Rinaldo), 
whom he ultimately married. Ruggiero is 
especially noted for possessing a hippogriff 
or winged horse, and a shield of such 
dazzling splendour that it blinded those 
who looked on it. He threw away this 
shield into a well, because it enabled him 
to win victory too cheaply. — Orlando 
Innamorato (1495), ant ^ Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Rukenaw {Dame), the ape's wife, in 
the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox 
(1498). 

Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, 



a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher 
(1640). Donna Margaritta, a lady of 
great wealth, wishes to marry in order 
to mask her intrigues, and seeks for 
husband a man without spirit, whom she 
can mould to her will Leon, the brother 
of Altea, is selected as the " softest fool 
in Spain," and the marriage takes place. 
After marriage, Leon shows himself 
firm, courageous, high-minded, but most 
affectionate. He "rules his wife" and 
her household with a masterly hand, 
wins the respect of every one, and the 
wife, wholly reclaimed, " loves, honours, 
and obeys " him. 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

" Rule Britannia." This song is in 
the masque of Alfred, by James Thomson 

J 1740) ; afterwards dramatized by Mallet 
I75X). 

Rulers of the World {Infants). 
Themistocles said his infant son 
Diophantos ruled his mother, his mother 
ruled him (Themistocles), he (Themis- 
tocles) ruled Athens, and Athens ruled 
the world. 

Diophantus, Themistocles his sonne, would often 
. . . say . . . whatsoever he should seeme to require 
of the Athenians he should be sure to obteine, for, 
saithe he, " Whatsoever I wil, that wil my mother; and 
what my mother saith, that my father sootheth ; and 
what my father desireth, that the Athenians wil grant 
most willingly."— Lyly : Euphuti (1579). 

IT Cato used to say, " We rule all other 
men ; our wives rule us ; and our children 
rule our wives." — Plutarch: Morals, p. 
428 (1603). 

IF Dr. Busby said, " Tailors [milliners J 
rule the world ; for milliners overrule the 
wisest women ; and women overrule the 
wisest men ; and the wisest men overrule 
the world ; in the same way as the mayor's 
infant son is the chief magistrate of the 
city." 



The mayor*i youngest son Jack overrules his mother ; 
the 
to\ 
Age, p. 18 (1616). 



and Jack's mother overrules the mayor ; and the mayor 
overrules the town.— Barnabe Rich ■ Honestit 0/ this 



Dr. Keats used to say that he governed 
all England : " I rule the Eton boys ; the 
boys rule their mothers ; their mothers 
rule their husbands ; and their husbands 
rule Great Britain." 

Rumolt, the chief cook ot prince 
Giinther of Burgundy. — Nibelungen Lied, 
800 (1210). 

Rumpelstilzchen [Rumple-stiltt- 

skin], an irritable, deformed dwarf. He 
aided a miller's daughter, who had been 
enjoined by the king to spin straw into 
gold; and the condition he made with 



RUN-ABOUT RAIDt 



941 



RUSSET. 



her for this service was that she should 
give him for wife her first daughter. 
The miller's daughter married the king, 
and when hei first daughter was born 
the mother grieved so bitterly that the 
dwarf consented to absolve her of her 
promise, if, within three days, she could 
find out his name. The first day passed, 
but the secret was not discovered ; the 
second passed, with no better success ; 
but on the third day some of the queen's 
servants heard a strange voice singing- 
Little dreams my dainty dame 
Rumpelstilzchen Is my name. 

The queen, being told thereof, saved her 
child, and the dwarf killed himself from 
rage. — German Popular Stories. 

Run- About Raid {The), Murray's 
insurrection against lord Darnley. So 
called from the hasty and incessant man- 
ner in which the conspirators posted from 
one part of the kingdom to another. 

Run a, the dog of Argon and Ruro, 
sons of Annir king of Inis-Thona an 
island of Scandinavia. — Qssian: The War 
of Inis- Thona. 

Runners. 

(1) Iphicles, son of Phylakos and Kly- 
m6ne. Hesiod says he could run over 
ears of corn without bending the stems ; 
and Demaratos says that he could run 
on the surface of the sea. — Argonauts , 
i. 60. 

(2) Camilla queen of the Volsci was so 
swift of foot that she could run over 
standing corn without bending the ears, 
and over the sea without wetting her 
feet. — Virgil : Azneid, vii. 803 ; xi. 433. 

Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, 
Flies o er th' unbending corn, and slcims along the main. 

Pofit. 

(3) Ladas, the swift runner of king 
Alexander. He ran so fast that he never 
left a foot- print on the ground. Lord 
Rosebery gave this name to one of his 
horses. 

(4) Phidippldes, a professional courier, 
ran from Athens to Sparta (150 miles) in 
two days. 

(5) Theaggnes, a native of Thasos, was 
noted for his swiftness of foot. 

(The Greek hemerodromos would run 
from twenty to thirty-six leagues in a 
day.) 

The last running footman of England died (at the 
age of 94) in 1896. His name was Sam Cliff. His general 
run was sixty miles a day. 

Runnymede, the name assumed by 
Benj. Disraeli in the Times (1805-1881). 



Rupert, i.e. major Roselhelm, the 
betrothed of Meeta " the maid of Marien- 
dorpt. " — Knowles : The Maid of Marten- 
dorpt (1838). 

Rupert [Prince), in the service of 
Charles II. Introduced by sir W. Scott 
in three of his novels — Woodstock, Legend 
of Montrose, and Peveril of the Peak. 

Rupert (Sir), in love with Catherine. 
—-Knowles : Love (1840). 

Rupert of Debate (The). Edward 
Geoffrey earl of Derby, when he was Mr. 
Stanley, was so called by lord Lytton 
in New Timon (1799-1869). 

Rural Sports, a georgic in two 
cantos, by Gay (17 n). 

Rush, (Friar), a house-spirit, sent 
from the infernal regions in the seven- 
teenth century to keep the monks and 
friars in the same state of wickedness 
they then were. 

(The legends of this roistering friar are 
of German origin.) 

" Bruder.Rausch " means brother TipfU. 

N.B. — Milton confounds "Jack-o'- 
Lantern" with friar Rush. The latter 
was not afield bogie at all, and was never 
called "Jack." Probably Milton meant 
"a friar with a rush-[light]." Sir Walter 
Scott also falls into the same error — 

Better we had thro' mire and bush 
Been lanthern-led by friar Rush. 

Marmion (1808). 

Rusil'la, mother of Roderick the last 
of the Goths, and wife of Theodofred 
rightful heir to the Spanish throne. — 
Southey : Roderick, etc. (1814). 

Rusport (Lady), second wife of sir 
Stephen Rusport a City knight, and step- 
mother of Charlotte Rusport. Very 
proud, very mean, very dogmatical, and 
very vain. Without one spark of gene- 
rosity or loving charity in her compo- 
sition. She bribes her lawyer to destroy 
a will, but is thwarted in her dishonesty. 
Lady Rusport has a tendresse for major 
O'Flaherty ; but the major discovers the 
villainy of the old woman, and escapes 
from this Scylla. 

Charlotte Rusport, step-daughter of 
lady Rusport. An amiable, ingenuous, 
animated, handsome girl, in love with 
her cousin Charles Dudley, whom she 
marries. — Cumberland: The West Indian 
(i77i). 

Russet (Mr.), the choleric old father 
of Harriot, on whom he dotes. He is 



RUSSIAN IYRON. 

so self-willed that he will not listen to 
reason, and has set his mind on his 
daughter marrying sir Harry Beagle. 
She marries, however, Mr. Oakly. (Sea 
Harriot, p. 471.)— Colman: The Jealous 
Wife (1761). 

Russian Byron (The), Alexander 
Sergeivitch Pushkin (1799-1837). 

Russian History (The Father of), 
Nestor, a monk of Kiev. His Chronicle 
includes the years between 86a and 11 16 
(twelfth century). 

Russian Murat (The), Michael 
Miloradowitch (1770-1820). 

Rust {Martin), an absurd old anti- 
quary. "He likes no coins but those 
which have no head on them." He took 
a fancy to Juliet, the niece of sir Thomas 
Lofty, but preferred his "^EnSas, his 
precious relic of Troy," to the living 
beauty ; and Juliet preferred Richard 
Bever to Mr. Rust; so matters were 
soon amicably adjusted. — Foote: The 
Patron (1764). 

Rustam, chief of the Persian mythi- 
cal heroes, son of Zal "the Fair," king 
of India, and regular descendant of Ben- 
jamin the beloved son of Jacob the 
patriarch. He delivered king Cai'caus 
(4 syl.) from prison, but afterwards fell 
into disgrace because he refused to em- 
brace the religious system of Zoroaster. 
Cai'caus sent his son Asfendiar (or Is- 
fendiar) to convert him, and, as persua- 
sion availed nothing, the logic of single 
combat was resorted to. The fight lasted 
two days, and then Rustam discovered 
that Asfendiar bore a "charmed life," 
proof against all wounds. The valour of 
these two heroes is proverbial, and the 
Persian romances are full of their deeds 
of fight. 

Rustam* s Horse, Reksh. — Char din : 
Travels (1 686-171 1). 

(In Matthew Arnold's poem Sohrab and 
Rustum, Rustum fights with Sohrab, over- 
comes him, and finds too late he has slain 
his own son.) 

Rustam, son of Tamur king of Persia. 
He had a trial of strength with Rustam 
son of Zal, which was to pull away from 
his adversary an iron ring. The combat 
was never decided, for Rustam could no 
more conquer Rustam than Roland could 
overcome Oliver. — Chardin : Travels 
(1686-1711). 

Rusticus's Fig, the pig on which 



$4* RUTTERKIN. 

Rusticus fed daily, but which never 
diminished. (See Schrimner.) 

Two Christian!, travailing' in Poland, . . . came ta 
the door of Ruttfcua. a heathen peasant, who had 
killed a fat hog to celebrate the birth of a son. The 
pilgrims, being Invited to partake of the feast, pro- 
nounced a blessing on what was left, which never 
diminished in tine or weight from that moment, 
though all tho family fed on it freely every day.— 
Brady: ClavU CaUndaria, 183. 

This, of course, is a parallelism to 
Elijah's miracle (1 Kings xvii. 11-16). 

Rut (Doctor), in The Magnetic Lady, 
by Ben Jonson (1602). 

Ruth (The Book of). Ruth was a 
Moabitish maiden, whose husband's 
father was a Hebrew driven from his 
native land by a famine. She afterwards 
married Boaz a rich farmer of Bethlehem, 
and was the grandmother of king David, 
and so in the line of Christ's ancestry. 

Ruth, a poem, by Hood (1827) ; by 
sir W. S. Maxwell (1818-1875) ; by 
Wordsworth (1799). 

Ruth, the friend of Arabella an 
heiress, and ward of justice Day. Ruth 
also is an orphan, the daughter of sir 
Basil Thoroughgood, who died when she 
was two years old, leaving justice Day 
trustee. Justice Day takes the estates, 
and brings up Ruth as his own daughter. 
Colonel Careless is her accepted ami de 
cosur.—T. Knight: The Honest Thieves. 

Ruthven (Lord), one of the embassy 
from queen Elizabeth to Mary queen of 
Scots.— Sir W. Scott: The Abbot\\\mt, 
Elizabeth). 

Rutil'io, a merry gentleman, brother 
of Kxxio\Ao.~Fletcher : The Custom of 
the Country (1647). 

Rutland (The countess of), wife of 
the earl of Essex, whom he married when 
he started for Ireland. The queen knew 
not of the marriage, and was heart- 
broken when she heard of it — Jones: 
The Earl of Essex (1745). 

Rutland (The duchess of), of the 
court of queen Elizabeth. — Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Rutledge (Archie), constable at 
Osbaldistone Hall.— Sir W. Scott: Hob 
Roy (time, George I.). 

Rut ledge (Job), a smuggler.— Sir 
W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Rut'terkin, name of a cat the spirit 
of a witch, sent at one time to torment 



RUYDERA. 943 

the countess of Rutland (sixteenth cen- 
tury). 

Ruy dera, a duenna who had seven 
daughteis and two nieces. They were 
imprisoned for 500 years in the cavern 
of Montesi'nos, in La Mancha of Spain. 
Their ceaseless weeping stirred the com- 
passion of Merlin, who converted them 
into lakes in the same province. — Cer- 
vantes : Don Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615). 

R. V. S. V. P., *.*. ripondex vite til 

vous plait. 

Ryence (Sir), king of Wales, Ireland, 
and many of the isles. When Arthur 
first mounted the throne, king Ryence, in 
scorn, sent a messenger to say ' ' he had 
purfled a mantle with the beards of kings ; 
but the mantle lacked one more beard to 
complete the lining, and he requested 
Arthur to send his beard by the messenger, 
or else he would come and take head and 
beard too." Part of the insolence was in 
this : Arthur at the time was too young to 
have a beard at all ; and he made answer, 
• * Tell your master, ray beard at present 
is all too young for purfiing ; but I have 
an arm quite strong enough to drag him 
hither, unless he comes without delay to 
do me homage. " By the advice of Merlin, 
the two brothers Balin and Balan set upon 
the insolent king, on his way to lady De 
Vauce, overthrew him, slew " more than 
forty of his men, and the remnant fled." 
King Ryence craved for mercy ; "so they 
laid him on a horse-litter, and sent him 
captive to king Arthur." — Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, L 04, 34 
(1470). 

Rymar [Mr. Robert), poet at the Spa. 
— Sir IV. Scott: St. Ronan's Well (time, 
George III.). 

Ryno, youngest of the sons of Fingal 
king of Morven. He fell in the battle 
of Lena between the Norsemen led by 
Swaran and the Irish led by Fingal. 

" Rest ! " said Fingal ; " youngest of my sons, rest I 
Rest, O Ryno, on Lena I We, too, shall be no mora. 
Warriors must one day fall."— Ossian : Fingal, r. 

Ryparogf'rapher of Wits, Rabo- 

lais (1495-1553)- 

(Greek, ruparos (" foul, nasty ). Pliny 
calls Pyrlcus the painter a " ryparo- 
grapher.") 

Rython, a giant of Brittany, slain by 
king Arthur. (See RlTHO, p. 918.) 

Rython, the mighty giant, slain, 
By his good brand relieved Bretagne. 
Mr W. Scott Bridal <f Tritrmaxn, u. si 



SABBATH-BREAKER& 



8. P. Q. R. generally stands for 
Senatus Populus-Que Romanus. But 
Bede gives several other sentences, a*— 

Salva Populum Quern Redemisii. 

Sono Poltroni Questi Romani. 

Sancti Pater, Quid Rides? 

(Ans. Hideo quia Papa sumQ 

S&lus Papae, Quies Regni. 

Salvasti PopuTum Quern Regit, 

Solidavit Pace Quietem RegnL 

Salvavit Pecavit Que Regnum. 

Stultus Populus Quaerit Romani. 
French phrase : Si Peu Que Rien. 
English: Seek Peaceful Quiet Repot* 

It would afford amusement occasionally 
on a long evening to extend this list, which 
might easily be done, 

Saadi or Sadi, the Persian poet, called 
" The Nightingale of a Thousand Songs." 
His poems are The Gulistan or ' ' Garden 
of Roses," The Bostan or "Garden of 
Fruits," and The Pend-Ndmeh, a moral 
poem. Saadi (1 184-1263) was one of 
the ' ' Four Monarchs of Eloquence " (see 
P. 32i)- 

Saba or Zaba ( The queen of), called 
Balkis. She came to the court of Solomon, 
and had by him a son named Melech. 
The queen of Ethiopia or Abyssinia is 
sometimes called Maqueda. — Zaga Zabo: 
Ap. Damian. a Goes. 

The Koran (ch. xxvii.) tells us that 
Solomon summoned before him all the 
birds to the valley of ants, but the lap- 
wing did not put in an appearance. 
Solomon was angry, and was about to 
issue an order ot death, when the bird 
presented itself, saying, " I come from 
Saba, where I found a queen reigning in 
great magnificence, but she and her sub- 
jects worship the sun." On hearing this, 
Solomon sent back the lapwing to Saba 
with a letter, which the bird was to drop 
at the foot of the queen, commanding her 
to come at once, submit herselt unto him, 
and accept from him the " true religion." 
So she came in great state, with a train 
of 500 slaves of each sex, bearing 500 
" bricks of solid gold," a crown, and 
sundry other presents. 

Sabbath-Breakers. The fish of 

the Red Sea used to come ashore on the 
eve of the sabbath, to tempt the Jews to 
violate the day of rest. The offenders at 
length became so numerous that David, 
to deter others, turned the fish into apes. 
—Jall&lo'ddin : A I Zamakk. 



SABBATH-DAY PSALM. 



944 



SACRED ISLE. 



Sabbath-day Psalm {The), Ps. 
xcii., which begins with the words, "It 
is a good thing to give thanks unto the 
Lord." 

Sabellan Song 1 , incantation. The 
Sabelli or Samnites were noted for their 
magical arts and incantations. 

Sabine ( The). Numa the Sabine was 
taught the way to govern by EgSria, one of 
the Camenae (prophetic nymphs of ancient 
Italy). He used to meet her in a grove, 
in which was a well, afterwards dedicated 
by him to the Camenae. 

Our statues! . . . she 

That taught the Sabine how to rule. 

Tennyson : The Princess, ii. (1830). 

Sablonniere (La), the Tuileries. 
The word means^the " sand-pit." The 
tuileries means the " tile-works." Nico- 
las de Neuville, in the fifteenth century, 
built a mansion in the vicinity, which he 
called the " Hotel des Tuileries," and 
Francois I. bought the property for his 
mother in 1518. 

Sabra, daughter of Ptolemy king of 
Egypt. She was rescued by St. George 
from the hands of a giant, and ultimately 
married her deliverer. Sabra had three 
sons at a birth : Guy, Alexander, and 
David. 

Here come I, St. George, the valiant man, 

With naked sword and spear in han'. 
Who fought the dragon and brought him to slaughter. 
And won fair Sabra thus, the king of Egypt's daughter. 
Notes and Queries, December 21, 1878. 

Sabreur (Le Beau), Joachim Murat 
(1767-1815). 

Sab'rin, Sabre, or Sabri'na, the 

Severn, daughter of Locrine (son of Brute) 
and his concubine Estrildis. His queen 
Guendolen vowed vengeance, and, having 
assembled an army, made war upon 
Locrine, who was slain. Guendolen now 
assumed the government, and commanded 
Estrildis and Sabrin to be cast into a 
river, since then called the Severn.— 
Geoffrey: British History, ii. 5 (1142). 

(An exquisite description of Sabine, 
sitting in state as a queen, is given in the 
opening of song v. of Drayton's Poly- 
olbion ; and the tale of her metamorphosis 
is recorded at length in song vi. Milton 
in Cotnus, and Fletcher in The Faithful 
Shepherdess, refer to the transformation 
of Sabrina into a river.) 

Sabrinian Sea or Severn Sea, i.e. the 
Bristol Channel. Both terms occur not 
unfrequently in Drayton's Polyolbion. 



Sacclimi (Antonio Marin Gaspare), 
called " The Racine of Music," con- 
temporary with Gliick and Piccini (1735- 
1786). 

I composed a thing to-day in all the gusto of Sacchinl 
and the sweetness of Gliick.— Mrs. Cowley: A Bold 
Stroke for a Husband. 

Sacharissa. So Waller calls the lady 
Dorothea Sidney, eldest daughter of the 
earl of Leicester, to whose hand he 
aspired. Sacharissa married the earl of 
Sunderland. (Greek, sakchar, "sugar,") 

Sachente'g'es (4 syl.), instruments 
of torture. A sharp iron collar was put 
round the victim's throat, and as he could 
not stir without cutting himself, he could 
neither sit, lie, nor sleep. — Ingram: 
Saxon Chronicle. 

Sack. To give one the sack, to dismiss 
from further service. At one time manu- 
facturers who employed those who worked 
at home put the work to be done in a bag 
or sack. If when brought back the work 
was satisfactory, the bag or sack was 
filled again with materials ; if not, it was 
laid empty on the counter, and this 
indicated that the person would no longer 
be employed by the firm. 

Sackbut, the landlord of a tavern, in 
Mrs. Centlivre's comedy A Bold Stroke 
for a Wife (1717). 

Sackerson or Sacarson and 
Harry Hunkes were two famous 
bears exhibited in the reign of queen 
Elizabeth at Paris Garden, Southwark. 

Publius, a student of the common law, 
To Paris Garden doth himself withdraw; 
Leaving old Ployden, Dyer, and Broke alone, 
To see old Harry Hunkes and Sacarson. 

Sir John Davits : Epigram (about 1598). 

Sacred Allegories, by the Rev. 

William Adams, who died 1848. 

Sacred Pish, Greek, ichthus ("a 
fish "), is compounded of the initial Greek 
letters: ITesous] CH[ristos], TH[eouJ 
U[ios], S[oter] ("Jesus Christ, God's 
Son, Saviour "). Tennyson, describing 
the " Lady of the Lake," says — 

And o'er her breast floated the sacred fish. 

Gareth and Lynette. 

Sacred Isle (The), Ireland. Also 
called ' ' The Holy Isle," from its multitude 
of saints. 

The Sacred Isle, Scattery, to which St. 
Senatus retired, and vowed no woman 
should set foot thereon. 

Oh, haste and leave this sacred isle, 
Unholy bark, ere morning smile. 

Moore: J risk Melodies ("St. SenatW 
and the Lady," 1814). 



SACRED NINE. 945 

The Sacred Isle, Enhallow, one of the 
Orkneys. (Norse, Eyinhalga, "holy 
isle.") 

The Sacred Isle, the peninsula of 
mount Athos (Ottoman empire). This 
island is remarkable for being exclusively 
inhabited by males. Not only are 
females^of the human race excluded, but 
cows also, mares, sow-pigs, hens, ducks, 
and females of all the animal race.— 
Milner r Gallery of Geography, 666. 

Sacred Nine ( The), the Muses, nine 
in number. 

Fair daughters of the Sun, the Sacred Nine, 
Here wake to ecstasy their harps divine. 

Falconer : The Shipwreck, iii. 3 (1738). 

Sacred Songs, by T. Moore (1816). 

Sacred War ( The). (1) A war under- 
taken by the Amphictyonic League for the 
defence of Delphi against the Cirrhaeans 
(B.c. 595-587). 

(2) A war undertaken by the Athenians 
for the purpose of restoring Delphi to the 
Phocians (B.C. 448-447). 

(3) A war undertaken by Philip of 
Macedon, as chief of the Amphictyonic 
League, for the purpose of wresting 
Delphi from the Phocians (B.C. 357). 

Sa'cripant [King], king of Circassia, 
and a lover of Angelica. — Bojardo : 
Orlando Innamorato (1495) » Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

With the same stratagem, Sacripant had his steed 
Stolen irom under him, by that notorious thief Bruneilo, 
at the siege «f Albracc*.— Cervantes : Don Quixote, L 
iii 9 11605J. 

(The allusion is to Sancho Panza's asSi 
which was stolen from under him by the 
galley-slave Gines de Passamonte.) 

Sa'cripant, a false, noisy, hectoring 
braggart; a kind of Pistol or Bobadil. — 
Tasso : Secchia Rapita (i.e. " Rape of the 
Bucket"). 

Sadah, the sixteenth night of the 
month Bayaman. — Persian Calendar. 

Sadak and Ealasra'de (4 syl.). 
Sadak, general of the forces of Am'urath 
sultan of Turkey, lived with Kalasrade 
in retirement, and their home life was so 
happy that it aroused the jealousy of tho 
sultan, who employed emissaries to see 
fire to their house, carry off Kalasrade to 
the seraglio, and seize the children. 
Sadak, not knowing who were the agents 
of these evils, laid his complaint before 
Amurath, and then learnt that Kalasrade 
was in the seraglio. The sultan swore 
not to force his love upon her till she 
had drowned the recollection of her past 



SAFFRON GOWN. 



life by a draught of the waters of oblivion. 
Sadak was sent on this expedition. On 
his return, Amurath seized the goblet, 
and, quaffing its contents, found "that 
the waters of oblivion were the waters 
of death." He died, and Sadak was 
made sultan in his stead. — J. Ridley: 
Tales of the Genii ("Sadak and Kalas- 
rade," ix., 1751). 

Sadaroubay. So Eve is called in 

Indian mythology. 

Sadder, one of the sacred books of 
the Guebres or Parsis. 

Saddle and the Ground. 

Between the saddle and the ground, 
Mercy he sought, and mercy found | 



Should be — 

Betwixt the stirrup and the _ 
Mercy I asked, mercy I found. 

It is quoted in Camden's Remains. •• A 
gentleman fell from his horse and broke 
his neck. Some said it was a judgment 
on his evil life, but a friend, calling to 
mind the epitaph of St. Augustine, 
Misericordia Domini inter pontem ei 
fontem, wrote the distich given above." 

Saddletree (Mr. Bartoline), the 

learned saddler. 

Mrs. Saddletree, the wife of Bartoline. 
— Sir W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Sadha-Sing", the mourner of the 
desert. — Sir W. Scott: The Surgeon's 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Ssel. (See Haysel, p. 476.) 

Ssemnnd Sigrfnsson, sumamed 
"the Wise," an Icelandic priest and 
scald. He compiled the Elder or Rhyth- 
mical Edda, often called Samunds Edda. 
This compilation contains not only my- 
thological tales and moral sentences, but 
numerous sagas in verse or heroic lays, 
as those of Volung and HelgS, of Sigurd 
and Brynhilda, of Folsungs and Niflungs 
(pt. ii.). Probably his compilation con- 
tained all the mythological, heroic, and 
legendary lays extant at the period in 
which he lived (1054-1133). 

Safa, in Arabia, the hill on which 
Adam and Eve came together, aftet 
having been parted for 200 years, during 
which time they wandered homeless over 
the face of the earth. 

Saffron Gown. (See p. 335, col a.) 

She the saffron t own will never wear. 

And ia no flower-strewn couch shall she be laid. 

tV. Morru: Atalantas Roe*. 



SAGA. 946 

The word saffron was wholly unknown 
in the Greek or Latin language. There 
is the Greek word saophron, but that 
was a girdle worn by girls, indicative of 
chastity. (Saffron is the Arabic xaphran, 
through the French so/ran.) 

Saga, the goddess of history. — Scan- 
dinavian Mythology. 

Saga and Edda. The Edda is the 

Bible of the ancient Scandinavians. A 
saga is a book of instruction, generally 
but not always in the form of a tale, like 
a Welsh "mabinogi." In the Edda 
there are numerous sagas. As our Bible 
contains the history of the Jews, re- 
ligious songs, moral proverbs, and re- 
ligious stories, so the Edda contained 
the history of Norway, religious songs, a 
book of proverbs, and numerous stories. 
The original Edda was compiled and 
edited by Saemund Sigfusson, an Icelandic 
priest and scald, in the eleventh century. 
It contains twenty-eight parts or books, 
all of which are in verse. 

Two hundred years later, Snorro Stur- 
leson of Iceland abridged, rearranged, 
and reduced to prose the Edda, giving 
the various parts a kind of dramatic 
form, like the dialogues of Plato. It 
then became needful to distinguish these 
two works ; so the old poetical compila- 
tion is called the Elder or Rhythmical 
Edda, and sometimes the Samud Edda, 
while the more modern work is called 
the Younger or Prose Edda, and some- 
times the Snorro Edda. The Younger 
Edda is, however, partly original. Pt. 
i. is the old Edda reduced to prose, but 
pt. ii. is Sturleson's own collection. This 
part contains " The Discourse of Bragi " 
(the scald of the gods) on the origin of 
poetry ; and here, too, we find the famous 
story called by the Germans the Nibelun- 
gen Lied. 

Sagas. Besides the sagas contained in 
the Eddas, there are numerous others. 
Indeed, the whole saga literature extends 
over 200 volumes. 

I. The Edda Sagas. The Edda it 
divided into two parts and twenty- 
eight lays or poetical sagas. The first 
part relates to the gods and heroes of 
Scandinavia, creation, and the early his- 
tory of Norway. The Scandinavian 
M Books of Genesis" are the " Voluspa 
Saga "or " prophecv of Vola " (about 230 
verses), " Vafthrudner's Saga," and 
" Grimner'sSaga." These three resemble 
the Sibylline books of ancient Rome, and 



SAGAS. 

gave a description of chaos, the forma- 
tion of the world, the creation of all 
animals (including dwarfs, giants, and 
fairies), the general conflagration, and 
the renewal of the world, when, like 
the new Jerusalem, it will appear all 
glorious, and there shall in no wise enter 
therein "anything that defileth, neither 
whatsoever worketh abomination, or 
maketh a lie." 

The " Book of Proverbs " in the Edda 
is called the " Havamal Saga," and some- 
times "The High Song of Odin." 

The ' ' Volsunga Saga " is a collection of 
lays about the early Teutonic heroes. 

The " Saga of St. Olaf " is the history 
of this Norwegian king. He was a savage 
tyrant, hated by his subjects ; but because 
he aided the priests in forcing Christianity 
on his subjects, he was canonized. 

The other sagas in the Edda are "The 
Song of Lodbrok " or " Lodbrog," " Her- 
vara Saga," the " Vilkina Saga," the 
" Blomsturvalla Saga," the "Ynglinga 
Saga" (all relating to Norway), the "Joms- 
vikingia Saga " and the ' ' Knytlinga 
Saga" (which pertain to Denmark), the 
"Sturlunga Saga " and the " Eryrbiggia 
Saga " (which pertain to Iceland). All the 
above were compiled and edited by Sae- 
mund Sigfusson, and are in verse; but 
Snorro Sturleson reduced them to prose 
in his prose version of the old Edda. 

II. Sagas not in the Edda. Snorro 
Sturleson, at the close of the twelfth 
century, made the second great collec- 
tion of chronicles in. verse, called the 
Heimskringla Saga, or the book of the 
kings of Norway from the remotest 
period to the year 1177. This is a most 
valuable record of the laws, customs, and 
manners of the ancient Scandinavians. 
Samuel Laing published his English 
translation of it in 1844. 

1. The Icelandic Sagas. Besides the 
two Icelandic sagas collected by Sasmund 
Sigfusson, numerous others were sub- 
sequently embodied in the Landama Bok, 
set on foot by Ari hinn Fronde, and con- 
tinued by various hands. 

2. Frithjof's Saga contains the life and 
adventures of Frithjof of Iceland, who 
fell in love with Ingeborg, the beautiful 
wife of Hring king of Norway. On the 
death of Hring the young widow mar- 
ried her Icelandic lover. Frithjof lived 
in the eighth century, and this saga was 
compiled at the beginning of the four- 
teenth century, a year or two after the 
Heimskringla. It is very interesting, 
because Tegner, the Swedish poet, has 



SAGAMAN. 



947 



SAILOR KING. 



selected it for his Idylls (1825), just as 
Tennyson has taken his idyllic stories 
from the Morte d Arthur or the Welsh 
Mabinogion. TegneYs Idylls have be^n 
translated into English by Latham (1838), 
by Stephens (1841), and by Blackley 

(1857). 

3. The Swedish Saga or lay of Swedish 
" history " is the Ingvars Saga. 

4. The Russian Saga or lay of Russian 
legendary history is the Egmunds Saga. 

5. The Folks Sagas are stories from ro- 
mance. From this ancient collection we 
have derived our nursery tales of Jack 
and the Bean-Stalk, Jack the Giant-Killer, 
the Giant who smelt the Blood of an Eng- 
lishman, Blue Beard, Cinderella, the Little 
Old Woman cut Shorter, the Pig that 
wouldn't go over the Bridge, Puss in 
Boots, and even the first sketches of 
Whittington and His Cat, and Baron 
Munchausen. (See Dasent : Tales from 
the Norse, 1859.) 

6. Sagas of Foreign origin. Besides 
the rich stores of original tales, several 
foreign ones have been imported and 
translated into Norse, such as Barlaham 
and Josaphat, by Rudolf of Ems, one of 
the German minnesingers (see p. 50). 
On the other hand, the minnesingers 
borrowed from the Norse sagas their 
famous story embodied in the Nibelungen 
Lied, called the " German Iliad," which 
is from the second part of Snorro Stur- 
leson's Edda. 

Sagaman, a narrator of Sagas. These 
ancient chroniclers differed from scalds 
in several respects. Scalds were min- 
strels, who celebrated in verse the ex- 
ploits of living kings or national heroes ; 
sagamen were tellers of legendary stories, 
either in prose or verse, like Schehera- 
zade the narrator of the Arabian Nights, 
the mandarin Fum-Hoam the teller of 
the Chinese Tales, Moradbak the teller 
of the Oriental Tales, Feramorz who told 
the tales to Lalla Rookh, and so on. 
Again, scalds resided at court, were 
attached to the royal suite, and followed 
the king in all his expeditions ; but 
sagamen were free and unattached, and 
told their tales to prince or peasant, in 
lordly hall or at village wake. 

Sagfani'ite (4 syl.), a kind of soup or 
tisan, given by American Indians to the 
sick. 

Our virgins fed her with their kindly bowls 

Of fever-balm and sweet sagamite. 

CamfieU : Gertrude »/ Wyoming, L 19 (1809). 

Sagan of Jerusalem ( The), in Dry* 



den's Absalom and Achitophel, is meant 
for Compton bishop of London. 

. . . the Sagan of Jerusalem, 
Of hopeful soul, and noble stem ; 
Him in the Western dome, whose weighty sense 
Flows in fit words and heavenly eloquence. 

Pt. i. 803-806. 

Sage of Concord {The), Ralph 
Waldo Emerson, of Boston, United 
States, author of Literary Ethics (1838), 
Poems (1846), Representative Men (1850), 
English Traits (1856), and numerous 
other works (1 803-1 879). 

In Mr. Emerson we have a poet ana a profoundly re- 
ligious man, who is really and entirely undaunted by the 
discoveries of science, past, present, or prospective. 
In his case, poetry, with the joy of a Bacchanal, takes 
her graver brother science by the hand, and cheers him 
with immortal laughter. By Emerson scientific con- 
ceptions are continually transmuted into the finer forms 
and warmer lines of an ideal world.— Tyndali Frag, 
ments 0/ Science. 

No one who has conversed with the Sage of Concord 
can wonder at the love which his neighbours feel for 
him, or the reverence with which he is regarded by the 
scholars of England and America.— Aewsfafer Bio- 
graphical Sketch, May, 1879. 

Sage of Monticello ( The), Thomas 
Jefferson, the third president of the 
United States, whose country seat was 
at Monticello. 

As from the grave where Henry sleep*. 
From Vernon's weeping willow, 

And from the gTassy pall which hides 
The Sage of Monticello . . . 

Virginia, o'er thy land of slaves 
A warning voice is swelling. 

Whittier : Voices of Freedom (1836). 

Sage of Samos {The), Pythagoras, 
a native of Samos (B.C. 584-506). 

Sages ( The Seven). (See SEVEN WISE 
Men of Greece, p. 987.) 

Sag'ittary, a monster, half man and 
half beast, described as "a terrible archer, 
which neighs like a horse, and with eyes 
of fire which strike men dead like 
lightning." Any deadly shot is a sagit- 
lary. — Guido delle Colonna (thirteenth 
century): Historia Troyana Prosayce Com- 
posita (translated by Lydgate). 

The dreadful Sagittary, 
Appals our numbers. 
Shakespeare : Treilus and Cresrtda (1609). 

(See also Othello, act i. sc. 1, 3. The 
barrack is so called from the figure of an 
archer over the door. ) 

SagramoTir le De'«ira», a knight 
of the Round Table. (See Launcelot du 
Lac and Morted Arthur.) 

SaTiira {A I), one of the names of 
hell.— Sale: A I Koran, lxxix. notes. 

Sailor King {The), William IV. of 
Great Britain (1765, 1830-1837). 



SAINT. 948 

Saint [The), Kang-he of China, who 
assumed the name of Chin-tsou-jin (1653, 
1661-1722). 

St. Aldobrand, the noble husband 
of lady Imogine, murdered by count 
Bertram her quondam lover. — Maturin; 
Bertram (1816). 

St. Alme {Captain), son of Darlemont 
a merchant, guardian of Julio count of 
Harancour. He pays bis addresses to 
Marianne Franval, to whom he is ulti- 
mately married. Captain St. Alme is 
generous, high-spirited, and noble- 
minded. —Holcroft; The Deaf and Dumb 
(1785). 

St. Andre, a fashionable dancing- 
master in the reign of Charles II. 

St Andre's feet ne'er kept more equal time. 

Dryden : MacFUcknoe (1682). 

St. An'gelo [Castle of), once called 
the Moles Adria'ni, the tomb of the 
emperor Adrian, a structure as big as a 

village. 

St. Asaph {The dean of), in the 

court of queen Elizabeth. — Sir IV. Scott: 

Kenilworth (1821). 

St. Basil Outwits the Devil. 

(See Sinner Saved, p. ioio.) 

St. Bef 'ana, the day of the Epiphany 
(January 6). (See Befana, p. 103.) 

St. Botolph ( The prior of).— Sir W. 
Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

St. Brandan or San Bor'andan 

(The Island of), a flying island, some 
ninety leagues in length, west of the 
Canaries. In an old French geographical 
chart it is placed 5 west of Ferro Island, 
29 N. lat. So late as 1721 Spain sent 
an expedition in quest of this fabulous 
island. The Spaniards believe that king 
Rodri'go ("the last of the Goths") made 
this island his retreat. The Portuguese 
assign it to St. Sebastian. The poets say 
it was rendered inaccessible to man by 
diabolical magic. Probably it owes its 
existence to some atmospheric illusion, 
such as the Fata morgana. 

St. Cecili, Cecily, or Cecile (a 

syl.), the daughter of noble Roman 
parents, and a Christian. She married 
Valirian. One day, she told her husband 
she had ' ' an aungel . . . that with gret 
love, wher so I wake or slepe, is redy ay 
my body for to kepe." Valirian re- 
quested to see this angel, and Cecile told 



ST. CHRISTOPHER. 

him he must first go to St. Urban, and, 
being purged by him "fro synne, than 
[then] schul ye se that aungel." Valirian 
was accordingly " cristened " by St. 
Urban, returned home, and found the 
angel with two crowns, brought direct 
from paradise. One he gave to Cecile 
and one to Valirian, saying that " bothe 
with the palme of martirdom schullen 
come unto God's blisful feste. " Valirian 
suffered martyrdom first ; then Alma- 
chius, the Roman prefect, commanded 
his officers to " brenne Cecile in a bath of 
flammSs red." She remained in the bath 
all day and night, yet "sat she cold, and 
felte of it no woe." Then smote they her 
three strokes upon the neck, but could 
not smite her head off. She lingered on 
for three whole days, preaching and 
teaching, and then died. St. Urban 
buried her body privately by night, and 
her house he converted into a church, 
which he called the church of Cecily. — 
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales (" The Second 
Nun's Tale," 1388). 

St. Christopher, a native of Lycia, 
very tall, and fearful to look at. He was 
so proud of his strength that he resolved 
to serve only the mightiest, and went in 
search of a worthy master. He first 
entered the service of the emperor; but 
one day, seeing his master cross himself 
for fear of the devil, he quitted his service 
for that of Satan. This new master he 
found was thrown into alarm at the sight 
of a cross ; so he quitted him also, and 
went in search of the Saviour. One day, 
near a ferry, a little child accosted him, 
and begged the giant to carry him across 
the water. Christopher put the child on 
his back, but found every step he took 
that the child grew heavier and heavier, 
till the burden was more than he could 
bear. Ashe sank beneUh his load, the 
child told the giant He was Christ, and 
Christopher resolved to serve Christ and 
Him only. He died three days afterwards, 
and was canonized. The Greek and 
Latin Churches look on him as the pro- 
tecting saint against floods, fire, and 
earthquake. — James de Voragine : Golden 
Legends, 100 (thirteenth century). 

N. B.— His body is said to be at Valencia, 
in Spain ; one of his arms at Compostella ; 
a jaw-bone at Astorga ; a shoulder at SL 
Peter's, in Rome ; and a tooth and rib at 
Venice. His day is May 9 in the Greek 
Church, and July 25 in the Latin. Of 
course, "the Christ-bearer" is an alle- 
gory based on the name "Christopher." 



ST. CLARE. 



949 



ST. NICHOLAS. 



The gigantic bones called his relics may 
serve to give reality to the fable. 

(His name before conversion was Of- 
ferus, but after he carried Christ across 
the ford, it was called Christ-Offerus, 
shortened into Christopher, which means 
"the Christ-bearer.") 

St. Clare (Augustin), the kind, in- 
dulgent master of uncle Tom. He was 
beloved by all his slaves. 

Miss Evangeline St. Clare, daughter of 
Mr. St. Clare. Evangeline was the good 
angel of the family, and was adored by 
uncle Tom. Her death is touchingly told. 

Miss Ophelia St. Clare, cousin of Au- 
gustin. She is a New England Puritan. 
— Mrs. Beecher Stowe: UncU Tom's Cabin 
{1852). 

St. Clement's Eve, a drama by sir 

Henry Taylor (1862). The heroine is 
Iolande, who tries to cure the king by 
dipping her finger in the sacred contents 
of a vial, but fails, because she is in love 
with a married man, and the cure can be 
effected only by a pure virgin. 

St. Distaff, an imaginary saint, to 
whom January 7 or Twelfth Day is con- 
secrated. 

Partly worke and partly play 

You must on St. Distaff's Day; 

Give St, Distaff all the right. 

Then give Christmas sport good night 

Wit Asporltng in a Pleasant Grevt 
of New Fancies (1657). 

St. Elmo's Fires, those electric 
lights seen playing about the masts of 
ships in stormy weather. 

And sudden bursting on their raptured sight, 
Appeared the splendour of St. Elmo's light. 

Ariosto : Orlando furioso, Lx. (1516). 

% In 1696 M. de Forbes saw more than 
thirty feux St. Elme on his ship. 

IT ^Eneas tells Dido that these electric 
lights danced about the head of his son 
lulus when they left the burning city of 
Truy. 

Ecce levis summo de vertice visus Iul 

re lumen apex, tactuque innoxia molis 
Lambere flamma comas et circum tempora pasd. 
Virgil : ALncid, ii. 683-4. 
Lo ! harmless flames upon lulus' head. 
While we embraced the \>oy, from heaven were shed. 
Played ia his hair and on his temples fed. 

St. Etienne. There are sixty-nine 
places in France so called. A Paris 
newspaper stated that the "receiver of 
St. Etienne " had embezzled .£4000, 
whereupon all the tax-gatherers of the 
sixty-nine places called St. Etienne 
brought separate actions against the 
paper, and the editor had to pay each 
one a hundred francs damages, besides fine 
and costs. — Standard, February 24, 1879. 



St. Filume'na or Filomena, a new 
saint of the Latin Church. Sabatelli has 
a picture of this nineteenth-century saint, 
representing her as hovering over a group 
of sick and maimed, who are healed by 
her intercession. In 1802 a grave was 
found in the cemetery of St. Priscilla, 
and near it three tiles, with these words, 
in red letters — 



LUMENA 



PAXTE 




CVMFI 



A rearrangement of the tiles made the 
inscription, Pax Te-cum, Fi-lumena. 
That this was the correct rendering is 
quite certain, for the virgin martyr her- 
self told a priest and a nun in a dream, 
that she was Fi[lia] Lumina, the daughter 
of Lumina, i.e. the daughter of the Light 
of the world. In confirmation of this 
dream, as her bones were carried to 
Mugnano, the saint repaired her own 
skeleton, made her hair grow, and per- 
formed so many miracles, that those must 
indeed be hard of belief who can doubt 
the truth of the story. 

St. George is the national saint of 
England, in consequence of the miracu- 
lous assistance rendered by him to the 
arms of the Christians under Godfrey de 
Bouillon during the first crusade. 

St. George's Sword, Askelon. 

George he shaved the dragon's beard. 
And Askelon was his razor. 

Percy : Reliquts, III. IIL v%. 

St. George (Le chevalier de), James 
Francis Edward Stuart, called " The Old 
(or elder) Pretender " (1688-1766). 

St. Graal. (SeeSANGRAAL, p. 959.) 

St. John, the clergyman in love with 
Jane Eyre, but she rejects his suit. — 
Charlotte Bronti: Jane Eyre (1847). 

St. Leon, the hero of a novel of the 
same name by W. Goodwin (1799). St. 
Leon becomes possessed of the " elixir of 
life," and of the "philosopher's stone;" 
but this knowledge, instead of bringing 
him wealth and happiness, is the source 
of misery and endless misfortunes. 

St. Leon Is designed to prove that the happiness of 
mankind would not have been augmented by the giftt 
of immortal youth and inexhaustible riches.— En- 
cyclopedia Britannica (article " Romance "). 

Saint Manr, one of the attendants 
of sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (a follower 
of prince John). — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

St. Nicholas, the patron saint of 
boys. He is said to have been bishop of 



ST. PATRICK'S PURGATORY. 950 



SAINTS. 



Myra, in Lycia, and his death is placed 
in the year 326. 

St. Nicholas is said to have supplied three maidens 
with marriage portions, by leaving at their windows 
bags of money. . . . Another legend describes the 
saint as having restored to life three [? two] murdered 
children. — Yonge. 

St. Patrick's Purgatory, in an 

islet in lough Derg, Ireland. Here the saint 
made a cave, through which was an en- 
trance into purgatory; and here those 
who liked to do so might forestall their 
purgatorial punishments while they were 
in the flesh. This was made the subject 
of a romance in the fourteenth century, 
and Calderon dramatized the subject in 
the seventeenth century. 

Who has not heard of St. Patrick's Purgatory . . . 
with its chapels and its toll-houses t Thither repair 
yearly crowds of pious pilgrims, who would wash away 
at once the accumulated sins of their lives.— Wright. 

(This source of revenue was abolished 
by order of the pope, on St. Patrick's 
Day, 1497.) 

St. Peter's Obelisk, a stone pyramid 
of enormous size, on the top of which 
is an urn containing the relics of Julius 
Caesar. 

St. Prieux, the amant of Julie, in 
Rousseau's novel entitled Julie ou La 
Nouvelle Hiloise (1760). 

St. Ronan's Well, a novel by sir W. 
Scott (1823). An inferior work; but it 
contains the character of Meg Dods, of 
the Clachan or Mowbray Arms inn ; one 
of the very best low comic characters in 
the whole range of fiction. 

*.' The tale is a good deal involved, 
but chiefly concerns Clara Mowbray of 
St. Ronan's, and the two sons of the earl 
of Ethrington. One of them is Frank 
Tyrrel, the son of his wife, but said to be 
illegitimate. The other is Valentine 
[Bulmer], the child of Mrs. Bulmer 
married in bigamy. Clara is deceived 
into a private marriage with Valentine, 
supposing him to be the heir of the title ; 
but when it is proved that Frank Tyrrel 
is . not illegitimate, and therefore the true 
heir, Clara dies, and Valentine is slain in 
a duel. The story concludes with the 
marriage of Dr. Quackleben and Mrs. 
Blower a shipowner's widow. 

St. Stephen's Chapel, properly 

the House of Commons, but sometimes 
applied to the two Houses of Parliament. 
So called by a figure of speech from St. 
Stephen's Chapel, built by king Stephen, 
rebuilt by Edward II. and III., and 
finally destroyed by fire in 1834. St. 



Stephen's Chapel was fitted up for the use 
of the House of Commons in the reign of 
Edward IV. The great council of the 
nation met before in the chapter-house of 
the abbey. 

St. Swithin, tutor of king Alfred, 
and bishop of Winchester. The monks 
wished to bury him in the chancel of the 
minster ; but the bishop had directed 
that his body should be interred under 
the open vault of heaven. Finding the 
monks resolved to disobey his injunction, 
he sent a heavy rain on July 15, the day 
assigned to the funeral ceremony, in con- 
sequence of which it was deferred from 
day to day for forty days. The monks 
then bethought them of the saint's in- 
junction, and prepared to inter the body 
in the churchyard. St. Swithin smiled 
his approbation by sending a beautiful 
sunshiny day, in which all the robes of 
the hierarchy might be displayed without 
the least fear of being injured by untimely 
and untoward showers. 

St. Tammany, the patron of de- 
mocracy in the American states. His 
day is May 1. Tammany or Tammenund 
lived in the seventeenth century. He was 
a native of Delaware, but settled on the 
banks of t h e Ohi o. He was achiefsachem 
of his tribe, and his rule was discreet and 
peaceful. His great maxim was, ' ' Unite. 
In peace unite for mutual happiness, in 
war for mutual defence." 

Saint's Everlasting Rest ( 7^), 
by Richard Baxter (1649). 

Saints {Island of), Ireland. (See Isle 
of Saints, p. 532.) 

Saints {Royal). 

David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153). 

Edward the Confessor (1004, 1043- 
1066). 

Edward the Martyr (961, 975-979). 

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161). 

Ethelred I. king of Wessex (*, 866- 
871). 

Eugenius I. pope (*, 654-657). 

Felix I. pope (*, 269-274). 

Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon 
(1200, 1217-1252). 

Julius I. pope (*, 337-35 2 )- 

Kang-he, second of the Manchoo 
dynasty of China (*, 1661-1722). 

Lawrence Justiniani patriarch of Venice 
(1380, 1451-1465). 

Leo IX. pope (1002, 1049-1054). 

Louis IX. of France (1215, 1226-1270)1 

Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000- 1030). 

Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038). 



SAINTS FOR DISEASES. 



95* 



SAINTS, LOCAL. 



Saints. 

li) For diseases, 

(2) Local saints. 

(3) Saints (specialist). 

14) Saints for special parts of the body. 
(5) Saints for dumb animals. 

(1) Saints for Diseases. These 
saints either ward off ills or help to relieve 
them, and should be invoked by those 
who trust their power : — 

AGUE. St. Pernel and St. Petronella cure. 

Bad Dreams. St. Christopher protects from. 

Blear Eyes. St. Otilic and St. Clare cure. 

Blindness. St Thomas a Becket cures. 

Boils and Blains. St. Rooke and St. Cosmo* 
cure. 

Chastity. St Susan protects. 

Children. St Germayne. But unless the mothers 
bring a white loaf and a pot of good ale, sir Thomas 
More says, " he wyll not once loke at them " (p. 194). 

CHILDREN'S Diseases (All). St Blaise heals; 
and all cattle diseases. The bread consecrated on his 
day (February 3) and called " The Benediction of St 
Blaise," should hare been tried in a recent cattle 

P Cholera. Oola Beebee is Invoked by the Hind As 
in this malady. 

CHOLIC St Erasmus relieves. 

Dancing Mania. St Vitus cures. 

DEFILEMENT. St. Susan preserves from. 

DisCOVmRY OF Lost GOODS. St Ethelbert and 
St Elian. 

DISEASES GENERALLY. St Rooke or St Roke, 
" because he had a sore ; " and St Sebastian, " because 
be was marcered with arrowes." — Sir T, Mtft, p. 194. 

DOUBTS. St Catherine resolves. 

DYING. St Barbara relieves. 

EPILEPSY. St. Valentine cures ; St Cornelius. 

Fire. St Agatha protects from it, but St. Florian 
should be invoked if it has already broken out. 

Flood, Fire, and Earthquake. St Christopher 
saves from. 

Gout. St Wolfgang, they say, is ef mora service 
than Blair's pills. 

Gripes. St. Erasmus cures. 

IDIOCY. St Gildas is the guardian angel of Idiots. 

INFAMY. St Susan protects from. 

INFECTION. St Roque protects from. 

LEPROSY. St Lazarus the beggar. 

MADNESS. St. Dymphna and St. Fillan cure. 

MICE and RATS. St Gertrude and St. Huldrlck 
ward them off. When phosphor paste fails, St 
Gertrude might be tried, at any rate with less danger 
than arsenic 

NIGHT ALARMS. St. Christopher protects from. 

PALSY. St. Cornelius. 

PLAGUE. St. Roch, they say. In this case is better 
than the "good bishop of Marseilles. " 

QUENCHING Fire. St. Florian and St Christopher 
should not be forgotten by fire insurance companies. 

QU INSY. St Blaise will cure it sooner than Urtarued 
antimony. 

RICHES. St Anne and St Vincent kelp those whe 
seek it Gold-diggers should ask them for nuggets. 

SCABS. St Rooke cures, 

SMALL-POX. St Martin of Tours may be tried by 
those objecting to vaccination. In Hindustan, Seetla 
wards it off. 

Sore THROATS. St Blaise, who (when he was put 
to death) prayed If any person suffering from a sore 
throat Invoked him, that he might be God's instrument 
to effect a perfect cure. — Sinuon Mttaphrastts : 
Li/ff St. MIMst. 

STORMS AND TEMPESTS. St Barbara (flourished 



* 



SUDDEN DEATH. St. Martin saves from. 

Temperance. Father Mathew is called "Tbs 
Apostle of Temperance " (1790-1856). 

TOOTH-ACHE. St. Appolonia, because before she 
was burnt alive, all her teeth were pulled out ; St. Blase. 

VERMIN-DESTROYERS. St. Gertrude and St 
H 



WBALTH-BBSTOWEK. St Anne ; recommended to 
site sultan. 

(2) Saints (Local). The following 
are the patron saints of the cities, nations, 
or places set down : — 

Aberdeen, St Nicholas (died 34a). His day is 
December 6. 

Abyssinia. St Framentlus (died 360). His day is 
October 27. 

ALEXANDRIA, St Mark, who founded the church 
there (died A.D. 5*4. His day is April 25. 

ALPS (Ths), Felix Neff (179S-1829). 

ANTIOCH, St Margaret (died 275). Her day is 
July 20. 

ARDENNES {Tke), St. Hubert (656-730). He is 
called "The Apostle of the Ardennes." His days are 
May 30 and November 3. 

Armenia, St Gregory of Armenia (256-331). His 
day is September 30. 

Bath, St. David, from whose benediction the waters 
of Bath received their warmth and medicinal qualities 
(480-544). His day is March x. 

Beauvais, St Ludan Jdied 290). called "The 
Apostle of Beauvais." His day is January 8. 

Belgium, St Boniface (680-755). His day is June 5. 

BOHEMIA, St Wenceslaus ; St John Nepomuk. 

BRUSSELS, the Virgin Mary ; St Gudule, who died 
7x2. St Gudule's Day is January 8. 

CAGLIARI (in Sardinia), St Ensio or St Ephesus. 

Cappadocia, St Matthias (died ad. 62). His day 
It February 24. 

Carthage, St Perpetun (died 203). Her day is 
March 7. 

COLOGNE. St Ursula (died 45a). Her day is 
October 21. 

CORFU, St Splridion (fourth century). His day is 
December 14. 

CREMONA. St. Margaret (died 275). Her day Is 
July 20. 

DENMARK, St Anscharius (801-864), whose day is 
February 3 ; and St Canute (died 1086), whose day is 
January 19. 

DUMFRIES, St MichaeL 

Edinburgh, St Giles (died 550). His day is 
September 1. 

England, St George (died «ooj. St Bede calls 
Gregory the Great "The Apostle of England," but St 
Augustin was "The Apostle of the English People" 
(died 607). St George s Day is April 23. 

Ethiopia. St Frumentius (died 360). His day is 
October 27. 

FLANDERS, St Peter (died 66). His day is June 20. 

FLORENCE, St John the Baptist (died AJ3. 32). 
His days are June 24 and August 29. 

F»rests,St. Silvester, because siiva, in I *H«_ means 
"a wood." His day is June 20. 

Forts, St Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4. 

FRANCE, St. Denys (died 272). His day Is October 9. 
St Remi is called "The Great Apostle of the French" 
(439-535)- His day is October x. 

FRANCONIA, St KUian (died 689). His day Is July 8. 

Friseland, St Wilbrod or Wfflibrod (657-738). 
called "The Apostle of the Frisians." His day is 
November 7. 

GAUL, St Irenaeus (130-200), whose day Is June 28; 
and St Martin (316-307), whose day Is November xi. 
St Denys is called • r T»e Apostle of the Gauls." 

GENOA, St George of Cappadocia. His day is 
April 23. 

Gentiles. St Paul was " The Apostle of the 
Gentiles " (died A.D. 66). His days are January 25 
and June 29. 

Georgia, St Nino, whose day is September 16. 

GERMANY, St. Bonoace, " Apostle of the Germans'* 
(680-755), whose day is June 5 ; and St Martin (3x6- 
397), whose day Is November 11. (St Boniface was 
called Winfred till Gregory II. changed the name.) 

GLASGOW, St Mungo, also called Kentigern (514- 
601). 

Groves. St Silvester, because sUmm, tm Latin, means 
"awood." His day is June 20. 

Highlanders, st Coiumb (sn~nr\- His day is 

Junes. 

Hills, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day Is December 4. 

HOLLAND, the Virgin Miry. Her days are 1 her 
Nativity, November uj Visitation. July %\ C*nct/tion 



SAINTS, LOCAL. 



95* 



SAINTS, SPECIALIST. 



December 8 ; Purification, February * ; Assumption, Valleys, St Agatha (dUd .51). Her day Is Febro> 

VENICE, St Mark, who was buried there. His day 
Is April 25. St. Pantaleon, whose day is July 37 ; and 
St. Lawrence Justinian! (1380-1465). 

Vienna, St Stephen (died A.D. 34). His day ia 

December »6. 



August 15, 

HUNGARY, St. Louis; Mary of Aquisgrana (Aix-la- 
Chapelle) ; and St Anastasius (died 6e8), whose day is 
January 33. 

India, St. Bartolome' de Las Casas (1474-1566) ; the 
Rev. J. Eliot (1603-1690) ; and Francis Xavier (1506- 
1552), called " The Apostle of the Indians," whose day 
is December 3. 

Ireland, St Patrick (373-493). His day is March 
17. (Some give his birth 387, and some his death 
*6S.) 

ITALY, St Anthony (351-356). His day Is January 11. 

Lapland, St Nicholas (died 34a). His day is 
December 6. 

Lichfield, St Chad, who lived there (died 67a). 
His day is March a. 

Liege, St Albert (died 1195). His day is Novem- 
ber 21. 

LISBON, St. Vincent (died 304). His translation to 
Lisbon is kept September 15. 

LONDON, St. Paul, whose day is January 35 » *&& 
St. Michael, whose day is September 29. 

Milan, St Ambrose, bishop of Milan (374-397; 
born 340). 

Moscow, St Nicholas (died 34a). His day is 
December a. 

Mountains, St Barbara (died 335). Her day Is 
December 4. 

Naples, St. Januarius (died 305), whose day Is 
September 19; and St Thomas Aquinas 11227-1274), 
whose days are March 7 and July 18. 

Netherlands, St Amand (589-679). His day Is 
February 6. 

North (The), St Ansgar (801-864), and Bernard 
Gilpin (1517-1583). 

Norway, St. Anscharius, called "The Apostle of 
the North " (801-864), whose day is February 3 ; and 
St Olaus (992, 1000-1030), called also St. Ansgar. 

OXFORD, St. Frideswide. 

Padua, St. Justina, whose day is October 7; and 



St Anthony (1195-1231), whose day is June 13 
~ .Ge_ 

bys 
PlCTS {The), St Ninian (fourth century), whose day 



PARIS, St. Genevieve (419-512). Her day is J anuary 3. 
PEAK {The), Derbyshire, W. Bagshaw (1628-1702). 



Is September 16; and St Columb (521-597), whose day 
is June 9. 

PISA, San Ranieri and St Efeso. 

POITIERS, St. Hilary (300-367). His day Is January 14. 

POLAND, St Hedviga (1174-1243), whose day is 
October 15 ; and St Stanislaus (died 1078), whose day 
Is May 7. 

PORTUGAL, St Sebastian (350-288). His day is 
January 20. 

PRUSSIA, St. Andrew, whose day is November 30; 
and St. Albert (died 1195). whose day is November ax. 

ROCHESTER, St Paulinus (353-431)- His day is 
June 23. 

ROME, St Peter and St. PauL Both died on the 
same day of the month, June ao. The old tutelar deity 
was Mars. 

RUSSIA, St Nicholas, St Andrew, St George, and 
the Virgin Mary. 

SARAGOSSA, St. Vincent, where he was born (died 
304). His day is January 22. 

SARDINIA, Mary the Virgin. Her days are -.Nativity, 
November ax; Visitation, July 2; Conception, Decem- 
ber 8 ; Purification, February a ; Assumption, 
August 15. 

SCOTLAND, St. Andrew, because his remains were 
brought by Regulus into Fifeshire in 368. His day is 
November 30. 

Sbbastia (in Armenia), St Blaise (died 316). His 
day is February 3. 

SICILY, St. Agatha, where she was born (died 351). 
Her day is Februarys. The old tutelar deity was 
Certs. 

Silks 1 a. St Hedviga, also called Avoye (1174-1343). 
His day is October 15. 

SLAVES or SLAVI, St Cyril, called "The Apostle 
•f the Slavi" (died 868). His day is February 14. 

SPAIN, St. James the Greater (died a.d. 44). His 
day is July 35. 

Sweden, St. Anscharius, St. John, and St. Eric IX. 
(reigned 1155-1161). 

SWITZERLAND, St Gail (died 646). His day si 
Octeber z6. 

United States, St Tammany. 



Vineyards, St Urban (died 330). His day is May 25. 

WALES, St David, uncle of king Arthur (died 544). 
His day is March x. S44 ' 

Woods, St Silvester, because silva, in Latin, means 
"• wood." His day is June ao. 

Yorkshire, St Paulinus (353-431)1 His day to 

(3) Saints (Specialist), for trades- 
men, children, wives, idiots, students, 
etc. :— 

Archers, St Sebastian, because he was shot by 

them. * 

ARMOURERS, St. George of Cappadocia. 

ARTISTS and the ARTS. St. Agatha ; but St Luke 
Is the patron of painters, being himself one. 

Bakers. St. Winifred, who followed the trade. 

Barbers, St. Louis. 

Barren Women. St Margaret befriends them. 

Beggars, St. Giles. Hence the outskirts of cities 
are often called "St. Giles." 

BISHOPS, etc, St Timothy and St Titus (x Tim, ilL 
1 ; Titus i. 7). 

Blacksmiths, St Peter, because he bears the 
keys of heaven. 

Blind Folk, St. Thomas a Becket, and St Lucy 
who was deprived of her eyes by Paschasius. 

BOOKSELLERS, St. John Port Latin. 

BREWERS, St. Florian, whose day is May 4. 

Brides, St Nicholas, because he threw three 
stockings, filled with wedding portions, into tho 
chamber window of three virgins, that they might 
marry their sweethearts, and not live a life of sin for 
the sake of earning a living. 

Brush-makers, St. Anthony (25X-356). 

BURGLARS, St. Dismas, the penitent thief. 

Candle and Lamp makers, St. Lucy and St 
Lucian. A pun upon lux, lucis (" light "). 

Cannoneers, St. Barbara, because she is generally 
represented in a fort or tower. 

Captives, St. Barbara and St Leonard. 

Carpenters, St. Joseph, who was a carpenter. 

Carpet-weavers, St. PauL 

Children, St Felicitas and St Nicholas. This 
latter saint restored to life some children, murdered by 
an innkeeper of Myra and pickled in a pork-tub. 

Cloth-weavers, St John. 

Cobblers, St. Crispin, who worked at the trade. 

CRIPPLES, St. Giles, because he refused to be cured 
of an accidental lameness, that he might mortify his 
flesh. 

Dancers, St. Vitus, whose day is January ao. 

Divines, St. Thomas Aquinas. ' 

DOCTORS, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon In Cilida. 

DRUNKARDS, St Martin, because St Martin's Day 
(November xx) happened to be the day of the Vinalia 
or feast of Bacchus. St Urban protects. 

Dying, St. Barbara. 

FERRYMEN, St Christopher, who was a ferryman. 

FISHERMEN, Sl Peter, who was a fisherman. 

FOOLS, St Maturin, because the Greek word tnatim 
or mat/ means " folly." 

FREE Trade k. Cobden to called " The Apostle 
of Free Trade " (1804-1865). 

Freemen, St. John. 



FULLERS, St Sever, because the place so called, on 
the Adour, is or was famous for it! 
fulleries. 



was famous for its tanneries and 



GOLDSMITHS, St. Eloy, who was a goldsmith. 

HATTERS, St. William, the son of a hatter. 

HOG and Swineherds, St Anthony. Pigs unfit 
for food used anciently to have their ears slit, but one 
of the proctors of St Anthony's Hospital once tied a 
bell about the neck of a pig whose oar was slit, and no 
one ever attempted to iniure it 

HORSES. Sir Thomas More says, " St. Ley we make 
a horse leche, and must let our horse rather renne 
vnshod and marre his hoofe than to shooe him on his 
Aaye."— Work*, 104, St Stephen's Day " we must let 



SAINTS, SPECIALIST. 



953 



a) oat horses bloud with a knife, because St. Stephen 
was killed with stones," 

Housewives, St Osyth, especially to orevent their 
losing the keys, and to help them in finding those 
•' tiny tormentors ; " St. Martha, the sister of Lazarus. 

HUNTSMEN, St. Hubert, who lived in the Ardennes, 
a famous hunting forest ; and St. Eustace. 

Husbands. (See Uncumber.) 

IDIOTS. St. Gildas restores them to their right sensea. 

Infants, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas. 

Infidels. Voltaire is called "The Apostle of 
Infidels" (1694-1778). 

Insane Folks, St. Dymphna. 

Keys. St Osyth ii invoked by women who have 
mislaid their keys. 

Lawyers, St Yves Helori (in Sicily), who was called 
•• The Advocate of the Poor, because he was always 
ready to defend them in the law-courts gratuitously 
(1253-1303). 

Learned Men, St Catharine, noted for her 
learning, and for converting certain philosophers sent 
to convince the Christians of Alexandria of the folly of 
the Christian faith. 

Locksmiths, St Peter, because he holds the keys 
•f heaven. 

Madmen, St Dymphna and St FUlan. 

Maidens, the Virgin Mary. 

Mariners, St Christopher, who was a ferryman; 
and St. Nicholas, who was once in danger of shipwreck, 
and who, on one occasion, lulled a tempest for some 
pilgrims on their way to the Holy Land. 

Mercers, St Florian, the son of a mercer. 

Millers, St. Arnold, the son of a miller. 

MINERS, St. Barbara, whose day is November «5> 

MOTHERS, the Virgin Mary ; St. Margaret, for those 
who wish to be so. The girdle of St. Margaret, in St 
Germain's, is placed round the waist of those who wish 
to be mothers. 

MUSICIANS, St. Cecilia, who was an excellent 
will i 111 

Nailers, St Cloud, because clou. In French, means 
"a nail." 

Netmakers, St Tames and St John (Afa«. It. *i). 

Nurses, St. Agatha. 

Painters, St. Luke, who was a painter. 

Parish Clerks, St. Nicholas. 

PARSONS, St Thomas Aquinas, .'.jctor of theology 
at Paris. 

Physicians, St Cosme, who was a surgeon; St 
Luke [Col. iv. 14). 

Pilgrims, St Julian, St Raphael, St James of 
Compostella. 

PINMAKERS, St. Sebastian, whose body was as full 
•farrows in his martyrdom as a pincushion is of pins. 

POOR FOLKS, St Giles, who affected indigence, 
thinking " poverty and suffering " a service acceptable 
to God. 

PORTRAIT-PAINTERS and PHOTOGRAPHERS, St. 

Veronica, who had a handkerchief with the face of 
Jesus photographed on it. 

POTTERS, St. Gore, who was a potter. 

PRISONERS, St. Sebastian and St. Leonard. 

SAGES, St Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Catharine. 

SAILORS. St Nicholas and St. Christopher. 

SCHOLARS, St. Catharine. (See " Learned Men.") 

SCHOOL CHILDREN, St. Nicholas and St. Gregory. 

SCOTCH REFORMERS. Knox is " The Apostle of 
the Scotch Reformers" (1505-1572). 

SEAMEN, St. Nicholas, who once was In danger of 
shipwreck ; and St. Christopher, who was a ferryman. 

SHEPHERDS and their FLOCKS, St. Windeiine, 
who kept sheep, like David. 

SHOEMAKERS, St. Crispin, who made shoes. 

SILVERSMITHS, St. Eloy, who worked in gold and 
silver. 

Slaves, St Cyril. This Is a pun; he was "Tha 
Apostle of the Slavi " 

Soothsayers, etc, St. Agabus (Acts xxi 10). 

SPECTACLH-MAKERS, St Fridolin, whose day Is 
March 6. 

SPORTSMHN, St Hubert (See above, "Hunts- 
men.") 

STATUARIES, St. Veronica. (See above, " Portrait- 
painters.") 

STONEMASONS, St. Peter (John i. 42). 

STUDENTS.St.Catharine.noted for her great learning. 

SURGEONS, St Cosme, who practised medicine in 
CUicia gratuitously (died 310). 



SAKHRAT. 

Sweethearts, St. Valentine, because hi the 
Middle Ages ladies held their " courts of love " about 
this time. (See VALENTINE.) 

Swineherds and Swine, St. Anthony. 

TAILORS, St. Goodman, who was a tailor. 

TANNERS, St. Clement, the son of a tanner. 

Tax-collectors, St. Matthew (Matt. ix. 9). 

Tentmakers, St. Paul and St. Aquila, who were 
tentmakers (Acts xviii. 3). 

THIEVES (against), St. Dismas, the penitent thief. 
St. Ethelbert, St Elian, St. Vincent, «nd St Vinden. 
who caused stolen goods to be restored. 

TINNERS, St Pieran, who crossed over the sea to 
Ireland on a millstone. His day ought to be Febru- 
ary 30. 

TRAVELLERS, St. Raphael, because he assumed 
the guise of a traveller in order to guide Tobias from 
Nineveh to Rag£s (Tobity.). 

UPHOLSTERERS, St. Paul. 

Vintners and Vineyards, St Urban. 

Virgins, St. Winifred and St Nicholaa. 

Weavers, St. Stephen. 

Wheelwrights, St. Boniface, the son of a wheel- 
wright. 

WiGMAKERS, St Louis. 

Wise Men, St Cosme, St Damian, and St Ca- 
tharine. 

Woolcombers and Staplers, St Blaise, who 
was torn to pieces by " combes of yren." 

(4) Saints for Special Farts of 
the Body— 

For the belly, St Erasmus ; the head, St Otilia ; the 
neck, St. B'aise ; the teeth, St. Appolonia ; the thighs, 
St. Burgard, St. Roche, St. Qulrmus, and St. John; 
the throat, St. Katharine and St. Blaise. 

(5) Saints for Dumb Animals, 

or for defence against them — 

For dogs, St. Hugh ; for geese, St Gallus ; hogs, St 
Antony ; horses, St Loy ; kine, St. Loy ; against mic*, 
St. Gertrude ; against rats, St. Gwendelin. 

Saints' Tragedy ( The), a dramatic 
poem by Charles Kingsley, based on the 
story of Elizabeth of Hungary (1846). 

Sakhar, the devil who stole Solomon's 
signet. The tale is that Solomon, when 
he washed, entrusted his signet-ring to 
his favourite concubine Amina. Sakhar 
one day assumed the appearance of Solo- 
mon, got possession of the ring, and sat 
on the throne as the king. During this 
usurpation, Solomon became a beggar, 
but in forty days Sakhar flew away, and 
flung the signet-ring into the sea. It was 
swallowed by a fish, the fish was caught 
and sold to Solomon, the ring was re- 
covered, and Sakhar was thrown into the 
sea of Galilee with a great stone round 
his neck. — Jahaloddin: A I Zatnakh. 
(See Fish and the Ring, p. 370.) 

Sakhrat [Sak-rah*], the sacred stone 
on which mount Kaf rests. Mount Kaf 
is a circular plain, the home of giants and 
fairies. Any one who possesses a single 
grain of the stone Sakhrat has the power 
of working miracles. Its colour is 
emerald, and its reflection gives the blue 
tint to the sky.— Mohammedan Mytho- 
logy. 



SAKIA. 

SaTtia, the dispenser of rain, one of 
the four gods of the Adites (2 syl. ). 

Sakia, we invoked for rain ; 
We called on Razeka for food ; 
Tttmj did not hear our prayers— they could not bear 



954 



No cloud appeared in heaven, 
No nightly dews came down. 
Seuthey ; Thalaba she Destroytr, L %i, (1797). 



Sakuntala, daughter of Viswamita 
and a water-nymph, abandoned by her 
parents, and brought up by a hermit. 
One day, king Dushyanta came to the 
hermitage, and persuaded Sakuntala to 
marry him. In due time a son was 
born, but Dushyanta left his bride at the 
hermitage. When the boy was six years 
old, his mother took him to the king, and 
Dushyanta recognized his wife by a ring 
which he had given her. Sakuntala was 
now publicly proclaimed queen, and the 
boy (whose name was Bharata) became 
the founder of the glorious race of the 
Bharatas. 

(This story forms the plot of the famous 
drama Sakuntala by Kalidasa, well 
known to us through the translation of 
fir W. Jones.) 

Sakya-Muni, the founder of Bud- 
dhism. Sakya is the family name of 
Siddhartha, and muni means " a recluse." 
Buddha (" perfection") is a title given to 
Siddhartha. 

Salacaca'bia or Salacacaby, a 
soup said to have been served at the 
table of ApicXus. 

Bruise in a mortar parsley seed, dried peneryal, dried 
mint, ginger, green coriander, stoned raisins, honey, 
▼inegar, oil, and wine. Put them into a cacabulum, 
with three crusts of Pycentine bread, the flesh of a 
pullet, vestine cheese, pine-kernels, cucumbers, and 
dried onions minced small. Pour soup over the whole, 
garnish with snow, and serve up in the cacabulum.— 
King: The Art of Cookery, 

Sal'ace (3 syl.) or Salacia, wife of 
Neptune, and mother of Triton. 

Triton, who boasts his high Neptunian race. 
Sprung from the god by Salace's embrace. 

Camoint : Lusiad, vL (1573). 

Salad Days, days of green youth, 
while the blood is still cooL 

[Those were] my salad days I 
When I was green in judgment, cold in blood. 

Shakespeare : Antony and Cleopatra, act i. sc. 5 (1608). 

Sal'adin, the soldan of the East. Sir 
W. Scott introduces him in The Talis- 
man, first as Sheerkohf emir of Kurdi- 
stan, and subsequently as Adonbeck el 
Hakim' the physician. 

Salamanca, the reputed home of 
witchcraft and devilry in De Lancre's 
time (t6io). 

Salamanca {The Bachehr of), the 



SALES. 

title and hero of a novel by Lesage. The 

name of the bachelor is don Cherubim, 
who is placed in all sorts of situations 
suitable to the author's vein of satire 
(1704). 

Salamander (A). Prester John, in 

his letter to Manuel Comnenus emperor 
of Constantinople, describes the sala- 
mander as a worm, and says it makes 
cocoons like a silkworm. These cocoons, 
being unwound by the ladies of the 
palace, are spun into dresses for the 
imperial women. The dresses are washed 
in flames, and not in water. This, of 
course, is asbestos. 

Sala'nio, a friend to Anthonio and 
Bassanio. — Shakespeare; Merchant of 
Venice (1598). 

Salari no, a friend to Anthonio and 
Bassanio. — Shakespeare: Merchant of 
Venice (1598). 

Salathiel, the Wandering Jew, a 
romance by George Croly (1821). 

Salchichon, a huge Italian sausage. 
Thomas duke of Genoa, a boy at Harrow 
school, put forward by general Prim as 
an "inflated candidate" for the Spanish 
throne, was nicknamed "Salchichon" by 
the Spaniards. 

Sa'leh. The Thamudites (3 syl.) 
proposed that Saleh should, by miracle, 
prove that Jehovah was a God superior to 
their own. Prince Jonda said he would 
believe it, if Saleh made a camel, big 
with young, come out of a certain rock 
which he pointed out. Saleh did so, and 
Jonda was converted. 

(The Thamudites were idolaters, and 
Saleh the prophet was sent to bring them 
back to the worship of Jehovah.) 

Sdleh's Camel. The camel thus miracu- 
lously produced, used to go about the 
town, crying aloud, " Ho ! every one that 
wanteth milk, let him come, and I will 
give it him." — Sale: A I Koran, vii. notes. 
(See/ja. lv. 1.) 

Sa'leh, son of Faras'chfi (3 syl. ) queen 
of a powerful under-sea empire. His 
sister was Gulna're (3 syl.) empress of 
Persia. Saleh asked the king of Saman- 
dal, another under-sea emperor, to give 
his daughter Giauha're" in marriage to 
prince Beder, son of Gulnarfi ; but the 
proud, passionate despot ordered the 
prince's head to be cut off for such pre- 
sumptuous insolence. However, Saleh 
made his escape, invaded Samandal, 



SALEM. 955 

took the king prisoner, and the marriage 
between Beder and the princess Giauhare" 
was duly celebrated. — Arabian Nights 
(" Beder and Giauharfi"). 

Salem, a young seraph, one of the 
two tutelar angels of the Virgin Mary and 
of John the Divine, " for God had given 
to John two tutelar angels, the chief of 
whom was Raph'ael, one of the most 
exalted seraphs of the hierarchy of 
heaven." — Klopstock: The Messiah, iii. 
(1748). 

Sal'emal, the preserver in sickness, 
one of the four gods of the Adites (2 
syl. ).—U Herbelot : Bibliothique Orientale 
(1697). 

Saiern' or Saier no, in Italy, cele- 
brated for its school of medicine. 

£ven the doctors of Saiern 

Send me back word they can discen 

No cure for a malady like this. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend (i8ji)w 

Salian Franks. So called from the 
Isala or Yssel, in Holland. They were a 
branch of the Sicambri ; hence when 
Clovis was baptized at Rheims, the old 
prelate addressed him as " Sigambrian,'' 
and said that " he must henceforth set at 
nought what he had hitherto worshipped, 
and worship what he had hitherto set at 
nought." 

Salisbury (Earl of), William Long- 
sword, natural son of Henry II. and 
Jane Clifford "The Fair Rosamond." 
— Shakespeare: King John (1596); sir 
W. Scott: The Talisman (time, Richard 
I.). 

Sallust of France (The). Ce"sar 
Vichard (1639-1692) was so called by 
Voltaire. 

Sally in our Alley, a ballad in 
■even stanzas, by Henry Carey (1737). 

Of ail the girls that are so smart 
There's none tike pretty Salljr; 

She is the darling of my heart. 
And she lives in our alley. 

Sal'macis, softness, effeminacy. 
Salmacis is a fountain of Caria, near 
Halicarnassus, which rendered soft and 
effeminate those who bathed therein. 

Beneath the woman's and the water's kiss. 
Thy moist limbs melted into Salmacis . . . 
And all the boy's breath softened into sighs. 
Swinburne: Hermaphroditus. 

Salmigondln or " Salmygondin." a 
lordship of Dipsody, given by Pantag'ruel 
to Panurge (2 jry/. ). Alcofribas, who had 
resided six months in the giant's mouth 
without his knowing it, was made castellan 



SALSABIL, 

of the castle.— Rabelais : Panta/rmel, U. 

32 ; iii. 2 (1533-4S). 

The lordship of Salmygondin was worth 67 million 
pounds sterling per annum in " certain rent, and an 
annual revenue for locusts and periwinkles, varying 
from .£24,357 to 12 millions in a good year, when tha 
exports of locusts and periwinkles were flourishing. 
Panurge, however, could not make the two ends meet. 
At the close of " less than fourteen days " he had fore- 
stalled three years' rent and revenue, and had to aopljr 
to Pantaeruel to pay his debts.— Pantag'ruel, iii. 2. 

Salmo'neus (3 syl.), king of Elis, 
wishing to be thought a god, used to 
imitate thunder and lightning by driving 
his chariot over a brazen bridge, and 
darting burning torches on every side. 
He was killed by lightning for his im- 
piety and folly. 

Salmoneus, who while he his carroach drave 

Over tne Drazen bridge of Elis' stream. 
Ana did witn artificial thunder brave 
Jove, till he pierced him with a lightning beam. 
L.ora Br ooze : Treatise on Monarchic, vt, 
It was to be the literary Salmoneus ot the political 
Jupiter. — Lord Lytton. 

Sa'lo, a rivulet now called Xalon, near 
Bilbilis, in Celtiberia. The river is so 
exceedingly cold that the Spaniards used 
to plunge their swords into it while they 
were hot from the forge. The best 
Spanish blades owe their stubborn temper 
to the icy coldness of this brook. 

Saevo tfilbilin optimam metallo 
Et ferro Plateam suo sonantem, 
Quam fluctu tenui sed inquieto 
Armorum Salo temperator ambit. 

Martial: Efigratnmata. 
Pnecipua his quidem tern materia, sed aqua ipsa 
ferro violentior; quippe temperamento ejus ferrum 
acrius redditur; nee ullum apud eos telum probatur 
quod non aut in Bilbili fluvio aut Chalybe tingatur. 
Unde etiain Chalybes fluvii hujus finitimi appellati, 
ferroque caeteris praestare dicuntur.— Justin : Historia 
Philippica, xliv. 

Salome and the Baptist. When 
Salome delivered the head of John the 
Baptist to her mother, Herodias pulled 
out the tongue and stabbed it with her 
bodkin. 

\ When the head of Cicero was de- 
livered to Marc Antony, his wife Fulvia 
pulled out the tongue and stabbed it 
repeatedly with her bodkin. 

Salopia, Shropshire. 

Admired Salopia! that with venial pride 

Eyes her bright form in Severn's ambient wan; 

Famed for her loyal cares in perils tried. 
Her daughters lovely, and her striplings brave. 
Shenstone : The Schoolmistress (1758). 

Salsabil, a fountain of paradise, the 
water of which is called Zenjebil. The 
word Salsabil means "that which goes 
pleasantly down the throat ; " and Zen- 
jebil means "ginger" (which the Arabs 
mix with the water that they drink). 

Cod shall reward the righteous with a garden, and 
silk garments. They shall repose on couches. They 
shall see there neither sun nor moon . . . th« fruit 



SALT RIVER. 



956 



SAMIAN LETTER. 



thereof shall hang low, so as to be easily gathered. 
The bottles shall be silver shining like glass, and the 
wine shall be mixed with the water Zenjebil, a fountain 
in paradise named Salsabil.— Sale : Al Kordn, lxxvi. 

Salt River (To row up), to go 
against the stream, to suffer a political 
defeat. 

There is a small stream called the Salt River in Ken- 
tucky, noted for its tortuous course and numerous bars. 
The phrase is applied to one who has the task of pro- 
pelling the boat up the stream ; but in political slang it 
is applied to those who are "rowed up." — lnman. 

Salvage Knight (The), sir Arthe- 
gal, called Artegal from bk. iv. 6. The 
hero of bk. v. (Justice). — Spenser : Faerie 
Queene (1596). 

Salva'tor Rosa ( The English), John 
Hamilton Mortimer (1741-1779). 

Salvato're (4 syl.), Salva'tor Rosa, 
an Italian painter, especially noted for 
his scenes of brigands, etc. (1615-1673). 

But, ever and anon, to soothe your vision, 
Fatigued with these hereditary glories, 

There rose a Carlo Dolce or a Titian, 
Or wilder group of savage Salvatore's. 

Byron : Don yuan, xiii. 71 (1804}. 

SAM, a gentleman, the friend of 
Francisco. — Fletcher : Mons. Thomas 
(1619). 

Sam, one of the Know-Nothings or 
Native American party. One of " Uncle 
Sam's " sons. 

Sam (Dicky), a Liverpool man. 

Sam (Uncle), the United States of 
North America, or rather the government 
of the states personified. So called from 
Samuel Wilson, uncle of Ebenezer Wil- 
son. Ebenezer was inspector of Elbert 
Anderson's store on the Hudson, and 
Samuel superintended the workmen. The 
stores were marked E'A. U'S. (" Elbert 
Anderson, United States "), but the work- 
men insisted that U'S. stood for " Uncle 
Sam." — Mr. Frost. 

Sam Silverquill, one of the pri- 
soners at Portanferry. — Sir W. Scott: 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Sam Slick. (See Slick.) 

Sam Weller. (SeeWELLER.) 

Sa'mael (3 syl.), the prince of demons, 
who, in the guise of a serpent, tempted 
Eve in paradise. (See Samiel. ) 

Samandal, the largest and most 
powerful of the under-sea empires. The 
inhabitants of these empires live under 
water without being wetted ; transport 
themselves instantaneously from place to 
place ; can live on our earth or in the 



person smell of the apple.— Arabian Nights (" Ahmed 
and Pari-Banou "). 



Island of the Moon ; are great sorcerers ; 
and speak the language of "Solomon's 
seal." — Arabian Nights (" Beder and 
Giauhare"). 

Samarcand Apple, a perfect pa- 
nacea of all diseases. It was bought by 
prince Ahmed, and was instrumental in 
restoring Nouroun'nihar to perfect health, 
although at the very point of death. 

In fact, sir, there is no disease, however painful or 
dangerous, whether fever, pleurisy, plague, or any 
other disorder, but it will instantly cure ; and that in 
the easiest possible way : it is simply to make the sick 

ell of the apple.— J 

ianou "). 

Sam'benites [Sam'-be~neetz\, persons 
dressed in the sambenito, a yellow coat 
without sleeves, having devils painted 
on it. The sambenito was worn by 
' ' heretics " on their way to execution. 
(See San Benito. ) 

And blow us up i' the open streets. 
Disguised in rumps, like sambenites. 

5. Butler: Hudibras, iii. a (1678). 

Sambo, any male of the negro race. 

No race has shown such capabilities of adaptation to 
varying soil and circumstances as the negro. Alike to 
them the snows of Canada, the rocky land of New 
England or the gorgeous profusion of the Southern 
States. Sambo and Cuffey expand under them all.— 
Beecher Stowe. 

Sam'eri (Al), the proselyte who cast 
the golden calf at the bidding of Aaron. 
After he had made it, he took up some 
dust on which Gabriel's horse had set its 
feet, threw it into the calfs mouth, and 
immediately the calf became animated 
and began to low. Al Beidawi says that 
Al Sameri was not really a proper name, 
but that the real name of the artificer was 
Musa ebn Dhafar. Selden says Al Sa- 
meri means " the keeper," and that Aaron 
was so called, because he was the keeper 
or " guardian of the people." — Selden : De 
DiisSyris, 1. 4 (see Al Koran, ii. notes). 

Sa'mian (The u>ng-Haired), Pytha- 
goras or Budda Ghooroos, a native of 
Samos (sixth century B.C.). 

Samian He'ra. Hera or Here, wife 
of Zeus, was born at Samos. She was 
worshipped in Egypt as well as in 
Greece. 

Samian Letter (The), the letter Y, 
used by Pythagoras as an emblem of the 
path of virtue and of vice. Virtue is like 
the stem of the letter. Once deviated 
from, the further the lines are extended 
the wider the divergence becomes. 

When reason, doubtful, like the Samian letter. 
Points him two ways, the narrower the better. 
Pope : The Dunciad, iv. (174*). 
Et tibi qua; Samios diduxit litera ramos. 

Per tins: Satires 



SAMIAN SAGE. 957 

Samian Sa^e (The), Pythagoras, 
born at Samos (sixth century B.C.). 

Tis enough 
la this lata age, adventurous to have touched 
Light oa the numb en of the Samian Sage. 

Thomson. 

Samias'a, a seraph, in love with 
Aholiba'mah the granddaughter of Cain. 
When the Flood came, the seraph carried 
off his innamorata to another planet. — 
Byron : Heaven and Earth (1819). 

Sa'miel, the Black Huntsman of the 
Wolfs Glen, who gave to Der Freischutz 
seven balls, six of which were to hit 
whatever the marksman aimed at, but 
the seventh was to be at the disposal of 
Samiel. (See Samael. )— Weber : Der 
Freischutx (libretto by Kind, 1822). 

Samiel Wind ( The), the simoom. 

Burning and headlong as the Samiel wind. 

Moore: LmUa Rookk, L (1817). 

Samient, the female ambassador of 
queen Mercilla to queen Adicia (wife of 
the soldan). Adicia treated her with 
great contumely, thrust her out of doors, 
and induced two knights to insult her ; 
but sir Artegal, coming up, drove at one 
of the unmannerly knights with such fury 
as to knock him from his horse and break 
his neck. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. 
(i596). 

(This refers to the treatment of the 
deputies sent by the states of Holland to 
Spain for the redress of grievances. 
Philip (" the soldan ") detained the 
deputies as prisoners, disregarding the 
sacred rights of their office as ambas- 
sadors.) 

Sam'ite (s syl.), a very rich silk, 
sometimes interwoven with gold or silver 
thread. 

. . . an arm 
Rose up from the bosom of the lain, 
Clothed in white samite. 

Tennyson : MorU d' Arthur (1858). 

Sam'ma, the demoniac that John 
" the Beloved " could not exorcise. Jesus, 
coming from the Mount of Olives, re- 
buked Satan, who quitted "the pos- 
sessed," and left him in his right mind.— 
Klopstock: The Messiah, ii. (1748). 

Sam'oed Shore (The). Samoi'eda 
is a province of Muscovy, contiguous to 
the Frozen Sea. 

Now, from the north 
Of Norumbega, and the Samoed shorn, . . . 
Boreas and Czcias . . . rend the woods, and seaa 
upturn. 

Milton : Parodist Lost, x. 695 (1665). 

SAMPSON, one of Capulet's ser- 



SAMUEU 

vants. — Shakespeare; Romeo and Juliet 
(iS97). 

Sampson, a foolish advocate, kins- 
man of judge Vertaigne (2 syl.).— Fletcher; 
The Little French Lawyer (1647). 

Sampson (Dominie) or Abel Samp- 
son, tutor to Harry Bertram son of the 
laird of Ellangowan. One of the best 
creations of romance. His favourite ex- 
clamation is " Prodigious ! " Dominie 
Sampson is very learned, simple, and 
green. Sir Walter describes him as "a 
poor, modest, humble scholar, who had 
won his way through the classics, but 
fallen to the leeward in the voyage of 
life." — Sir IV. Scott; Guy Mannering 
(time, George II.). 

His appearance puritanical Ragged black clothes, 
blue worsted stockings, pewter-headed long cane.— 
Guy Mannering (dramatized), i. 2. 

Sampson (George), a friend of the 

Wilfer family. He adored Bella Wilfer, 
but married her youngest sister Lavinia. 
—Dickens : Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

Samson. (See Hercules, p. 485.) 
The British Samson, Thomas Topham 

(1710-1749). 

The North American Indian Samson, 

Kwasind. 

Samson Agonistes (4 syl.), "Sam- 
son the Combatant," a sacred drama by 
Milton, showing Samson blinded and 
bound, but triumphant over his enemies, 
who sent for him to make sport by feats 
of strength on the feast of Dagon. 
Having amused the multitude for a time, 
he was allowed to rest awhile against 
the "grand stand," and, twining his arms 
round two of the supporting pillars, he 
pulled the whole edifice down, and died 
himself in the general devastation (1632). 

Samson's Crown, an achievement 
of great renown, which costs the lite of 
the doer thereof. Samson's greatest ex- 
ploit was pulling down the " grand 
stand " occupied by the chief magnates 
of Philistia at the feast of Dagon. By 
this deed, " he slew at his death more 
than [all] they which he slew in his life." 
— J u dg- xv >- 30. 



And by self-ruin seek a Samson's < 
Lord Brooke: Inquisition upon Fame, etc. (1554-1608). 

Samuel ( The Books of), two books 
which carry the history of the Hebrews 
from Eli (the high priest) almost to the 
close of David's reign, about 140 years. 

Eli 40 years. Samuel judge 31 years, Saul king «• 
years, David king 40 years. Originally the two Books 
cf Samuel were called The First Moo* 0/ Kt^s. and 



SAN BENITO. 958 

onrtwo Books of Kings were then called The Seetnd 
Book of Kings. The First Boole of Samuel records 
the famous fight between David (the Stripling) and 
Goliath the giant of Gath. 

San Ben'ito, a short linen dress, with 
demons painted on it, worn by persons 
condemned by the Inquisition. (See 
Sambenites.) 

For some time the "traitor Newman " was solemnly 
paraded in inquisitorial san benito before the en- 
lightened public — Yates : Celebrities, xxii. 

San Bris (Conte di), father of Valen- 
ti'na. During the Bartholomew slaughter, 
his daughter and her husband (Raoul) 
were both shot by a party of musketeers, 
under the count's command. — Meyerbeer: 
Les Huguenots (opera, 1836). 

Sancha, daughter of Garcias king of 
Navarre, and wife of Fernan Gonsalez 
of Castile. Sancha twice saved the life 
of her husband : (1) when he was cast 
into a dungeon by some personal enemies 
who waylaid him, she liberated him by 
bribing the jailer ; and (2) when he was 
incarcerated at Leon, she effected his 
escape by changing clothes with him. 

1[ The countess of Nithsdale effected 
the escape of her husband from the 
Tower, in 1715, by changing clothes with 
him. 

IT The countess de Lavalette, in 1815, 
liberated her husband, under sentence of 
death, in the same way; but the terror 
she suffered so affected her nervous 
system that she lost her senses, and never 
afterwards recovered them. 

San'chez II. of Castile was killed at 
the battle of Zamo'ra, 1065. 

It was when brave king Sanchaa 
Was before Zamora slain. 

Longftllrw : The Challenge. 

Sanchi'ca, eldest daughter of Sancho 
and Teresa Panza. — Cervantes : Don 
Quixote (1605-15). 

Sancho (Don), a rich old beau, uncle 
to Victoria. "He affects the misde- 
meanours of a youth, hides his baldness 
with amber locks, and complains of 
toothache, to make people believe that 
his teeth are not false ones." Don 
Sancho "loves in the style of Roderigo 
I." — Mrs. Cowley; A Bold Stroke for a 
Husband (1782). 

Sancho Panza, the 'squire of don 
Quixote. A short, pot-bellied peasant, 
with plenty of shrewdness and good 
common sense. He rode upon an ass 
which he dearly loved, and was noted 
for his proverbs. 

Sancho Panta's Ass, Dapple. 



SANCY DIAMOND. 

Sancho Panza' s Island-City, Barataria, 
where he was for a time governor. 

Sancho Panza 's Wife, Teresa [Cascajo] 
(pt. II. i. 5) ; Maria or Mary [Gutierezj 
(pt. II. iv. 7) ; Dame Juana [Gutierezj 
(pt. I. i. 7) ; and Joan (pt. I. iv. 21). — 
Cervantes: Don Quixote (1605-15). 

(The model painting of Sancho Panza 
is by Leslie; it is called "Sancho and 
the Duchess.") 

Sanchoni'athon or Sanchoni- 
atho. Nine books ascribed to this 
author were published at Bremen in 
1837. The original was said to have 
been discovered in the convent of St. 
Maria de Merinhao, by colonel Pereira, 
a Portuguese ; but it was soon ascer- 
tained that no such convent existed, that 
there was no colonel of the name of 
Pereira in the Portuguese service, and 
that the paper bore the water-mark of 
the Osnabriick paper-mills. (See For- 
gers, p. 386.) 

Sanct-Cyr (Hugh de), the seneschal 
•f king Rene, at Aix.— Sir W. Scott: 
Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Sancy Diamond (The) weighs 53^ 
carats, and belonged to Charles " the 
Bold " of Burgundy. It was bought, in 
1495, by Emmanuel of Portugal, and 
was sold, in 1580, by don Antonio to the 
sieur de Sancy, in whose family it 
remained for a century. The sieur 
deposited it with Henri IV. as a security 
for a loan of money. The servant 
entrusted with it, being attacked by 
robbers, swallowed it, and being mur- 
dered, the diamond was recovered by 
Nicholas de Harlay. We next hear of 
it in the possession of James II. of 
England, who carried it with him in his 
flight, in 1688. Louis XIV. bought it 
of him for ^25,000. It was sold in the 
Revolution ; Napoleon I. rebought it ; in 
1825 it was sold to Paul Demidoff for 

"80,000. The prince sold it, in 1830, to 
Levrat, administrator of the Mining 
Society ; but as Levrat failed in his 
engagement, the diamond became, in 
1832, the subject of a lawsuit, which was 
given in favour of the prince. We next 
hear of it in Bombay ; in 1867 it was 
transmitted to England by the firm of 
Forbes and Co. ; in 1873 it formed part 
of " the crown necklace " worn by Mary 
of Sachsen Altenburg on her marriage 
with Albert of Prussia ; in 1876, in the 
investiture of the Star of India by the 
prince of Wales, in Calcutta, Dr. W. H. 



& 



SAND. 

Russell tells us it was worn as a pendant 
by the maharajah of Puttiala. 

N.B. — Streeter, in his book of Precious 
Stones and Gems, 1.20 (1876), tells us it 
belongs to the czar of Russia, but if Dr. 
Russell is correct, it must have been sold 
to the maharajah. 

Sand (George). Her birth-name was 
Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, after- 
wards Dudevant (1804-1877). ("Sand " 
is half Sandeau (yules), a young man 
who assisted her in bringing out some of 
her earlier works.) 

Sand-Bag. Only knights were al- 
lowed to fight with lance and sword ; 
meaner men used an ebon staff, to one 
end of which was fastened a sand-bag. 

Engaged with money-bags, as bold 
As men with sand-bags did of old. 

S. Butler: Hudibras (1663-78). 

San'dabar, an Arabian writer, about 
a century before the Christian era, famous 
for his Parables. 

It was rumoured he could say 
The Parables of Sandabar. 
Longfellow : The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863). 

Sandalphon, one of the three angels 
who, according to the rabbinical system 
of angelology, receive the prayers of the 
Israelites and weave them into crowns. 

Sandalphon. the angel of prayer. 

Longfellow : Sandalphon. 

Sanden, the great palace of king Lion, 
in the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox 
(1498). 

Sandford (Harry), the companion of 
Tommy Merton. — T. Day: History of 
Sandford and Merton (1783-9). 

Sandstone (The Old Red), a geo- 
logical treatise by Hugh Miller (1841). 

San'glamore (3 syl.), the sword of 
Braggadochio. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, 
iii. U59o)- 

Sanglier (Sir), a knight who insisted 
on changing wives with a squire, and 
when the lady objected, he cut off her 
head, and rode off with the squire's wife. 
Being brought before sir Artegal, sir 
Sanglier insisted that the living lady was 
his wife, and that the dead woman was 
the squire's wife. Sir Artegal commanded 
that the living and dead women should 
both be cut in twain, and half of each be 
given to the two litigants. To this sir 
Sanglier gladly assented ; but the squire 
objected, declaring it would be far better 
to give the lady to the knight than that she 
should suffer death. On this, sir Artegal 
pronounced the living woman to be the 



959 



SANGRAAL 



squire's wife, and the dead one to be the 
knight's. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, ▼. x 
(1596). 

("Sir Sanglier" is meant for Shan 
O'Neil, leader of the Irish insurgents in 
1567. Of course, this judgment is bor- 
rowed from that of Solomon, 1 Kings 
iii. 16-27.) 

Sanglier des Ardennes, Guil- 
laume de la Marck (1446-1485). 

Sangraal, Sancgreal, etc, gene- 
rally said to be the holy plate from which 
Christ ate at the Last Supper, brought to 
England by Joseph of Arimathy. What- 
ever it was, it appeared to king Arthur 
and his 150 knights of the Round Table, 
but suddenly vanished, and all the 
knights vowed they would go in quest 
thereof. Only three, sir Bors, sir Perci- 
vale, and sir Galahad, found it, and only 
sir Galahad touched it, but he soon died, 
and was borne by angels up into heaven. 
The sangraal of Arthurian romance is 
" the dish " containing Christ transub- 
stantiated by the sacrament of the Mass, 
and made visible to the bodily eye of 
man. This will appear quite obvious to 
the reader by the following extracts : — 

Then anon they heard cricking and cryinf of 
thunder. ... In the midst of the blast entered a tun* 
beam more clear by seven times than the day, and all 
they were alighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost. . . . 
Then there entered into the hall the Holy Grale covered 
with white samite, but there was none that could see 
It, nor who bare it, but the whole hall was full filled 
with good odours, and every knight had such meat 
and drink as he best loved in the world, and when the 
Holy Grale had been borne through the hall, then the 
holy vessel departed suddenly, and they wist not where 
It became.— Ch. 35. 

Then looked they and taw a man com* out of the 
holy vessel, that had all the signs of the passion of 
Christ, and he said . . . " This is the holy dish wherein 
I ate the lamb on Sher-Thursday, and now hast thou 
seen it . . . yet hast thou not seen it so openly as thou 
shalt see it in the city of Sarras . . . therefore thou 
must go hence and bear with thee this holy vessel, for 
this night it shall depart from the realm of Logris . . . 
and take with the* ... sir Percivale and sir Bors."— 
Ch. 101. 

So departed sir Galahad, and sir Perdvale and sir 
Bors with him. And so they rode three days, and 
came to a river, and found a ship . . . and when on 
board, they found In the midst the table of silver and 
the Sancgreal] covered with white samite. . . . Then 
sir Galahad laid him down and slept . . . and when he 
woke ... he saw the city of Sarras (ch. 103). ... At 
the year's end, ... he saw before him the holy vessel, 
and a man kneeling upon his knees in the likeness of 
the bishop, which naci about him a great fellowship of 
angels, as It had been Christ Himself . . . and when 
he came to the sakerlng of the Mass, and had done, 
anon he called sir Galahad, and said unto him, "Come 
forth, . . . and thou shalt see that which thou hast 
much desired to see" . . . and he beheld spiritual 
things . . . (ch. 104) — Sir T. Malory: History of 
Prince Arthur, iii. 35, iox, 104 (1470). 

N.B. — The earliest story of the holy 
graal was in verse (a.d. iioo), authoi 
unknown. 

Chretien de Troyes has a romance in 






SANGRADO. 



960 



SANSLOY. 



•ight-syllable verse on the same subject 
(1170). 

Guiot's tale of Titurel founder of 
Graal-burg, and Parzival prince thereof, 
belongs to the twelfth century. 

Wolfram von Eschenbach, a minne- 
singer, took Guiot's tale as the foundation 
of his poem (thirteenth century). 

In Titurel the Younger the subject is 
very fully treated. 

Sir T. Malory (in pt. iii. of the History 
of Prince Arthur, translated in 1470 from 
the French) treats the subject in prose 
very fully. 

R. S. Hawker has a poem on the San- 
graal, but it was never completed. 

Tennyson has an idyll called The Holy 
Grail (1858). 

Boisser^e published, in 1834, at Munich, 
a work On the Description of the Temple 
of the Holy Graal. 

San gr a do (Doctor), of Valladolid. 
This is the "Sagredo* of Espinel's ro- 
mance called Marcos de Obregon. " The 
doctor was a tall, meagre, pale man, 
who had kept the shears of Clotho 
employed for forty years at least. He 
had a very solemn appearance, weighed 
his discourse, and used ' great pomp of 
words.' His reasonings were geometrical, 
and his opinions his own." Dr. San- 
grado considered that blood was not 
needful for life, and that hot water could 
not be administered too plentifully into 
the system Gil Bias became his servant 
and pupil, and was allowed to drink any 
quantity of water, but to eat only spar- 
ingly of beans, peas, and stewed apples. 

Other physicians make the healing art consist in the 
knowledge of a thousand different sciences, but I go a 
shorter way to work, and spare the trouble of studying 
pharmacy, anatomy, botany, and physic. Know, then, 
that all which is required is to bleed the patients 
copiously, and make them drink warm water. — Lesage ; 
Gil Bias, ii. 2 (1715). 

IT Dr. Hancock prescribed cold water 
and stewed prunes. 

IF Dr. Rezio of Barataria allowed 
Sancho Panza to eat " a few wafers and 
a thin slice or two of quince." — Cervantes : 
Don Quixote, II. iii. 10 (1615). 

Sanjak-Sherif, the banner of Ma- 
homet. (See p. 654.) 

Sansar, the icy wind of death, kept 
in the deepest entrails of the earth, called 
in Thalaba " Sarsar." 

She passed by rapid descents known only to Eblis, 
, . . and thus penetrated the very entrails of the earth, 
where breathes the Sansar or icy wind of death. — 
Beck/ord: Vathck (1784). 



Sansculottes (3 syl. ), a low, riff-raff 
party in the great French Revolution, so 



shabby in dress that they were termed 
" the trouser-less." The culotte is the 
breeches, called brceck by the ancient 
Gauls, and hauts-de-chausses in the reign 
of Charles IX. 

Sansculottism, red republicanism, 
or the revolutionary platform of the Sans- 
culottes. 

The duke of Brunswick, at the head of a large army, 
Invaded France to restore Louis XVI. to the throne, 
and save legitimacy from the sacrilegious hands of 
sansculottism.— G. H. Lewes: Story of Goethe's Life. 

Literary Sansculottism, literature of a 
low character, like that of the " Minerva 
Press," the " Leipsic Fair," " Holly well 
Street," "Grub Street," and so on. 

Sansfoy, a "faithless Saracen," who 
attacked the Red Cross Knight, but was 
slain by him. " He cared for neither 
God nor man." Sansfoy personifies in- 
fidelity. 

Sansfoy, full large of limb and every joint 
He was, and cared not for God or man a point. 
Spenser: Falrie Queene, i. 2 (1390). 

Sansjoy, brother of Sansfoy. When 
he came to the court of Lucifgra, he 
noticed the shield of Sansfoy on the arm 
of the Red Cross Knight, and his rage 
was so great that he was with difficulty 
restrained from running on the champion 
there and then, but Lucifera bade him 
defer the combat to the following day. 
Next day, the fight began ; but just as the 
Red Cross Knight was about to deal his 
adversary a death-blow, Sansjoy was 
enveloped in a thick cloud, and carried 
off in the chariot of Night to the infernal 
regions, where ^Esculapius healed him of 
his wounds. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, i. 

4. 5 (i59o). 

(The reader will doubtless call to mind 
the combat of Menelaos and Paris, and 
remember how the Trojan was invested 
in a cloud and carried off by Venus under 
similar circumstances. — Homer: Iliad, 
iii.) 

Sansloy [" superstition "], the brother 
of Sansfoy and Sansjoy. He carried off 
Una to the wilderness, but when the 
fauns and satyrs came to her rescue, he 
saved himself by flight. 

'.* The meaning of this allegory is 
this : Una (truth), separated from St. 
George (holiness), is deceived by Hypo- 
crisy ; and immediately truth joins 
hypocrisy, it is carried away by supersti- 
tion. Spenser says the " simplicity of 
truth " abides with the common people, 
especially of the rural districts, after 
it is lost to towns and the luxurious 
great. The historical reference is to 



SANSONETTO. 



961 



SARACEN. 



queen Mary, in whose reign Una (the 

Reformation) was carried captive, and 
re^gion, being mixed up with hyprocisy, 
degenerated into superstition ; but the 
rural population adhered to the simplicity 
of the protestant faith. — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, i. 2 (1590). 

Sansonetto, a Christian regent of 
Mecca, vicegerent of Charlemagne. — 
Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Sansuenna, now Saragossa (f.v.). 

Santa Casa, the house occupied by 
the Virgin Mary at her conception, and 
miraculously removed, in 1291, from Gali- 
lee to Loretto (o.v.). 

Santa Elans (1 syl.), the Dutch 
name of St. Nicholas, the patron saint 
of boys. 

In Flanders and Holland, the children put out their 
shoe or stocking on Christmas Eve, in the confidence 
that Santa Klaus or Knecht Clobes (as they call him) 
will put in a prize for good conduct before morning.— 
Yonge. 

Santiago [Sent-yah'-go], the war-cry 
of Spain ; adopted because St. James 
(Sant I ago) rendered, according to tradi- 
tion, signal service to a Christian king of 
Spain in a battle against the Moors. 

Santiago for Spain. This saint 
was James, son of Zebedee, brother of 
John. He was beheaded, and caught his 
head in his hands as it fell. The Jews 
were astonished, but when they touched 
the body they found it so cold that their 
hands and arms were paralyzed. — Fran- 
cisco Xavier : Aflales de Galicia (1733). 

Santiago's Head. When Santiago went 
to Spain in his marble ship, he had no 
head on his body. The passage took 
seven days, and the ship was steered by 
the "presiding hand of Providence." — 
Espafla Sagrada, xx. 6. 

Santiago had two heads. One of his 
heads is at Braga, and one at Compostella. 

John the Baptist had half a dozen heads at the least, 
nd as many bodies, all capable of working miracles. 

Santiago leads the armies of Spain. 
Thirty-eight instances of the interference 
of this saint are gravely set down as fact! 
in the Chronicles of Galicia, and this is 
superadded: "These instances are well 
known, but I hold it for certain that the 
appearances of Santiago in our victorious 
armies have been much more numerous, 
and in fact that every victory obtained 
by the Spaniards has been really achieved 
by this great captain." Once, when the 
rider on the white horse was asked in 
battle who he was, he distinctly made 



IS 



answer, " I am the soldier of the King of 

kings, and my name is James." — Don 
Miguel Erce Gimenez: Armas i Triunfos 
del Reino de Galicia, 648-9. 

The true name of this saint was Jacobo. . . . W« 
have first shortened Santo Jacobo into Sante y*e'o. 
We clipped it again into Sant Jaco, and by changing 
the y into / and the c into £■, we get Sant-Iag0. la 
household names we convert Iago into D'iago or Diagt, 
which we soften into Diefo.—Ambrosio de Morales; 
Coronica General de Espaha, be. 7, sect, a (i=>86). 

Santons, a body of religionists, also 
called Abdals, who pretended to be in- 
spired with the most enthusiastic raptures 
of divine love. They were regarded by 
the vulgar as saints. — Olearius; Reisebe- 
schreibung, i. 971 (1647). 

He diverted himself with the number of calenders, 

santons, and dervises, who were continually coming 
and going, but especially with the Brahmins, faquirs, 
and other enthusiasts, who had travelled from the 
heart of India, and halted on their way with the emls. 
—Beck/erd: Vathek (1784). 

Sapphi'ra, a female liar. — Acts t. 1. 
She is caBed the village Sapphlra. 

CrwMc 

Sappho, in Pope's Moral Essays 
epistle ii. lines 24-28), is meant for lady 

ary Wortley Montagu. 

Pope wrote an amatory poem which he entitled 
Sajfpho U Phaon. 

The English Sappho, Mrs. Mary D. 
Robinson (1758- 1800). 

The French Sappho, Mile. Scuderi 
(1607-1701). 

The Scotch Sappho, Catherine Cock- 
burn (1679-1749). 

Sappho of Toulouse, Clemence Isaure 
(2 syl. ), who instituted, in 1490, Les Jcux 
Floraux. She is the authoress of a 
beautiful Ode to Spring (1463-1513). 

Sap skull, a raw Yorkshire tike, son 
of squire Sapskull of Sapskull Hall. 
Sir Penurious Muckworm wishes him to 
marry his niece and ward Arbella ; but as 
Arbella loves Gaylove a young barrister, 
the tike is played upon thus — Gaylove 
assumes to be Muckworm, and his lad 
Slango dresses up as a woman to pass 
for Arbella; and while Sapskull "mar- 
ries" Slango, Gaylove, who assumes the 
dress and manners of the Yorkshire tike, 
marries Arbella. Of course, the trick is 
then discovered, and Sapskull returns to 
the home of his father, befooled but not 
married. — Carey: The Honest Yorkshire- 
man (1736). 

Saracen (A), In Arthurian romance, 

means any unbaptized person, regardless 
of nationality. Thus, Priamus of Tus- 
cany is called a Saracen (pt. i. 96, 67) ; so 
is sir Palomides, simply because he 
refused to be baptized till he had done 
3 Q 



SARAGOSSA. 



96a 



SATAN. 



some noble deed (pt. ii.). — Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur (1470). 

Sarag'ossa, a corruption of CsesarSa 
Augusta. The city was rebuilt by Au- 
gustus, and called after bis name. Its 
former name was Salduba or Saldyva. 

Sarag'ossa ( The Maid of), Augustina 
Zaragossa or Saragoza. When, in 1808, 
the city was invested by the French, she 
mounted the battery in the place of her 
lover who had been shot. Lord Byron 
says, when he was at Seville, " the maid" 
used to walk daily on the pradb, decorated 
with medals and orders, by command of 
the junta. — Southey : History ef the 
Penifisular War (1832). 

Her lover sinks — she sheds no ill-timed tear) 
Her chief is slain — she fills his fatal post ; 

Her fellows flee— she~checks their base career | 
The foe retires— she heads the sallying host 

. . . the flying Gaul, 

Foiled by a woman's haad before a battered waB. 
Byron : Childe Harold, i. 56 (1809). 

SardanapaTas, king of Nineveh 
and Assyria, noted for his luxury and 
voluptuousness. Arbaces the Mede 
conspired against him, and defeated him; 
whereupon his favourite slave Myrra 
induced him to immolate himself on a 
funeral pile. The beautiful slave, having 
set fire to the pile, jumped into the 
blazing mass, and was burnt to death 
with the king her master (B.C. 817). — 
Byron : Sardanapalus (1819). 

Sardanapalus of China (The), 

Cheo-tsin, who shut himself up in his 
palace with his queen, and then set fire to 
the building, that he might not fall into 
the hands of Woo-wong (B.C. 1154-1122). 
(Cheo-tsin invented the chopsticks, 
and Woo-wong founded the Tchow 
dynasty. ) 

Sardanapalus of Germany 

(The), Wenceslas VI. (or IV.) king of 
Bohemia and emperor of Germany (1359, 
1378-1419). 

Sardoin Herb (The), the herba 

Sardon'ia ; so called from Sardis, in Asia 
Minor. It is so acrid as to produce a 
convulsive spasm of the face resembling 
a grin. Phineas Fletcher says the device 
on the shield of Flattery is — 

The Sardoin herb ... the word [motto] "I please in 
killing." 

The Purple Island, viii. (1633). 

Sardonian Smile or Grin, a 

smile of contempt. Byron expresses it 
when he says, ' ' There was a laughing 
devil in his sneer." 

But when the villain saw her so afraid. 
He 'gnn with guileful words her to 



To banish fear, and with Sardonfaa rail* 
Laughing at her, his false intent to shade. 

Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. 9 (1596). 

Sarmatia, Poland, the country of 
the Sarmatae. In 1795 Poland was 
partitioned between Russia, Prussia, and 
Austria. 

Oh, bloodiest picture in the beak of Time I 
Sarmatia fell unwept, without a crime, 
Found not a generous friend, a pitying foe, 
Strength in her arms, nor mercy in her woe 

Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, i. {1799). 

Sar'ra (Grain of), Tyrian dye ; so 
called from sarra or sar, the fish whose 
blood the men of Tyre used in their 
purple dye. — Virgil: Georgia, ii 506. 

A military vest of purple . . . 
Livelier than . . . the grain 
Of Sarra, worn by kings and heroes old 
In time of truce. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, xL 143 (1665). 

Sarsar, the icy wind of death, called 
la Vathek "Sansar." 

The Sarsar from its womb went forth. 
The icy wind of death. 
Southey : Thalaia the Destroyer, L 44 (1797). 

Sartor Stesartus, "The Life and 
Opinions of Herr Teufelsdrdckh," in three 
books, by Thomas Carlyle (1833-34). 

The title is not original, but the book is a philo- 
sophical romance, or pretended review of an hypo- 
thetical German work on dress, which gives scope to 
the author for remarks on all sorts of things. The 
words Sartor Resartus mean The Tailor tailored, 
or Teufelsdrdckh patched by Carlyle. 

Sassenach, a Saxon, an Englishman. 
(Welsh, seasonig adj. and saesoniad noun. ) 

I would, if I thought I'd be able to catch some of the 
Sassenachs in London.— Very Far West Indeed. 

Satan, according to the Talmud, was 
once an archangel ; but was cast out of 
heaven with one-third of the celestial host 
for refusing to do reverence to Adam. 

In mediaeval mythology, Satan holds 
the fifth rank of the nine demoniacal 
orders. 

Johan Wier, in his De Prcestigiis 
Dcemonum (1564), makes Beelzebub the 
sovereign of hell, and Satan leader of 
the opposition. 

In legendary lore, Satan is drawn with 
horns and a tail, saucer eyes, and claws ; 
but Milton makes him a proud, selfish, 
ambitious chief, of gigantic size, beauti- 
ful, daring, and commanding. Satan de- 
clares his opinion that ' ' 'tis better to 
reign in hell than serve in heaven." 

(Defoe has written a Political History 
of the Devil, 1726. ) 

Satan, according to Milton, monarch 
of hell. His chief lords are Beelzebub, 
Moloch, Chemos, Thammuz, Dagon, 
Rimmon, and Belial His standard' 
bearer is Axas/eL 



SATANIC SCHOOL. 963 

He [Satan], above the rest 
Im shape and gesture proudly eminent. 
Stood like a tower. His form had not yet lost 
All her original brightness ; nor appeared 
Less than archangel ruined, and the excess 
Of glory obscured . . . but his face 
Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care 
Sat on his faded cheek . . . cruel his eye, but cast 
Signs of remorse, 

Milton : Paradise Lost, L 589, etc (1665). 

••• The word Satan means " enemy ; " 
hence Milton says — 

To whom the arch-enemy, 
. . in heaven called paradise. 

Paradise Lost, L 81 (1665). 

(Robert Montgomery, in 1830, published 
a poem called Satan, a long soliloquy of 
five or six thousand lines of blank verse, 
which obtained for its author the 
sobriquet of " Satan Montgomery.") 

Satan is made to talk about geography, politics, 
newspapers, fashionable society, theatres, lord Byron, 
and even Martin's pictures. 

Satanic School {The), a class of 
writers in the earlier part of the nine- 
teenth century, who showed a scorn for 
all moral rules, and the generally received 
dogmas of the Christian religion. The 
most eminent English writers of this 
school were Bulwer (afterwards lord 
Lytton), Byron, Moore, and P. B. Shelley. 
Of French writers : Paul de Kock, Rous- 
seau, George Sand, and Victor Hugo. 

Immoral writers . . . men of diseased hearts and 
depraved Imaginations, who (forming a system of 
opinions to suit their own unhappy course of conduct) 
have rebelled against the holiest ordinances of human 
society, and hating revelation which they try in vain 
to disbelieve, labour to make others as miserable as 
themselves by infecting them with a moral virus that 
eats into their souL The school which they have set 
tip may properly be called "The Satanic School."— 
Southey: Vision of Judgment (preface, 1822). 

Satire {Father of), Archilochos of 
Pares (B.C. seventh century). 

Father of French Satire, Mathurin 
Regnier (1573-1613). 

Father of Roman Satire, Lucihus 

(b.c. 148-103). 

Satires by Pope (i733 _I 73 8 )- Hi * 
masterpieces, which gained him the name 
of the "English Horace." 

(The Satires of Dr. Donne (1719), and 
those of bishop Hall in six books, three 
of which are Toothless Satires and three 
Biting Satires, are pronounced by Pope 
to be the best in the language.) 

Satiro-mastix or The Untrussing 
of the Humorous Poet, a comedy by 
Thomas Dekker (1602). Ben Jonson, in 
1601, had attacked Dekker in The 
Poetaster, where he calls himself 
"Horace," and Dekker " Cris'pinus." 
Next year (1602) Dekker replied with 
spirit to this attack, in a comedy entitled 



SATYR. 

Satiro-mastix, where Jonson Is called 
•* Horace, junior." 

Satis House, the abode of Miss 
Haversham, in Dickens's Great Expecta- 
tions. The name was given to a house 
near Boley Hill, Rochester, where Richard 
Watts, in 1573, entertained queen Eliza- 
beth. When the host apologized for the 
smallness of the house, the queen replied, 
Satis (it is enough) ; and the house was so 
called. 

Saturday, a fatal day to the follow- 
ing English sovereigns from the establish- 
ment of the Tudor dynasty : — 

Henry VII. died Saturday, April 21, 

*5°9- 

George II. died Saturday, October 
«5, 1760. 

George III. died Saturday, January 
29, 1820, but of his fifteen children only 
three died on a Saturday. 

George IV. died Saturday, June 26, 
1830, but the princess Charlotte died on a 
Tuesday. 

Prince Albert died Saturday, De- 
cember 14, 1861. The duchess of Kent, 
the duchess of Cambridge, and the 
princess Alice died on a Saturday also. 

*.* William III. (March 8, 1702), Anne 
(August i, 1714), and George I. all died 
on a Sunday ; William IV. (June 20, 
1837) on a Tuesday. 

Saturn, son of Heaven and Earth. 
He always swallowed his children imme- 
diately they were born, till his wife 
Rhea, not liking to see all her children 
perish, concealed from him the birth o f 

iupiter, Neptune, and Pluto ; and gave 
er husband large stones instead, which 
he swallowed without knowing the dif- 
ference. 

Much as old Saturn ate his progeny ; 

For when his pious consort gave him stones 

la lieu of sons, of these he made no bones. 

Byron: Don yuan, xiv. 1 (1834). 

Saturn, an evil and malignant planet. 

He is a genius full of gall, an author born under the 
planet Saturn, a malicious mortal, whose pleasure con- 
sists in hating all the world.— Lesage : Gil Bias, r. it 
(1724)- 

The children born under the sayd Saturne shall be 
great jangeleres and chyders . . . and they will never 
forgyve tyll they be revenged of theyr quarelL— 
Ptholomeus : Compost. 

Satyr. T. Woolner calls Charles II. 
"Charles the Satyr." 

Next flared Charles Satyr's saturnalia 
Of lady nymphs. 

My Beautiful Lady. 

N.B. — The most famous statue of the 
satyrs is that by Praxiteles of Athens, in 
the fourth century. 



SATYRANE. 

Satyrane {Sir), a blunt but noble 

knight, who helps Una to escape from the 
fauns and satyrs. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, 
i. (1590). 

And passion, erst unknown, could gain 
The breast of blunt sir Satyrane. 

Sir W. Scott. 

("Sir Satyrane" is meant for sir John 
Perrot, a natural son of Henry VIII. , and 
lord deputy of Ireland from 1583 to 1588. 
In 1590 he was imprisoned in the Tower 
for treason, and was beheaded in 1592.) 

Satyr'icou, a comic romance in Latin, 
by Petro'nius Ar'biter, in the first century. 
Very gross, but showing great power, 
beauty, and skill. 

Saul, in Dry den's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, -is meant for Oliver 
Cromwell. As Saul persecuted David 
and drove him from Jerusalem, so Crom- 
well persecuted Charles II. and drove 
him from England. 

... ere Saul they chose, 
God was their king, and God they durst depose. 
Dryden : Pt. L 418, 419 (1681). 

*.' This was the "divine right" of 
kings. 

(William Sothern published, in 1807, a 
poem in blank verse called Saul.) 

Saul of Tarsus, it is said (Acts ix. 
25), when he fled from Damascus, was let 
down over the wall in a basket. 

1F A parallel case is that of Carolstadt, 
the image-breaker, who, in 1524, would 
have been captured at Rotenbergh, but he 
made his escape "by being let down by 
the wall of the town in a basket." — 
Milman : Ecclesiastical History, iv. p. 
266. 

Saunders, groom of sir Geoffrey 
Peveril of the Peak.— Sir IV. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Saunders [Richard), the pseudonym 
of Dr. Franklin, adopted in Poor Richard' s 
Almanac, begun in 1732. 

Saunders Sweepclean, a king's 
messenger at Knock win nock Castle. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary (time, 
George III.). 

Saunderson (Saunders), butler, etc., 
to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Biadwardine 
baron of Bradwardine and Tully Veolan. 
— Sir W. Scott : Waverley (time, George 
II.). 

Saurid, king of Egypt, say the Cop- 
tites (2 syl.), built the pyramids 300 
years before the Flood ; and, according to 



964 



SAWNEY. 



the same authority, the following inscrip- 
tion was engraved upon one of them :-— 

I, king Saurid, built the pyramids . . . and finished 
them in six years. He that comes after me . . . let him 
destroy them in 600 if he can ... I also covered thein 
. . . with satin, and let him cover them with matting. 
—Greaves: Pyramidegrafhia (seventeenth century) 

Saut de i'Allemand (Le), " du 

lit a la table, et de la table au lit." 

Of the gods I but ask 
That my life, like the Leap of the German, m»y bo 
" Du lit a la table, de la table au lit." 
Moore: The Fudge Family in Paris, viil. (1818). 

Savage (Captain), a naval com- 
mander. — Marryat: Peter Simple (1833). 

Sav'il, steward to the elder Loveless. 
— Beaumont and Fletcher: The Scornful 
Lady (1616). 

(Beaumont died 161&) 

Savile Row (London). So called 
from Dorothy Savile the great heiress, 
who became, by marriage, countess of 
Burlington and Cork. (See Clifford 
Street, p. 219.) 

Sav'ille (2 syl.), the friend of Dori- 

court. He saves lady Frances Touch- 
wood from Courtall, and frustrates his 
infamous designs on the lady's honour. — 
Mrs. Cowley: The Belle's Stratagem 
(1780). 

Saville (Lord), a young nobleman 
with Chiffinch (emissary of Charles II.). 
— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II.). 

Saviour of Rome. C. Marlus was 
so called after the overthrow of the Cimbri, 
July 30, B.c. 101. 

Saviour of the Nations. So the 

duke of Wellington was termed after the 
overthrow of Bonaparte (1769-1852). 

Oh, Wellington . . . called " Saviour of the Nations I 
Byron : Don Juan, ix. 5 (1834). 

Savoy ( The), a precinct of the Strand 
(London), in which the Savoy Palace 
stood. So called from Peter earl of 
Savoy, uncle of queen Eleanor the wife 
of Henry III. Jean le Bon of France, 
when captive of the Black Prince, was 
lodged in the Savoy Palace (1356-59). 
The old palace was burnt down by the 
rebels under Wat Tyler in 1381. Henry 
VII. rebuilt it in 1505. St. Mary le 
Savoy, or the "Chapel of St. John," 
still stands in the precinct. 

Sawney, a corruption of Sandie, a 
contracted form of Alexander. Sawney 
means a Scotchman, as Taffy [David] a 
Welshman, John Bull an Englishman, 
cousin Michael a German, brother Jona- 
than a native of the United States of 



SAWYER. 

North America, Micaire a Frenchman, 
Jean Baptist a French Canadian, Colin 
Tampon a Swiss, and so on. 

Sawyer {Bod), a dissipated, strug- 
gling young medical practitioner, who 
tries to establish a practice at Bristol, 
but without success. Sam Weller calls 
him "Mr. Sawbones." — Dickens: The 
Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Saxifrage (3 syl). So called from 

its virtues as a lithontriptic. 

So saxifrage is good, an 1 hart 's-tongue for the stone, 
With agrimony, and that herb we call St. John. 

Drayton : Polyolbien, xiii. (1613). 

Saxon. Hidgen derives this word 
from the Latin saxum, " a stone." This 
reminds one of Lloyd's derivation of 
"Ireland," "the land of Ire," and Du- 
cange's "Saracen" from "Sarah, Abra- 
ham's wife." Of a similar character are 
"Albion" from a Ibu s, "white;" "Picts" 
from pictus, " painted; " " Devonshire" 
from Debon's share; "Isle of Wight" 
from ' ' Wihtgar, son of Cerdic ; " 
" Britain" from Brutus, a descendant of 
jEneas ; " Scotland " from skotos, " dark- 
ness ; " " Gaul " (the French) from gallus, 
"a cock;" "Dublin," from dub\ium\ 
lin\teum\ "questionable linen," ana 
so on. 

(The Greek and Latin authors invented 
individuals as name-founders of almost 
every place.) 

Men of that cowntree ben more lyghter and stronger 
on the see than other scommers or theeves of the see 
. . . and ben called Saxones, of saxum, a stone, for 
they ben aa hard as stones.— Polycronicon, i. 26 
*357>- 

Saxon, Drayton says, is so called from 
an instrument of war called by the Ger- 
mans handseax. The seax was a short, 
crooked sword. 

And of those crooked skains they used in war to 
Which in their thundering tongue the German's ' 

seax name, 
They Saxons first were named. 

Drayton : Polyolbien, It. (i6m>. 

Saxon Duke (The), mentioned by 
Sam Butler in his Hudibras, was John 
Frederick duke of Saxony, of whom 
Charles V. said, " Never saw I such a 
swine before." 

Say. Thev say. Quhat say they f Let 
them say. This motto of Mareschal 
College, Aberdeen, is the motto of 
George Keith, its founder. 

Say and Mean. You speak like a 
Laminak, you say one thing and mean 
another. The Basque Lamihaks 
("fairies") always say exactly the con- 
trary to what they mean. 



*5 



SCALLOP-SHELU 



She said to her, " I must go from home, but your 
work is in the kitchen; smash the pitcher, break all 
the plates, beat the children, give them their breakfast 
by themselves, smudge their faces, and rumple well 
their hair." When the Lamihak returned home, she 
asked the girl which she preferred— a bag of charcoal 
or a bag of gold, a beautiful star or a donkey's tail? 
The girl made answer, " A bag of charcoal and a 
donkey's tail." Whereupon the fairy gave her a bag 
of gold and a beautiful stai.—fVedster : Basque 
Legends, 53 (1876). 

Sbogfa (Jean), the hero of a romance 
by C. Nodier (1818), the leader of a 
bandit, in the spirit of lord Byron's 
Corsair and Lara. 

Scadder (General), agent in the office 

of the "Eden Settlement." His pecu- 
liarity consisted in the two distinct ex- 
pressions of his profile, for "one side 
seemed to be listening to what the other 
side was doing." — Dickens : Martin 
Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Scalds, court poets and chroniclers of 
the ancient Scandinavians. They resided 
at court, were attached to the royal suite, 
and attended the king in all his wars. 
They also acted as ambassadors between 
hostile tribes, and their persons were held 
sacred. These bards celebrated in song 
the gods, the kings of Norway, and 
national heroes. Their lays or vyses were 
compiled in the eleventh century by 
Saemund Sigfusson, a priest and scald of 
Iceland ; and the compilation is called 
the Elder or Rhythmical Edda. 

Scallop-Shell (The). Every one 
knows that St. James's pilgrims are dis- 
tinguished by scallop-shells, but it is a 
blunder to suppose that other pilgrims 
are privileged to wear them. Three of 
the popes have, by their bulls, distinctly 
confirmed this right to the Compostella 
pilgrim alone : viz. pope Alexander III., 
pope Gregory IX., and pope Clement V. 

(Now, the escallop or scallop is a shell- 
fish, like an oyster or large cockle ; but 
Gwillim tells us, what ignorant zoologists 
have omitted to mention, that the bivalve 
is " engendered solely of dew and air. 
It has no blood at all ; yet no food that 
man eats turns so soon into life-blood as 
the scallop." — Display of Heraldry, 171.) 

Scallop-shells used by Pilgrims. The 
reason why the scallop-shell is used by 
pilgrims is not generally known. The 
legend is this : When the marble ship 
which bore the headless body of St. 
James approached Bouzas, in Portugal, 
it happened to be the wedding day of 
the chief magnate of the village ; and 
while the bridal party were at sport, the 
horse of the bridegroom became un- 



SCALPING. 966 

manageable, and plunged into the sea. 
The ship passed over the horse and its 
rider, and pursued its onward course, 
when, to the amazement of all, the horse 
and its rider emerged from the water 
uninjured, and the cloak of the rider was 
thickly covered with scallop-shells. All 
were dumfounded, and knew not what to 
make of these marvels, but a voice from 
heaven exclaimed, " It is the will of God 
that all who henceforth make their vows 
to St. James, and go on pilgrimage, shall 
take with them scallop-shells ; and all 
who do so shall be remembered in the 
day of judgment." On hearing this, the 
lord of the village, with the bride and 
bridegroom, were duly baptized, and 
Bouzas became a_ Christian Church. — 
Sanctoral Portugues (copied into the 
Breviaries of Alcobaca and St. Cucufate). 

Cunctis mare cementibus, 
Sed a profundo ducitur; 
Natus Regis subinergitur. 
Torus plenus conchilibus. 

Hymn for St. James s Dm?. 
Ib sight of all the prince went down. 

Into the deep sea dells ; 
Ib sight of all the prince emerged. 
Covered with scallop-shells. 

B.C. B. 

Scalping 1 {Rules for). The Cheyennes, 
in scalping, remove from the part just 
over the left ear, a piece of skin not larger 
than a silver dollar. The Arrapahoes 
take a similar piece from the region of 
the right ear. Others take the entire 
skin from the crown of the head, the fore- 
head, or the nape of the neck. -The Utes 
take the entire scalp from ear to ear, and 
from the forehead to the nape of the 
neck. 

Scambister {Eric), the old butler of 
Magnus Troil the udaller of Zetland. — 
Sir W. Scott : The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

(A udaller is one who holds his lands 
by allodial tenure.) 

Scandal, a male character in Love for 
Love, by Congreve (1695). 

Scandal {School for), a comedy by 

Sheridan (1777). 

Scanderbeg. So George Castriota, an 
Albanian hero, was called. Amurath II. 
gave him the command of 5000 men ; and 
such was his daring and success, that he 
was called Skander {Alexander). In the 
battle of Morava (1443) he deserted 
Amurath, and, joining the Albanians, 
won several battles over the Turks. At 
the instigation of Pius II. he headed a 
crusade against them, but died of a fever, 



SCAPXNO. 



before Mahomet IL arrived to oppose 
him (1404-1467). 

(Beg or Bey is Turkish for " prince.") 

Scanderbeg's sword needs Ssanderbegs 
arm. Mahomet II. "the Great" re- 
quested to see the scimitar which George 
Castriota used so successfully against the 
Ottomans in 1461. Being shown it, and 
wholly unable to draw it, he pronounced 
the weapon to be a hoax, but received for 
answer, " Scanderbeg's sword needs 
Scanderbeg's arm to wield it." 

IT The Greeks had a similar saying, 
" None but Ulysses can draw Ulysses's 
bow. " 

IT Robin Hood's bow needed Robin 
Hood's arm to draw it ; and hence the 
proverb, " Many talk of Robin Hood 
that never shot in his bow." 

Scandinavia, Sweden and Norway ; 
or Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. 

Scapegoat {The), a farce by John 
Poole. Ignatius Polyglot, a learned pun- 
dit, master of seventeen languages, is the 
tutor of Charles Eustace, aged 24 years. 
Charles has been clandestinely married 
for four years, and has a little son named 
Frederick. Circumstances have occurred 
which render the concealment of this 
marriage no longer decorous or possible, 
so he breaks it to his tutor, and conceals 
his young wife for the nonce in Polyglot's 
private room. Here she is detected by 
the housemaid, Molly Maggs, who tells 
her master ; and old Eustace says, the 
only reparation a man can make in such 
circumstances is to marry the girl at once. 
" Just so," says the tutor. "Your son is 
the husband, and he is willing at once to 
acknowledge his wife and infant son." 

Scapin, valet of Leandre son of 
seignior Geronte. (See Fourberies, p. 
390. ) — Moliere : Les Fourberies de Scapin 
(1671). 

J'ai, sans doute reeu da del un genie assez beau pour 
toutes les fabriques de ces gentilleses d'esprit, de ces 
g.ilmteries ingenieuses, a qui le vulgaire ignorant donne 
le nom de fourberies ; et je puis dire, sans vanite. qu'on 
n'a guere tu d'homme qui fftt plus habile cuvrier de 
ressorts et d'lntrigues, qui ait acquis plus de glone que 
moi dans ce noble metier.— Moliirt: Let Fourberies 
de Scapin, i. 2 (1671). 

(Otway has made an English version of 
this play, called The Cheats of Scapin, 
in which Leandre is Anglicized into 
" Leander," Geronte is called "Gripe," 
and his friend Argante father of Zerbi- 
nette is called "Thrifty" father of 
" Lucia.") 

Scapi'no, the cunning, knavish ser- 
vant of Gratiano the loquacious and 



SCARAMOUCH. 



967 



SCHAHRIAH. 



pedantic Bolognese doctor.— Italian 
Mask. 

Scaramouch, a braggart and fool, 
most valiant in words, but constantly 
being drubbed by Harlequin. Scaramouch 
is a common character in Italian farce, 
originally meant in ridicule of the Spanish 
don, and therefore dressed in Spanish 
costume. Our clown is an imbecile old 
idiot, and wholly unlike the dashing pol- 
troon of Italian pantomime. The best 
" Scaramouches " that ever lived were 
Tiberio Fiurelli, a Neapolitan (born 1608), 
and Gandini (eighteenth century). 

Scarborough Warning' {A), a 

warning given too late to be taken advan- 
tage of. Fuller says the allusion is to 
an event which occurred in 1557, when 
Thomas Stafford seized upon Scarborough 
Castle, before the townsmen had any 
notice of his approach. Heywood says a 
"Scarborough warning" resembles what 
is now called Lynch law — punished first, 
and warned afterwards. Another solution 
is this : If ships passed the castle without 
saluting it by striking sail, it was custom- 
ary to fire into them a shotted gun, by 
way of warning. 

Be su£ rly seldom, and never for much . . , 

Or Scarborow warning', as ill I believe. 

When ("Sir, I arrest ye") gets hold of thy sleeve. 

Tusstr : Five Hundred Pmnts of Good 
Husbandry, x. 28 (1557). 

Scarlet ( Will), Scadlock, or 
Scathelocke, one of the companions 
of Robin Hood. 

•• Take thy good bowe In thy hande." said Robyn, 

■ Let Mo;h- wend with th<-- [thee], 
And so shall W yllyam Souhclocke, 
And no man abyde w:ih me. ' 

Jiitson ; Robin Hood Ballads, U x (1530). 
The tinker looking him about, 

Robin his horn did blow ; 

Then came unto him littie John 

And William Scadlock too. 

Ditto, 1L 7 (1656). 
And there of him they made a 
Good yeoman Robin Hood, 
Scarlet and Little John, 
And Little John, hey ho ! 

Ditte, appendix a (1790). 

In the two dramas caller] The First and 
Second Parts of Robin Hood, by Anthony 
Munday and II- my Chettle, Scathlock or 
Scadlock is called the brother of Will 
Scarlet. 
. . . possible that Wtxman s spite . . . doth hunt the 

lives 
Of bonuie Scarlet and his brother Scathlock. 

Pt- i- (i597>- 

Then "enter Warm an, with Scarlet 
and Scathlock bounde," but Warman is 
banished, and the brothers are liberated 
and pardoned. 



Scarlet Letter {The), a romance by 
N. Hawthorne (1850). The scarlet letter 
is A (Adulteress) and is a badge of shams 
branded on the heroine's dress. It fur- 
nishes the peg on which the story hangs. 

Scarlet Woman ( The), popery {Rtv, 
xvii. 4). 

And fulminated 
Against the scarlet woman and her creed. 

Tennyson : Sea Dreams. 

Scathelocke (2 syl.) or Scadlock, 

one of the companions of Robin Hood. 
Either the brother of Will Scarlet or 
another spelling of the name. (See 
Scarlet.) 

Scavenger's Daughter {The), an 
instrument of torture, invented by sir 
William Skevington, lieutenant of the 
Tower in the reign of Henry VIII. " Sca- 
venger " is a corruption of Skevington. 

To kiss the scavenger's daughter, to 
suffer punishment by this instrument of 
torture ; to be beheaded by a guillotine or 
some similar instrument. 

Scazon, plu. Scazon'tes (3 syl.), a 
lame iambic metre, the last being a 
spondee or trochee instead of an iambus 
(Greek, skazo, " to halt, to hobble "), as— 

x. Quicumque regno fidit, et magna p6tens. 
a. O Musa, greasum quae ▼olens tratis clauduaa. 

Or in English — 

1. A little onward lend thy guidTng hand. 

a. He unsuspicious led him ; when Safhson . . . 

(1 is the usual iambic metre, 2 the scazon. ) 

Sceaf [Sheef\ one of the ancestors of 
Woden. So called because in infancy he 
was laid on a wheatsheaf, and cast adrift 
in a boat ; the boat stranded on the shores 
of Sleswig.and the infant.being considered 
a gift from the gods, was brought up for 
a future king. — Beowulf {an Anglo-Saxon 
epic, sixth century). 

Scenes of Clerical Life, a series 
of tales by George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. 
Cross, 1858). 

Scepticism {Father of Modern)* 
Pierre Bayle (1647-1706). 

Schacabac, " the hare-lipped," a man 
reduced to the point of starvation, invited 
to a feast by the rich Barmecide. (For 
the tale, see Barmecide Feast, p. 90.) 
— Arabian Nights {" The Barber's Sixth 
Brother"). (See Shaccalac.) 

Schah'riah, sultan of Persia. His 
wife being unfaithful, and his brother's 
wife too, Schahriah imagined that no 
woman was virtuous. He resolved, there- 
fore, to marry a fresh wife every night, 



SCHAHZAMAN. 



and to bare her strangled at daybreak. 
Scheherazadd, the vizier's daughter, mar- 
ried him notwithstanding; and contrived, 
an hour before daybreak, to begin a story 
to her sister in the sultan's hearing, always 
breaking off before the story was finished. 
The sultan got interested in these tales ; 
and, after a thousand and one nights, re- 
voked his decree, and found in Schehera- 
zade' a faithful, intelligent, and loving 
wife. — Arabian Nights' Entertainments. 

Schah'zaman, sultan of the " Island 
of the Children of Kharedan," situate in 
the open sea, some twenty days' sail from 
the coast of Persia. This sultan had a 
son, an only child, named Camaral'za- 
man, the most beautiful of mortals. 
Camaralzaman married Badoura the most 
beautiful of women, the only daughter of 
Gaiour (2 syl.) emperor of China. — 
Arabian Nights (" Camaralzaman and 
Badoura "). 

Schaibar (2 syl.), brother of the fairy 
Pari-Banou. He was only eighteen 
inches in height, and had a huge hump 
both before and behind. His beard, 
though thirty feet long, never touched the 
ground, but projected forwards. His 
moustaches went back to his ears, and 
his little pig's eyes were buried in his 
enormous head. He wore a conical hat, 
and carried for quarter-staff an iron bar 
of 500 lbs. weight at least. — Arabian 
Nights ("Ahmed and Pari-Banou"). 

Schamir (The), that instrument or 
agent with which Solomon wrought the 
stones of the temple, being forbidden to 
use any metal instrument for the purpose. 
Some say the Schamir' was a worm ; some 
that it was a stone ; some that it was " a 
creature no bigger than a barleycorn, 
which nothing could resist." 

Scheherazade [Sha-ka'-ra-zah'-de], 
the hypothetical relater of the stories in 
the Arabian Nights. She was the elder 
daughter of the vizier of Persia. (See 
above, Schahriah.) 

Roused like the sultana Scheherazade, and forced 
into a story.— Dickens : David Copperfield (1849). 

Schemseddin Mohammed, elder 
son of the vizier of Egypt, and brother of 
Noureddin Ali. He quarrelled with his 
brother on the subject of their two child- 
ren's hypothetical marriage ; but the 
brothers were not yet married, and 
children " were only in supposition." 
Noureddin Ali quitted Cairo, and tra- 
velled to Basora, where he married the 
vizier's daughter, and on the very same 



968 SCHOOL FOR WIVES. 

day Schemseddin married thedaughteroi 
one of the chief grandees of Cairo. On 
one and the same day a daughter was 
born to Schemseddin and a son to his 
brother Noureddin Ali. When Schems- 
eddin's daughter was 20 years old, the 
sultan asked her in marriage, but the 
vizier told him she was betrothed to his 
brother's son, Bed'reddin Ali. At this 
reply, the sultan, in anger, swore she 
should be given in marriage to the 
"ugliest of his slaves," and accordingly 
betrothed her to Hunchback a groom, both 
ugly and deformed. By a fairy trick, 
Bedreddin Ali was substituted for the 
groom, but at daybreak was conveyed to 
Damascus. Here he turned pastry-cook, 
and was discovered by his mother by 
his cheese-cakes. Being restored to his 
country and his wife, he ended his life 
happily. — Arabian Nights (" Noureddin 
Ali," etc.). (See Cheese-Cakes, p. 199.) 

Schemsel'nihar, the favourite sul- 
tana of Haroun-al-Raschid caliph of 
Bagdad. She fell in love with Aboul- 
hassan Ali ebn Becar prince of Persia. 
From the first moment of their meeting 
they began to pine for each other, and 
fell sick. Though miles apart, they died 
at the same hour, and were both buried 
in one grave. — Arabian Nights (" Aboul- 
hassan and Schemselnihar ' j. 

Schlemihl (Peter), the hero of a 
popular German legend. Peter sells his 
shadow to an "old man in grey," who 
meets him while fretiing under a dis- 
appointment. The name is a household 
term for one who makes a desperate and 
silly bargain. — Chamisso : Peter Schle- 
mihl (1813). 

Scholastic (The), Epipha'nius, an 
Italian scholar (sixth century). 

Scholastic Doctor (The), Anselm 
of Laon (1050-1117). 

Scholey (Lawrence), servant at 
Burgh- Westra. His father is Magnus 
Troil the udaller of Zetland.— Sir W. 
Scott: The Pirate (time, William III.). 

(Udaller is one who holds land by 
allodial tenure.) 

Schonfelt, lieutenant of sir Archibald 
von Hagenbach a German noble. — Sir 
W. Scott: Anne of Geierstein (time, Ed- 
ward IV.). 

School for Scandal. (See Scan- 
dal, p. 966.) 
School for Wives (L'/cole tU$ 



SCHOOL OF HUSBANDS. 



969 



SCIPIO. 



Femmes, " training for wives "), a comedy 
by Moliere (1662). Arnolphe has a 
crotchet about the proper training of girls 
to make good wives, and tries his scheme 
upon Agnes, whom he adopts from a 
peasant's cottage, and designs in due time 
to make his wife. He sends her from early 
childhood to a convent, where difference 
of sex and the conventions of society are 
wholly ignored. When removed from 
the convent, she treats men as if they 
Acre school-girls, kisses them, plays with 
1 em, and treats them with girlish 
familiarity. The consequence is, a young 
man named Horace falls in love with 
her, and makes her his wife, but Arnolphe 
loses his pains. 

Chacun a sa methode 
En femme, comme en tout, je veux suivre ma mod* . , , 
Un air doux et pose\ parmi d'autres enfants, 
M'inspira de l'amour pour elle des quatre ans; 
Sa mere se trouvant de pauvrete preset, 
De la lui demander il me vint en pensee ; 
Et la bonne paysanne, apprenant mon desire, 
A s'6ter cette charge eut beaucoup de plaisir. 
Dans un petit couvent, loin de toute pratique, 
Je la fis elever selon ma politique. 

Moliire: L'icole des Femmes, act L i (166*). 

School of Husbands (L'/cole des 
Maris," wives trained by men"), a comedy 
by Moliere (1661). Ariste and Sgana- 
relle, two brothers, bring up Leonor and 
Isabelle, two orphan sisters, according to 
their systems for making them in time 
their model wives. Sganarelle's system 
was to make the women dress plainly, 
live retired, attend to domestic duties, 
and have few indulgences. Ariste's 
system was to give the woman great 
liberty, and trust to her honour. Isabelle, 
brought up by Sganarelle, deceived him 
and married another; but Leonor, brought 
up by Ariste, made him a fond and faith- 
ful wife. Sganarelle's plan — 

J'entend que la mienne rive a ma fantasia— 
Que d'une serge honn£te elle ait son vdtement, 
Et ne porte, le noir qu' aux bons jours seulemenct 
Qu' enfermee au logis, en personne bien sage, 
EUe s'applique toute aux choses du manage, 
A recoudre mon linge aux heures de loisir, 
Ou bien a tricoter quelques bas par plaisir j 
Qu' aux discours des muguets elle ferme 1'oreQia, 
Et ne sorte jamais sans avoir qui la veille. 

Ariste's plan — 

I eur sexe aime a Jouir d'un peu de llberte; 
On le retient fort mal par tant d'aust^riti ; 
Et les soins defiants, les verroux et les grilles, 
Ne font pas la vertu des femmes ni des rules ; 
C'est l'honneur qui les doit tcnir dans le devoir, 
Non la seVe>ite que nous leur faisons voir . . . 
Je txouve que le coeur est ce qu'il faut gagner. 

Moliire: L'tcoU des Maris, act l a (1661). 

Schoolmen. (For a list of the 
schoolmen of each of the three periods, 
•ee Dictonary of Phrase and Fable, mo. ) 

Schoolmistress ( The), a poem in 
Spenserian metre, by Shenstone (1737 and 



1742). The " schoolmistress" was Sarah 
Lloyd, who taught the poet himself in 
infancy. She lived in a thatched cottage, 
before which grew a birch tree, to which 
allusion is made in the poem. 

There dwells, in lowly shed, and mean attire, 

A matron old, whom we schoolmistress nam* ... 

And all in sight doth rise a birchen tree. 

Stanzas a, f> 

Schreckenwald {Ital), steward of 
count Albert. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Schrimner, the hog which is daily 
roasted and eaten in Walhalla, but which 
becomes entire every morning. — Scandi- 
navian Mythology. (See Rusticus's 
Pig, p. 942.) 

Schwanker {Jonas), jester of Leo- 
pold archduke of Austria. — Sir W, 
Scott: The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Scian Muse ( The), Simon'idSs, born 
at Scia or Cea, now Zia, one of the 
Cyclades. 

The Scian and the Teian Muse [A naereori] ... 
Have found the fame your shores refuse. 
Byron : Don yuan, iiL (" The Isles of Greece," 1820). 

Science ( The prince o/*),Tehuhe, « ' The 
Aristotle of China" (died A.D. 1200). 

Scio (now called Chios), one of the 
seven cities which claimed to be the 
birthplace of Homer. Hence he is 
sometimes called " Scio's Blind Old 
Bard." The seven cities referred to 
make an hexameter verse — 

Smyrna, Chios, Colophdn, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, 

Athense ; or 
Smyrna, Chios, Colophdn, Ithaca, Pylos, Argos, 

Athenae. 

Antipater Sidonius : A Greek Epigram, 

Sciol'to (3 syl.), a proud Genoese 
nobleman, the father of Calista. Calista 
was the bride of Altamont, a young man 
proud and fond of her, but it was dis- 
covered on the wedding day that she 
had been seduced by Lothario. This 
led to a series of calamities : (1) Lothario 
was killed in a duel by Altamont ; (2) 
a street riot was created, in which Sciolto 
received his death-wound ; and (3) Ca- 
lista stabbed herself.— Rowe; The Fair 
Penitent (1703). 

(In It.dian, Sciolto forms but two 
syllables, but Rowe has made it three in 
eveiy case.) 

Scipio " dismissed the Iberian maid " 
{Mikon : Paradise Regained, ii.). The 
poet refers to the tale of Scipio' s restoring 
a captive princess to her lover Allucius, 
and giving to her, as a wedding present, 
the money of her ransom. (See Conti- 
nence, p. 23a.) 



SCIPIO. 



970 



SCOGAN'S JEST. 



During his command in Spain, a circumstance oc- 
curred which contributed more to his fame and glory 



than all his military exploits. At the taking of New 
Carthage, a lady of extraordinary beauty was brought 
to Scipio, who found himself greatly affected by her 



charms. Understanding, however, that she was be- 
trothed to a Celtiberian prince named Allucius, he 
resolved to conquer his rising passion, and sent her to 
her lover without recompense. A silver shield, on 
which this interesting event is depicted, was found in 
the river Rhone by some fishermen in the seventeenth 
century. — Goldsmith : History 0/ Rente, xiv. 3. 
(Whittaker's improved edition contains a facsimile of 
the shield on p. 315.) 

Scipio, son of the gipsy woman Cos- 
colina and the soldier Torribio Scipio. 
Scipio becomes the secretary of Gil Bias, 
and settles down with him at " the castle 
of Lirias." His character and adventures 
are very similar to those of Gil Bias him- 
self, but he never rises to the same level. 
Scipio begins by being a rogue, who 
pilfered and plundered all who employed 
him, but in the service of Gil Bias he 
was a model of fidelity and integrity. — 
Lesage: Gil Bias (1715). 

Sciro'nian Rocks, between Meg'ara 
and Corinth. So called because the 
bones of Sciron, the robber of Attica, 
were changed into these rocks, when 
Theseus (2 syl.) hurled him from a cliff 
into the sea. It was from these rocks 
that Ino cast herself into the Corinthian 
bay. — Greek Fable. 

Scirum. The men of Scirum used 
to shoot against the stars. 

Like . . . men of wit bereaven, 
Which howle and shoote against the lights of heaven. 
IV. Browne : Britannia's Pastorals, iv. (16x3). 

Scobellum, a very fruitful land, the 
inhabitants of which were changed into 
beasts by the vengeance of the gods. 
The drunkards were turned into swine, 
the lechers into goats, the proud into 
peacocks, shrews into magpies, gamblers 
into asses, musicians into song-birds, the 
envious into dogs, idle women into milch 
cows, jesters into monkeys, dancers into 
squirrels, and misers into moles. 

They exceeded cannibals in cruelty, the Persians In 
pride, the Egyptians in luxury, the Cretans in lying, 
the Germans in drunkenness, and all in wickedness.— 
Ridley [R. Johnson]: The Seven Champions 0/ Chris- 
tendsm, iii. 10 (1617). 

Scogan {Henry), M.A., a poet con- 
temporary with Chaucer. He lived in 
the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., 
and probably Henry V. Among the 
gentry who had letters of protection to 
attend Richard II. in his expedition into 
Ireland, in 1399, is " Henricus Scogan, 
Armiger." — Tyrwhitts Chaucer, v. 15 
i*773)- 

Scogan t What was he t 
Oh, ft fine gentleman, and a master 0/ arts 



Of Henry the Fourth's time, that made disguise* 
For the king's sons, and writ in ballad royal 
Daintily well. 

Ben yonson : The Fortunate Isles (1606), 

Scog'an {John), the favourite jester 
and buffoon of Edward IV. " Scogan'i 
jests " were published by Andrew Borde, 
a physician in the reign of Henry VIII. 

The same sir John [Falsta/T], the very same. I saw 
him break Skogan's head at the court-gate, when he 
was a crack not thus high.— Shakespeare : a Henry 
IV. act ili. sc. 2 (1598). 

N. B. — Shakespeare has confounded 
Henry Scogan, M.A., the poet, who lived 
in the reign of Henry IV., with John 
Scogan the jester, who lived about a 
century later, in the reign of Edward IV.; 
and, of course, sir John Falstaff could not 
have known him when " he was a mere 
crack. " 

Scogan's Jest. Scogan and some 
companions, being in lack of money, 
agreed to the following trick : A peasant, 
driving sheep, was accosted by one of the 
accomplices, who laid a wager that his 
sheep were hogs, and agreed to abide by 
the decision of the first person they met 
This, of course, was Scogan, who instantly 
gave judgment against the herdsman. 

IT A similar joke is related in the Hito 
fadesa, an abridged version of Pilpay's 
Fables. In this case the "peasant" is 
represented by a Brahmin carrying a 
goat, and the joke was to persuade the 
Brahmin that he was carrying a dog. 
"How is this, friend," says one, " that you, 
a Brahmin, carry on your back such an 
unclean animal as a dog?" " It is not a 
dog," says the Brahmin, "but a goat;" 
and trudged on. Presently another made 
the same remark, and the Brahmin, be- 
ginning to doubt, took down the goat to 
look at it Convinced that the creature 
was really a goat, he went on, when 
presently a third made the same re- 
mark. The Brahmin, now fully persuaded 
that his eyes were befooling him, threw 
down the goat and went away without it ; 
whereupon the three companions took 
possession of it and cooked it. 

IT In Thyl Eulenspiegel we have a 
similar hoax. Eulenspiegel sees a man 
with a piece of green cloth, which he re- 
solves to obtain. He employs two con- 
federates, both priests. Says Eulenspiegel 
to the man, " What a famous piece of 
blue cloth 1 Where did you get it?" 
"Blue, you fool I why, it is green." 
After a short contention, a bet is made, 
and the question in dispute is referred to 
the first comer. This was a confederate, 
and he at once decided that the cloth was 



SCONE. 



971 SCOTLAND A FIEF OF ENGLAND. 



bine. "You are both in the same boat," 
says the man, "which I will prove by the 
priest yonder." The question being put 
to the priest, is decided against the man, 
and the three rogues divide the cloth 
amongst them. 

IF Another version is in novel 8 of For- 
tini. The joke was that certain kids he 
had for sale were capons. (See Dunlop : 
History of Fiction, viii., article " Ser 
Giovanni.") 

(Dr. Andrew Borde published, in 1626, 
a collection of facetia which he called 
"Scogan's jests," after Scogan, the 
favourite court fool of Edward IV. Sec 
Miller, Joe, p. 706.) 

Scone [Skoon] Stone, a palladian 
stone. The tradition is that it was the 
"pillow "on which the Patriarch Jacob 
slept at Bethel. It was transported to 
Egypt ; Gathelus (son of Cecrops king 
of Athens), who married Scotia (daughter 
of the pharaoh), alarmed at the fame of 
Moses, fled to Brigantia, in Spain, carry- 
ing the stone with him, as a palladium ; 
Simon Brech (the favourite son of Milo 
the Scot) carried it from Brigantia to 
Ireland. It was afterwards heaved into the 
sea for an anchor during" a violent storm, 
and when the sea lulled it was set on the 
Hill of Tara (Ireland), and became the 
Liafa.il or " stone of destiny," and on it 
Fergus Eric and his descendants were 
crowned. Fergus (who led the Dalriads 
to Argyllshire, and became the founder of 
the Scottish monarchy) removed it to 
DunstofThage, and as the Scotch migrated 
eastwards they carried the stone with them, 
and, in 840, set it up in Scone. Here it 
was encased in a wooden chair and 
placed beside a cross on the east of the 
"monastic ceremony." The kings of 
Scotland, at their coronation, were seated 
on this chair by the earls of Fife, and it 
was made the Sedes principalis of Scot- 
land, so that the kings of Scotland were 
called " the kings of Scone," and Perth 
was their capital. Edward I. took it to 
London, and it still remains in West- 
minster Abbey, where it forms the support 
of Edward the Confessor's chair, the 
coronation chair of the British monarchs. 

Ni fallat fatum, Scoti. quocunque locatum 
Invenicnt lapidem, rejjnare tenentur ibidem. 

Lardner : History of Scotland, i. 67 (183a). 

Where er this stone Is placed, the fates decree. 
The Scottish race shall there the sovereigns be. 

(Of course, the "Scottish race" is 
the dynasty of the Stuarts and their 

Successors.) 



Scotch Guards, in the service of the 
French kings, were called his garde du 
corps. The origin of the guard was this : 
When St. Louis entered upon his first 
crusade, he was twice saved from death 
by the valour of a small band of Scotch 
auxiliaries under the commands of the 
earls of March and Dunbar, Walter 
Stewart, and sir David Lindsay. In 
gratitude thereof, it was resolved that 
" a standing guard of Scotchmen, recom- 
mended by the king of Scotland, should 
evermore form the body-guard of the 
king of France." This decree remained 
in force for five centuries. — Grant: The 
Scottish Cavalier, xx. 

Sco'tia Scotland; sometimes called 
"Scotia Minor." The Venerable Bede 
tells us that Scotland was called Cale- 
donia till A.D. 258, when it was invaded 
by a tribe from Ireland, and its name 
changed to Scotia. 

Scotia Magna or Major, Ireland. 

Scotland. So called, according to 
legend, from Scota daughter of Pharaoh. 
What gives this legend especial interest 
is, that when Edward I. laid claim to the 
country as a fief of England, he pleaded 
that Brute the British king, in the days 
of Eli and Samuel, had conquered it. 
The Scotch, in their defence, pleaded 
their independence in virtue of descent 
from Scota daughter of Pharaoh. This 
is not fable, but sober history. — Rymer : 
Faedera, I. ii. (1703). 

Scotland Yard (London). So called 
from a palace which stood there for the 
reception of the king of Scotland when 
he came to England to pay homage to 
his over-lord the king of England. 

Scotland a Fief of England. 

When Edward I. laid claim to Scotland 
as a fief of the English crown, his great 
plea was that it was awarded to Adelstan 
by direct miracle, and, therefore, could 
never be alienated. His advocates seri- 
ously read from The Life and Miracles 
of St. John of Beverley this extract : 
Adelstan went to drive back the Scotch, 
who had crossed the border, and, on 
reaching the Tyne, St. John of Beverley 
appeared to him, and bade him cross the 
river at daybreak. Adelstan obeyed, and 
reduced the whole kingdom to submission. 
On reaching Dunbar, in the return march, 
Adelstan prayed that some sign might be 
giv.-n, to testify to all ages that God had 
delivered the kingdom into his hands. 



SCOTLAND'S SCOURGE. 

Whereupon he was commanded to strike 
the basaltic rock with his sword. This 
did he, and the blade sank into the rock 
"as if it had been butter," cleaving it 
asunder for "an ell or more." As the 
cleft remains to the present hour, in testi- 
mony of this miracle, why, of course, cela 
va sans dire. — Rymer: Fcedera, I. i. 771 
(1703)- 

Scotland's Scourge, Edward I. 

Scotorum Malleus (1239, 1272-1307). 
His son, Edward II., buried him in 
Westminster Abbey, where his tomb is 
. still to be seen, with the following inscrip- 
tion : — 

Edwardus Longus, Scotorum Malleus, hlc est. 
(Our Longshanks, "Scotland's Scourge," lies here.) 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xvii. (1613). 
So Longshanks, Scotland's Scourge, the land laid 
waste. 

Ditto, xxfat (1622). 

Scots [scuite, **a wanderer, a rover "J. 
the inhabitants of the western coast of 
Scotland. As this part is very hilly and 
barren, it is unfit for tillage ; and the in- 
habitants used to live a roving life on the 
produce of the chase, their chief employ- 
ment being the rearing of cattle. 

The Caledonians became divided into two distinct 
nations . . . those on the western coast which was hilly 
and barren, and those towards the east where the land 
is fit for tillage. ... As the employment of the former 
did not fix them to one place, they removed from one 
heath to another, as suited best with their convenience 
or inclination, and were called by their neighbours 
Scuite, or the " wandering nation."— Dissertation on 
the Poems o/Ossian. 

Scots (The Royal). The hundred 
cuirassiers, called hommes des armes, 
which formed the body-guard of the 
French king, were sent to Scotland in 
1633 by Louis XIII., to attend the coro- 
nation of Charles I. at Edinburgh. On 
the outbreak of the civil war, eight years 
afterwards, these cuirassiers loyally ad- 
hered to the crown, and received the title 
of " The Royal Scots." At the downfall 
of the king, the hommes des armes re- 
turned to France. 

Scott (Sir Walter), the novelist and 

poet (1771-1832). 

The Southern Scott. Ariosto is so 
called by lord Byron. 

First rose 
The Tuscan father's " comedy divine " IDantf]; 
Then, not unequal to the Floientine, 
The southern Scott, the minstrel who called forth 
A new creation with his magic line. 
And, like the Ariosto of the North [sir IV. Scoff], 
Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth. 
Byron : Childe Harold, iv. 40 (1817). 

(Dant6 was born at Florence. ) 
The Walter Scott of Belgium, Hendrick 
Conscience (nineteenth century). 



973 



SCOURGE OF GOD. 



The Swiss Walter Scott, Zoschokke 

(1771-1848). 

Scottish Anacreon (The). Alex- 
ander Scot is so called by Pinkerton. 

Scottish Boanerges ( The), Robert 
and James Haldane. Robert died 1842, 
aged 79, and James 1851. 

Scottish Chiefs (The), a novel by 
Jane Porter (1810). Robert Bruce and 
William Wallace are introduced. 

Scottish Hogarth (The), David 

Allen (1744-1796). 

Scottish Homer (The), William 
Wilkie, author of an epic poem in rhyme 
entitled The Epigoniad (1753). 

Scottish Solomon ( The), James VI. 
of Scotland, subsequently called James I. 
of England (1566, 1603-1625). 

(The French Sully more aptly called 
him ' ' The Wisest Fool in Christen- 
dom.") 

Scottish Teniers (The), sir David 

Wilkie (1785-1841). 

Scottish Theoc'ritos (The), Allan 
Ramsay (1685-1758). 

Scotus. There were two schoolmen 
of this name : (1) John Scotus Erigena, a 
native of Ireland, who died 886, in the 
reign of king Alfred ; and (2) John Duns 
Scotus, a Scotchman, who died 1308. 
Longfellow confounds these two in his 
Golden Legend when he attributes the 
Latin version of St. Dionysius the Areo- 
pagite to the latter schoolman. 

And done into Latin by that Scottish beast, 
Erigena Johannes. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend (1851). 

Scourers, a class of dissolute young 
men, often of the better class, who in- 
fested the streets of London in the seven- 
teenth century, and thought it capital fun 
to break windows, upset sedan-chairs, 
beat quiet citizens, and molest young 
women. These young blades called them- 
selves at different times, Muns, Hectors, 
Scourers, Nickers, Hawcubites, and Mo- 
hawks or Mohocks. 

Scourge of Christians (The), 
Noureddin-Mahmud of Damascus (1116- 

1174). 

Scourge cf God ( The), Attila king 
of the Huns, called Fla^ellum Dei (*, 
434-453). Gensgric king of the Vandals 
was called Vtrga Dei (*, reigned 439- 
477). 



SCOURGE OF PRINCES. 

Scourge of Princes ( The), Pietro 
Aretino of Arezzo, a merciless satirist of 
kings and princes, but very obscene and 
licentious. He called himself, "Aretino 
the Divine" (1492-1557). 

Thus Aretin of late got reputation 
By scourging kings, as Lucian did of old 
By scorning gods. 
Brooke : Inquisition upon Fame (1554-1628). 

% Suidas called Lucian " The Blas- 
phemer ; " and he added that he was 
torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety. 
Some of his works attack the heathen 
philosophy and religion. His Jupiter 
Convicted shows Jupiter to be powerless, 
and Jupiter the Tragedian shows Jupiter 
and the other gods to be myths (120- 
200). 

Scourge of Scotland, Edward I. 
Scotorum Malleus (1239, 1272-1307). 

Scrape-All, a soapy, psalm-singing 
hypocrite, who combines with Cheatly to 
supply young heirs with cash at most 
exorbitant usury. (See CHEATLY, p. 199.) 
— Shadwell: Squire of Alsaiia (1688). 

Scrape on, Gentlemen. Hadrian 
went once to the public baths, and, 
seeing an old soldier scraping himself 
with a potsherd for want of a flesh-brush, 
sent him a sum of money. Next day, 
the bath was crowded with potsherd 
scrapers ; but the emperor said when he 
saw them, "Scrape on, gentlemen, but 
you will not scrape an acquaintance with 
me." 

Scribble, an attorney's clerk, who 
tries to get married to Polly Honey- 
combe, a silly, novel-struck girl, but well 
off. He is happily foiled in his scheme, 
and Polly is saved from the consequences 
of a most unsuitable match. — Colman the 
Elder : Polly Ho7iey combe (1760). 

Scriblerus {Cornelius), father of 
Martinus. He was noted for his pe- 
dantry, and his odd whims about the 
education of his son. 

Martinus Scriblerus, a man of capacity, 
who had read everything ; but his judg- 
ment was worthless, and his taste per- 
verted. — (?) A rbulluwt : Memoirs of the 
Extraordinary Life, Works, and Dis- 
coveries of Martinus Scriblerus. 

N.B. — The e "memoirs" were in- 
tended to be the first instalment of a 
general satire on the false taste in litera- 
ture prevalent in the time of Pope. The 
only parts of any moment that were 
written of this intended series were 
Pope's Treatise of the Bathos or Art of 



973 



SCRIPTORES TRES. 



Sinking in Poetry, and his Memoirs of 
P. P., Clerk of this Parish (1727), in 
ridicule of Dr. Burnet's History of His 
Own Time. The Dunciad is, however, 
preceded by a Prolegomena, ascribed to 
Martinus Scriblerus, and contains his 
notes and illustrations on the poem, thus 
connecting this merciless satire with the 
original design. 

Scriever {Jock), the apprentice of 

Duncan Macwheeble (bailie at Tully 
Veolan to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Bradwar- 
dine baron of Bradwardine and Tully 
Veolan). — Scott: Waverley (time, George 

Scriptores Decern, a collection of 
ten ancient chronicles on English history, 
in one vol. folio, London, 1652, edited 
by Roger Twysden and John Selden. 
The volume contains : (1) Simeon Du- 
nelmensis [Simeon of Durham], Historia ; 
(2) Johannes Hagustaldensis [John of 
Hexham J, Historia Continuata ; (3) Ri- 
chardus Hagustaldensis [Richard of 
Hexham], De Gestis Regis Stephani ; (4) 
Ailredus Rievallensis [Ailred of RievalJ, 
Historia (genealogy of the kings) ; (c) 
Radulphus de Diceto [Ralph of Diceto], 
Abbreviation's Chronicorum and Ymagi' 
nes Historiarum ; (6) Johannes Bromp- 
ton, Chronicon; (7) Gervasius Doroborn- 
ensis [Gervase of Dover], Chronica, etc. 
(burning and repair of Dover Church ; 
contentions between the monks of Can- 
terbury and archbishop Baldwin ; and 
lives of the archbishops of Canterbury) ; 

(8) Thomas Stubbs (a dominican), Chro- 
nica Pontificum ecc. Eboraci [i.e. York] ; 

(9) Guihelmus Thorn Cantuariensis [of 
Canterbury], Chronica; and (10) Henri- 
cus Knighton Leicestrensis [of Leicester], 
Chronica. /The last three are chronicles 
of "pontiffs ' or archbishops.) 

Scriptores Quinque, better known 
as Scriptores post Bedam, published at 
Frankfurt, 1601, in one vol. folio, and 
containing: (1) Willielm Malmesburien- 
sis, De Gestis Regum Anglorum, Historia 
Novella, and De Gestis Pontificum An- 
glorum ; (2) Henry Huntindoniensis, 
Historia ; (3) Roger Hovedeni [Hove- 
den], Annates ; (4) Ethelwerd, Chronica, 
and (5) Ingulphus Croylandensis [of Croy- 
landj, Historia. 

Scriptores Tres, three " hypo- 
thetical " writers on ancient history, 
which Dr. Bertram professed to have 
discovered between the years 1747 and 
1757. They are called Richardus Corin- 



SCRIPTORES POST BEDAM. 974 



SCRUPLE. 



ensis [of Cirencester], De Situ Britan- 
nia; Gildas Badonfcus ; and Nennius 
Banchorensis [of Bangor]. J. E. Mayor, 
in his preface to Ricardi de Cirencestria 
Speculum Historiale, has laid bare this 
literary forgery. (See Forgers, p. 386.) 
(The title of Bertram's book is Britan- 
nicarum Gentium Histories Antigua, 
Scriptores tres. Gildas was called ' ' Ba- 
donicus " because he was born on the 
day of the battle of Baden or Bath. ) 

Scriptores post Bedam, William 
of Mahnesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, 
Roger de Hoveden, Ethel werd, Ingul- 
phus of Croyland. 

Scripture. Parson Adams's wife 
said to her husband that in her opinion 
" it was blasphemous to talk of Scriptures 
out of church." — Fielding: Joseph An" 
drews. 

A great Impression in my youth 
Was made by Mrs. Adams, where she cries, 
"That Scriptures out of church are blasphemous." 
Byron : Don yuan, xiii. 96 (1824), 

Scroggen, a poor hack author, cele- 
brated by Goldsmith in his Description of 
an Author s Bedchamber. 

Scroggens (Giles), a peasant, who 
courted Molly Brown, but died just 
before the wedding day. Molly cried 
and cried for him, till she cried herself 
asleep. Fancying that she saw Giles 
Scroggens's ghost standing at her bed- 
side, she exclaimed in terror, "What do 
you want?" "You for to come for to 
go along with me," replied the ghost. 
"I ben't dead, you fool!" said Molly; 
but the ghost rejoined, " Why, that's no 
rule." Then, clasping her round the 
waist, he exclaimed, "Come, come with 
me, ere morning beam." "I won't!" 
shrieked Molly, and woke to find " 'twas 
nothing but a dream." — A Comic Ballad. 

ScroggS (Sir William), one of the 
judges. — Sir W. Scott : Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Scrooge (Ebenezer), partner, exe- 
cutor, and heir of old Jacob Marley, 
stock-broker. When first introduced, he 
is "a squeezing, grasping, covetous old 
hunks, sharp and hard as a flint ; " with- 
out one particle of sympathy, loving no 
one, and by none beloved. One Christ- 
mas Day, Ebenezer Scrooge sees three 
ghosts : The Ghost of Christmas Past ; 
the Ghost of Christmas Present ; and the 
Ghost of Christmas To-come. The first 
takes him back to his young life, shows 
him what Christmas was to him when a 



schoolboy, and when he was an appren- 
tice; reminds him of his courting a 
young girl, whom he forsook as he grew 
rich ; and shows him that sweetheart of 
his young days married to another, and 
the mother of a happy family. The 
second ghost shows him the joyous home 
of his clerk Bob Cratchit, who has nine 
people to keep on i$s. a week, and yet 
could find wherewithal to make merry on 
this day ; it also shows him the family of 
his nephew, and of others. The third 
ghost shows him what would be his lot 
if he died as he then was, the prey of 
harpies, the jest of his friends on 'Change, 
the world's uncared-for waif. These 
visions wholly change his nature, and 
he becomes benevolent, charitable, and 
cheerful, loving all, and by all beloved. — 
Dickens: A Christmas Carol (in five 
staves, 1843). 

Scrow, the clerk of lawyer Glossin.— 
Sir IV. Scott; Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Scrub, a man-of-all-work to lady 
Bountiful. He describes his duties thus — 

Of a Monday I drive the coach, of a Tuesday I drive 
the plough, on Wednesday I follow the hounds, on 
Thursday I dun the tenants, on Friday I go to market, 
on Saturday I draw warrants, and on Sunday I draw 
beer. — Farquhar: The Beaux' Stratagem, Hi. 4(1707). 

One day, when Weston [1727-1776] was announced to 
play "Scrub," he sent to request a loan of money from 
Garrick, which was refused ; whereupon Weston did 
not put in his appearance in the green-room. So Gar- 
rick came to the foot-lights and said, " Ladies and 
gentlemen, Mr. Weston being taken suddenly ill, he is 
not capable of appearing before you this evening, and 
so with your permission I will perform the part of 
' Scrub ' in his stead." Weston, who was in the gallery 
with a sham bailiff, now hallooed out, " I am here, but 
the bailiff won't let me cornel" The audience roared 
with laughter, clamoured for Weston, insisted he should 
play "Scrub," and the manager was obliged to advance 
the loan and release the debtor.— Spirit 0/ the Public 
Journals (1825). 

Scrubin'da, the lady who " lived by 
the scouring of pots in Dyot Street, 
Bloomsbury Square." 

Oh, was I a quart, pint, or gill, 

To be scrubbed by her delicate handsl. •• 
My parlour that's next to the sky 

I'd quit, her blest mansion to share J 
So happy to live and to die 

In Dyot Street, Bloomsbury Square. 

Rhodes : Bonibastts Furiose (1790). 

Scruple, the friend of Random. He 
is too honest for a rogue, and too con- 
scientious for a rake. At Calais he met 
Harriet, the elder daughter of sir David 
Dunder of Dunder Hall, near Dover, and 
fell in love with her. Scruple subse- 
quently got invited to Dunder Hall, and 
was told that his Harriet was to be 
married next day to lord Snolt, a 
stumpy, " gummy " fogey pf five and 



SCUDAMOUR. 



975 



SEA. 



fortjr. Harriet hated the Idea, and 
agreed to elope with Scruple ; but her 
father discovered by accident the inten- 
tion, and intercepted it. However, to 
prevent scandal, he gave his consent to 
the union, and discovered that Scruple, 
both in family and fortune, was quite 
suitable for a son-in-law. — Col man : 
Ways and Means (1788). 

Scu'damour (Sir), the knight be- 
loved by Am'oret (whom Britomart de- 
livered from Busyrane the enchanter), 
and whom she ultimately married. He 
is called Scudamour from [e]scu d amour 
("the shield of love"), which he carried 
(bk. iv. 10). This shield was hung by 
golden bands in the temple of Venus, 
and under it was written — 

Blessed the man that well can use this bliss : 
Wuoseever be the shield, faire Amoret be his. 

Sir Scudamour, determined to win the 
prize, had to fight with twenty combatants, 
overthrew them all, and the shield was his. 
When he saw Amoret in the company of 
Britomart dressed as a knight, he was 
racked with jealousy, and went on his 
wanderings, accom panied by nurse Glauce 
for "his 'squire;" but somewhat later, 
seeing Britomart without her helmet, he 
felt that his jealousy was groundless (bk. 
iv. 6). His tale is told by himself (bk. 
iv. 10). — Spenser: Faerie Queene, Hi., iv. 
(1590-6). 

Sculpture (Father of French), Jean 
Goujon (1510-1572). G. Pilon is so 
called also (1515-1590). 

Scyld, the king of Denmark preceding 
Beowulf. The Anglo-Saxon epic poem 
called Beowulf (sixth century) begins 
with the death of Scyld. 

At his appointed time, Scyld deceased, rery decrepit, 
and went into the peace of the Lord. They . . . bora 
him to the sea-shore as he himself requested. . . . There 
on the beach stood the ring-prowed ship, the vehicle of 
the noble . . . ready to set out. They laid down the dear 
prince, the distributor of rings, in the bosom of the ship, 
the mighty one beside the mast . . . they set up a golden 
ensign high overhead . . . they gave him to the deep. 
Sad was their spirit, mournful their mood. — KcmiU : 
Beo-wul/(an Anglo-Saxon poem. 1833). 

Scylla and Charybdis. The 

former was a rock, in which dwelt Scylla, 
a hideous monster encompassed with dogs 
and wolves. The latter was a whirlpool, 
into which Charybdis was metamor- 
phosed. — Classic Fable. 

Scylla and Charybdis of Scot- 
land, the " Swalchie whirlpool," and the 
" Merry Men of Mey," a bed of broken 
water which boils like a witch's caldron, 
on the south side of the Stroma Channel. 



(•'Merry Men;" "men" Is a corruption 
of main in this phrase.) 

Scythian (That Brave), Darius the 
Persian. According to Herod'otos, all 
the south-east of Europe used to be called 
Scythia, and Xenophon calls the dweller! 
south of the Caspian Sea "Scythians" 
also. In fact, by Scythia was meant the 
south of Russia and west of Asia ; hence 
the Hungarians, a Tartar horde settled 
on the east coast of the Caspian, who, in 
889, crossed into Europe, are spoken of 
as "Scythians," and lord Brooke calls 
the Persians "Scythians." The reference 
below is to the following event in Persian 
history : The death of Smerdis was kept 
for a time a profound secret, and one of 
the officers about the court who resembled 
him, usurped the crown, calling himself 
brother of the late monarch. Seven of 
the high nobles conspired together, and 
slew the usurper, but it then became a 
question to which of the seven the crown 
should be offered. They did not toss for 
it, but they did much the same thing. 
They agreed to give the crown to him 
whose horse neighed first. Darius's horse 
won, and thus Darius became king of the 
Persian empire. 

That brave Scythian, 
Who found more sweetness in his horse's neighing 
Than all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing. 

Lord Brooke (1554-1628). 

N.B. — Marlowe calls Tamburlaine of 
Tartary " a Scythian." 

You shall hear the Scythian Tamburlaine 
Threatening the world with high astounding terms. 
Marlowe : Tamburlaine (prologue, 1587). 

Scythian's Name (The). Humber 
or Humbert king of the Huns invaded 
England during the reign of Locrin, 
some 1000 years B.C In his flight, he 
was drowned in the river Abus, which 
has ever since been called the Humber, 
after "the Scythian's name." — Geoffrey: 
British History, ii. 2 (1142) ; and Milton: 
History of England. 

Or Humber loud that keeps the Scythian's name. 
Milton : Vacation Exercise (1637). 

Sea ( The Great). The Mediterranean 
was so called by the ancients. 

Sea ( The Waterless). Prester John, in 
his letter to Manuel Comnenus emperor 
of Constantinople, says that in his country 
there is a " waterless sea," which none 
have ever crossed. It consists of tumbling 
billows of sand, never at rest, and contains 
fish of most excellent flavour. 

Three days' journey from the coast of 
the Sand Sea is a mountain whence rolls 
down a " waterless river," consisting of 



SEA-BORN CITY. 

Email stones, which crumble into sand 
when they reach the " sea." 

Near the Sand Sea is a fountain called 
Mussel, because it is contained in a basin 
like a mussel-shell. This is a test foun- 
tain. Those who test it, strip off their 
clothes, and, if true and leal, the water 
rises three times, till it covers their head. 

Sea- Born City ( The), Venice. 

Sea-Captain {The), a drama by lord 
Lytton (1839). Norman, " the sea-cap- 
tain," was the son of lady Arundel by her 
first husband, who was murdered. He 
was born three days after his father's 
murder, and was brought up by Onslow, 
a village priest. At 14 he went to sea, 
and became the captain of a man-of-war. 
Lady Arundel married again, and had 
another son named Percy. She wished 
to ignore Norman, and to settle the title 
and estates on Percy, but it was not to be. 
Norman and Percy both loved Violet, a 
ward of lady Arundel. Violet, however, 
loved Norman only. A scheme laid to 
murder Norman failed ; at the end Nor- 
man was acknowledged by his mother, re- 
conciled to his brother, and married Violet. 

Sea-Girt Isle ( The), Great Britain. 

Sea-Green Robespierre. So Car- 

lyle calls Robespierre. The epithet was 
borrowed from Shakespeare. 

Armando. Of what complexion was Delilah T 
Moth. Of th sea-water green, sir. 

Love's Labour's Lost, act L sc. 2 (1594). 

(Delilah was called sea-green because 
she was jealous, and Robespierre was 
jealous of Danton. The whole of Carlyle's 
French Revolution is in imitation of the 
Renaissant period, the worst style possible 
— neither poetry nor prose. It is well 
that it has found no. imitators. ) 

Sea-King's Daughter from over 
the Sea. So Tennyson call the princess 
of Wales, in his Welcome to Alexandra 
(March 7, 1863). 

Sea of Sedge {The), the Red Sea. 
This sea so abounds with sedge that in the 
Hebrew Scriptures it is called ' ' The Weedy 
or Sedgy Sea." Milton refers to it ; he says 
the rebel angels were numberless as the 

. . . scattered sedge 
Aflote, when the fierce winds Orioa armed 
Hath vexed the Red Sea coast. 

Milton : Paradise Last, I. 304 (1665). 

Sea of Stars, the source of the Yellow 
River, in Thibet ; so called because of the 
unusual sparkle of the waters. 

Like a sea of stars, 
Th* hundred sources of Hoangho {the YelUrw River\ 
Southty: Thabala the Qestroytr. vL 12 (1797). 



976 



SEASONS. 



Seaforth (The earl of), a royalist in 

the service of king Charles I. — Sir W. 
Scott : Legend of Montrose (rime, Charles 

Seasons (The), a descriptive poem in 
blank verse, by James Thomson, " Win- 
ter" (1726), "Summer "(1727), "Spring" 
(1728), "Autumn" (1730). "Winter" 
is inscribed to the earl of Wilming- 
ton ; "Summer" to Mr. Doddington; 
"Spring" to the countess of Hereford; 
and "Autumn" to Mr. Onslow. 

(1) In "Winter," after describing the 
season, the poet introduces his episode of 
a traveller lost in a snowstorm, " the 
creeping cold lays him along the snow, 
a stiffened corse," of wife, of children, 
and of friend unseen. The whole book 
contains 1069 lines. 

(2) "Summer" begins with a descrip- 
tion of the season, and the rural pursuits 
of haymaking and sheep-shearing ; 
passes on to the hot noon, when " nature 
pants, and every stream looks languid." 
After describing the tumultuous character 
of the season in the torrid zone, he returns 
to England, and describes a thunder- 
storm, in which Celadon and Amelia are 
overtaken. The thunder growls, the 
lightnings flash, louder and louder crashes 
the aggravated roar, " convulsing heaven 
and earth." The maiden, terrified, clings 
to her lover for protection. " Fear not, 
sweet innocence," he says. " He who 
involves yon skies in darkness ever 
smiles on thee. 'Tis safety to be near 
thee, sure, and thus to clasp perfection." 
As he speaks the words, a flash of light- 
ning strikes the maid, and lays her a 
blackened corpse at the young man's feet. 
The poem concludes with the more peace- 
ful scenery of a summer's evening, when 
the story of Damon and Musidora is 
introduced. Damon had long loved the 
beautiful Musidora, but met with scant 
encouragement. One summer's evening, 
he accidentally came upon her bathing, 
and the respectful modesty of his love so 
won upon the damsel that she wrote 
upon a tree, " Damon, the time may 
come when you need not fly." The 
whole book contains 1804 lines. 

(3) In "Spring" the poet describes its 
general features, and its influence on the 
vegetable and animal world. He de- 
scribes a garden with its haram of flowers, 
a grove with its orchestra of song-birds 
making melody in their love, the rough 
world of brutes furious and fierce with 
their strong desire, and lastly man tern- 



SEATONIAN PRIZE. 

pered by its infusive influence. The book 
contains 1173 lines. 

(4) In " Autumn" we are taken to the 
harvest-field, where the poet introduces 
a story similar to that of Ruth and Boaz. 
His Ruth he calls " Lavinia," and his 
Boaz "Palemon." He then describes 
partridge and pheasant shooting, hare 
and fox hunting, all of which he con- 
demns. After luxuriating in the orchard 
and vineyard, he speaks of the emigration 
of birds, the falling of the sear and yellow 
leaf, and concludes with a eulogy of 
country life. The whole book contains 
137 1 lines. 

•.* It is much to be regretted that the 
poet's order has not been preserved. The 
arrangement of the seasons into Spring, 
Summer, Autumn, and Winter, is un- 
natural, and mars the harmony of the 
poet's plan. 

Seatonian Prize. The Rev. Thomas 
Seaton, Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge 
University, bequeathed the rents of his 
Kislingbury estate for a yearly prize of 
£40 to the best English poem on a 
sacred subject announced in January, and 
sent in on or before September 29 follow- 
ing. 

Shall hoary Granta call her sable son* . . . 
Shall these approach the Muse ? Ah, no ! she Ales, 
And even spurns the great Seatonian prize. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Sebastes of Mytile'ne (4 syl.), 

the assassin in the " Immortal Guards." — 
Sir W. Scott : Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

SEBASTIAN, a young gentleman of 
Messaline, brother to Viola. They were 
twins, and so much alike that they could 
not be distinguished except by their dress. 
Sebastian and his sister being shipwrecked, 
escaped to Illyria. Here Sebastian was 
mistaken for his sister (who had assumed 
man's apparel), and was invited by the 
countess Olivia to take shelter in her 
house from a street broil. Olivia was in 
love with Viola, and thinking Sebastian 
to be the object of her love, married him. 
—Shakespeare: Twelfth Night (1614). 

Sebastian, brother of Alonso king of 
Naples, in The Tempest (1609). 

Sebastian, father of Valentine and 
AWce.— Fletcher: Mons. Thomas (1619). 

Sebastian, a name adopted by sir 
Henry Ponsonby, in his contributions to 
Notes and Queries. (Died 1894.) 

Sebastian [Don), king of Portugal, is 



977 



SECRET HILL. 



defeated in battle and taken prisoner by 
the Moors (1574). He is saved from 
death by Dorax a noble Portuguese, 
then a renegade in the court of the 
emperor of Barbary. The train being 
dismissed, Dorax takes off his turban, 
assumes his Portuguese dress, and is 
recognized as Alonzo of Alcazar. — Dry- 
den: Don Sebastian (1690). 

The quarrel and reconciliation of Sebastian and 
Dorax [alias Alonzo of Alcazar] is a masterly copy 
from a similar scene between Brutus and Cassius [in 
Shakespeare's Julius Casar\ — R. Chambers: 
English Literature, i. 380. 

Don Sebastian, a name of terror to 
Moorish children. 

Nor shall Sebastian's formidable namo 
Be longer used to still the crying babe. 

Dryden : Don Sebastian (1690). 

Sebastian (Don), or "The House of 
Braganza," a romance by Anna Maria 
Porter (1800). 

Sebastian I. of Brazil, who fell in 

the battle of Alcazarquebir in 1578. The 
legend is that he is not dead, but is 
patiently biding the fulness of time, 
when he will return, and make Brazil the 
chief kingdom of the earth. (See Bar- 

BAROSSA, p. 88.) 

The same is said of Arthur, Barbarossa 
(o.v.), Bobadil, Charlemagne, Desmond, 
Henry the Fowler, Ogier, Theodorick, 
and some others. 

In fact, in parts of France It is supposed that 
Napoleon will come again to restore the kingdom to 
its glory. And when Louis Napoleon consulted the 
plebiscite, many voted in his favour, under the notion 
that he was his uncle. 

Sebastoc'rator (The), the chief 
officer of state in the empire of Greece. 
Same as Protosebastos. — Sir IV. Scott.' 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Sebile (2 syl.), la Dame du Iac, in 
the romance called Perceforest. Her 
castle was surrounded by a river, on 
which rested so thick a fog that no one 
could see across it. Alexander the 
Great abode with her a fortnight to be 
cured of his wounds, and king Arthur 
was the result of this amour (vol. i. 42). 

Second Nun's Tale (The), in 
Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. (For the 
tale, see St. Cecili, p. 948. ) 

Secret Hill (The). Ossian said to 
Oscar, when he resigned to him the 
command of the morrow's battle, " Be 
thine the secret hill to-night," referring 
to the Gaelic custom of the commander 
of an army retiring to a secret hill the 
night before a battle, to hold communion 
3 * 



SECRET TRIBUNAL. 



979 



SEICENTO. 



with the ghosts of departed heroes.— 
Ossian: Cathlin of Clutha. 

Secret Tribunal ( The), the count of 
the Holy Vehme.— Sir W. Scott: Ann* 
of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Secrets. The Depository of the Secrets 

of all the World was the inscription over 
one of the brazen portals of Fakreddin's 
valley.— Beckford : Vathek (1784). 

Secrets ( The Revealer of). (See under 
RING, The Steel Ring, p. 916.) 

Sede, in Voltaire's tragedy of Mahomet, 
was the character in which Talma, the 
great French tragedian, made his dibut in 
1787. 

Sedgwick (Doomsday), William 
Sedgwick, a fanatical " prophet " in the 
Commonwealth, who pretended that it 
had been revealed to him in a vision 
that the day of doom was at hand. 

Sedillo, the licentiate with whom 
Gil Bias took service as a footman. 
Sedillo was a gouty old gourmand of 69. 
Being ill, he sent for Dr. Sangrado, 
who took from him six porringers of 
blood every day, and dosed him in- 
cessantly with warm water, giving him 
two or three pints at a time, saying, " A 
patient cannot be blooded too much ; for 
it is a great error to suppose that blood 
is needful for the preservation of life. 
Warm water," he maintained, " drunk in 
abundance, is the true specific in all 
distempers." When the licentiate died 
under this treatment, the doctor insisted 
it was because his patient had neither 
lost blood enough nor drunk enough 
warm water. — Lesage: Gil Bias, ii. 1, a 
(i7i5)- 

Sedley (Mr.), a wealthy London 
stock-broker, brought to ruin by the 
fall of the Funds just prior to the battle 
of Waterloo. The old merchant then 
tried to earn a meagre pittance by selling 
wine, coals, or lottery-tickets by com- 
mission, but his bad wine and cheap 
coals found but few customers. 

Mrs. Sedley, wife of Mr. Sedley. A 
homely, kind-hearted, bonny, motherly 
woman in her prosperous days, but 
•oured by adversity, and quick to take 
offence. 

Amelia Sedley, daughter of the stock- 
broker, educated at Miss Pinkerton's 
academy, Chiswick Mall, and engaged 
to captain George Osborne, son of a rich 
London merchant. After the ruin of 



old Sedley, George married Amelia, and 
was disinherited by his father. He was 
adored by his young wife, but fell on 
the field of Waterloo. Amelia then 
returned to her father, and lived in great 
indigence, but captain Dobbin greatly 
loved her, and did much to relieve her 
worst wants. Captain Dobbin rose in 
his profession to the rank of colonel, and 
then married the young widow. 

Joseph Sedley, a collector, of Boggley 
Wollah ; a fat, sensual, conceited dandy, 
vain, shy, and vulgar. " His excellency " 
fled from Brussels on the day of the battle 
between Napoleon and Wellington, and 
returned to Calcutta, where he bragged 
of his brave deeds, and made it appear 
that he was Wellington's right hand ; 
so that he obtained the sobriquet of 
" Waterloo Sedley." He again returned 
to England, and became the "patron" 
of Becky Sharp (then Mrs. Rawdon 
Crawley, but separated from her hus- 
band). This lady proved a terrible 
dragon, fleeced him of all his money, 
and in six months he died under very 
suspicious circumstances. — Thackeray : 
Vanity Fair (1848). 

Sedley (Sir Charles), in the court of 
Charles IL— Sir W. Scott: Woodstock 
(time, Commonwealth). 

See, the Conquering" Hero 
Comes ! This song stands at the open- 
ing of act ii. of Alexander the Great, a 
tragedy by N. Lee (1678). 

(Set to music by Handel, and intro- 
duced in the oratorio of Judas Maccabceus, 
1743) 

Seelencooper (Captain), superin- 
tendent of the military hospital at Ryde. 
— Sir W. Scott : The Surgeon's Daughter 
(time, George II.). 

Seer (The Ploughkeepsie), Andrew 
Jackson Davis. 

Seg*onti'ari, inhabitants of parts of 
Hampshire and Berkshire, referred to in 
the Commentaries of Caesar. 

Seicen'to (3 syl.), the sixteenth and 
seventeenth centuries of Italian notables, 
the period of bad taste and degenerate 
art. The degraded art is termed Seicen- 
tista, and the notables of the period the 
Seicentisti. The style of writing was 
inflated and bombastic, and that of art 
was what is termed " rococo." The chief 
poet was Marini (1569-1615), the chief 
painter Caravaggio (1569-1609), the chief 



SEIDEL-BECKIR, 

sculptor Bernini (i 593-1680), and the 
chief architect Borromini (1599-1667). 

Seidel-Beckir, the most famous of 
all talismanists. He made three of ex- 
traordinary power : viz. a little golden 
fish, which would fetch from the sea 
whatever was desired of it ; a poniard, 
which rendered the person who bore it 
invisible, and all others whom he wished 
to be so ; and a steel ring, which enabled 
the wearer to read the secrets of another's 
heart. — Comte de Caylus : Oriental Tales 
("The Four Talismans," 1743). 

Seine (1 syl. ), put for Paris. Tenny- 
son calls the red republicanism of Paris, 
" The red fool-fury of the Seine." 

Setting the Seine on fire. The Seine is 
a drag-net as well as a river. Hence 
drag-men are called in French les pecheurs 
a la seine. " He'll never set the Thames 
on fire " is a similar pun, a temse being a 
sieve for sifting flour, as well as the river 
(French tami s, Italian tamiso, "a sieve," 
verb tamisare, " to sift"). 

Sejanus (AZlius), a minister of 
Tiberius, and commander of the praetorian 
guards. His affability made him a great 
favourite. In order that he might be 
the foremost man of Rome, all the 
children and grandchildren of the em- 
peror were put to death under sundry 
pretences. Drusus, the son of Tiberius, 
then fell a victim. Sejanus next persuaded 
the emperor to retire, and Tiberius went 
to Campania ; but when the administra- 
tor assumed the title of emperor, Tiberius, 
roused from his lethargy, accused him of 
treason. The senate condemned him to 
be strangled, and his remains, being 
treated with ttie grossest contumely, were 
kicked into the Tiber, a.d. 31. 

(This was the subject of Ben Jonson's 
first historical play, entitled Sejanus, 
1603.) 

Sejjin or Sejn, the record of all 
evil deeds, whether by men or the genii, 
kept by the recording angel. It also 
means that dungeon beneath the seventh 
earth, where Eblis and his companions 
are confined. 

Verily, the register of the deeds of the wicked la 
surely in Sejjin. — Sale : A I Kordn, lxxxiii. 

Selborne {Earl of). (See Palmer, 
Roundell, p. 798.) 

Selby (Captain), an officer in the 
guards. — Sir W. Scott : Ptveril of tkt 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 



979 SELIM. 

Self-denying Ordinance (The), 
the name given to an Act passed by the 
Long Parliament (December 9, 1644), by 
which the members bound themselves not 
to accept certain posts, particularly com- 
mands in the army. 

IT A somewhat similar ordinance was 
adopted by the Melbourne Parliament 
in 1858. 

IT The name was given also to an 
arrangement made respecting British 
naval promotions and retirements in 1870. 

SELIM, son of Abdallah, who was 
murdered by his brother Giaffir (pacha of 
Aby'dos). After the death of his brother, 
Giaffir (2 syl. ) took Selim under his 
charge and brought him up, but treated 
him with considerable cruelty. Giaffir 
had a daughter named Zuleika (3 syl.), 
with whom Selim fell in love ; but 
Zuleika thought he was her brother. As 
soon as Giaffir discovered the attachment 
of the two cousins, he informed his 
daughter that he intended her to marry 
Osmyn Bey ; but Zuleika eloped with 
Selim, the pacha pursued after them, Selim 
was shot, Zuleika killed herself, and 
Giaffir was left childless and alone,— 
Byron : Bride of Abydos (1813). 

Selim, son of Acbar. Jehanguire was 
called Selim before his accession to the 
throne. He married Nourmahal the 
" Light of the Haram," but a coolness 
rose up between them. One night, Nour- 
mahal entered the sultan's banquet-room 
as a lute-player, and so charmed young 
Selim that he exclaimed, " If Nourmahal 
had so sung, I could have forgiven her ! " 
It was enough. Nourmahal threw off 
her disguise, and became reconciled to 
her husband. — Moore : Lalla Rookk 
(" Light of the Haram," 1817). 

Selim, son of the Moorish king of 
Algiers. [Horush] Barbarossa, the Greek 
renegade, having made himself master 
of Algiers, slew the reigning king, but 
Selim escaped. After the lapse of seven 
years, he returned, under the assumed 
name of Achmet, and headed an uprising 
of the Moors. The insurgents succeeded, 
Barbarossa was slain, the widowed queen 
Zaphira was restored to her husband's 
throne, and Selim her son married Iren6 
the daughter of Barbarossa. — J. Brown : 
Barbarossa (1742 or 1755). 

Selim, friend of Etan (the supposed 
son of Zamti the mandarin). — Murphy: 
The Orphan of China (1759). 



SELIMA. 



980 



SEMPRONIUa 



Sel'ima, daughter of Bajazet sultan 
of Turkey, in love with prince Axalla, 
but promised by her father in marriage 
to Omar. When Selima refused to marry 
Omar, Bajazet would have slain her ; but 
Tamerlane commanded both Bajazet and 
Omar to be seized. So every obstacle 
was removed from the union of Selima 
and Axalla. — Rowe: Tamerlane (1702). 

Sel'ima, one of the six Wise Men from 
the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
— Klopstock : The Messiah, v. (1771). 

Se'lith, one of the two guardian 
angels of the Virgin Mary and of John 
the Divine. — Klopstock: The Messiah, ix. 
(i77i)- * 

Sellock (Cisly).^9. servant-girl in the 
service of lady and sir Geoffrey Peveril 
of the Peak.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II. ). 

Selma, the royal residence of Fingal, 
in Morven (north-west coast of Scotland). 

Selma, thy halls are silent. There is no sound in the 
woods of Morven.— Ossian: Lathmon. 

Selvagfgio, the father of sir Industry, 
and the hero of Thomson's Castle of 
Indolence. 

In Fairy-land there lived a knight of old, 
Of feature stern, Selvaggio well y-clept ; 

A rough, unpolished man, robust and bold. 
But wondrous poor. He neither sowed nor reaped | 
Ne stores in summer for cold winter heaped. 

In hunting all his days away he wore — 
Now scorched by June, now in November steeped. 

Now pinched by biting January sore, 
He still in woods pursued the libbard and the boar. 
Thomson : Castle 0/ Indolence, ii. 5 (1745). 

Sem'ele (3 syl.), ambitious of enjoy- 
ing Jupiter in all his glory, perished 
from the sublime effulgence of the god. 
This is substantially the tale of the 
second story of T. Moore's Loves of the 
Angels. Liris {q.v.) requested her angel 
lover to come to her in all his angelic 
brightness ; but was burnt to ashes as she 
fell into his embrace. 

For majesty gives nought to subjects, . • • 
A royal smile, a guinea's glorious rays. 
Like Simele, would kill us with its blaze. 

Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcot]: ProgrtSStf 
Admiration (1809). 

Semi'da, the young man, the only 
son of a widow, raised from the dead by 
Jesus, as he was being carried from the 
walls of Nain. He was deeply in love 
with Cidli, the daughter of Jairus. 

He was in the bloom of life. His hair hung in curls 
on his shoulders, and he appeared as beautiful as David 
when.sitting by the stream of Bethlehem, he was ravished 
at the voice of God.— Klopstock : The Messiah, iv. 
(I77i). 

Semir'amis, queen of Assyria, wife 
of Ninus. She survived her husband, 



and reigned. The glory of her reign 
stands out so prominently that she quite 
eclipses all the monarchs of ancient 
Assyria. After a reign of forty-two 
years, she resigned the crown to her son 
Ninyas, and took her flight to heaven in 
the form of a dove. Semiramis was the 
daughter of DercSto the fish-goddess 
and a Syrian youth. Being exposed in 
infancy, she was brought up by doves. 

Semiramis of the North, Mar- 
garet, daughter of Waldemar III. of 
Denmark. At the death of her father, 
she succeeded him ; by the death of her 
husband, Haco VIII. king of Norway, 
she succeeded to that kingdom also ; and 
having conquered Albert of Sweden, she 
added Sweden to her empire. Thus was 
she queen of Denmark, Norway, and 
Sweden (1353-1412). 

Semiramis of the North, Catha- 
rine of Russia, a powerful and ambitious 
sovereign ; but licentious, sensual, and 
very immoral (1729-1796). 

Semkail, the angel of the winds and 
waves. 

I keep the winds in awe with the hand which you see 
in the air, and prevent the wind Haidee from coming 
forth. If I gave it freedom, it would reduce the universe 
to powder. With my other hand I hinder the sea from 
overflowing, without which precaution it would cover 
the face of the whole earth. — Comte de Cay his: 
Oriental Tales (" History of Abdal Motalleb," 1743). 

Semo {Son of), Cuthullin general of 
the Irish tribes. 

Sempro'nius, one of the "friends" 
of Timon of Athens, and "the first man 
that e'er received a gift from him." 
When Timon sent to borrow a sum of 
money of "his friend," he excused him- 
self thus: "As Timon did not think 
proper to apply to me first, but asked 
others before he sent to me, I consider 
his present application an insult." " Go," 
said he to the servant, " and tell your 
master — 

Who bates mine honour shall not know my coin." 
Shakespeare: Timon of Athens, act iii. sc. 3 (1600). 

Sempro'nius, a treacherous friend of 
Cato while in Utlca. Sempronius tried 
to mask his treason by excessive zeal 
and unmeasured animosity against Caesar, 
with whom he was acting in alliance. 
He loved Marcia, Cato's daughter, but 
his love was not honourable love ; and 
when he attempted to carry off the lady 
by force, he was slain by Juba the 
Numidian prince. — Addison : Cato (1713). 

I'll conceal 
Mythoughts in passion, 'tis the surest way. 
Ill bellow out for Rome and for my country. 



SENANUS. 



981 SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY. 



And mouth at Caesar till I skake the 
Your cold hypocrisy's a stale device, 
A worn-out trick. 



Act Li. 



Sena'nus (St.), the saint who fled 
to the island of Scattery, and resolved 
that no woman should ever step upon the 
isle. An angel led St. Can'ara to the 
isle, but Senanus refused to admit her. — 
Moore: Irish Melodies ("St. Senanus 
and the Lady," 1814). 

Sen'eca ( The Christian), bishop Hall 
of Norwich (1574-1656). 

Sene'na (3 syl.), a Welsh maiden in 
love with Car'adoc. She dressed in boy's 
clothes, and, under the assumed name of 
Mervyn, became the page of the princess 
Goervyl. This did she that she might 
follow her lover to America, when Madoc 
colonized Caer-Madoc. Senena was 
promised in marriage to another; but 
when the wedding-day arrived and all was 
ready, the bride was nowhere to be found. 

. . . she doffed 
Her bridal robes, and dipt her golden locks, 
And put on boy's attire, thro' wood and wild 
To seek her own true love ; and over sea. 
Forsaking all for him, she followed him. 

Soutkey : Madoc, ii. 23 (1805). 

Sennacherib, called by the Orien- 
tals king Moussal. — D' Her be lot ; Notes to 
the Kordn (seventeenth century). 

(One of the best sacred lyrics in the 
language is Byron's Destruction of Senna- 
cherib's Army.) 

Sennamar, a very skilful architect 
who built at Hirah, for Ndman-al-A6uar 
king of Hirah, a most magnificent palace. 
In order that he might not build another 
equal or superior to it for some other 
monarch, N6man cast him headlong from 
the highest tower of the building. — 
D Herbelot: Bibliotheque Orientate (1697). 

If A parallel tale is told of Neim'heid 
(2 syl.), who employed four architects to 
build for him a palace in Ireland, and 
then, jealous lest they should build one 
like it or superior to it for another 
monarch, he had them all privately put 
to death. — O' Halloran : History of 
Ireland. 

Sense and Sensibility, a novel by 
Jane Austen (181 1). 

Sensitive (Lord), a young nobleman 
of amorous proclivities, who marries 
Sabina Rosny, a French refugee, in 
Padua, but leaves her, more from reck- 
lessness than wickedness. He comes to 
England and pays court to lady Ruby, 
a rich young widow; but lady Rubv 
knows of his marriage to the young 



French girl, and so hints at it that his 
lordship, who is no libertine, and has a 
great regard for his honour, sees that his 
marriage is known, and tells lady Ruby 
he will start without delay to Padua, 
and bring his young wife home. This, 
however, was not needful, as Sabina was 
at the time the guest of lady Ruby. She 
is called forth, and lord Sensitive openly 
avows her to be his wife. — Cumberland : 
First Love (1796). 

Sentimental Journey (The), by 
Laurence Sterne (1768). It was intended 
to be sentimental sketches of a tour 
through Italy in 1764, but he died soon 
after completing the first part. The 
tourist lands at Calais, and the first 
incident is his interview with a poor 
monk of St. Francis, who begged alms 
for his convent. Sterne refused to give 
anything, but his heart smote him for his 
churlishness to the meek old man. From 
Calais he goes to Montriul (Montreuil- 
sur-Mer), and thence to Nampont, near 
Cressy. Here occurred the incident, which 
is one of the most touching of all the 
sentimental sketches, that of "The Dead 
Ass." His next stage was Amiens, and 
thence to Paris. While looking at the 
Bastille, he heard a voice crying, " I can't 
get out ! I can't get out ! " He thought 
it was a child, but it was only a caged 
starling. This led him to reflect on the 
delights of liberty and the miseries of 
captivity. Giving reins to his fancy, he 
imaged to himself a prisoner who for 
thirty years had been confined in a dun- 
geon, during all which time "he had 
seen no sun, no moon, nor had the voice 
of kinsman breathed through his lattice." 
Carried away by his feelings, he burst 
into tears, for he " could not sustain the 
picture of confinement which his fancy 
had drawn." While at Paris, our tourist 
visited Versailles, and introduces an in- 
cident which he had witnessed some years 
previously at Rennes, in Brittany. It 
was that of a marquis reclaiming his 
sword and" patent of nobility." Any 
nobleman in France who engaged in 
trade, forfeited his rank; but there was 
a law in Brittany that a nobleman of 
reduced circumstances might deposit his 
sword temporarily with the local magis- 
tracy, and if better times dawned upon 
him, he might reclaim it. Sterne was 
present at one of these interesting cere- 
monies. A marquis had laid down his 
sword to mend his fortune by trade, and 
after a successful career at Marriiiicio for 



SENTINEL AND ST. PAUL'S. 98a 

twenty years, returned home, and re- 
claimed it. On receiving his deposit from 
the president, he drew it slowly from the 
scabbard, and, observing a spot of rust 
near the point, dropped a tear on it. As 
he wiped the blade lovingly, he remarked, 
" I shall find some other way to get it 
off." Returning to Paris, our tourist 
starts for Italy ; but the book ends with 
his arrival at Moulines (Moulins). Some 
half a league from this city he encountered 
Maria, whose pathetic story had been 
told him by Mr. Shandy. She had lost 
her goat when Sterne saw her, but had 
instead a little dog named Silvio, led by 
a string. She was sitting under a poplar, 
playing on a pipe her vespers to the 
Virgin. Poor Maria had been crossed in 
love, or, to speak more strictly, the cur6 
of Moulines had forbidden her banns, and 
the maiden lost her reason. Her story is 
exquisitely told, and Sterne says, " Could 
the traces be ever worn out of her brain, 
and those of Eliza out of mine, she should 
not only eat of my bread and drink of my 
cup, but Maria should lie in my bosom, 
and be unto me as a daughter." 

Sentinel and St. Paul's Clock 

( The). The sentinel condemned to death 
by court-martial for falling asleep on his 
watch, but pardoned because he affirmed 
that he heard St. Paul's clock strike 
thirteen instead of twelve, was John 
Hatfield, who died at the age of 10a, 
June, 1770. 

Sentry [Captain), one of the members 
of the club under whose auspices the 
Spectator was professedly issued. 

September Massacre [The), the 
slaughter of loyalists confined in the 
Abbaye. This massacre took place in 
Paris between September 2 and 5. 1792, 
on receipt of the news of the capture of 
Verdun. The number of victims was 
not less than 1200, and some place it as 
high as 4000. 

Un nomme Septentbrisseurs ceux qui accomplirent 
les massacres.— BouilUt: Dictionnaire Historique, 
etc., p. 1747. 



September the Third was Crom- 
well's day. On September 3, 1650, he 
won the battle of Dunbar. On Sep- 
tember 3, 1651, he won the battle of 
Worcester. On September 3, 1658, he 
died. 

Serab, the Arabic word for the Fata 
morgana. (See Quintus Curtius : De 
Rebus Alexandri, vii.) 

The Arabic word serdb signifies that false appear- 
ance which, In Eastern countries, Is often seen in sandy 



SERBONIAN BOO. 

plains about noon, resembling: a large lake of water In 
motion. It is occasioned by the reverberation of the 
sunbeams. It sometimes tempts thirsty travellers out 
of their way, but deceives them when they come near, 
either going forward or quit* vanishing.— S*U : At 
Kordn, xxiv. notes. 

The actions of unbelievers are like the serab of the 
plain ; he who is thirsty takes it for water, and finds it 
deceit.-^/ Kordn. 

Seraphic Doctor (The), St. Bona- 
ventura, placed by DantS among the 
saints of his Paradiso (1221-1274). 

Seraphic Saint ( The), St. Francis 
d'Assisi (1182-1226). 



Of all the saints, St. Francis ' 
and gentle.— Dean Miltnan. 



1 the most blameless 



Seraphim {The), a poem by Mrs. 
Browning (1838). A mystical Passion- 
play. The time is the Crucifixion, and 
the angels (except the two seraphs, Ador 
and Zerah) have departed to the earth. 
The two seraphs are supposed to be out- 
side the gate of heaven. 

Seraphina Arthur et (Miss), a 
papist. Her sister is Miss Angelica 
Arthttret.— Sir W. Scott; Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Serapion, priest of Isis. — Dryden : 
All for Love (1678). 

Sera pis, an Egyptian deity, sym- 
bolizing the Nile, and fertility in general. 

Seraskier' (3 syl. ), a name given by 
the Turks to a general of division, 
generally a pacha with two or three 
tails. (Persian, seri asker, " head of the 
army.") 

. . . three thousand Moslems perished here. 
And sixteen bayonets pierced the seraskier. 

Byron : Don Juan, viii. 81 (1834). 

Serb, a Servian or native of Servia. 

Serbonian Bog (The). Serbon 
was a lake a thousand miles in compass, 
between mount Ca'sius and the city of 
Damietta, one of the eastern mouths of 
the Nile. The Serbonian Bog was sur- 
rounded on all sides by hills of loose 
sand, and the sand, carried into it by high 
winds, floated on the surface, and looked 
like a solid mass. Herodotos (Greek 
History, ii. 6) tells us that whole armies, 
deceived by the appearance, have been 
engulfed in the bog. 

A gulf profound as that Serbonian Bog 
Betwixt Damiata (3 syl.) and mount Casius old, 
Where armies whole have sunk. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, ii. 59s. etc. (1665). 

N.B.— Diodorus Siculus (Bibliotheca 
Historia, i. 30) says, "Many, missing 
their way, have been swallowed up in this 
bog, together with whole armies." Dr. 
Smith says, " When Darius Ochus was 



SEREMENES. 

on his way to Egypt, this bog was the 
scene of at least a partial dies' ruction of 
the Persian army." (See also Lucan : 
Pharsalia, viii. 539 ; Classical Dictionary, 
article "Serbonis Lacus.") 

Sereme'nes (4 syl.), brother-in-law 
of king Sardanapalus, to whom he en- 
trusts his signet-ring to put down the 
rebellion headed by Arbaces the Mede 
and Belesis the Chaldean soothsayer. 
Seremen€s was slain in a battle with the 
insurgents. — Byron : Sardanapalus ( 1819). 

Serena, allured by the mildness of 
Ihe weather, went into the fields to gather 
wild flowers for a garland, when she was 
attracted by the Blatant Beast, who 
carried her off in its mouth. Her cries 
attracted to the spot sir Calidore, who 
compelled the beast to drop its prey.— 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, vi. 3(1596). 

Serendib, now called Ceylon. When 
Adam and Eve were cast down from 
paradise, Adam fell on the isle of Seren- 
dib, and Eve near Joddah, in Arabia. 
After the lapse of 200 years, Adam joined 
Eve, and lived in Ceylon. 

We passed several islands, amongst others the Island 
of Bells, distant about ten days sail from that of 
Serendib. —Arabian Nights (" Sinbad," sixth 
voyage). 

• . • A print of Adam's foot is shown on 
Pico de Adam, in the island of Seren- 
dib or Ceylon. According to the Koran, 
the garden of Eden was not on our earth 
at all, but in the seventh heaven. — Ludo- 
vico Marracci : Al Koran, 24 (1698). 

Sergis (Sir), the attendant on IrSna. 
H'' informs sir Artegal that Irena is the 
captive of Grantorto, who has sworn to 
take her life within ten days, unless some 
knight will volunteer to be her champion, 
and in single combat prove her innocent 
of the crime laid to her charge. — Spenser : 
Faerie Queene, v. 11 (1596). 

Sergius, a Nestorian monk, said to 
be the same as Buhcira, who resided at 
Bosra, in Syria. This monk, we are told, 
helped Mahomet in writing the Kordn. 
Some say it was Said or Felix Boheira, 

Boheira's name, in the books of Christian!, h 
Sergius.— Masudi : History, 24 (A.D. 956). 

Serian Worms, silkworms from 
Serlcum (China), the country of the Seres ; 
hence, serlea veslis, "a silk dress." 

No Serian worms he knows, that with their thread 
Draw out their silken lives ; nor silken pride ; 

U U lambs' warm fleece well fits his little need, 
P»» — ;t"« nroud Sidonian tincture dyed. 

«*4*cr-' !"«■- Purtit liUmd, a*. (fOJf). 



<*3 



SERPENT D'ISABIT, 



Seri'na, daughter of lord Acasto, 
plighted to Chamont (the brother of 
Monimia "the orphan"). — Otway : The 
Orphan (1680). 

Seriswattee, the Janus of Hindu 

mythology. 

Sermons by Dr. Isaac Barrow (1685). 
One of these sermons took three hours 
and a half in delivery. 

Charles II. called Barrow an unfair preacher, 
"because he so exhausted his subject, as to leave 
nothing for others to say." 

Serpent (A), emblem of the tribe of 
Dan. In the old church at Totness is 
a stone pulpit divided into compartments, 
containing shields decorated with the 
several emblems of the Jewish tribes, of 
which this is one. 

Dan shall be a serpent by the way, an adder in the 
path, that biteth the horse's heels, so that his rider 
shall fall backward.— Gen. xlix. 17. 

(For Lucan's list of African Serpents, 
see Pharsalia, p. 835.) 

The Serpent and Satan. There is an 
Arabian tradition that the devil begged 
all the animals, one after another, to 
carry him into the garden, that he might 
speak to Adam and Eve, but they all 
refused except the serpent, who took him 
between two of its teeth. It was then 
the most beautiful of all the animals, 
and walked upon legs and feet. — Masudi: 
History, 22 (A.D. 956). 

The Serpent's Punishment. The 
punishment of the serpent for tempting 
Eve was this : (1) Michael was com- 
manded to cut off its legs ; and (2) the 
serpent was doomed to feed on human 
excrements ever after. 

Y Uamo [Dies] a la serplente, y a Michael, aquel que 
tiene la espada de Dios, y le dixo ; Aquesta sierpe es 
acelerada, echala la primers del parayso, y cortale las 
piernas, v si quisiere caminar, arrastrara la vida por 
ticrra. r Uam6 a Satanas, el qual vino riendo, y dixole ; 
Porque tu reprobo has engaiiado a aquestos, y los has 
hecho immundosf Yo quiero que toda immundicia 
suya, y de todos sus hijos, en saliendo de sus cuerpos 
entre por tu boca, porque en verdad ellos haras 
penitencia, y tu quedaras harto de Immundicia.— 
Gospel 0/ Samaras. 

Serpent d'Isabit, an enormous 
monster, whose head rested on the top of 
the Pic du Midi de Bigorre, its body 
filled the whole valley of Luz, St. 
Sauveur, and Gedres, and its tail was 
coiled in the hollow below the cirque of 
Gavamie. It fed once in three months, 
and supplied itself by making a very 
strong inspiration of its breath, where- 
upon every living thing around was 
drawn into its maw. It was ultimately 
killed by making a huge bonfire, and 



SERPENT STONE. 984 

waking it from its torpor, when it 
became enraged, and drawing a deep 
breath, drew the bonfire into its maw, 
and died in agony. — Rev. W. Webster: 
A Pyrenean Legend (1877). 

Serpent Stone. In a earn on the 
Mound of Mourning was a serpent which 
had a stone on the tail, and ' ' whoever 
held this stone in one hand would have 
in the other as much gold as heart could 
desire." — The Mabinogion (" Peredur," 
twelfth century). (See FoRTUNATUS, p. 
387.) 

Serpents of North Africa. (See 

Pharsalia, p. 835.) 

Served my God. Wolsey said, in 
his fall (1530), "Had I but served my 
God with half the zeal I served my king. 
He would not in mine age have left me 
naked to mine enemies." — Shakespeare: 
Henry VIII. act hi. sc. 2 (1601). 

IT Samrah, when he was deposed from 
the government of Basorah by the caliph 
Moawiyah, said, " If I had served God 
so well as I have served the caliph, He 
would never have condemned me to all 
eternity " (seventh century). 

H Antonio Perez, the favourite of 
Philip II. of Spain, said (161 1), " Mon 
zele etoit si grand vers ces benignes 
puissances [i.e. Turing qui si j'en eusse 
eu autant pour Dieu, je ne doubte point 
qu'il ne m'eut deja recompense - de son 
paradis." 

IT The earl of Gowrie, when in 1584 
he was led to execution, said, "If I had 
served God as faithfully as I have done 
the king [James Vl.\ I should not have 
come to this end." — Spotswood: History 
of the Church of Scotland, pp. 332, 333 
(1653). 

Service Tree. A wand of the 
service tree has the power of renewing 
the virulence of an exhausted poison. 
— Comtesse dAulnoy : Fairy Tales 
(" Fiorina," 1682). 

Sesame {3syl.) t the talismanic word 
which would open or shut the door 
leading into the cave of the forty thieves. 
In order to open it, the words to be 
uttered were, ' ' Open, Sesame" ! " and in 
order to close it, "Shut, Sesame I" 
Sesame is a plant which yields an oily 
grain, and hence, when Cassim forgot 
the word, he substituted barley, but with- 
out effect. 

Mrs. Habbarfleld, coming to a small iron grating, 
•xohanged com* words with my companions, which 



SEVEN CHAMPIONS. 



produced as much effect as the " Open, Sesame 1 ! " of 
nursery renown.— Lord IV. P. Lennox : Celebrities, elc^ 
i53- 

Opening a handkerchief, in which he had a sample ot 
sesame, he inquired of me how much a large measure 
of the grain was worth ... I told him that, according 
to the present price, a large measure waswoith one 
hundred drachms of silver . . . and he left the sesame 
with me.— A radian Nights ("The Christian Mer- 
chant's Story "). 

Sesostris {The Modern), Napoleon 
Bonaparte (1769, 1804-1815, 1821). 

But where is he, the modern, mightier far. 
Who, born no king, made monarchs draw his ear t 
The new Sesostris whose unharnessed kings, 
Freed from the bit, believe themselves with wings. 
And spurn the dust o'er which they crawled of late, 
Chained to the chariot of the chieftain's state! 

Byron : Age of Bronze (i8az). 

(" Sesostris," in Fdnelon's Tilimaque t 
is meant for Louis XIV. ) 

Set'ebos, a deity of the Patagonians. 

His art is of such power, 
It would control my dam's god Setebos. 

Shakespeare : The Tempest (1609). 
The giants, when they found themselves fettered, 
roared like bulls, and cried upon Setebos to help 
them. — Eden : History 0/ Travayle. 

Seth, a servant of the Jew at Ashby. 
Reuben is his fellow- servant. — Sir W. 
Scott: Ivan hoe (time, Richard I.). 

Settle [Elkana), the poet, introduced 
by sir W. Scott in Peveril of the Peak 
(time, Charles II.). 

(Rochester tried to raise him in public 
estimation, so as to be a rival to 
Dryden. ) 

Seven Bishops {The). (See Bishops, 
p. 122.) 

Seven in the Bible is a mystic number, 
probably quite indefinite. We say " six 
or seven," meaning an indefinite number 
between "three or four" and "a 
dozen or more." 

In Brussels it plays a very conspicuous 
part. 

There are seven noble families springing from 
seven ancient castles, and these seven supply the 
Stock from which the seven senators are selected. 
The seven senators form the upper council of the 
city. There are also seven great squares and seven 
gates. [This refers to the sixteenth century.)— 
Motley : The Dutch Republic, pt, i. 1 (1856). 

Seven Bodies in Alchemy. The 

Sun is gold, the Moon silver, Mars iron, 
Mercury quicksilver, Saturn lead, Jupiter 
tin, and Venus copper. 

The bodies seven, eek, lo hem heer anooat 
Sol gold is, and Luna silver we threpe ; 
Mars yren, Mercurie quyksilver we clepef 
Saturnus leed, and Jubitur is tyn, 
And Venus ciper, by my fader kyn. 
Chaucer : Canterbury Tales (prologue to "Tfc» 
Chanounes Yemanes Tale," 1388). 

Seven Champions of Chris- 
tendom ( The) : St George for Eng- 



SEVEN-HILLED CITY. 



985 



SEVEN SLEEPERS. 



land ; St. Andrew for Scotland ; St 
Patrick for Ireland ; St. David for 
Wales ; St. Denys for France ; St. James 
for Spain ; and St. Anthony for Italy. 

(Richard Johnson wrote The Famous 
History of the Seven Champions of 
Christendom, 1617.) 

Seven - Hilled City {The), in 

Latin Urbs Septicollis ; ancient Rome, 
built on seven hills, surrounded by 
Servius Tullius with a line of fortifi- 
cations. The seven hills are the Palla- 
tinus, the Capitollnus, the Quirinalis, the 
Caelius, the Aventinus, the Viminalis, and 
the Esquillnus. 

Seven Lamps of Architecture, 

by Ruskin (1849). The seven lamps are 
Sacrifice, Truth, Power, Beauty, Life, 
Memory, and Obedience. 

Seven Months' War (The), (See 
Six Months' War, p. 1012.) 

(The first half consisted of a series of battles won by 
the king of Prussia; the second half consisted of a 
series of sieges, ending with the siege of Paris. Sep- 
tember 1, after the battle of Sedan, Napoleon delivered 
his sword to William king of Prussia. January 18, 1871, 
William was declared emperor of Germany.) 

Seven Mortal Sins [The) : li\ 
pride, (2) wrath, (3) envy, (4) lust, (5) 
gluttony, (6) avarice, and (7) sloth. (See 
Seven Virtues, p. 986.) 

Seven Rienzi's Number. 

October 7, Rienzi's foes yielded to his power. 
7 months Rienzi reigned as tribune. 
7 years he was absent in exile. 

7 weeks of return saw him without an enemy (Oct 7). 
7 was the number of the crowns the Roman convents 
and Roman council awarded him. 

Seven Senses {The). According to 
Ecclesiasticus, they are seeing, hearing, 
tasting, feeling, smelling, understanding, 
and speech. (See Five Wits, p. 371.) 

The Lord created man . . . and they received the 
use of the five operations of the Lord, and in the 
sixth place He imparted [to] them understanding, and 
in the seventh speech, an interpreter of the cogitations 
thereof. — Ecclus. xvii. 5. 

Seven Sisters ( The). The window 
in the north transept of York Cathedral 
is so called because it has seven tall 
lancets. 

The Seven Sisters, seven culverins 
cast by one Borthwick. 

And these were Borthwick's "Sisters Seren," 
And culverins which France had given- 
Ill-omened gilt. The guns remain 
The conqueror's spoil on Flodden plain. 

Sir IV. Scott: Marmion, ir. (1808). 

(Wordsworth has a ballad called " The 
Seven Sisters " named Campbell. While 
the knight their father was away in the 
wars, some rovers leaped on shore. The 
seven sisters fled in fright, and, being 



pursued by the rovers, plunged into a 
lake. In this lake are seven small islets, 
and the fishers say that on these islets the 
seven sisters were buried by fairy hands. 
Wordsworth has also a pretty lyric of 
seventeen stanzas, called "We are 
Seven.") 

Seven Sleepers {The). The tale of 
these sleepers is told in divers manners. 
The best accounts are those in the Koran, 
xviii., entitled, "The Cave, Revealed at 
Mecca ; " The Golden Legends, by Jacques 
de Voragine ; the De Gloria Martyrum, 
i. 9, by Gregory of Tours ; and the 
Oriental Tales, by comte de Caylus 

(1743). 

Aames of the Seven Sleepers. Gregory 
of Tours says their names were : Con- 
stantine, Dionysius, John, Maximian, 
Malchus, Martinian or Marcian, and 
Seraplon. In the Oriental Tales the 
names given are : Jemlikha, Mekchilinia, 
Mechlima, Merlima, Debermouch, Char- 
nouch, and the shepherd Keschetiouch. 
Their names are not given in the Kordn. 

N.B.— Al Seyid, a Jacobite Christian of 
Najran, says the sleepers were only three, 
with their dog ; others maintain that their 
number was five, besides the dog ; but 
Al Beidawi, who is followed by most 
authorities, says they were seven, besides 
the dog. 

• . • Duration of the Sleep. The Kordn 
says it was "300 years and nine years 
over ; " the Oriental Tales say 309 years ; 
but if Gregory of Tours is followed, the 
duration of the sleep was barely 230 
years. 

The Legend of the Seven Sleepers. (1) 
According to Gregory of Tours, they were 
seven noble youths of Ephesus, who fled 
in the Decian persecution to a cave in 
mount Celion, the mouth of which was 
blocked up with stones. After 230 years 
they were discovered, and awoke, but 
died within a few days, and were taken in 
a large stone coffin to Marseilles. Visitors 
are still shown in St. Victor's Church their 
reputed stone coffin. 

(If there is any truth at all in the legend, 
it amounts to this : In A.D. 250 >ome 
youths (three or seven) suffered martyr- 
dom under the emperor Decius, " fell 
asleep in the Lord," and were buried in 
a cave of mount Celion. In 479 (the 
reign of Theodosius) their bodies were 
discovered, and, being consecrated as 
holy relics, were removed to Marseilles.) 

(2) According to the Oriental Tales, 
six Grecian youths were slaves in the 



SEVEN SLEEPERS. 



SEVEN WISE MASTERS. 



palace of Dakianos [Decianus, Decius). 
This Dakianos had risen from low 
degrees to kingly honours, and gave 
himself out to be a god. Jemlikha was 
led to doubt the divinity of his master, 
because he was unable to keep off a fly 
which persistently tormented him, and, 
being roused to reflection, came to the 
conclusion that there must be a god to 
whom both Dakianos and the fly were 
subject. He communicated his thoughts 
to his companions, and they all fled 
from the Ephesian court till they met the 
shepherd Keschetiouch, whom they con- 
verted, and who showed them a cave 
which no one but himself knew of. 
Here they fell asleep, and Dakianos, 
having discovered them, commanded the 
mouth of the cave to be closed up. 
Here the sleepers remained 309 years, at 
the expiration of which time they all 
awoke, but died a few hours afterwards.) 

The Dog of the Seven Sleepers. In the 
notes of the Kordn by Sale, the dog's 
name is Kratim, Kratlmer, or Katmir. 
In the Oriental Tales it is Catnier, which 
looks like a clerical blunder for Catmer, 
only it occurs frequently. It is one of 
the ten animals admitted into Mahomet's 
paradise. The Kordn tells us that the 
dog followed the seven young men into 
the cave, but they tried to drive him 
away, and even broke three of its legs 
with stones, when the dog said to them, 
' ' I love those who love God. Sleep, 
masters, and I will keep guard." In the 
Oriental Tales the dog is made to say, 
" You go to seek God, but am not I also 
a child of God?" Hearing this, the 
young men were so astounded, they went 
immediately, and carried the dog into 
the cave. 

The Place of Sepulture of the Seven 
Sleepers. Gregory of Tours tells us that 
the bodies were removed from mount 
Celion in a stone coffin to Marseilles. The 
Koran with Sale's notes informs us they 
were buried in the cave, and a chapel 
was built there to mark the site. (See 
Sleeper.) 

The Seven Sleepers turning on their 
sides. William of Malmesbury says that 
Edward the Confessor, in his mind's eye, 
saw the seven sleepers turn from their 
right sides to their left, and (he adds) 
whenever they turn on their sides it 
indicates great disasters to Christendom. 

Woe, woe to England ! I have seen a vision ! 
The seven sleepers in the cave of Ephesus 
Have turned from right to left. 

Tunny sen : Harold, L I. 

Seven Sleepers (jT/tf); i.e. the seven 



sleepy ones. So Noircarmes and his six 
officers were nicknamed in the siege of 
Valenciennes, in 1566, on account of the 
" sleepiness" with which they at first con- 
ducted the siege. They afterwards roused 
themselves and became terribly in earnest 
in the work of destruction. — Motley : The 
Dutch Republic, pt ii. 9 (1856). 

Seven Sorrows of Mary (The): 

(1) Simeon's prophecy, (2) the flight into 
Egypt, (3) Jesus missed, (4) the betrayal, 
(5) the crucifixion, (6) the taking down 
from the cross, and (7) the ascension. 
Her Seven Joys were : m the annuncia- 
tion, (2) the visitation, (3) the nativity, 
(4) the adoration of the Magi, (5) the pre- 
sentation in the temple, (6) finding the 
lost Child, and (7) the assumption. 

Seven Times Christ Spoke on 
the Cross : (1) " Father, forgive them ; 
for they know not what they do ; " (2) 
"To-day shalt thou be with Me in para- 
dise;" (3) "Woman, behold thy son! ' etc.; 
(4) "My God, My God, why hast Thou 
forsaken Me?" (5) "I thirst;" (6) 
"It is finished ! " (7) '« Father, into Thy 
hands I commend My spirit." 

Seven Towers ( The), a state prison 
in Constantinople, near the sea of Mar- 
mora. It stands at the west of the 
Seraglio. 

But then th«jr nerer came to "the Seven Toweis." 
Byron : Don yuan, t. 150 (1820). 

Seven Virtues {The) : (1) faith, 

(2) hope, (3) charity, (4) prudence, (5) 
justice, (6) fortitude, and (7) temperance. 
The first three are called "the holy 
virtues." (See Seven Mortal Sins, p. 
985-) 

Seven Weeks' War {The), that be- 
tween Austria and Prussia, in 1866, for 
the supremacy of Germany. The war 
was declared by Austria, June 17, and the 
Peace of Presburg (giving Prussia the 
victory) was signed August 20. 

Seven Wise Masters. Lucien 

the son of Dolopathus was placed under 
the charge of Virgil, and was tempted in 
manhood by his step-mother. He re- 
pelled her advances, and she accused him 
to the king of taking liberties with her. 
By consulting the stars, it was discovered 
that if he could tide over seven days his life 
would be spared ; so seven wise masters 
undertook to tell the king a tale each, in 
illustration of rash judgments. Wheu 
they had all told their tales, the prinoe 
related, under the disguise of a tale, the 
story of the queen's, wantonness ; where- 



SEVEN WISE MEN. 



9«7 SEVEN AGAINST THEBES. 



upon Lucien was restored to favour, and 
the queen was put to death. — Sandabar; 
Parables (contemporary with king Cou- 
rou). 

(John Rolland of Dalkeith has rendered 
this legend into Scotch verse. There is 
an Arabic version by Nasr Allah (twelfth 
century), borrowed from the Indian by 
Sandabar. In the Hebrew version by 
rabbi Joel (1270), the legend is called 
Kalilah and Dimnah. ) 

Seven Wise Men {The). 

One of Plutarch's brochures in the 
Moraiia is entitled, "The Banquet of the 
Seven Wise Men," in which Periander is 
made to give an account of a contest at 
Chalcis between Homer and Hesiod, in 
which the latter wins the prize, and re- 
ceives a tripod, on which he caused to be 
engraved this inscription — 

This Hesiod vows to the Heliconian nine, 
In Chalcis won from Homer the divine. 

Seven Wise Men of Greece {The), 

seven Greeks of the sixth century B.C., 
noted for their maxims. 

(1) Bias. His maxim was, "Most men 
are bad" ("There is none that doeth 
good, no, not one," Ps. xiv. 3): Oi 

vXeiovt Kaxol (fl. B.C. $$0). 

(2) Chilo. " Consider the end :" T*A«» 

op^f fiaK^ov fiiov (fl. B.C 590). 

(3) Cleobulos. "Avoid extremes" 
(the golden mean) : "Apiaro* nirpov (fl. 
B.C. 580). 

(4) Periander. " Nothing is impos- 
sible to industry" (Patience and persever- 
ance overcome mountains) : McXctij to nav 
(b.c. 665-585). 

(5) Pittacos. "Know thy oppor- 
tunity" (Se'ze time by the forelock): Kaipop 

fvCoUi (B.C. 652-569). 

(6) Solon. " Know thyself : " r>S0< 
etavt'ov (b.c. 638 558). 

(7) Thales (2 syl. ). " Suretyship is the 
•forerunner of ruin" ("He that hateth 
suretyship is sure," Prov. xi. 15) : '£771/0, 

wapa d'arn (B.C. 636-546). 

First Solon, who made the Athenian laws ; 
Then Chilo, in Sparta, renowned for his saws ; 
In Miletos did Thales astronomy teach ; 
Bias used in Pricne his morals to preach ; 
Cleobulos, of Lindos, was handsome and wise; 
Mitylene 'gainst thraldom saw Pittacos rise; 
Periander is said to have gained, thro' his court. 
The honour that Myson, the Chenian, ought. 

E. C. B. 

(Tt is Plato who says that Myson 
should take the place of Periander as one 
of the Seven Wise Men.) 

Seven Wonders of Wales ( The) : 
(1) Snowdon, (2) Pystyl Rhaiadr water- 
fall. (3) St. Winifred's well, (4) Overton 



churchyard, (5) Gresford church bells, 
(6) Wrexham steeple (? tower), (7) Llan- 
gollen bridge. 

Seven Wonders of the Peak 

(Derbyshire) : The three caves called the 
Devil's Arse, Pool, and Eden ; St. Anne's 
Well, which is similar in character " to 
that most dainty spring of Bath ; " Tides- 
well, which ebbs and flows, although so 
far inland ; Sandy Hill, which never 
increases at the base or abates in height ; 
and the forest of the Peak, which bears 
trees on hard rocks. — Drayton: Polyolbion, 
xxvi. (a full descripton of each is given, 
1622). 

Seven Wonders of the World 

( The) : (1) The pyramids of Egypt, (2) 
the hanging gardens of Babylon, (3) the 
tomb of Mausolos, (4) the temple of Diana 
at Ephesus, (5) the colossos of Rhodes, 
(6) the statue of Zeus by Phidias, (7) the 
pharos of Egypt, or else the palace of 
Cyrus cemented with gold. 

The pyramids first, which in Egypt were laid 5 
Next Babylon's garden, for Amytis made ; 
Then Maus5Us"s tomb of affection and guilt ; 
Fourth, the temple o/Dian, in Ephesus built ; 
The colossos o/RJuides, cast in brass, to the sun ; 
Sixth, Jupiter's statue, by Phidias done ; 
The pharos of Egypt, last wonder of old. 
Ox palace if Cyrus, cemented with gold. 

S.C.B. 

Seven Years. 

Barbarossa changes his position in his 
sleep every seven years. 

Charlemagne starts in his chair from 
sleep every seven years. 

Ogier the Dane stamps his iron mace 
on the floor every seven years. 

Olaf Redbeard of Sweden uncloses his 
eyes every seven years. 

Seven Tears' War i The), the war 
maintained by Frederick II. of Prussia 
against Austria, Russia, and France (1756- 
1763). 

Seven against Thebes (The). 
At the death of CEdlpus, his two sons 
EteScl6s and Polynlces agreed to reign 
alternate years, but at the expiration of 
the first year Eteocles refused to resign 
the crown to his brother. Whereupon 
Polynicfis induced six others to join him 
in besieging Thebes, but the expedition 
was a failure. The names of the seven 
Grecian chiefs who marched against 
Thebes were : Adrastos, Amphiarflos, 
Kapaneus, Hippomedon lArgives), Par- 
thenopaeos (an Arcadian), Polymers (a 
Theban), and Tydeus (an jfiolian). (See 
LpiGONI, p. 326.) 



SEVERAL!* 



SFORZA. 



(j*Eschylos has a tragedy on the sub- 
feet ; Statius wrote an epic poem on the 
subject, called the Thebaid. ) 

Sever all, a private farm or land with 
enclosures; a "champion" is an open 
farm not enclosed. 

The country enclosed I praise [severally, 
The other delighteth not me [champion]. 

Tusser: Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, liii. i (1557). 

Severn, a corruption of Averne, 
daughter of Astrild. The legend is this : 
King Locryn was engaged to Gwendolen 
daughter of Corlneus, but seeing Astrild 
(daughter of the king of Germany), who 
came to this island with Homber king 
of Hungary, fell in love with her. While 
Corineus lived he durst not offend him, 
so he married Gwendolen, but kept 
Astrild as a mistress, and had by her 
a daughter (Averne). When Corineus 
died, he divorced Gwendolen, and de- 
clared Astrild queen, but Gwendolen 
summoned her vassals, dethroned Locryn, 
and caused both Astrild and Averne to 
be cast into the river, ever since called 
Severn from Averne " the kinges dohter." 

Sex. Milton says that spirits can 
assume either sex at pleasure, and Michael 
Psellus asserts that demons can take what 
sex, shape, and colour they please, and 
can also contract or dilate their form at 
pleasure. 

For spirits, when they please, 
Can either sex assume, or both ; so soft 
And uncompounded is their essence pure| 
Not tied or manacled with joint and limb, 
Nor founded on the brittle strength of bone*, 
Like cumbrous flesh. 

Milton^ Paradise Lost, i. 423, etc. (1665). 

Sex. Caeneus and Tire'sias were at one 
part of their lives of the male sex, and at 
another part of their lives of the female 
sex. (See these names.) 

IT Iphis was first a woman, and then a 
man. — Ovid : Metamorphoses, ix. 12 ; xiv. 
699. 

Sextus [Tarquinius]. There are 
several points of resemblance in the story 
of Sextus and that of Paris son of Priam. 
(1) Paris was the guest of Menelaos when 
he eloped with his wife Helen ; and Sextus 
was the guest of Lucretia when he denied 
her. (2) The elopement of Helen was 
the cause of a national war between the 
Greek cities and the allied cities of Troy : 
and the defilement of Lucretia was the 
cause of a national war between Rome 
and the allied cities under Por'sena. (3) 
The contest between Greece and Troy 
terminated in the victory of Greece, the 
injured party ; and the contest between 



Rome and the supporters of Tarquln ter- 
minated in favour of Rome, the injured 
party. (4) In the Trojan war, Paris, the 
aggressor, showed himself before the 
Trojan ranks, and defied the bravest of 
the Greeks to single combat, but when 
Menelaos appeared, he took to flight ; so 
Sextus rode vauntingly against the Roman 
host, but when Herminius appeared, fled 
to the rear like a coward. (5) In the 
Trojan contest, Priam and his sons fell 
in battle ; and in the battle of the lake 
Regillus, Tarquin and his sons were 
slain. 

(Lord Macaulay has taken the " Battle 
of the Lake Regillus " as the subject of 
one of his Lays of Ancient Rome. Another 
of his lays, called "Horatius," is the 
attempt of Porsena to re-establish Tarquin 
on the throne.) 

Seyd, pacha of the Morea, assassinated 
by Gulnare (2 syl.) his favourite concu- 
bine. Gulnare was rescued from the 
burning harem by Conrad " the corsair." 
Conrad, in the disguise of a dervise, was 
detected and seized in the palace of Seyd, 
and Gulnare, to effect his liberation, mur- 
dered the pacha. — Byron: The Corsair 
(1814). 

Seyton, an officer attending on Mac- 
beth. — Shakespeare : Macbeth (1600). 

Seyton {Lord), a supporter of queen 

Mary's cause. 

Catherine Seyton, daughter of lord 
Seyton, a maid of honour in the court 
of queen Mary. She appears at Kinross 
village in disguise. 

Henry Seyton, son of lord Seyton. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Sforza, of Lombardy. He with his 
two brothers (Achilles and Palamedes) 
were in the squadron of adventurers in the 
allied Christian army. — Tasso: Jerusalem 
Delivered (1 575). 

N. B. — The word Sforza means " force," 
and, according to tradition, was derived 
thus : Giacomuzzo Attendolo, the son of 
a day labourer, being desirous of going 
to the wars, consulted his hatchet, re- 
solving to enlist if it stuck fast in the tree 
at which he flung it. He threw it with 
such force that the whole blade was com- 
pletely buried in the trunk (fifteenth cen- 
tury). 

Sforza (Ludov'ico), duke of Milan, 
surnamed "the More," from mora, "a 
mulberry " (because he had on his arm a 
birth-stain of a mulberry colour). Ludo- 
vico was dotingly fond of his bride 



SGANARELLE. 



989 



SGANARELLE. 



Marcelia, and his love was amply re- 
turned ; but during his absence in the 
camp, he left Francesco lord protector, 
and Francesco assailed the fidelity of the 
young duchess. Failing in his villainy, 
he accused her to the duke of playing the 
wanton with him, and the duke, in a fit 
of jealousy, slew her. Sforza was after- 
wards poisoned by Eugenia (sister of 
Francesco), whom he had seduced. 

Nina Sforza, the duke's daughter.— 
Massinger : The Duke of Milan ( 1622). 

(This tragedy is obviously an imitation 
of Shakespeare's Othello, 1611.) 

SGANARELLE, the *' cocu imagi- 

naire," a comedy by Moliere (1660). The 
plot runs thus : Celie wasbetrothed to Lelie, 
but her father, Gorglbus, insisted on her 
marrying Valere, because he was the 
richer man. Celie fainted on hearing this, 
and dropped her lover's miniature, which 
was picked up by Sganarelle's wife. 
Sganarelle, thinking it to be the portrait 
of a gallant, took possession of it, and 
Lelie asked him how he came by it. 
Sganarelle said he took it from his wife, 
and Lelie supposed that Celie had be- 
come the wife of Sganarelle. A series of 
misapprehensions arose thence : Celie 
sup, used that Lelie had deserted her for 
Madame Sganarelle ; Sganarelle supposed 
that his wife was unfaithful to him ; 
madame supposed that her husband was 
an adorer of Celie ; and Lelie supposed 
that Celie was the wife of Sganarelle. In 
time they met together, when Lelie 
charged Celie with being married to 
Sganarelle ; both stared, an explanation 
followed, a messenger arrived to say that 
Valere was married, and all went merry 
as a marriage peal. 

Sganarelle, younger brother of Ariste 
(2 syl.) \ a surly, domineering brute, 
wise in his own conceit, and the dupe of 
the pl^Y- His brother says to him, " tous 
vos process inspire un air bizarre, et, 
jusques a l'habit, rend tout chez vous 
barbare." The father of Isabelle and 
Leonor, on his death-bed, committed 
them to the charge of Sganarelle and 
Ariste, who were either to marry them or 
dispose of them in marriage. Sganarelle 
chose Isabelle, but insisted on her dress- 
ing in serge, going to bed early, keeping 
at home, looking after the house, mend- 
ing the linen, knitting socks, and never 
flirting with any one. The consequence 
was. she duped her guardian, and cajoled 



him into giving his signature to her 1 
riage with Valere. 

Malheureux qui se fie a femme apres celal 

La meilleure est toujours en malice feconde ; 

C'est un sexe engendri pour damner tout le mondo. 

Je renounce a jamais a ce sexe trompeur, 

Et je le donne tout au diable de bon coeur. 

Moiiire : LYcele des Maris (x66i). 

Sganarelle (3 syl.), an old man who 
wanted to marry a girl fond of dances, 
parties of pleasure, and all the active en- 
joyments of young life. (For the tale, see 
Mariage Force, p. 673.) 

(There is a supplement to this comedy 
by the same author, entitled Sganarelle 
ou Le Cocu Imaginaire. ) 

IT This joke about marrying is borrowed 
from Rabelais, Pantag'ruel, iii. 35, etc. 
Panurge asks Trouillogan whether he 
would advise. him to marry. The sage 
says, '■" No." " But I wish to do so," says 
the prince. " Then do so, by all means," 
says the sage. " Which, then, would you 
advise ? " asks Panurge. ' ' Neither," says 
Trouillogan. ' ' But, " says Panurge, ' ' that 
is not possible." "Then both," says the 
sage. After this, Panurge consults many 
others on the subject, and lastly the oracle 
of the Holy Bottle. 

(The plot of Moliere's comedy is 
founded on an adventure recorded of the 
count of Grammont {q.v.). The count 
had promised marriage to la belle Hamil- 
ton, but deserted her, and tried to get to 
France. Being overtaken by the two 
brothers of the lady, they clapped their 
hands on their swords, and demanded if 
the count had not forgotten something or 
left something behind. "True," said the 
count, " I have forgotten to marry your 
sister ; " and returned with the two brothers 
to repair this oversight.) 

Sganarelle, father of Lucinde. (For 
the plot, see Lucinde, p. 636.)— Moliere: 
L' Amour Midecin (1655). 

Sganarelle, husband of Martine. He 
is a faggot-maker, and has a quarrel with 
his wife, who vows to be even with him 
for striking her. Valere and Lucas (two 
domestics of GeYonte) asks her to direct 
them to the house of a noted doctor. She 
sends them to her husband, and tells them 
he is so eccentric that he will deny being 
a doctor, but they must beat him welL 
So they find the faggot-maker, whom they 
beat soundly, till he consents to follow 
them. He is introduced to Lucinde, who 
pretends to be dumb, but, being a shrewd 
man, he soon finds out that the dumbness 
is only a pretence, and takes with him 



SGANARELLE* 



Leandre as an apothecary. The two 
lov.rs understand each other, and Lucinde 
is rapidly cured with " pills matrimoniac." 
— MolUre : Le Midecin Malgri Lux 
(1666). 

*.• Sganarelle, being asked by the 
father what he thinks is the matter with' 
Lucinde, replies, ' ' Entendez - vous le 
Latin?" "En aucune fa9on," says G6- 
ronte. "Vous n'entendez point le Latin ? " 
" Non, monsieur." "That is a sad pity," 
says Sganarelle, "for the case may be 
briefly stated thus — 

Cabricias arci thuram, catalamus, slngulariter, no- 
tninativo, hasc musa, la muse, bonus, bona, bonum. 
Deus sanctus, estne oratio L-atinast etiam, out, quare! 
(ourquoit quia substantivo et adjectivum concordat 
in g-eneri, numerum, et casus." "Wonderful man I ' 
says the father.— Act iii. 

(See Mock Doctor, p. 714.) 

Sgan'arelle (3 syl.), valet to don 
Juan He remonstrates with his master 
on his evil ways, but is forbidden sternly 
to repeat his impertinent admonitions. 
His praise of tobacco, or rather snuff, is 
somewhat amusing. 

Tabac est la passion des honnetes gens ; et qui vit 
sans tabac n'est pas digne de vivre. Non seulement il 
rejouit et purge les cerveaux humains, mais encore il 
instruit les ames a la vertu, et l'on apprend avec lui a 
devenir honnete homme . . . il inspire des sentiments 
dTionneur a tous ceux qui en prennent.— Moitire : Don 
yuan, i. x (1665). 

S. G. O., the initials of the Rev. lord 
Sidney Godolphin Osborne, of the family 
of the duke of Leeds, in his letters in 
the Times on social and philanthropic 
subjects (1808-1889). 

Shabby Gentil (The), the first part 
of a story by Thackeray, completed in 
i860, under the title of The Adventures 
of Philip. 

Shaccabao, in Blue Beard. (See 

SCHACABAC, p. 967.) 

I have seen strange sights. I have seen Wilkinson 
play " Macbeth ; " Mathews, " Othello ; " Wrench, 
" George Barnwell ; " Buckstone, " Iago ; " Rayner, 
" Penruddock ; " Keeley, " Shylock ; " Liston, 
" Romeo " and " Octavian ; " G. F. Cooke, " Mer- 
cutio ; " John Kemble, " Archer ; " Edmund Kean, 
clown in a pantomime ; and C. Young, " Shaccabac." 
—Record of a Stage Veteran. 

("Macbeth," "Othello," "Iago" (in 
Othello), ' ' Shylock " {Merchant of Venice), 
"Romeo" and " Mercutio " (in Romeo 
and Juliet), all by Shakespeare ; "George 
Barnwell" (Lillo's tragedy so called); 
" Penruddock" (in The Wheel of Fortune, 
by Cumberland); "Octavian" (in Col- 
man's drama so called); "Archer" (in 
The Beaux' Stratagem, by Farquhar).) 

Shaddai (King), who made war upon 
Diabolus for the regaining of MansouL— 
Bunyan: The Holy War (168a). 



990 ttiADWfiLL. 

Shade (To fight in the). Dieneces 
[Di.en'.e.seex], the Spartan, being told 
that the army of the Persians was so 
numerous that their arrows would shut 
out the sun, replied, " Thank the gods I 
we shall then fight in the shade." 

Shadow (Simon), one of the recruits 
of the army of sir John Falstaff. "A 
half-faced fellow," so thin that sir John 
said, "a foeman might as well level his 
gun at the edge of a penknife " as at such 
a starveling. — Shakespeare: a Henry IV, 
act iii. sc. 2(1598). 

Shadow. The man voithout a sha- 
dow, Peter SchlemihL (See Schlemihl, 
p. 968.) 

Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed- 
neg'o were cast, by the command of 
Nebuchadnezzar, into a fiery furnace, but 
received no injury, although the furnace 
was made so hot that the heat thereof 
" slew those men " that took them to the 
furnace. — Dan. iii. 22. 

IT By Nimrod's order, Abraham was 
bound and cast into a huge fire at Cutha ; 
but he was preserved from injury by the 
angel Gabriel, and only the cords which 
bound him were burnt. Yet so intense 
was the heat that above 2000 men were 
consumed thereby. (See Gospel of Bar- 
nabas, xxviii. ; and Morgan : Mahome- 
tan ism Explained, V. i. 4. ) 

IT This is one of the commonest miracles 
in the Lives of the saints. It is told of 
St. Alexander, Eventius, and Theodulus ; 
it is told of the women who anointed 
themselves with the blood of St. Blaise ; 
it is told of St. Faustinus and St. Jovita ; 
it is told of a young Jewish lad after 
partaking of the eucharist ; it is told of 
St. Mamas ; it is told of St. Placidus ; it 
is told of St. Vitus, and of very many 
more, given with authorities and details 
in my Dictionary of Miracles (1884). 

Shadu'kiam' and Am'be-Abad', 

the abodes of the peris. 

Shadwell (Thomas), the poet-lau- 
reate, was a great drunkard, and was said 
to be " round as a butt, and liquored 
every chink " (1640-1692). 

Besides, his [ShadwelFs ] goodly fabric fills the eye. 
And seems designed for thoughtless majesty. 

Dryden: MacFUcknoe (168s). 

N.B. — Shadwell took opium, and died 
from taking too large a dose. Hence 
Pope says — 

Be nl owes, propitious still to blockheads, bows; 
And Shadwell nods the poppy on his brows. 

Pot4: Ttu bunciad, UL «i, m bjm. 



SHADWELL. 99* 

(Benlowes was a great patron of bad 
poets, and many have dedicated to him 
their lucubrations. Sometimes the name 
is shifted into " Benevolus.") 

Shad-well (Wapping, London), a cor- 
ruption of St. Chad's Well. 

Sharalus and Proems. So Bot- 
tom the weaver calls Cephalus and Pro- 
cris. (See Cephalus, p. 192.) 

Pyramus. Not Shafalus to Proems was so true. 
7%isbe. As Shafalus to Procrus ; I to you. 
Shakespeare : Midsummer Nights Dream (159a). 

Shaftesbury {Antony Ashley Cooper, 
earl of), introduced by sir W. Scott in 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Shaft on {Ned), one of the prisoners 
in Newgate with old sir Hildebrand 
Osbaldistone.— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Shafton {Sir Piercie), called " The 
knight of Wilverton," a fashionable 
cavaliero, grandson of old Overstitch the 
tailor, of Holderness. Sir Piercie talks 
in the pedantic style of the Elizabethan 
courtiers.— Sir W. Scott : The Monastery 
(time. Elizabeth). 

Johnson's speech, like sir Pierde Shafton's euphulstic 
eloquence, bewrayed him under every disguise.— 
Macaulay. 

Shah {The), a famous diamond, 
weighing 86 carats. It was given by 
Chosroe's of Persia to the czar of Russia. 
(See Diamonds, p. 277.) 

Shah Nameh, the famous epic of 
Firdusi, the Homer of Khorassan. Rusten 
is the Achillas, Feridun the model king, 
Zohak the cruel and impious tyrant, 
Kavah (the blacksmith) the intrepid 
patriot who marches against Zohak, dis- 
playing his apron as a banner. 

Rusten's horse is called Rakusb ; the prophetic bird 
b Simurgh; Rusten's mother is Rudabeh, her child 
(Rusten) is cut out of her side, and the wound was 
healed by milk and honey applied with a feather of the 
prophetic bird Simurgh. Rusten required the milk of 
ten wet-nurses, and when a mere youth killed ea 
elephant with a blow of his mace. 

Shakebag" {Dick), a highwayman 
with captain Colepepper. — Sir W. Scott: 
Fortunes 0/ Nigel (time, James I.). 

Shakespeare, introduced by sir W. 
Scott in the ante-rooms of Greenwich 
Palace.— Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth (time, 
Elizabeth). 

(In Woodstock there is a conversation 
about Shakespeare.) 

Shakespeare's Home. He left London 
before 1613, and established himself at 
Stratford-on-Avon, in Warwickshire, 



SHAKESPEAR& 

where he was born (1564), and where he 
died (1616). In the diary of Mr. Ward, 
the vicar of Stratford, is this entry : 
" Shakspeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson 
had a merry meeting, and, it seems, 
drank too hard, for Shakspeare died of 
a fever then contracted." (Drayton died 
1631, and Ben Jonson 1637.) Probably 
Shakespeare died on his birthday, April 

33- 

Shakespeare's Monument, in West- 
minster Abbey, designed by Kent, and 
executed by Scheemakers, in 1742. The 
statue to Shakespeare in Drury Lane 
Theatre was by the same. 

The statue of Shakespeare in the 
British Museum is by Roubiliac, and was 
bequeathed to the nation by Garrick. 
His best portrait is by Droeshout. 

Shakespeare's Plays, quarto editions — 

Romeo and Juliet : 1597, John Dan- 
ter ; 1599, Thomas Creede for Cuthbert 
Burby ; 1609, 1637. Supposed to have 
been written, 1595. 

King Richard II. : 1597, Valentine 
Simmes for Andrew Wise ; 1598, 1608 
(with an additional scene), 1615, 1634. 

King Richard III. : 1597, ditto; 1598, 
1602, 1612, 1622. 

Love's Labour's Lost : 1598, W. W. 
for Cuthbert Burby. Supposed to have 
been written, 1594. 

King Henry IV. (pt. x) : 1598, P. S. 
for Andrew Wise ; 1599, 1604, 1608, 
1613. Supposed to have been written, 

King Henry IV. (pt. a) : 1600, V. S. 
for Andrew Wise and William Aspley; 
1600. Supposed to have been written, 
1598. 

King Henry V. : 1600, Thomas Creede 
for Thomas Millington and John Busby ; 
1602, 1608. Supposed to have been 
written, 1599. 

Midsummer Night's Dream : 1600, 
Thomas Fisher ; 1600, Jarnes Roberts. 
Mentioned by Meres, 1598. Supposed to 
have been written, 1592. 

Merchant of Venice: 1600, I. R, 
for Thomas Heyes ; 1600, James Roberts ; 
1637. Mentioned by Meres, 1598. 

Much Ado about Nothing: 1600, V. 
& for Andrew Wise and William Aspley. 

Merry Wives of Windsor : 1602, 
T. C. for Arthur Johnson ; 1619. Sup- 
posed to have been written, 1596. 

Hamlet : 1603, 1. R. for N. L. ; 1605, 
161 x. Supposed to have been written, 
1597- 

King Lear : 1608, A. for Nathaniel 
Butter; 1608, B. for ditto. Acted at 



SHAKESPEARE. 

Whitehall, 1607. Supposed to have been 
written, 1605. 

Troilus and Cressida : 1609, G. Eld 
for R. Bonian and H. Whalley (with a 
preface). Acted at court, 1609. Sup- 
posed to have been written, 1602. 

Othello : 1622, N. O. for Thomas 
Walkely. Acted at Harefield, 1603. 

The rest of the dramas are — 

A Its Well that Ends IVell, 1598. Firsttitle supposed 
to be Love's Labour's Won. 

Antony and Cleopatra, 1608. No early mention made 
of this play. 

As You Like It. Entered at Stationers' Hall, 1600. 

Comedy of Errors, 1593. Mentioned by Meres, 1598. 

Coriolanus, 1610. No early mention made of this 

play. 

Lymbeline, 1605. No early mention made of this play. 

1 Henry VI. Alluded to by Nash in Pierce Penniless, 
1592. 

2 Henry VI. Original title, First Part of the Conten- 
tion, 1594. 

3 Henry VI. Original title. True Tragedy of 
Richard duke of York, 1595. 

Henry VIII., 1601. Acted at the Globe Theatre, 1613. 

?ohn (King), 1596. Mentioned by Meres, 1598. 
ulius Cezsar, 1607. No early mention made of this 

Lear, 1605. Acted at Whitehall, 1607. Printed 1608. 

Macbeth, 1606. No early mention made of this play. 

Measure for Measure, 1603. Acted at Whitehall, 1604. 

Merry Wives of Windsor, 1596. Printed 1602. 

Pericles Prince of Tyre. Printed 1609. 

Taming of the Shrew (?) Acted at Henslow*a 
Theatre, 1593. Entered at Stationers' Hall, 1607. 

Tempest, 1609. Acted at Whitehall, 1611. 

Timon of Athens, 1609. No early mention made of 
this play. 

Titus Andronicus, 1593. Printed 1600. 

Twelfth Night. Acted in the Middle Temple Hall, 
X602. 

Two Gentlemen of Verona, 1595. Mentioned by 
Meres, 1598. 

Winter's Tale, 1604. Acted at Whitehall, 1611. 

First complete collection in folio : 1623, 
Isaac Jaggard and Ed. Blount ; 1632, 
1664, 1685. The second folio is of very 
little value. 

His plays were first collected and pub- 
lished by Condell and Heminge. This 
is called the " First Folio," and was issued 
in 1623. The publishers were contempo- 
raries and friends of the great dramatist, 
and spell his name " Shakespeare." 

Shakespeare s Parents. His father was 
John Shakespeare, a glover, who married 
SMary Arden, daughter of Robert Arden, 
Esq., of Bomich, a good county gentle- 
man. 

Shakespeare 's Wife, Anne Hathaway of 
Shottery, some eight years older than 
himself; daughter of a substantial yeo- 
man. 

Shakespeare's Children. One son, 
Hamnet, who died in his twelfth year 
(1 585-1596). Two daughters, who sur- 
vived him, Susanna, and Judith twin- 
born with Hamnet. Both his daughters 
married and had children, but the lines 
died out. 
N.B. — Voltaire says of Shakespeare: 



99a 



SHALOIT. 



" Rimer had very good reason to say that 
Shakespeare netait q'un vilain singe." 
Voltaire, in 1765, said, "Shakespeare is 
a savage with some imagination, whose 
plays can please only in London and 
Canada." In 1735 he wrote to M. de 
Cideville, "Shakespeare is the Corneille 
of London, but everywhere else he is a 
great fool {grand fou dailleur)." 

The Shakespeare du Boulevard, Guil- 
bert de PixeYgcourt (1773-1844). 

The Shakespeare of Divines, Jeremy 
Taylor (1613-1667). 

His [Taylor's] devotional writings only want what 
they cannot be said to need, the name and the metrical 
arrangement, to make them poetry.— Heber. 

Taylor, the Shakespeare of divines.— Emerson. 

The Shakespeare of Eloquence. The 
comte de Mirabeau was so called by 
Barnave (1749-1791). 

The Shakespeare of Germany, Augustus 
Frederick Ferdinand von Kotzebue (1761- 
18 19). G. F. W. Crossman is so called 
also (1746-1796). 

The Shakespeare of Prose Fiction. 
Richardson the novelist is so called by 
D' Israeli (1689-1761). 

Shallow, a weak-minded country 
justice, cousin to Slender. He is a great 
braggart, and especially fond of boasting 
of the mad pranks of his younger days. 
It is said that justice Shallow is a 
satirical portrait of sir Thomas Lucy of 
Charlecote, who prosecuted Shakespeare 
for deer-stalking. — Shakespeare : The 
Merry Wives of Windsor (1596) ; and a 
Henry IV. (1598). 

As wise as a justice of the quorum and custalorum in 

Shallow's time. — Macaulay. 

Shalluxn, lord of a manor consisting 
of a long chain of rocks and mountains 
called Tirzah. Shallum was '* of gentle 
disposition, and beloved both by God and 
man." He was the lover of Hilpa, a 
Chinese antediluvian princess, one of the 
150 daughters of Zilpah, of the race of 
Cohu or Cain. — Addison: Spectator, viii. 
584-5 (171 2). 

Sbalott (The lady of), a poem by 
Tennyson, in four parts. Pt i. tells us 
that the lady passed her life in the island 
of Shalott in great seclusion, and was 
known only by the peasantry. Pt. ii. 
tells us that she was weaving a magic 
web, and that a curse would fall on her 
if she looked down the river. Pt. iii. 
describes how sir Lancelot rode to Came- 
lot in all his bravery ; and the lady gazed 
at him as he rode along. Pt. iv. tells us 
that the lady floated down the river in a 



SHAMHOZAL 



993 



SHARP. 



boat called The Lady of Shalott, and died 
heart-broken on the way. Sir Lancelot 
came to gaze on the dead body, and ex- 
claimed, " She has a lovely face, and may 
God have mercy on her ! " This ballad 
was afterwards expanded into the Idyll 
called " Elaine, the Fair Maid of Astolat " 
(g.v.), the beautiful incident of Elaine and 
the barge being taken from the History of 
Prince Arthur, by sir T. Malory — 

•• While my body is whole, let this letter be pat Into 
By right hand, and my hand bound fast with the 
letter until I be cold, and let me be put in a fair bed 
with all the richest clothes that I have about me, and so 
let my bed and all my rich clothes be laid with me in a 
chariot to the next place whereas the Thames is, and 
there let me be put in a barge, and but one man with 
me, such as ye trust to steer me thither, and that my 
barge be covered with black samite over and over. 
... So when she was dead, the corpse and the bed 
and all was led the next way unto the Thames, and 
there a man and the corpse and all were put in a barge 
on the Thames, and so the man steered the barge to 
Westminster, and there he rowed a great while to and 
fro, or any man espied— Pt, iii. 123. 

(King Arthur saw the body and had it 
buried, and sir Launcelot made an offer- 
ing, etc. (ch. 124). See Tennyson's 
Lady of Shalott, 1832.) 

Shamho'zai (3 syl.), the angel who 
debauched himself with women, re- 
pented, and hung himself up between 
earth and heaven. — Bereshit rabbi (in 
Gen. vi. 2). 

IF Harut and Marut were two angels 
sent to be judges on earth. They judged 
righteously till Zohara appeared before 
them, when they fell in love with her, 
and were imprisoned in a cave near 
Babylon, where they are to abide till the 
day of judgment. 

Shandon (Captain), in Pendennis, a 
novel by Thackeray (1849-50). 

Shandy ( Tristram), the nominal hero 
of Sterne's novel called The Life and 
Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman 
(1759). He is the son of Walter and 
Elizabeth Shandy. 

Captain Shandy, better known as 
11 Uncle Toby," the real hero of Sterne's 
novel. Captain Shandy was wounded at 
Namur, and retired on half-pay. He was 
benevolent and generous, brave as a lion 
but simple as a child, most gallant and 
most modest. Hazlitt says that " the 
character of uncle Toby is the finest com- 
pliment ever paid to human nature." 
His modest love-passages with Widow 
Wad man, his kindly sympathy for 
lieutenant Lefevre, and his military dis- 
cussions, are wholly unrivalled. 

Aunt Dinah [Shandy], Walter Shandy's 
She bequeathed to him ,£1000, 



which Walter fancied would enable him 
to carry out all the wild schemes with 
which his head was crammed. 

Mrs. Elizabeth Shandy, mother of 
Tristram Shandy. The ideal of non- 
entity, individual from its very absence of 
individuality. 

Walter Shandy, Tristram's father, a 
metaphysical don Quixote, who believes 
in long noses and propitious names ; but 
his son's nose was crushed, and his name, 
which should have been Trismegistus 
("the most propitious"), was changed 
in christening to Tristram ("the most 
unlucky"). If much learning can make 
man mad, Walter Shandy was certainly 
mad in all the affairs of ordinary life. 
His wife was a blank sheet, and he him- 
self a sheet so written on and crossed and 
rewritten that no one could decipher the 
manuscript. — Sterne: The Life and 
Opinions of Tristram Shandy (1759). 

SHARP, the ordinary of major 
Touchwood, who aids him in his trans- 
formation, but is himself puzzled to know 
which is the real and which the false 
colonel— Dibdin : What Next? 

Sharp (Richard), called •■ Conversa- 
tion Sharp " (1760-1835). 

Sharp (Rebecca), the orphan daughter 
of an artist ' ' She was small and slight 
in person, pale, sandy-haired, and with 
green eyes, habitually cast down, but 
very large, odd, and attractive when they 
looked up." Becky had the " dismal 
precocity of poverty," and, being engaged 
as governess in the family of sir Pitt 
Crawley, bart, contrived to marry clan- 
destinely his son captain Rawdon Craw- 
ley, and taught him how to live ia 
splendour " upon nothing a year." Becky 
was an excellent singer and dancer, a 
capital talker and wheedler, and a most 
attractive, but unprincipled, selfish, and 
unscrupulous woman. Lord Steyne in- 
troduced her to court ; but her conduct 
with this peer gave rise to a terrible 
scandal, which caused a separation be- 
tween her and Rawdon, and made Eng- 
land too hot to hold her. She retired to 
the Continent, was reduced to a Bohemian 
life, but ultimately attached herself to 
Joseph Sedley, whom she contrived to 
strip of all his money, and who lived in 
dire terror of her, dying in six months 
under very suspicious circumstances.— 
Thackeray: Vanity Fair (1848). 

With Becky Sharp, we thin* we could be good. If 
WO had £ 5000 a yu.—Mayni. 

Becky Sharp, with a baronet Cor a brother ia law. 



SHARP. 

aad an eaii's daughter for a friend, felt the hoUowness 
of human grandeur, and thought she was happier with 
the Bohemian artists in Soho.— The Express. 

Sharp (Timothy), the "lying valet" 
of Charles Gayless. His object is to 
make his master, who has not a sixpence 
in the world, pass for a man of wealth in 
the eyes of Melissa, to whom he is engaged. 
— Garrick : The Lying Valet (1741). 

Sharp-Beak, the crow's wife, in the 
beast-epic called Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Sharpe [The Rigit Rev. James), 
archbishop of St. Andrew's, murdered by 
John Balfour (a leader in the covenanters' 
army) and his party. — Sir W. Scott: Old 
Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Sharper {Master), the cutler in the 
Strand.— Sir W. Scott: Peveril ef the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Sharpitlaw (Gideon), a police officer. 
— Sir W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Shawonda'see, son of Mudjekeewis, 
and king of the south wind. Fat and 
lazy, listless and easy, Shawondasee 
loved a prairie maiden (the Dandelion), 
but was too indolent to woo her. — Long- 
fellow: Hiawatha (1855). 

She Stoops to Conquer, a comedy 
by Oliver Goldsmith (1773). Miss Hard- 
castle, knowing how bashful young Mar- 
low is before ladies, stoops to the manners 
and condition of a barmaid, with whom 
he feels quite at his ease, and by this 
artifice wins the man of her choice. 

N.B. — It is said that when Goldsmith 
was about 16 years old, he set out for 
Edgworthstown, and finding night coming 
on when at Ardagh, asked a man " which 
was the best house in the town" — meaning 
the best inn. The man, who was Cor- 
nelius O'Kelly, the great fencing-master, 
pointed to that of Mr. Ralph Fether- 
stone, as being the best house in the 
vicinity. Oliver entered the parlour, 
found the master of the mansion sitting 
over a good fire, and said he intended to 
pass the night there, and should like to 
have supper. Mr. Fetherstone happened 
to know Goldsmith's father, and, to 
humour the joke, pretended to be the 
landlord of "the public," nor did he 
reveal himself till next morning at break- 
fast, when Oliver called for his bill. It 
was not sir Ralph Fetherstone, as is gene- 
rally said, but Mr. Ralph Fetherstone, 
whose grandson was sir Thomas. 

(In Frankfort Moore's novel The Jes- 
$amy Bride (1897) there is a charming 



994 



SHEEP. 



scene in which the characters discuss the 
title for Goldsmith's coming play.) 

She-Wolf of France, Isabella wife 
of Edward II. and paramour of Mortimer 
( 1295-1358). It is said that she murdered 
the king, her husband, by burning out his 
bowels with a red-hot poker. Grey, in his 
Bard, refers to this tradition — 

She-wolf of France, with unrelenting' fangs, 
That tearst the bowels of thy mangled mate. 

'.* It seems almost incredible, but the 
fact is indubitable, that pope John 
XXII. granted to Isabella's confessor 
power to give her plenary indulgence at 
the hour of death. 

Sheba. The queen of Sheba or Saba 
(i.e. the Sabeans) came to visit Solomon, 
and tested his wisdom by sundry ques- 
tions, but affirmed that his wisdom and 
wealth exceeded even her expectations. — 
X Kings x. ; 2 Chron. ix. 

No, not to answer, madam, all those hard things 
That Sheba came to ask of Solomon. 

Tennyson : The Princess, B. 

(The Arabs call her name Balkis or 
Belkis ; the Abyssinians, Macqueda ; and 
others, Aazis.) 

Sheba ( The queen ef), a name given 
to Mme. Montreville (the Begum Mootee 
Mahui).— Sir W. Scott: The Surgeons 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Shebdiz, the Persian Bucephalos, the 
favourite charger of Chosroes II. or 
Khosrou Parviz of Persia (590-628). 

Shedad, king of Ad, who built a 
most magnificent palace, and laid out a 
garden called "The Garden of Irem," 
like "the bowers of Eden." All men 
admired this palace and garden except 
the prophet Houd, who told the king that 
the foundation of his palace was not 
secure. And so it was, that God, to 
punish his pride, first sent a drought of 
three years' duration, and then the 
Sarsar or icy wind for seven days, in 
which the garden was destroyed, the 
palace ruined and Shedad, with all his 
subjects, died. 

• • It is said that the palace of Shedad 
or Shuddaud took 500 years in building, 
and when it was finished the angel of 
death would not allow him even to enter 
his garden, but struck him dead; and the 
rose garden of Irem was ever after in- 
visible to the eye of man. — S out hey : 
Thalaba the Destroyer, L (1797). 

Gardens more delightful tha» thoM of Shedad.— 
Beckford: Vathek, p. 130 (1784). 

Sheep {Lord Bantam's). These sheep 
had tails of such enormous length tha» 



SHEEP. 



995 



SHELLS. 



bb lordship had go-carts harnessed to the 
sheep for carrying their tails. 

There goes Mrs. Roundabout, the cutler's wife . . . 
Odious puss ! how she waddles along with her train 
two yards behind her I She puts me in mind of lord 
Bantam's sheep.— Goldsmith : The Bee, ii. (1759). 

Sheep ( The Cotswold). 

No brown, nor sullied black, the face or legs doth 

streak, . . . 
[A If] of the whitest kind, whose brows so woolly be, 
As men in her fair sheep no emptiness should see . . . 
A body long and large, the buttocks equal broad . . . 
And of the fleecy face, the flank doth nothing lack, 
But everywhere is stored, the belly as the back. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xiv. (16x3). 

Sheep-Dog 1 (A), a lady-companion, 
who occupies the back seat of the ba- 
rouche, carries wraps, etc., goes to church 
with the lady, and ' ' guards her from the 
wolves," as much as the lady wishes to 
be guarded, but no more. 

■ Rawdon," said Becky, ..." I must have a sheep- 
dog ... I mean a moral shepherd's dog ... to keep 
the wolves off me." . . . " A sheep-dog, a companion 1 
Becky Sharp with a sheep-dog 1 Isn't that good fun?" 
— Thackeray : Vanity Fair, xxxvii. (1848). 

Sheep of the Addanc Valley. 
In this valley, which led to the cave of 
the Addanc, were two flocks of sheep, one 
white and the other black. When any 
one of the black sheep bleated, a white 
sheep crossed over and became black, 
and when one of the white sheep bleated, 
a black sheep crossed over and became 
white. — The Mabinogion ("Peredur," 
twelfth century). 

Sheep of the Prisons, a cant term 

in the French Revolution for a spy under 
the jailers. — Dickens: A Tale of Two 
Cities, iii. 7 (1859). 

Sheep Tilted at. Don Quixote saw 
the dust of two flocks of sheep coming 
in opposite directions, and told Sancho 
they were two armies — one commanded 
by the emperor Alifanfaron sovereign of 
the island of Trap'oban, and the other by 
the king of the Garaman'teans, called 
" Pentap'olin with the Naked Arm." 
He said that Alifanfaron was in love 
with Pentapolin's daughter, but Penta- 
polin refused to sanction the alliance, 
because Alifanfaron was a Mohammedan. 
The mad knight rushed on the flock *' led 
by Alifanfaron," and killed seven of the 
sheep, but was stunned by stones thrown 
at him by the shepherds. When Sancho 
told his master that the two armies were 
only two flocks of sheep, the knight 
replied that the enchanter Freston had 
" metamorphosed the two grand armies " 
in ord'-r to show his malice. — Cervantes: 
Don Quixote, I. iii. 4 (1605). 

f After the death of Achilles, Ajax 
and Ulysses both claimed the armour of 



Hector. The dispute was settled by the 
sons of Atreus (2 syl.), who awarded 
the prize to Ulysses. This so enraged 
Ajax that it drove him mad, and he fell 
upon a flock of sheep driven at night into 
the camp, supposing it to be an army led 
by Ulysses and the sons of Atreus. 
When he found out his mistake, he 
stabbed himself. This is the subject of 
a tragedy by Soph'ocles called Ajax Mad. 

IF Orlando in his madness also fell foul 
of a flock of sheep. — Ariosto : Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Sheep's Heads, jemmies, for wrench- 
ing doors open. Bill Sikes had sheep's 
head for supper before entering on the 
enterprise of breaking into Chertsey 
House — 

Which gave occasion to several pleasant witticisms 
on the part of Mr. Sikes.— Dickens : Oliver Twist, 
Ch. xx. p. 75 (1838). 

Sheet = a rope. (See Errors of 
Authors : Allan Cunningham, p. 334.) 

Pull in the sheet till the sail is above your head.— 
Nineteenth Century, September, 1896, p. 482. 

Sheffield, in Yorkshire, is so called 
from the river Sheaf, which joins the Don. 
Noted for cutlery. 

The Bard of Sheffield, James Mont- 
gomery, author of The Wanderer of 
Switzerland, etc. (1771-1854). 

With broken lyre and cheek serenely pale, 
Lo I sad Alcaeus wanders down the vale . . . 
O'er his lost works let classic Sheffield weep ; 
May no rude hand disturb their early sleep I 
Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

The Sheffield of Germany, Solingen, 
famous for its swords and foils. 

Shelby {Mr.), uncle Tom's first 
master. Being in commercial difficulties, 
he was obliged to sell his faithful slave. 
His son afterwards endeavoured to buy 
uncle Tom back again, but found that he 
had been whipped to death by the villain 
Legree. — Mrs. Beecher Stowe : Uncle 
Toms Cabin (1852). 

Shell (A). Amongst the ancient 
Gaels a shell was emblematic of peace. 
Hence when Bosmi'na, Fingal's daughter, 
was sent to propitiate king Erragon, who 
had invaded Morven, she carried with 
her a "sparkling shell as a symbol of 
peace, and a golden arrow as a symbol 
of war." — Ossian : The Battle of Lor a. 

Shells, i.e. hospitality. "Semo king 
of shells" ("hospitality"). When Cu- 
thullin invites Swaran to a banquet, his 
messenger says, " Cuthullin gives the joy 
of shells ; come and partake the feast of 
Erin's blue-eyed chief." The ancient 
Gaels drank from shells ; and hence such 



SHELTA. 996 

phrases as "chief of shells, m "hall of 
shells," "king of shells," etc. (king of 
hospitality). "To rejoice in the shell" 
is to feast sumptuously and drink freely. 

Shelta, a Celtic language spoken by 
travelling tinkers, quite distinct from 
Romany, but some gipsies speak both or 
mix them up together. It resembles Old 
Irish, and is said to be a corrupt form of 
the Irish word Belre. Kuno Meyer has 
traced the language back to Old Irish. 
There is a good article on Shelta in 
Chambers' Cyclopedia, last edition. 

Shemus-an-Snachad, or "James 
of the Needle," M 'Ivor's tailor at 
Edinburgh.— Sir W. Scott: Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Sliepheardes Calendar {The), 

twelve eclogues in various metres, by 
Spenser, one for each month. January: 
Colin Clout (Spenser) bewails that Rosa- 
lind does not return his love, and compares 
his forlorn condition to the season itself. 
February: Cuddy, a lad, complains of 
the cold, and Thenot laments the de- 
generacy of pastoral life. March: Willie 
and Thomalin discourse of love (described 
as a person just aroused from sleep). 
April: Hobbinol sings a song on Eliza, 
queen of shepherds. May: Palinode 
(3 syl.) exhorts Piers to join the festivi- 
ties of May, but Piers replies that good 
shepherds who seek their own indulgence 
expose their flocks to the wolves. He 
then relates the fable of the kid and her 
dam. June : Hobbinol exhorts Colin to 
greater cheerfulness, but Colin replies 
there is no cheer for him while Rosalind 
remains unkind and loves Menalcas 
better than himself. July: Morrel, a 
goat-herd, invites Thomalin to come with 
him to the uplands, but Thomalin replies 
that humility better becomes a shepherd 
(i.e. a pastor or clergyman). August: 
Perigot and Willie contend in song, and 
Cuddy is appointed arbiter. September : 
Diggon Davie complains to Hobbinol of 
clerical abuses. October: On poetry, 
which Cuddy says has no encouragement, 
and laments that Colin neglects it, being 
crossed in love. November: Colin, being 
asked by Thenot to sing, excuses him- 
self because of his grief for Dido, but 
finally he sings her elegy. December: 
Colin again complains that his heart is 
desolate because Rosalind loves him not 
(i579)- 

Shepheard's Hunting' (The), four 
•• eglogues" by George Wither, while con- 



SHEPHERD-KINGS. 

fined in the Marshalsea (1615). The 
shepherd Roget is the poet himself, and 
his "hunting" is a satire called Abuses 
Stript and Whipt, for which he was im- 
prisoned. The first three eclogues are 
upon the subject of Roget's imprisonment, 
and the fourth is on his love of poetry. 
"Willy" is the poet's friend (William 
Browne of the Inner Temple, author of 
Britannia s Pastorals). He was two years 
the junior of Wither. This book is worth 
republishing. 

SHEPHERD ( The), Moses, who for 
forty years fed the flocks of Jethro his 
father-in-law. 

Sing-, heavenly Muse, that on the secret top 
Of Oreb or of Sinai, didst inspire 
That shepherd who first taught the chosen seed, 
" In the beginning," how the heaven and earth 
Rose out of chaos. 

Milton: Paradise Lost, L (166s). 

Shepherd (The Ettrick). (See Et- 
trick Shepherd, p. 342. ) 

Shepherd ( The Gentle), George Gren- 
ville, the statesman. One day, in ad- 
dressing the House, George Grenville 
said, "Tell me where ! tell me where ..." 
Pitt hummed the line of a song then 
very popular, beginning, " Gentle shep- 
herd, tell me where 1 " and the whole 
House was convulsed with laughter (1713- 
1770). 

(Allan Ramsay has a beautiful Scotch 
pastoral called The Gentle Shepherd, 
1725- ) 

Shepherd (John Claridge), the 
signature adopted by the author of The 
Shepherd of Banbury's Rules to Judge 
of the Changes of Weather, etc. (1744). 
Supposed to be Dr. John Campbell, 
author of A Political Survey of Britain. 

Shepherd-Zings (The) or Hyksos. 
These hyksos were a tribe of Cuthites 
driven from Assyria by Aralius and the 
Shemites. Their names were: (1) SaTtes 
or Salatgs, called by the Arabs El-We- 
leed, and said to be a descendant of Esau 
(B.C. 1870-1851); (2) Beon, called by 
the Arabs Er-Reiyan, son of El-Weleed 
(b.c. 1851-1811) ; (3) Apachnas (B.C. 
1811-1750) ; (4) Apophis, called by the 
Arabs Er-Reiyan II., in whose reign 
Joseph was sold into Egypt and was 
made viceroy (b.c. 1750-1700) ; (5) Ja- 

NIAS (B.C. I700-1651) ; (6) ASSETH 

(1651-1610). The hyksos were driven 
out of Egypt by Amosis or Thethmosis, 
the founder of the eighteenth dynasty, 
and retired to Palestine, where they 
formed the chiefs or lords of the Philis- 



SHEPHERD LORD. 



997 



SHEVA. 



tines. (Hyksos is compounded of hyk, 
"king," and sos, "shepherd.") 

N.B. — Apophis or Aphophis was not a 
shepherd-king, but a pharaoh or native 
ruler, who made Apachnas tributary, and 
succeeded him, but on the death of 
Aphophis the hyksos were restored. 

Shepherd Lord {The), lord Henry 
de Clifford, brought up by his mother as 
a shepherd to save him from the ven- 
geance of the Yorkists. Henry VII. 
restored him to his birthright and estates 
(1455-1543). He is the hero of much 
legendary narrative. 

The gracious fairy. 
Who loved the shepherd lord to moat 
In his wanderings solitary. 
Wordsworth : The l>r7tite Doe 0/ Rylstone (18x5). 

Shepherd of Banbury. (See 

Shepherd, John Claridge.) 

Shepherd of Filida. 

'Preserve him, Mr. Nicholas, as thou wouldst a 
diamond. He is not a shepherd, but an elegant 
courtier,'' said the cure. — Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. 
L 6 (160s). 

Shepherd of Salisbury Plain 

[The), the hero and title of a religious 
tract by Hannah More. The shepherd is 
noted for his homely wisdom and simple 
piety. The academy figure of this shep- 
herd was David Saunders, who, with his 
father, had kept sheep on the plain for a 
century. 

Shepherd of the Ocean. So Colin 
Clout [Spenser) calls sir Walter Raleigh 
in his Colin Clout's Come Home Again 
(i590- 

Shepherd's Garland (The), nine 
eclogues by Drayton (1593). 

Shepherd's Pipe [The), seven 
eclogues by W. Browne (1614). 

Shepherd's Week [The), six 
pastorals by Gay (1714). The shep- 
herds portrayed are every-day shepherds, 
not Arcadian myths. They sleep under 
hedges, their nosegays are hedge flowers, 
and the shepherdesses milk the cows and 
make butter. 

Shepherdess [The Faithful), a pas- 
toral drama by John Fletcher (16 10). 
The "faithful shepherdess" is Corin, 
who remains faithful to her lover although 
dead. Milton has gathered rather largely 
from this pastoral in his Comus. 

Sheppard [Jack), immortalized for 
his burglaries and escapes from Newgate. 
He was the son of a carpenter in Spital- 



fields, and was an ardent, reckless, and 
generous youth. Certainly the most 
popular criminal ever led to Tyburn for 
execution (1701-1724). Sir James Thorn- 
hill painted his likeness. 

(Daniel Defoe made Jack Sheppard 
the hero of a romance in 1724 ; and W. 
H. Ainsworth, in 1839.) 

Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, brings ill 
luck to the possessor. It belonged at 
one time to the see of Canterbury, and 
Osmund pronounced a curse on any lay- 
man who wrested it from the Church. 

The first layman who held these lands 
was the protector Somerset, who was be- 
headed by Edward VI. 

The next layman was sir Walter 
Raleigh, who was also beheaded. 

At the death of Raleigh, James I. seized 
on the lands and conferred them on Car 
earl of Somerset, who died prematurely. 
His younger son Carew was attainted, 
committed to the Tower, and lost his 
estates by forfeiture. 

James I. himself was no exception. He 
lost his eldest son the prince of Wales, 
Charles I. was beheaded, James II. was 
forced to abdicate, and the two Pretenders 
consummated the ill luck of the family. 

Sherborne is now in the possession of 
Digby earl of Bristol. 

(For other possessions which carry with 
them ill luck, see Gold of Tolosa, 
p. 434; Gold of Nibelungen, p. 434; 
Graysteel, p. 445 ; Harmonia's 
Necklace, p. 470; III Luck, p. 530; 
etc.) 

Sherborne, in Vivian Grey, a novel 
by Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield, 1826). 

Sheridan. Byron says, in his monody, 
that Nature broke the die after moulding 
Sheridan. 

Sheva, the philanthropic Jew, most 
modest but most benevolent. He "stints 
his appetite to pamper his affections, and 
lives in poverty that the poor may live in 
plenty." Sheva is "the widow's friend, 
the orphan's father, the poor man's pro- 
tector, and the universal dispenser of 
charity ; but he ever shrank to let his left 
hand know what his right hand did." 
Ratcliffe's father rescued him at Cadiz 
from an auto da fe, and Ratcliffe himself 
rescued him from a howling London mob. 
This noble heart settled ^10,000 on Miss 
Ratcliffe at her marriage, and left Charles 
the heir of all his property. — Cumberland: 
The Jew (1776). 



SHEVA. 

(The Jews of England made up a very 
handsome purse, which they presented 
to the dramatist for this championship of 
their race.) 

Sheva, in the satire of Absalom and 
Achitophel, by Dry den and Tate, is de- 
signed for sir Roger Lestrange, censor of 
the press in the reign of Charles II. 
Sheva was one of David's scribes (2 Sam. 
xx. 25), and sir Roger was editor of the 
Observator, in which he vindicated the 
court measures, for which he was 
knighted. 

Than Sheva, none more loyal zeal have shows. 

Wakeful as Judah's lion for the crown. 

Absalom and Achitophel, ii. 1025-6 (168a). 

Shibboleth, the test pass-word of a 
secret society. When the Ephraimites 
tried to pass the Jordan after their defeat 
by Jephthah, the guard tested whether 
they were Ephraimites or not by asking 
them to say the word "Shibboleth," 
which the Ephraimites pronounced "Sib- 
boleth" (Judg. xii. 1-6). 

IT In the Sicilian Vespers, a word was 
given as a test of nationality. Some 
dried peas (ciceri) were shown to a sus- 
pect : if he called them cheecharee, he 
was a Sicilian, and allowed to pass ; but 
if siseri, he was a Frenchman, and was 
put to death (March 30, 1282). 

IT In the great Danish slaughter on 
St. Bryce's Day (November 13), 1002, 
according to tradition, a similar test was 
made with the words " Chichester 
Church," which, being pronounced hard 
or soft, decided whether the speaker was 
Dane or Saxon. 

IT The shibboleth of Wat Tyler's 
rebels was " Bread and cheese." 

Shield. When a hero fell in fight, 
his shields left at home used to become 
bloody. — Gaelic Legendary Lore. 

The mother of Culmin remains in the hall. . . . His 
shield is bloody in the hall. " Art thou fallen, my 
fair-haired son, in Erin's dismal war?"— Ossian : 
Temora, v. 

The point of a shield. When a flag 
emblazoned with a shield had the point 
upwards, it denoted peace ; and when a 
combatant approached with his shield 
reversed, it meant the same thing in 
mediaeval times. 

And behold, one of the ships outstripped the others, 
and they saw a shield lifted up above the side of the 
ship, and the point of the shield was upwards, in token 
of peuce. — The Mabinogion (" Branwen," etc., twelfth 
century). 

Striking the shield. When a leader 
was appointed to take the command of 
an army, and the choice was doubtful, 



998 SHIELD OF GOLD. 

those who were the most eligible went to 
some distant hill, and he who struck hi* 
shield the loudest was chosen leader. 

They went each to his hill. Bards marked the 
sounds of the shields. Loudest rang thy boss. 
Duth-maruno. Thou must lead in war.— Ossian i 
Caih-Ltda, ii. 

*. * When a man was doomed to death 
the chief used to strike his shield with 
the blunt end of his spear, as a notice to 
the royal bard to begin the death-song. 

Cairbar rises in his arms. The clang of shields is 
heard.— Ossian: Temera.x. 

Shield. The Gold and Silver Shield. 
This story is from Beaumont's Moralities. 
It was repeated in a collection of Useful 
and Entertaining Passages in Prose 
(1826). The substance of the tale is as 
follows : Two knights, approaching each 
other from opposite directions, came in 
sight of a trophy shield, one side of which 
was gold and the other silver. Like the 
disputants about the chameleon, they 
could not agree. " What a wonderful 
gold trophy is that yonder ! " said one of 
the knights. "Gold!" exclaimed the 
other. " Why, do you think I've lost 
my sight? It is not gold, but silver.' 
" 'Tis gold, I maintain;" " 'Tis silver, 
I insist on." From words they almost 
came to blows, when luckily came by a 
stranger, to whom they referred the 
dispute, and were told that both were 
wrong and both were right, seeing one 
side of it was gold and the other side 
silver. 

Shield of Cathmor [The). This 
shield had seven bosses, and the ring of 
each boss (when struck with a spear) 
conveyed a distinct telegraphic message 
to the tribes. The sound of one boss, 
for example, was for muster, of another 
for retreat, of a third distress, and so on, 
On each boss was a star, the names of 
which were Can'-mathon (on the first 
boss), Col-derna (on the second), Uloicho 
(on the third), Cathlin (on the fourth), 
Rel-durath (on the fifth), Berthin (on the 
sixth), and Ton-the'na (on the seventh). 

In his arms strode the chief of Atha to where his 
shield hung, high, at night ; high on a mossy bough 
over Lubar's streamy roar. Seven bosses rose on the 
shield, the seven voices of the king which his warriors 
received from the wind.— Oss ian : Temora, vii. 

Shield of Gold or Golden Shield, 
the shield of Mars, which fell from 
heaven, and was guarded in Rome by 
twelve priests called Salii. 

Charge for the hearth of Vesta I 
Charge for the Golden Shield I 

Macaulay : Regillus, SOT*, 



I 



SHIELD OF LOVE. 

Hall to the fire that burl's for aye [*fVesta\ 

And the shield that tc-.l from heaven 1 
Macaulay : Lays of Ancient Rome {" Battle of the 
Lake Regillus," xxxviii., 1843). 

Shield of Love ( The). This buckler 
was suspended in a temple of Venus by 
golden ribbons, and underneath was 
written, " Whoseever be this shield, 
Faire Amoret be his." — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, iv. 10 (1596). 

Shield of Rome {The), Fabius 
" Cunctator." Marcellus was called 
•• The Sword of Rome." (See Fabius, 
P- 35o.) 

Shift {Samuel), a wonderful mimic, 
who, like Charles Mathews the elder, 
could turn his face to anything. He is 
employed by sir William Wealthy to 
assist in saving his son George from ruin, 
and accordingly helps the young man in 
his money difficulties by becoming his 
agent. Ultimately, it is found that sir 
George's father is his creditor, the young 
man is saved from ruin, marries, and 
becomes a reformed and honourable 
member of society. — Foote: The Minor 
(1760). 

Shilla'lah or Shillelagh, a wood 
near Arklow, in Wicklow, famous for its 
oaks and blackthorns. The Irishman's 
bludgeon is so called, because it was 
generally cut from this wood. (See Sprig 
of Shillelah.) 

Shilling' ( To cut one off with a). A 
tale is told of Charles and John Banister. 
John having irritated his father, the old 
man said, "Jack, I'll cut you off with a 
shilling." To which the son replied, " I 
wish, dad, you would give it me now." 

•[[ The same identical anecdote is told 
of Sheridan and his son Tom. 

Shimei. Dryden is satirized under 
this name in Pordage's Azaria and 
hushai, a rejoinder to Absalom and 
Achitophel (1683). In Dryden's Absalom, 
etc. , Shimei is meant for Bethel, the lord 
mayor. 

The council violent, the rabble worse. 
The Shimei taught Jerusalem [London] to curse. 
Pt. L 669, 670. 

Ship. The master takes the ship out, 
but the mate brings her home. The reason 
is this : On the first night of an outw.ird 
passage, the starboard watch takes the 
first four hours on deck, but in the 
homeward passage the port watch. 
Now, the " starboard watch " is al o 
called the master's or captain's watch, 
because when there was only one mnte, 
th« master had to take his own watch 



999 



SHIPTON. 



[i.e. the starboard). The " port watcih " 
is commanded by the first mate, and 
when there was only one, he had to 
stand to his own watch. 

• . ' When there were two mates, the 
second took the st rboard watch. (See 
also Bells, p. 107.) 

Ship [The Intelligent). Ellida 
(Frithjofs ship) understood what was 
said to it ; hence in the Frithjof Saga 
the son of Thorsten constantly addresses 
it, and the ship always obeys what is 
said to it — Tegner: Frithjof Saga, x. 
(1825). 

Ship-Shape. A vessel sent to sea 
before it is completed is called "jury- 
shaped" or "jury -rigged," i.e. rigged for 
the nonce (jour-y, "pro tempore"); 
while at sea, she is completed, and when 
all the temporary makeshifts have been 
changed for the proper riggings, the 
vessel is called "ship-shape." 

Having been sent to sea in a hurry, they were tittle 
better than jury-rigged, and we are now being put 
into ship-shape.— Daily News, August 33, 187a 

Ship of Pools (The), or Shyp of 
Polys, a poem in octo-syllabic stanzas, 
by Alexander Barclay ; designed to 
ridicule the vices and lollies of the day. 
It is the allegory of a ship freighted with 
fools ; and a paraphrase of the German 
satire by Sebastian Brandt (1494). 

Ship of the Desert, the camel or 
dromedary employed in "voyages" 
through the sand-seas of the African 
deserts. 

... let me have the long 
And patient swiftness of the desert-ship, 
The helniless dromedary. 
Byron : The Deformed Transformed, L i (xtai). 

Shipman's Tale ( The), in Chaucer's 

Canterbury Tales : ' ' The merchant's wife 
and the monk." The monk (Dan ]ohan) 
was on most intimate terms with the 
merchant, and when the merchant was 
about to leave home (Florence) on busi- 
ness, the wife borrowed a hundred 
francs of the monk. As the monk had 
not the money at hand, he borrowed the 
loan of the merchant. When the merchant 
returned home, the monk asserted that 
he had paid back the loan to the wife. 
The wife told her husband that the monk 
had made her a present of the money, 
which she had spent. The merchant, 
plainly seeing there was no redress, said 
no more about the matter, and allowed 
it to drop. 

Shipton (Mother), the heroine of an 



SHIPWRECK. 



IO0O 



SHOES. 



ancient tale entitled The Strange and 
Wonderful History and Prophecies of 
Mother Shipton, etc. — T. E. Preece. 
(See Mother Shipton, p. 733.) 

Shipwreck {The), a poem in three 
cantos, by William Falconer (1762). 
Supposed to occupy six days. The ship 
was the Britannia, under the command 
of Albert, and bound for Venice. Being 
overtaken in a squall, she is driven out of 
her course from Candia, and four seamen 
are lost off the lee main-yardarm. A 
fearful storm greatly distresses the vessel, 
and the captain gives command " to bear 
away." As she passes the island of St. 
George, the helmsman is struck blind 
by lightning. Bowsprit, foremast, and 
main-topmast being carried away, the 
officers try to save themselves on the 
wreck of the foremast. The ship splits 
on the projecting verge of cape Colonna. 
The captain and all his crew are lost 
except Arion [Falconer), who is washed 
ashore, and being befriended by the 
natives, returns to England to tell this 
mournful story. 

Shirley, a novel by Charlotte Bronte" 

(1849). 

(John Skelton assumed the name of 
Shirley in his volume of essays. ) 

Shoe. The right shoe first. It was 
by the Romans thought unlucky to put 
on the left shoe first, or to put the shoe 
on the wrong foot. St. Foix says of 

Augustus — 

Cet empereur, qui gouverna avec tant de sagesse, et 
dont le i«gne fut si florissant, restoit immobile et coa- 
sterne lorsqu' il lui arrivoit par megarde de mettre la 
Soulier droit au pied gauche, et le Soulier gauche au 
pied droit. 

Shoe Pinches. We all know where 
the shoe pinches, we each of us know our 
own special troubles. 

Lord Foppington. Hark thee, shoemaker, these 
■hoes . . . don't fit me. 

Shoemaker. My lord, I think they fit you very welL 

Lord Fop. They hurt me just below the instep. 

Shoem. No, my lord, they don't hurt you there. 

Lord Fop. I tell you they pinch me execrably. 

Shoem. Why, then, my lord 

Lord Fop. What 1 Wilt thou persuade me I cannot 
feel? 

Shoem. Your lordship may please to feel what you 
think fit, but that shoe does not hurt you. I think I 
understand my trade.— Sheridan : A Trip to Scut*- 
borough, i. a (1777). 

Shoe in Wedding's. In English 
weddings, slippers and old shoes are 
thrown at the bride when she leaves the 
house of her parents, to indicate that she 
has left the house for good. 

Luther being at a wedding, told the bridegroom he 
had placed the husband's shoe on the head of the bed, 
"afin qu'il prtt ainsi la domination et le gouverae- 
nienu"— Micholtt: Lift 0/ Luther (1843). 



IT In Turkish weddings, as soon as the 
prayers are over, the bridegroom makes 
off as fast as possible, followed by the 
guests, who pelt him with old shoes. 
These blows represent the adieux of the 
young man. — Thirty Years in the Haram, 

332: 

1 In Anglo-Saxon marriages, the father 
delivered the bride's shoe to the bride- 
groom, and the bridegroom touched the 
bride on the head with it, te show his 
authority. — Chambers' Journal, June, 
1870. 

Shoe the Gray Goose, to under- 
take a difficult and profitless business. 
John Skelton says the attempt of the 
laity to reform the clergy of his time is 
about as mad a scheme as if they at- 
tempted to shoe a wild goose. 

What hath laymen to dee, The gray gose te sheet 
Skelton: Celyn Clout (1460-1529). 

("To shoe the goose" is sometimes 
used as the synonym of being tipsy. ) 

Shoe the Mockish Mare, shoe 
the wild mare, similar to "belling the 
cat ; " to do a work of danger and diffi- 
culty for general and personal benefit. 

Let us see who dare Shoe the mockish mare. 

Skelton : Celyn Clout (1460-1529). 

•.* There is a boys' game called 
" Shoeing the Wild Mare," in which the 
players say — 

Shee the wild mare ; 
But if she won't be shed, she must go bare. 

Herrick refers to it [Works, L 176) 
when he says — 

Of blind-man's-buffe, and of the care 
That young men have te shoee the mare. 

"To shoe the colt" means to exact a 
fine called " footing" from a new associate 
or colt. The French say, Ferrer la mule. 

Shoes [He has changed his), " mutavit 
calcSos," that is, he has become a 
senator, or has been made a peer. The 
Roman senators wore black shoes, or 
rather black buskins, reaching to the 
middle of the leg, with the letter C in 
silver on the instep. 

(For several other customs and super- 
stitions connected with shoes, see Dic- 
tionary of Phrase and Fable, pp. 1 134-5. 1 

Demonides Shoes. Demonides (4 syl.) 
was a cripple, and when some one stole 
his shoes, he remarked, "Well, I hope 
they will fit him." — Plutarch: Morals. 

1 Lord Chatham, hearing that some 
one had stolen his gouty shoes, ex- 
claimed, " I wish they may fit him." 



SHONOU. 



looz 



SHREWSBURY. 



Shonou (The Reign of), the most 
remote period, historic or pre-historic. 

Let us first learn to know what belongs to ourselves. 
and then, if we have leisure, cast our reflections back 
to the reign of Shonou, who governed 20,000 years 
before the creation of the moon. — Goldsmith: A 
Citizen of the World, lxxv. (1759). 

Shoo-King" ( The), the history of the 
Chinese monarchs, by Confucius. It 
begins with Yoo, B.C. 2205. 

Shoolbred {Dame), the foster- 
mother of Henry Smith. — Sir W. Scott : 
Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Shore (Jane), the heroine and title 
of a tragedy by N. Rowe (1713). Jane 
Shore was the wife of a London merchant, 
but left her husband to become the mis- 
tress of Edward IV. At the death of 
that monarch, lord Hastings wished to 
obtain her, but she rejected his advances. 
This drew on her the jealous wrath of 
Alicia (lord Hastings's mistress), who 
induced her to accuse lord Hastings of 
want of allegiance to the lord protector. 
The duke of Gloucester commanded the 
instant execution of Hastings ; and, 
accusing Jane Shore of having bewitched 
him, condemned her to wander about in 
a sheet, holding a taper in her hand, and 
decreed that any one who offered her food 
or shelter should be put to death. Jane 
continued an outcast for three days, when 
her husband came to her succour, but he 
was seized by Gloucester's myrmidons, 
and Jane Shore died. 

Miss Smithson [1800] had a splendid voice, a tall and 
noble person. Her " Jane Shore " put more money 
Into the manager's pocket than Edmund Kean, 
Macready, Miss Foote, or Charles Kemble.— Donald- 
ton: Recollections. 

Shore ditch. The old London tra- 
dition is that Shoreditch derived its name 
from Jane Shore, the beautiful mistress of 
Edward IV., who, worn out with poverty 
and hunger, died miserably in a ditch in 
this suburb. 

I could not get one bit of bread. 

Whereby my hunger might be fed . . . 

So, weary of my life, at lengths 

I Welded up my vital strength 

Within a ditch . . . which since that day* 

Is Shoreditch called, as writers saye. 

A ballad in Pepys's collection, The Woeful 
Lamentation of Jane Shore. 

Stow says the name is a corruption of 
•* sewer-ditch," or the common drain. 
Both these etymologies are only good for 
fable, as the word is derived from sir John 
de Soerdich, an eminent statesman and 
diplomatist, who " rode with Manney 
and Chandos against the French by the 
»ide of the Black Prince. " 



favourite archer of Henry VIII., was SO 
entitled by the Merry Monarch, in royal 
sport. Barlow's two skilful companions 
were created at the same time " marquis 
of Islington " and " earl of Pancras." 

Good king, make not good lord of Lincoln " duke of 
Shoreditche." — The Poore Man's Peticion to the Kinge 
(art. xvL, 1603). 

Shorn e (Sir John), noted for his feat 
of conjuring the devil into a boot. 

To Maister John Shorne, 

That blessed man borne. 
For the ague to him we apply; 

Which jugeleth with a bote; 

I beschrewe his herte rote 
That will trust him, and it be I. 

Fantassie of Idelatrie, 

Short - Lived Administration 

(The), the administration formed Feb- 
ruary 12, 1746, by William Pulteney. It 
lasted only two days. 

Shortcake (Mrs.), the baker's wife, 
one of Mrs. Mailsetter's friends. — Sir W. 
Scott : The Antiquary (time, George III. ). 

Shortell (Master), the mercer at 
Liverpool. — Sir W. Scott: Peveril of the 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Shorthose (2 syl.), a clown, servant 
to lady Hartwell the widow. — Fletcher: 
Wit without Money (1639). 

Sh.orth.ouse ( Tom), epitaph of— 

Hie Jacet Tom Shorthouse, sine Tom, sine Sheets. 

sine Riches ["sine," i Jry/.J; 
Qui Vixit sine Gown, sin* Cloak, sine Shirt, sine 

Breeches. 

Old London (taken from the Magna Britannia). 

" Should Auld Acquaintance be 
Porgot ? " Robert Burns, writing to 
Mr. Thomson, September, 1793, says, 
"The following song ('Auld Lang Syne') 
of the olden times, which has never been 
in print, nor even in MS., until I took it 
down from an old man's singing, is 
enough to recommend any air." 

Shoulder-Blade Divination. 

A divination strange the Dutch-made Hnglish have . . . 
By the shoulder of a ram from off the right side pared. 
Which usually they boil, the spade-bone being bared, 
Which then the wizard takes, and gazing thereupon. 
Things long to come foreshows . . . Scapes secretly 

;*t home . . . 
Murthers, adulterous stealths, as the events of war, 
The reigns and deaths of kings . . . etc. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, v. (i6»). 

Shovel-Boards or Edward Shovel- 
Boards, broad shillings of Edward III. 
Taylor, the water-poet, tells us "they 
were used for the most part at shoave- 

bo.ird." 

. . . the unthrift every day, 
With my face downwards do at shoave-board play. 
Taylor, the water-poet (1580-1654). 



Shoreditch (Duke of). Barlow, the Shrewsbury (Lord), the earl 



SHROPSHIRE TOAST. 



SIBYLSl 



shal in the court of queen Elizabeth. — 
Sir W. Scott; Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Shropshire Toast (The), "To all 
friends round the Wrekin." 

Shtlffiebottom [Abel), a name as- 
sumed by Robert Southey in some of his 
amatory productions (1774-1843). 

Shuffleton [The Hon. Tom), a man 
of very slender estate, who borrows of all 
who will lend, but always forgets to 
repay or return the loans. When spoken 
to about it, he interrupts the speaker 
before he comes to the point, and diverts 
the conversation to some other subject. 
He is one of the new school, always 
emotionless, looks on money as the 
summum bonum, and all as fair that puts 
money in his purse. The Hon. Tom 
Shuffleton marries lady Caroline Bray- 
more, who has ^"4000 a year. (See 
DiMANCHB, p. 280.)— Colmun junior: 
John Bull (1805). 

" Who is this— all boots and breaches. 
Cravat and cape, and spurs and switches. 
Grins and grimaces, shrugs and capers. 
With affectation, spleen, and vapours?" 
" Oh, Mr. Richard Jones, your humble—" 
"Pithee give o'er to mouthe and mumblsj 
Stand still, speak plain, and let us hear 
What was intended for the ear. 
I' faith, without the timely aid 
Of bills, no part you ever played 
(Hob, Handy. Shufheton, or Rov«r, 
Sharper, stroller, lounger, lover) 
Could e'er distinguish from each other." 
Croker: On Richard Jones, the Actor (1778-1851). 

Shutters (Tom, put up the). A 
lieutenant threatened Mr. Hoby of St. 
James's Street (London) to withdraw his 
custom, because his boots were too tight ; 
whereupon Mr. Hoby called to his errand- 
boy, " Tom, put up the shutters, lieuten- 
ant Smith threatens to withdraw his 
custom." This witty reproof has become 
a stock phrase of banter with tradesmen 
when threatened by a silly customer. 

Shylock, the Jew who lends Anthonio 
(a Venetian merchant) 3000 ducats for 
three months, on these conditions 2 If 
repaid within the time, only the principal 
should be required ; if not, the Jew should 
be at liberty to cut from Anthonio's body 
a pound of flesh. The ships of Anthonio 
being delayed by contrary winds, the 
merchant was unable to meet his bill, and 
the Jew claimed the forfeiture. Portia, in 
the dress of a law doctor, conducted the 
defence ; and, when the Jew was about to 
take his bond, reminded him that he 
must shed no drop of blood, nor cut 
either more or less than an exact pound. 



If these conditions were infringed, his life 
would be forfeit. The Jew, feeling it to 
be impossible to exact the bond under 
such conditions, gave up the claim, but 
was heavily fined for seeking the life of 
a Venetian citizen. — Shakespeare: The 
Merchant of Venice (1598). 

(It was of C. Macklin (1690-1797) that 
Pope wrote the doggerel — 

This is the Jew 

That Shakespeare draw; 

but Edmund Kean (1787-1833) was 

unrivalled in this character. ) 

According to the kindred authority of Shylock, no 
man hates the thing he would not kill.— Sir IV. Scott. 

If Paul Secchi tells us a similar tale : A 
merchant of Venice, having been informed 
by private letter that Drake had taken 
and plundered St. Domingo, sent word 
to Sampson Ceneda, a Jewish usurer. 
Ceneda would not believe it, and bet a 
pound of flesh it was not true. When 
the report was confirmed, the pope told 
Secchi he might lawfully claim his bet if 
he chose, only he must draw no blood, 
nor take either more or less than an exact 
pound, on the penalty of being hanged. — 
Gregorio Leti : Life of Sextus V. (1666). 

T The same tale is told of " Gernutus 
a Jewe, who, lending to a merchant a 
hundred crowns, would have a pound of 
his fleshe because he could not pay him 
at the time appointed." The ballad is 
inserted in Percy's Reliques, series i. bk. 
ii. 11. 

Sihbald, an attendant on the earl of 
Monteith.— Sir W. Sr.ott: Legend of 
Montrose (time, Charles I.). 

Slber, i.e. Siberia. Mr. Bell of Anter- 
mony, in his Travels, informs us that 
Siberia is universally called Siber by the 
Russians. 

From Guinea's coast and Siber's dreary mines. 
Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, i. (1799). 

Siberian Climate (A), a very cold 
and rigorous climate, winterly and in- 
hospitable, with snow-hurricanes and 
biting winds. The valley of the Lena is 
the coldest reign of the globe. 

Sibylla, the sibyl. (See Sibyls.) 

And thou, Alecto, feede me wyth thy foods . . a 
And thou, Sibilla, when thou seest me faynte, 
Addres thyselfe the gyde of my complaynte. 

Sackville : Mirrtur for MagistrayUs 
(" Complaynte,' etc., 1557). 

Sibyls. Plato speaks of only one 
sibyl ; Martian Capella says there were 
tzvo (the Erythraean or Cumeean sibyl, and 
the Phrygian) ; Pliny speaks of the three 



SIBYL'S BOOKS. 



X003 



SIDNEY. 



sibyls; Jackson maintains, on the au- 
thority of ./Elian, that there were four; 
Shakespeare speaks of the nine sibyls of 
old Rome (1 Henry VI. act i. sc. 2) ; Varro 
says they were ttm (the sibyls of Libya, 
Samos, Cumae (in Italy), Cumae (in Asia 
Minor), Erythraea, Persia,Tiburtis,Delphi, 
Ancy'ra (in Phrygia), and Marpessa), in 
reference to which Rabelais says, "she 
may be the eleventh sibyl " (Pantag'ruel, 
iii. 16) ; the mediaeval monks made the 
number to be twelve, and gave to each a 
distinct prophecy respecting Christ But 
whatever the number, there was but one 
" sibyl of old Rome " (the Cumaean), who 
offered to Tarquin the nine Sibylline 
books. 

Sibyl's Books (The). We are told 
that the sibyl of Cumae (m iESlis) offered 
Tarquin nine volumes of predictions for 
a certain sum of money, but the king, 
deeming the price exorbitant, refused to 
purchase them ; whereupon she burnt 
three of the volumes, and next year 
offered Tarquin the remaining six at the 
same price. Again he refused, and the 
sibyl burnt three more. The following 
year she again returned, and asked the 
original price for the three which re- 
mained. At the advice of the augurs, the 
king purchased the books, and they were 
preserved with great care under guardians 
specially appointed for the purpose. 

Her remaining chances, like the sibyl's books, 
became more precious in an increasing ratio as the 
preceding ones were destroyed.— Fitzgerald: The 
Parvenu Family, L 7. 

Sic Vos non Vobis. (See Vos non 

VOBIS.) 

Sicilian Bull (The), the brazen bull 
invented by Perillos for the tyrant Pha- 
laris, as an engine of torture. Perillos 
himself was the first victim enclosed in 
the bull. 

As the Sicilian bull that rightfully 
His cries echoed who had shaped the mould. 
Did so rebellow with the voice of him 
Tormented, that the brazen monster seemed 
Pierced through with pain. 

Dantt : HtU, xxviL (1300). 

Sicilian Vespers (The), the mas- 
sacre of the French in Sicily, which began 
at Palermo, March 30, 1282, at the hour 
of vespers, on Easter Monday. This 
wholesale slaughter was provoked by the 
brutal conduct of Charles d'Anjou (the 
governor) and his soldiers towards the 
islanders. (See Shirboleth, p. 998.) 

*[[ A similar massacre of the Danes was 
made in England on St Bryce's Day 
(November 13), 100a. 



U Another similar slaughter took place 
at Bruges, March 24, 1302. 

(The Bartholomew Massacre (August 
24, 1572) was a religious not a political 
movement.) 

Sicilien (Le) or L' Amour Peintre, 

a comedy by Moliere (1667). The Sicilian 
is don Pedre, who has a Greek slave 
named Is'idore. This slave is loved by 
Adraste (2 syl.), a French gentleman, and 
the plot of the comedy turns on the way 
that the Frenchman allures the Greek 
slave away from her master. (See 
Adraste, p. 10.) 

Sicily of Spain ( The). Alemtejo, 
in Portugal, at one time " the granary of 
Portugal. " 

Sick Man of the East (The), the 
Turkish empire. It was Nicholas of 
Russia who gave this name to the mori- 
bund empire. 

We have on our hands a sick man, a very sick mis. 
It would be a great misfortune if one of these days he 
should happen to die before the necessary arrange- 
ments are made. . . . The man is certainly dying, and 
we must not allow such an event to take us by surprise. 
—Nicholas of Russia, to sir George Seymour, British 
charge" ' d 'affaires (January n, 1844). 

' IT The sick man of Orange, don John, 
governor-general of the Netherlands, 
writing in 1577 to Philip II. of Spain, 
called the prince of Orange "the sick 
man," because he was in the way, " and 
wanted him finished." He said to Philip, 
** Money is the gruel with which we must 
cure this sick man," spies and assassins 
being expensive articles. — Motley: The 
Dutch Republic, v. 2. Again he says, 
"There is no remedy, sire, for the body 
but by cutting off the diseased part." 

Siddartha, born at Gaya, in India, 
and known in Indian history as Buddha 
(U. " The Wise "). 

Sidney, the tutor and friend of Charles 
Egerton McSycophant. He loves Con- 
stantia, but conceals his passion for fear 
of paining Egerton, her accepted lover. — 
Macklin: The Man of the World (1764). 

Sidney (Sir Philip). Sir PhilipSidney, 
though suffering extreme thirst from the 
agony of wounds received in the battle of 
Zutphen, gave his own draught of water 
to a wounded private lying at his side, 
saying, "Poor fellow, thy necessity if 
greater than mine." 

11 A similar incident is recorded of 
Alexander " the Great," in the desert of 
Gedrosia. — Quintus Curlius. 

IF David, fighting against the Philis- 
tines, became so parched with thirst (hat 



SIDNEY'S SISTER. 



1004 



SIEGFRIED. 



he cried out, "Oh that one would give 
me drink of the water of the well of Beth- 
lehem, which is by the gate ! " And the 
three mighty men broke through the host 
of the Philistines and brought him water ; 
nevertheless, he would not drink it, but 
poured it out unto the Lord. — 2 Sam. 
xxiii. 15-17. 

IT St. Thomas Aquinas, in his last ill- 
ness, stopped at the castle of Maganza, 
the residence of his niece Francisca. He 
had quite lost his appetite ; but one day 
expressed a wish for a little piece of a 
certain fish. The fish mentioned was not 
to be found in all Italy, but after diligent 
search elsewhere was procured. When 
cooked and brought to the dying man, 
he refused to eat of it, but gave it as an 
offering to the -Lord. — Alban Butler: 
Lives of the Saints (1745). 

Sidney's Sister, Pembroke's 

Mother, Mary Herbert (born Sidney), 
countess of Pembroke, who died 1621. 

Underneath this sable hearse 
Lies the subject of all verse — 
Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother. 
Death, ere thou hast killed another 
Fair and good and learned as she. 
Time shall throw his dart at thee. 
W. Browne (1645. See Lansdowne Collection 
No. 777, in the British Museum). 

Sido'nian Tincture, purple dye, 
Tyrian purple. The Tyrians and Sido- 
nians were world-famed for their purple 
dye. 

Not in that proud Sidonian tincture dyed. 
P. Fletcher : The Purple Island, xii. (1633). 

Sid'rophel [the star-lover], William 
Lilly, the astrologer. 

Quoth Ralph, " Not far from hence doth dwell 

A cunning man, hight Sidrophel, 

That deals in destiny's dark counsels, 

And sage opinions of the moon sells ; 

To whom all people, far and near, 

On deep importances repair." 

5. Butler; Hudibras, IL 3 (1664). 

Siebel, Margheri'ta's rejected lover, 
in the opera of Faust e Margkerita, by 
Gounod (1859). 

Siege. Mon siege est fait, my opinion 
is fixed, and I cannot change it. This 
proverb rose thus : The abbe' de Vertot 
wrote the history of a certain siege, and 
applied to a friend for some geographical 
particulars. These particulars did not 
arrive till the matter had passed the 
press ; so the abbe" remarked with a shrug, 
•* Bah ! mon siege est fait." 

Siege Perilous ( The). The Round 
Table contained sieges for 150 knights, 
but three of them were "reserved." Of 
these, two were posts of honour, but the 



third was reserved for him who was des- 
tined to achieve the quest ot the holy 
graal. This seat was called " perilous," 
because if any one sat therein except he 
for whom it was reserved, it would be his 
death. Every seat ot the table bore the 
name of its rightful occupant in letters of 
gold, and the name on the " Siege Peri- 
lous " was sir Galahad (son of sir Launce- 
lot and Elaine). 

Said Merlin, " There shall no man sit in the two void 
places but they that shall be ot most worship. But in 
the Siege Perilous there shall no man sit but one, and 
if any other be so hardy as to do it, he shall be de- 
stroyed."— Pt. i. 48. 

Then the old man made sir Galahad unarm ; and ha 
put on him a coat of red sandel, with a mantel upon 
his shoulder furred with fine ermines, . . . and he 
brought him unto the Siege Perilous, when he sat 
beside sir Launcelot. And the good old man lifted up 
the cloth, and found tnere these words written : " THH 
SIEGE OF SIR Galahad."— Malory: History 0/ 
Prince Arthur, iii. 32 (1470). 

Siege of Calais, a novel by Mme. 
de Tencin (1681-1749). George Colman 
has a drama with the same title. 

Siege of Corintn {The), a poetical 
version of the siege which took place iv 
X715. — Byron (1S16). 

Siege of Damascus. Damascus 
was besieged by the Arabs while .Eu'- 
menes was governor. The general of the 
Syrians was Pho'cyas, and of the Arabs 
Caled. Phocyas asked EumeneVs per- 
mission to marry his daughter Eudo'cia, 
but was sternly refused. (For the rest of 
the tale, see Eudocia, p. 343.) — Hughes: 
Siege of Damascus (1720). 

Sieg'fried [Seeg-freed], hero of pt. L 
of the Nibelungen Lied, the old German 
epic. Siegfried was a young warrior of 
peerless strength and beauty, invulnerable 
except in one spot between his shoulders. 
He vanquished the Nibelungs, and carried 
away their immense hoards of gold and 
precious stones. He wooed and won 
Kriemhild, the sister of Giinther king of 
Burgundy, but was treacherously killed 
by Hagan, while stooping for a draught 
of water after a hunting expedition. 

Siegfried had a cape or cloak, which 
rendered him invisible, the gift of the 
dwarf Alberich ; and his sword, called 
Balmung, was forged by Wieland, black- 
smith of the Teutonic gods. 

N.B. — This epic consists of a number 
of different lays by the old minnesingers, 
pieced together into a connected story as 
early as 1210. It is of Scandinavian origin, 
and is in the Younger Edda, amongst the 
' ' Volsunga Sagas ' (compiled by Snorro, 
in the thirteenth century). 



SIEGFRIED VON LINDENBERG. X005 



SIGISMUNDA. 



Siegfrieds Birthplace. He was born 
in Phinecastle, then called Xanton. 

Siegfried's Father and Mother. Sieg- 
fried was the youngest son of Siegmund 
and Sieglind, king and queen of the 
Netherlands. 

Siegfried called Horny. He was called 
horny because when he slew the dragon, 
he bathed in its blood, and became covered 
with a horny hide which was invulnerable. 
A linden leaf happened to fall on his back 
between his shoulder-blades, and as the 
blood did not touch this spot, it remained 
vulnerable. — The Minnesingers : The Ni- 
belungen Lied (1210). 

Siegfried von Lindenberg, the 
hero of a comic German romance, by 
Miiller (1779). Very amusing and still 
popular. 

Sieglind [Seeg-lind], the mother of 
Siegfried, and wife of Siegmund king 
of the Netherlands. — The Minnesingers : 
The Nibelungen Lied (1210). 

Siegmund [Seeg-mund], king of the 
Netherlands. His wife was Sieglind, and 
his son Siegfried [Seeg-freed]. — The Min- 
nesingers : The Nibelungen Lied (1210). 

Sieve (The Trial of the). When a 
vestal was charged with inchastity, she 
was condemned to carry water from the 
Tiber in a sieve without spilling any. If 
she succeeded, she was pronounced inno- 
cent ; but if any of the water ran out, it 
was a confirmation of her guilt 

Sieve and Shears, a method of dis- 
covering a thief. The modus operandi is 
as follows : A sieve is nicely balanced 
by the points of shears touching the rim, 
and the shears are supported on the tips 
of the fingers while a passage of the Bible 
is read, and the apostles Peter and Paul 
are asked whether so-and-so is the cul- 
prit. When the thief's name is uttered, 
the sieve spins round. Theocrltos men- 
tions this way of divination in his Idyll, 
iii. , and Ben Jonson alludes to it — 

Searching: for thin?* lost with a lier* and ataaan.— 
The Alchemist. L i (1610). 

(See Key AND Bible, p. 565.) 
Sige'ro, "the Good," slain by Ar- 
gantes. Argant&s hurled his spear at 
Godfrey, but it struck Sigero, who "re- 
joiced to suffer in his sovereign's place." 
— Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered, xi. (1575). 

Sight. Nine things are neces ary 
before the form of anything can be dis- 
cerned by the eye: (1) a power to see, 
(2) light, (3) a visible object, (4) not too 



small, (5) not too rare, (6) not too near, 
(7) not too remote, (8) clear space, (9) 
sufficient time. — See sir John Davies: 
Immortality of the Soul, xiv. (1622). 

Sight. Zarga, the Arabian heroine 
of the tribe of Jadls, could see at a dis- 
tance of three days' journey. Being asked 
by Nassan the secret of her long sight, 
she said it was due to the ore of antimony 
which she reduced to powder and applied 
to her eyes as a collyrium every night. 

Sightly (Captain), a dashing young 
officer, who runs away with Priscilla 
Tomboy, but subsequently obtains her 
guardian's consent to marry her. — The 
Romp (altered from Bickerstaff 's Love in 
the City). 

Sigismonda, daughter of Tancred 
king of Salerno. She fell in love with 
Guiscardo her father's 'squire, revealed to 
him her love, and married him in a cavern 
attached to the palace. Tancred dis- 
covered them in each other's embrace, 
and gave secret orders to waylay the 
bridegroom and strangle him. He then 
went to Sigismonda, and reproved ker 
for her degrading choice, which she boldly 
justified. Next day, she received a human 
heart in a gold casket, knew instinctively 
that it was Guiscardo's, and poisoned 
herself. Her father being sent for, she 
survived just long enough to request that 
she might be buried in the same grave as 
her young husband ; and Tancred— 

Too late repenting of his cruel deed. 
One common sepulchre for both decreed ; 
Intombed the wretched pair in royal state. 
And on their monument inscribed their fate. 
Drydtn : Sigismonda. and Guiscardc (from Boccacdo). 

Sigisnrond, emperor of Austria.— 
Sir IV. Scott: Anne of Geier stein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Sigismunda, daughter of Siffredi 
lord high chancellor of Sicily, and be- 
trothed to count Tancred. When king 
Roger died, he left the crown of Sicily 
to Tancred, on condition that he marri. <1 
Constantia, by which means the rival lines 
would be united, and the country saved 
from civil war. Tancred gave a tacit 
consent, intending to obtain a dispensa- 
tion ; but Sigismunda, in a moment of 
wounded pride, consented to marry earl 
Osmond. When king Tancred obtained 
an interview with Sigismunda, to explain 
his conduct, Osmond challenged him, and 
they fought. Osmond fell, and when his 
wife ran to him, he thrust his sword into 
her and killed her. — Thomson; Tancred 
and Sigismunda (1745). 



SIGISMUNDA. 



lood 



SILENT WOMAN. 



(This tragedy is based on "The Bane- 
ful Marriage," an episode in Gil Bias, 
founded on fact.) 

Sigismunda, the heroine of Cer- 
vantes' s last work of fiction. This tale is 
a tissue of episodes, full of most incre- 
dible adventures, astounding prodigies, 
impossible characters, and extravagant 
sentiments. It is said that Cervantes 
himself preferred it to his Don Quixote, 
just as Corneille preferred Nicomede to 
his Cid, and Milton Paradise Regained 
to his Paradise Lost. — Encyclopaedia 
Britannica (article "Romance"). 

Sigurd, the hero of an old Scandi- 
navian legend. Sigurd discovered Bryn- 
hild, encased in complete armour, lying 
in a death-like sleep, to which she had 
been condemned^by Odin. Sigurd woke 
her by ripping up her corselet, fell in love 
with her, promised to marry her, but 
deserted her for Gudrurh This ill-starred 
union was the cause of an Iliad of woes. 

(An analysis of this romance was pub- 
lished by Weber in his Illustrations of 
Northern Antiquities, 1810.) 

Sijil (At), the recording angel. 

On that day we will roll up the heavens as the angel 
Al Sijil rolleth up the scroll wherein every man's actions 
are recorded. — A I Kordn, xxi. 

Slices {Bill), burglar, and one of 
Fa gin's associates. He is a hardened, 
irreclaimable villain, but has a conscience 
which almost drives him mad after the 
murder of Nancy, who really loved him 
(ch. xlviii.). Bill Sikes (1 syl.) had an 
ill-conditioned savage dog, the beast- 
image of his master, which he kicked and 
loved, ill-treated and fondled. — Dickens: 
Oliver Twist (1837). 

Sikes endeavouring to escape from the detectives 
and the enraged crowd, tried to slip from the roof of a 
house by a rope with a running noose ; but he only got 
It over his neck and so was strangled. His dog. in 
Its efforts to reach its master, accidentally ran against 
a projecting wall, and was killed. 

(The French "Bill Sikes" is "Jean 
Hiroux," a creation of Henri Monnier.) 

Sikundra ( The), a mausoleum about 
six miles from Agra, raised by Akhbah 
" the Great," in the reign of our Charles I. 

Silas Marner, a novel by George 
Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross, 1861). Silas 
thinks himself deserted and rejected by 
God and man; to him a little foundling 
girl is sent, bringing "hope with her and 
forward-looking thoughts." 

The Luck of Roaring Camp, by Bret 
Harte, is on the same lines (1870). 

Silence, a country justice of asinine 



dulness when sober, but when in his cups 
of most uproarious mirth. He was in the 
commission of the peace with his cousin 
Robert Shallow. 

Falstaff. I did not think Master Silence had been 
a man of this mettle. 

Silence. Who, I ? I have been merry twice and once, 
ere now.— Shakespeare : 2 Henry IV. act v. sc. 3 (1598). 

Sile'no, husband of Mysis ; a kind- 
hearted man, who takes pity on Apollo 
when cast to earth by Jupiter, and gives 
him a home. — O ' Hara : Midas (1764). 

Silent {The), William I. prince of 
Orange (1533-1584). 

IT It was the principle of Napoleon 
III. emperor of the French to " hear, 
see, and say nothing." 

Silent Man (The), the barber of 
Bagdad, the greatest chatterbox that ever 
lived. Being sent for to shave the head 
and beard of a young man who was to 
visit the cadi's daughter at noon, he kept 
him from daybreak to midday, prating, to 
the unspeakable annoyance of the cus- 
tomer. Being subsequently taken before 
the caliph, he ran on telling story after 
story about his six brothers. He was 
called the " Silent Man," because on one 
occasion, being accidentally taken up with 
ten robbers, he never said he was not one of 
the gang. His six brothers were Bacbouc 
the hunchback, Bakbarah the toothless, 
Bakac the one-eyed, Alcouz the blind, 
Alnaschar the earless, and Schacabac the 
hare-lipped. — Arabian Nights (" The 
Barber," and "The Barber's Six 
Brothers "). 

(Napoleon III. was called "The Silent 
Man," or "The Man of Silence." See 
Silent. ) 

Silent Woman (The), a comedy by 
Ben Jonson (1609). Morose, a miserly 
old fellow, who hates to hear any voice 
but his own, has a young nephew, sir 
Dauphine, who wants to wring from him 
a third of his property ; and the way he 
gains his point is this : He induces a lad 
to pretend to be a " silent woman." 
Morose is so delighted with the phenome- 
non that he consents to marry the pro- 
digy ; but the moment the ceremony is 
over, the boy-wife assumes the character 
of a virago, whose tongue is a ceaseless 
clack. Morose is in despair, and signs 
away a third of his property to his 
nephew, on condition of being rid of this 
intolerable pest. The trick is now re- 
vealed, Morose retires into private life, 
and sir Dauphine remains master of the 
situation 



SILENUS. 



X007 



SILVER WEDDING. 



Sile'nns, son of Pan, chief of the 

sile'ni or older satyrs. Silenus was the 
foster-father of Bacchus the wine-god, and 
is described as a jovial old toper, with 
bald head, pug nose, and pimply face. 

Old Silenus, bloated, drunken. 
Led by his inebriate satyrs. 

Longfellow ; Drinking S*ng. 

Silhouette (3 syl.), a black profile. 
So called from Etienne de Silhouette, 
controleur des finances under Louis XV. 
(1757)- 

Les reformes financieres de ce ministre ayant paru 
mesquines et ridicules, la caricature s'en empara et 
Ton donna le nom de Silhouettes a ces dessins impar- 
faits ou Ton se bornait a indiquer par un simple trait lo 
contour des objets. 

Silky, a Jew money-lender, swindler, 
and miser. (See Sulky.) 

You cheat all day, tremble at night, and act the hypo- 
crite the first thing in the morning. — Holcro/t: The 
Road to Ruin, ii. 3 (1792). 

Silly Billy, William IV. of England 
(1765, 1830-1837). 

Silu'res (3 syl.), the inhabitants of 
Silu'ria, that is, Herefordshire, Mon- 
mouthshire, Radnorshire, Brecon, and 
Glamorganshire. 

Those Silu'res, called by us the South Wales men. 
Drayton: Polyolbion, xvi. (1613). 

(Henry Vaughan, poet (1621-1695), is 
called "The Silurist" because he was 
born in South Wales.) 

Silva [Don Ruy Gomez de), an old 
Spanish grandee, to whom Elvira was 
betrothed ; but she detested him, and 
loved Ernani, a bandit-captain. (The tale 
is given under Ernani, p. 330.}— Verdi: 
Ernani (an opera, 1841). 

Silver Age ( The), the age succeed- 
ing the golden, and succeeded by the 
iron age. The best period of the world 
or of a nation is its golden age, noted for 
giants of literature, simplicity of man- 
ners, integrity of conduct, honesty of 
intention, and domestic virtues. The 
Elizabethan was the golden age of Eng- 
land. The silver age of a people is noted 
for its elegant refinement, its delicacy of 
speech, its luxurious living, its politeness 
and artificial manners. The reign of 
Anne was the silver age of England. 
The iron age is that of commerce and 
hard matter-ol-fact. Birth is no longer 
the one thing needful, but hard cash ; 
the romance of life has died out, and 
iron and coals are the philosopher's stone. 
The age of Victoria is the iron age of 
England. Strange that the three ages 
should all be the reigns of queens 1 



Silver Code {The), a translation 
into Gothic of parts both of the Old and 
New Testaments, by bishop Ulfilas, in the 
eighth century. Still extant. 

Silver-Fork School ( The), a name 

given to a class of English novelists who 
gave undue importance to etiquette and 
the externals of social intercourse. The 
most distinguished are : lady Blessington 
(1789-1849), Theodore Hook (1716- 1796), 
lord Lytton (1804-1873), Mrs. Trollope 
(1790-1863), and lord Beaconsfield (1804- 
i83i). 

Silver Fen. Eliza Meteyard was 
so called by Douglas Jerrold, and she 
adopted the pseudonym (1816-1879). 

Silver Spoon. Born with a silver 
spoon in your mouth means born to good 
luck. The allusion is to the silver spoons 
given as prizes and at christenings. The 
lucky man is born with the prize in his 
mouth, and does not need to wait for it 
or require to earn it. 

Silver Star of Love ( The), the star 
which appeared to Vasco da Gama when 
his ships were tempest-tossed through the 
malice of Bacchus. Immediately the star 
appeared, the tempest ceased, and there 
was a great calm. 

The sky and ocean blending, each on fire. 
Seemed as all Nature struggled to expire ; 
When now the Silver Star of Love appeared. 
Bright in the east her radiant tront she reared. 
Camofns : Lusiad, vi. (157a). 

Silver-Tongned ( The), Joshua Syl- 
vester, who translated The Divine Weeks 
of Du Bartas (1563-1618). 

William Bates, a puritan divine (1625- 
1699). 

Henry Smith, preacher (1550-1600). 

Anthony Hammond, the poet, called 
•* Silver Tongue " (1668-1738). 

Spranger Barry, the "Irish Roscius" 
(1719-1777). 

Silver Wedding ( The), the twenty- 
fifth anniversary ; the fiftieth anniversary 
is the golden wedding. In Germany 
those persons who attain the twenty-fifth 
anniversary of their wedding day should 
be presented by their friends and family 
with a wreath of silver flowers, and on 
the fiftieth anniversary with a wreath of 
gold flowers. The fifth anniversary is 
the wooden wedding, and the seventy- 
fifth the diamond wedding. Sometimes 
the Wedding Service is repeated on the 
fiftieth anniversary. 

(In 1879 William king of Prussia and 



SILVERQUILU 



xood 



SIMPLE. 



emperor of Germany celebrated his golden 
wedding. ) 

Silverquill {Sam), one of the pri- 
soners at Portanferry. — Sir W. Scott: 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Silves de la Selva {The Exploits 
and Adventures of), part of the series 
called Le Roman des Romans, pertaining 
to "Am'adis of Gaul." This part was 
added by Feliciano de Silva. 

Sllvestre (2 syl.), valet of Octave 
(son of Argante and brother of Zerbi- 
nette). — Moliere: Les Fourleries de 
Scapin (1671). 

Sil'via, daughter of the duke of 

Milan, and the lady-love of Valentine 
one of the heroesef the play. — Shake- 
speare ; The Two Gentlemen of Verona, 
(i594). 

Simmons ( Widow), the seamstress ; 
a neighbour of the Ramsays. — Sir W. 
Scott: Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Simon {Martin), proprietor of the 
village Bout du Monde, and miller of 
Grenoble. He is called " The king of 
Pelvoux," and in reality is the baron de 
Peyras, who has given up all his estates 
to his nephew, the young chevalier Mar- 
cellin de Peyras, and retired to Grenoble, 
where he lived as a villager. Martin 
Simon is in secret possession of a gold- 
mine left him by his father, with the 
stipulation that he should place it beyend 
the reach of any private man on the day 
it became a " source of woe and crime." 
Rabisson, a travelling tinker, the only 
person who knows about it, being mur- 
dered, Simon is suspected ; but Eusebe 
Noel confesses the crime. Simon then 
makes the mine over to the king of France, 
as it had proved the source both " of woe 
and crime." — Stirling; The Gold-Mine 
or Miller of Grenoble (1854). 

Simon Pure, a young quaker from 
Pennsylvania, on a visit to Obadiah Prim 
(a Bristol quaker, and one of the guardians 
of Anne Lovely the heiress). Colonel 
Feignwell personated Simon Pure, and 
obtained Obadiah's consent to marry his 
ward. (For the rest, see Feignwell, p. 
361.) — Mrs. Centlivre: A Bold Stroke for 
a Wife (1717). 

(Simon Pure has become a household 
word for ' ' the real man," the ipsissimus 
ego.) 

Simonides (b.c. 664), the lyric poet, 
sang an ode to his patron, Scopas, at a 



feast. He introduced into It the praises 
of Castor and Pollux, so Scopas declared 
that he would only pay half his share of 
the ode ; the demigods mightipay the rest. 
Simonides left the palace to see two youths 
who were supposed to be waiting for him ; 
he found nobody really there, but whilst 
absent the palace fell in and killed his 
patron — and so the demigods paid their 
share. (See Mrs. Orr's Handbook to 
Browning, p. 147.) 

Si'monie or Si'mont, the friar, in the 
beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). So 
called from Simon Magus {Acts viii. 
9-24). 

Simony {Dr. ), in Foote's farce called 
The Cozeners, was meant for Dr. Dodd. 

Sim'org, a bird " which hath seen the 
world thrice destroyed." It is found in 
Kaf; but, as Hafiz says, "searching 
for the simorg is like searching for the 
philosopher's stone." This does not 
agree with Beckford's account (see 
Simurgh). 

In Kaf the simorg hath Its dwelling-place. 
The all-knowing bird of ages, who hath seen 
The warld with all its children thrice destroyed. 
Southey : Thalaba the Destroyer, viii. 19 (1797). 

Simpcoz {Saunder), a lame man, who 
asserted he was born blind, and to whom 
St. Alban said, " Come, offer at my 
shrine, and I will help thee." Being 
brought before Humphrey duke of 
Gloucester, the lord protector, he was 
asked how he became lame ; and Simp- 
cox replied he fell from a tree, which he 
had climbed to gather plums for his wife. 
The duke then asked if his sight had 
been restored ? "Yes," said the man ; and 
being shown divers colours, could readily 
distinguish between red, blue, brown, 
and so on. The duke told the rascal 
that a blind man does not climb trees to 
gather their fruits ; and one born blind 
might, if his sight were restored, know 
that one colour differed from another, but 
could not possibly know which was 
which. He then placed a stool before 
him, and ordered the constables to whip 
him till he jumped over it ; whereon the 
lame man jumped over it, and ran off as 
fast as his legs could carry him. Sir 
Thomas More tells this story, and Shake- 
speare introduces it in a Henry VI. act ii. 
sc. 1 (1591). 

Simple, the servant of Slender (cousin 
of justice Shallow). — Shakespeare ; The 
Merry Wives of Windsor (1596). 

Simple {The), Charles III. of France 
(879, 893-929). 



SIMPLE. 



1009 



SINO. 



Simple {Peter), the hero and title of 
a novel by captain Marryat (1833). 

Simple Simon, a man more sinned 
against than sinning, whose misfortunes 
arose from his wife Margery's cruelty, 
which began the very morning of their 

marriage. 

We do not know whether it Is necessary to seek for 
a Teutonic or Northern original for this once popular 
book. — Quarterly Review. 

Simple Story I A), a novel by Eliza- 
beth Inchbald (1791). 

Simpson ( Tarn), the drunken barber. 
— Sir W. Scott: St.Ronaris Well (time, 
George III.). 

Simson {yean), an old woman at 

Middlemas village. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Simurgh,, a fabulous Eastern bird, 
endowed with reason and knowing all 
languages. It had seen the great cycle 
of 7000 years twelve times, and, during 
that period, it declared it had seen the 
earth wholly without inhabitant seven 
times.— Beckford: Vathek (notes, 1784). 
This does not agree with Southey's ac- 
count (see Simorg). 

Sin, twin-keeper, with Death, of Hell- 
gate. She sprang, full-grown, from the 
head of Satan. 

Woman to the waist, and fair. 
But ending foul in many a scaly fold 
Voluminous and vast, a serpent armed 
With mortal sting. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, ii. (1665). 

Sin'adone {The lady of), metamor- 
phosed by enchantment into a serpent. 
Sir Lybius (one of Arthur's knights) 
slew the enchantress, and the serpent, 
coiling about his neck, kissed him ; 
whereupon the spell was broken, the 
serpent became a lovely princess, and sir 
Lybius made her his wife. — Libeaux (a 
romance). 

Sinbad, a merchant of Bagdad, who 
acquired great wealth by merchandise. 
He went seven voyages, which he related 
10 a poor discontented porter named 
Hindbad, to show him that wealth must 
be obtained by enterprise and personal 
exertion. 

First Voyage. Being becalmed in the 
Indian Ocean, he and some others of the 
crew visited what they supposed to be an 
island, but which was in reality a huge 
whale asleep. They lighted a fire on the 
whale, and the heat woke the creature, 
which instantly dived under water. Sin- 



bad was picked up by some merchants, 
and in due time returned home. 

Second Voyage. Sinbad was left, during 
sleep, on a desert island, and discovered 
a roc's egg, ' ' fifty paces in circumference. " 
He fastened himself to the claw of the 
bird, and was deposited in the valley of 
diamonds. Next day, some merchants 
came to the top of the crags, and threw 
into the valley huge joints of raw meat, 
to which the diamonds stuck, and when 
the eagles picked up the meat, the mer- 
chants scared them from their nests, and 
carried off the diamonds. Sinbad then 
fastened himself to a piece of meat, was 
carried by an eagle to its nest, and being 
rescued by the merchants, returned home 
laden with diamonds. 

Third Voyage is the encounter with 
the Cyclops. (See Ulysses and Poly- 
phemos, where the account is given in 
detail.) 

Fourth Voyage. Sinbad married a lady 
of rank in a strange island on which he 
was cast ; and when his wife died, he was 
buried alive with the dead body, accord- 
ing to the custom of the land. He made 
his way out of the catacomb, and returned 
to Bagdad, greatly enriched by valuables 
rifled from the dead bodies. 

Fifth Voyage. The ship in which he 
sailed was dashed to pieces by huge 
stones let down from the talons of two 
angry rocs. Sinbad swam to a desert 
island, where he threw stones at the 
monkeys, and the monkeys threw back 
cocoa-nuts. On this island Sinbad en- 
countered and killed the Old Man of the 
Sea. 

Sixth Voyage. ' Sinbad visited the 
island of Serendib (or Ceylon), and 
climbed to the top of the mountain 
" where Adam was placed on his expul- 
sion from paradise." 

Seventh Voyage. He was attacked by 
corsairs, sold to slavery, and employed in 
shooting from a tree at elephants. He dis- 
covered a tract of hill country completely 
covered with elephants' tusks, communi- 
cated his discovery to his master, obtained 
his liberty, and returned home. — Arabian 
Nights ("Sinbad the Sailor "). 

Sinbad, Ulysses, and the Cy- 
clops. (See Ulysses and Polyphe- 
mos.) 

Sin'el, thane of Glamis, and father 
of Macbeth. He married the youngei 
daughter of Malcolm II. of Scotland. 

Sing 1 {Sadha), the mourner of the 
3T 



SINGE DE RACINE. 



SINNER SAVED. 



desert.— Sir W. Scott: The Surgeon* s 
Daughter (time, George II.). 

Singe de Racine {Le), Campistron, 
the French dramatic poet (1656-1723). 

Singing* Apple {The), in the deserts 
of Libya. This apple resembled a ruby 
crowned with a huge diamond, and had 
the gift of imparting wit to those who 
only smelt of it. Prince Chery obtained 
it for Fairstar. (See Singing Tree.) 

The singing apple is as great an embellisher of wit 
as the dancing water is of beauty. Would you appear 
in public as a poet or prose-writer, a wit or a philo- 
sopher, you only need smell it, and you are possessed at 
once of these rare gifts of genius.— Cotntesse D'A ulnoy : 
Fairy Tales (" Princess Fairstar," i68a). 

Singing Tree (The), a tree, every 
leaf of which was a mouth, and all the 
leaves sang together in harmonious con- 
cert. — Arabian ^Nights ("The Two 
Sisters," the last story). 

(In the tale of Chery and Fairstar, 
" the singing tree " is called " the singing 
apple.") 

Single-Speech Hamilton, William 

Gerard Hamilton, statesman (1729-1796). 
His first speech was delivered November 
13, 1775, anc * his eloquence threw into 
the shade every orator except Pitt him- 
self. 

It was supposed that he had exhausted himself In 
that one speech, and had become physically incapable 
of making a second ; so that afterwards, when he really 
did make a second, everybody was naturally disgusted, 
and most people dropped his acquaintance. — De 
Quincey (1786-1859). 

Singleton (Captain), the hero of a 
novel by D. Defoe, called The Adventures 
of Captain Singleton. 

The second part {of Robinson Crusoe] scarcely rises 
above the level of Captain Singleton. — Encyclopaedia 
Britannica (article "Romance"). 

Singular Doctor (The), William 
Occam, Doctor Singularis et Invincibilis 
(1276-1347). 

N.B. — The "Occam razor was entia 
non sunt multiplicanda, "entities must 
not be multiplied;" in other words, 
elements are few in number, and should 
be so considered. 

Sin'is or Sinnis, a Corinthian robber, 
called "The Pine-Bender," because he 
fastened his victims to the branches of 
two adjacent pine trees bent down by 
force; being then left to rebound, they 
tore the victim to pieces. — Greek Fable. 

1T In Stephen's reign, we are told, "the 
barons took those supposed to have any 
property, and inflicted on them unutter- 
able tortures. Some they hanged up by 
the feet, and smoked with foul smoke; 



some they hung by the thumbs, and 
weighted with coats of mail. They tied 
knotted cords about the heads of others, 
and twisted the cords till the pain went to 
the brains ; others they kept in dungeons 
with adders and snakes. Some they tore 
in pieces by fastening them to two trees ; 
and some they placed in a crucet house, 
i.e. a chest short and narrow, in which 
were spikes : the victims being forced into 
the chest, all their limbs were crushed 
and broken." — Ingram : Saxon Chronicle. 

Sinner Saved (A). Cyra daughter 
of Proterius of Cappadocia was on the 
point of taking the veil with Emmelia's 
sisterhood, but just before the day of 
renunciation, Eleemon, her father's freed 
slave, who loved her, sold himself to the 
devil, on condition of obtaining her for his 
wife. Eleemon signed the bond with a 
drop of his heart's blood, and carried 
about with him a little red spot on his 
breast, as a perpetual reminder of the 
compact. The devil now sent a dream 
to Cyra, and another to her father, which 
caused them to change their plans ; and 
on the very day that Cyra was to have 
taken the veil, she was given by St. Basil 
in marriage to Eleemon, with whom she 
lived happily for many years, and had 
a large family. One night, while her 
husband was asleep, Cyra saw the blood- 
red spot ; she knew what it meant, and 
next day Eleemon told her the whole 
story. Cyra now bestirred herself to 
annul the compact, and went with her 
husband to St. Basil, to whom a free and 
full confession was made. Eleemon was 
shut up for a night in a cell, and Satan 
would have carried him off, but he clung 
to the foot of a crucifix. Next day, Satan 
met St. Basil in the cathedral, and de- 
manded his bond. St. Basil assured him 
the bond was illegal and invalid. The 
devil was foiled, the red mark vanished 
from the skin of Eleemon, a sinner was 
saved, and St. Basil came off victorious. 
— A mphilochius : Life of St. Basil. (See 
Rosweyde: Vita Patrum, 156-8.) 

(Southey has converted this legend into a ballad of 
nine lays, 1829.) 

IT Theophilus signed away his body 
and soul, but repented, and the Virgin 
Mary snatched him from perdition in the 
nick of time. 

The Sinner Saved. So William Hunt- 
ingdon signed himself (1744-1813). The 
Rev. J. Newton (1725-1807), of Olney 
and St. Mary Woolnoth, is also said to 
have done the same. 



SINON. 



>xz 



SISYPHOS, 



Sinon, the crafty Greek who per- 
suaded the Trojans to drag the Wooden 
Horse into their city. — Virgil • ^Eneid, ii. 

*.* Dante, in his Inferno, places Sinon, 
with Potiphar's wife, Nimrod, and the 
rebellious giants, in the tenth pit of 
Mal£bolge (see p. 523). 

Sin'toism, the primitive religion of 
Japan. It recognizes Tien ("the sun") 
as the supreme deity, under whom is a 
crowd of inferior gods and goddesses. 
The priests eat no animal food. The 
name is derived from Sin, a demi-god. 

Sintram, the Norwegian hero of 
La Motte Fouque°s romance. Sintram 
was the son of " Biorn of the fiery eyes" 
and his saintly wife Verena, They lived 
in the castle of Drontheim. 

Sio'na, a seraph to whom was com- 
mitted the charge of Bartholomew the 
apostle, — Klopstock: Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Siph/a, the guardian angel of Andrew 
the brother of Simon Peter. — Klopstock; 
The Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Si'phax, a soldier, in love with prin- 
cess Calis, sister of Astorax king of 
Paphos. The princess is in love with 
Polydore the brother of general Memnon 
(" the mad lover "). — Beaumont and Flet- 
cher: The Mad Lover (1617). 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Sir Oracle, a dictatorial prig; a 
dogmatic pedant. 

X am sir Oracle, 
And when I ope my lips, let no dog bark. 
Shakespeare : Merchant of yenice, act L sc I (159*). 

Sire. Chaucer uses this word for 
mother. Thus, in the "Cook's Tale," 
the wrestler says mockingly to young 
Gamely n, " Who is thy fader? who is thy 
sire ? " 

Sirens, three sea-nymphs, whose 
usual abode was a small island near cape 
Pelorus, in Sicily. They enticed sailors 
ashore by their melodious singing, and 
then killed them. Their names are 
Parthen6pe, Ligeia, and Leucothea. — 
Greek Fable. 

Sirloin of Beef. James 1., on his 
return from a hunting excursion, so 
much enjoyed his dinner, consisting of 
a loin of roast beef, that he laid his 
sword across it, and dubbed it sir Loin. 
At Chingford, in Essex, is a place called 
"Friday Hill House," in one of the 
rooms of which is an oak table with a 
brass plate let into it, inscribed with the 
following words: "Aix Lovers of 



Roast Beef will like to know that 
on this Table a Loin was knighted 
by king James the First on his 
Return from Hunting in Epping 
Forest." 

The tradition is that James said, " Bring hither that 
sur-loin, sirrah, for it is worthy of a more honourable 
post, being, as I may say, not sur-loin but Sir-Lmn, 
the noblest joint of all." 

If Knighting the loin of beef is also 
ascribed to Charles II. 

Our second Charles, of fame facets. 

On loin of beef did dine ; 
He held his sword, pleased, o'er the meat: 

"Arise, thou famed sir Loin." 

Ballad of the New sir John Barleycorn. 

% Henry VIII. is credited with knight- 
ing the loin before either Charles II. or 
his grandfather James I. The tale is that, 
dining with the abbot of Reading, the 
burly monarch ate so heartily of a loin of 
beef, that the abbot said he would give 
looo marks for such an appetite. ' ' Done, " 
said the king, and kept him in the Tower 
a prisoner, till his appetite was ravenous. 
It was then that he called the sur-loin of 
beef "Sir Loin." 

A sir-loin of beef was so knighted, saith tradition, 
by Icing Henry.— Fuller: Church History of Britain, 
vL », p. 299 (1655). 

N.B. — Surloin is the part of the loin 
(sur) over the kidneys. French, sur-longe. 

Sirocco, a wind, called the solano in 
Spain ; the khamsin in Egypt ; the 
simoom in Western Asia ; and the 
harmattan on the coast of Guinea. The 
Italians say of a stupid book, Era scritto 
in tempo dal scirocco ("It was written 
during the sirocco "). 

Sister Anne, sister of Fatlma (the 
seventh and last wife of Bluebeard). 
Fatima, being condemned to death by 
her tyrannical husband, requested sister 
Anne to ascend to the highest tower of 
the castle to watch for her brothers, who 
were momentarily expected. Bluebeard 
kept roaring below stairs for Fatima to 
be quick with her prayers ; Fatima was 
constantly calling out from her chamber, 
" Sister Anne, do you see them coming ? " 
and sister Anne was on the watch-tower, 
mistaking every cloud of dust for the 
mounted brothers. They arrived at last, 
rescued Fatima, and put Bluebeard to 
death. — Perrault: Conies ("La Barbe 
Bleue," 1697). 

(This is a Scandinavian tale taken from 
the Folks Sagas.) 

Sis'yphos, in Latin Sisyphus, a 

king of Corinth, noted for his avarice 
and fraud. He was punished in the 
infernal regions by having to roll uphill 



SISYPHUS. 



toia SIXTEEN-STRING JACK. 



a huge stone, which always rolled down 
again as soon as it reached the top. 

"." Sisyphos is a type of avarice, never 
satisfied. The avaricious man reaches 
the summit of his ambition, and no 
sooner does he so than he finds the 
object of his desire as far off as ever. 

With many a weary step, and many a groan. 
Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone ; 
The huge round stone, returning with a bound. 
Thunders impetuous down, and smokes along tte 
ground. 

Horner: Odyssey, xi. (Pope's trans.). 

Sisyphus, in the Milesian tales, was 
doomed to die ; but when Death came to 
him, the wily fellow contrived to fasten 
the unwelcome messenger in a chair, and 
then feasted him till old Spare- ribs grew 
as fat as a prize pig. In time, Pluto 
released Death, and Sisyphus was caught, 
but prayed that he might speak to his 
wife before he went to hades. The 
prayer was granted, and Sisyphus told 
his wife not to bury him, for though she 
might think him dead, he would not be 
really so. When he got to the infernal 
regions, he made the ghosts so merry 
with his jokes that Pluto reproved him, 
and Sisyphus pleaded that, as he had not 
been buried, Pluto had no jurisdiction 
over him, nor could he even be ferried 
across the Styx. He then obtained 
leave to return to earth, that he might 
persuade his wife to bury him. Now, 
the wily old king had previously bribed 
HermSs, when he took him to had£s, to 
induce Zeus to grant him life, provided 
he returned to earth again in the body ; 
when, therefore, he did return, he de- 
manded of Hermes the fulfilment of his 
promise, and HermSs induced Zeus to 
bestow on him life. Sisyphus was now 
allowed to return to earth, with a promise 
that he should never die again till he 
himself implored for death. So he lived 
and lived till he was weary of living, 
and when he went to had£s the second 
time, he was allotted, by way of punish- 
ment, the task of rolling a huge stone to 
the top of a mountain. Orpheus (2 syl.) 
asked him how he could endure so cease- 
less and vain an employment, and Sisy- 
phus replied that he hoped ultimately 
to accomplish the task. " Never," ex- 
claimed Orpheus ; "it can never be 
done!" "Well, then," said Sisyphus, 
" mine is at worst but everlasting hope." 
— Lord Lytton : Tales of Miletus, ii. 

Sitoph'agUS [" the %vheat-eater"\ one 
orthe mouse princes, who, being wounded 
in the battle, crept into a ditch to avoid 
further injury or danger. 



The lame Sitophagus, oppressed with pain, 
Creeps from the desperate dangers of the plate; 
And where the ditches rising weeds supply . . . 
There lurks the silent mouse relieved of heat, 
And, safe embowered, avoids the chance of fate. 
Pa rnell: Battle o/the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 17121 

••• The last two lines might be 
amended thus — 

There lurks the trembling mouse with bated breath. 
And, hid from sight, avoids his instant death. 

Si-ward [Se-ward], the earl of Nor- 
thumberland, and general of the English 
forces acting against Macbeth. — Shake- 
speare: Macbeth (1606). 

Six Acts, a term given to certain acts, 
also named " Gagging Acts " (60 George 
III. and 1 George IV.), to suppress sedi- 
tious meetings and publications. 

Six Chronicles {The). Dr. Giles 
compiled and edited six Old English 
Chronicles for Bonn's series in 1848. 
They are : Ethelwerd's Chronicle, Asser's 
Life of Alfred, Geoffrey of Monmouth's 
British History, Gildas the Wise, Nen- 
nius's History of the Britons, and Richard 
of Cirencester's On the Ancient State of 
Britain. The last three were edited, in 
I 757> by professor Bertram, in his 
Scriptores Tres, but great doubt exists 
on the genuineness of Dr. Bertram's 
compilation. (See Three Writers.) 

Six Islands [The), which constituted 
"Great Brittany" before the Saxon 
period, were Ireland, Iceland, Gothland, 
the Orkneys, Norway, and Dacia (or 

Denmark). 

Six Months' War ( The), the great 
war between Prussia and France. The 
emperor (Napoleon III.) left St. Cloud 
July 28, 1870, and Paris capitulated 
January 28, 1871. 

This is often called the SEVEN MONTHS' WAR. 
But by no calculation can this be correct. The war 
lasted just six months; but Napoleon declared war 
July 19, 1870, and the peace was signed at Frankfort, 
May 10, 1871. 

Sixpenny War (The), the O. P. 
(old price) riot of Covent Garden in 1809. 
So called because the managers tried to 
raise the price of admission from 3J. 6d. 
to 4s. If the managers had not given 
way, the newly built theatre would havt 
been utterly dismantled. 

Sixteen-String Jack, John Rann, 
a highwayman. He was a great fop, and 
wore sixteen tags to his breeches, eight at 
each knee (hanged 1774). 

Dr. Johnson said that Gray's poetry towered above 
the ordinary run of verse, as Sixteen-String Jack above 
the ordinary foot-pad.— -BosweU; Lift of Johnson 



SKEFFINGTON. 



toi3 



SKULLS 



Skeffington, author of Sleeping 
Beauty, Maids and Bachelors, etc. 

And sure great Skeffington must claim our prali* 
For skinless coats, and skeletons of plays. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Skegg's {Miss Carolina Wilhelmina 
Amelia), the companion of "lady Blar- 
ney." These were two flash women 
introduced by squire Thornhill to the 
Primrose family, with a view of beguiling 
the two eldest daughters, who were both 
very beautiful. Sir William Thornhill 
thwarted their infamous purpose. — Gold- 
smith : Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 

Skeleton at the Feast. Plutarch 

says that in Egyptian banquets towards 
the close a servant brought in a skeleton, 
and cried aloud to the guests, " Look on 
this ! Eat, drink, and be merry ; for to- 
morrow you die ! " Herodotos says the 
skeleton was a wooden one, about eighteen 
inches in length. (See i Cor. xv. 32 ; 
see also Remember thou art Mortal I 
p. 907.) 

The stranger feasted at his board ; 
But, like the skeleton at the feast. 
That warning timepiece never ceased l 
"For ever— Never! Never— For ever I " 
Longfellow : The Old Clock on the Stairt. 

Skelton(S<z*»), a smuggler. Sir W. 
Scott : Kedgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Sketch-book ( The), a series of short 
tales, etc., by Washington Irving (1820). 

Sketches by Boz, i.e. by Dickens 

(1836). 

Sketches of Irish Character, by 

Mrs. S. C. Hall (1829). 

Sketchley {Arthur), George Rose, 
author of Mrs. Brown (her observations 
on men and objects, politics and manners, 
etc.). 

Skettles (Sir Bamet), of Fulham. 
He expressed his importance by an 
antique gold snuff-box and silk hand- 
kerchief. His hobby was to extend his 
acquaintances, and to introduce people 
to each other. Skettles, junior, was a 
pupil of Dr. Blimber. — Dickens : Dombey 
and Son (1846). 

Skevington's Daughter, an in- 
strument of torture invented by Skeving- 
ton, lieutenant of the Tower in the reign 
of Henry VIII. It consisted of a broad 
iron hoop, in two parts, jointed with a 
hinge. The victim was put into the hoop, 
which was then squeezed close ;md locked. 
Here he remained for about an hour and 
a half in the most inexpressible torture. 



(Generally corrupted into the ** Scaven- 
ger's Daughter.") 

Skewton {The Hon. Mrs.), mother 
of Edith (Mr. Dombey's second wife). 
Having once been a beauty, she painted 
when old and shrivelled, became en- 
thusiastic about the " charms of nature," 
and reclined in her bath-chair in the 
attitude she assumed in her barouche 
when young and well off. A fashionable 
artist had painted her likeness in this 
attitude, and called his picture "Cleo- 
patra." The Hon. Mrs. Skewton was 
the sister of the late lord Feenix, and 
aunt to the present lord. — Dickens: 
Dombey and Son (1846). 

Skies, snobs. (See Sky-Lark.) 

Skiifhis (Miss), an angular, middle- 
aged woman, who wears "green kid 
gloves when dressed for company." She 
marries Wemmick. — Dickens: Great 
Expectations (i860). 

Skimpole (Harold), an amateur 
artist, always sponging on his friends. 
Under a plausible, light-hearted manner, 
he was intensely selfish ; but Mr. Jarndyce 
looked on him as a mere child, and 
believed in him implicitly. — Dickens: 
Bleak House (1852). 

(The original of this character was 
Leigh Hunt, who was greatly displeased 
at the skit.) 

Skin (The Man without a), Richard 
Cumberland. So called by Garrick, on 
account of his painful sensitiveness of 
all criticism. The same irritability of 
temper made Sheridan caricature him in 
The Critic as "sir Fretful Plagiary" 
(1732-1811). 

Skinfaxi ["shining mane"], the 
horse which draws the chariot of day. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Skofnung-, the sword of king Rolf 
the Norway hero, preserved for centuries 
in Iceland. 

Skogan. (See Scogan, p. 970.) 

Skreigh (Mr.), the precentor at the 
Gordon Arms inn, Kippletl ingan. — Sir 
W. Scott: Guy Manner ing (time, George 

Skulls. The skulls of the ancient 
Persians were so thin-boned that a small 
pebble would break them ; whereas those 
of the Egyptians were so thick in the 
bone that they would not break even with 
the blow of a huge stone. — Herodotos: 



SKULLS AT BANQUETS. 10x4 



SLEARY, 



History (in nine books, called "The 
Nine Muses "). 

Skulls at Banquets. Plutarch 
tells us that towards the close of an 
Egyptian feast a servant brought in a 
skeleton, and cried to the guests, " Eat, 
drink, and be merry ; for to-morrow you 
die I " (See Skeleton at the Feast.) 

Ukm skulls at Memphian banquets. 

Byron : Don yuan, iii. 65 (x8ao). 

Skurliewhitter (Andrew), the 
scrivener. — Sir W. Scott : Fortunes of 
Nigel (time, James I.). 

Sky-Lark, a lark with the "skies" 
or 'scis. The Westminster boys used to 
style themselves Romans, and the 
"town" Volsci ; the latter word was 
curtailed to 'sti [sky]. A row between 
the Westmiasterians and the town roughs 
was called a 'ui-lark, or a lark with the 
Volsci. 

" Snowball the skies 1 " thought I, not knowing that 
•♦skies" and "blackguards "were synonymous terms.— 
Lord IV. Lennox : Celebrities, etc., i. x. 

Skylark (Ode to the), by Percy B. 
Shelley (1820). One of the most exquisite 
odes in the language. 

James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd, 
has also an admirable poem called the 
Skylark. It begins — 

Bird of the wilderness, 
Blithsome and cumberless, 
Sweet be thy matin o'er moorland and lea I 

Skyresh Bol'golam, the high 
admiral or galbet of the realm of Lilliput. 
— Swift: Gulliver's Travels ("Voyage 
to Lilliput," iii., 1726). 

S. Ii. Laud ordered William Prynne 
to be branded on both cheeks with the 
letters S. L., meaning " Schismatic libel- 
lers ; " but Prynne insisted that the letters 
stood for Stigmata Laudis ("Laud's 
disgrace "). 

Slackbridge, one of the "hands" 
in Bounderby's mill at Coketown. Slack- 
bridge is an ill-conditioned fellow, ill 
made, with lowering eyebrows, and, 
though inferior to many of the others, 
exercises over them a great influence. 
He is the orator, who stirs up his fellow- 
workmen to strike. — Dickens: Hard 
Times (1854). 

Slamsnerkin(il/rj.). Captain Mac- 
heath says of her, " She is careless and 
genteel." " All you fine ladies," he adds, 
' ' who know your own beauty, affect an 
undress." — Gay: Tke Beggar s Opera, ii. 



Slander, an old hag, of "ragged, 
rude attyre, and filthy lockes," who 
sucked venom out of her nails. It was 
her duty to abuse all goodness, to frame 
groundless charges, to " steale away the 
crowne of a good name," and "never 
thing so well was doen, but she with 
blame would blot, and of due praise 
deprive." 

A foule and loathly creature sure in sight. 
And in conditions to be loathed no lesse ; 
For she was stuft with rancour and despight 
Up to the throat, that oft with bitternesse 
It forth would breake and gush in great excess*, 
Pouring out streams of poyson and of gall 
'Gainst all that truth or vertue doe prolesse. 
Whom she with leasings lewdly did miscall. 
And wickedly backbite. Her name men " Sclaunder 
calL 

Spenser: Fairie Queene, IV. vill. 34 (1596). 

Slang, from Slangenberg, a Dutch 
general, noted for his abusive and ex- 
aggerated epithets when he reproved the 
men under his command. The etymon 
is suited to the dictionary, and the fol- 
lowing are not without wit : Italian, 
s-lingua, s negative and lingua =s "bad 
language ;" French, esclandre, "an event 
which gives rise to scandal," hence, faire 
esclandre, "to expose one to scandal," 
causer de Tescadre, " to give ground for 
scandal ; " Greek, skanddlon, ' ' an offence, 
a scandal." "Slangs," fetters for male- 
factors. 

Slango, a lad, servant of Gaylove 
a young barrister. He dresses up as a 
woman, and when squire Sapskull comes 
from Yorkshire for a wife, Slango passes 
himself off as Arbella. In the mean time, 
Gaylove assumes the airs and manners of 
a Yorkshire tike, and marries Arbella, 
with whom he is in love. — Carey: The 
Honest Yorkshireman (1736). 

Slawken-Ber'gius (Hafen) ; an 
imaginary author, distinguished for the 
great length of his nose. In the Life 
and Opinions of Tristram Shandy (by 
Sterne), Slawken-Bergius is referred to 
as a great authority on all lore connected 
with noses, and a curious tale is intro- 
duced from his hypothetical works about 
a man with an enormously long nose. 

No nose can be justly amputated by the public, not 
even the nose of Slawken-Bergius himself.— Carlyle. 

Slaygood (Giant), master of a gang 
of thieves which infested the King's 
highway. Mr. Greatheart slew him, and 
rescued Feeblemind from his grasp in a 
duel. — Bunyan: Pilgrims Progress, ii. 
1 1684). 

Slea'ry, proprietor of the circus at 
Coketown. A stout man, with one eye 



SLEEK. 



X015 



SLEEPER. 



fixed and one loose, a voice like the 
efforts of a broken pair of bellows, a 
flabby skin, and muddled head. He was 
never sober and never drunk, but always 
kind-hearted. Tom Gradgrind, after 
robbing the bank, lay concealed in this 
circus as a black servant, till Sleary con- 
nived at his escape. This Sleary did in 
gratitude to Thomas Gradgrind, Esq., 
M.P., who adopted and educated Cecilia 
Jupe, daughter of his clown, signor 
Jupe. 

Josephine Sleary, daughter of the circus 
proprietor, a pretty girl of 18, who had 
been tied on a horse at two years old, 
and had made a will at xa. This will 
she carried about with her, and in it she 
signified her desire to be drawn to the 
grave by two piebald ponies. Josephine 
married E. W. B. Childers of her father's 
circus. — Dickens : Hard Times (1854). 

Sleek (Aminadab), in The Serious 
Family, a comedy by Morris Barnett 

Sleeper {The). Almost all nations 
have a tradition about some sleeper, who 
will wake after a long period of dor- 
mancy. 

(1) American (North). Rip van 
Winkle, a, Dutch colonist of New 
York, slept twenty years in the Kaatskill 
Mountains of North America. — IV. 
Irving. 

American Indians. The name of 
Montezuma, last of the Aztec emperors, 
is dearly cherished by American Indian 
tribes, who still indulge a belief that he 
will some day return to re-establish the 
ancient empire. — Researches of the Hon. 
E. G. Squier. 

American (South). SEBASTIAN I., sup- 
posed to have fallen in the battle of 
Alcazarquebir, in 1578, is only asleep, 
and will in due time awake, return to 
life, and make Brazil the chief kingdom 
of the earth. 

Arabian Legends. MAHOMMED Mo- 
hadi, the twelfth iman, is only sleeping, 
like Charlema»ne, till Antichrist appears, 
when he will awake in his strength, and 
overthrow the great enemy of all true 
believers. 

Nourjahad is only in a temporary 
sleep, waiting the fulness of time. 

(2) British Traditions. King Arthur 
is not dead in Avillon, but is merely 
metamorphosed into a raven. In due 
time he will awake, resume his proper 
person, claim the throne of Britain, and 
make it the head and front of all the 
kingdoms of the globe. M Because king 



Arthur bears for the nonce the semblance 
of a raven, the people of Britain never 
kill a raven " (Cervantes: Don Quixote, I. 
ii- 5). 

Gyneth slept 500 years by the en- 
chantment of Merlin. She was the 
natural daughter of king Arthur and 
Guendolen ; and was thus punished be- 
cause she would not put an end to a com- 
bat in which twenty knights were mortally 
wounded, including Merlin's son. — Sir 
IV. Scott: Bridal of Triermain (18 13). 

Merlin, the enchanter, is not dead, 
but " sleeps and sighs in an old tree, 
spell-bound by Vivien." — British Legend. 

St. David was thrown into an en- 
chanted sleep by Ormandine ; but after 
sleeping for seven years, he was awoke 
by Merlin. 

(3) French Legend, The French slain 
in the Sicilian Vespers are not really 
dead ; but they sleep for the time being, 
awaiting the day of retribution. 

(4) German Legends. BARBAROSSA 
with six of his knights sleeps in 
Kyffhausberg, in Thuringia, till the 
fulness of time ; when they will awake 
and make Germany the foremost king- 
dom of the earth. The beard of the 
red king has already grown through the 
table slab at which he is seated ; but it 
must wind itself three times round the 
table before his second advent. Bar- 
barossa occasionally wakes and asks, 
"Is it time?" when a voice replies, 
•* Not yet. Sleep on." 

Charlemagne is not dead, but only 
asleep in Untersberg, near Saltzburg, 
waiting for the advent of Antichrist, 
when he will rouse from his slumber, go 
forth conquering, and will deliver Chris- 
tendom that it may be fit for the second 
advent and personal reign of Christ. 

Charles V. kaiser of Germany is 
only asleep, waiting his time, when he 
will awake, return to earth, " resume the 
monarchy over Germany, Portugal, Spain, 
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Denmark, 
putting all enemies under his feet." 

Knez Lazar, of Servia, supposed to 
have been slain by the Turks in 1389, is 
not really dead, but has put on sic p for 
a while, and at an allotted moment he will 
reappear in his full strength. 

(5) Grecian Legends. Endym'ion, a 
beautiful youth, sleeps a perpetual sleep 
in Latmos. Selene (the moon) fell in love 
with him, kissed him, and still lies by 
his side. In the British Museum is an 
exquisite statue of Endymion asleep.— 
Greek Fable. 



SLEEPER. 



tox6 



SLEEPER AWAKENED. 



Epimen'ides (5 syl.) the Cretan poet 
was sent in boyhood to search for a stray 
sheep ; being heated and weary, he 
stepped into a cave, and fell asleep for 
fifty-seven years. Epimenidfis, we are 
told, attained the age of 154, 157, 229, 
and some say 289 years. — Pliny : History, 
vii. 12. 

(6) Irish Traditions. Brian, surnamed 
" Boroimhe," king of Ireland, who con- 
quered the Danes in twenty pitched 
battles, and was supposed to have been 
slain in the battle of Clontarf, in 1014, 
was only stunned. He still sleeps in his 
castle of Kincora, and the day of Ire- 
land's necessity will be Brian's oppor- 
tunity. 

Desmond of Kilmallock, in Lime- 
rick, supposed to-have perished in the 
reign of Elizabeth, is only sleeping under 
the waters of lough Gur. Every seventh 
year he reappears in full armour, rides 
round the lake early in the morning, and 
will ultimately reappear and claim the 
family estates. — Sir W. Scott: Fortunes 
if Nigel (1822). 

(7) Jewish Legend. ELIJAH the prophet 
is not dead, but sleeps in Abraham's 
bosom till Antichrist appears, when he 
will return to Jerusalem and restore all 
things. 

(8) Russian Tradition. Elijah Man- 
SUR, warrior, prophet, and priest in Asiatic 
Russia, tried to teach a more tolerant 
form of Islam, but was looked on as a 
heretic, and condemned to imprisonment 
in the bowels of a mountain. There he 
sleeps, waiting patiently the summons 
which will be given him, when he will 
awake, and wave his conquering sword to 
the terror of the Muscovite. — Milner : 
Gallery of Geography, 781. 

(9) Scandinavian Tradition. OLAP 
Tryggvason king of Norway, who was 
baptized in London, and introduced 
Christianity into Norway, Iceland, and 
Greenland. Being overthrown by Swolde 
king of Sweden (A.D. 1000), he threw 
himself into the sea and swam to the 
Holy Land, became an anchorite, and 
fell asleep at a greatly advanced age; 
but he is only waiting his opportunity, 
when he will sever Norway from Sweden, 
and raise it to a first-class power. 

(10) Scottish Tradition. Thomas of 
Erceldoune sleeps beneath the Eildon 
Hills, in Scotland. One day, an elfin 
lady led him into a cavern in these hills, 
and he fell asleep for seven years, when 
tie revisited the upper earth, under a bond 
that he would return immediately the 



elfin lady summoned him. One day, as 
he was making merry with his friends, he 
heard the summons, kept his word, and 
has never since been seen. — Sir W. Scott : 
Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border. 

(11) Spanish Tradition. Bobadil EL 
Chico, last of the Moorish kings of 
Granada, lies spell-bound near the 
Alhambra, but in the day appointed he 
will return to earth and restore the 
Moorish government in Spain. 

(12) Swiss Legend. Three of the 
family of Tell sleep a semi-death at 
Rutli, waiting for the hour of their 
country's need, when they will wake up 
and deliver it (See Seven Sleepers, 
p. 985.) 

Sleeper Awakened (The). Abou 
Hassan, the son of a rich merchant at 
Bagdad, inherited a good fortune ; but, 
being a prudent man, made a vow to 
divide it into two parts : all that came 
to him from rents he determined to set 
apart, but all that was of the nature of 
cash he resolved to spend on pleasure. 
In the course of a year he ran through 
this fund, and then made a resolve in 
future to ask only one guest at a time 
to his board. This guest was to be a 
stranger, and never to be asked a second 
time. It so happened that the caliph 
Haroun-al-Raschid, disguised as a mer- 
chant, was on one occasion his guest, and 
heard Abou Hassan say that he wished 
he were a caliph for one day, and he would 
punish a certain iman for tittle-tattling. 
Haroun-al-Raschid thought that he could 
make capital of this wish for a little 
diversion ; so, drugging the wine, the 
merchant fell into a profound sleep, was 
conveyed to the palace, and on waking 
was treated as the caliph. He ordered 
the iman to be punished, and sent his 
mother a handsome gift ; but at night, 
another sleeping draught being given 
him, he was carried back to his own 
house. When he woke, he could not 
decide if he had been in a dream or not, 
but his conduct was so strange that he 
was taken to a mad-house. He was con- 
fined for several days, and, being dis- 
charged, the caliph in disguise again 
visited him, and repeated the same game, 
so that next day he could not tell which 
had been the dream. (See Sly, p. 1019.) 
At length the mystery was cleared up, and 
he was given a post about the caliph's per- 
son, and the sultana gave him a beautiful 
slave for his wife. Abou Hassan now 
played a trick on the caliph. He pre* 



SLEEPERS. 



1017 



SLINGSBY. 



tended to be dead, and sent his young 
wife to the sultana to announce the sad 
news. Zobeida, the sultana, was very 
much grieved, and gave her favourite a 
sum of money for the funeral expenses. 
On her return, she played the dead 
woman, and Abou Hassan went to the 
caliph to announce his loss. The caliph 
expressed his sympathy, and, having 
given him a sum of money for the 
tuneral expenses, went to the sultana 
to speak of the sad news of the death of 
the young bride. "The bride?" cried 
Zobeida; "you mean the bridegroom, 
commander of the faithful." " No, I 
mean the bride," answered the caliph, 
"for Abou Hassan has but just left me." 
"That cannot be, sire," retorted Zobeida, 
" for it is not an hour ago that the bride 
was here, to announce his death." To 
settle this moot point, the chief of the 
eunuchs was sent to see which of the two 
was dead ; and Abou, who saw him 
coming, got the bride to pretend to be 
dead, and set himself at her head be- 
wailing, so the man returned with the 
report that it was the bride who was dead, 
and not the bridegroom. The sultana 
would not believe him, and sent her aged 
nurse to ascertain the fact As she 
approached, Abou Hassan pretended to be 
dead, and the bride to be the wailing 
widow ; accordingly the nurse contra- 
dicted the report of the eunuch. The 
caliph and sultana, with the nurse and 
eunuch, then all went to see for them- 
selves, and found both apparently dead. 
The caliph now said he would give iooo 
pieces of gold to know which died first, 
when Abou Hassan cried, "Commander 
of the faithful, it was I who died first." 
The trick was found out, the caliph 
nearly died with laughter, and the jest 
proved a little mine of wealth to the 
court favourite. — Arabian Nights. 

Sleepers. (See Seven Sleepers, p. 

985-) 

Sleeping Beauty (The), a lady 
who sleeps in a castle a hundred years, 
during which time an impenetrable wood 
springs up around the castle; but being 
at length disenchanted by a young 
prince, she marries him. The brothers 
Grimm have reproduced this tale in Ger- 
man. The old Norse tale of Brynhild 
and Sigurd seems to be the original of 
The Sleeping Beauty.— Perrault : Contes 
du Temps ("La Belle au Bois Dormant," 
1697). (See also TRIKRMAIN.) 



(Tennyson has poetized this nursery 
story. ) 

Sleepless Men. Arsenus never went 
to bed ; and St. Euthymus slept only 
leaning against a wall. 

Euthyme se proposa d'imiter le gTand Arsene dont 
la reputation courait alors partout l'Orient. II jeunait 
toute la semain sans rien prendre que le dimanche; 
jamais personne ne l'a vu couch6 pour se reposer; 
quand la nature etait accablee, il s' appuysait seulement 
contre la muraiile ou il se tenait a une corde qui 
pendait au plancher. Des il s' eVultat en s' excitant 
par ces paroles du meme Arsene, " A quoi penses-tu, 
lache et miserable Arsene? "—Let Pttits BollandisUs, 
toL L p. 498. 

Sleipuer, the horse of Odin. 

Slender, one of the suitors of " sweet 
Anne Page." His servant's name is 
Simple. Slender is a country lout, 
cousin of justice Shallow. — Shakespeare : 
Merry Wives of Windsor (1596). 

Slender is a perfect satire ... on the brilliant youth 
of the provinces . . . before the introduction of news* 
papers and turnpike roads ; awkward and booby ish 
among civil people, but at home in rude sports, and 
proud of exploits at which the town would laugh.— 
HaUam. 

Slender and sir Andrew Ague-cheek are fools 
troubled with an uneasy consciousness of their folly, 
which in the latter produces a most edifying meek- 
ness and docility, and in the former awkwardness, 
obstinacy, and confusion.— Macaulay. 

Slick (Sam), judge Thomas Chandler 
Haliburton of Nova Scotia, author of The 
Clockmaker (1837). 

Sam Slick, a Yankee clockmaker and 
pedlar, wonderfully 'cute, a great ob- 
server, full of quaint ideas, droll wit, 
odd fancies, surprising illustrations, and 
plenty of "soft sawder." Judge Hali- 
burton wrote the two series called Sam 
Slick or the Clockmaker (1837). 

Sliderskew {Peg), the hag-like 
housekeeper of Arthur Gride. She robs 
her master of some deeds, and thereby 
brings on his ruin. — Dickens: Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). 

Sligo {Dr.), of Ireland. He looks 
with contempt on his countryman, Dr. 
Osasafras, because he is but a parvenu. 

Osasafrast That's a name of no note. He is not a 
Milesian, I am sure. The family, I suppose, carua 
over the oth<;r day with Strongbow, not above seven 
or eight hundred years ago. — Foote : The Devil upon 
Titio Sticks (1768). 

Slingers (or Balearic) Islands. Ma- 
jorca, Minorca, and Ivica were so called, 
because their inhabitants were very noted 
for the use of the sling, at one time much 
employed in war. 

Slingsby (Jonathan Freke), John 
Francis Waller, author of The Slingsbj 
Papers (1852), etc. 



SLINKTON. 



1018 



SLOWBOY. 



Slinkton {Julius), in Dickens's story 
Of Hunted Down (i860). He attempts the 
murder of Alfred Beckwith, and finally 
summits suicide. 

Slip, the valet of young Harlowe (son 
of sir Harry Harlowe, of Dorsetshire). 
He schemes with Martin, a fellow-ser- 
vant, to contract a marriage between 
Martin and Miss Stockwell (daughter of 
a wealthy merchant), in order to get 
possession of ^10,000, the wedding por- 
tion. The plan was this : Martin was to 
pass himself off as young Harlowe, and 
marry the lady or secure the dot ; but 
Jenny (Miss Stockw ell's maid) informs 
Belford, the lover of Miss Stockwell, 
and he arrests the two knaves just in 
time to prevent mischief. — Garrick : Neck 
or Nothing (1766). 

Slippers which enabled the feet to 
walk, knives that cut of themselves, and 
sabres which dealt blows at a wish, were 
presents brought to Vathek by a hideous 
monster without a name. — Beckford: 
Vathek (1784). 

Slippery Sam, a highwayman in 
captain Macheath's gang. Peachum says 
he should dismiss him, because "the 
villain hath the impudence to have views 
of following his trade as a tailor, which 
he calls an honest employment." — Gay : 
The Beggar's Opera, i. (1727). 

Slipslop {Mrs.), a lady of frail 
morals. — Fielding ; Joseph Andrews 
(1742). 

Slo-Fair, Chichester, the October 
fair, when the beasts were sold for 
slaughter, that they might be salted down 
for winter use. The next month (Novem- 
ber) was called Blot-monath or " Blood- 
month," being the time when the beasts 
were killed. (Old English, slian, sl<fh, 
" to slaughter ; " bldt, " blood, sacrifice," 
from bldtan, "to shed blood:") 

*.* Some idea may be gathered of the 
enormous number of animals salted down 
in November, from the mere residue left 
in the larder of the elder Spencer, in 
May, 1327. There were "80 salted 
beeves, 500 bacons, and 600 muttons." 

Slop {Dr.), sir John Stoddart, M.D., 
editor of the New Times, who entertained 
an insane hatred of Napoleon Bonaparte, 
called by him "The Corsican Fiend." 
William Hone devised the name from 
Stoddart's book entitled Slop's Shave at 
a Broken Hone (1820), and Thomas Moore 
helped to popularize it (1773-1856). 



Slop {Dr.), a choleric, enthusiastic, 

and bigoted physician. He breaks down 
Tristram's nose, and crushes uncle Toby'i 
fingers to a jelly in attempting to demon- 
strate the use and virtues of a newly 
invented pair of obstetrical forceps.— 
Sterne: The Life and Opinions of Tris- 
tram Shandy, Gentleman (1759). 

(Under this name, Sterne ridiculed Dr. 
Burton, a man-midwife of York. ) 

Slopard {Dame), wife of Grimbard 
the brock or badger, in the beast-epic of 
Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Sloppy, a love-child brought up by 
Betty Higden, for whom he turned the 
mangle. When Betty died, Mr. Boffin 
apprenticed him to a cabinet-maker. 
Sloppy is described as " a very long boy, 
with a very little head, and an open 
mouth of disproportionate capacity that 
seemed to assist his eyes in staring." It 
is hinted that he became V the prince" oi 
Jenny Wren, the dolls' dressmaker. 

Of an ungainly make was Sloppy. There was too 
much of him longwise, too little of him broadwise, and 
too many sharp angles of him angle-wise. . . . He had 
a considerable capital of knee, and elbow, and wrist, 
and ankle. Full-private Number One in the awkward 
■quad was Sloppy.— Dickens: Our Mutual Frund, I. 
L 16 (1864). 

Slough of Despond ( The), a deep 
bog, which Christian had to pass on his 
way to the Wicket Gate. Neighbour 
Pliable would not attempt to pass it, 
and turned back. While Christian was 
floundering in the slough, Help came to 
his aid, and assisted him over. 

The name of the slough was Despond. Here they 
wallowed for a time, and Christian, because of the 
burden that was on his back, began to sink into the 
mire. This miry slough is such a place as cannot bo 
mended. It is the descent whither the scum and filth 
that attends conviction of sin doth continually run, 
and therefore is it called the Slough of Despond ; for 
still, as the sinner is awakened about his lost condition, 
there arise in his soul many fears and doubts and 
discouraging apprehensions, which all of them get 
together, and settle in this place, and this is tho 
reason of the badness of this ground.— Bunyan ; 
Pilgrim's Progress, L (1678). 

Slowboy {Tilly), nurse and general 
help of Mr. and Mrs. Peerybingle. She 
"was of a spare and straight shape, 
insomuch that her garments appeared to 
be in constant danger of sliding off her 
shoulders. Her costume was remarkable 
for its very partial development, and 
always afforded glimpses at the back of 
a pair of dead-green stays." Miss Tilly 
was very fond of baby, but had a sur- 
prising talent for getting it into diffi- 
culties, bringing its head in perpetual 
contact with doors, dressers, stair-rails, 
bedposts, and so on. Tilly, who had 
been a foundling, looked upon the house 



SLUDGE. 



1019 



SMART. 



of Peerybingle the carrier as a royal 

residence, and loved both Mr. and Mrs. 
Peerybingle with all the intensity of an 
undivided affection. — Dickens : The 
Cricket on the Hearth (1845) 

Sludge {Gammer), the landlady of 
Erasmus Holiday the schoolmaster in 
White Horse Vale. 

Dickie Sludge or " Flibbertigibbet," 
her dwarf grandson. — Sir W. Scott.* 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Slum (Mr.), a patter poet, who 
dressed en militaire. He called on Mrs. 
Jarley, exhibitor of wax-works, all by 
accident. "What, Mr Slum?" cried 
the lady of the wax-work ; " who'd have 
thought of seeing you here ? " " 'Pon my 
soul and honour," said Mr. Slum, 
"that's a good remark 1 Ton my soul 
and honour, that's a wise remark . . . 
Why I came here? 'Pon my soul and 
honour, 1 hardly know what I came here 
for . . . What a splendid classical thing 
is this, Mrs. Jarley ! 'Pon my soul and 
honour, it is quite Minervian ! " " It'll 
look well, I fancy," observed Mrs. Jarley. 
" Well ! " said Mr. Slum ; "it would be 
the delight of my life, 'pon my soul and 
honour, to exercise my Muse on such a 
delightful theme. By the way — any 
orders, madam ? Is there anything I can 
do for you ? " (ch. xxviii. ). 

*• Ask the perfumers," said the military gentleman, 
"ask the blacking-makers, ask the hatters, ask the 
old lottery-office keepers, ask any man among 'em 
what poetry has done for him, and mark my word, ho 
blesses the name of Slum."— Dickens • The Old 
Curiosity Shop (1840). 

Slumkey {Samuel), " blue " candidate 
for the representation of the borough of 
Eatansuill in parliament. His opponent 
is Horatio Fizkin, who represents the 
"buff" interest.— Dickens.- The Pick- 
wick Papers (1836). 

Sly (Christopher), a keeper of bears, 
and a tinker. In the induction of Shake- 
speare's comedy called Taming of the 
Shrew, Christopher is found dead drunk 
by a nobleman, who commands his 
servants to take him to his mansion and 
attend on him as a lord. The trick is 
played, and the " commonty " of Taming 
of the Shrew is performed for the delecta- 
tion of the ephemeral lord. 

1f A similar trick was played by Ha- 
roun-al-Raschid on a rich merchant named 
Abou Hassan (see Arabian Nights, " The 
Sleeper Awakened," q.v.). Also by 
Philippe le Bon of Burgundy, on his 
marriage with Eleanora (see Burton : 
Anatomy of Melancholy, ii. a, 4, 1624). 



Slyme (Chevy), one of old Martin 

Chuzzlewit's numerous relations. He is 
a drunken, good-for-nothing vagabond, 
but his friend Montague Tigg considers 
him "an unappreciated genius." His 
chief peculiarity consists in his always 
being "round the corner." — Dickens: 
Martin Chuxzlewit (1844). 

Small (Gilbert), the pin maker, a 
hardworking old man, who loves his son 
most dearly. 

Thomas Small, the son of Gilbert, a 
would-be man of fashion and maccaroni. 
Very conceited of his fine person, he 
thinks himself the very glass of fashion. 
Thomas Small resolves to make a fortune 
by marriage, and allies himself to Kate, 
who turns out to be the daughter of Strap 
the cobbler. — Knowles: The Beggar of 
Bethnal Green (1834). 

Small Beer Poet ( The), W. Thomas 
Fitzgerald. He is now known only for 
one line, quoted in the Rejected Addresses : 
" The tree of freedom is the British oak." 
Cobbett gave him the sobriquet (1759- 
1829). 

Small-Endians, a "religious sect" 
in Lilliput, who made it an article of or- 
thodoxy to break their eggs at the small 
end. By the Small-endians is meant the 
protestant party ; the Roman Catholics 
are called the Big-endians, from their 
making it a sine qua. non for all true 
Churchmen to break their eggs at the 
big end. — Swift : Gulliver s Travels 
(" Voyage to Lilliput," 1726). 

Smallweed Family ( The), a grasp- 
ing, ill-conditioned lot, consisting of 
grandfather, grandmother, and the twins 
Bartholomew and Judy. The grand- 
father indulges in vituperative exclama- 
tions against his aged wife, with or 
without provocation, and flings at her 
anything he can lay his hand on. He 
becomes, however, so dilapidated at last 
that he has to be shaken up by his 
amiable granddaughter Judy in order to 
be aroused to consciousness. 

Bart., i.e. Bartholomew Smallweed, a 
youth who moulds himself on the model 
of Mr. Guppy, the lawyer's clerk in the 
office of Kenge and Carboy. He prides 
himself on being "a limb of the law," 
though under 15 years of age; indeed, it 
is reported of him that his first long 
clothes were made out of a lawyer's blue 
bag. — Dickens: Bleak House (1852). 

Smart (Christopher), a poet of the 



SMA'TRASH. 



1020 



SMILINDA. 



last century, whose poem, A Song to 
David, was produced in a mad-house, 
and indented, for want of writing 
materials, with a key. Rossetti said of 
this production that it was "a master- 
piece of rich imagery, exhaustive resource, 
and reverberant sound" (Athenoeum, 
February 19, 1887). 

(Browning introduces Smart in his 
Parleyings with Certain People. ) 

Sm a' trash. (Eppie), the ale-woman 
at Wolfs Hope village. — Sir W. Scott: 
Bride of Lammermoor (time, William 
III.). 

Smauker [John), footman of Angelo 
Cyrus Bantam. He invites Sam Weller 
to a "swarry" of " biled mutton." — 
Dickens: The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Smectym'nuus, the title of a cele- 
brated pamphlet containing an attack 
upon episcopacy (1641). The title is 
composed of the initial letters of the five 
writers, SM (Stephen Marshall), EC 
(Edmund Cal (my), TY (Thomas Young), 
MN (Matthew Newcomen), XJU3 
(William Spurstow). Sometimes one U 
is omitted. Butler says the business of 
synods is — 

To find, in lines of beard and face, 

The physiognomy of " Grace ; " 

And by the sound and twang of nose. 



If all be sound within disclose . . . 

The handkerchief about the neck 

(Canonical cravat of Smeck, 

From whom the institution came 

When Church and State they set on flama • 

Judge rightly if " regeneration " 

Be of the newest cut in fashion. 

S. Butler: Hudibras, 1. 3 (1 



.4 



SmelfimgUS. Smollett was so called 
by Sterne, because his volume of Travels 
through France and Italy is one per- 
petual snarl from beginning to end. 

The lamented Smelfungus travelled from Boulogne 
to Paris, from Paris to Rome, and so on ; but he set out 
r/ith the spleen and jaundice, and every object he 
passed by was discoloured or distorted. He wrote an 
account of them, but 'twas nothing but the account of 

his own miserable feelings Sterne: Sentimental 

Journey (1768). 

Smell a Voice. When a young 

prince had clandestinely visited the 
young princess brought up in the palace 
of ihe Flower Mountain, the fairy mother 
Violenta said, " 1 smell the voice of a 
man," and commanded the dragon on 
which she rode to make search for the 
intruder. — Comtesse D'Aulnov : Fairy 
Tales ("The White Cat," 1682). 

• . • Bottom says, in the part of " Pyra- 
mus " — 

I see a toIco, now will I to the chink, 
To spy an I can hear my Thlsbo'e face, 
Shmkesfeare 1 Midsummer NigMs Dream, act T. 



Smelling 1 Sins. St Hilarian had 

the gift of detecting what vices or sins 
any one indulged in simply by the smell 
of their persons or garments. By the 
same instinctive faculty he could discern 
their good feelings and virtuous desires. 
—St. Jerome: Life of St. Hilarian (a.D. 

39o)- 

Do yon smell a fault ? 
Shakespeare : King Lear, act L sc 1 (1605). 

(This may mean something more than 
discern. ) 

Oh 1 my offence is rank; It smells to heaven. 

Shakespeare: Hamlet, act iii. sc. 3 (1596). 

(That is, its smell reaches heaven or 
goes up to heaven.) 

Smike (1 syl.) t a poor, half-starved, 
half-witted boy, the son of Ralph 
Nickleby. As the marriage was clandes- 
tine, the child was put out to nurse, and 
neither its father nor its mother ever went 
to see it. When about seven years old, the 
child was stolen by one Brooker, out of 
revenge, and put to school at Dotheboys 
Hall, Yorkshire. Brooker paid the school 
fees for six years, and being then trans- 
ported, the payment ceased, and the boy 
was made a sort of drudge. Nicholas 
Nickleby took pity on him, and when he 
left, Smike ran away to join his friend, 
who took care of the poor half-witted 
creature till he died (see pp. 594, 595, 
original edition). — Dickens : Nicholas 
frickleby (1838). 

Smile, and be a Villain.— Shake- 
speare: Hamlet, act i. sc. 5 (1596). 

Smiler, a sheriffs officer, in A 
Regular Fix, by J. M. Morton. 

Smilinda, a lovelorn maiden, to 
whom Sharper was untrue. Pope, in his 
eclogue called The Basset Table (1715), 
makes Cordelia and Smilinda contend on 
this knotty point, "Who suffers most, 
she who loses at basset, or she who loses 
her lover?" They refer the question to 
Betty Lovet. Cordelia stakes her ' ' lady's 
companion, made by Mathers, and worth 
fifty guineas," on the point ; and Smilinda 
stakes a snuff-box, won at Corticelli's in 
a raffle, as her pledge. When Cordelia 
has stated the iron agony of loss at cards, 
and Smilinda the crushing grief of losing 
a sweetheart, " strong as a footman and 
as his master sweet," Lovet awards the 
lady's companion to Smilinda, and the 
snuff-box to Cordelia, and bids both give 
over, "for she wants her tea." Of 
course, this was suggested by Virgil: 
Eclogue, iii. 



SMITH. 



loai 



SNAP. 



SMITH. In the Leisure Hour we 
read: "During a period of seventeen 
years (from 1838 to 1854, both inclusive), 
the births, deaths, and marriages of the 
Smiths registered amounted to 286,037, 
and it is calculated that the families of 
Smith in England are not less than 

53.000-" 

•." This most be a very great mis- 
calculation. 286,037 in seventeen years, 
gives rather more than 16,825 a vear - or 
a marriage, death, or birth to every three 
families per annum (nearly). If the 
registration is correct, the number of 
families must be many times the number 
stated. 

Smith {Henry), alias " Henry Gow," 
alias "Gow Chrom," alias " Hal of the 
Wynd," the armourer, and lover of 
Catharine Glover, whom at the end he 
marries. — Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Smith. {King), Louis Philippe of 
France, who escaped to England under 
the assumed name of " Smith." 

" Mr. Smith ! " exclaimed the king. " That is curious 
indeed ; and it is very remarkable that the first person 
to welcome me should be Mr. Smith. Twice the 
assumed name by which I escaped from France has 
been ' Smith ; ' and look ! this is my passport made out 
in the name of Smith."— Times, March 6, 1848. 

Smith. {Mr.), a faithful confidential 
clerk in the bank of Dornton and Sulky. 
— Holcroft : The Road to Ruin (1792). 

Smith. {Rainy-Day), John Thomas 
Smith, antiquary (1766-1833). 

Smith ( Wayland), an invisible farrier, 
who haunted the " Vale of the White 
Horse," in Berkshire, where three flat 
stones supporting a fourth commemorate 
the place of his stithy. His fee was six- 
pence, and he was offended if more were 
offered him. 

(Sir W. Scott has introduced him in 
Kenilworth, time, Elizabeth.) 

Smith's Prizeman, one who has 

obtained the prize (^25) founded in the 
University of Cambridge by Robert 
Smith, D.D., once Master of Trinity. 
Two prizes are awarded annually to two 
commencing bachelors of arts for pro- 
ficiency in mathematics and natural 
philosophy. 

Smolkin, a punic spirit. 

Peace, Smolkin, peace, thou fiend I 
Shakespeare : King Lear, act iii. «c 4 (1605). 

Smollett of the Stage {The), 

George Farquhar (1678-1707). 

Smotherwell {Stephen), the exe- 



cutioner. — Sir W. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV. ). 

Smyr'nean Poet ( The), Mimnermos, 
born at Smyrna (fi. B.C. 630). 

Snacks, the hard, grinding steward 
of lord Lackwit, who by grasping got 
together ,£26,000. When lord Lackwit 
died, and the property came to Robin 
Roughhead, he toadied him with the 
greatest servility, but Robin dismissed 
him and gave the post to Frank. — Ailing- 
ham : Fortunes Frolic. 

Snag"g"S, a village portrait-taker and 
tooth-drawer. He says, " I draws off heads 
ana draws out teeth," or " I takes off 
heads and takes out teeth." Major 
Touchwood, having dressed himself up 
to look like his uncle the colonel, pre- 
tends to have the tooth-ache. Snaggs, 
being sent for, prepares to operate on 
the colonel, and the colonel in a towering 
rage sends him to the right about. — 
Dibdin: What Next t 

Snag's 'by {Mr.), the law-stationer in 
Cook's Court, Cursitor Street. A very 
mild specimen of the "spear half," in 
terrible awe of his termagant wife, whom 
he calls euphemistically "his little 
woman." He preceded most of his 
remarks by the words, ' ' Not to put too 
fine a point upon it." — Dickens: Bleak 
House (1852). 

Snail, the collector of customs, near 
Ellangowan House. — Sir W. Scott ; Guy 
Mannering (time, George II.). 

Snailsfoot {Bryce), the jagger or 
pedlar. — Sir W.Scott: The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

Snake {Mr.), a traitorous ally of lady 
Sneer well, who has the effrontery to say 
to her, " You paid me extremely liberally 
ior propagating the lie, but unfortunately 
I have been offered double to speak the 
truth." He says — 

Ah, sir, consider, I live by the baseness of my 
character; and if it were once known that I have been 
betrayed into an honest action, I shall lose every friend 
I have in the world. — Sheridan: School for Scandal, 
v. 3 (1777)- 

Snap, the representation of a dragon 
which for many years was carried about 
the city of Norwich on Guild day in 
grand procession with flags and banners, 
bands of music, and whi filers with swords 
to clear the way, all in fancy costume. 
Snap was of great length, a man was in 
the middle of the beast to carry it, and 
caused its head to turn and jaws to open 



SNARE. 



X02* SNITCHEY AND CRAGGS. 



an amazing width, that half-pence might 
be tossed into it and caught in a bag. 
The procession was stopped in the year 
1824, when Snap was laid up in St. 
Andrew's Hall. It has since been re- 
moved to the Castle Museum. 

% At Metz a similar procession used to 
take place annually on St. Mark's Day, 
the French Snap being called " St. Cle- 
ment's dragon." 

Snare (1 syl.), sheriff's officer.— 
Shakespeare: 2 Henry IV. (1598). 

Snark [Hunting the), a tale by Lewis 
Carrol (real name Rev. Charles Dodg- 
son) (1876). 

Snawley, "in the oil and colour 
line.'' A " sleek, flat-nosed man, bearing 
in his countenance an expression of 
mortification and sanctitv." — Dickens: 
Nicholas Nickleby, iii. (1838). 

Sneak {Jerry), a hen-pecked pin- 
maker ; a paltry, pitiful, prying sneak. 
If ever he summoned up a little manliness, 
his wife would begin to cry, and Jerry 
was instantly softened. 

Master Sneak, . . . the ancient corporation of Garratt. 
In consideration of your great parts and abilities, and 
out of respect to their landlord sir Jacob, hav« 
unanimously chosen you mayor.— Act ii. 
1 Jerry Sneak has become the type of hen-pecked 
husbands.— Temple Bar, 456 (1875). 

Mrs. Sneak, wife of Jerry, a domineer- 
ing tartar of a woman, who keeps 
her lord and master well under her 
thumb. She is the daughter of sir Jacob 
J oil up. — Foote ' The Mayor of Garratt 

(1763). 

Jerry Sneak Russell. So Samuel 
Russell the actor was called, because of 
his inimitable representation of "Jerry 
Sneak," which was quite a hit (1766- 
1845)- 

Sneer, a double-faced critic, who carps 
at authors behind their backs, but fawns 
on them when they are present (see act 
i. 1). — Sheridan: The Critic (1779). 

Sneerwell {Lady), the widow of a 
City knight. Mr. Snake says, "Every 
one allows that lady Sneer well can do 
more with a word or a look than many 
can with the most laboured detail, even 
when they happen to have a little truth 
on their side to support it." 

Wounded myself, In the early part of my life, by the 
envenomed tongue of slander, I confess I have since 
known no pleasure equal to the reducing of others to 
the level of my own reputation.— Sheridan : Schael/er 
Scandal, i. i (1777). 

Miss Farren took leave of the stage In 17*7, and her 
concluding words were : " Let me request, lady Sneer- 
well, that you will make my respects to the scandalous 
college of which you are a member, and Inform thorn 



that lady Teazle [about to be countess of Derby], licen- 
tiate, begs leave to return the diploma they granted 
her, as she now leaves off practice, and kills characters 
no longer. A burst of applause followed, and no 
more of the play was listened to.— Mrs. C. Mathews. 

Sneeze into a Sack {To), to be 
guillotined. 

Who kissed La Guillotine, looked through the little 
window and sneezed into the sack. — Dickens : A Tale 
0/ Two Cities, iii. 4 (1859). 

Sneezing 1 . A person who sneezed 
was at one time supposed to be under the 
influence of fairies and demons, and as 
the name of God repelled all evil spirits, 
the benediction of ' ' God bless you ! " 
drove away the demon, and counteracted 
its influence. 

(Judge Haliburton has a good paper 
"On Sneezing," in Temple Bar, 345, 
1875.) 

Bui. I have often, Dr. Skeleton, bad it In my head 
to ask some of the faculty, what can be the reason that 
when a man happens to sneeze, all the company bows. 

Skel. Sneezing, Dr. Bulruddery, was a mortal 
symptom that attended a pestilential disease which 
formerly depopulated the republic ot Athens; ever 
since, when that convulsion occurs, a short ejaculation 
is offered up that the sneezing or sternuting party may 
not be afflicted with the same distemper. 

Bui. Upon my conscience, a very learned account ! 
Ay, and a very civil institution too \—Bickerstaff and 
Foote: Dr. Last in His Chariot (1769). 

Snevellicci {Mr.), in Crummles's 
company of actors. Mr. Snevellicci 
plays the military swell, and is great in 
the character of speechless noblemen. 

Mrs. Snevellicci, wife of the above, a 
dancer in the same theatrical company. 

Miss Snevellicci, daughter of Mr. and 
Mrs. Snevellicci, also of the Portsmouth 
Theatre. "She could do anything, from 
a medley dance to lady Macbeth." Miss 
Snevellicci laid her toils to catch Nicholas 
Nickleby, but " the bird escaped from 
the nets of the toiler." — Dickens: Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). 

Snitchey and Craggs, lawyers. 
It was the opinion of Mr. Thomas Craggs 
that "everything is too easy," especially 
law ; that it is the duty of wise men to 
make everything as difficult as possible, 
and as hard to go as rusty locks and 
hinges which will not turn for want of 
greasing. He was a cold, hard, dry man, 
dressed in grey-and-uhite like a flint, 
with small twinkles in his eyes. Jona- 
than Snitchey was like a magpie or 
raven. He generally finished by saying, 
" I speak for Self and Craggs," and, after 
the death of his partner, " for Self and 
Craggs deceased.' 

Mrs. Snitchey and Mrs. Craggs, wives 
of the lawyers. Mrs. Snitchey was, 
on principle, suspicious of Mr. Craggs ; 



SNOBS. 



xoa 3 



SNUG. 



And Mrs. Craggs was, on principle, sus- 
picious of Mr. Snitchey. Mrs. Craggs 
would say to her lord and master — 

Your Snitcheys indeed J I don't see what you want 
with your Snitcheys, for my part. You trust a great 
deal too much to your Snitcheys, I think, and I hop* 
you may never find my words come true. 

Mrs. Snitchey would observe to Mr. 

Snitchey — 

Snitchey, if ever you were led away by mam, take my 
word for it, you are led away by Craggs; and if ever I 
can read a double purpose in mortal eye, I can read it 
InCraggs'seye.— Dickens: The Battle of Li/e.'xi. (1846). 

Snobs (The Book of), by Thackeray 

(1848). 

Snodgrass [Augustus), M.P.C., a 

poetical young man, who travels about 
with Mr. Pickwick, " to inquire into the 
source of the Hampstead ponds." He 
marries Emily Wardle. — Dickens: The 
Pickwick Papers (1836). 
(M. P. C, Member of the Pickwick Club.) 

Snoring ( Great). " Rector of Great 
Snoring," a dull, prosy preacher. 

Snorro Sturleson, last of the great 
Icelandic scalds or court poets. He was 
author of the Younger Edda, in prose, 
and of the Heimskringla, a chronicle in 
verse of the history of Norway from the 
earliest times to the year 1177. The 
Younger Edda is an abridgment of the 
Rhythmical Edda (see SiCMUND SlGFUS- 
SON). The Heimskringla appeared in 
1230, and the Younger Edda is often 
called the Snorro Edda. Snorro Sturleson 
incurred the displeasure of Hakon king 
of Norway, who employed assassins to 
murder him (1178-1241). 

(The Heimskringla was translated into 
English by Samuel Laing in 1844.) 

Snout (Tom), the tinker, who takes 
part in the "tragedy" of Pyramus and 
Thisbe, played before the duke and 
duchess of Athens "on their wedding 
day at night." Next to Peter Quince 
and Nick Bottom the weaver, Snout was 
by far the most self-important man of 
the troupe. He was cast for Pyramus's 
father, but has nothing to say, and does 
not even put in an appearance during the 
play. — Shakespeare ; Midsummer Nights 
Dream (1592). 

Snow King (The), Gustavus Adol- 
phus of Sweden, king of Sweden, killed 
in the Thirty Years' War, at the battle of 
Lutzen. The cabinet of Vienna said, in 
derision of him, "The Snow King is 
come, but he can live only in the north, 
and will melt away as soon as he feels 
the sun" (1594, 1611-1632). 



At Vienna he was called, tn derision, " The Snow 
King," who was kept together by the cold, but would 
melt and disappear as he approached a warmer soil.— 
S>r. Crichton: Scandinavia ("Gustavus Adolphus," 
tt.61). 

Snow King ( The), Frederick elector 
palatine, made king of Bohemia by the 
protestants in the autumn of 16 19, but 
defeated and set aside in the following 
autumn. 

The winter king, king in times of frest, a snow king, 
altogether soluble in the spring, is the name which 
Frederick obtains in German histories.— Carlyle. 

Snow Kingdom (The), Inistore, 
the Orkney Islands. 

Let no vessel of the kingdom of snow [Norway} 
bound on the dark-rolling waves of Inistore.— Ossian : 
Fingal, L 

Snow Queen ( The ) , Christiana queen 
of Sweden (1626, 1633-1689). 

The princess Elizabeth of England, 
who married Frederick V. elector pala- 
tine, 1613, an d induced him to accept 
the crown of Bohemia in 1619. She was 
crowned with her husband October 25, 
1619, but fled in November, 1620, and was 
put under the ban of the empire in 1621. 
Elizabeth was queen of Bohemia during 
the time of snow, but was melted by the 
heat of the ensuing summer. 

Snowdonia (The king of), Moel-y- 
Wyddfa ("the conspicuous peak"), the 
highest peak in Snowdouia, being 3571 
feet above the sea-level. 

Snubbin (Serjeant), retained by Mr. 
Perker for the defence in the famous 
case of " Bardell v. Pickwick." His 
clerk was named Mallard, and his junior 
Phunky, "an infant barrister," very much 
looked down upon by his senior. — 
Dickens: The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Snuffim (Sir Tumley), the doctor who 
attends Mrs. Wititterly. — Dickens : 
Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Snuffle (Simon), the sexton of Gar- 
ratt, and one of the corporation. He was 
called a "scollard, for he could read a 
written hand." — Foote: Mayor of Garrett, 
ii. 1 ( 1763). 

Snug, the joiner, who takes part in the 
"lamentable comedy" of Pyramus and 
Thisbe, played before theduke and duchess 
of Athens "on their wedding day at 
night." His r6le was the " lion's part." 
He asked the manager (Peter Quince) if 
he had the "lion's part written out, for," 
said he, "I am slow of memory;" but 
being told he could do it extempore, " for 
it was nothing but roaring," he consented 



SOANE MUSEUM. 



1024 



to undertake it. — Shakespeare : A Mid- 
summer Night's Dream (1592). 

Soane Museum ( The), the museum 
collected by sir John Soane, architect, 
and preserved on its original site, No. 13, 
Lincoln's Inn Fields, the private residence 
of the founder (1753-18 37). It contains 
Egyptian and other antiquities, valuable 
paintings, rare books, etc. 

Soapy Sam, Samuel Wilberforce, 

bishop of Winchester (1805-1873). 

Being asked why he was nicknamed " Soapy," ho 
replied, " Because I have often been in hot water, but 
have always come out with clean hands." 

Sobri'no, one of the most valiant of 
the Saracen army, and called " The 
Sage. " He counselled Agramant to en- 
trust the fate of the war to a single com- 
bat, stipulating that the nation whose 
champion was worsted should be tributary 
to the other. Rogero was chosen for the 
pagan champion, and Rinaldo for the 
Christian army ; but when Rogero was 
overthrown, Agramant broke the compact. 
Sobrino was greatly displeased, and soon 
afterwards received the rite of Christian 
baptism. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Who more prudent than Sobrino t— Cervantes 1 Don 
Quixote (1605). 

Socrates ( The English}. Dr. John- 
son is so called by Boswell (1709-1784). 

Mr. South's amiable manners and attachment to our 
Socrates at once united me to him.— Life of Johnson 
(1791). 

Sodom of India, Hy'derabad. So 
called from the beauty of the country and 
the depravity of the inhabitants. 

Sodor and Man. Sodor is a con- 
traction of Sodorensis. The sudor-eys or 
sodor-eys means "the southern isles." 
The bishop of Sodor and Man is bishop 
of Man and the southern isles. 

Sofa [The). So bk. i. of The Task, by 
^owper, is called ; in blank verse, and 
unning to 505 lines (1783-85). 

Sofronia, a young Christian of Jeru- 
salem, the heroine of an episode in 
Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered (1575). The 
tale is this : Aladine king of Jerusalem 
stole from a Christian church an image of 
the Virgin, being told by a magician that 
it was a palladium, and, if set up in a 
mosque, the Virgin would forsake the 
Christian army, and favour the Moham- 
medan. The image was accordingly set 
up in a mosque, but during the night was 
carried off by some one. Aladine, greatly 
enraged, ordered the instant execution of 



SOI-MEME. 

all his Christian subjects, but to prevent 
this massacre, Sofronia accused herself of 
the offence. Her lover Olindo, hearing 
that Sofronia was sentenced to death, 
presented himself before the king, and 
said that he and not Sofronia was the real 
offender ; whereupon the king ordered 
both to instant execution ; but Clorinda 
the Amazon, pleading for them, obtained 
their pardon, and Sofronia left the stake 
to join Olindo at the altar of matrimony. 
— Bk. ii. 

IT This episode may have been sug- 
gested by a well-known incident in 
ecclesiastical history. At Merum, a city 
of Phrygia, Amachius the governor of the 
province ordered the temple to be opened, 
and the idols to be cleansed. Three 
Christians, inflamed with Christian zeal, 
went by night and broke all the images. 
The governor, unable to discover the 
culprits, commanded all the Christians of 
Merum to be put to death ; but the three 
who had been guilty of the act confessed 
their offence, and were executed. — 
Socrates: Ecclesiastical History, iii. 15 
(A.D. 439). (See Sophronia, p. 1030 ) 

Softer Adams of your Academe, 
schoolgirls. — Tennyson : The Princess, ii. 

Soham, a monster with the head of a 
horse, four eyes, and the body of a fiery 
dragon. (See Ouranabad, p. 790.) 

Soho (London). The tradition is thai 
this square was so called from the watch- 
word of the duke of Monmouth at the 
battle of Sedgemoor, in 1685. The re- 
verse of this may possibly be true, viz. 
that the duke selected the watchword from 
the name of the locality in which he lived ; 
but the name of the place certainly 
existed in 1632, if not earlier. 

Sohrab and Rustum, a Persian 

tale, in blank verse, by Matthew Arnold. 
Sohrab was a natural son of Rustum. 
He became a soldier, and carried dismay 
into the Persian army. Rustum, the 
boldest of the Persians, encountered him, 
not knowing who he was, and slew him. 
As he was dying, Rustum discovered he 
was his son, and buried him at Seistan. 
(See Rustam, p. 942.) 

Soi-meme. St. Soi-mime, the "na- 
tural man," in opposition to the "spiritual 
man." In almost all religious acts and 
feelings, a thread of self may be detected, 
and many things are done ostensibly for 
God, but in reality for St. Soi-meme. 

They attended the church service not altogethej 
without regard to St. Soi-meme.— Asylum Christi, tL 



SOLDAN. 

Soldan (The), Philip II. of Spain, 
whose wife was Adicia (or papal bigotry). 
Prince Arthur sent the soldan a challenge 
for wrongs done to Samient, a female 
ambassador {deputies of the states of 
Holland). On receiving this challenge, 
the soldan " swore and banned most 
blasphemously," and mounting " his 
chariot high" (the high ships of the 
Armada), drawn by horses fed on carrion 
(the Inquisitors), went forth to meet the 
prince, whom he expected to tear to 
pieces with his chariot scythes, or trample 
down beneath his horses' hoofs. Not 
being able to get at the soldan from the 
great height of the chariot, the prince 
uncovered his shield, and held it up to 
view. Instantly the soldan's horses were 
so terrified that they fled, regardless of 
the whip and reins, overthrew the chariot, 
and left the soldan on the ground, ' ' torn 
to rags, amongst his own iron hooks and 
grapples keen." — Spenser: Faerie Queene, 
v. 8(1596). 

*.• The overthrow of the soldan by 
supernatural means, and not by combat, 
refers to the destruction of the Armada 
by tempest, according to the legend of the 
medals, Flavit Jehovah, et dissipati sunt 
( " He blew with His blast, and they were 
scattered "). 

Soldier's Daughter (The), a 
comedy by A Cherry (1804). Mrs. 
Cheerly, the daughter of colonel Woodley, 
after a marriage of three years, is left a 
widow, young, rich, gay, and engaging. 
She comes to London, and Frank Heart- 
all, a generous-minded young merchant, 
sees her at the opera, falls in love with 
her, and follows her to her lodging. Here 
he meets with the Malfort family, reduced 
to abject poverty by speculation, and re- 
lieves them. Ferret, the villain of the 
piece, spreads a report that Frank give 
the money as hush-mon^y, because he had 
base designs on Mrs. Malfort ; but Frank's 
character is cleared, and he leads to the 
altar the blooming young widow, while 
the return of Ma! fort's father places his 
son again in prosperous circumstances. 

Soldier's Tear (The), a song by 
Thomas Haynes Bayly (1844). 

Soldiers' Friend (The), Frederick 
duke of York, second son of George III., 
and commander of the British forces in 
the Low Countries during the French 
Revolution (1763-1827). 

Solemn Doctor (The). Henry 



1035 



SOLOMON. 



Goethalswas by the Sorbonne given the 
honorary title of Doctor Solemnis (1227- 

1293)- 

Solemn League and Covenant, 

a league to support the Church of Scot- 
land, and exterminate popery and prelacy. 
Charles II. signed it in 1651, but declared 
it null and void at his restoration. 

Soles, a shoemaker, and a witness at 
the examination of Dirk Hatteraick. — 
Sir W. Scott: Guy Mannering (time, 
George II.). 

Solid Doctor ( The), Richard Middle- 
ton (*-i304). 

Soliman the Magnificent, Charles 

Jennens, who composed the libretto for 
Handel's Messiah (*-i773). 

Solingen, called "The Sheffield of 
Germany ; " famous for swords and foils. 

Soli'nns, duke of Ephesus, who was 
obliged to pass the sentence of the law on 
jEge'on, a merchant, because, being a 
Syracusian, he had dared to set foot in 
Ephesus. When, however, he discovered 
that the man who had saved his life, and 
whom he best loved, was the son of 
^Egeon, the prisoner was released, and 
settled in Ephesus. — Shakespeare: Comedy 
of Errors (1593). 

Solitude (Hymn on), by Thomson 

(i737). 

(Alexander Pope wrote an Ode to 
Solitude, when about twelve years old. 
James Grainger wrote an Ode to Solitude, 
in 1766.) 

Sologne, in France. There is a legend 
that every domestic animal, such as dogs, 
cats, pigs, horses, cows, etc., in Sologne, 
become possessed of human speech from 
the midnight of Christmas Eve to the 
midday of December 25. (See LOUP- 

GAROU, p. 629; WERE-WOLF.) 

Solomon, an epic poem in three 
books, by Prior (17 18). Bk. i. Solomon 
seeks happiness from wisdom, but comes 
to the conclusion that "All is vanity:" 
this book is entitled Knowledge. Bk. ii. 
Solomon seeks happiness in wealth, 
grandeur, luxury, and ungodliness, but 
comes to the conclusion that "All is 
vanity and vexation of spirit : " this 
book is entitled Pleasure. Bk. iii., en- 
titled Power, consists of the reflections of 
Solomon upon human life, the power of 
God, life, death, and a future state. An 
angel reveals to him the future lot of the 
3W 



SOLOMON. 



X026 



SOLOMON. 



Jewish race, and Solomon concludes with 
this petition — 

Restore, Great Father, Thy instructed son. 
And in my act may Thy great will be done I 

Solomon is called king of the ginn 
and fairies. This is probably a mere 
blunder. The monarch of these spirits 
was called " suleyman," and this title of 
rank has been mistaken for a proper name. 

Solomon died standing. Solomon em- 
ployed the genii in building the temple, 
but, perceiving that his end was at hand, 
prayed God that his death might be 
concealed from the genii till the work 
was completed. Accordingly, he died 
standing, leaning on his staff as if in 
prayer. The genii, supposing him to be 
alive, toiled on, and when the temple was 
full)- built, a worm- gnawed the staff, and 
the corpse fell prostrate to the earth. 
Mahomet refers to this as a fact — 

When We [God] had decreed that Solomon should 
die, nothing- discovered his death unto them [the genii] 
except the creeping- thing of the earth, which gnawed 
his staff. And when his [_dead\ body fell down, the 
genii plainly perceived that if they had known that 
which is secret, they would not have continued in a 
vile punishment.—-*// Kordn, xxxiv. 

N.B.— Louis XVIII. said, ««A king 
should die standing." Vespasian said 
the same thing. 

Solomons Favourite Wife. Prior, in 
his epic poem called Solomon (bk. ii.), 
makes Abra the favourite. 

The apples she had gathered smelt most sweet; 

The cake she kneaded was the savoury meat ; 
All fruits their odour lost and meats their taste. 
If gentle Abra had not decked the feast; 
Dishonoured did the sparkling goblet stand. 
Unless received from gentle Abra's hand ; . . . 
Nor could my soul approve the music's tone. 
Till all was hushed, and Abra sang alone. 

M. Prior : Solomon (1664-1721). 

Al Beidawi, Jallalo'ddin, and Abulfeda, 
give Amlna, daughter of Jerada king of 
Tyre, as his favourite concubine. 

Solomon kills his Horses. Solomon 
bought a thousand horses, and went to 
examine them. The examination took 
him the whole day, so that he omitted 
the prayers which he ought to have 
repeated. This neglect came into his 
mind at sunset, and, by way of atonement, 
he slew all the horses except a hundred of 
the best "as an offering to God;" and 
God, to make him amends for his loss, 
gave him the dominion of the winds. 
Mahomet refers to this in the following 
passage : — 

When the horses, standing on three feet, and touching 
the ground with the edge of the fourth foot, swift in the 
course, were set in parade before him [Solomon] in the 
evening, he slid, " Verily I have loved the love of 
earthly good above the remembrance of my Lord; and 
I have spent the time in viewing these horses till the 
gun is hidden by the veil of night. Bring the horsea 



back onto me." Ana when they ware brought back, 
he began to cut off their legs and their necks.— A I 
Kordn, xxxviii. 

Solomon's Mode of Travelling. 
Solomon had a carpet of green silk, on 
which his throne was placed. This car- 
pet was large enough for all his army 
to stand on. When his soldiers had 
stationed themselves on his right hand, 
and the spirits on his left, Solomon 
commanded the winds to convey him 
whither he listed. Whereupon the winds 
buoyed up the carpet, and transported it 
to the place the king wished to go to, and 
while passing thus through the air, the 
birds of heaven hovered overhead, forming 
a canopy with their wings to ward off the 
heat of the sun. Mahomet takes this 
legend as an historic fact, for he says in 
reference to it — 

Unto Solomon We subjected the strong wind, and it 
ran at his command to the land whereon We had 
bestowed our blessing.— Al Kordn, xxi. 

And again — 

We made the wind subject to him, and It ran gently 
at his command whithersoever he desired.— A I Kordn, 
xxxviii. 

Solomon's Signet-Ring. The rabbins 
say that Solomon wore a ring in which 
was set a chased stone that told him 
everything he wished to know. 

Solomon loses his Signet-Ring. Solo- 
mon's favourite concubine was Amina, 
daughter of Jerada king of Tyre, and 
when he went to bathe, it was to Amina 
that he entrusted his signet-ring. One 
day, the devil Sakhar assumed the like- 
ness of Solomon, and so got possession 
of the ring, and for forty days reigned 
in Jerusalem, while Solomon himself was 
a wanderer living on alms. At the end 
of the forty days, Sakhar flung the ring 
into the sea ; it was swallowed by a 
fish, which was given to Solomon. 
Having thus obtained his ring again, 
Solomon took Sakhar captive, and cast 
him into the sea of Galilee. — A I Koran 
(Sale's notes, ch. xxxviii. ). (See Jovian, 
p. 556 ; Fish and the Ring, p. 370.) 

(Mahomet, in the Koran, takes this 
legend as an historic fact, for he says, 
" We [God] also tried Solomon, and 

f)laced on his throne a counterfeit body 
i.e. Sakhar the devil}." — Ch. xxxviii.) 

Uffan steals Solomon's Signet-Ring. 
Uffan the sage saw Solomon asleep, and, 
wishing to take off his signet-ring, gave 
three arrows to Aboutaleb, saying, "When 
the serpent springs upon me and strikes 
me dead, shoot one of these arrows at me, 
and I shall instantly come to life again." 



SOLOMON. 



1027 



SOMEBODY'S LUGGAGE. 



Uffan tugged at the ring, was stung to 
death, but, being struck by one of the 
arrows, revived. This happened twice. 
After the third attempt, the heavens grew 
so black, and the thunder was so alarm- 
ing, that Aboutaleb was afraid to shoot, 
and, throwing down the bow and arrow, 
fled with precipitation from the dreadful 
place. — Comte de Caylus : Oriental Tales 
(" History of Aboutaleb," 1743). 

The Second Solomon, James I. of 
England (1566, 1603-1625). 

The French king [Henri IV.\ said, in the presence 
of lord Sanquhar, to one that called James a second 
S oman, "i hope he Is not the son of David the 
fiddler' [David RiXMio\. — Osborne: Secret History, 
L 331- 

(Sully called him ■■ The Wisest Fool in 
Christendom.") 

Solomon, a tedious, consequential 
old butler, in the service of count Win- 
tersen. He has two self-delusions : One 
is that he receives letters of confidential 
importance from all parts of the civilized 
world, but one of these "confidential 
letters " ' ' from Constantinople " turns out 
to be from his nephew, Tim Twist the 
tailor, respecting a waistcoat which had 
been turned three times. His other self- 
delusion is that he is a model of economy ; 
thus he boasts of his cellar of wine pro- 
vided in a "most frugal and provident 
way ; " and of his alterations in the 
park, "done with the most economical 
economy." The old butler is very proud 
of his son Peter, a half-witted lad, and 
thinks Mrs. Haller "casts eyes at him." 
— B. Thompson : The Stranger (1797). 

Solomon Daisy, parish clerk and 
bell-ringer of Chigwell. He had little 
round, black, shiny eyes like beads; wore 
rusty black breeches, a rusty black coat, 
and a long-flapped waistcoat with little 
queer buttons like his eyes. As he sat in 
the firelight, he seemed all eyes, from 
head to foot. — Dickens: Barnaby Rudge 
(1841). 

Solomon of China (The), Tae-tsong 
I., whose real name was Lee-chee-men. 
He reformed the calendar, founded a very 
extensive library, established schools in 
his palace, built places of worship for the 
Nestorian Christians, and was noted for 
his wise maxims (*, 618-626). 

Solomon of England ( The), Henry 
VII. (1457, 1485-1509). (See Solomon, 
above.) 

Solomon of France ( The), Charles 
V., U Sage (1337, 1364-1380). 



IT Louis IX. (i.e. St. Louis) is also 
called " The Solomon of France" (1215, 
1226-1270). 

Solon of French Prose (The), 

Balzac (1596-1655). 

Solon of Parnassus ( The). Boileau 
is so called by Voltaire, in allusion to his 
Art 0/ Poetry (1636-1711). 

Solon's Happiness. Solon said, 
•' Call no man happy till he is dead." 

Safer triumph is this funeral pomp 
That hath aspired to Solon's happiness. 
And triumphs over chance. 
(IJ Shakespeare : Titus Andronicus, act i. sc 2 (1593). 

Surely Solon did not mean that death is happiness, 
but that the vicissitudes of life are so gTeat that "no 
Ban should holloa till he Is out of the wood." 

Solsgrace (Master Nehemiah), a 
presbyterian pastor. — Sir W. Scott: 
Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Solns, an old bachelor, who greatly 
wished to be a married man. When he 
saw the bright sides of domestic life, he 
resolved he would marry ; but when he 
saw the reverse, he determined to remain 
single. Ultimately, he takes to the altar 
Miss Spinster. — Mrs. Inchbald; Every 
One has His Fault (1794). 

Solus (Solomon), in Buckstone's 

comedy of Leap Year (1850). 

Solymaean Rout (The), the London 
rabble and rebels. Solymaea was an 
ancient name of Jerusalem, subsequently 
called Hiero-solyma, that is "sacred 
Solyma." As Charles II. is called 
"David," and London "Jerusalem," the 
London rebels are called " the Solymaean 
rout " or the rabble of Jerusalem. 

The Solymaean rout, well versed of old, 
In godly faction, and in treason bold, . . . 
Saw with disdain an Ethnic plot [popish plot) begun. 
And scorned by Jcbusites [papists) to be outdone. 
Dryden : Absalom and Achitophel, i. 5135, etc. (1681) 

Sol'yman, king of the Saracens, 
whose capital was Nice. Being driven 
from his kingdom, he fled to Egypt, and 
was there appointed leader of the Arabs 
(bk. ix. ). Solyman and Argantes were 
by far the most doughty of the pagan 
knights. The former was slain by Rinal- 
do (bk. xxj, and the latter by Tancred. 
— Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Sombragfloomy, London, the in- 
habitants of which are Sombragloomians. 

Somebody's Lug-gage, a tale in the 
Christmas number of All the Year Round 
(1864), by Dickens. The head waiter is 
Christopher, whose story is very 
amusing. 



SOMNAMBULIC 



1028 



SONGS OF ZION. 



Somnambulus. Sir W. Scott so 
signs The Visionary (political satires, 
1819).— Olphar Hamst [Ralph Thomas] : 
Handbook of Fictitious Names. 

Somo Sala [Like the father of), a 
dreamer of air-castles, like the milkmaid 
Perrette in Lafontaine. (See Count NOT, 
etc., p. 239.) 

Sompnour's Tale. (See Sumpnor's 
Tale. ) 

Son. It is not always the case that a 
"wise father makes a wise son," nor is it 
always the case that a son is " a chip of 
the old block." The subject is a very 
long one, but the following examples will 
readily occur to the reader : — 

English History : Edward L, a noble 
king, was the sonof Henry III., and the 
father of Edward II. , both as unlike him 
as possible. Richard II. , the fop, was the 
son of the Black Prince. Henry VI., a 
poor, worthless monarch, was the son 
of Henry V., the English Alexander. 
Richard Cromwell was the son of Oliver, 
but no more like his father than Hamlet 
was like Hercules. The only son of 
Addison was an idiot. 

In France : The son of Charles V., te 
Sage, was Charles VII., the imbecile. 

In Greek History : The sons of Pericles 
were Paralus and Xantippus, no better 
than Richard Cromwell The son of 
Aristldes, surnamed The Just, was the 
infamous Lysimachus. The son of the 
great historian Thucydfdes were Milesias 
the idiot and Stephanos the stupid. 

The kings of Israel and Judah give 
several similar examples. But it is not 
needful to pursue the subject further. 

Son of Belial {A), a wicked person, 

a rebel, an infidel. 

Now the sons of Eli were sons of Belial ; they knew 
not [i.e. acknowledged not] the Lord.— 1 Sam. ii. ia. 

Son of Consolation, St. Barnabas 
of Cyprus (first century).— Acts iv. 36. 

Son of Perdition (The), Judas 
Iscariot. — John xvii. 12. 

Son of Perdition, Antichrist.— -2 Thess. 
ii. 3. 

Son of a Star ( The), Barcochebas 
or Barchochab, who gave himself out to 
be the " star " predicted by Balaam (died 
a.d. 135). 

There shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre 
shah rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of 
Moab, and destroy all the children of bheth.— Numb, 
xxir. 17. 

Son of the Last Man. Charles IL 



was so called by the parliamentarians. 
His father Charles I. was called by them 
"The Last Man." 

Son of the Rock, echo. 

She went. She called on Armar. Nought answered 

but the son of the rock.— Ossian: The Songs of Selma 

Sons of Phidias, sculptors. 

Sons of Thunder or Boanerges, 
James and John, sons of Zebedee. — Mark 
iii. 17. 

Song. The Father of Modem French. 
Songs, C. F. Panard (1691-1765). 

Song. What / all this for a song t 
So said William Cecil lord Burghley 
when queen Elizabeth ordered him to 
give Edmund Spenser j£ioo as an ex- 
pression of her pleasure at some verses 
he had presented to her. When a pen- 
sion of ;£5o a year was settled on the 
poet, lord Burghley did all in his power 
to oppose the grant To this Spenser 
alludes in the lines following : — 

O grief of griefs 1 O gall of all good hearts I 

To see that virtue should despised be 
Of him that first was raised for virtuous parts [ 
And now, broad-spreading like an aged tree. 
Lets none shoot up that nigh him planted be. 
Oh, let the man of whom the Muse is scorned. 
Alive nor dead be of the Muse adorned 1 

Sfenser: The Ruins 0/ Time (1591). 

Song of Solomon {The), in the Old 
Testament. Supposed by some to be an 
allegory of the union between Christ and 
His Church. 

I saw the holy city [or the church] . . . coming down 
from God . . . prepared as a bride ... for her hus- 
band.— Rev. xxi. 9. 

Song of the Shirt (The), by T. 
Hood (1843). It begins— 

With fingers weary and worn, 
" red. 



With eyelids heavy and : 
roman sat in unwomanly i _ 
Plying her needle and thread 



, woman sat in unwomanly rags, 
"'lying her needle and thread* 
Stitch, stitch, stitch 1 



In poverty, hunger, and dirt. 
And still with a voice of dolorous pitch 
She sang " The song of the shirt." 

Songs before Sunrise, a volume 
of poems by Swinburne (1871). 

Songs Divine and Moral, by Dr. 
Isaac Watts (1720). 

Songs of Degrees, psalms sung by 
the Jews on their march home from 
Babylon after their captivity. They are 
Pss. cxx. to cxxxiv., and were subse- 
quently used by the priests as they went 
to the temple for daily service. 

Songs of Zion, by James Mont- 
gomery (1822). 



SONNAMBULA. 



tOS9 



SOPHOCLES. 



SonnamTatila (La), Ami'na the 

miller's daughter. She was betrothed 
to Elvi'no a rich young farmer, but the 
night before the wedding was discovered 
in the bed of conte Rodoipho. This very 
ugly circumstance made the farmer break 
off" the match, and promise marriage to 
Lisa the innkeeper's daughter. The 
count now interfered, and assured Elvino 
that the miller's daughter was a sleep- 
walker, and while they were still talking 
she was seen walking on the edge of the 
mill-roof while the huge mill-wheel was 
turning rapidly. She then crossed a 
crazy old bridge, and came into the midst 
of the assembly, when she woke and ran 
to the arms of her lover. Elvino, con- 
vinced of her innocence, married her, and 
Lisa was resigned to Alessio whose para- 
mour she was. — Bellini's opera, La Son- 
nambula (1831). 

(Taken from a melodrama by Romani, 
and adapted as a libretto by Scribe.) 

Sonnets of Shakespeare (?), 
published in 1609. Described in the 
title-page as "Shakspear's Sonnets never 
before published." Still the authorship 
is doubtful. 

Sooterkin, a false birth, as when a 
woman gives birth to a rat, dog, or other 
monstrosity. This birth is said to be 
produced by Dutch women, from their 
sitting over their foot-stoves. 

Soper's Lane (London), now called 
•'Queen Street." 

Sophi, in Arabic, means " pure," and 
therefore one of the pure or true faith. 
As a royal title, it is tantamount to 
"catholic" or "most Christian." — Sel- 
den : Titles of Honour, vi. 76-7 (1614). 

SOFHI'A, mother of Rollo and Otto 
dukes of Normandy. Rollo is the 
" bloody brother." — Fletcher : The 
Bloody Brother (1639). 

Sophia, wife of Mathias a Bohemian 
knight. When Mathias went to take 
service with king Ladislaus of Bohemia, 
the queen Honoria fell in love with him, 
and sent Ubaldo and Ricardo to tempt 
Sophia to infidelity. But immediately 
Sophia perceived their purpose, she had 
them confined in separate chambers, and 
compelled them to earn their living by 
spinning. 

Sophia's Picture. When Mathias left, 
Sophia gave him a magic picture, which 
turned yellow if she were tempted, and 



black if she yielded to the temptation. 

— Massinger : The Picture ( 1629). 

Sophi'a (St.) or Agia l^ya] Soft'a. 
the most celebrated mosque of Constanti- 
nople, once a Christian church, but now 
a Mohammedan jamih. It is 260 feet 
long and 230 feet broad. Its dome is 
supported on pillars of marble, granite, 
and green jasper, said to have belonged 
to the temple of Diana at Ephesus. 

Sophia's cupola with golden gleam. 

Byron : Don Juan, v. 3 (1830). 

Sophia (The princess), only child of 
the old king of Lombardy, in love with 
Paladore, a Briton, who saved her life by 
killing a boar which had gored her horse 
to death. She was unjustly accused of 
wantonness by duke Bireno, whom the 
king wished her to marry, but whom she 
rejected. By the law of Lombardy, this 
offence was punishable by death, but the 
accuser was bound to support his charge 
by single combat, if any champion chose 
to fight in her defence. Paladore chal- 
lenged the duke, and slew him. The 
whole villainy of the charge was then 
exposed, the character of the princess 
was cleared, and her marriage with Pala- 
dore concludes the play. — Jephson: The 
Law of Lombardy (1779). 

Sophia [Freelove], daughter of the 

Widow Warren by her first husband. 
She is a lovely, innocent girl, passionately 
attached to Harry Dornton the banker's 
son, to whom ultimately she is married. 
— Holcroft: The Road to Ruin (1792). 

Sophia [Primrose], the younger 
daughter of the vicar of Wakefield, soft, 
modest, and alluring. Being thrown 
from her horse into a deep stream, she 
was rescued by Mr. Burchell, alias sir 
William Thornhill. Being abducted, she 
was again rescued by him, and finally 
married him. — Goldsmith: Vicar of 
Wakefield (1766). 

Sophia [Sprightly], a young lady 
of high spirits and up to fun. Tukely 
loves her sincerely, and knowing her 
partiality for the Hon. Mr. Daffodil, 
exposes him as a "male coquette," of 
mean spirit and without manly courage ; 
after which she rejects him with scorn, 
and gives her hand and heart to Tukely. 
—Garrick: The Male Coquette (1758). 

Sophocles, the Greek tragedian, 
Complete English translations by Potter, 
1788 ; by Dale, 1824 ; and by Plumptre, 

1865. 



SOPHONISBA. 



I030 



SOTENVILLE. 



(Professor d'Arcy Thompson translated 
the Ajax, and Dr. Donaldson the Anti- 
gene, 4 syl.) 

Sophocles wrote 190 tragedies, of which only seven 
sure extant, viz. Ajax, Antigdne (4 syl.), EUctra, 
CEdifus at Colonns, (Edifus Tyrannus (his master- 
piece), Philoctites (4 syl.), and Trachinia, or The 
Death qf Hercules. 

N.B. — Euripfdfis has also tragedies on 
Electra and Hercules Furens. 

Sophonis'ba, daughter of Asdrubal, 
and reared to detest Rome. She was 
affianced to Masinissa king of the Numi- 
dians, but was given by her father in 
marriage to Syphax. Scipio insisted that 
this marriage should be annulled, but the 
Numidian sent her a bowl of poison, which 
she drank without hesitation. 

(This subject and that of Cleopatra 
have furnished more dramas than any 
other whatsoever. For example, we have 
in French: J. Mairet, Sophonisbe (1630) ; 
Pierre Corneille ; Lagrange-Chancel ; 
and Voltaire. In Italian : Trissino (1514) ; 
Alfieri (1749-1803). In English: John 
Marston, The Wonder of Women or The 
Tragedy of Sophonisba (1605) ; Thomson, 
Sophonisba, 1729.) 

•.•In Thomson's tragedy occurs the 
line, " Oh Sophonisba ! Sophonisba oh ! " 
which was parodied by "Oh Jemmy 
Thomson 1 Jemmy Thomson oh ! " 

There is a striking resemblance between Sophonisba 
and Cleopatra: both were beautiful and fascinating; 
both had married young ; both held their conquerors in 
the bonds of love ; both killed themselves to prevent 
being made Roman captives. 

Sophronia, a young lady who was 
taught Greek, and to hate men who were 
not scholars. Her wisdom taught her to 
gauge the wisdom of her suitors, and to 
discover their shortcomings. She never 
found one up to the mark, and now she is 
wrinkled with age, and talks about the 
" beauties of the mind." — Goldsmith: A 
Citizen of the World, xxviii. (1759). 

Sophronia. (See Sofronia, p. 1024.) 

Sophros'yne (4 syl.), one of Logis- 
tilla's handmaids, noted for her purity. 
Sophrosyne was sent with Andronlca to 
conduct Astolpho safely from India to 
Arabia. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Sophy, the eldest of a large family. 
She is engaged to Traddles, and is always 
spoken of by him as " the dearest girl in 
the world." — Dickens ; David Copperfeld 
(1849). 

Sops of [or in] Wine. Deptford 
pinks are so called. 



Sora'no, a Neapolitan noble, brother 
of Evanthe (3 syl.) "the wife for a 
month," and the infamous instrument of 
Frederick the licentious brother of 
Alphonso king of Naples. — Beaumont 
and Fletcher: A Wife for a Month (1624). 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Sordello, a Provencal poet, whom 
Dante 1 meets in purgatory, sitting apart. 
On seeing Virgil, Sordello springs forward 
to embrace him. 

(R. Browning has a poem called Sor- 
dello, and makes Sordello typical of liberty 
and human perfectibility.) 

Sorel (Agnes), surnamed La dame de 
Beauti, not from her personal beauty, 
but from the "chateau de Beaute\" on 
the banks of the Marne, given to her by 
Charles VII. (1409-1450). 

Sorento (in Naples), the birthplace 
of Torquato Tasso, the Italian poet. 

Sorrows of Werther, a mawkish, 
sentimental novel by Goethe (1774), once 
extremely popular. " Werther " is Goethe 
himself, who loves a married woman, and 
becomes disgusted with life because 
"[Char]lotte is the wife of his friend 
Kestner." 

Werther, Infusing itselflnto the core and whole spirit 
of literature, gave birth to a race of sentimentalists, who 
raged and wailed in every part of the world till better 
light dawned on them, or at any rate till exhausted 
nature laid itself to sleep, and it was discovered that 
lamenting was an unproductive labour. — CarlyU. 

Sosia (in Moliere, Sosie), the slave of 
Amphitryon. When Mercury assumes 
the form of Sosia, and Jupiter that of 
Amphitryon, the mistakes and confusion 
which arise resemble those of the brothers 
Antiph'olus and their servants the 
brothers Dromio, in Shakespeare's Comedy 
of Errors.— Plautus, Moliere (1668), and 
Dry den (1690) / Amphitryon. 

His first name . . . looks out upon him like another 
Sosia, or as if a man should suddenly encounter his own 
duplicate.— C Lamb. 

Sosii, brothers, the name of two book- 
sellers at Rome, referred to by Horace. 

So'tenville (Mon. le baron de), 
father of Angelique, and father-in-law 
of George Dandin. His wife was of the 
house of Prudoterie, and both boasted 
that in 300 years no one of their dis- 
tinguished lines ever swerved from 
virtue. " La bravoure n'y est pas plus 
he"i(5ditaire aux males, que la chastete" 
aux families." They lived with their 
son-in-law, who was allowed the honour 
of paying their debts, and receiving a 
snubbing every time he opened his mouth 



SOULI& 



that he might be taught the mysteries of 
the haut monde.—Mol&re : George Dan- 
din (16 8). 

Soulis {Lord William), a man of 
prodigious strength, cruelty, avarice, and 
treachery. Old Redcap gave him a 
charmed life, which nothing could affect 
" till threefold ropes of sand were 
twisted round his body." Lord Soulis 
waylaid May the lady-love of the heir 
of Branxholm, and kept her in durance 
till she promised to become his bride. 
Walter, the brother of the young heir, 
raised his father's liegemen and invested 
the castle. Lord Soulis having fallen 
into the hands of the liegemen, "they 
wrapped him in lead, and flung him into 
a caldron, til! lead, bones, and all were 
melted." — John Leyden (1802). 

N. B.— The caldron is still shown in 
the Skelfhill at Ninestane Rig, part of the 
range of hills which separates Liddesdale 
and Teviotdale. 

South [Squire), the archduke Charles 
of Austria.— Arbuthnot : History of John 
Bull {1712). 

South Britain, all the island of 
Great Britain except Scotland, which is 
called " North Britain." 

South Sea ( The), the Pacific Ocean ; 
so called by Vasco Nunez de Balboa, in 
1513. (See Mississippi Bubble, p. 712.) 

Southampton (The earl of), the 
friend of the earl of Essex, and involved 
with him in the charge of treason, but 

fiardoned. — Jones: The Earl of Essex 
1745)- 

Sovereigns of England (Mortual 
Days of the). 

Sunday: six, viz. Henry I., Ed- 
ward III., James I., William III., Anne, 
George I. 

Monday: six, viz. Stephen, Henry 
IV., Henry V., Richard III., Elizabeth, 
Mary II. (Richard II. deposed.) 

Tuesday: four, viz. Richard I., 
Charles I., Charles II., William IV. 
(Edward II. resigned, and James II. ab- 
dicated. ) 

Wednesday : four, viz. John, Henry 
III., Edward IV., Edward V. (Henry 
VI. deposed.) 

Thursday : five, viz. William I., 
William II., Henry II., Edward VI., 
Marv I. 

Friday: three, vit Edward L, 
Henry VIII., CromwelL 



103 1 



SOW. 



Saturday: four, vk. Henry VH., 

George II., George III., George IV. 

That is, 6 Sunday and Monday ; 5 
Thursday ; 4 Tuesday, Wednesday, and 
Saturday ; and 3 Friday. 

ANNR, August 1 (Old Style), August it (New Style), 
1714- 

Charles I., January 30. 1648-9; Charles II., Feb- 
ruary 6, 16S4-5 ; Cromwell died September 3, 1658 ; 
burnt at Tyburn, January 30, 1661. 

Edward I., July 7, 1307 ; EDWARD III., June ax, 
1377; Edward IV., April 9, 1483; Edward V., 
June 25, 1482; Edward VI., July 6, 1553; Elizabeth, 
March 24, 1602-3. 

George I., June n, 1797 ; GEORGE II., October ax, 
1760; GEORGE III., January 29, 1830; GEORGE IVV, 
June 26, 1830. 

HENRY I., December 1, 1135 ; HENRY II., July 6, 
X189; HENRY III., November 16, 1272; HENRY IV., 
March so, 1412-3; HENRY V., August 31, 142a; 
Henry VI., deposed March 4, 1460-1 ; Henry VIL. 



April 21, 1509; HENRY VIII.. January 28. 1546-7. 

James I., March 27, 1625; James II., " 
December n, 1688 ; JOHN, October 19, 1216. 



James I., March 27, 1625; James II., abdicated 

ecember n, 1688 ; JOHN, October 19, 1211" 

Mary I., November 17, 1558; MARY II. 
*7. 1694. 

Richard L, April 6, 1199; Richard II., deputed 
September 39, 1399 ; RICHARD III., August 2a, 1485. 

Stephen, October 25, 1154. 

William I., September 9, 10*7; William II., 
August a, noo; William III.. March 8, 1701-*; 
William IV., June 20, 1837. 

*.* Edward II. resigned Tuesday, January 20, 13*7, 
and was murdered Monday, September ax, 1327. 
Henry VI. deposed Wednesday, March 4, 1461, again 
Sunday, April 14, 1471, and died Wednesday, May 22, 
1471. James II. abdicated Tuesday, December 11, 
1688, and diedsA St. Germain's, 1701. Richard II. de- 

f'losed Monday. September 29, 1399, died the last week 
n February, 1400 ; but his death was not announced 
till Friday, March 12, 1400, when a dead body was 
exhibited said to be that of the deceased king. 

Of the sovereigns, eight have died between the ages 
of 60 and 70, two between 70 and 80, and one has 
exceeded 80 years of age. Queen Victoria was 78 on 
May 24. 



William I. 60, Henry I. 67, Henry III. 65. Edward I. 
68, Edward IIL 6s. Bint " 

IV. 68. 



ibeth 69, George 1. 67, George 



George II. 77, William IV. 72.— George III. 8a. 

Length •/ reign. Five have reigned between 20 and 
50 years, seven between 30 and 40 years, one betweea 
40 and 50 years, and four above 50 years. 

William I., 20 years 8 months 16 days; Richard IT.. 
■2 years 3 months 8 days; Henry VII., 33 years 8 
months ; James I., as years 4 days ; Charles I., 03 years 
10 months 4 days. 

Henry I., 35 years 3 months 37 days; Henry II., 34 
years 6 months 17 days; Edward I.. 34 years 7 months 
x8 days ; Henry VI., 38 years 6 months 4 days ; Henry 
VIII., 37 years 9 months 7 days: Charles il. + Crom- 
well, 36 years 8 days; George II., 33 years 4 months 
xs rlays. 

I ..^abeth, 44 years 4 months 8 days. 

lii nry III., 56 years 20 days ; Edward III., 50 years 
4 moatU 28 da>s; George III, 59 years 3 months 
4 days; Victoria completed her 60th year's reign 
June 20, 1897, and is still on the throne (April, 1898.) 

Sow (A), a machine of war. It was 

a wooden shed which went on wheels, 
the roof being ridged like a hog's back. 
Being thrust close to the wall of a place 
besi< ged, it served to protect the be- 
sieging party from the arrows hurled 
against them from the walls. When 
the countess of March (called " Black 
Agnes"), in 1335, saw one of these 
engines advancing towards her castle, she 



SOW OF DALLWEIR. 1033 

called out to the earl of Salisbury, who 
commanded the engineers — 

Beware, Montagow, 
For farrow shall thy Nf t 

and then had such a huge fragment of 
rock rolled on the engine that it dashed 
it to pieces. When she saw the English 
soldiers running away, the countess 
called out, " Lo 1 lo I the litter of 
English pigs ! " 

Sow of Dallweir, named "Hen- 
wen." went burrowing through Wales, 
and leaving in one place a grain of barley, 
in another a little pig, a few bees, a 
grain or two of wheat, and so on, and 
these made the places celebrated for the 
particular produce ever after. 

*.'• It is supposed that the sow was 
really a ship, and that the keeper of the 
sow, named Coll ab Collfrewi, was the 
captain of the vessel. — Walsh Triads, 
lvi. 

Sowerberry, the parochial under- 
taker, to whom Oliver Twist is bound 
when he quits the workhouse. Sower- 
berry was not a badly disposed man, and 
he treated Oliver with a certain measure 
of kindness and consideration ; but Oliver 
was ill-treated by Mrs. Sowerberry, and 
bullied by a big boy called Noah Clay- 
pole. Being one day greatly exasperated 
by the bully, Oliver gave him a thorough 
'* drubbing," whereupon Charlotte the 
maidservant set upon him like a fury, 
scratched his face, and held him fast 
till Noah Claypole had pummelled him 
within an inch of his life. Three against 
one was too much for the lad, so he ran 
away. — Dickens : Oliver Twist (1837). 

Sowerberry was a tall, gaunt, large-jointed man. 
Mrs. Sowerberry was a short, thin, squeezed-up wo- 
man, with a vixenish countenance. 

Sowerberry, a misanthrope. — 
Brough; A Phenomena in a Smock 

Frock. 

Sowerbrowst (Mr.), the maltster. 
— Sir W. Scott: St. Ronaris Well (time, 
George III.). 

Soyer (Alexis), a celebrated cook, 
appointed, in 1837, chef de cuisine to the 
Reform Club. Alexis Soyer [Swi-yea] 
was the author of several works, as The 
Gastronomic Regenerator, The Poor Man's 
Regenerator, The Modern Housewife, etc. 
(died 1858). 

Spado, an impudent rascal in the 
band of don Caesar (called "captain 
Ramirez"), who tricks every one, and 



SPANISH LADY. 



delights in mischief. — OKeefes Castle of 

Andalusia (1798). 

Quick's great parts were " Isaac," "Tony Lumpkin.* 
" Spado," and "sir Christopher Curry."— 'Records o/m 

Stage Veteran. 

(" Isaac," in the Duenna, by Sheridan \ 
" Tony Lumpkin," in She Stools to Con" 
quer, by Goldsmith; "sir Christopher 
Curry," in Inkle and Yarico, by G. 
Colman. ) 

Spahis, native Algerian cavalry 
officered by Frenchmen. The infantry 
are called Turcos. 

Spanish Brutus (The), Alfonso 
Perez de Guzman, governor of Tarifa in 
1293. Here he was besieged by the 
infant don Juan, who had Guzman's son 
in his power, and threatened to kill him 
unless Tarifa was given up. Alfonso 
replied, " Sooner than be guilty of such 
treason, I will lend Juan a dagger to 
carry out his threat ; and so saying, he 
tossed his dagger over the wall. Juan, 
unable to appreciate this patriotism, slew 
the young man without remorse. 

(Lopd de Vega has dramatized this 
incident. ) 

Spanish Curate (The), Lopez.— 
Fletcher: The Spanish Curate (1632). 

Spanish Pryar (The), a drama by 
Dryden (1680). It contains two plots, 
wholly independent of each other. The 
serious element is this : Leonora, the 
usurping queen of Aragon, is promised 
in marriage to duke Bertran, a prince of 
the blood ; but is in love with Torrismond 
general of the army, who turns out to be 
the son and heir of king Sancho, supposed 
to be dead. Sancho is restored to his 
throne, and Leonora marries Torrismond. 
The comic element is the illicit love of 
colonel Lorenzo for Elvira, the wife of 
Gomez a rich old banker. Dominick (the 
Spanish fryar) helps on this scandalous 
amour, but it turns out that Lorenzo and 
Elvira are brother and sister. 

Spanish Pury (The), the historical 
name for the attack upon Antwerp by the 
Spaniards, November 4, 1576, which re- 
sulted in the pillage and burning of the 
place and a terrible massacre of the in- 
habitants. 

Spanish Gypsy (The), a dramatic 
poem by George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. 
Cross, 1867). 

Spanish Lady (The), a ballad con- 
tained in Percy's Reliques, ii. 23. A 
Spanish lady fell in love with captain 



SPANISH MAIN. 



1033 



SPEAR. 



Popham, whose prisoner she was. A 
command being sent to set all the pri- 
soners free, the lady prayed the gallant 
captain to make her his wife. The 
Englishman replied that he could not 
do so, as he was married already. On 
hearing this, the Spanish lady gave him 
a chain of gold and a pearl bracelet to 
take to his wife, and told him that she 
should retire to a nunnery and spend the 
rest of her life praying for their happiness. 

It will be stuck up with the ballad ot Margarets 
Ghost [q v."\ and the Spanish Lady, against the walls 
of every cottage in the country.— Bickerstaff: Love in 
a Village (1763). 

Spanish Main {The), the coast 

along the north part of South America. 

A parrot from the Spanish main. 

CampbtlL 

Spanish Student ( The), a dramatic 
poem by Longfellow (1845). 

Spanish Tragedy {The), by T. 
Kyd (1597). Horatio (son of Hieronimoi 
is murdered while he is sitting in an 
arbour with Belimperia. Balthazar, the 
rival of Horatio, commits the murder, 
assisted by Belimperia's brother Lorenzo. 
The murderers hang the dead body on a 
tree in the garden, where Hieronimo, 
roused by the cries of Belimperia, dis- 
covers it, and goes raving mad. 

Spanker (Lady Gay), in London As- 
surance, by D. Boucicault (1841). 

Dazzle and lady Gay Spanker "act themselves," and 
will never be dropped out of the list of acting plays.— 
Percy Fitzgerald. 

Sparabella, a shepherdess in love 
with D'Urfey, but D'Urfey loves Clum'- 
silis, "the fairest shepherd wooed the 
foulest lass." Sparabella resolves to kill 
herself; but how? Shall she cut her 
windpipe with a penknife? "No," she 
says, "squeaking pigs die so." Shall 
she suspend herself to a tree? "No," 
she «ays, "dogs die in that fashion." 
Shall she drown herself in the pool? 
"No," she says, "scolding queans die 
so." And while in doubt how to kill 
herself, the sun goes down, and 

The prudent maiden deemed It then too late. 
And till to-morrow came deferred her fate. 

Gay . Pastoral, lii. (1714). 

Sparkish, " the prince of coxcombs," 
a fashionable fool, and M a cuckold before 
marriage." Sparkish is engaged to 
Alithea Moody, but introduces to her 
his friend Harcourt, allows him to make 
love to her before his face, and, of course, 
is jilted. — The Country Girl (Garrick, 
altered from Wycherly's Country Wife, 
1675). 



William Mountford [1660-1602] flourished in day! 

when the ranting tragedies of Nat Lee and the jingling 
plays of Dryden . . . held possession of the stage. 
His most important characters were " Alexander the 
Great " [by Lee], and " Castalio," in the Orphan [by 
Otway]. Cibber highly commends his " Sparkish."— 
Button Cook. 

Sparkler (Edmund), son of Mrs. 
Merdle by her first husband. He married 
Fanny, sister of Little Dorrit. Edmund 
Sparkler was a very large man, called 
in his own regiment, " Quinbus Flestrin, 
junior, or the Young Man-Mountain." 

Mrs. Sparkler, Edmund's wife. She 
was very pretty, very self-willed, and 
snubbed her husband in most approved 
fashion. — Dickens: Little Dorrit (1857). 

Sparsit (Mrs.), housekeeper to Josiah 
Bounderby, banker and mill-owner at 
Coketown. Mrs. Sparsit is a " highly 
connected lady," being the great-niece of 
lady Scadgers. She had a " Coriolanian 
nose, and dense black eyebrows," was 
much believed in by her master, who, 
when he married, made her " keeper of 
the bank." Mrs. Sparsit, in collusion 
with the light porter Bitzer, then acted 
the spy on Mr. Bounderby and his young 
wife. — Dickens: Hard Times (1854). 

Spartan Broth, sorry fare. 

The promoters would be reduced to dine on Spartan 
broth in Leicester Square.— Daily News, February 
35, 1879. 

Spartan Dog (A ), a bloodhound. 

O Spartan dog I 
More fell than anguish, hunger, or the sea I 

Shakespeare : Othello, act v. sc. a (1611). 

Spartan Mother (The), said to her 
son going to battle, as she handed him 
his shield, "My son, return with this or 
on it," i.e. come back with it as a con- 
queror or be brought back on it as one 
slain in fight ; but by no means be a 
fugitive or suffer the enemy to be the 
victorious party. 

Why should I not play 
The Spartan mother! 

Tennyson: The Princess, tt. 

Spasmodic School (The), certain 
authors of the nineteenth century, whose 
writings abound in spasmodic phrases, 
startling expressions, and words used out 
of their common acceptation. Carlyle, 
noted for his Germanic English, is the 
chief of this school. Others are Bailey 
author of Festus, Sydney Dobell, Gilfillan, 
and Alexander Smith. 

(Professor Aytoun gibbeted this class 
of writers in his Firmilian, a Spasmodit 
Tragedy, 1854.) 

Spear. When a king of the ancient 
Caledonians abdicated, he gave his spear 



SPEAR OF ACHILLES. 1034 SPEECH IN DUMB ANIMALS. 



to his successor, and " raised a stone on 
high " as a record to future generations. 
Beneath the stone he placed a sword in 
the earth and "one bright boss from his 
shield." 

When thou, O stone, shalt moulder down and lose 
thee in the moss of years, then shall the traveller come, 
and whistling pass away. . . . Here Fingal resigned his 
spear, after the last of his fields. — Ossian : Temora, viii. 

The Forward Spear, a sign of hostility. 
In the Ossianic times, when a stranger 
landed on a coast, if he held the point of 
his spear forwards, it indicated hostile 
intentions ; but if he held the point 
behind him, it was a token that he came 
as a friend. 

** Are his heroes many f " said Cairbar ; " and lifts he 
the spear of battle, or comes the king in peace ? " " In 
peace he comes not, king of Erin. I have seen his 
forward spear."— Os sian^ Temora, i. 

Spear of Achilles. Telephos, son- 
in-law of Priam, opposed the Greeks in 
their voyage to Troy. A severe contest 
ensued, and Achillas with his spear 
wounded the Mysian king severely. He 
was told by an oracle that the wound 
could be cured only by the instrument 
which gave it ; so he sent to Achillas to 
effect his cure. The surly Greek replied 
he was no physician, and would have 
dismissed the messengers with scant 
courtesy, but Ulysses whispered in his 
ear that the aid of Telephos was required 
to direct them on their way to Troy. 
Achillas now scraped some rust from his 
spear, which, being applied to the wound, 
healed it. This so conciliated Telephos 
that he conducted the fleet to Troy, and 
even took part in the war against his 
father-in-law. 

Achilles' and his father's Javelin caused 
Pain first, and then the boon of health restored. 
Dante: Hell, xxxi. (1300). 
And other tolk have wondered on . . . Achilles' . . • 

spere, 
For he couthe with it bothe heale and dere. 

Chancer: Canterbury Tales ("The SquWi 
Tale," 1388). 
Whose smile and frown, like to Achilles' spear. 
Is able with the change to kill and cure. 

Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI. act v. sc. 1 (1591). 

• . * Probably Telephos was cured by the 
plant called Achillea (milfoil or yarrow), 
still used in medicine as a tonic. " The 
leaves were at one time much used for 
healing wounds, and are still employed 
for this purpose in Scotland, Germany, 
France, and other countries." Achilles 
(the man) made the wound, achilles (the 
plant) healed it 

Milfoil is called Achilea from Achilles, who was 
taught botany by Chiron. Linnaeus recommends it 
as a most excellent vulnerary and stiptic. 

Spears of Spyingnow {The Three), 



in the troop of Fitzurse. — Sir W. Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Spectator ( The), a series of essays, 
edited by Addison, from March, 1711, to 
December, 1712 (555 numbers). Resumed 
in 1714, Pope contributed his Messiah to 
one of the series. Sir Roger de Coverley 
and Will Honeycomb are excellent cha- 
racters introduced. 

The Spectator is a gentleman brought up at the 
university, who has travelled, and finally settles in 
London. He goes about with his eyes open, and 
tells us about the theatres, about Wills, about Child, 
and about St. James. He takes sir Roger about, and 
thus furnishes a number of other excellent essays. 
Will Honeycomb marries, reforms, and dies, and the 
curtain falls. 

Speech ascribed to Dumb Ani- 
mals— 

(1) Al Borak, the animal which con- 
veyed Mahomet to the seventh heaven. 
He not only spoke good Arabic, but had 
also a human face. 

(2) Arion, the wonderful horse which 
Hercules gave to Adrastos. It not only 
spoke good Greek, but both his near feet 
were those of a man. 

(3) Balaam's Ass spoke Hebrew to 
Balaam on one occasion. — Numb. xxii. 

(4) The Black Pigeons, one of which 
gave the responses in the temple of Am- 
nion, and the other in Dodona. — Classic 
Story. 

(5) The Bulbul-Hezar, which had 
not only human speech, but was oracular 
also. —Arabian Nights ("The Two 
Sisters "). 

(6) Comrade, Fortunio's horse, spoke 
with the voice of a man. — Comtesse H AuU 
noy : Fairy Tales (" Fortunio"). 

(7) The little Green Bird, which Fair- 
star obtained possession of, not only 
answered in words any questions asked 
it, but was also prophetic and oracular. — 
Comtesse D' Aulnoy : Fairy Tales (" Chery 
and Fairstar "). 

(8) Katmir, the dog of the Seven 
Sleepers, spoke Greek. — Al Koran, xviii. 

(9) Saleh's Camel used to go about 
crying, in good Arabic, " Ho ! everv one 
that wanteth milk, let him come, and I 
will give it him." — Sale: A I Koran, vii. 
(notes). 

(10) The Serpent which tempted Eve 
to eat of the forbidden fruit. — Gen. iii. 

(n) Temliha, the king of serpents, 
had the gift of human speech. — Comte 
de Calyus: Oriental Tales (" History of 
Aboutaleb "). 

(12) Xanthos, one of the horses of 
Achilles, announced to the hero, in good 



SPEECH CONCEALS THOUGHT. 1035 



SPIDER'S NET. 



Greek, his approaching death. — Classic 
Fable. 

N.B.— Frithjof's ship, Ellida, could 
not speak, but it understood what was 
said to it (p. 999). (See Temliha. ) 

Speech given to Conceal 
Thought. La paroU a iti donnfe a 
Ihomme pour diguiser la penser or pour 
Haider a cacher sa pensie. Talleyrand 
is usually credited with this sentence, 
but captain Gronow, in his Recollections 
and Anecdotes, asserts that the words were 
those of count Montrond, a wit and poet, 
called " the most agreeable scoundrel and 
most pleasant reprobate in the court of 
Marie Antoinette." 

IT Voltaire, in Le Chapon ei la Pou- 
larde, says, " lis n'employent les paroles 
que pour diguiser leurs pens^es." 

IF Goldsmith, in The Bee, iii. (October 
20, 1759), has borrowed the same thought : 
" The true use of speech is not so much 
to express our wants as to conceal them." 

Speech-Makers (Bad). 

Addison could not make a speech. He 
at tempted once in the House of Commons, 
and said, " Mr. Speaker, I conceive — I 
conceive, sir — sir, I conceive " Where- 
upon a member exclaimed, "The right 
honourable secretary of state has con- 
ceived thrice, and brought forth nothing." 

Campbell (Thomas) once tried to 
make a speech, but so stuttered and stam- 
mered that the whole table was convulsed 
with laughter. 

Cicero, the great orator, never got 
over his nervous terror till he warmed to 
his subject. 

Irving ( Washington), even with a 
speech written out and laid before him, 
could not deliver it without a breakdown. 
In fact, he could hardly utter a word in 
public without trembling. 

Moore (Thomas) could never make a 
speech. 

(Dickens and prince Albert always 
•poke well and fluently.) 

Speed, an inveterate punster and the 
clownish servant of Valentine one of the 
two "gentlemen of Verona."— Shake- 
speare: The Two Gentlemen of Verona 
(i594). 

Speed the Parting Guest. 

Welcome the coming, speed the parting guest. 
Pope : Homer's Odyssey (1725). 

Speed the Plough, a comedy by 
Thomas Morton (1798). Farmer Ash- 
field brings up a boy named Henry, 



greatly beloved by every one. This Henry 
is in reality the son of " Morrington, ' 
younger brother of sir Philip Blandford. 
The two brothers fixed their love on the 
same lady, but the younger married her. 
Whereupon sir Philip stabbed him to the 
heart and fully thought him to be dead ; 
but after twenty years the wounded man 
reappeared and claimed his son. Henry 
marries his cousin Emma Blandford ; 
and the farmer's daughter, Susan, marries 
Robert only son of sir Abel Handy. 

Spenlow (Mr.), father of Dora (q.v.). 
He was a proctor, to whom David Cop- 
perfield was articled. Mr. Spenlow was 
killed in a carriage accident. 

Misses Lavinia and Clarissa Spenlow, 
two spinster aunts of Dora Spenlow, with 
whom she lived at the death of her father. 

They were not unlike birds altogether, having a 
sharp, brisk, sudden manner, and a little, short, spruce 
way of adjusting themselves, like canaries. —Dickens: 
David Copferfield, xlL (1849). 

Spens (Sir Patrick), a Scotch hero, 
sent in the winter-time on a mission to 
Norway. His ship, in its home passage, 
was wrecked against the Papa Stronsay, 
and every one on board was lost. The 
incident has furnished the subject of a 
famous old Scotch ballad. 

Spenser of English Prose-Wri- 
ters (The), Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667). 

From Spenser to Flecknoe, that is, from 
the top to the bottom of all poetry ; from 
the sublime to the ridiculous. — Dryden: 
Comment on Spenser, etc. 

Spenser's Monument, in West- 
minster Abbey, was erected by Anne 
Clifford countess of Dorset. 

Spider. Bruce and the Spider. (See 
Bruce, p. 153.) 

Spider and the Plie (The), an 
allegory, in seven-line stanzas, of the con- 
tention of the protestants (spiders) and 
the flies (catholics) ( 1556). (See The Hind 
and the Panther, by Dryden (1C8;), 
P- 49^-) 

Spider Cure for Fever (A). 

Only beware of the fever, my friends, beware of the 

fever. 
For it is not, like that of our cold Acadian climate. 
Cured by the wearing a spider hung round one's neck 

in a nutshell. 

L*ng/ell*w : Evangeline, U. 3 (1840). 

Spider's Net (A). When Mahomet 
fled from Mecca, he hid in a cave, and a 
snider wove its net over the entrance. 
When the Koreishites came thither, they 
passed on, being fully persuaded that no 



SPIDERS. 



1036 



SPLENDID SHILLING. 



one had entered the cave, because the 

cobweb was not broken. 

IT In the Talmud, we are told that 
David, in his flight, hid himself in the 
cave of Adullam, and a spider spun its 
net over the opening. When Saul came 
up and saw the cobweb, he passed on, 
under the same persuasion. 

Spiders {Unlucky to kilt). This 
especially refers to those small spiders 
called "money-spinners," which prog- 
nosticate good luck. Probably because 
they appear in greater numbers on a fine 
morning ; although some say the fine day 
is the precursor of rain. 

Spynners ben token ot divynation, and of knowing 
what wether shal fal, for oft by weders that shal fal 
some spin and weve higher and lower, and multytude 
ot spynners ever betoken moche rzyn&.—Berthclot : 
De Proprietatibus Rerum, xviii. 314 (1536). 

Spiders Indicators of Gold. In 

the sixteenth century it was generally 
said that " Spiders be true signs of great 
stores of gold ; " and the proverb arose 
thus : While a passage to Cathay was being 
sought by the north-west, a man brought 
home a stone, which was pronounced to 
be gold, and caused such a ferment that 
several vessels were fitted out for the 
express purpose of collecting cold. Fro- 
bisher, in 1577, found, in one of the 
islands on which he landed, similar stones, 
and an enormous quantity of spiders. 

Spidireen {The). If a sailor is asked 
to what ship he belongs, and does not 
choose to tell, he says, "The spidireen 
frigate with nine decks." 

% Officers who do not choose to tell 
their quarters, give B.K.S. as their 
address, i.e. BarracKS. 

Spindle [Jack), the son of a man of 

fortune. Having wasted his money in 
riotous living, he went to a friend to 
borrow j£ioo. " Let me see, you want 
^ioo, Mr. Spindle ; let me see, would 
not ^50 do for the present?" " Well," 
said Jack, " if you have not ^ioo, I must 
be contented with ,£50." "Dear me, 
Mr. Spindle ! "said the friend, " I find I 
have but £20 about me." "Never mind," 
said Jack, " I must borrow the other 
^30 of some other friend." "Just so, 
Mr. Spindle, just so. By-the-by, would 
it not be far better to borrow the whole 
of that friend, and then one note of hand 
will serve for the whole sum ? Good 
morning, Mr. Spindle; delighted to see 
vou I Tom, see the gentleman down." — 
Goldsmith : The Bee, iii. (1759). 



Spirit of the Agfe {The), a series 
of criticisms on the " Men of the time," 
by Hazlitt (1825). 

Spirit of the Cape {The), Ada- 
mastor, a hideous phantom, of unearthly 
pallor, " erect his hair uprose of withered 
red," his lips were black, his teeth blue 
and disjointed, his beard haggard, his 
face scarred by lightning, his eyes " shot 
livid fire," his voice roared. The sailors 
trembled at the sight of him, and the fiend 
demanded how they dared to trespass 
' * where never hero braved his rage 
before?" He then told them " that every 
year the shipwrecked should be made to 
deplore their foolhardiness." According 
to Barreto, the " Spirit of the Cape " was 
one of the giants who stormed heaven.— 
Camo'ens : The Lusiad (1572). 

In me the Spirit of the Cape behold . . . 

That rock by you the '* Cape of Tempests" named . . « 

With wide-stretched piles I guard . . . 

Great Adamastor is my dreaded name. 

Canto t. 

Spirit of the Mountain {The), 
that peculiar melancholy sound which pre- 
cedes a heavy storm, very observable in 
hilly and mountainous countries. 

The wind was abroad in the oaks. The Spirit of the 
Mountain roared. The blast came rusding through 
the hall.— Ossian : Dar- Thula. 

Spiri'to, the Holy Ghost as the friend 
of man, personified in canto ix. of The 
Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). 
He was married to Urania, and their off- 
spring are : Knowledge, Contemplation, 
Care, Humility, Obedience, Faith or 
Fido, Penitence, Elpi'nus or Hope, and 
Love the foster-son of Gratitude. (Latin, 
spiritus, "spirit.") 

Spitfire {Will), or Will Spittal, 

serving-boy of Roger Wildrake the dis- 
sipated royalist. — Sir W. Scott: Wood- 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Spittle Cure for Blindness. 

Spittle was once deemed a sovereign 
remedy for ophthalmia. — Pliny: Natural 
History, xxviii. 7. 

IT The blind man restored to sight by 
Vespasian was cured by anointing his 
eyes with spittle. — Tacitus: History, iv. 
81 ; Suetonius : Vespasian, vii. 

When [Jesus] had thus spoken. He spat on the 
ground, and made clay of the spittle, and He anointed 
the eyes of the blind man with the clay.— yehn ix. 6. 

He cometh to Bethsaida; and they bring a blind 
man unto Him, . . . and He took the blind man by 
the hand, and . . . when He had spit on his eyes . . 
He asked him if he saw ought .—Ma rk viii. aa, 33. 

Splendid Shilling" (The), a poem 
in imitation of Milton's style, by John 
Philips (1703). (Good.) It begins thus— 



SPONGE. 



1037 



SPRIG OF SHILLELAH. 



Happy the man who, void of care and strife, 
In silken or in leathern purse retains 
A splendid shilling. He nor heart with pata 
New oysters cried, nor sighs for cheerful ale. 

Sponge. To throw up the sponge, to 
give up the contest and confess yourself 
beaten. 

Finally, he went on his knees to the sponge and 
threw it up ; at the same time pointing out—" That 
means you have won." — Dickens : Great Expectations, 
ch. xi. (i860). 

Spontaneous Combustion. There 
are above thirty cases on record of death 
by spontaneous combustion, the most 
famous being that of the countess Cor- 
nelia di Baudi Cesenate\ which was 
minutely investigated, in 1731, by Giu- 
seppe Bianchini, a prebend of Verona. 

1 he next most noted instance occurred 
at Rheims, in 1725, and is authenticated 
by no less an authority than Mons. Le Cat, 
the celebrated physician. 

In 1772 Mary Cloes of Gosford Street 
was burnt to death by " spontaneous 
combustion." — History of Coventry. 

Messrs. Fodere" and Mere investigated 
the subject of spontaneous combustion, 
and gave it as their fixed opinion that 
instances of death from such a cause 
cannot be doubted. 

In voL vi. of the Philosophical Trans- 
actions, and in the English Medical Juris- 
prudence, the subject is carefully investi- 
gated, and several examples are cited in 
confirmation of the fact. 

Joseph Battaglia, a surgeon of Ponte 
Bosio, gives in detail the case of don G. 
Maria Bertholi, a priest of mount Valerius. 
While reading his breviary, the body of 
this priest burst into flames in several 
parts, as the arms, back, and head. The 
sleeves of his shirt, a handkerchief, and 
his skull-cap were all more or less con- 
sumed. He survived the injury four 
days. (This seems to me more like 
an electrical attack than an instance of 
spontaneous combustion.) 

(S e the Annual Register for 1775, 
p. 78.) 

(Dickens, in Bleak House, ascribes the 
death of Krook to " spontaneous com- 
bustion." Zola, in Dr. Pascal, ch. ix., 
gives another instance. Captain Marryat 
tells us, in J acob Faithful, that Jacob's 
mother was burnt to a cinder by the same 
means.) 

Spontoon, the old confidential servant 
of colonel Talbot. — Sir IV. Scott: Waver- 
ley (time, George II.). 

Spoon. One needs a long spoon to eat 
•with the devil.— Old Proverb, 



Therefore behoveth Mm a ful long spooe 
That shall ete with a fend. 
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales, 10,916 (Th« "Sqnlre'i 
Tele," 1388). 

Spoons (Gossip). It was customary 
at one time for sponsors at christenings 
to give gilt spoons as an offering to 
their godchild. These spoons had on the 
handle the figure of one of the apostles 
or evangelists, and hence were called 
"Apostle spoons." The wealthy would 
give the twelve apostles, those of less 
opulence the four evangelists, and others 
again a single spoon. When Henry 
VIII. asks Cranmer to be godfather to 
"a fair young maid," Cranmer replies, 
" How may I deserve such honour, that 
am a poor and humble subject?" The 
king rejoins, " Come, come, my lord, 
you'd spare your spoons." — Shakespeare : 
Henry VIII. act v. sc. a (1601). 

Sporus. Under this name, Pope 
satirized lord John Hervey (1696-1743), 
generally called " lord Fanny," from his 
effeminate habits and appearance. He 
was "half wit, half fool, half man, half 
beau." Lord John Hervey was vice- 
chamberlain in 1736, and lord privy seal 
in 1740. 

That thing of sflk, 
Sporus, that mere white curd of asses' milk ; 

Satire or sense, alas ! can Sporus feel. 
Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel? 

Pope ; Prologue to the Satires (1734). 

".• This lord John Hervey married the 
beautiful Molly Lapel ; hence Pope says — 

So perfect a beau and a belle 
As when Hervey the handsome was wedded 
To the beautiful Molly LapeL 

Spout (speaking). (See Derry- 
Down Triangle, p. 272.) 

S. P. Q. R., the Romans. The letters 
are the initials of Senatus Populus-Que 
Romanus (see p. 943). 
New blood must be pumped into the veins and 

arteries of the S. P. Q. R Sala (Bclgravia, April, 

1871). 

Spracklin g (Joseph), a money-lender 
and a self-made man. 

Thomas Sprackling, his brother, and 
equal in roguery. — Wybert Reeve : 
Parted. 

Sprat Day, November 9, the first 
day of sprat-selling in the streets. The 
season lasts about ten weeks. 

Sprenger (Louis), Annette Veilchen'i 
bachelor. — Sir W.Scott: Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Sprig" of Shillelah ( The), a famous 
Irish song, author uncertain. The first 
verse is— 



SPRIGHTLY. 1038 

OcSi I lore Is the soul of a nate Irishman, 
He loves all the lovely, loves all that he can. 
With his sprig of shillelah and shamrock so green. 
His heart is good-humoured — 'tis honest and sound, 
No malice nor hatred is there to be found ; 
He courts and he marries, he drinks and he fights, 
For love, all for love, for in that he delights, 
With his sprig of shillelah and shamrock so green. 
(And three other stanzas.) 

Sprightly (Miss Kitty), the ward of 
sir Gilbert Pumpkin of Strawberry Hall. 
Miss Kitty is a great heiress, but stage- 
struck ; and when captain Charles Stanley 
is introduced, she falls in love with him, 
first as a " play actor," and then in reality. 
— Jackman : All the World's a Stage. 

Spring*. (See Seasons, p. 976.) 
(Mrs. Barbauld wrote an Ode to Springs 
in imitation of Collins's Ode to Evening. ) 

Spring 1 (A Sacred"). The ancient 
Sabines, in times of great national danger, 
vowed to the gods "a sacred spring" 
(ver sacrum), if they would remove the 
danger. That is, all the children bora 
during the next spring were " held 
sacred," and at the age of 20 were com- 
pelled to leave their country and seek for 
themselves a new home. 

Spring-Keel Jack. The marquis of 
Waterford, in the early parts of the nine- 
teenth century, used to amuse himself by 
springing on travellers unawares, to terrify 
them ; and from time to time others have 
followed his silly example. Even so late 
as 1877-8, an officer in her majesty's 
service caused much excitement in the 
garrisons stationed at Aldershot, Col- 
chester, and elsewhere, by his "spring- 
heel" pranks. In Chichester and its 
neighbourhood the tales told of this 
adventurer caused quite a little panic, 
and many nervous people were afraid to 
venture out after sunset, for fear of being 
" sprung " upon. I myself investigated 
some of the cases reported to me, but 
found them for the most part Fakenham 
ghost tales. 

Springer (The). Ludwig Margrave 
of Thuringia was so called, because he 
escaped from Giebichenstein, in the 
eleventh century, by leaping over the 
river Saale. 

Sprinklers (Holy Water), Danish 
clubs, with spiked balls fastened to 
chains. 

Spruce, M.C. (Captain), in Lend Me 
Five Shillings, by J. M. Morton (1764- 
1838). 



SQUEERS. 



Spruch-Sprecher (The) or "sayer 
of sayings" to the archduke of Austria. 
—Sir W. Scott: The Talisman (time, 
Richard I.). 

Spurn a 'dor, prince Arthur's horse. 
So called from the foam of its mouth, 
which indicated its fiery temper. — 
Spenser; Faerie Queene, ii. (1590). 

'.* In the Mabinogion, his favourite 
mare is called Llamrei ("the curveter"). 

Spurs (The Battle of), the battle of 
Guinnegate, in 1513, between Henry 
VIII. and the due de Longueville. So 
called because the French used their 
spurs in flight more than their swords in 
fight. (See Spurs of Gold, etc.) 

Spurs ( To dish up the), to give one's 
guests a hint to go ; to maunder on when 
the orator has nothing of importance to 
say. During the time of the border feuds, 
when a great family had come to an end 
of their provisions, the lady of the house 
sent to table a dish of spurs, as a hint 
that the guests must spur their horses on 
for fresh raids before they could be 
feasted again. 

When the last bullock was killed and devoured, it 
was the lady's custom to place on the table a dish 
which, on being uncovered, was found to contain a pair 
of clean spurs— a hint to the riders that they must 
shift for the next ratal.— Border Minstrelsy (new edit.), 
i. an note. 

Spurs of Gold (Battle of the), the 
battle of Courtray, the most memorable 
in Flemish history (July n, 1302). 
Here the French were utterly routed, and 
700 gold spurs were hung as trophies in 
the church of Notre Dame de Courtray. 
It is called in French Journie des Eperons 
dOr. (See Spurs, The Battle of.) 

Marching homeward from the bloody battle of the 
Spurs of Gold. 

Longfellow: The Belfry 0/ Bruges. 

Spy (The), a tale by J. Fenimore 
Cooper (1821). 

Squab (The Poet). Dryden was so 
called by lord Rochester (1681-1701). 

Squab Fie, a pie made of mutton, 
apples, and onions. 

Cornwall squab pie, and Devon white-pot brings. 
And Leicester beans and bacon fit for kings. 

King: Art of Cookery. 

Squab Fie, a pie made of squabs, 
that is, young pigeons. 

Square (Mr.), a "philosopher," in 
Fielding's novel called The History of 
Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749). 

Squeers (Mr. Wackford), of Dothe- 
boys Hall, Yorkshire, a vulgar, conceited, 



SQUEEZE. 



1039 



& S. 



ignorant schoolmaster, overbearing, 
grasping, and mean. He steals the boys' 
pocket money, clothes his son in their 
best suits, half starves them, and teaches 
them next to nothing. Ultimately, he is 
transported for purloining a deed. 

Mrs. Squeers, wife of Mr. Wackford, 
a raw-boned, harsh, heartless virago, 
without one spark of womanly feeling for 
the boys put under her charge. 

Miss Fanny Squeers, daughter of the 
schoolmaster, "not tall like her mother, 
but short like ner father. From the 
former she inherited a voice of hoarse 
quality, and from the latter a remarkable 
expression of the right eye." Miss Fanny 
falls in love with Nicholas Nickleby, but 
hates him and spites him because he if 
insensible of the soft impeachment 

Master Wackford S queers, son of the 
schoolmaster, a spoilt bey, who was 
dressed in the best clothes of the scholars. 
He was overbearing, self-willed, and 
passionate. — Dickens : Nicholas Nickleby 
(1838). 

The person who suggested the character of Squeere 
was a Mr. Shaw of Bowes. He married a Miss 
Laidman. The satire rained tne school, and was the 
death both of Mr. and Mrs. Shaw.— AXm and QutrUi, 
October 25, 1873. 

Squeeze {Miss), a pawnbroker's 
daughter. Her father had early taught 
her that money is the "one thing need- 
ful," and at death left her a moderate 
competence. She was so fully convinced 
of the value of money, that she would 
never part with a farthing without an 
equivalent, and refused several offers, 
because she felt persuaded her suitors 
sought her money and not herself. Now 
she is old and iil-natured, marked with 
the small-pox, and neglected by every 
one. — Goldsmith: A Citizen 0/ the World, 
xxxviri. (1759). 

Squint [Lawyer), the great politician 
of society. He makes speeches for mem- 
bers of parliament, writes addresses, gives 
the history of every new play, and finds 
"seasonable' thought" upon every pos- 
sible subject. — Goldsmith: A Citizen of 
the World, xxix. (1759). 

Squint-Eyed, [Guercino] Gian-Fran- 
eesco Barbieri, the painter (1590- 1666). 

Squintum [Dr.). George Whitefield 
is so called by Foote in his farce entitled 
The Minor (1 714- 1770). 

Squintum {Dr.). The Rev. Edward 
Irving, who had an obliquity of the eyes, 
was so called by Theodore Hook (1793- 
1834). 



Squire of Dames {The), a young 
knight, in love with Col'umbell, who 
appointed him a year's service before she 
would consent to become his bride. The 
" squire " was to travel for twelve months, 
to rescue distressed ladies, and bring 
pledges of his exploits to Columbell. 
At the end of the year he placed 300 
pledges in her hands, but instead of re- 
warding him by becoming his bride, she 
set him another task, viz. to travel about 
the world on foot, and not present himself 
again till he could bring her pledges from 
300 damsels that they would live in 
chastity all their life. The squire told 
Columbell that in three years he had 
found only three persons who would take 
the pledge, and only one of these, he said 
(a rustic cottager), took it from a " prin- 
ciple of virtue ; " the other two (a nun 
and a courtezan) promised to do so, but 
did not voluntarily join the " virgin 
martyrs." The "Squire of Dames" 
turned out to be Britomart.— Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, iii. 7, stanza 51 (1590). 

(This story is imitated from " The 
Host's Tale,' in Orlando Furioso, xxviil) 

Squire's Tale [The), in Chaucer's 
Canterbury Tales, is the tale about Cam- 
buscan and Algarsife (3 syl. ). (See CAM- 
BUSCAN, p. 17a.) 

Squirt, the apothecary's boy, in 

Garth's Dispensary ; hence any appren- 
tice lad or errand-boy. 

Here sauntering prentices o'er Otway weep, 
O'er Ccngreve smile, or over D'L'rfey sleep. 
Pleased sempstresses the Lock's famed Rape unfoloV 
And Squirts read Garth till apozems grow cold. 

Gay: Trivia 1171a). 

(Pope wrote The Rape of the Lock, 

1712.) 

Squod {Phil), a grotesque little fellow, 
faithfully attached to Mr. George the 
son of Mrs. Rouncewell (housekeeper at 
Chesney Wold). George had rescued the 
little street arab fron. the gutter, and the 
boy lived at George's ' ' Shooting Gallery " 
in Leicester Square (London). Phil was 
remarkable for limping along sideways, 
as if " tacking." — Du^ns : Bleak House 
(1852). 

S. S., souvenance, forget-me-not ; in 
remembrance ; a souvenir. 

On the Wednesday preceding Easter Day, 146$, M 
etr Anthony was speaking to his royal sister, on his 
knees, all the ladies of the court gathered round him. 
and bound to his left knee a band of gold, adorned 
with stones fashioned into the letters S. S. (souvenantd 
or remembrance^, and to this band was suspended an 
enamelled " forget-me-not.*'— Lytun ; Last <tf tkt 
Bar***, hr. j ti*4tit> 



s. s. g. a 



S. S. G. G., the letters of the Fem- 
gerichte. They stand for Stock, Stein, 
Gras, Grein (" Stick," " Stone," " Grass," 
"Groan"). What was meant by these 
four words is not known. 

Stael {Madame de), called by Heine 
\Hi-ne] " a whirlwind in petticoats," and 
a " sultana of mind." 

Stag" ( The) symbolizes Christ, because 
(according to fable) it draws serpents by 
its breath out of their holes, and then 
tramples them to death. — Pliny : Natural 
History, viii. 50. 

Stag or Hind, emblem of the tribe 
of Naphtali. In the old church at Tot- 
ness is a stone pulpit divided into com- 
partments, containing shields bearing the 
emblems of the Jewish tribes, this being 
one. 

Naphtali is a hind let loose.— Gen. jdrx. as. 

Stag's Horn, considered in Spain a 
safeguard against the evil eye ; hence, a 
small horn, silver-tipped, is often hung 
on the neck of a child. If an evil eye is 
then cast on the child, it enters the horn, 
which it bursts asunder. 

Are you not afraid of the evil eyet 
Have you a stag's horn with you ? 
Longfellow : The Spanish Student, fiL 5. 

Staggf {Benjamin), the proprietor of 
the cellar in the Barbican where the 
secret society of '"Prentice Knights" 
used to convene. He was a blind man, 
who fawned on Mr. Sim Tappertit, "the 
'prentices' glory " and captain of the 
"'Prentice Knights." But there was a 
disparity between his words and senti- 
ments, if we may judge from this 
specimen: "Good night, most noble 
captain ! farewell, brave general ! bye- 
bye, illustrious commander ! — a con- 
ceited, bragging, empty-headed, duck- 
legged idiot ! " Benjamin Stagg was 
shot by the soldiery in the Gordon riots. 
— Dickens : Barnaby Rudge (1841). 

Stagirite (3 syl.). Aristotle is called 
the Stagirite because he was born at 
Stagira, in Macedon. Almost all our 
English poets call the word StagTrite : 
as Pope, Thomson, Swift, Byron, Words- 
worth, B. Browning, etc. ; but it should 
be Stagi'rite (jrafeipiTt\*\ 

Thick like a g-lory round the Stagyrite, 
Your rivals throng-, the sages. 

R. Browning : Paracelsus, L 

All the wisdom of the Stag-irite. 

Wordsworth. 
Plato, the Stagyrite, and Tully joined. 

Thomson. 



1040 STANDARD. 

As If the Stagirite o'erleoked the Bae, 

Is rightly censured by the Stagirite, 

Who says his numbers do not fadge aright. 

Sun/t: To Dr. Sheridan (171$. 

Stagirius, a young monk to whom 
St. Chrysostom addressed three books, 
and of whom those books give an 
account. Matthew Arnold has a prayer 
in verse supposed to be uttered by 
Stagirius. 

Stamboul (2 syl), Constantinople. 

And Stamboul's minarets must greet my sight. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Stammerer {The), Louis II. of 
France, le Bigue (846, 877-879). 

Michael II. emperor of the East 
(*, 820-829). 

Notker or Notger of St. Gall (830- 
912). 

Stanchells, head jailer at the Glas- 
gow tolbooth.— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Standard. A substantial building 
for water supplies, as the Water Stan- 
dard of Cornhill, the Standard in Cheap, 
opposite Honey Lane, " which John 
Wells, grocer, caused to be made [? re- 
built] in his mayoralty, 1430."— Stow: 
Survey {'* Cheapside "). 

The Cheapside Standard. This Stan- 
dard was in existence in the reign of 
Edward I. In the reign of Edward III. 
two fishmongers were beheaded at the 
Cheapside Standard, for aiding in a riot. 
Henry IV. caused " the blank charter of 
Richard II." to be burnt at this place. 

The Standard, Cornhill. This was a 
conduit with four spouts, made by Peter 
Morris, a German, in 1582, and supplied 
with Thames water, conveyed by leaden 
pipes over the steeple of St. Magnus's 
Church. It stood at the east end of 
Cornhill, at its junction with Grace- 
church Street, Bishopsgate Street, and 
Leadenhall Street. The water ceased 
to run between 1598 and 1603, but the 
Standard itself remained long after. 
Distances from London were measured 
from this spot. 

In the year 1775 there stood upon the borders of 

Epping Forest, at a distance of about twelve miles 
from London, measuring from the Standard in Corn- 
hiil, or rather from the spot on which the Standard 
used to be, a house of public entertainment called the 
Maypole.— Dickens; Barnaby Rudge, i. (1841). 

Standard {The Battle of the), the 
battle of Luton Moor, near Northallerton, 
between the English and the Scotch, in 
1138. So called from the "standard," 



STANDARDS 



1041 



STARCHATERUS. 



which was raised on a waggon, and 
placed in the centre of the English army. 
The pole displayed the standards of St. 
Cuthbert of Durham, St. Peter of York, 
St. John of Beverley, and St. Wilfred of 
Ripon, surmounted by a little silver 
casket containing a consecrated wafer.— 
Hailes : Annals of Scotland, i. 85 (1779). 

The Battle of the Standard was so called from the 
banner of St. Cuthbert, which was thought always to 
secure success. It came forth at the battle of Nevil's 
Cross, and was again victorious. It was preserved 
with great reverence till the Reformation, when, in 
1549, Catharine Whittingham (a French lady), wife of 
the dean of Durham, burnt it out of zeal against 
popery.— Miss Yonge : Cameos of English History, 
ia6-8 (1868). 

Standards. (See Flags, p. 371.) 

Standing ( To die). Vespasian said, 
"An emperor of Rome ought to die 
standing." Louis XVIII. of France said, 
"A king of France ought to die standing." 
This craze is not confined to crowned 
heads. (See Solomon, p. 1026. ) 

U The doge Nicolo, in 1627, died 
standing, repeating the act of Vespasian, 
" Stando excessit, ne videretur impulsus 
cadere." — Pilatius : Fasti Ducales, 289. 

Standish (Miles), the Puritan cap- 
tain, was short of stature, strongly built, 
broad in the shoulders, deep-chested, 
and with sinews like iron. His daughter 
Rose was the first to die " of all who 
came in the Mayflower." Miles Standish, 
being desirous to marry Priscilla "the 
beautiful puritan," sent young Alden to 
plead his cause ; but the maiden answered 
archly, " Why don't you speak for your- 
self, John?" Soon after this, Standish 
was shot with a poisoned arrow, and re- 
ported to be dead. John Alden did speak 
for himself, and prevailed. — Longfellow: 
Courtship of Miles Standish (1858). 

If you would be served you must serve yourself; and 

moreover 
No man can gather cherries la Kent at the season of 

Christmas. 
Longfellow: Courtship of Miles Standish, Ix. (1858). 

Standish (Mr. Justice), a brother 
magistrate with Bailie Trumbull. — Sir 
W. Scott: Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Stanley, in the earl of Sussex's train. 
— Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth (time, Eliza- 
beth). 

Stanley (Captain Charles), introduced 
by his friend captain Stukely to the 
family at Strawberry Hall. Here he 
meets Miss Kitty Sprightly an heiress, 
who has a theatrical twist. The captain 
makes love to her under the mask of 
acting, induces her to run off with him 



and get married, then, returning to the 
hall, introduces her as his wife. All the 
family fancy he is only "acting," but 
discover too late that their " play " is a 
lifelong reality. — Jackman : All tfu 
World's a Stage. 

Stanley Crest ( The). On a chapeau 
gu. an eagle feeding on an infant in its 
nest. The legend is that sir Thomas de 
Lathom, having no male issue, was 
walking with his wife one day, and heard 
the cries of an infant in an eagle's nest. 
They looked on the child as a gift from 
God, and adopted it, and it became the 
founder of the Stanley race (time, Edward 
III.). 

Staples (Lawrence), head jailer at 

Kenilworth Castle. — Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Star Falling. Any wish formed 
during the shoot of a star will come to 
pass. 

Star of Arcady ( The), the Great 
Bear ; so called from Calisto, daughter of 
Lycaon king of Arcadia. The Little 
Bear is called the Tyrian Cynosure, from 
Areas or Cynosura son of Calisto. 

And thou shalt be our star of Arcady, 
Or Tyrian Cynosure (3 syl.). 

Milton : Comus, 34a (1634J. 

(Of course, " Cynosure " signifies 
" dog's tail," Greek, kunos oura, meaning 
the star in Ursa Minor.) 

Star of South Africa, a diamond 
discovered in the South African fields. It 
weighed in the rough 83J carats ; and 
after being cut 46$ carats. 

Star of the South ( The), the second 
largest cut diamond in the world. It 
weighs 254 carats. It was discovered in 
Brazil by a poor negress (1853). 

Starch (Dr.), the tutor of Blushing- 
ton. — Moncrieff : The Bashful Man 
(1857). 

Star chafer us, of Sweden, a giant 
in stature and strength, whose life was 
protracted to thrice the ordinary term. 
When he felt himself growing old, he 
hung a bag of gold round his neck, and 
told Olo he might take the bag of gold 
if he would cut off his head, and he did 
so. He hated luxury in every form, and 
said a man was a fool who went and 
dined out for the sake of better fare. 
One day, Helgo king of Norway asked 
him to be his champion in a contest 
3 X 



STARELEIGH. 



1042 



STAUNTON. 



which was to be decided by himself 
alone against nine adversaries. Star- 
chaterus selected for the site of combat 
the top of a mountain covered with snow, 
and, throwing off his clothes, waited for 
the nine adversaries. When asked if he 
would fight with them one by one or all 
together, he replied, "When dogs bark 
at me, I drive them off all at once." — 
Joannes Magnus : GothorumSuevorumque 
Historia (1554). 

^ Stareleigfh {Justice), a stoat, pudgy 
little judge, very deaf, and very iras- 
cible, who, in the absence of the chief 
justice, sat in judgment on the trial of 
" Bardell v. Pickwick." — Dickens: The 
Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Starao, king of Lochlin. Having 

been conquered by Fingal and generously 
set at liberty, he promised Fingal his 
daughter Agandecca in marriage, but 
meant to deal treacherously by him and 
kill him. Fingal accepted the invitation 
of Starno, and spent three days in boar- 
hunts. He was then warned by Agandecca 
to beware of her father, who had set an 
ambuscade to waylay him. Fingal, being 
forewarned, fell on the ambush and slew 
every man. When Starno heard thereof, 
he slew his daughter, whereupon Fingal 
and his followers took to arms, and 
Starno either "fled or died." Swaran 
succeeded his father Starno. — Ossian; 
Fingal, iii. ; see also Cath-Loda. 

Star-spangled Banner (The), a 
national song of the United States of 
America, by F. S. Key. 

And the star-spangled banner, oh, long may it ware 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ! 

Starvation IDnndas, Henry Dun- 
das the first lord Melville. So called 
because he introduced the word starvation 
into the language (1775). 

Starveling (Robin), the tailor. He 
was cast for the part of " Thisbe's 

mother," in the drama played before 
duke Theseus (2 syl.) on "his wedding 
day at night." Starveling has nothing 
to say in the drama. — Shakespeare : 
Midsummer Night's Dream (1592). 

State, a royal chair with a canopy 
over it. 

Our hostess keeps her state. 
Shakespeare : Macbeth, act iii. sc. 4 (1606). 

Stati'ra, the heroine of La Calpre- 
nide's romance of Cassandra. Statira is 
the daughter of Darius, and is repre- 



sented as the " most perfect of the works 
of creation." Oroondates is in love with 
her, and ultimately marries her. 

Stati'ra, daughter of Dari'us, and wife 
of Alexander. Young, beautiful, womanly, 
of strong affection, noble bearing, mild 
vet haughty, yielding yet brave. Her 
love for Alexander was unbounded. 
When her royal husband took Roxana 
into favour, the proud spirit of the 
princess was indignant, but Alexander, 
by his love, won her back again. Statira 
was murdered by Roxana the Bactrian, 
called the " Rival Queen." — Lee: Alex- 
ander the Great (1678). 

Miss Boutwell was the original " Statira " of Lee's 
Alexander, and once, when playing with Mrs. Barry 
[1678] she was in danger of receiving on the stage her 
death-blow. It happened thus: Before the curtain 
drew up, the two queens, "Statira" and "Roxana" 
had a real rivalship about a lace veil, allotted to Miss 
Boutwell by the manager. This so enraged Mrs. 
Barry that, in " stabbing ■ Statira,' " she actually thrust 
her dagger through her rival's stays, a quarter of an 
inch or more into the flesh.- Campbell : Lift qf Mrs. 
Siddotu. 

•.' Dr. Doran tells us that — 

The charming George Ann Bellamy [1733-1788] 
procured from Paris two gorgeous dresses for the 
part of "Statira." When Peg Woffington, who played 
" Roxana," saw them, she was so overcome by malice, 
hatred, and all uncharitableness, that she rolled her 
rival in the dust, pummelled her with the handle of her 
dagger, and screamed in anger—' 
Nor he, nor heaven, shall shield thee from my justice. 
Die, sorceress, die 1 and all my wrongs die with thee ! 
Table Traits. 

Statins, a Roman poet (a.d. 61-96), 
author of an heroic poem in nine books, 
called the Thebaid (3 syl.) or The Seven 
against Thebes. 

(Translated into English heroic verse 
(rhymes) by W. L. Lewis (2nd edition, 
*773)- Pope translated bk. i. in 1703 ; 
Walter Harte translated bk. vi. ; and 

T rs translated the first five books. ) 

Bk. tL contains the Osegruce and Games. 

Statnte of Rhnddlan ( The). This 
celebrated statute annexed the princi- 
pality of Wales to the English crown, 
and constituted its territory shire-ground 
( 1284). (See Professor Tout's Edward I. ) 

Edward I. resided for a certain time at Rhuddlan 
Castle, during his contests with the prince* of Wales 
(1277-1284) ; and it was here that Lewelyn made his 
personal submission to him after the Treaty of Conway. 
At the breaking out of the revolt of the Four Cantreds, 
Lewelyn's brother fell upon Rhuddlan, and took the 
king's justiciar prisoner, and it was after the defeat 
and death of Lewelyn that this statute was enacted. 

Stannton (The Rev. Mr.), rector of 
Willi ngham, and father of George 
Staunton. 

George Staunton, son of the Rev. Mr. 
Staunton. He appears first as " Geordie 
Robertson," a felon ; and in the Porteous 



STEADFAST, 



x©43 



STELLA. 



mob lie assumes the guise of "Madge 
Wildfire," George Staunton is the 
seducer of Effie Deans. Ultimately he 
comes to the title of baronet, marries 
Effie, and is shot by a gipsy boy called 
"The Whistler," who proves to be his 
own natural son. 

Lady Staunton, Effie Deans after her 
marriage with sir George. On the death 
of her husband, she retires to a convent 
on the Continent. — Sir W. Scott ; Heart 
4>f Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Steadfast, a friend of the Duberly 
family. — Colman : The Heir-at-Law 
(i797)- 

Steeds of the Sea, ships, a com- 
mon synonym of the Runic bards. 

And thro' the deep exulting sweep 
The Thunder-steeds of Spain. 

L*rd Lytton : Ode, L (183*). 

Steel Castle, a strong ward, belong- 
ing to the Yellow Dwarf. Here he 
confined All-Fair when she refused to 
marry him according to her promise. — 
Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy Tales ("The 
Yellow Dwarf," 1682). 

Steele Glas (The), a mirror in 
which we may "see ourselves as others 
see us," or see others in their true 
likenesses. Gascoigne published, in 1576, 
his Steele Grasse, a satyre. 

The Christel Glasse, on the other hand, 
reflects us as vanity dictates, and shows 
other people as fame paints them. These 
mirrors were made by Lucyl'ius (an old 
satirist). 

Lucylius . . . bequeathed " The Chrtotel Glasse " 
To such as love to seme but not to be ; 
But unto those that love to see themserre*, 
How foul or fayre soever that they are. 
He gan bequeath a Glasse of trustie SteeL 

Gasc&ign* : The Steele Glas (died 1577). 

Steenie, i.e. "Stephen." So George 
Villiers duke of Buckingham was called 
by James I., because, like Stephen the 
first martyr, " all that sat in the council, 
looking stedfastly on him, saw his face 
as it had been the face of an angel " 
(Aclsvi. 15). 

Steenson ( Willie) or " Wandering 
Willie," the blind fiddler. 

Steenie Steenson, the piper, in Wander- 
ing Willie's tale. 

Maggie Steenson, or " Epps Anslie," 
the wife of Wandering Willie. — Sir W. 
Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George III.). 

Steerforth, the young man who led 
little Em'ly astray. When tired of his 
toy, he proposed to her te marry his 



valet. Steerforth being shipwrecked otT 
the coast of Yarmouth, Ham Peggotty 
tried to rescue him, but both were 
drowned. — Dickens: David Copperfield 
(1849). 

Stein. There Is a German saying 
that "Krems and Stein are three places." 
The solution lies in the word "and" 
(German, und). Now, Und is between 
Krems and Stein ; so that Krems, Und, 
[and] Stein are three places. 

Steinbach (Erwin von) designed 
Strasbourg Cathedral; begun 1015, and 
finished 1439. 

A great master of his craft, 
Erwin Ton Steinbach. 

Longfellow : Golden Legend (1851). 

Steinernherz von Blutsacker 

(Francis), the scharf-gerichter or execu- 
tioner. — Sir W. Scott; Anne of Geier* 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Steinfeldt (The old baroness of). 
Introduced in Donnerhugel's narrative.— 
Sir IV. Scott ; Anne of Geier stein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Steinfort ( The baron), brother of the 
countess Wintersen. He falls in love 
with Mrs. Haller, but, being informed of 
the relationship between Mrs. Haller and 
"the stranger," exerts himself to bring 
about a reconciliation. — B. Thompson : 
The Stranger (1797). 

Stella. The lady Penelope Devereux, 
the object of sir Philip Sidney's affection. 
She married lord Rich, and was a widow 
in Sidney's lifetime. Spenser says, in 
his Astrophel, when Astrophel (sir Philip) 
died, Stella died of grief, and the two 
" lovers" were converted into one flower, 
called " Starlight," which is first red, and 
as it fades turns blue. Some call it 
penthea, but henceforth (he says) it shall 
be called "Astrophel." It is a pure 
fiction that Stella died from grief at the 
death of Sidney, for she afterwards 
married Charles Blount, created by 
James I. earl of Devonshire. The poet 
himself must have forgotten his own 
lines — 

Ne lets praiseworthy Stella do I rend. 

Tho' nought my praises of her needed are. 
Whom verse of noblest shepherd lately dead U&G\ 

Hath praised and raised above each other star. 
Spenser: Colin Clouts C»tne Horn* Again (1591). 

Stella. Miss Hester Johnson was so 
called by Swift, to whom she was privately 
married in 1706. Hester is first perverted 
into the Greek aster, and "aster" in 
Latin, like stella, means " a star." Stella 



STENO. 



1044 



STERLING. 



lived with Mrs. Dingley on Ormond Quay, 

Dublin. 

Poor Stella must pack off to town ... 
To Liffy's stinking tide at Dublin . . • 
To be directed there by Dingley . . • 
And now arrives the dismal day, 
She must return to Ormond Quay. 

Swift: To SUlla at Wood Park (1793). 

Steno (Michel), one of the chiefs of 
the tribunal of Forty. Steno acts 
indecorously to some of the ladies as- 
sembled at a civic banquet given by the 
doge of Venice, and is turned out of 
the house. In revenge, he fastens on the 
doge's chair some scurrilous lines against 
the young dogaressa, whose extreme 
modesty and innocence ought to have 
protected her from such insolence. The 
doge refers the matter to M the Forty," who 
sentence Steno to two months' imprison- 
ment. This punishment, in the opinion 
of the doge, is wholly inadequate to the 
offence, and Marino Faliero joins a con- 
spiracy to abolish the council altogether. 
— Byron : Marino Faliero, the Doge of 
Venice (1819). 

Stentor, a Grecian herald in the 
Trojan war. Homer says he was "great- 
hearted, brazen-voiced, and could shout 
as loud as fifty men." 

He began to roar for help with the lungs of a Stentor. 
— Smollett. 

Steph'ano, earl of Carnuti, the leader 
of 400 men in the allied Christian army. 
He was noted for his military prowess 
and wise counsel. — Tasso : Jerusalem 
Delivered, i. (1575). 

Steph'ano, a drunken butler. — Shake- 
speare: The Tempest (1609). 

Steph'ano, servant to Portia. — Shake- 
speare : Merchant of Venice (1598). 

STEPHEN", one of the attendants of 
sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (a follower 
of prince John). — Sir IV. Scott: Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Stephen (Count), nephew of the count 
of Crevecceur. — Sir W. Scott: Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Stephen (Master), a conceited puppy, 
who thinks all inferiors are to be snubbed 
and bullied, and all those weaker and 
more cowardly than himself are to be 
kicked and beaten. He is especially 
struck with captain Bobadil, and tries 
to imitate his "dainty oaths." Master 
Stephen has no notion of honesty and 
high-mindedness : thus he steals Down- 
right's cloak, which had been accidentally 



dropped, declares he bought it, and then 
that he found it. Being convicted of 
falsehood, he resigns all claim to it, 
saying in a huff, ' • There, take your cloak ; 
I'll none on't." This small-minded youth 
is young Kno'weU's cousin. — B. Jonson : 
Every Man in His Humour (1598). 

Stephen (St.). The crown of St. 
Stephen, the crown of Hungary. 

If Hungarian independence should ever be secured 
through the help of prince Napoleon, the prince 
himself should accept the crown of St. Stephen.— 
Kossuth : Memoirs of My Exile, 1880. 

The British St. Stephen, St. Alban, the 
British proto-martyr (died 303). 

As soon as the executioner gave the fatal stroke 
[■which beheaded St. Alban], his eyes dropped out of 
his head.— Bede: Ecclesiastical History (A.D. 734). 

Stephen Steelheart, the nickname 
of Stephen Wetheral.— Sir W. Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Stephen of Amboise, leader of 
5000 foot-soldiers from Blois and Tours 
in the allied Christian army of Godfrey 
of Bouillon. Impetuous in attack, but 
deficient in steady resistance. He was 
shot by Clorinda with an arrow (bk. xi. ). 
— Tasso: Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

Stephen's (St.), a poem by lord 
Lytton, on leading orators (x86o). 

Stepney. (See Born at Sea, p. 138. ) 

Sterling 1 (Mr.), a vulgar, rich City 
merchant, who wishes to see his two 
daughters married to titles. Lord Ogleby 
calls him " a very abstract of 'Change ; " 
and he himself says, " What signifies 
birth, education, titles, and so forth ? 
Money, I say — money's the stuff that 
makes a man great in this country." 

Miss Sterling, whose Christian name is 
Elizabeth or Betty; a spiteful, jealous, 
purse-proud damsel, engaged to sir John 
MelviL Sir John, seeing small prospect 
of happiness with such a tartar, proposed 
marriage to the younger sister, but she 
was already clandestinely married. Miss 
Sterling, being left out in the cold, ex- 
claimed, " Oh that some other person, an 
earl or duke for instance, would propose 
to me, that I might be revenged on the 
monsters ! " 

Miss Fanny Sterling, an amiable, sweet- 
smiling, soft-speaking beauty, clandes- 
tinely married to Lovewell. — Colman and 
Garrick: The Clandestine Marriage 
( I7 66). 

A strange blunder was once made by Mrs. Gfbbs of 

Covent Garden in the part of " Miss Sterling." When 
speaking of the conduct of Betty, who had locked the 



STERRY. 

do«r of Miss Fanny s room and walked away wlft the 
key, Mrs. Gibbs exclaimed, " She ha* locked the key, 
and carried avray the door in her pocket." — W. C 
Russell : Representative Actors. 

Sterry, a fanatical preacher, admired 
by Hugh Peters. — S. Butler: Hudibras 
(1663-78). 

Stevens, a messenger of the earl of 

Sussex at Say's Court.— Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Stewart {Colonel), governor of the 

castle of Doune. — Sir W. Scott: Waver- 
ley (time, George II.). 

Stewart {Prince Charles Edward), 
surnamed " The Chevalier " by his 
friends, and "The Pretender" by his 
foes. Sir W. Scott introduces him in 
Waverley, and again in Redgauntlet, 
where he appears disguised as " father 
Buonaventura, (Now generally spelt 
Stuart.) 

Stewart {Walking), John Stewart, 
the English traveller, who travelled on 
foot through Hindustan, Persia, Nubia, 
Abyssinia, the Arabian Desert, Europe, 
and the United States (died 1822). 

A most interesting man, . . . eloquent in conversa- 
tion, contemplative .... and crazy beyond all reach 
of helebore, . . . yet sublime and divinely benignant 
In his visionariness. This man, as a pedestrian traveller, 
had seen more of the earth's surface . . . than any man 
before or since. — De Quincey. 

N.B. — Walking Stewart must not be 
confounded with John M'Douall Stuart, 
the Australian explorer (1818-1866). 

Stewart Diamond ( The), found in 
1872, is the largest South African dia- 
mond discovered up to the present date. 
It weighed in the rough state 2888 carats, 
and but few diamonds in the world ex- 
ceed it in size. It is of a light yellow 
hue, and is set as a star with eight points 
and a fleur de lys above. This superb 
stone, with the Dudley and Twin dia- 
monds, have all been discovered in the 
Cape since 1870. 

Steyne {Marquis of), earl of Gaunt 

and of Gaunt Castle, a viscount, baron, 
knight of the Garter and of numerous 
other orders, colonel, trustee of the 
British Museum, elder brother of the 
Trinity House, governor of White Friars, 
etc., had honours and titles enough to 
make him a great man ; but his life was 
not a highly moral one, and his conduct 
with Becky Sharp, when she was the wife 
of colonel Rawdon Crawley, gave rise to 
a great scandal. His lordship floated 
through the ill report, but Mrs. Rawdon 



I045 



STIMULANTS, ETC 



was obliged to live abroad.— Thackeray: 
Vanity Fair (1848). 

Stick to it, says Baigent. Baigent 
was the principal witness for the Claimant 
in the great Tichborne trial, and his 
advice to his protigi was, "Stick to it" 
(1872). 

Stig'gina, a hypocritical, drunken, 
methodist "shepherd " (minister), thought 
by Mrs. Weller to be a saint. His time 
was spent for the most part in drinking 
pine-apple rum at the Marquis of Granby 
tavern.— Dickens: The Pickwick Papers 
(1836). 

St ill ( Cornelius the) , Cornelius Tacitus. 
(Latin, tacitus, "still.") 

Cornelius the Stylle, in bis firste book of bis yerely 
exploictes, called in Latino AnnaUs.—FardU of 
Facions, iii. 3 (1555). 

Still Waters Run Deep, adapted 
from the French novel, Le Gendre. 

Stimulants used by Public Cha- 
racters. 

1) Bonaparte, snuff. 

2) Braham, bottled porter. 

(3) BULL {Rev. William), the noncon- 
formist, was an inveterate smoker. 

(4) Byron, gin-and-water. 

(5) Catlky {Miss), Unseed tea and 
madeira. 

(6) Cooke (G. P.), everything drink- 
able. 

(7) Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield), cham- 
pagne jelly. 

|8) Emery, cold brandy-and-water. 

(9) Erskine {Lord), opium in large 
doses. 

(10) Gladstone {W. E.), an egg 
beaten up in sherry. 

(11) Henderson, gum arabic and 
sherry. 

(12) Hobbes, only cold water. 
[3) Incledon, madeira. 

(14) Jordan {Mrs.), calves'-foot jelly 
dissolved in warm sherry. 

(15) Kean {Edmund), beef-tea, cold 
brandy. 

[16J Kemble {John), opium. 
[7) Lewis, mulled wine and oysters. 
(18) Newton smoked incessantly. 
{19} Ox herry, strong tea. 

(20) Pope, strong coffee. 

(21) Schiller required to sit over a 
table deeply impregnated with the smell 
of apples. He stimulated his brain with 
coffee and champagne. 

(22) Siddons (Mrs.), porter, not 
" stout." 



STINKOMALEE. 1045 

(23) Smith (William) drank strong 
coffee. 

(24) Wedderburne (the first lord Ash- 
burton) used to place a blister on his 
chest when he had to make a great speech. 
— Dr. Paris: Pharmacologia (1819). 

(25) Wood (Mrs. ) drank draught porter. 

Stinkomalee. So Theodore Hook 
called the London University. The word 
was suggested by "Trincomalee" (in 
Ceylon), a name before the public at the 
time. Hook hated the " University," 
because it admitted students of all de- 
nominations. 

Only look at StinkomaWe and Kind's College. 
Activity, union, craft, indomitable perseverance on the 
one side ; indolence, indecision. Internal distrust and 
jealousies, calf-like simplicity, and cowardice intoler- 
able on the other.— IVilson : Noctes Ambrosiana 
(1822-36). 

Stirrups were unknown to the an- 
cients ; they were used sometimes in the 
fifth century, but were not common till 
the twelfth. 

In the equestrian statue of Marcus 
Aurelius (121-180), now on the Capitoline 
Hill, in Rome, the rider very properly is 
represented without stirrups. 

But the two equestrian statues of 
William III. (one in King William Street, 
London, and the other in College Green, 
Dublin) represented without stirrups can- 
not be defended. For when William III. 
was king (1689-1702), the use of stirrups 
was quite usual. 

Stitch ( Tom), a young tailor, a great 
favourite with the ladies. — The Merry 
History of Tom Stitch (seventeenth cen- 
tury). 

Stock Exchange " Nicknames." 

Berwicks, North - Eastern railway 
shares. 

Brums, London and North-Western 
railway shares (the Birmingham line). 

Cohens, the Turkish '69 loan. Floated 
by the firm of that name. 

Dogs, Newfoundland telegraph shares. 
(Newfoundland dogs.) 

Dovers, South-Eastern railway shares. 
(The line runs to Dover.) 

Floaters, exchequer bills and other 
unfunded stock. 

Fourteen Hundred, a stranger who 
has intruded into the Stock Exchange. 
This term was used in Defoe's time. 

Lame Duck (A), a member of the 
Stock Exchange who fails in his obliga- 
tions. 

Leeds, Lancashire and Yorkshire rail- 
way shares. 



STOLEN KISSES. 



Morgans, the French 6 per cents. 
Floated by that firm. 

Muttons, the Turkish '65 loan. (Partly 
secured by the sheep-tax.) 

Pots, North Staffordshire railway 
shares. (The potteries. ) 

Singapores (3 syl.), British Indian 
Extension telegraph shares. 

Smelts, English and Australian copper 
shares. 

Stag, one who applies for an allotment 
of shares, and cuts off if they do not rise 
in price before they are awarded. 

Yorks, the Great Northern railway 
shares. 

Stock Pieces, used in university and 
law examinations. (See Tips.) 

Stocks' Market. So called from a 
pair of stocks which at one time stood 
there. Gardeners used to occupy all but 
the north and south-west part. The 
flower called the "stock" received its 
name from being sold there. The mar- 
ket was removed to Farringdon Street 
in 1737, and was then called "Fleet 
Market." 

Where is there such a garden in Europe as tb« 
Stocks' Market ? Where such a river as the Thames I 

Where such ponds and decoys as in Leadenhall Market 
for your fish and fowl 1 — Shad-well : Bury Fair (1689). 

Stockwell (Mr.), a City merchant, 
who promised to give his daughter Nancy 
in marriage to the son of sir Harry Har- 
lowe of Dorsetshire. 

Mrs. Stockwell, the merchant's wife, 
who always veers round to the last 
speaker, and can be persuaded to any- 
thing for the time being. 

Nancy Stockwell, daughter of the mer- 
chant, in love with Belford, but promised 
in marriage to sir Harry Harlowe's son. 
It so happens that sir Harry's son has 
privately married another lady, and Nancy 
falls to the man of her choice. — Garrick: 
Neck or Nothing (1766). 

Stolen Kisses, a drama by Paul 
Meritt, in three acts (1877). Felix Free- 
mantle, under the pseudonym of Mr. Joy, 
falls in love with Cherry, daughter of 
Tom Spirit once valet to Mr. Freemantle 
(who had come to the title of viscount 
Trangmar). When Tom Spirit ascer- 
tained that "Felix Joy" was the son of 
the viscount, he forbade all further in- 
tercourse, unless Felix produced his 
father's consent to the marriage. The 
next part of the plot pertains to the 
brother of Tom Spirit, who had assumed 
the name of Walter Temple, and, as a 



STONE OF LODA. 



1047 STORM-AND-STRAIN PERIOD. 



Stock-broker, had become very wealthy. 
In his prosperity, Walter scornfully 
ignored his brother Tom, and his ambi- 
tion was to marry his daughter Jenny to 
the son of viscount Tragmar, who owed 
him money. Thus the two cousins, 
Cherry and Jenny, came into collision ; 
but at the end Jenny married Fred Gay 
a medical student, Cherry married Felix, 
the two brothers were reconciled, and 
Tom released his old master, viscount 
Trangmar, by destroying the bond which 
Walter held and gave him. 

Stone of Loda, a place of worship 
amongst the ancient Gaels. — Ossian : 
Temora, v. 

Stonehenge. Aurelius Ambrosius 
asked Merlin what memento he could 
raise to commemorate his victory over 
Vortigern ; and Merlin advised him to 
remove "The Giant's Dance" from 
mount Killaraus, in Ireland, to Salisbury 
Plain. So Aurelius placed a fleet and 
15,000 men under the charge of Uther the 
pen dragon and Merlin for the purpose. 
Gilloman king of Ireland, who opposed 
the invaders, was routed, and then Merlin, 
"by his art," shipped the stones, and set 
them up on the plain " in the same 
manner as they stood on Killaraus." — 
Geoffrey: British History, viii. 10-12 
(1142). 

How Merlin, by his skill and magic's wondrous might. 
From Ireland hither brought the Sonendge in a night. 

Drayton : Polyoibion. iv. (1613). 
Stonehenge, once thought a temple, you haTe found 
A throne, where kings, our earthly gods, were crowned. 
Drydtn : HpistUs, ii. 

Stonehenge a Trophy. It is said, in the 
Welsh triads, that this circle of stones 
was erected by the Britons to commemo- 
rate the " treachery of the Long-Knives," 
i.e. a conference to which the chief of the 
British warriors were invited by Hengist 
at Ambresbury. Beside each chief a 
Saxon was seated, armed with a long 
knife, and at a given signal each Saxon 
slew his Briton. As many as 460 British 
nobles thus fell, but Eldol earl of Glouces- 
ter, after slaying seventy Saxons (some 
say 660), made his escape. — Welsh 
Triads. (See Geoffrey's British History, 
bk. vi. 15.) 

V Geoffrey says the signal of the on- 
set was the utterance of the words Nemet 
oure Saxas, and that the number of the 
6lain was 460. — Bk. vi. 15. 

Stonehenge was erected by Merlin, at the command 
of Ambrosius, in memory of the plot of the " Long- 
Knives," when 300 British chiefs were treat.: 
massacred by Vortigern. He built it on the site of a 
former circle. It deviates from older bardic circles, as 



may be seen by comparing it with Avebury, Stanton- 
Drew, Keswick, etc It is called " The Work o< 
Ambrosius."— Cambrian Biography, art. " Merddia.' 

IT Mont Dieu, a solitary mound close 
to Dumfermline, owes its origin, accord- 
ing to story, to some unfortunate monks, 
who, by way of penance, carried the 
sand in baskets from the sea-shore at 
Inverness. 

IT At Linton is a fine conical hill attri- 
buted to two sisters (nuns), who were 
compelled to pass the whole of the sand 
through a sieve, by way of penance, to 
obtain pardon for some crime committed 
by their brother. 

IT The Gog Magog Hills, near Cam- 
bridge, are ascribed to his Satanic 
majesty. 

Stonewall Jackson, Thomas Jeffer- 
son Jackson, general in the southern 
army in the great civil war of the North 
American States. General Bee suggested 
the name in the battle of Bull Run (1861). 
" There is Jackson," said he to his men, 
"standing like a stone wall" (1826-1863). 

Stork {King), a tyrant, who (accord- 
ing to Homer) is a "devourer of his 
people," and makes them submissive 
through fear. The allusion, of course, is 
to the fable of the Frogs asking for a 
King. Jupiter first sent them a log of 
wood, which they despised, so he next 
sent them a stork, which devoured them. 
(Read 1 Sam. viii.) 

Storm ( The Great) occurred Novem- 
ber 26-7, 1703. This storm supplied 
Addison with his celebrated simile of the 
angel — 

So when am angel by divine command, 
With rising tempests shakes a guilty land. 
Such as of late o'er pale Britannia past. 
Calm and serene he drives the furious blast; 
And, pleased th' Almighty's orders to perform. 
Rides on the tempest and directs the storm. 

The Campaign (170s). 

Storm-and-Strain Period. The 

last quarter of the eighteenth century was 
called in Germany the Sturm-und-Drang 
Zeit, because every one seemed in a fever 
to shake off the shackles of government, 
custom, prestige, and religion. The poets 
raved in volcanic rant or sentimental 
moonshine ; marriage was disregarded ; 
law, both civil and divine, was pooh- 
poohed. Goethe's Man with the Iron 
Hand and Sorrows of Wert her — Schiller's 
Robbers — Klinger's tragedies — I^essing's 
criticisms — the mania for Shakespeare 
and Ossian — revolutionized the literature; 
and the cry went forth for untrammelled 
freedom, which was nicknamed "Nature." 
As well go unclad, and call it nature. 



STORMS. 1048 

Storms ( Cafe of). The Cape of Good 
Hope was called by Bartholomew Diaz 
Cabo Tormentoso in i486 ; but king John 
II. of Portugal gave it its present more 
auspicious name. 

Stornello Verses, verses in which 
a word or phrase is harped upon, and 
turned about and about, as in the follow- 
ing example : — 

Vive la France 1 wave our banner, the red, white, and 

blue; 
The flag of the loyal the royal, and true. 
Blue and red for our city we wave, and the white 
For our sovereign the people, whose rule is their right. 
Royal white, loyal blue, and forget not the red. 
To show for our freedom well bleed and have bled. 

E. C. B. 

S.T.P., the same as D.D., "divinity 
doctor." The initials of Sancta Theologies 
Professor. 

Strabo of Germany (The), Sebas- 
tian Munster (1489-1552). 

Stradiva'rius {Antonius), born at 
Cremo'na, in Italy (1670-1728). He was 
a pupil of Andreus Amati. The Amati 
family, with Stradivarius and his pupil 
Guarnerius (all of Cremona), were the 
most noted violin-makers that ever lived, 
insomuch that the word "Cremona "is 
synonymous for a first-rate violin. 

The instrument on which he played 
Was in Cremona's workshops made . . * 
The maker from whose hands it came 
Had written his unrivalled name— 
" Antonius Stradivarius." 
Longfellow : The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863). 

Strafford, an historical tragedy by 
R. Browning (1836). This drama con- 
tains portraits of Charles I., the earl of 
Strafford, Hampden, John Pym, sir 
Harry Vane, etc., both truthful and 
graphic. Of course, the subject of the 
drama is the attainder and execution of 
Wentworth earl of Strafford. 

Straitlace {Dame Philippa), the 
maiden aunt of Blushington. She is 
very much surprised to find her nephew 
entertaining dinner company, and still 
more so that he is about to take a young 
wife to keep house for him instead of 
herself. — Moncrieff: The Bashful Man. 

Stral'enheim {Count of), a kinsman 
of Werner, who hunted him from place 
to place, with a view of cutting him off, 
because he stood between him and the 
inheritance of Siegendorf. This mean, 
plausible, overreaching nobleman was by 
accident lodged under the same roof with 
Werner while on his way to Siegendorf. 
Here Werner robbed him of a rouleau of 
gold, and next night Ulric (Werner's 
son) murdered him. 



STRAP. 



Ida Strmlenkeim, daughter of count 
Stralenheim, betrothed to Ulric, whom 
she dearly loved; but being told by 
Ulric that he was the assassin of her 
father, she fell senseless, and Ulric de- 
parted, never to return. — Byron : Werner 
(1822). 

The accent of this name is given by 
Byron sometimes on the first and some- 
times on the second syllable — 

Stralen'heim, aitho' noble, is unheeded 

Act HI. 4. 
The daughter of dead Stral'enheim, your foe. 

Act iv. 1. 

Strange Story [A), a novel by lord 
Lytton (1862). Its object is to show that 
man and nature too require to be set off 
by the supernatural. 

Stranger ( The), the countWaldbourg. 
He married Adelaide at the age of 16 ; 
she had two children by him, and then 
eloped. The count, deserted by his 
young wife, lived a roving life, known 
only as ' ' The Stranger ; " and his wife, 
repenting of her folly, under the assumed 
name of Mrs. Haller, entered the service 
of the countess Wintersen, whose affec- 
tion she secured. In three years' time, 
" the stranger " came"by accident into the 
same neighbourhood, and a reconciliation 
took place. 

His servant Francis says he Is " a good master, though 
one almost loses the use of speech by living with him. 
A man kind and dear, though I cannot understand him. 
He rails against the whole world, and yet no beggar 
leaves his door unsatisfied. I have now lived three 
years with him, and yet I know not who he is. A hater 
of society, no doubt . . . [with] misanthropy in the 
head, not in the heart. "—2?. Thompson : The Stranger, 
L x (1797). 

(This drama is altered from Kotzebue. ) 
••.' Mrs. R. Trench says of John P. 
Kemble (1757-1823) — 

I always saw him with pain descend to "The 
Stranger. ' It was like the genius in the Arabian tale 
going into the vase. First, it seemed so unlikely he 
thou Id meet with such an affront, and this injured the 
probability of the piece ; and next, " The Stranger " is 
really never dignified, and one is always in pain for 
him, poor gentleman 1 — Remains (1833). 

Strangford {Percy Clinton Sydney 
Smythe, viscount), in 1803, published a 
translation of the poems of Camoens, 
the great Portuguese poet. 

Hibernian Strangford . . . 
Thinkst thou to gain thy verse a higher place 
By dressing Camoens in a suit of lace? 
Cease to deceive ; thy pilfered harp restore. 
Nor teach the Lusian bard to copy Moore. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1800). 

Strap {Hugh), a simple, generous, 
and disinterested adherent of Roderick 
Random. His generosity and fidelity, 
however, meet with but a base return 
from the heartless libertine. — Smollett: 
Roderick Random (1748). 



STRASBOURG CATHEDRAL. 1049 STRONG MEN AND WOMEN. 



We believe there are few readers who are not 
disgusted with the miserable reward assigned to Strap 
in the closing chapter of the novel. Five hundred 
pounds (scarce the value of the goods he had presented 
to his master) and the hand of a reclaimed street -walker, 
even when added to a Highland farm, seem but a poor 
recompense for his faithful and disinterested attach- 
ment.— Sir IV. Scott. 

Strasbourg Cathedral, designed 
by Erwin von Steinbach (1015-1439). 

Stranchan {Old), the "squire of sir 
Kenneth.— Sir W. Scott: The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Strawberry Leaves [To win the), 

to be created a duke. 

Strawberry Preacher (^4), a 
"Jerusalem pony," a temporary help, 
who wanders from pulpit to pulpit, to 
preach for some society, to aid some 
absent or invalided minister, or to advo- 
cate some charity. The term was first 
used by Latimer, and the phrase means 
a " stray ing-preacher." (Anglo-Saxon, 
streowan, " to stray ; " hence, strawberry, 
streow-berie, " the straying berry-plant.") 

Streets of London ( The), a drama 
by Dion Boucicault (1862), adapted from 
the French play Les Pauvres des Paris. 

Stre'mon, a soldier, famous for his 
singing. — Beaumont (?) and Fletcher: The 
Mad Lover (1617). 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Strephon, the shepherd in sir Philip 
Sidney's Arcadia, who makes love to the 
beautiful Urania (1580). It is a stock 
name for a lover, Cloe being usually the 
corresponding lady. 

Captain O'Flarty was one of my dying Strephons at 
Scarborough. I have a very grate regard for him, and 
must make him a little miserable with my happiness.— 
Garrick: The Irish Widow, u 3 (1757). 

The servant of your Strephon - . is my lord and 
master. — Garrick : Miss in Her Teens (1753). 

Stretton (Hesba), the pseudonym of 
Miss Smith, daughter of a bookseller and 
printer in Wellington, Salop. ; authoress 
of several well-known religious novels. 

Strickalthrow (Merciful), in Crom- 
well's troop. — Sir W. Scott: Woodstock 
(time, Commonwealth). 

Strictland (Mr.), the "suspicious 
husband ; " who suspects Clarinda, a 
young lady visitor, of corrupting his 
wife ; suspects Jacintha, his ward, of 
lightness; and suspects his wife of in- 
fidelity ; but all his suspicions being 
proved groundless, he promises reform. 

Mrs. Strictland, wife of Mr. Strictland, 
a model of discretion and good nature. 
She not only gives no cause of jealousy 



to her husband, but never even resents his 
suspicions or returns his ill temper in the 
same coin.— Dr. Hoadly : The Suspicious 
Husband (1747). 

Strike, Dakyns ! the Devil's in 

the Hempe, the motto of the Dakynses. 
The reference is to an enemy of the king, 
who had taken refuge in a pile of hemp. 
Dakyns, having nosed the traitor, was 
exhorted to strike him with his battle-axe 
and kill him, which he did. Hence the 
crest of the family — a dexter arm • . . 
holding a battle-axe. 

Striking 1 the Shield, a call to 

battle among the ancient Gaels. 

" Strike th» sounding shield of Semo. It hangs at 

Tura's rustling gate. The sound of peace is not its 
voice 1 My heroes shall hear and obey." He went. 
He struck the bossy shield. The hills, the rocks reply. 
The sound spreads along the wood : deer start by 
the lake of roes. ... "It is the shield of war," said 
Ronnart,— Ossian : Fingal, L 

Strom'boli, called " The Great Light- 
house of the Mediterranean" from its 
volcano, which is in a constant blaze. 

Strong* (Dr. ), a benevolent old school- 
master, to whom David Copperfield was 
sent whilst living with Mr. V\ ickfield. 
The old doctor doted on his young wife 
Annie, and supported her scapegrace 
cousin Jack Maldon. — Dickens: David 
Copperfield (1849). 

Strong* Men and Women. 

Antaeos, Atlas, Dorsan£s the Indian 
Hercules, Guy earl of Warwick, Hercules, 
Maceris son of Amon, Rustam the Persian 
Hercules, Samson, Starchaterus the 
Swede (first Christian century). 

Brown (Miss Phcebe), about five feet 
six inches in height, well-proportioned, 
round-faced, and ruddy. She could carry 
fourteen score, and could lift a hundred- 
weight with each hand at the same time. 
She was fond of poetry and music, and 
her chief food was milk. — W. Hutton. 

Milo of Crotona could carry on his 
shoulders a four-year-old bullock, and 
kill it with a single blow of his fist. On 
one occasion, the pillar which supported 
thj roof of a house gave way, and Milo 
held up the whole weight of the building 
with his hands. 

Polyd'amas, the athlete. He killed a 
lion with a blow of his fist, and could 
stop a chariot in full career with one 
hand. 

ToPHAM ( Thomas) of London (1710- 
X749). He could lift three hogsheads or 
1836 lbs. ; could heave a horse over a 



STRONGBACK. 1050 

turnpike gate; and could lift two hun- 
dredweight with his little finger. 

Strongfback, one of the seven at- 
tendants of Fortunio. He could never 
be overweighted, and could fell a forest in 
a few hours without fatigue. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales (" Fortunio," 
1682). 

(The brothers Grimm have introduced 
the tale of " Fortunio " in their Goblins.) 

Strongfbow, Gilbert de Clare, who 
succeeded to the title of his brother, the 
earl of Hertford, in 1138, and was created 
earl of Pembroke (died 1149). 

(Henry II. called him a "false" or 
••pseudo-earL") 

Strongbow (Richard of Strigal) was 
Richard de Clare earl of Pembroke, son 
of Gilbert de Clare. He succeeded Der- 
mot king of Leinster, his father-in-law, in 
1 170, and died 1176. 

The earl of Strigale then, our Strongbow, first that won 
Wild Ireland with the sword. 

Drayton: Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 

Struldbrugs, the inhabitants of 
Luggnagg, who never die. 

He had reached that period of life . . . which . . . 
entitles a man to admission into the ancient order of 
Struldbrugs — Swift: Gulliver 's Travels (*' Lapuu," 
1726). 

Strutt (Lord), the king of Spain; 
originally Charles II. (who died without 
issue) ; but also applied to his successor 
Philippe due d' Anson, called "Philip 
lord Strutt." 

I need not tell you of the great quarrels that happened 
in our neighbourhood since the death of the late lord 
Strutt ; how the parson [cardinal Portocarero] . ._ . 
got him to settle his estate upon his cousin Philip 
Baboon [Bourbon], to the great disappointment of his 
cousin squire South [Charles 0/ Austria], — Dr. 
Arbuthnot: History of John Bull, i. (1712). 

Stry ver (Bully), of the King's Bench 
Bar, counsel for the defence in Darnay's 
trial. 

He was stout, loud, red, bluff, and free from any 
drawback of delicacy ; had a pushing way of shoulder- 
ing himself (morally and physically) into companies and 
conversations, that argued well for his shouldering his 
way on in life. — Dickens : A Tale of Two Cities, ii. 34 
(1859). 

Stuart Ill-Fated ( The House of), as 
that of CEdtpos. 

(1) James I. of Scotland, poet, mur- 
dered by conspirators at Perth, in the 
forty-fourth year of his age (1393, 1424- 

1437). 

(2) James II., his son, killed at the 
siege of Roxburgh, aged 30 (1430, 1437- 
1460). 



STUART ILL-FATED. 

(3) James III., his son, was stabbed in 
his flight from Bannockburn by a pre* 
tended priest, aged 36 (1452, 1460-1488). 

(His brother, the earl of Mar, was im- 
prisoned in 1477, and died in durance, 
1480. ) 

(4) James IV., his son, the " Chivalrous 
Madman," was defeated and slain at 
Flodden, aged 41 (1472, 1488-1513). 

(5) James V., his son, was defeated at 
Solway Moss, November 25, and died of 
grief, December 14, aged 30 (1512, 1513- 
1542). 

(6) Mary queen of Scots, daughter 
of James V., was beheaded, aged 44 
years 63 days (1542, 1542-1587, Old 
Style). 

(Her husband, Henry Stuart lord 
Darnley, was murdered (1541-1566). 
Her niece, Arabella Stuart, died insane 
in the Tower, 1575-1615.) 

(7) James I. of England and VI. of 
Scotland. His mother, Mary queen of 
Scots, was beheaded ; his eldest son died 
young ; Charles I. was beheaded ; Eliza- 
beth, who married the prince palatine, 
had her full share of misfortunes; and 
his grandson was James II. and his ill- 
starred race. 

(8) Charles I. his son, was beheaded, 
aged 48 years 69 days (1600, 1625- 
1649). 

(9) Charles II., his son, was in exile 
from 1645 to 1661. In 1665 occurred the 
Great Plague, and in 1666 the Great Fire 
of London. He died aged 54 years 253 
days (1630, 1661-1685). 

(His favourite child, a natural son, 
defeated at Sedgemoor, July 5, was 
executed as a traitor, July 15, aged 46, 
1649-1685.) 

(10) James II., brother of Charles, and 
son of Charles I. , was obliged to abdicate 
to save his life, and died in exile (1633, 
reigned 1685-1688). James II. died a 
pensioner of Louis XIV, (1701). 

(n) James Fkancis Edward "the 
Luckless," his son, called the "Old Pre- 
tender," was a mere cipher. His son 
Charles came to England to proclaim 
him king, but was defeated at Culloden, 
leaving 3000 dead on the field (1688- 
1765). 

(12) Charles Edward, the "Young 
Pretender," was son of the "Old Pre- 
tender." After the defeat at Culloden he 
fled to France, was banished from that 
kingdom, and died at Rome a drunken 
dotard (1720-1788). 

(13) Henry Benedict, cardinal York, 



STUARTS' FATAL NUMBER. 1051 



STUTLY. 



the last of the race, was a pensioner of 
George III. 

The Mary Stuart of Italy, Jane h of 
Naples (1327, 1343-1382). 

Jane married her cousin Andre 1 of 
Hungary, who was assassinated two 
years after his marriage, when the widow 
married the assassin. So Mary Stuart 
married her cousin lord Darnley, 1565, 
who was murdered 1567, and the widow 
married Bothwell, the assassin. 

Jane fled to Provence, 1347, and was 
strangled in 1382. So Mary Stuart fled 
to England in 1568, and was put to death 
in 1587 (Old Style). 

Jane, like Mary, was remarkable for 
her great beauty, her brilliant court, her 
voluptuousness, and the men of genius 
she drew around her ; but Jane, like 
Mary, was also noted for her deplorable 
administration. 

(La Harpe wrote a tragedy called 
Jeanne de Naples (1765}. Schiller has 
an adaptation of it, 1821.) 

Stuarts' Fatal Number {The). 
This number is 88. 

(1) James III. was killed in flight near 
Bannockburn, 1488. 

(2) Mary Stuart was beheaded 1588 
(New Style). 

(3) James II. of England was dethroned 
1688. 

(4) Charles Edward died 1788. 
(James Stuart, the "Old Pretender," 

was born 1688, the very year that his 
father abdicated.) 

(5) James Stuart, the famous architect, 
died 1788. 

(Some affirm that Robert II., the first 
Stuart king, died 1388, the year of the 
great battle of Otterburn ; but the death 
of this king is more usually fixed in the 
spring of 1390.) 

Stubble {Reuben), bailiff to Farmer 
Cornflower, rough in manner, severe in 
discipline, a stickler for duty, "a plain, 
upright, and downright man," true to his 
master and to himself. — Dibdin : The 
Farmer s Wife (1780). 

Stubbs, the beadle at Willingham. 
The Rev. Mr. Staunton was the rector. — 
Sir W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Stubbs {Miss Sissly or Cecilia), 
daughter of squire Stubbs, one of 
Waverley's neigh hours. — Sir W. Scott : 
Waverley (time, George II.). 

Stuffy {Matthew), an applicant to 



Velinspeck, a country manager, for a 
situation as prompter, for which he says 
he is peculiarly qualified by that affec- 
tion of the eyes vulgarly called a squint, 
wh ch enables him to keep one eye on the 
performers and the other on the book at 
the same time. — C. Mathews: At Home 
(1818). 

Stuffy Is one of the richest bits of humour we ever 
witnessed. His endless eulogies upon the state of 
things in the immortal Garrick's time are highly 
ludicrous.— Contemporary Pafer. 

Stukely (2 syl. ), a destestable man. 
" 'Twould be as easy to make him honest 
as brave " (act i. 2). He pretends to be the 
friend of Beverley, but cheats him. He 
aspires to the hand of Miss Beverley, who 
is in love with Lewson. — E. Moore: The 
Gamester (1753). 

Stukely (Wilt), the companion of 
Little John. In the morris-dance on 
May-day, Little John used to occupy the 
right hand side of Robin Hood, and Will 
Stukely the left (See Stutly. ) 

Stukely {Captain Harry), nephew of 
sir Gilbert Pumpkin of Strawberry Hall. 
—Jackman : All the Worlds a Stage. 

Stupid Boys. St. Thomas Aquinas ; 
also called at school "The Dumb Ox" 
(1224-1274). Manlius Torquatus. 

Manlius Torquatus, l'un des plus grands capltalnea 
de Rome, paraisait, dans sa jeunesse, imbecille «t 
stupide.— Dictionnairt Histerique (1819). 

Walter Scott was a dull school-boy; 
so was lord Byron, and many other first- 
class men. 

Sturgeon {Major), J. P., "the fish- 
monger from Brentford," who turned 
volunteer. This bragging major makes 
love to Mrs. Jerry Sneak. — Foote : The 
Mayor of Garratl (1763). 

We had some desperate duty, sir Jacob . . . such 
marchings and counter-marchings, from Brentford to 
Ealing, from Ealing to Acton, from Acton to Uxbridge. 
Why, there was our last expedition to Hounslow ; that 
day s work carried off major Molossas. . . . But to 
proceed. On we marched, the men all in high spirits, 
to attack the gibbet where Gardel is hanging ; but, 
turning down a narrow lane to the left, as it might be 
ali jut there, in order to possess a pigstye, that we 
might take the gallows in flank, and secure a retreat, 
who should come by but a drove of fat oxen for .Smith- 
field T The drums beat in front, the dogs barked in the 
rear, the oxen set up a gallop ; on they came, thunder- 
ing upon us. broke through our ranks in an instant, 
and threw the whole corps into confusion. — Act i. 1. 

Stui-mthal {Melchoir), the banneret 
of Berne, one of the Swiss deputies. — Sir 
W. Scott : Anne of Geier stein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Stutly ( Will), sometimes called Will 
Stukely, a companion of Little John. In 
the morris-dance on May-day, Little John 



STYLES. 



1052 



SUCH THINGS ARE. 



occupied the right hand side of Robin 
Hood, and Will Stutly the left. His 
rescue from the sheriff of Nottingham by 
Robin Hood, forms the subject of one of 
the Robin Hood ballads. 

When Robin Hood in the greenwood lived. 

Under the greenwood tree, 
Tidings there came to him with speed. 

Tidings for certaintie, 
That Will Stutly surprized was, 

And eke in prison lay ; 
Three varlets that the sheriff hired. 

Did likely him betray. 
Robin Hood's Rescuing Will Stutly, It. xj. 

Styles ( Tom or John) or Tom 0' Styles, 
a phrase name at one time used by lawyers 
in actions of ejectment. Jack Noakes 
and Tom Styles used to act in law the 
part that N or M acts in the church. The 
legal fiction has been abolished. 

I have no connection-with the company further than 
giving them, for a certain fee and reward, my poor 
opinion as a medical man, precisely as I may give it to 
Jack Noakes or Tom Styles.— Dickens. 

(Tom Styles, Jack Noakes, John Doe, 
and Richard Roe are all Mrs. Harrises of 
the legal profession, nomina et praterea 
nihil.) 

Styx, one of the five rivers of hell. 
The others are Ach'eron ("the river of 
grief"), Cocytus ("the river of wailing'" 
Phleg'ethon ("the river of liquid fire' 
and Le'the" ("the river of oblivion' 
Styx means " the river of hate." (Greek, 
stugeo, " I hate.") 

Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate; 
Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black and deep; 
, Cocytus, named of lamentation loud, 
Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon, 
Whose waves of torrent fire inflame with rage. 
Far off from these, a slow and silent stream, 
Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, ii. 577, etc. (1665). 

N.B. — Dante 1 places the rivers in differ- 
ent circles of the Inferno ; thus, he makes 
the Acheron divide the border-land from 
limbo. The former realm is for the 
" praiseless and the blameless dead ; " 
limbo is for the unbaptized. He places 
the Stygian Lake of "inky hue" in the 
fifth circle, the realm of those who put no 
restraint on their anger. The fire-stream 
of Phlegethon he fixes to the eighth steep, 
the "hell of burning, where it snows 
flakes of fire," and where blasphemers 
are confined. He places " the frozen 
river " of Cocytus in the tenth pit of 
Malebolg£, a region of thick-ribbed ice, 
the lowest depth of hell, where Judas and 
Lucifer are imprisoned. Leth£, he says, 
is no river of hell at all ; but it is the one 
wish of all the infernals to get to it, that 
they may drink its water and forget their 
torments; being, however, in " Purga- 



01 

1 



tory," they can never get near it. — TJU 

Divine Comedy ( 1 300-1 1). 

Sublime and Beautiful (An In- 
quiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the), 
by Burke (1757). 

Subtle, the " alchemist," an artful 
quack, who pretends to be on the eve of 
discovering the philosopher's stone. Sir 
Epicure Mammon, a rich knight, is his 
principal dupe, but by no means his only 
one. — Ben Jonson : The Alchemist (1610). 

Subtle, an Englishman settled in 
Paris. He earns a living by the follies of 
his countrymen who visit the gay capital. 

Mrs. Subtle, wife of Mr. Subtle, and a 
help-meet for him. — Foote : The English- 
man in Paris (1753). 

Subtle Doctor (The), Duns Scotus, 
famous for his metaphysical speculations 
in theology (1265-1308). 

(This must not be confounded with 
John Duns Scotus, called Erigena, who 
died 873.) 

Suburra. So-and-so is the Suburra 

of London, the most disreputable quarter, 
being the chief haunt of the "demi- 
monde." The Suburra of Rome was a 
district "ubi meretricum erant domi- 
cilia." 



Senem (quod omnes rideant) : 

Latrent Suburanae canes 
Nardo perunctum. 

Horace : Epode, r, 

Subvolvans, inhabitants of the moon, 
in everlasting strife with the Privolvans. 
The former live under ground in cavities, 
"eight miles deep and eighty round ; " the 
latter on " the upper ground." Every sum- 
mer the under-ground lunatics come to the 
surface to attack the "grounders," but at 
the approach of winter, slink back again 
into their holes. — S. Butler: The Elephant 
in the Moon (1754). 

Success. Corcud's ring ensured suc- 
cess. (See Ring, p. 916.) 

Such Thing's Are, a comedy by 
Mrs. Inchbald (1786). The scene lies in 
India, and the object of the play is to 
represent the tyranny of the old regime, 
and the good influence of the British 
element, represented by Haswell the 
royal physician. The main feature is an 
introduction to the dungeons, and the in- 
famous neglect of the prisoners, amongst 
whom is Arabella, the sultan's beloved 
English wife, whom he has been search* 
ing for unsuccessfully for fifteen years. 
Huswell receives the royal signet, and is 



SUCKFIST. 



1053 



SULLEN. 



entrusted with unlimited power by the 
sultan. 

Snckfist (Lord), defendant in the 
great Pantagruelian lawsuit, known as 
"lord Busqueue v. lord Suckfist," in 
which the plaintiff and defendant pleaded 
in person. After hearing the case, the 
bench declared, " We have not under- 
stood one single circumstance of the 
matter on either side." But Pantagruel 
gave judgment, and as both plaintiff and 
defendant left the court fully persuaded 
that the verdict was in his own favour, 
they were both highly satisfied, " a thing 
without parallel in the annals of the law." 
—Rabelais: Pantagruel, ii. ix-i3(i533). 

Suddlechop [Benjamin), "the most 
renowned barber in all Fleet Street" A 
thin, half-starved creature. 

Dame Ursula Suddlechop, the barber's 
wife. " She could contrive interviews for 
lovers, and relieve frail fair ones of the 
burden of a guilty passion." She had 
been a pupil of Mrs. Turner, and learnt 
of her the secret of making yellow starch, 
and two or three other prescriptions more 
lucrative still. The dame was scarcely 
40 years of age, of full form and comely 
features, with a joyous, good-humoured 
expression. 

Dame Ursula had acquaintances . . . among the 
quality, and maintained her intercourse . . . partly by 
driving a trade in perfumes, essences, pomades, head- 
gears from France, not to mention drugs of various 
descriptions, chiefly for the use of ladies, and partly by 
other services more or less connected with the esoteric 
branches of her profession.— Sir W. Scott: Fortunes 
0/ Nigel, viiL (time, James I.). 

Suds (Mrs.), any washerwoman or 
laundress. 

Suerpo Santo, called St. Elmo, 
Castor and Pollux, St. Hermes ; a cor- 
posant or electric light occasionally seen 
on a ship's mast before or after a storm. 

I do remember . . . there came upon the toppe of 
our maine-yarde and maine-maste a certaine little light 
. . . which the Spaniards call the Suerpo Santo. . . . 
This light continued aboord our ship about three 
houres, flying from maste to maste, and from top to 
to\>.—Hackluyt : Voyages (1598). 

Suffusion, that dimness of sight which 
precedes a cataract. It was once thought 
that a cataract was a thin film growing 
externally over the eye and veiling the 
sight ; but it is now known that the seat 
of the disease is the crystalline humour 
(between the outer coat of the eye and the 
vitreous humour). Couching for this 
disease is performed with a needle, which 
is passed through the external coat, and 
driven into the crystalline humour. (See 
Drop Serene, p. 301.) 



So thick a " drop serene " hath quenched their orbs, 
Or dim "suffusion " veiled. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, ilL as (1665). 

Suicides from Books. 

(1) Cleom'brotos, the Academic philo- 
sopher, killed himself after reading Plato's 
Phcedon, that he might enjoy the happiness 
of the future life so enchantingly described. 

(2) Fraulein von Lassberg drowned 
herself in spleen, after reading Goethe's 
Sorrows of Werther. 

Suleyman. (See Genii, p. 412.) 
Sulin-Sif ad'da, one of the two steeds 

of Cuthullin general of the Irish tribes. 

The name of the other was Dusronnal. 

Before the right side of the car is seen the snorting 
horse ; the high-maned, broad-breasted, proud, wide- 
leaping, strong steed of the hill. Loud and resounding 
is his hoof; the spreading of his mane above is like a 
stream of smoke on a ridge of rocks. Bright are the 
sides of his steed. His name is Sulin-Sifadda.— Ossian: 
Fingal, i. 

Dusronnal snorted overthe bodies of heroes. Slfadda 
bathed his hoof in blood.— Ditto. 

Sulky (Mr. ), executor of Mr. Warren, 
and partner in Dornton's bank. With a 
sulky, grumpy exterior, he has a kind 
heart, and is strictly honest. When 
Dornton is brought to the brink of 
ruin by his son's extravagance, Sulky 
comes nobly forward to the rescue. (See 
Silky, p, ioo7.)~Bolcroft; The Road to 
Ruin (1792). 

And oh 1 for monopoly. What a blest day. 

When the lank and the silk shall, in fond combination 
(Like Sulky and Silky, that pair in the play), 
Cry out with one voice for "high rents'* and 
''starvation " I 

Moore : Ode to the Goddess Ceres (1806). 

Sullen (Squire), son of lady Bountiful 
by her first husband. He married the 
sister of sir Charles Freeman, but after 
fourteen months their tempers and dis- 
positions were found so incompatible that 
they mutually agreed to a divorce. 

He says little, thinks less, and does nothing at all. 
Faith I but he's a man of great estate, and values no- 
body.— Act i. L 

Parson Trulliber, sir Wilful Witwould, sir Francis 
Wronghe ad, squire Western, squire Sullen, — such were 
the people who composed the main strength of the 
tory party for sixty years after the Revolution.— 
Macaulay. 

(" Parson Trulliber," in Joseph Andrews 
(by Fielding) ; "sir Wilful Witwould," in 
The Way of the World (Congreve) ; "sir 
Francis Wronghead," in The Provoked 
Husband (by Gibber) ; " squire Western," 
in Tom Jones (by Fielding).) 

Mrs. Sullen, sister of sir Charles Free- 
man, and wife of squire Sullen. They 
had been married fourteen months when 
they agreed mutually to a separation, for 
in no one single point was there any com- 
patibility between them. The squire was 



SUL-MALLA, 



xo$4 



SUMPNOR'S TALE. 



Sullen, the lady sprightly ; be could not 
drink tea with her, and she could not 
drink ale with him ; he hated ombre and 
picquet, she hated cock-fighting and 
racing; he would not dance, and she 
would not hunt. When squire Sullen 
separated from his wife, he was obliged 
to return the £20,000 which he had 
received with her as a dowry. — Farquhar: 
The Beaux Stratagem (1707). 

Sul-Malla, daughter of Conmor king 
of Inis-Huna and his wife Clun-galo. 
Disguised as a warrior, Sul-Malla follows 
Cathmor to the war ; but Cathmor, walk- 
ing his rounds, discovers Sul-Malla asleep, 
falls in love with her, but exclaims, 
"This is no time for love." He strikes 
his shield to rouse the host to battle, and 
is slain by FingaL The sequel of Sul- 
Malla is not given. 

Clun-galo came ; she missed the maid. "Where art 
thou, beam of light ? Hunters from the mossy rock, saw 
you the blue-eyed fair T Are her steps en grassy Lumon; 
near the bed of roses t Ah, me I I behold her bow in 
the hall. Where art thou, beam of light t "—Ossian ; 
Temora, vi. 

(This has been set to music by sir H. 
Bishop.) 

Sultan's Horse {The). According 
to tradition, nothing will grow where the 
sultan's horse treads. 

Byzantians boast that on the clod 
Where once the sultan's horse hath trod. 
Grows neither grass, nor shrub, nor tree. 

Swift< Pethox the Great (1793). 

Summer, one of the poems in Thom- 
son's Seasons (1727). 

Summer "King, Amadeus of Spain. 

Summer of All Saints, the fine 
weather which generally occurs in Oc- 
tober and November ; also called St. 
Martin's Summer {LiU de S. Martin) 
and St. Luke's Summer. 

Then followed that beautiful season, 
Called by the pious Acadian peasants the summer of 
All Saints. 

Longfellow : Evangeline, L a (1849). 

•.'All Saints' Day, November 1 ; St. 
Martin's Day, November 11 ; St. Luke's 
Day, October 18. 

Expect St. Martin's summer, halcyon days. 
Shakespeare : i Henry VI. act \. sc. a (1589). 

All Hallowen Summer is the same as 

"All Saints' Summer." 

Farewell, all Hallowen summer. 
Shakespeare : 1 Henry VI. act i. sc t (1589). 

Summerland, supposed to be the 
Crimea or Constantinople "over the 
Hazy Sea " This is given by Thomas 
Jones of Tregaron as the place from 
which the Britons originally emigrated. 
— T. Jones: The Historical Triads (six- 
teenth century). 



S ummerson [Esther). (See Est h fr 
Hawdon, p. 34X.) 

Summons to Death. 

(1) Jacques Molay, grand-master of 
the Knights Templars, as he was led to 
the stake, summoned the pope (Clement 
V.) within forty days, and the king 
(Philippe IV.) within forty weeks, to ap- 
pear before the throne of God to answer 
for his murder. They both died within 
the stated times. 

(2) Montreal d'Albano, called "Fra 
Moriale," knight of St. John of Jerusa- 
lem, and captain of the Grand Company 
in the fourteenth century, when sentenced 
to death by Rienzi, summoned him to 
follow within the month. Rienzi was 
within the month killed by the fickle 
mob. 

(3) Peter and John de Carvajal, 
being condemned to death on circum- 
stantial evidence alone, appealed, but 
without success, to Ferdinand IV. of 
Spain. On their way to execution, they 
declared their innocence, and summoned 
the king to appear before God within 
thirty days. Ferdinand was quite well 
on the thirtieth day, but was found dead 
in his bed next morning. 

(4) George Wishart, a Scotch re- 
former, was condemned to the stake by 
cardinal Beaton. While the fire was 
blazing about him, the martyr exclaimed 
in a loud voice, " He who from yon high 
place beholdeth me with such pride, shall 
be brought low, even to the ground, be- 
fore the trees which have supplied these 
faggots have shed their leaves." It was 
March when these words were uttered, 
and the cardinal died in June. 

(5) Nanning Koppezoon, after en- 
during the most horrible tortures, was led 
to execution, when Jurian Epeszoon tried 
to drown what he said by praying in a 
very loud voice. Nanning summoned 
Jurian to appear before the judgment-seat 
within three days, and within three days 
he actually did die.— Motley: The Dutch 
Republic, pt. iv. a. 

Sumpnor's Tale ( The), In Chaucer's 

Canterbury Tales. This is rather a satire 
on the interminable begging of the friars. 
The mendicant is bamboozled by Farmer 
Thomas. However, the friar told the 
tale of a certain king who commanded 
his officer to take to execution a man 
charged with murder. On the way they 
encountered the man supposed to be 
murdered, and the officer led back the 



SUN. 



io55 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC. 



accused. The king, instead of dis- 
charging the innocent man, commanded 
all the three to be put to death — the 
officer, for disobeying orders ; the accused, 
because the king had commanded him to 
be executed ; and the man supposed to 
have been murdered, because he was the 
cause of death to the other two. (See 
Piso's Notion of Justice, p. 850.) 

A sumpnor is a packman or pedlar. 

Sun {The). The device of Edward 
III. was the sun bursting through a cloud. 
Hence Edward III. is called "our half- 
faced sun." — Shakespeare: 2 Henry VI. 
act iv. sc. 1 (1592). 

Sun [City of the). Rhodes was so 

called, because Apollo was its tutelar 
deity. On or HeliopSlis, Egypt, was 
a sun-city (Greek, helios foils, "sun 
city "). 

Sun Inn, Westminster. This sign 
was adopted because it was the badge of 
Richard II. The "sun " was the cogni- 
sance of the house of York. 

Now is the winter of our discontent 
Made glorious summer by this sun of York. 
Shakespeare : Richard III. act i. sc x (1597). 

Sun-Steeds. Bronte ("thunder") 
and Amethea ("no loiterer"), y£thon 
("fiery red") and Pyrois ("fire"); 
Lampos ("shining like a lamp"), used 
only at noon; Philogea ("effulgence"), 
used only in the westering course. 

(Phagton ("the shining one") and 
Abraxas (the Greek numeral for 365) 
were the horses of Aurora or the morning 
sun.) 

Sun on Easter Day. It was at 

one time maintained that the sun danced 
on Easter Day. 

But oh I she dances such a way, 
No sun upon an Easter Day 
Is half so fine a si^ht. 
Suckling : The Wedding (died 1641). 
Whose beauty makes the sprightly sun 

To dance, as upon Easter Day. 
Cleveland: The General Eclipse (died 1659). 

Sunday is the day when witches do 
penance. 

Till on a day (that day Is every prim* \_Jirst day}. 
When witches wont cfo penance for their crime. 

Spenser : Fairit ijueent, I. 11. 40 (1590). 

Sunflower (The) is so called simply 
because the flower resembles a picture- 
sun, with its yellow petals like rays round 
its darker disc. Thomas Moore is in 
error when he says it turns towards the 
sun. I have had sunflowers turning to 
every point of the compass, and, after 
narrowly watching them, have seen in 



them no tendency to turn towards the 
sun, or to shift their direction. 

The sunflower turns on her god, when he sets. 
The same look which she turned when he rose. 
Mo»re: Irish Melodies, ii. (" Believe Me, if all those 
Endearing Young Charms," 1814). 

Sun'ith, one of the six Wise Men of 
the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 
He had three holy daughters. — Klop~ 
stock: The Messiah, v. (1771). 

Sunium's Marbled Steep, cape 
Colonna, once crowned with a temple of 

Minerva. 

Here marble columns, long by time defaced. 
Moss-covered, on the lofty cape are placed, 
There reared by fair devotion to sustain 
In older times Tritonia's sacred fan* [temple 4/ 
Minerva}. 

FaU«ner: The Shipwreck, UL 5 (176a). 

Sunshine of St. Eulalie' (3 syl.), 
Evangeline. 

Sunshine of St Eulalie was she called, for that was the 

sunshine 
Which, as the farmers believed, would lead their 
orchards with apples. 

Longfellow : Evangeline, L i (1849). 

Super Grammat leant, Sigismund 
emperor of Germany (1366, 1411-1437). 

At the council of Constance, held 1414, Sigismund 
used the word schisma as a noun of the feminine 
gender (ilia ne/anda schisma). A prig of a cardinal 
corrected him, saying, " ' Schisma,' your highness, is 
neuter gender;" when the kaiser turned on him with 
ineffable scorn, and said, " I am king of the Romans, 
and what is grammar to me T" [Eg* sutn rex Romanut 
[T Romanorum], tt super grammaticam.\—Carlyle: 
Frederick the Great (1858). 

Superb (The). Gen5a is called La 
Superba, from its general appearance from 
the sea. 

Superstitions. 

(1) About animals. 

(2I About precious stones. 

(3) (See Warning-Givers.) 

(1) Superstitions about Animals. 

(1) Ant. When ants are unusually 
busy, foul weather is at hand. 

Ants never sleep. — Emerson : Naturt, 
It. 

Ants lay up food for winter use. — Prov. 
▼i. 6-8 ; xxx. 25. 

Ants' eggs are an antidote to love. 

(2) Ass. The mark running down the 
back of an ass, and cut at right angles 
over the shoulders, is the cross of Christ, 
impressed on the animal because Christ 
rode on an ass in His triumphant entry 
into Jerusalem. 

Three hairs taken from the "cross" of 
an ass will cure the hooping-cough, but 
the ass from which the hairs are plucked 
will die. 

The ass is deaf to music, and hence 
Apollo gave Midas the ears of an as*, 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC 1056 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC 



because he preferred the piping of Pan 
to the music of Apollo's lute. 

(3) Barnacle. A barnacle broken 
off a ship turns into a Solan goose. 

Like your Scotch barnacle, now a block, 
Instantly a worm, and presently a great goose. 
Marston : The Malccontent (1604). 

(4) Basilisk. The basilisk can kill 
at a distance by the "poison" of its 
glance. 

There's not a glance of thine 
But, like a basilisk, comes winged with death. 

Lee : Alexander the Great, v. 1 (1678). 

(5) Bear. The cub of a bear is licked 
into shape and life by its dam. 

So watchful Bruin forms with plastic care 
Each growing lump, and brings it to a bear. 

Pope : The Dunciad, i. 101 (1728). 

(6) Beaver. When a beaver is hunted, 
it bites off the part which the hunters 
seek, and then, standing upright, shows 
the hunters it is useless to continue the 
pursuit. — Eugenius Philalethes : Brief 
Natural History, 89. 

(7) Bee. If bees swarm on a rotten 
tree, a death will occur in the family 
within the twelvemonth. 

Swarmed on a. rotten stick the bees I spied, 
Which erst I saw when Goody Dobson dyed. 

Gay: Pastoral, v. (1714). 

Bees will never thrive if you quarrel 
with them or about them 

If a member of the family dies and the 
bees are not put into mourning, they will 
forsake their hive. 

It is unlucky for a stray swarm of bees 
to flight on your premises. 

(8) Beetle. Beetles are both deaf 
and blind. 

(9) Cat. When cats wash their ears 
more than usual, rain is at hand. 

When the cat washes her face over her ears, wee shall 
have great shore of mine.— Melton : Astrologastor, 45. 

The sneezing of a cat indicates good 
luck to a bride. 

Crastina nupturae lux est prosperrima sponsss : 
Felix fele bonum sternuit omen amor. 

Robert Keuchen : Crepundia, 413. 

If a cat sneezes thrice, a cold will run 
"hrough the family. 

Satan's favourite form is that of a 
black cat, and hence it is the familiar of 
witches. 

A cat has nine lives. 

Tybalt. What wouldst thou have with met 

Mer. Good king of cats, nothing but one of your 

nine lives.— Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet, act iii. 

sc. I (1595)- 

(10) Chameleons live on air only. 

I saw him eat the air for food. 

Lloyd : The Chameleon. 

(n) Cow. If a milkmaid neglects to 
wash her hands after milking, her cows 
will go dry. 



Curst cows have curt horns. Curst 

means "angry, fierce." 

God sends a curst cow short horns.— Shetketpeart 1 
Much Ado about Nothing, act ii. sc 1 (1600). 

(12) Cricket. Crickets bring good 
luck to a house. To kill crickets is un- 
lucky. If crickets forsake a* house, a 
death in the family will soon follow. 

It is a signe of death to some in a house, if the 
Crickets on a sudden forsake the chimney.— MelUn : 
Astrologastor, 45. 

(13) Crocodiles moan and sigh, like 
persons in distress, to allure travellers 
and make them their prey. 

As the mournful crocodile 
With sorrow snares relenting passengers. 
Shakespeare : 3 Henry VI. act iii. sc 1 (1591). 

Crocodiles weep over the prey which 

they devour. 

The crocodile will weep over a man's head when ha 

(it] hath devoured the body, and then he will eat up the 
lead too.— Bullokar : English Expositor (1616). 

Paul Lucas tells us that the humming- 
bird and lapwing enter fearlessly the 
crocodile's mouth, and the creature never 
injures them, because they pick its teeth. 
— Voyage fait en 1714. 

(14) Crow. If a crow croaks an odd 
number of times, look out for foul 
weather ; if an even number, it will be fine. 

[The superstitious] listen in the morning whether the 
crow crieth even or odd, and by that token presage the 

weather.— Dr. Hall; Characters o/Vertuts and I ''ices, 
p. 87. 

If a crow flies over a house and croaks 
thrice, it is a bad omen. — Ramesey : 
Elminthologia, 271 (1668). 

If a crow flutters about a window and 
caws, it forebodes a death. 

Night crowes screech aloud. 
Fluttering 'bout casements of departing soules. 
Marston : Antonio and Mellida, ii. (160a). 

Several crows fluttered about the head of Cicero on 
the day he was murdered by Popilius Lsenas . . . one 
of them even made its way into his chamber, and pulled 
away the bedclothes.— Macaulay : History of St, 
Kilda, 176. 

If crows flock together early in the 
morning, and gape at the sun, the weather 
will be hot and dry ; but if they stalk 
at nightfall into water, and croak, rain is 
at hand. — Wilhford: Nature's Secrets, 

*33- 

When crows [? rooks] forsake a wood 
in a flock, it forebodes a famine. — Supple- 
ment to the Athenian Oracle, 476. 

(15) Death-watch. The clicking or 
tapping of the beetle called a death-watch 
is an omen of death to some one in the 
house. 

Chamber-maids christen this worm a " Death-watch, - 
Because, like a watch, it always cries " click ; " 
Then woe be to those in the house that are sick. 
For sure as a gun they will give up the ghost . • • 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC. 



I057 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC, 



But a kettle of scalding hot water injected 
Infallibly cures the timber infected ; 
The omen is broken, the danger is over, 
The maggot will die, and the sick will recover. 
S-wift: Wood an Insect (1725). 

(16) Dog. If dogs howl by night near 
a house, it presages the death of a sick 
inmate. 

If doggs howle in the night neer an house where 
somebody is sick, 'tis a signe of death.— Dr. N. Home : 
Davnonologic, 60. 

When dogs wallow in the dust, expect 
foul weather : " Canis in pulvere volu- 
tans . . ." 

Prsescia ventorum, se volvit odora canum t!s; 
Numina difflatur pulveris instar homo. 

Robert Keuchen : Crepundia, six. 

Dog's blood. The Chinese say that the 
blood of a dog will reveal a person who 
has rendered himself invisible. 

(17) Echinus. An echinus, fastening 
itself on a ship's keel, will arrest its 
motion like an anchor. — Pliny : Natural 
History, xxxii. 1. 

(18) Egg. The tenth egg is always the 
largest. 

Decumana ova dicuntur, quia ovum dedmum majns 
nascitur. — Festus. 

(19) Elephant. Elephants celebrate 
religious rites. — Pliny: Natural History, 
viii. 1. 

Elephants have no knees. — Eugenius 
Philalethes: Brief Natural History, 89. 

The elephant hath joints, but none for courtesy; nil 
legs are for necessity, not for flexure.— Shakespeart : 
Troilus and Cressida, act iii. sc. 3 (1602). 

(20) Fish. If you count the number 
of fish you have caught, you will catch no 
more that day. 

(21) Frog. To meet a frog is lucky, 
indicating that the person is about to 
receive money. 

Some man hadde levyr to mete a frogge on the way 
than a knight ... for than they say and leve that they 
shal have golde. —Dives and Pauper (first precepte, 

xlvi., 1493). 

When frogs croak more than usual, it 
is a sign of bad weather. 

(22) Gnats. When gnats fly low, it 
indicates rain at hand. When they fly 
high, and are at all abundant, fine 
weather may be expected. 

(23) Guinea-pig. A guinea-pig has 
no ears. 

(24) Haddock. The black spot on 
each side of a haddock, near the gills, is 
the impression of St. Peter's finger and 
thumb, when he took the tribute money 
from the fish's mouth. 

The haddock has spots on either side, which are the 
marks of St. Peter's fingers when he catched that fish 
for the tribute.— Metellus : Dialogues, etc., 57 (1693). 

(25) Hair. If a dog bites you, any 
evil consequence may be prevented by 



applying three of the dog's hairs to the 
wound. 

Take the hair, It Is well written. 

Of the dog by which you're bitten| 
Work off one wine by his brother. 
And one labour by another. 

Athenaus (ascribed to Aristophanes). 

(26) Hare. It is unlucky if a hare 
runs across a road in front of a traveller. 
The Roman augurs considered this an ill 
omen. 

If an hare cross theh- way, they suspect they shall be 
rob'd or come to some mischance. —Ramesey : Elmin- 

thologia, 271 (1668). 

It was believed at one time that hares 
changed their sex every year. 

(27) Hedgehog. Hedgehogs foresee 
a coming storm. — Bodenham: Garden of 
the Muses, 153 (1600). 

Hedgehogs fasten on the dugs of cows, 
and drain off the milk. 

(28) Horse. If a person suffering 
from hooping-cough asks advice of a 
man riding on a piebald horse, the 
malady will be cured by doing what the 
man tells him to do. 

A horse-shoe fastened inside a door 
will preserve from the influence of witches 
and the evil eye. (See Talismans, p. 
1074.) 

(29) Jackal. The jackal is the lion's 
provider. It hunts with the lion, and 
provides it with food by starting prey as 
dogs start game. 

(30) Lady-bug. It is unlucky to kill a 
lady-bug. 

(31) 1 Lap-wing {The). A handmaid of 
the Virgin Mary, having purloined one of 
her mistress's dresses, was converted into 
a lapwing, and condemned for ever to 
cry, Tyvitl Tyvit/ (i.e. "I stole it I I 
stole it ! "). 

(32) Lion. The lion will not injure a 
royal prince. 

Fetch the Numidlan lion I brought over; 

If she be sprung from royal blood, the lion 

Will do her reverence, else he will tear her. 

Beautnont ft) and Fletcher: The Mad Lever (16x7). 

(Beaumont died 1616) 

The lion will not touch the true prince. — Shakespeart : 
1 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4 (1598). 

The lion hates the game-cock and is 
jealous of it. Some say because the cock 
wears a crown (its crest) ; and others 
because it comes into the royal presence 
" booted and spurred." 

The fiercest lion trembles at the crowing of a cock.— 
Pliny : Natural History, viii. 19. 

According to legend, the lion's whelp 
is born dead, and remains so for three 
days, when the father breathes on it, 
and it receives life. 

(33) Lizard. The lizard is man'i 

3 Y 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC. 



1058 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC 



special enemy, but warns him ©f the 

approach of a serpent. 

Lizards. When queen Elizabeth sent 
a sculptured lizard to the wife of the 
prince of Orange, the princess wrote back, 
" 'Tis the fabled virtue of the lizard to 
awaken sleepers when a serpent is 
creeping up to sting them. Your 
majesty is the lizard, and the Nether- 
lands the serpent. Pray God they may 
escape the serpent's tooth 1 " — Motley : 
The Dutch Republic, pt. iv. 5. 

(34) Magpie. To see one magpie is 
unlucky ; to see two denotes merriment or 
a marriage ; to see three, a successful 
journey; four, good news; five, com- 
pany. — Grose. 

Another superstition Is : " One for 
sorrow ; two for mirth ; three, a wedding ; 
four, a death." 

One's sorrow, two's mirth, 
Three's a wedding, four's a birth. 
Five's a christening, six's a dearth, 
Seven's heaven, eight is hell. 
And rune's the devil his ane sel\ 

Old Scotch Rhyme. 

In Lancashire, to see two magpies flying 
together is thought to be unlucky. 

I have heard my gronny say, hoode os leefe o seea 
two owd harries as two pynots \inagpies\-—Tim 
Bobbin : Lancashire Dialect, 31 (1775). 

When the magpie chatters, it denotes 
that you will see strangers. 

(35) Man. A person weighs more 
fasting than after a good meal. 

The Jews maintained that man has 
three natures — body, soul, and spirit. 
Diogenes Laertius calls the three natures 
body, phren, and thumos ; and the 
Romans called them man&s, anima, and 
umbra. 

There is a nation of pygmies. (See 
Pygmy, p. 885. ) 

The Patagonians are of gigantic stature. 

There are men with tails, as the Ghi- 
lanes, a race of men "beyond the Sen- 
naar ; " the Niam-niams of Africa ; the 
Narea tribes ; certain others south of 
Herrar, in Abyssinia ; and the natives in 
the south of Formosa. (See Tails, p. 
1071.) 

(36) Martin. It is unlucky to kill a 
martin. 

(37) Mole. Moles are blind. Hence 
the common expression, " Blind as a 
mole." 

Pray you, tread softly, that the blind mole may not 
Hear a footfall. 

Shakespeare : Tke Tempest, act iv. sc. i (1609). 

(38) Moon-calf, the offspring of a 
woman, engendered solely by the power 
of the moon. — Pliny: Natural History \ 
x. 64. 



(39) Mouse. To eat food which a 
mouse has nibbled will give a sore throat 

It is a bad omen if a mouse gnaws the 
clothes which a person is wearing. — 
Burton; Anatomy of Melancholy, 214 
(1621). 

A fried mouse is a specific for small- 
pox. 

(40) Ostrich. An ostrich can digest 
iron. 

Stephen. I could eat the very hilts for anger. 

Kno'well. A sign of your good digestion ; yon have 
an ostrich stomach.— Ben Jonson: Every Man in His 
Humour, iii. i (1598). 

Ill make thee eat iron like an ostrich, and swallow 
my sword. — Shakespeare; a Henry VI. act iv. sc. 10 
(iS9i). 

(41) Owl. If owls screech with a 
hoarse and dismal voice, it bodes im- 
pending calamity. (See Owl, p. 792.) 

The oule that of deth the bode bringeth. 

Chaucer: Assembly of Faults (1358). 

(42) Pelican. A pelican feeds its 
young brood with its blood. 

The pelican turneth her beak against her brest, and 
therewith pierceth it till the blood gush out, wherewith 
She nourisheth her young.— Eugenius PhilaUthts : 
Brie/ Natural History, 93. 

Than sayd the Pellycane, 
" When my brydts be slayne. 
With my bloude I them reuyue [revive^ 
Scrypture doth record, 
The same dyd our Lord, 
And rose from deth to lyue[li/e], 

Skelton : Armoury of Byrdts (died 1599)1 
And, like the kind, life-rendering pelican. 
Repast them with my blood. 

Shakespeare : Hamlet, act iv. sc. 5 (1596). 

(43) Phcenix. There is but one phoenix 
in the world, which, after many hundred 
years, burns itself to death, and from its 
ashes another phcenix rises up. 

Now I will believe, . . . that in Arabia 

There is one tree, the phoenix' throne ; one phcenix 

At this hour reigning there. 

Shakespeare : The Tempest, act iii. sc 3 (1609). 

The phoenix is said to have fifty 
orifices in its bill, continued to its tail. 
After living its 1000 or 500 years, it 
builds itself a funeral pile, sings a me- 
lodious elegy, flaps its wings to fan the 
fire, and is burnt to ashes. 

The enchanted pile of that lonely bird 

Who sings at the last his own death-lay, 

And in music and perfume dies away. 

Moore: Lalla Rookli ("Paradise and the Peri," 18x7). 

The phoenix has appeared five times in 
Egypt : (1) in the reign of Sesostris ; (2) 
in the reign of Amasis ; (3) in the reign 
of Ptolemy Philadelphos ; (4) a little 
prior to the death of Tiberius; and (5) 
during the reign of Constantine. Tacitus 
mentions the first three (Annates, vi. 28). 

(44) Pig. In the fore feet of pigs is a 
very small hole, which may be seen when 
the pig is dead and the hair carefully re- 
moved. The legend is that the devils 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC 1059 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC 



made their exit from the swine through 
the fore feet, and left these holes. There 
are also six very minute rings round each 
hole, and these are said to have been 
made by the devils' claws (Mark v. 11-13). 
When pigs carry straw in their mouths, 
rain is at hand. 

When swine carry bottles of hay or straw to hide 
them, rain is at hand.— The Husbandman's Practice, 
137 (1664)- 

When young pigs are taken from the 
sow, they must be drawn away back- 
wards, or the sow will be fallow. 

The bacon of swine killed in a waning 
moon will waste much in the cooking. 

When hogs run grunting home, a 
storm is impending. — The Cabinet of 
Nature, 262 (1637). 

It is unlucky for a traveller if a sow 
crosses his path. 

If, going on a journey on business, a sow cross tho 
road, you will meet with a disappointment, if not an 
accident, before you return home.— Grose. 

To meet a sow with a litter of pigs is 
very lucky. 

If a sow is with her litter of pigs, it U lucky, and 

denotes a successful journey.— Grose. 

Langley tells us this marvellous bit of 
etymology : " The bryde anoynteth the 
poostes of the doores with swynes grease, 
... to dryve awaye misfortune, where- 
fore she had her name in Latin uxor, 
' ab ungendo ' [to anointy — Translation 
of Poly dor e Vergil, 9. 

(45) Pigeon. If a white pigeon settles 
on a chimney, it bodes death to some one 
in the house 

No person can die on a bed or pillow 
containing pigeons' feathers. 

If anybody be sick and lye a-dying. If they [sic] He 
upon pigeons feathers they will be languishing and 
never die, but be in pain and torment.— British Apollo, 
li. No. 93 11710). 

The blue pigeon is held sacred in 
Mecca. — Pott. 

(46) Porcupine. When porcupines 
are hunted or annoyed, they shoot out 
their quills in anger. 

(47) Rat. Rats forsake a ship before 
a wreck, or a house about to fall. 

They prepared 
A rotten carcass of a boat ; the very rats 
Inst nctively had q'lit It. 
SJuikespeare: The Tempest act t sc. a ( 1605). 

If rats gnaw the furniture of a room, 
there will be a death in the house ere 
Ion?.— Grose. 

(The bucklers at Lanuvium being 
gnawed by rats, presaged ill fortune, and 
the battle of Marses, fought soon after, 
confirmed the superstition.) 

The Romans said that to see a white 



rat was a certain presage of good luck. 
— Pliny : Natural History, viii. 57. 

(48) Raven. Ravens are ill-omened 
birds. 

The hoarse night raven, trompe of doleful dreere. 
Spenser. 

Ravens seen on the left-hand side of a 
person bode impending evil. 

Saepe sinistra cava praedixit ab ilice comix. 

Virgil : Bucolics, L 

Ravens call up rain. 

Hark 
How the curst raven, with her harmless voice. 
Invokes the rain I 

Smart: Hop Garden, ii. (died 1770). 

When ravens [? rooks] forsake a wood, 
it prognosticates famine. 

This is because ravens bear the character of Saturn. 
the author of such calamities.— Athenian Oracle 
(supplement, 476). 

Ravens forebode pestilence and death. 

Like the sad-presaging raven, that tolls 
The sick man s passport in her hollow beak. 
And, in the shadow of the silent night, 
Does shake contagion from her sable wing. 

Marlowe: The Jew of Malta (163s). 

Ravens foster forsaken children. 

Some say that ravens foster forlorn children. 
(t) Shakespeare : Titus Andronicus, act ii. sc. 3 (1593;. 

It is said that king Arthur is not dead, 
but is only changed into a raven, and 
will in due time resume his proper form 
ar.d rule over his people gloriously. 

The raven was white till it turned tell- 
tale, and informed Apollo of the faith- 
lessness of Coronis. Apollo shot the 
nymph for her infidelity, but changed 
the plumage of the raven into inky 
blackness for his officious prating. — 
Ovid: Metamorphoses, ii. 

He [Apollo] blacked the raven o'er, 
And bid him prate in his white plumes no more. 
Addison : Translation of Ovid, ii. 

If ravens gape against the sun, heat 
will follow ; but if they busy themselves 
in preening or washing, there will be 
rain. 

(49) Rem 'or A. A fish called the 
remora can arrest a ship in full sail. 

A little fish that men call remora. 
Which stopped her course, . . . 
That wind nor tide could move her. 

Spenser: Sonnets (1591). 

(50) Robin. The red of a robin's breast 
is produced by the blood of Jesus. While 
the " Man of sorrows " was on His way to 
Calvary, a robin plucked a thorn from 
His temples, and a drop of blood, falling 
on the bird, turned its bosom red. 

Another legend is that the robin used 
to carry dew to refresh sinners parched 
in hell, and the scorching heat of the 
flames turned its feathers red. 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC 



1060 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC 



He brings cool dew in his little MB, 

And lets it fall on the souls of sin ; 
You can see the mark on his red breast stffl, 
Of fires that scorch as he drops it in. 

IVhittier: The RtVtn. 

If a robin finds a dead body unburied, 
it will cover the face at least, if not the 
whole body. — Grey - On Shakespeare, ii. 
226. 

The robins so red, now these babies are dead. 
Ripe strawberry leaves doth over them spread. 
Babes in the Wood. 

It is unlucky either to keep or to kill 
a robin. J. H. Pott says, if any one 
attempts to detain a robin which has 
sought hospitality, let him "fear some 
new calamity. " — Poems (1780). 

(51) Salamander. The salamander 
lives in the fire. 

Should a glass-house tire be kept up without extinc- 
tion for more than seven~years, there is no doubt but 
that a salamander will be generated in the cinders.— 
y. P. Andrews : Anecdotes, etc., 359. 

The salamander seeks the hottest fire 
to breed in, but soon quenches it by the 
extreme chill of its body. — Pliny: 
Natural History, x. 67; xxix. 4. 

Food touched by a salamander is 
poisonous. — Ditto, xxix. 23. 

(52) Saliva. The human saliva is a 
cure for blindness. — Ditto, xxviii. 7. 

If a man spits on a serpent, it will die. 
—Ditto, vii. 2. 

The human saliva is a charm against 
fascination and witchcraft. 

Thrice on my breast I spit, to guard me safe 
From fascinating charms. 

Theocritos. 
To unbewitch the bewitched, you must spit into the 
shoe of your right foot — Sett; Discoverie 0/ Witch- 
craft (1584). 

Spitting for luck is a most common 

superstition. 

Fish women generally spit upon their hanseL — Grose, 

A blacksmith who has to shoe a stub- 
born horse, spits in his hand to drive off 
the " evil spirit." 

The swarty smith spits in his buckthorne fist. 

Browne : Britannia's Pastorals, i. (1613). 

If a pugilist spits in his hand, his blows 
will be more telling. — Pliny: Natural 
History, xxviii. 7. 

(53) Scorpion. Scorpions sting them- 
selves — sometimes to death. 

Scorpions have an oil which is a 
remedy for their stings. 

Tis true the scorpion's oil is said 
To cure the wounds the venom made, 

5. Butler: Hudibras, iii. a (167SJ1. 

(54) Spider. It is unlucky to kill a 
money-spinner. 

Small spiders, called "money-spinners,* prognosti- 
cate good luck, if they are not destroyed or removed 
from the person on whom they attach themselves.— 



The bite of a spider is venomous. 

No spider will spin its web on an Irish 
oak. 

Spiders will never set their webs on a 
cedar voof.—Caughey : Letters (1845). 

Spiders indicate where gold is to be 
found. (See Spiders Indicators of 
Gold, p. 1036.) 

There are no spiders in Ireland, because 
St. Patrick cleared the island of all 
vermin. 

Spiders envenom whatever they touch. 

There may be in the cup 
A spider steeped, and one may drink, depart. 
And yet partake no evil. 
Shakespeare : Winter's Tale, act ii. sc. x (1604). 

A spider enclosed in a quilt and hung 
round the neck will cure the ague. — 
Mrs. Delany : A Letter dated March 1, 
1743- 

I . . . hung three spiders about my neck, and they 
drove my ague a.wa.y.—Elias Ashmcle : Diary (April 
11, 1681). 

A spider worn in a nutshell round the 
neck is a cure for fever. 

Cured by the wearing a spider hung round one's neck 

in a nutshell, 

Longfellow : Evangeline, u. (1849). 

Spiders spin only on dark days. 

The subtle spider never spins 
But on dark days his slimy gins. 

S. Butler : On a Nonconformist, hr. 

Spiders have a natural antipathy to 
toads. 

(55) STAG. Stags draw, by then- 
breath, serpents from their holes, and 
then trample them to death. ( Hence the 
stag has been used to symbolize Christ.) 
—Pliny : Natural History, viii. 50. 

(56) Stork. It is unlucky to kill a 
stork. 

According to Swedish legend, a stork 
fluttered round the cross of the crucified 
Redeemer, crying, Styrkel styrke / 
(" Strengthen ye ! strengthen ye ! "), and 
was hence called the styrk or stork, but 
ever after lost its voice. 

(57) Swallow. According to Scandi- 
navian legend, this bird hovered over 
the cross of Christ, crying, Svale / Svali ! 
(" Cheer up ! cheer up ! "), and hence it 
received the name of svale or swallow, 
"the bird of consolation." 

If a swallow builds on a house, it 
brings good luck. (See Swallow, p. 1064. ) 

Swallows spend the winter under- 
ground. 

The swallow is said to bring home from 
the sea-shore a stone which gives sight to 
her fledglings. 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC. 



1061 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC. 



Seeking with eager eyes that wondrous stone which 

the swai; ;ir 
Brings from the shore of the sea, to restore the sight of 

its fledglings. 

Longfellow: Evanzelint, L l (1849). 

To kill a swallow is unlucky. 
When swallows fly high, the weather 
will be fine. 

When swallows fleet soar high and sport in air, 
He told us that the welkin would be clear. 

Gay ; Pastoral, u (1714). 

(58) Swans cannot hatch without a 
crack of thunder. 

The swanne cannot hatch without a cracke of 
thunder.— Lord Northampton : Defensive, etc. (1583) 

The swan retires from observation 
when about to die, and sings most melo- 
diously. (See Swan, p. 1064.) 

Swans, a little before their death, sing most sweetly. 
—Pliny: Natural History, x. 93. 

(59) Tarantula. The tarantula is 
poisonous. 

The music of a tarantula will cure its 
venomous bite. 

(60) Toad. Toads spit poison, but 
they carry in their head an antidote 
thereto. 

. . . the toad ugly and venomous, 

Wears yet a precious jewel in its head. 

Shakespeare : As You Like It, act ii. sc. 1 (1600). 

In the dog days, toads never open 
their mouths. 

Toads are never found in Ireland, be- 
cause St. Patrick cleared the island of all 
vermin. 

(61) Unicorn. Unicorns can be 
caught only by placing a virgin in their 
haunts. 

The horn of a unicorn dipped into a 
liquor will show if it contains poison. 

(62) Viper. Young viptrs destroy 
their mothers when they come to birth. 

(63) Weasel. To meet a weasel is 
unlucky. — Congreve: Love for Love. 

You never catch a weasel asleep. 

(64) Wolf. If a wolf sees a man 
before the man sees the wolf, he will be 
struck dumb. 

Men are sometimes changed into 
wolves. — Pliny: Natural History. (See 

Wekb-Wolp.) 

A wolfs tooth used at one time to be 
hung on the neck of a child to charm 
away fear. 

(65) Wrkn. If any one kills a wren, 
he will break a bone before the year is 
out. 

(65) Miscellaneous. No animal 
dies near the sea, except at the ebbing 
of the tide. — Aristotle. 

"A parted even just between twelve and one, e'en at 
the turning o' the ti ie— Sh.xktspeart; Henry V. 
act ii. sc. 3 iFaLuff'i death. 1509). 



He [Barkis] dies when the tide goes out, confirming 
the superstition that people can't die till the tide goes 
out, or be bom till it is la.— Dickens: David Copper- 
Jleld (1849). 

If the fourth book of the Iliad be laid 
under the head of a patient suffering from 
quartan ague, it will cure him at once. 

Maeonue Iliados quartum suppone timenti. 

Sercnus Satnmonicus : Prtc. JO, 



(See also Talismans, p. 1074.) 

N.B. — There may possibly be a spice 

of truth in some of the above, especially 

those relating to the weather. 

(2) Superstitions about Pre- 
cious Scones. 

R. B. means Rabbi Benoni (fourteenth century); S. 
means Streetar, Precious Stenes (1877). 

(1) Agate quenches thirst, and, if held 
in the mouth, allays fever. — R. B. 

It is supposed, at least in fable, to 
render the wearer invisible, and also to 
turn the sword of foes against themselves. 

The agate is the emblem of health and 
long life, and is dedicated to June. In 
the Zodiac it stands for Scorpio. 

(2) Amber is a cure for sore throats 
and all glandular swellings. — R. B. 

It is said to be a concretion of birds' 
tears. — Chambers. 

Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber 

That ever the sorrowing sea-b;rd hath wept. 

T. Moore : Laila Rookh (" Fire-Worshippers," 1817). 

The birds which wept amber were the 
sisters of Meleager, called Meleagrldes, 
who never ceased weeping for their 
brother's death. — Pliny : Natural 
History, xxxvii. 2, 11. 

(3) Amethyst banishes the desire of 
drink, and promotes chastity. — R. B. 

The Greeks thought that it counter- 
acted the effects of wine. 

The amethyst is an emblem of humility 
and sobriety. It is dedicated to February 
and Venus. In the Zodiac it stands for 
Sagittarius, in metallurgy for copper, in 
Christian art it is given to St. Matthew, 
and in the Roman Catholic Church it is 
set in the pastoral ring of bishops, 
whence it is called the "prelate's gem," 
or pier re dtveque. 

(4) Cat's-eve, considered by the Cin- 
galese as a charm against witchcraft, and 
to be the abode of some genii. — S. t 168. 

(5) Coral, a talisman against enchant- 
ments, witchcraft, thunder, and other 
perils of flood and field. Hence the use 
of coral necklaces. It was consecrated to 
Jupiter and Phoebus. — S., 233. 

Red coral worn about the person is a 
certain cure for indigestion. — R. B. 

(6) Crystal induces visions, promotes 
sleep, and ensures good dreams. — R. B. 



SUPERSTITIONS, ETC. 



1062 



SURFACE. 



It is dedicated to the moon, and in 

metallurgy stands for silver. 

(7) Diamond produces somnambulism, 
and promotes spiritual ecstasy. — R. B. 

The diamond is an emblem of inno- 
cence, and is dedicated to April and the 
sun. In the Zodiac it stands for Virgo, 
in metallurgy for gold, in Christian art 
invulnerable faith. 

(8) Emerald promotes friendship and 
constancy of mind. — R. B. 

If a serpent fixes its eyes on an emerald, 
it becomes blind. — Ahmed ben Abdalaziz: 
Treatise on Jewels. 

The emerald is an emblem of success 
in love, and is dedicated to May. In the 
Zodiac it signifies Cancer. It is dedicated 
to Mars, in metallurgy it means iron, and 
in Christian art is given to St. John. 

(9) Garnet preserves health and joy. 
—R. B. 

The garnet is an emblem of constancy, 
and, like the jacinth, is dedicated to 
J anuary. 

This was the carbuncle of the ancients, 
which they said gave out light in the dark. 

(10) Loadstone produces somnambu- 
lism.— R. B. 

It is dedicated to Mercury, and in 
metallurgy means quicksilver. 

(n) Moonstone has the virtue of 
making trees fruitful, and of curing 
epilepsy. — Dioscorides. 

It contains in it an image of the moon, 
representing its increase and decrease 
every month. — Andreas Baccius. 

(12) Onyx contains in it an imprisoned 
devil, which wakes at sunset and causes 
terror to the wearer, disturbing sleep 
with ugly dreams. — R. B. 

Cupid, with the sharp point of his 
arrows, cut the nails of Venus during 
sleep, and the parings, falling into the 
Indus, sank to the bottom and turned 
into onyxes. — S., 212. 

In the Zodiac it stands for Aquarius ; 
some say it is the emblem of August and 
conjugal love ; in Christian art it sym- 
bolizes sincerity. 

(13) Opal is fatal to love, and sows 
discord between the giver and receiver. — 
R. B. 

Given as an engagement token, it is 
sure to bring ill luck. 

The opal is an emblem of hope, and is 
dedicated to October. 

(14) Ruby. The Burmese believe that 
rubies ripen like fruit. They say a ruby 
in its crude state is colourless, and, as it 
matures, changes first to yellow, then to 
green, then to blue, and lastly to a 



brilliant red, its highest state of perfection 
and ripeness. — S., 142. 

The ruby signifies Aries in the Zodiacal 
signs ; but some give it to December, and 
make it the emblem of brilliant success. 

(15) Sapphire produces somnambul- 
ism, and impels the wearer to all good 
works. — R. B. 

In the Zodiac it signifies Leo, and in 
Christian art is dedicated to St. Andrew, 
emblematic of his heavenly faith and 
good hope. Some give this gem to April. 

(16) Topaz is favourable to haemor- 
rhages, imparts strength, and promotes 
digestion. — R. B. 

Les anciens regardaient latopazecomme utile contra 

l'epilepsie et la melancolie.— Bouillet : Dictionnaire 
Universel des Sciences, etc. (1855). 

The topaz is an emblem of fidelity, and 
is dedicated to November. In the Zodiac 
it signifies Taurus, and in Christian art is 
given to St. James the Less. 

(17) Turquoise, given by loving 
hands, carries with it happiness and good 
fortune. Its colour always pales when 
the well-being of the giver is in peril. — 
S., 170. 

The turquoise is the emblem of pros- 
perity, and is dedicated to December. 
It is the Saturnian stone, and stands for 
lead in metallurgy. 

N.B. — A bouquet composed of dia- 
monds, loadstones, and sapphires com- 
bined, renders a person almost invincible 
and wholly irresistible. — R. B. 

All precious stones are purified by 
honey. 

All kinds of precious stones cast into honey become 
more brilliant thereby, each according to its colour, and 
all persons become more acceptable when they join 
devotion to their graces. Household cares are 
sweetened thereby, love is more loving, and business 
becomes more pleasant. — >S. F. de Saiis : The Devout 
Life, iii. 13 (1708). 

N.B. — To exhaust the subject of super- 
stitions, even restricted to animals and 
precious stones, would require more 
pages than can be spared in this book. 

Supporters in Heraldry represent 
the pages who supported the banner. 
These pages, before the Tudor period, 
were dressed in imitation of the beasts, 
etc., which typified the bearings or cog- 
nizances of their masters. 

Sura, any one ethical revelation ; thus 
each chapter of the Koran is a Sura. 

Hypocrites are apprehensive lest a Sura should be 
revealed respecting them, to declare unto them that 
which is in their hearts. — Al Kordn, be 

Surface {Sir Oliver), the rich uncle 
of Joseph and Charles Surface. He 
appears under the assumed name of 
Premium Stanley. 



SURGEON'S DAUGHTER. 

Charles Surface, a reformed scape- 
grace, and the accepted lover of Maria 
the rich ward of sir Peter Teazle. In 
Charles, the evil of his character was all 
on the surface. 

William Smith [1730-1790]. To portray upon the 
Stage a man of the true school of gentility required 
pretensions of no ordinary kind, and Smith possessed 
these in a singular degree, giving to "Charles Surface" 
all that finish which acquired for him the distinction of 

Gentleman Smith." — Life 0/ Sheridan (Bohn's edit. 

Joseph Surface, elder brother of Charles, 
an artful, malicious, but sentimental 
knave ; so plausible in speech and manner 
as to pass for a " youthful miracle of 
prudence, good sense, and benevolence." 
Unlike Charles, his good was all on the 
surface. — Sheridan: School for Scandal 

(1777). 

(John Palmer (1747-1798) was so ad- 
mirable in this character that he was 
called emphatically " The Joseph Sur- 
face.") 

Surgeon's Daughter (The), a 

novel by sir Walter Scott, laid in the time 
of George II. and III., and published in 
1827. The heroine is Menie Gray, 
daughter of Dr. Gideon Gray of Middle- 
mas. Adam Hartley, the doctor's ap- 
prentice, loves her, but Menie herself has 
given her heart to Richard Midcllemas. 
It so falls out that Richard Middlemas 
goes to India. Adam Hartley also goes 
to India, and, as Dr. Hartley, rises high 
in his profession. One day, being sent 
for to visit a sick fakir', he sees Menie 
Gray under the wing of Mme. Montre- 
ville. Her father had died, and she had 
come to India, under madame's escort, 
to marry Richard ; but Richard had en- 
trapped the girl for a concubine in the 
haram of Tippoo Saib. When Dr. Hart- 
ley heard of this scandalous treachery, he 
told it to Hyder Ali the father of Tippoo 
Saib. He and his son were so disgusted at 
the villainy that they condemned Richard 
Middlemas to be trampled to death by 
a trained elephant, and liberated Menie, 
who returned to her native country under 
the escort of Dr. Hartley. 

Surgery (Father of French), Ambrose 
Pare (1517-1590). 

Surly, a gamester and friend of sir 
Epicure Mammon, but a disbeliever in 
alchemy in general, and in "doctor" 
Subtle in particular. — Ben Jonson : The 
Alchemist (1610). 

Surplus (Mr.), a lawyer; Mrs. Sur- 
plus ; and Charles Surplus the nephew. 
— Morton ; A Regular Fix, 



Z063 



SUTOR. 



Surrey ( White), name of the horse 
used by Richard III. in the battle of 
Bosworth Field. 

Saddle White Surrey for the field to-morrow. 
Shakespeare : King Richard III. act v. sc. 3 (1597). 

Surtees Society (The), so named 
from Robert Surtees, the historian, who 
lived 1779-1834. It was established in 
1834 for the publication of MSS. dealing 
with the history of the region lying be- 
tween the Humber and the Forth, the 
Mersey and the Clyde. 

Surtur, a formidable giant, who is to 
set fire to the universe at Ragnarok, with 
flames collected from Muspelheim. — 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

Sur'ya (2 syl.), the sun- god, whose 
car is drawn by seven green horses, the 
charioteer being Dawn. — Sir W. Jones: 
F'rom the Veda. 

Susan means "white lily." Susannah, 
"my white lily." Susa, in Persia, re- 
ceived its name from its white lilies. 
(Hebrew and Persian.) 

Susanna, the wife of Joacim. She 
was accused of adultery by the Jewish 
elders, and condemned to death ; but 
Daniel proved her innocence, and turned 
the criminal charge on the elders them- 
selves. — History of Susanna. 

Susannah, in Sterne's novel entitled 
The Life and Opinions of Tristram 
Shandy, Gentleman (1759). 

Suspicious Husband (The), a 
comedy by Dr. Hoadly (1747). Mr. 
Strictland is suspicious of his wife, his 
ward Jacintha, and Clarinda a young 
lady visitor. With two attractive young 
ladies in the house, there is no lack of 
intrigue, and Strictland fancies that his 
wife is the object thereof ; but when he 
discovers his mistake, he promises re- 
form. 

Sussex ( The earl of), a rival of the 
earl of Leicester, in the court of queen 
Elizabeth ; introduced by sir W, Scott in 
Kenilworth (1821). 

Sut'leme'me (4 syl.), a young lady 
attached to the suite of Nouron'ihar the 
emir's daughter. She greatly excelled in 
dressing a salad. 

Sutor. Ne sutor supra Creptdam. A 
cobbler, having detected an error in the 
shoe-latchet of a statue made by Apell£s, 
became so puffed up with conceit that he 
proceeded to criticize the legs also ; but 



SUTTON. 



1064 



SWANS AND THUNDER. 



Apelle's said to him, " Stick to the last, 
friend." The cobbler is qualified to pass 
an opinion on shoes, but anatomy is quite 
another thing. (See Stirrups, p. 1046. ) 

If Boswell, one night sitting in the pit 
of Covent Garden Theatre with his friend 
Dr. Blair, gave an imitation of a cow 
lowing, which the house greatly ap- 
plauded. He then ventured another 
imitation, but failed ; whereupon the 
doctor turned to him and whispered in 
his ear, " Stick to the cow." 

IT A wigmaker sent a copy of verses to 
Voltaire, asking for his candid opinion 
on some poetry he had perpetrated. The 
witty patriarch of Ferney wrote on the 
MS., " Make wigs," and returned it to 
the barber-poet. 

IT Pope advised JWycherly "to convert 
his poetry into prose." 

Sutton {Sir William), uncle of Hero 
Sutton the City maiden. — Knowles : 
Woman s Wit, etc. (1838). 

Suwarrow {Alexander), a Russian 
general, noted for his slaughter of the 
Poles in the suburbs of Warsaw in 1794, 
and the still more shameful butchery of 
them on the bridge of Prague, After 
having massacred 30,000 in cold blood, 
Suwarrow went to return thanks to God 
" for giving him the victory." Campbell, 
in his Pleasures of Hope, i., refers to this 
butchery ; and lord Byron, in Don Juan, 
vii. 8, 55, to the Turkish expedition 
(1786-1792). 

A town which did a famous siege endure ... 
By Suvaroff or Anglici Suwarrow. 

Byron : Don Juan, viL 8 (1824). 

Suzanne, the wife of Chalomel the 
chemist and druggist. — J. R. Ware: 
Piperman's Predicament. 

Swallow Stone. The swallow is 

said to bring home from the sea-shore a 
stone which gives sight to her fledglings. 

Oft in the barns they climbed to the populous nests on 

the rafters, 
Seeking with eager eyes that wondrous stone which 

the swallow 
Brings from the shore of the sea, to restore the sight of 

its fledglings. 

Longfellow : Evangeline, I. 1 (1849). 

Swallow's Nest, the highest of the 
four castles of the German family called 
Landschaden, built on a pointed rock 
almost inaccessible. The founder was a 
noted robber-knight. (See SUPERSTI- 
TIONS, "Swallow," p. 1060.) 

SWAN. Fionnuala, daughter of Lir, 
was transformed into a swan, and con- 
demned to wander for many hundred 



years over the lakes and rivers of Ireland, 
till the introduction of Christianity into 
that island. (See Lir, p. 617.) 

(T. Moore has a poem on this subject 
in his Irish Melodies, entitled •' The Song 
of Fionnuala," 1814.) 

Swan ( The), called the bird of Apollo 
or of Orpheus (2 syl. ). I See Supersti- 
tions, " Swan," p. 1061.) 

Swan (The knight of the), Helias king 
of Lyleforte, son of king Oriant and 
Beatrice. This Beatrice had eight children 
at a birth, one of which was a daughter. 
The mother-in-law (Matabrune) stole 
these children, and changed all of them, 
except Helias, into swans. Helias spent 
all his life in quest of his sister and 
brothers, that he might disenchant them 
and restore them to their human forms. — 
Thorns: Early English Prose Romances \ 
in. (1858). 

Eustachius venit ad Buillon ad domum ducissae qua 
uxor erat militis qui vocabatur " Miles Cygni." — Reitfen- 
berg' : Le Chevalier au Cygne. 

Swan ( The Order of the) . This order 
was instituted by Frederick II. of Bran- 
denburg, in commemoration of the 
mythical " Knight of the Swan " (1443). 

Swan. The Mantuan Swan, Virgil, 
born at Mantua (b.c. 70-19). 

The Sweet Swan of Avon. Shake- 
speare was so called by Ben Jonson 
(1564-1616). 

The Swan of Cambray, F£nelon arch- 
bishop of Cambray (1651-1715). 

The Swan of Lichfield, Miss Anna 
Seward, poetess (1747-1809). 

The Swan of Padua, count Francesco 
Algarotti (1712-1764). 

The Swan of the Meander, Homer, a 
native of Asia Minor, where the Meander 
flows (fl. b.c. 905). 

The Swan of the Thames, John Taylor, 
" water-poet " (1580-1654). 

Taylor, their better Charon, lends an oar, 
Once Swan of Thames, tho' now he sings no more. 
Pope : The Dunciad, iii. 19 (1728). 

Swan Alley, London. So called' 
from the Beauchamps, who at one time 
lived there, and whose cognizance is a 
swan. 

Swan-Tower of Cleves. So called 
because the house of Cleves professed to 
be descended from the " Knight of the 
Swan " (q. v. ). 

Swans and Thunder. It is said 
that swans cannot hatch without a crack 
of thunder. Without doubt, thunder is 
not unfrequent about the time of the year 
when swans hatch their young. 



SWANR. lo6s 

Swane (i syl. ) or Swegen, surnamed 
" Fork-Beard," king of the Danes, joins 
Alaff or Olaf [Tryggvesson] in an in- 
vasion of England, was acknowledged 
king, and kept his court at Gainsbury. 
He commanded the monks of St. 
Edmund's Bury to furnish him a large 
sum of money, and as it was not forth- 
coming, went on horseback at the head 
of his host to destroy the minster, when 
he was stabbed to death by an unknown 
hand. The legend is that the murdered 
St. Edmund rose from the grave and 
smote him. 

The Danes landed here agarn ■ . . 

With those disordered troops by Alaff hither led. 

In seconding their Swane . . . but an English yet 

there was . . . 
Who washed his secret knife In Swane's relentless gore. 
Drayton: Polyolbion, xiL (1613). 

Swanston, a smuggler. — Sir W. 
Scott : Redgauntlet (time, George III. ). 

Swaran, king of Lochlin {Denmark), 
son and successor of Starno. He invaded 
Ireland in the reign of Cormac II. (a 
minor), and defeated Cuthullin general of 
the Irish forces. When Fingal arrived, the 
tide of battle was reversed, and Swaran 
surrendered. Fingal, out of love to Agan- 
decca (Swaran's sister), who once saved his 
life, dismissed the vanquished king with 
honour, after having invited him to a feast. 
Swaran is represented as fierce, proud, 
and high-spirited ; but Fingal as calm, 
moderate, and generous. — Ossian: Fin- 
gal. 

Swash - Buckler {A), a riotous, 
quarelsome person. Nash says to Gabriel 
Harvey, " Turpe senex miles, 'tis time 
for such an olde fool to leave playing the 
swash-buckler" (1598). 

Swedenborgians (calling them- 
selves the New Jerusalem Church) 
are believers in the doctrines taught in 
the theological writings of Emanuel 
Swedenborg (1688-1772). The principal 
points are that Jesus Christ is the only 
God and contains a Trinity of attributes ; 
salvation is attained by obedience to the 
Lord's commandments ; the sacred Scrip- 
ture has a soul or spiritual sense, which 
exists among the angels, and this has 
now been revealed; "there is a Datura] 
body, and there is a spiritual body," and 
man continues to live on without inter- 
ruption in the spiritual world when he 
drops his material body at death. 

Swedish Nightingale ( The), Jenny 
Lind, the public singer. She married Mr. 
Goldschmidt, and retired (1821-1886). 



SWIM. 



Swee'dlepipe {Paul), known as 

" Poll," barber and bird-fancier ; Mrs. 
Gamp's landlord. He is a little man, 
with a shrill voice but a kind heart ; in 
appearance " not unlike the birds he was 
so fond of." Mr. Sweedlepipe entertains 
a profound admiration of Bailey, senior, 
whom he considers to be a cyclopaedia 
" of all the stable-knowledge of the time." 
— Dickens: Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

S'*reeTpclQ2bTL{Saunders), a king's mes- 
senger at Knockwinnock Castle. — Sir W. 
Scott : The Antiquary (time, George 
III.). 

Sweet Singer of Israel {The), 
David, who wrote some of the Psalms. 

Sweet Singer of the Temple, 

George Herbert, author of a poem called 
The Temple (1593- 1633). 

Sweno, son of the king of Denmark. 
While bringing succours to Godfrey, he 
was attacked in the night by Solyman, 
at the head of an army of Arabs, and 
himself with all his followers were left 
dead before they reached the crusaders. 
Sweno was buried in a marble sepulchre, 
which appeared miraculously on the field 
of battle, expressly for his interment (bk. 
viii.). — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered 
(1575)- 

Sweno, Danl regis fillus, cum mllle quingentis equtti- 
bus cruce insignitis, transmisso ad Constantinopolem 
Bosphoro inter Antiochiam ad reliquos Latinos iter 
faciebat ; insidiis Turcorum ad unurn omnes cum regio 
juvene caesi. — Paolo Etnilio : History (1539). 

1T This is a very parallel case to that of 
Rhesus. This Thracian prince was on 
his march to Troy, bringing succours to 
Priam, but Ulysses and Diomed attacked 
him at night, slew Rhesus and his army, 
and carried off all the horses. — Homer: 
Iliad, x. 

Swertha, housekeeper of the elder 
Mertoun (formerly a pirate). — Sir W. 
Scott: The Pirate (time, William III.). 

Swidgfer ( William), custodian of a 
college. His wife was Milly, and his 
father Philip. Mr. Swidger was a great 
talker, and generally began with, " That's 
what I sav," a propos of nothing. — 
Dickens: the Haunted Man (1848). 

Swim. In the swim, in luck's way. 
The metaphor is borrowed from the 
Thames fishermen, who term that part of 
the river most frequented by fi^h the swim, 
and when an angler gets no bite, he is 
said to have cast his line out of the swim 
or where there is no swim. 



SWIMMERS. 



1066 



SWORD. 



•.•In university slang, to be in ill luck, 
ill health, ill replenished with money, is 
to be out of it (i.e. the swim). 

Swimmers. (1) Leander used to 
swim across the Hellespont every night, to 
visit Hero. — Musceus : De Amore Hero is 
et Leandri. 

(2) Lord Byron and lieutenant Eken- 
head accomplished the same feat in 
1 hr. 10 min., the distance (allowing for 
drifting) being four miles. 

(3) A young native of St. Croix, in 1817, 
swam over the sound ' ' from Cronenburgh 
|? Cronberg\ to Graves" in 2 hr. 40 min., 
the distance being six English miles. 

(4) Captain Boyton, in May, i875,swam 
or floated across the Channel from Gnsnez 
to Fan Bay (Kent) in 23 hr. 

(5) Captain Webb, August 24, 1875, 
swam from Dover to Calais, a distance of 
about thirty miles including drift, in 23 
hr. 40 min. 

(6) H. Gurr was one of the best 
swimmers ever known. J. B. Johnson, 
m 1 87 1, won the championship for 
swimming. 

Swing* (Captain), a name assumed by 

certain persons who, between 1830 and 
1833, used to send threatening letters to 
those who used threshing-machines. The 
letters ran thus — 

Sir, if you do not lay by your threshing-machine, 
you will hear from Swing, 

Swiss Family Robinson. This 
tale is an abridgment of a German tale 
by Joachim Heinrich Kampe. 

Switzerland (Franconian), the cen- 
tral district of Bavaria. 

The Saxon Switzerland, the district of 
Saxony both sides of the river Elb§. 

Switzers, guards attendant on a king, 
irrespective of their nationality. So 
called because at one time the Swiss were 
always ready to fight for hire. 

The king, in Hamlet, says, " Where are 
my Switzers? " i.e. my attendants ; and in 
Paris to the present day we may see written 
Up, Parlez au Suisse ("speak to the 
porter"), be he Frenchman, German, or 
of any other nation. 

Law, logicke, and the Switzers may be hired to 
fight for anybody.— Nashe : Christs Tears over 
Jerusalem (1594). 

Swiveller (Mr. Dick), a dirty, smart 
young man, living in apartments near 
Drury Lane. His language was ex- 
tremely flowery, and interlarded with 
quotations: "What's the odds," said 
Mr. Swiveller, a piopos of nothing, "so 



long as the fire of the soul is kindled at 
the taper of conwiviality and the wing 
of friendship never moults a feather?" 
His dress was a brown body-coat with a 
great many brass buttons up the front, 
and only one behind, a bright check 
neckcloth, a plaid waistcoat, soiled white 
trousers, and a very limp hat, worn the 
wrong side foremost to hide a hole in the 
brim. The breast of his coat was orna- 
mented with the cleanest end of a very 
large pocket-handkerchief ; his dirty 
wristbands were pulled down and folded 
over his cuffs ; he had no gloves, and 
carried a yellow cane having a bone 
handle and a little ring. He was for 
ever humming some dismal air. He said 
min for " man," forgit, jine ; called wine 
or spirits " the rosy," sleep " the balmy," 
and generally shouted in conversation, 
as if making a speech from the chair of 
the "Glorious Apollers" of which he 
was perpetual "grand." Mr. Swiveller 
looked amiably towards Miss Sophy 
Wackles, of Chelsea. Quilp introduced 
him as clerk to Mr. Samson Brass, 
solicitor, Bevis Marks. By Quilp's re- 
quest, he was afterwards turned away, 
fell sick of a fever, through which he was 
nursed by "the marchioness" (a poor 
house-drab), whom he married, and was 
left by his aunt Rebecca an annuity of 

£125- 

"Is that a reminder to go and payr" said Trent, 
with a sneer. " Not exactly, Fred," said Richard. 
" I enter in this little book the names of the streets 
that I can't go down while the shops are open. This 
dinner to-day closes Long Acre. I bought a pair of 
boots in Great Queen Street last week, and made that 
'no thoroughfare' too. There's only one avenue to 
the Strand left open now, and I shall have to stop up 
that to-night with a pair of gloves. The roads are 
closing so fast in every direction, that in about a 
month's time, unless my aunt sends me a remittance, I 
shall have to go three or four miles out of town to get 
over the way."— Dickens: The Old Curiosity Shop, 
viii. (1840) 

Sword. (For the names of the most 
famous swords in history and fiction, see 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 1196.) 
Add the following : — 

Ali's sword, Zulfagar. 

Koll the Thrall's sword, named Grey- 
steel. 

Ogier the Dane had two swords, made 
by Munifican, viz. Sauvagine and Cour- 
tain or Curtana. 

He \Qgitr\ drew Curtain his sword from out its sheath. 
IV. Morris : Earthly Paradise, 634. 

Strong-o'-the-Arm had three swords, 
viz. Baptism, Florence, and Graban 
made by Ansias. 

The Marvel of the Sword. When king 
Arthur first appears on the scene, he is 



SWORD AND THE MAIDEN. 1067 



SYCORAX. 



brought into notice by the " Marvel of the 
Sword ; " and sir Galahad, who was to 
achieve the holy graal, was introduced to 
knighthood by a similar adventure. That 
of Arthur is thus described — 

In the greatest church of London . . . there was 
seen in the churchyard against the high altar a great 
stone, foursquare like to a marble stone, and in the 
midst thereof was an anvil of steel a foot in height, 
and therein stuck a fair sword naked by the point, and 
letters of gold were written about the sword that said 
thus : Whoso pulleth out this sword of this stone and 
anvil, is rightwise king born of England. {Arthur 
was the only person who could draw it out, and so he 
was acknowledged to be the rightful king.}— Pt. i. 3, 4- 

1T The sword adventure of sir Gala- 
had, at the age of 15, is thus given — 

The king and his knights came to the river, and they 
found there a stone floating, as it had been of red 
marble, and therein stuck a fair and rich sword, and 
in the pomell thereof were precious stones wrought 
with subtil letters of gold. Then the barons read the 
letters, which said in this wise: Never shall man take 
tne hence, but only he by whom I ought to hang, and 
he shall be the best knight of the world. [Sir Galahad 
drew the sword easily, but no other knight was able 
to pull it forth.}— Sir T. Malory: History of Prince 
Arthur, iii. 30, 31 (1470). 

IF A somewhat similar adventure occurs 
in the A madis de Gaul. Whoever suc- 
ceeded in drawing from a rock an en- 
chanted sword, was to gain access to a 
subterranean treasure (ch. cxxx. ; see 
also chs. lxxii.. xcix.). 

The Irresistible Sword. The king of 
Araby and Ind sent Cambuscan' king of 
Tartary a sword that would pierce any 
armour ; and if the smiter chose he could 
heal the wound again by striking it with 
the flat of the blade. — Chaucer; The 
Squire's Tale (1388). 

Sword and the Maiden {The). 
Foon after king Arthur succeeded to the 
.hrone, a damsel came to Camelot girded 
with a sword which no man defiled by 
" shame, treachery, or guile " could draw 
from its scabbard. She had been to the 
court of king Ryence, but no knight there 
could draw it. King Arthur tried to 
draw it, but with no better success ; all 
his knights tried also, but none could 
draw it. At last a poor ragged knight 
named Balin, who had been held in 
prison for six months, made the attempt, 
and drew the sword with the utmost ease, 
but the knights insisted it had been done 
by witchcraft. The maiden asked sir 
Balin to give her the sword, but he re- 
fused to do so, and she then told him it 
would bring death to himself and his 
dearest friend ; and so it did ; for when 
he and his brother Balan jousted together, 
unknown to each other, both were slain, 
and were buried in one tomb. — Sir T. 



Malory; History of Prince Arthur, L 

27-44 (1470). 

Sword in the City Arms (Lon- 
don). Stow asserts that the sword or 
dagger in the City arms was not added 
in commemoration of Walworth's attack 
on Wat Tyler, but that it represents the 
sword of St. Paul, the patron saint of 
London. This is not correct. Without 
doubt the cognizance of the City, previous 
to 1381, was St. Paul's sword, but after 
the death of Tyler it was changed into 
Walworth's dagger. 

Brave Walworth, knight, lord mayor, that slew 

Rebellious Tyler in his alarmes ; 
The king, therefore, did give him in lieu 
The dagger to the city armes. 
Fishmongers' Hall (" Fourth Year of Richard IL, 
1381). 

Sword-God. The Scythians worship 
a naked sword. Attila received his sword 
from heaven- (See Sir Edward Creasy, 
P- *53-) 

Sword of God ( The). Khaled, the 
conqueror of Syria (632-8), was so called 
by Mohammedans. 

Sword of Rome {The), Marcellus. 
Fabius was called " The Shield of Rome " 
(time of Hannibal's invasion). 

Swordsman {The Handsome). Jo- 
achim Murat was called Le Beau Sabreur 
(1767-1815). 

Sybaris, a river of Lucania, in Italy, 
whose waters had the virtue of restoring 
vigour to the feeble and exhausted. — 
Pliny: Natural History, XXXI. ii. 10. 

Syb'arite {3syl.) t an effeminate man, 
a man of pampered self-indulgence. 
Seneca tells us of a sybarite who could 
not endure the nubble of a folded rose 
leaf in his bed. 

[Her bed] softer than the soft sybarites, who cried 
Aloud because his feelings were too tender 
To brook a ruffled rose leaf by his side. 

Byron : Don Juan, vi. 89 (1824). 

Sybil, or "The Two Nations," a novel 
by Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield, 1845). 

Sybil Warner, in lord Lytton's 
novel The Last of the Barons (1843). 

Syc'orax, a foul witch, the mistress of 
Ariel the fairy spirit, by whom for some 
offence he was imprisoned in the rift of a 
cloven pine tree. After he had been kept 
there for twelve years, he was liberated 
by Prospero the rightful duke of Milan 
and father of Miranda. Sycorax was the 
mother of Caliban. — Shakespeare : The 
Te 711 pest (1609). 



SYDDALL. 



1068 



SYMMES'S HOLE. 



If you had told Sycorax that her son Caliban was as 

handsome as Apollo, she would have been pleased, 
witch as she was. — Thackeray. 

Those foul and impure mists which their pens, like 
the raven wings of Sycorax, had brushed from fern 
and bog.— Sir W. Scott: The Drama. 

Syddall {Anthony), house-steward at 
Osbaldistone Hall.— Sir W. Scott: Rob 
Roy (time, George I.). 

Sydenham {Charles), the frank, open- 
hearted, trusty friend of the Woodvilles. 
— Cumberla,7id : The Wheel of Fortune 
(i779)- 

Syl, a monster like a basilisk, with 
human face, but so terrible that no one 
could look on it and live. (See Oura- 
nabad, p. 790.) 

IT Medusa's hair, changed into snakes, 
was so terrible that whosoever set eyes on 
it was changed to stone. 

IT The basilisk, king of serpents, looked 
any one dead who set eyes on it. 

Sylla {Cornelius), the rival of Ma'rius. 
Being consul, he had ex-officio a right to 
lead in the Mithridatic war (B.C. 88), but 
Marius got the appointment of Sylla set 
aside in favour of himself. Sylla, in 
dudgeon, hastened back to Rome, and 
insisted that the "recall" should be 
reversed. Marius fled. Sylla pursued 
the war with success, returned to Rome 
in triumph, and made a wholesale 
slaughter of the Romans who had op- 
posed him. As many as 7000 soldiers 
and 5000 private citizens fell in this 
massacre, and all their goods were dis- 
tributed among his own partisans. Sylla 
was now called " Perpetual Dictator," 
but in two years retired into private life, 
and died the year following (B.C. 78). 

(Jouy has a good tragedy in French 
called Sylla (1822), and the character of 
*' Sylla" was a favourite one with Talma 
the French actor. In 1594 Thomas 
Lodge produced his historical play called 
Wounds of Civil War, lively set forth in 
the True Tragedies of Marius and Sylla.) 

Sylli {Signor), an Italian exquisite, 
who walks fantastically, talks affectedly, 
and thinks himself irresistible. He makes 
love to Cami'ola "the maid of honour," 
and fancies, by posturing, grimaces, and 
affectation, to "make her dote on him." 
He says to her, " In singing, I am a 
Siren, in dancing, a TerpsichSre. " " He 
could tune a ditty lovely well," and 
prided himself " on his pretty spider 
fingers, and the twinkling of his two 
eyes." Of course, Cami51a sees no charms 
in these effeminacies ; but the conceited 



puppy says he " is not so sorry for him- 
self as he is for her" that she rejects 
him. Signor Sylli is the silliest of all 
the Syllis. — M as singer : The Maid «1 
Honour (1637). (See TAPPERTIT.) 

Sylva, Evelyn's treatise on forest 
trees (1664). Its object was to induce 
people to plant forest trees. 

Sylvia, daughter of justice Balance, 
and an heiress. She is in love with 
captain Plume, but promised her father 
not to "dispose of herself to any man 
without his consent." As her father 
feared Plume was too much a libertine to 
make a steady husband, he sent Sylvia 
into the country to withdraw her from 
his society ; but she dressed in her 
brother's military suit, assumed the name 
of Jack Wilfred alias Pinch, and enlisted. 
When the names were called over by the 
justices, and that of " Pinch " was 
brought forward, justice Balance "gave 
his consent for the recruit to dispose of 
[himself] to captain Plume," and the 
permission was kept to the letter, though 
not in its intent. However, the matter 
had gone too far to be revoked, and the 
father made up his mind to bear with 
grace what without disgrace he could not 
prevent. — Farquhar : The Recruiting 
Officer (1705). 

I am troubled neither with spleen, chotic, nor 
vapours. I need no salts for my stomach, no harts- 
horn for my head, nor wash for my complexion. I can 
gallop all the morning after the hunting-horn, and all 
the evening after a fiddle.— Act i. 9. 

Sylvio de Rosalva {Don), the hero 
and title of a novel by C. M. Wieland 
(1733-1813). Don Sylvio, a quixotic be- 
liever in fairyism, is gradually converted 
to common sense by the extravagant 
demands which are made on his belief, 
assisted by the charms of a mortal 
beauty. The object of this romance is a 
crusade against the sentimentalism and 
religious foolery of the period. 

Symkyn {Symond), nicknamed "Dis- 
dainful," a miller, living at Trompington, 
near Cambridge. His face was round, 
his nose flat, and his skull " pilled as an 
ape's." He was a thief of corn and meal, 
but stole craftily. His wife was the 
village parson's daughter, very proud 
and arrogant. He tried to outwit Aleyn 
and John, two Cambridge scholars, but 
was himself outwitted, and most roughly 
handled also. — Chaucer : Canterbury 
Tales {" The Reeve's Tale," 1388). 

Symmes's Hole. Captain John Cleve 
Sy mines maintained that there was, at 



SYMONIDES THE GOOD. 

82 N. lat. , an enormous opening through 
the crust of the earth into the globe, 
The place to which it led he asserted to 
be well stocked with animals and plants, 
and to be lighted by two under-ground 
planets named Pluto and Proserpine. 
Captain Symmes asked sir Humphry 
Davy to accompany him in the explora- 
tion of this enormous " hole " (*-i829). 

N.B. — Halley the astronomer (1656- 
1742) and Holberg of Norway (1684-1754) 
believed in the existence of Symmes's 
hole. 

Symon'ides the Good, king of Pen- 
tap'olis. — Shakespeare : Pericles Prince 
of Tyre (1608). 

Symphony ( The Father 0/), Francis 

Joseph Haydn (1732-1809). 

Symple'g'ades (4 syl.), two rocks 
at the entrance of the Euxine Sea. To 
navigators they sometimes look like one 
rock, and sometimes the light between 
shows they are two. Hence the ancient 
Greeks said that they opened and shut 
Olivier says "they appear united or 
joined together according to the place 
from which they are viewed." 

. . . when Argo passed 
Through Bosphorus, betwixt the justling rocks. 
Milton : Paradise Lost, ii. 1017 (1665). 

Synia, the portress of Valhalla. — 

Scandinavian Mythology. 

Syntax [Dr.), a simple-minded, pious, 
hen-pecked clergyman, green as grass, 
but of excellent taste and scholarship, 
who left home in search of the pictur- 
esque. His adventures are told by 
William Coombe in eight-syllable verse, 
in three tours : (1) The Tour in Search 
of the Picturesque, published in 1812 ; 
(2) The Tour in Search of Consolation, 
published in 1820 ; and (3) The Tour in 
Search of a Wife, published in 1821. 

(Other tours were published, but 
Coombe was not the author.) 

Dr. Syntax's Horse was called Grizzle, 
all skin and bone. 

Synter'esis, Conscience personified. 



1069 



TABAKIERA. 



On her a royal damsel still attends, 
(counsellor. Synter 
P. Fletcher: The Purj>ie Island, vi. (1633). 



,;;/ 



An'l faithful counsellor. Synter'esis. 



Syphax, chief of the Arabs who 
joined the Egyptian armament against 
the crusaders. "The voices of these 
allies were feminine, and their stature 
s m all. " — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered, 
xvii. (1575). 

Syphax, an old Numidian soldier in 



the suite of prince Juba in Utfca. He 
tried to win the prince from Cato to the 
side of Caesar ; but Juba was too much 
in love with Marcia (Cato's daughter) to 
listen to him. Syphax with his "Nu- 
midian horse " deserted in the battle to 
Caesar, but the " hoary traitor " was slain 
by Marcus the son of Cato. — Addison: 
Cato (1713). 

Syrinx, a nymph beloved by Pan, 
and changed at her own request into a 
reed, of which Pan made his pipe. — 
Greek Fable. 

Syrinx, in Spenser's Eclogue, iv., is 
Anne Boleyn, and " Pan " is Henry VIIL 
(i579)* 



T. Tusser has a poem on Thriftiness, 
twelve lines in length, and in rhyme, 
every word of which begins with / (died 
1580). 

The thrifty that teacheth the thriving to thrive. 

Teach timely to traverse, the thing- that thou 'trive. 

Transferring thy toiling, to timeliness taught, 

This teacheth thee temp'rance, to temper thy thought. 

Take Trusty (to trust to) that thinkest to thee. 

That trustily thriftiness trowleth to thee. 

Then temper thy travell, to tarry the tide ; 

This teacheth thee thriftiness, twenty times tryed. 

Take thankfull thy talent, thank thankfully those 

That thriftily teacheth [t teach thee] thy time to trans- 

pose. 
Troth twice to be teached, teach twenty times ten, 
This trade thou that takest, take thrift to thee then. 
Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, xlix. (1557). 

Leon Placentius, a dominican, wrote 
a poem in Latin hexameters, called 
Pugna Porcorum, 253 lines long, every 
word of which begins with p (died 1548). 

(See P, p. 793, for other alliterative 
verses. ) 

Taan, the god of thunder. The 
natives of the Hervey Islands believe 
that thunder is produced by the shaking 
of Taau's wings. — J. Williams : Mis- 
sionary Enterprises in the South Sea 
Islands, 109 (1837). 

Tabakiera, a magic snuff-box, which, 
upon being opened, said, Que quieres f 
( ' ' What do you want ? ") ; and upon being 
told the wish, it was there and then 
accomplished. The snuff-box is the 
counterpart of Aladdin's lamp, but 
appears in numerous legends slightly 
varied (see for example, Campbell's Tales 



TABARIN. 



1070 



TAFFY. 



tf the West Highlands, ii. 293-303, " The 
Widow's Son"). — Rev. W. Webster: 
Basque Legends, 94 (1876). 

Tabarin, a famous vendor of quack 
medicines, born at Milan, who went to 
Paris in the seventeenth century. By his 
antics and rude wit he collected great 
crowds together, and in ten years (1620- 
30) became rich enough to buy a handsome 
chateau in Dauphine. The French aris- 
tocracy, unable to bear the satire of a 
charlatan in a chateau, murdered him. 

(The jests and witty sayings of this 
farceur were collected together in 1622, 
and published under the title of L'lnven- 
taire Universel des CEuv?'es de Tabarin, 
contenant ses Fantaisies, Dialogues, Para- 
doxes, Farces, etc. In 1858 an edition of 
his works was published by G. Aventin. ) 

Tabbard ( The), the inn in Southwark 
from which Chaucer supposes his Pilgrims 
start for Canterbury. 

A M tabbard " is a herald's coat. 

Table Talk, a poem in ten-syllabic 

rhymes by Cowper, in the form of dialogue 
between A and B, published in 1782. 

There are also the Table Talk of John Selden; the 
Table Talk of Coleridge (1835) ; the Table Talk of 
Samuel Rogers (1856) ; etc. 

Tablets of Moses, a variety of Scotch 
granite, composed of felspar and quartz, 
so arranged as to present, when polished, 
the appearance of Hebrew characters on 
a white ground. 

Tachebrune (2 syl.), the horse of 
Ogier le Dane. The word means "brown 
spot" 

Taciturnian, an inhabitant of Lisle 
Taciturne or Taciturna, meaning London 
and the Londoners. 

A thick and perpetual vapour covers this island, and 
fills the souls of the inhabitants with a certain sadness, 
misanthropy, and irksomeness of their own existence 
Alaciel {the genius] was hardly at the first barriers ot 
the metropolis when he fell in with a peasant bending 
under the weight of a bag of gold; . . . but his heart 
was sad and gloomy, . . . and he said to the genius, 
"Joy! I know it not; I never heard of it in this 
Island."— De la Dixmie : L'lsU Taciturne et FlsU 
Enjouie (1759). 

Tacket {Tibb), the wife of old Martin 
the shepherd of Julian Avenel of Avenel 
Castle.— Sir IV. Scott: The Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Tackleton, a toy merchant, called 
Gruff and Tackleton, because at one 
time Gruff had been his partner ; he had, 
however, been bought out long ago. 
Tackleton was a stern, sordid, grinding 
man ; ugly in looks, and uglier in his 
nature; cold and callous, selfish and 



unfeeling ; his look was sarcastic and 
malicious ; one eye was always wide 
open, and one nearly shut He ought 
to have been a money-lender, a sheriffs 
officer, or a broker, for he hated children 
and hated playthings. It was his 
greatest delight to make toys which 
scared children, and you could not please 
him better than to say that a toy from 
his warehouse had made a child miserable 
the whole Christmas holidays, and had 
been a nightmare to it for half its child- 
life. This amiable creature was about to 
marry May Fielding, when her old sweet- 
heart Edward Plummer, thought to be 
dead, returned from South America, and 
married her. Tackleton was reformed by 
Peerybingle, the carrier, bore his disap- 
pointment manfully, sent the bride and 
bridegroom his own wedding-cake, and 
joined the festivities of the marriage 
banquet — Dickens: The Cricket on the 
Hearth (1845). 

Tactus, a character in the play called 
The Combat of the Tongue and the Five 
Senses, by Antony Brewer (1580), in which 
the tongue claims to be the Sixth Sense. 
When the play, says Chetwood, was per- 
formed at Cambridge in 1607, Oliver 
Cromwell took the part of Tactus, in 
which occur these words — 

Roses and bays, pack hence ! This crown and rob© 

My brows and body circles and invests. 
How gallantly it fits me 1 

(The quotation affords a good hunting- 
ground for our Priscians. ) 

Taffril {Lieutenant), of H.M. gun- 
brig Search. He is in love with Jenny 
Caxton the milliner. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Antiquary (time, George III.). 

Taffy, a Welshman. The word is 
simply Davy [David) pronounced with 
aspiration. David is the most common 
Welsh name; Sawney {Alexander), the 
most common Scotch ; Pat [Patrick), 
the most common Irish ; and John [John 
Bull), the most common English. So 
we have cousin Michael for a German, 
Micaire for a Frenchman, Colin Tampon 
for a Swiss, and brother Jonathan in the 
United States of North America. 

Taffy, that is, Talbot Wynne, of 
Yorkshire, an admirable character in 
Trilby, a novel by Du Mauner (1895). 
He marries Miss Bagot, " Little Billee's " 
sister. 

Taffy in the Sedan chair, referred to 
in Goldsmith's Citizen of the Worlo (1759), 
is this: One stormy night, when the 



TAG. 



1071 



TAILORS. 



Itreets (which were neither paved nor 
swept) were knee-deep in mud, Taffy was 
going in full fig (pumps and white silk 
stockings) to an evening party. So he hired 
a Sedan chair, but as it had neither seat 
nor bottom, he was obliged to slump 
through the dirty streets, wholly unable 
to pick his way, and at every step he took 
the bottom ledge of the Sedan knocked 
against his heels and made them bleed. 
On arriving at his friend's house, covered 
with blood and dirt, he was asked how 
he liked his accommodation. "Well," 
said Taffy, "I think it was almost as bad 
as walking." 

Tag", wife of Puff, and lady's-maid to 
Miss Biddy Bellair. — Garrick : Miss in 
Her Teens (1753). 

Takmuras, a king of Persia, whose 
exploits in Fairy-land among the peris 
and deevs are fully set forth by Richard- 
son in his Dissertation. 

Tail made Woman (Man's). 
According to North American legend, 
God in anger cut off man's tail, and out 
of it made woman. 

Tails {Men with). (1) The Niam- 
niams, an African race between the gulf 
of Benin and Abyssinia, are said to have 
tails. Mons. de Castlenau (1851) tells us 
that the Niam-niams "have tails forty 
centimetres long, and between two and 
three centimetres in diameter." Dr. 
Hubsch, physician to the hospitals of 
Constantinople, says, in 1853, that he 
carefully examined a Niam-niam negress, 
and that her tail was two inches long. 
Mons. d'Abbadie, in his Abyssinian 
Travels (1852), tells us that south of the 
Herrar is a place where all the men have 
tails, but not the females. " I have 
examined," he says, "fifteen of them, 
and am positive that the tail is a natural 
appendage." Dr. Wolf, in his Travels and 
Adventures, ii. (1861), says, "There are 
both men and women in Abyssinia with 
tails like dogs and horses." He heard that, 
near Narea, in Abyssinia, there were men 
and women with tails so muscular that 
they could "knock down a horse with 
a blow." 

(2) John Struvs, a Dutch traveller, says, 
in his Voyages (1^50), that "all the natives 
on the south of F01 mosa have tails." He 
adds that he hiraseH personally saw one 
of these islanders with a tail " more than 
a foot long." 

(3) It is said that the Ghilane race, which 
numbers between 30,000 and 40,000 souls, 



and dwell "far beyond theSenaar," have 
tails three or four inches long. Colonel 
du Corret assures us that he himself most 
carefully examined one of this race named 
Belial, a slave belonging to an emir in 
Mecca, whose house he frequented.— 
World of Wonders, 206. 

(4) The Poonangs of Borneo are said 
to be a tail-bearing race. 

Individual Examples. (1) Dr. Hubsch, 
referred to above, says that he examined 
at Constantinople the son of a physician 
whom he knew intimately, who had a 
decided tail, and so had his grandfather. 

(2) In the middle of the present (the 
nineteenth) century, all the newspapers 
made mention of the birth of a boy at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne with a tail, which 
" wagged when he was pleased." 

(3) In the College of Surgeons at Dublin 
may be seen a human skeleton with a tail 
seven inches long. 

Tails given by way of Punishment. 
(1) Polydore Vergil asserts that when 
Thomas a Becket came to Stroud, the 
mob cut off the tail of his horse; and in 
eternal reproach, "both they and their 
offspring bore tails." Lambarde repeats 
the same story in his Perambulation of 
Kent (1576). 

For Becket's sake Kent always shall have tails.— 
Marvel. 

(2) John Bale, bishop of Ossory in the 
reign of Edward VI., tells us that John 
Capgrave and Alexander of Esseby have 
stated it as a fact that certain Dorsetshire 
men cast fishes' tails at St. Augustine, in 
consequence of which "the men of this 
county have borne tails ever since." 

(3) We all know the tradition that 
Cornishmen are born with tails. 

Taillefer, a valiant warrior and 
minstrel in the army of William the 
Conqueror. At the battle of Hastings 
(or Senlac) he stimulated the ardour of 
the Normans by songs in praise of 
Charlemagne and Roland. The soldier- 
minstrel was at last borne down by 
numbers, and fell fighting. 

He was a juggler or minstrel, who could sing songs 
and play tricks. ... So he rode forth singing as he 
went, and .is some say throwing his sword up in the 
air and catching it again.— -S. A. Freeman : Old 
English History, 332. 

Tailors (Nine). A toll of a bell is 
called a "teller," and at the death of a 
man the death-bell is tolled thrice three 
times. "Nine tellers mark a man" 
became perverted into "Nine tailors 
make a man." — Notes and Queries, 
March 4, 1877. 



TAILORS OF TOOLEY STREET. IO?2 



TALES. 



Tailors of Tooley Street. (See 
Three Tailors, p. 1104.) 

Taisb.. Second sight is so called in 
Ireland.— Martin: Western Isles, 3. 

Dark and despairing, my sight I may seal ; 
But man cannot cover what God would reveal. 
'Tis the sunset of life gives me mystical lore. 
And coming events cast their shadows before. 
Campbell: Lochiefs Warning (1801). 

Taj, in Agra (East India), the mauso- 
leum built by shah Jehan to his favourite 
sultana Moomtaz-i-Mahul, who died in 
childbirth of her eighth child. It is of 
white marble, and is so beautiful that it 
is called ' « A Poem in Marble," and " The 
Marble Queen of Sorrow." 

Takeley Street. All on one side, 
like Takeley Street. Takeley is a village 
entirely on one side of the high-road. It 
faces Hallingbury Park, and is on the 
north side of the road from Bishop's 
Stortford to Dunmow. (See Rooden 
Lane, p. 931.) 

Talbert [ToV-lut], John Talbert or 
rather Talbot, " The English Achilles," 
first earl of Shrewsbury (i373- I 4S3)- 

Our Talbert, to the French so terrible in war. 
That with his very name their babes they used to scare. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xviii. (1613). 

TALBOT {John), a name of terror 

in France. Same as above. 

They in France, to feare their young children, cryo, 

"The Talbot cometh ! "— Hall : Chronicles (1545). 
Is this the Talbot, so much feared abroad. 
That with his name the mothers still their babes t 
Shakespeare: 1 Henry VI. act ii. sc. 3 (1589). 

Talbot {Colonel), an English officer, 
and one of Waverley's friends. — Sir W. 
Scott: Waver ley (time, George II.). 

Talbot {Lord Arthur), a cavalier who 
won the love of Elvira daughter of lord 
Walton ; but his lordship had promised 
his daughter in marriage to sir Richard 
Ford, a puritan officer. The betrothal 
being set aside, lord Talbot became the 
accepted lover, and the marriage ceremony 
was fixed to take place at Plymouth. In 
the mean time, lord Arthur assisted the 
dowager queen Henrietta to escape, and 
on his return to England was arrested by 
the soldiers of Cromwell, and condemned 
to death ; but Cromwell, feeling secure of 
his position, commanded all political 
prisoners to be released, so lord Arthur 
was set at liberty, and married Elvira. — 
Bellini: I Puritani (1834). 

Talbot {Lying Dick), the nickname 
given to Tyrconnel, the Irish Jacobite, 
who held the highest offices in Ireland in 



the reign of James II. and in the early part 
of William III. 's reign (died 1691). 

Tale of a Tub, a comedy by Ben 
Jonson (1618). This was the last comedy 
brought out by him on the stage ; the first 
was Every Man in His Humour (1598). 

In the Tale of a Tub, he [Sen Jonson] follows the 
path of Aristoph'anes, and lets his wit run into low 
buffoonery, that he might bring upon the stage Inigo 
Jones, his personal enemy.— Sir IV. Scott: The 
Drama. 

Tale of a Tub, a religious satire by 
dean Swift (1704). Its object is to ridi- 
cule the Roman Catholics under the name 
of Peter, and the presbyterians under the 
name of Jack [Calvin]. The Church of 
England is represented by Martin [Lu- 
ther]. 

Gulliver's Travels and the Tale of a Tub must ever 
be the chief corner-stones of Swift's fame.— Cham- 
bers: English Literature, ii. 547- 

Tale of Two Cities (A), a novel by 
Dickens (1859). The two cities are Lon- 
don and Paris during the revolution of 

1789. 

Tales. (1) Chinese Tales, being the 
transmigrations of the mandarin Fum- 
Hoam, told to Gulchenraz daughter of 
the king of Georgia. (See Fum-Hoam, 
p. 398.) — Gueulette (originally in French, 

1723)- 

(2) Fairy Tales, a series of tales, origin- 
ally in French, by the comtesse D'Aulnoy 
(1698). Some are very near copies of the 
Arabian Nights. The best-known are 
" Chery and Fairstar," "The Yellow 
Dwarf," and "The White Cat." 

(About the same time (1697), Claude 
Perrault published, in French, his famous 
Fairy Tales, chiefly taken from the Sagas 
of Scandinavia. ) 

(3) Moral Tales, twenty-three tales by 
Marmontel, originally in French (1761). 
They were intended for drafts of 
dramas. The design of the first tale, 
called " Alcibiadgs," is to expose the 
folly of expecting to be loved "merely 
for one's self." The design of the second 
tale, called "Soliman II.," is to expose 
the folly of attempting to gain woman's 
love by any other means than reciprocal 
love ; and so on. The second tale has 
been dramatized. 

(4) Oriental Tales, by the comte de 
Caylus, originally in French (1743). A 
series of tales supposed to be told by 
Moradbak, a girl of 14, to Hudjadge 
shah of Persia, who could not sleep. It 
contains the tale of ' ' The Seven Sleepers 
of Ephesus " (See Moradbak, p. 724.) 



TALES OF FASHIONABLE LIFE. 1073 

Tales of Fashionable Life, by 

Maria Edgeworth. Three volumes ap- 
peared in 1809, and three more in 1812. 

Tales of a Grandfather, in three 
series, by sir W. Scott ; told to his grand- 
son, " Hugh Littlejohn." His real name 
was John Hugh Lockhart, and he died 
on December 15, 1831, aged eleven 
years. These tales are supposed to be 
taken from Scotch chronicles, and em- 
brace the most prominent and graphic 
incidents of Scotch history. Series i., 
to the amalgamation of the two crowns 
in James I. ; series ii., to the union of 
the two parliaments in the reign of queen 
Anne ; series Hi., to the death of Charles 
Edward the Young Pretender. 

Tales of My Landlord, tales sup- 
posed to be told by the landlord of the 
Wallace inn, in the parish of Gander- 
cleuch, ' ' edited and arranged by Jedediah 
Cleishbotham, schoolmaster and parish 
clerk " of the same parish, but in reality 
corrected and arranged by his usher, 
Peter or Patrick Pattison, who lived to 
complete five of the novels, but died 
before the last two were issued. These 
novels are arranged thus : First Series, 
"The Black Dwarf" and "Old Mor- 
tality • " Second Series, " Heart of Mid- 
lothian ; " Third Series, " Bride of Lam- 
mermoor " and " Legend of Montrose ; " 
Posthumous, "Count Robert of Paris" 
and " Castle Dangerous."— Sir W. Scott. 
(See Black Dwarf, introduction. ) 

Tales of the Crusaders, by sir 
W. Scott, include The Betrothed and The 
Talisman. 

Tales of the Genii, that is, tales 
told by genii to Iracagem their chief, 
respecting their tutelary charges, or how 
they had discharged their functions as 
the guardian genii of man. Patna and 
Coulor, children of Giualar (iman of 
Terki), were permitted to hear these 
accounts rendered, and hence they have 
reached our earth. The genius Bar- 
haddan related the history of his tutelary 
charge of Abu'dah, a merchant of Bagdad. 
The genius Mamlouk told how he had 
been employed in watching over the 
dervise Alfouran. Next, Omphram re- 
counted his labours as the tutelar genius 
of Hassan Assar caliph of Bagdad. The 
genius Hassarack tells his experience in 
the tale of Kelaun and Guzzarat. The fifth 
was a female gt-nius, by name Houadir, 
who told the tale of Urad, the fair wan- 
derer, her ward on earth. Then rose the 



TALISMAN. 

sage genius Macoma, and told the tale of 
the sultan Mismar, with the episodes of 
Mahoud and the princess of Cassimir. 
The affable Adiram, the tutelar genius of 
Sadak and Kalas'rade, told of their battle 
of life. Last of all rose the venerable 
genius Nadan, and recounted the history 
of his earthly charge named Mirglip the 
dervise. These tales, by James Ridley, 
1765, are said to be from the Persian, and 
are ascribed to Horam son of Asmar. 

Tales of the Hall, poems by 
Crabbe (1819). 

Talgfol, a butcher in Newgate market, 
who obtained a captain's commission in 
Cromwell's army for bis bravery at 

Naseby. 

Talgol was of courage stout . . . 
Inured to labour, sweat, and toil. 
And, like a champion, shone with oil . . » 
He many a boar and huge dun cow 
Did, like another Guy, o'erthrow . . . 
With greater troops of sheep he'd fought 
Than Ajax or bold don Quixote. 

5. ButUr : Hudibras. \. a (1663). 

Taliesin or Taliessin, son of St. 
Hercwig, chief of the bards of the West, 
in the time of king Arthur (sixth cen- 
tury). In the Mabinogion are given the 
legends connected with him, several 
specimens of his songs, and all that is 
historically known about him. The burst- 
ing in of the sea through the neglect of 
Seithenin, who had charge of the em- 
bankment, and the ruin which it brought 
on Gwyddno Garanhir, is allegorized by 
the bursting of a pot called the "caldron 
of inspiration," through the neglect of 
Gwion Bach, who was set to watch it. 

That Taliessen, once which made the rivers dance. 
And in his rapture raised the mountains from their 

trance, 
Shall tremble at my verse. 

Dray/on : Polyolbion, It. (161 a). 

Talisman (The), a novel by sir W. 
Scott, and one of the best of the thirty- 
two which he wrote (1825). It is the 
story of Richard Coeur de Lion being 
cured of a fever in the Holy Land, by the 
soldan. His noble enemy Saladin, hearing 
of his illness, assumed the disguise of 
Adonbec el Hakim, the physician, and 
visited the king. He filled a cup with 
spring water, into which he dipped the 
talisman, a little red purse that he took 
from his bosom, and when it had been 
stepped long enough, he gave the draught 
to the king to drink (ch. ix.). During 
the king's sickness, the archduke of 
Austria planted his own banner beside 
that of England ; but immediately Richard 
recovered from his fever, he tore it down. 
3* 



TALISMANS 



1074 



TALVL 



and gave it in custody to sir Kenneth. 
While Kenneth was absent, he left his 
dog in charge of the banner ; but on his 
return, found the dog wounded and the 
banner stolen. King Richard, in his rage, 
ordered sir Kenneth to execution, but 
pardoned him at the intercession of ' ' the 
physician " (Saladin). Sir Kenneth's dog 
showed such a strange aversion to the 
marquis de Montserrat that suspicion was 
aroused, the marquis was challenged to 
single combat, and, being overthrown by 
' sir Kenneth, confessed that he had stolen 
the banner. The love-story interwoven is 
that between sir Kenneth the prince royal 
of Scotland, and lady Edith Plantagenet 
the king's kinswoman, with whose mar- 
riage the tale concludes. 

if This aversion of the dog is very like 
the aversion of Montdidier's dog Dragon 
to Macaire. (See Macaire, p. 646.) 

Talismans. (1) In order to free a 
house of vermin, the figure of the ob- 
noxious animal should be made in wax in 
" the planetary hour." — Warburton ^Cri- 
tical Inquiry into Prodigies . . . (1727). 



He swore that you had robbed his 1 
Aad stolen his talismanic louse. 

5. Butler: H%tdibras, 111 t (167^. 

(2) The Abraxas stone, a stone with 
the word ABRAXAS engraved on it, is a 
famous talisman. The word symbolizes 
the 365 intelligences between deity and 
man. 

(3) In Arabia, a talisman, consisting of 
a piece of paper containing the names of 
the seven sleepers of Ephesus, is still used, 
"to ward the house from ghosts and 
demons." 

(4) A stone with a hole through it is 
sometimes hung on the handle of a stable 
key to keep off evil spirits. 

(The subject is a very long one.) 
The Four Talismans. Houna, sur- 
named Seidel-Beckir, a talismanist, made 
three of great value : viz. a little golden 
fish, which would fetch out of the sea 
whatever it was bidden ; a poniard, which 
rendered invisible not only the person 
bearing it, but all those he wished to be 
so ; and a ring of steel, which enabled the 
wearer to read the secrets of men's hearts. 
The fourth talisman was a bracelet, 
which preserved the wearer from poison. 
— Comte de Caylus : Oriental Tales 
("The Four Talismans," 1743). 

Talking Bird ( The), called Bulbul- 
he'zar. It had the power of human 
speech, and when it sang all the song- 



birds in the vicinity came and joined m 
concert, It was also oracular, and told 
the sultan the tale of his three children, 
and how they had been exposed by the 
sultana's two jealous sisters. — Arabian 
Nights ("The Two Sisters," the last 
tale). 

(The talking bird is called "the little 
green bird" in "The Princess Fairstar," 
one of the Fairy Tales of the comtesse 
D'Aulnoy, 1682.) 

Tallboy [Old), forester of St. Mary's 
Convent. —Sir W. Scott: Monastery 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Talleyrand. This name, anciently 
written "Tailleran," was originally a 
sobriquet derived from the words tailler 
Us rangs ("cut through the ranks "). 

*.* Talleyrand is erroneously credited 
with the mot, " La parole a 6t6 donnee a 
l'homme pour l'aider a cacher sa pensee 
[ardeguiser la penser]." (See Speech, 
P- io35) 

Talos, son of Perdix, sister of Daeda- 
los, inventor of the saw, compasses, and 
other mechanical instruments, His uncle, 
jealous of him, threw him down from the 
citadel of Athens, and he was changed 
into a partridge. 

Talos, a man of brass, made by 
Hephaistos (Vulcan). This wonderful 
automaton was given to Minos to patrol 
the island of Crete. It traversed the 
island thrice every day, and if a stranger 
came near, made itself red hot, and 
squeezed him to death. 

Talus, an iron man, representing 
power or the executive of a state. He 
was Astraea's groom, whom the goddess 
gave to sir Artegal. This man of iron, 
" unmovable and resistless without end," 
" swift as a swallow, and as a lion strong," 
carried in his hand an iron flail, "with 
which he threshed out falsehood, and did 
truth unfold." When sir Artegal fell 
into the power of Radigund queen of the 
Amazons, Talus brought Britomart to the 
rescue. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, v. 1 
(1596). 

Taint. So the Mohammedans call 
Saul. 

Verily God hath set Talut king over you . . . Samuel 
said, Verily God hath chosen him, and hath caused him 
to increase in knowledge and stature. — Al Kordn, ii. 

Talvi, a pseudonym of Mrs. Robinson. 
It is simply the initials of her maiden 
name, Therese Albertine Louise von 
Iakob. 



TAM O'SHANTER. 



t07$ 



TAMMANY. 



Tam O'Shanter, a tale by Burns, 
which he considered his best. Founded 
on a legend that no sort of bogie could 
pass the middle of a running stream. 
Tam saw a hellish legion dancing in 
Alloway Kirk (near Ayr), and being 
excited cried out, " Weel done, Cutty 
Sark!" Immediately the lights were 
extinguished, and Tam rode for his life to 
reach the river Doon. He had himself 
passed the mid-stream, but his horse's tail 
had not reached it, so Cutty Sark caught 
hold of it and pulled it off (1791), 

Tam o' Todshaw, a huntsman, near 
Charlie's Hope farm.— Sir W. Scott: 
Guy Mannering (time, George II.). 

Tam o' the Cowgate, the sobriquet 
of sir Thomas Hamilton, a Scotch lawyer, 
who lived in the Cowgate, at Edinburgh 
(*-i563). 

Tamburlaine the Great, the 
Tartar conqueror ( 1336-1405). In history 
called Tamerlane (q.v.). 

(The hero and title of a tragedy by C. 
Marlow (1587). Shakespeare (a Henry 
IV. act ii. sc. 4) makes Pistol quote a 
part of this turgid play. 

Holla, ye pampered jades of Asia. 
What 1 can ye draw but twenty miles a day. 
And have so proud a chariot at your heels, 
And such a coachman as great Tamburlaiaat 

In the stage direction — 

Enter Tamburlaine, drawn In bis chariot by TretA 
Iron and Soria, with bits in their mouths, reins in his 
loft hand, in bis right a whip with which bo scourge tb 
them. 

(See Tamerlane.) 

Tame (x syl.), a river which rises in 
the vale of Aylesbury, at the foot of the 
Chiltern, and hence called by Drayton 
" Chiltern's son." Chiltern's son " 
marries Isis (Cotswold's heiress), whose 
son and heir is Thames. This allegory 
forms the subject of song xv. of the 
Polyolbion, and is the most poetical of 
them all. 

Tamer Tamed (The), a kind of 

sequel to Shakespeare's comedy The 
Taming of the Shrew. In the Tamer 
Tamed, Petruchio is supposed to marry 
a second wife, by whom he is hen-pecked. 
—Fletcher (1647). 

Tamerlane, emperor of Tartary, in 
Rowe's tragedy so called, is a noble, 
generous, high-minded prince, the very 
glass and fashion of all conquerors, in his 
forgiveness of wrongs, and from whose 
example Christians may be taught their 
moral code. Tamerlane treats Bajazet, 



his captive, with truly godlike clemency, 
till the fierce sultan plots his assassination. 
Then longer forbearance would have been 
folly, and the Tartar had his untamed 
captive chained in a cage, like a wild beast 
—Rowe: Tamerlane (1702). 

(It is said that Louis XIV. was Rowe's 
" Bajazet," and William III. his " Tamer- 
lane.") 

V Tamerlane is a corruption of Timour 
Lengh (" Timour the Lame "). He was 
one-handed and lame also. His name 
was used by the Persians in terrorem. 
(See Tamburlaine the Great.) 

Taming of the Shrew (The), a 
comedy by Shakespeare (1594). The 
" shrew " is Kathari'na, elder daughter of 
Baptista of Padua. She is tamed by the 
stronger mind of Petruchio into a most 
obedient and submissive wife. 

(This drama is founded on A pleas&unt 
conceited Historie, called The Taming of 
a Shrew. As it hath beene sundry times 
acted by the right honourable the Earlc of 
Pembrooke his servants, 1607. ) 

The induction is borrowed from 
Heuterus, Rerum Burgundearum, iv., a 
translation of which into English, by E. 
Grimstone, appeared in 1607. The same 
trick was played by Haroun-al-Raschid 
on the merchant Abou Hassan (Arabian 
Nights, " The Sleeper Awakened"); and 
by Philippe the Good of Burgundy. (See 
Burton: Anatomy of Melancholy, II. ii. 
4 ; see also The Frolicksome Duke or the 
Tinker's Good Fortune, a ballad. See 
Percy : Reliques. ) 

N.B. — Beaumont and Fletcher wrote a 
kind of sequel to this comedy, called The 
Tamer Tamed, in which Petruchio is 
supposed to marry a second wife, by 
whom he is hen-pecked (1647). 

IT The Honeymoon, a comedy hy Tobin 
(1804), is a similar plot ; but the shrew is 
tamed with far less display of obstreperous 
self-will. 

Tami'no and Pami'na, the two 

lovers who were guided by the magic flute 
through all worldly dangers to the know- 
ledge of divine truth (or the mysteries 
of Isis).— Mozart: Die Zauberfiote (1791). 
Tammany, an Indian chief, called 
in the United States St. Tammany, and 
adopted as the tutelary genius of one 
branch of the democratic party. The 
chief was of the Delaware nation, and 
lived in the seventeenth century. He was 
a great friend of the Whites, and often 
restrained the violence of his warriors 



TAMMANY RING. 



1076 TANNER OF TAM WORTH. 



against them. His great motto was, 
"Union, in peace for prosperity, in 
war for defence. " It is said that he still 
appears at times, and discourses on poli- 
tical economy and social wisdom. St. 
Tammany's Day is May 1. 

The Americans sometimes call their tutelar saint 
Tamendy, a corruption of Tammenund, the renowned 
chief.— F. Ceoptr. 

Tammany R,ing\ a cabal ; a power- 
ful organization of unprincipled officials, 
who grow rich by plundering the people. 
So called from Tammany Hall, the head- 
quarters of the high officials of the United 
States. Their corrupt practices were ex- 
posed in 1871. 

Tammuz, the month of July. St. 
Jerome says the Hebrews and Syrians call 
the month of June " Tammuz." (See 
Thammuz.) 

Tam'ora, queen of the Goths, in love 
with Aaron the Moor. — (?) Shakespeare: 
Titus Andron'icus (1593). 

N. B. — The classic name is A ndronicus, 
but Titus Andronicus is a purely fic- 
titious character. 

Tamper ( Colonel), betrothed to 
Emily. (For the plot, see Emily, p. 
323.)— Colman, sen. : The Deuce is in 
Him (1762). 

Tamson (Peg), an old woman at 
Middlemas village.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Surgeons Daughter (time, George II.). 

Tanaquill, wife of Tarquinius/m^«j 
of Rome. She was greatly venerated by 
the Romans, but Juvenal uses the name 
as the personification of an imperious 
woman with a strong independent will. 
In the Faerie Queene Spenser calls 
Gloriana (queen Elizabeth) "Tanaquill" 
(bk. i. introduction, 1590). 

TANCilED, son of Eudes and 
Emma. He was the greatest of all the 
Christian warriors except Rinaldo. His 
one fault was "woman's love,'' and that 
woman Corinda, a pagan (bk. i.). He 
brought 8oo horse to the allied crusaders 
under Godfrey of Bouillon. In a night 
combat, Tancred unwittingly slew Co- 
rinda, and lamented her death with great 
and bitter lamentation (bk. xii. ). Being 
wounded, he was tenderly nursed by 
Erminia, who was in love with him (bk. 
xix. ). — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered 

(Rossini has an opera entitled Tan* 
credi, 1813.) 

Tancred, prince of Otranto, one of 
the crusaders, probably the same as the 



one above. — Sir W. Scott: Count Robert 
of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Tancred, or The New Crusader, a 

romance by Disraeli (lord Beaconsfield). 
Tancred is a young English nobleman 
who visits the Holy Land, but ruins 
himself in purposeless adventures (1847). 

Tancred ( Count), the orphan son of 
Manfred, eldest grandson of Roger I. of 
Sicily, and rightful heir to the throne. 
His father was murdered by William the 
Bad, and he himself was brought up by 
Siffre'di lord high chancellor of Sicily. 
While only a count, he fell in love with 
Sigismunda the chancellor's daughter; 
but when king Roger died, he left the 
throne to Tancred, provided he married 
Constantia, daughter of William the Bad, 
and thus united the rival lines. Tancred 
gave a tacit consent to this arrangement, 
intending all the time to obtain a dispen- 
sation from the pope, and marry the 
chancellor's daughter ; but Sigismunda 
could not know his secret intentions, and, 
in a fit of irritation, married the earl 
Osmond. Now follows the catastrophe : 
Tancred sought an interview with Sigis- 
munda, to justify his conduct, but Os- 
mond challenged him to fight. Osmond 
fell, and stabbed Sigismunda when she 
ran to his succour. — Thomson: Tancred 
and Sigismunda (1745). 

(Thomson's tragedy is founded on the 
episode called "The Baneful Marriage," 
Gil Bias, iv. 4 (Lesage, 1724). In the 
prose tale, Tancred is called "Henriquez," 
and Sigismunda " Blanch.") 

Tancredi, the Italian form of Tan- 
cred (q. v.). The best of the early operas 
of Rossini (1813). 

Tankard (Squire), candidate with sir 
Harry Foxchase, opposed to lord Place 
and colonel Promise. — Fielding: Pasquin 
(1736). 

Tanner of Tamworth, ( The), the 
man who mistook Edward IV. for a high- 
wayman. After some little altercation, 
they changed horses, the king giving his 
hunter for the tanner's cob worth about 
four shillings ; but as soon as the tanner 
mounted the king's horse, it threw him, 
and the tanner gladly paid down a sum 
of money to get his old cob back again. 
King Edward now blew his hunting-horn, 
and the courtiers gathered round him. 
" I hope [i.e. expect] I shall be hanged 
for this," cried the tanner ; but the king, 
in merry pin, gave him the manor of 



TANNHAUSER. 



*<>77 



TAPPERTIT. 



Plumpton Park, with 300 marks a year. 
— Percy : Reliques, etc. 

Tannhauser {Sir), called in German 
XheRitter Tannhduser, aTeutonic knight, 
who wins the love of Lisaura, a Mantuan 
lady. Hilario the philosopher often con- 
verses with the Ritter on supernatural 
subjects, and promises that Venus herself 
shall be his mistress, if he will summon 
up his courage to enter Venusberg. 
Tannhauser starts on the mysterious 
journey, and Lisaura, hearing thereof, 
kills herself. At Venusberg the Ritter 
gives full swing to his pleasures, but in 
time returns to Mantua, and makes his 
confession to pope Urban. His holiness 
says to him, " Man, you can no more 
hope for absolution than this staff which 
I hold in my hand can be expected to 
bud. " So Tannhauser flees in despair from 
Rome, and returns to Venusberg. Mean- 
while the pope's staff actually does sprout, 
and Urban sends in all directions for the 
Ritter, but he is nowhere to be found. 

(Tieck, in his Phantasus (1812) intro- 
duces the story. Wagner (in 1845) 
brought out an operatic spectacle, called 
Tannhauser. The companion of Tann- 
hauser was Eckhardt. ) 

IF The tale of Tannhauser is sub- 
stantially the same as that of Thomas 
of Erceldoun, also called "Thomas the 
Rhymer," who was so intimate with Fae"ry 
folk that he could foretell what events 
would come to pass. He was also a bard, 
and wrote the famous lay of Sir Tristrem. 
The general belief is that the seer is not 
dead, but has been simply removed from 
the land of the living to Faery-land, 
whence occasionally he emerges, to busy 
himself with human affairs. Sir W. Scott 
has introduced the legend in Castle Dan- 
gerous, v. (See Erceldoun, p. 328.) 

Taouism, the system of Taou, that 
invisible principle which pervades every- 
thing. Pope refers to this universal 
divine permeation in the well-known 
lines : it— 

Warms in the sun. refreshes in the breeze. 
Glows in the stars, and blossoms in the trees. 
Lives through all life, extends through all extent. 
Spreads undivided, operates unspent. 

Pope • Essay on Man, L (1733). 

Tapestried Chamber {The), a tale 
by sir W. Scott, laid in the reign of 
George II. There are but two characters 
introduced. General Browne goes on a 
visit to lord Woodville, and sleeps in the 
" tapestered chamber," which is haunted. 



He sees the "lady in the Sacque," 
describes her to lord Woodville next 
morning, and recognizes her picture in 
the portrait-gallery. 

The back of this form was turned to me, and I could 
observe, from the shoulders and neck, it was that of 
an old woman, whose dress was an old-fashioned 
gown, which, I think, ladies call a sacque— that is, a 
sort of robe completely loose in the body, but gathered 
into broad plaits upon the neck and shoulders, which 
fall down to the gTound, and terminate in a species of 
train. 

Tap'ley {Mark), an honest, light- 
hearted young man, whose ambition was 
" to come out jolly " under the most 
unfavourable circumstances. Greatly at- 
tached to Martin Chuzzlewit, he leaves 
his comfortable situation at the Blue 
Dragon to accompany him to America, 
and in * ' Eden " has ample opportunities 
of " being jolly " so far as wretchedness 
could make him so. On his return to 
England, he marries Mrs. Lupin, and thus 
becomes landlord of the Blue Dragon. — 
Dickens: Martin Chuxslewit, xiiL, xxi., 
etc. (1843). 

Charles \VII. »f France] was the Mark TapUy of 
kings, and bore himself with his usual "jollity " under 
this afflicting news. It was remarked of him that " no 
one could lose a kingdom with greater gaiety."— 
White. 

Tappertit {Sim, Le. Simon), the ap- 
prentice of Gabriel Varden, locksmith. 
He was just 20 in years, but 200 in con- 
ceit. An old-fashioned, thin-faced, sleek- 
haired, sharp-nosed, small-eyed little 
fellow was Mr. Sim Tappertit, about five 
feet high, but thoroughly convinced in his 
own mind that he was both good-looking 
and above the middle size, in fact, rather 
tall than otherwise. His figure, which 
was slender, he was proud of ; and with 
his legs, which in knee-breeches were 
perfect curiosities of littleness, he was 
enraptured. He had also a secret notion 
that the power of his eye was irresistible, 
and he believed that he could subdue the 
haughtiest beauty " by eyeing her." Of 
course, Mr. Tappertit had an ambitious 
soul, and admired his master's daughter 
Dolly. He was captain of the secret 
society of "'Prentice Knights," whose 
object was " vengeance against their 
tyrant masters." After the Gordon riots, 
in which Tappertit took a leading part, 
he was found " burnt and bruised, with 
a gun-shot wound in his body, and both 
his legs crushed into shapeless ugliness." 
The cripple, by the locksmith's aid, 
turned shoe-black under an archway 
near the Horse Guards, thrived in his 
vocation, and married the widow of a 
rag- and- bone collector. While an ap- 



TAPROBANA, 



1078 



TARTARO. 



prentice, Miss Miggs, the "protestant" 
shrewish servant of Mrs. Varden, cast 
an eye of hope on "Simmun ; " but the 
conceited puppy pronounced her " de- 
cidedly scraggy," and disregarded the 
soft impeachment. — Dickens .- Barnaby 
Pudge (1841). (See Sylli, p. 1068. ) 

Taproba'na, the island of Ceylon.— 
Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Tapwell [Timothy), husband of 
Froth, put into business by Wellborn's 
father, whose butler he was. When 
Wellborn was reduced to beggary, 
Timothy behaved most insolently to him ; 
but as soon as he supposed he was about 
to marry the rich dowager lady Allwor\h, 
the rascal fawned on him like a whipped 
cur. — Massingerc^A New Way to Pay 
Old Debts (1625). 

Tara ( The Hill of), in Meath, Ireland. 
Here the kings, the clergy, the princes, 
and the bards used to assemble in a large 
hall, to consult on matters of public im- 
portance. 

The harp that once thro' Tarm's balls 

The soul of music shed, 
Now hangs as mute on Tara'i walla 
As if that soul were fled. 
Moert s Irish Melodies (" The Harp that Once . . ." 

18x4). 

The Fes of Tara, the triennial con- 
vention established by Ollam Fodlah or 
Ollav Fola, in B.C. 900 or 950. When 
business was over, the princes banqueted 
together, each under his shield suspended 
by the chief herald on the wall according 
to precedency. In the reign of Cormac, 
the palace of Tara was 900 feet square, 
and contained 150 apartments, and 150 
dormitories each for sixty sleepers. As 
many as 1000 guests were daily enter- 
tained in the hall. 

Tara's Psaltery or Psalter of Tara, 
the great national register or chronicles 
of Ireland, read to the assembled princes 
when they met in Tara's Hall in public 
conference. 

Their tribe, they said, their high degree. 
Was sung in Tara's Psaltery. 

Campbell: O'Connor's Child. 

Tarpa {Spurius Melius), a famous 
critic of the Augustan age. He sat in 
the temple of Apollo with four colleagues 
to judge the merit of theatrical pieces 
before they were produced in public. 

He gives himself out for another Tarpa; decides 
boldly, and supports his opinions with loudness and 
obstinacy.— Lesage ; Gil Bias, xi. xo (1735). 

Tarpeian Rock. So called from 
Tarpcia, daughter of Spurius Tarpeius 



governor of the citadel on the Saturnian 
Ji.e. Capitoline) Hill of Rome. The story 
is that the Sabines bargained with the 
Roman maid to open the gates to them, 
for the " ornaments on their arms." A? 
they passed through the gates, they threw 
on her their shields, saying, " These are 
the ornaments we bear on our arms." 
She was crushed to death, and buried on 
the Tarpeian Hill. Ever after, traitors 
were put to death by being hurled head- 
long from the hill-top. 

Bear him to the rock Tarpeian, and from thence 
Into destruction cast him. 

Shakespeare : Coriolanus, act HI. sc. 1 (1610). 

N.B. — G. Gilfillan, in his introduction 
to Longfellow's poems, makes an erro- 
neous allusion to the Roman traitress. 
He says Longfellow's "ornaments, un- 
like those of the Sabine [sic] maid, have 
not crushed him." 

Tarquin, a name of terror in Roman 

nurseries. 

The nurse, to still her child, will tell my story, 
And fright her crying babe with Tarquin 's name. 
Shakespeare : Rape o/Lucrece (1594). 

The Fall of Tarquin. The well-known 
Roman story of Sextus Tarquinius and 
Lucretia has been dramatized by various 
persons, as : N. Lee (1679) ; John Howard 
Payne, Brutus or The Fall of Tarquin 
(1820) — this is the tragedy in which 
Edmund Kean appeared with his son 
Charles at Glasgow, the father taking 
" Brutus " and the son " Titus." Arnault 
produced a tragedy in French, entitled 
Lucrece, in 1792 ; and Ponsard in 1843. 
Alfieri has a tragedy called Brutus, on the 
same subject. It also forms indirectly the 
subject of one of the lays of lord Macaulay, 
called The Battle of the Lake Regillus 
(1842), a battle undertaken by the Sabines 
for the restoration of Tarquin, but in 
which the king and his two sons were 
left dead upon the field. 

Tarquinius {Sextus), having violated 
Lucretia wife of Tarquinius Collatinus, 
caused an insurrection in Rome, whereby 
the magistracy of kings was changed for 
that of consuls. 

1T A parallel case is given in Spanish 
history : Roderick the Goth, king of 
Spain, having violated Florinda daugh- 
ter of count Julian, was the cause of 
Julian's inviting over the Moors, who 
invaded Spain, drove Roderick from the 
throne, and the Gothic dynasty was set 
aside for ever. 

Tartaro, the Basque Cyclops; of 
giant stature and cannibal habits, but not 



TARTLET. 



X079 



TASSO AND LEONORA. 



without a rough bonhommie. Intellectu- 
ally very low in the scale, and invariably 
beaten in all contests with men. Galled 
in spirit by his ill success, the giant 
commits suicide. Tartaro, the son of a 
king, was made a monster out of punish- 
ment, and was never to lose his deformity 
till he married. One day, he asked a 
girl to be his bride, and on being refused, 
sent her "a talking ring," which talked 
without ceasing immediately she put it 
on ; so she cut off her finger and threw it 
into a large pond, and there the Tartaro 
drowned himself. — Rev. W. Webster: 
Basque Legends, 1-4 (1876). 

In one of the Basque legends, Tartaro 
is represented as a Polyphemos. (See 
Ulysses and Polyphemos.) 

Tartlet [Tim), servant of Mrs. Patty- 
pan, to whom also he is engaged to be 
married. He says, " I loves to see life, 
because vy, 'tis so agreeable." — Cobb: 
The First Floor, I 2 (1756-1818). 

Tartuffe (2 syl.), the chief character 
and title of a comedy by Moliere (1664). 
Tartuffe is a religious hypocrite and im- 
postor, who uses " religion " as the means 
of gaining money, covering deceit, and 
promoting self-indulgence. He is taken 
up by one Orgon, a man of property, 
who promises him his daughter in mar- 
riage ; but his true character being ex- 
posed, he is not only turned out of the 
house, but is lodged in jail for felony. 

(Isaac Bickerstaff has adapted Moliere's 
comedy to the English stage, under the 
title of The Hypocrite (1768). Tartuffe 
he calls " Dr. Cantwell," and Orgon " sir 
John Lambert." It is thought that "Tar- 
tuffe " is a caricature of Pere la Chaise, 
the confessor of Louis XIV., who was 
very fond of truffles (French, tartuffes), 
and tii at this suggested the name to the 
dramatist.) 

Tartuffe ( Kaiser), William I. the king 
of Prussia and German emperor (1797- 

1888). 

I write to you. my dear Augusta, 
To say we've hid a reglar " buster. 
Ten thousand Frenchmen sent below; 
"Praise God, from whom all blessing flow." 
Punch (during the Franco-Prussian war). 

N.B. — I pass no opinion on this allusion, 
but simply state an historic fact ; and the 
quotation given suffices to confirm it. 

Tartuffe of the Revolution. J. 
N. Pache is so called by Carlyle (1740- 
1823). 

Swiss Pache tits sleek-headed, frugal, the wonder of 



h!s own ally for humility of mind. ... Sit then, Tar- 
tuffe, till wanted.— CarlyU. 

Task ( The), a poem in blank verse, in 
six books, of about five hundred lines 
each, by Cowper. The books are called 
respectively "The Sofa," "The Time- 
piece," "The Garden," "The Winter's 
Evening," "The Morning Walk," and 
«' The Evening Walk " (1783-5). 

Tasnar, an enchanter, who aided the 
rebel army arrayed against Misnar sultan 
of Delhi A female slave undertook to 
kill the enchanter, and went with the 
sultan's sanction to carry out her promise. 
She presented herself to Tasnar and Ahu'- 
bal, and presented papers which she said 
she had stolen. Tasnar, suspecting a trick, 
ordered her to be bow-strung, and then 
detected a dagger concealed about her 
person. Tasnar now put on the slave's 
dress, and, transformed into her likeness, 
went to the sultan's tent. The vizier 
commanded the supposed slave to pros- 
trate " herself" before she approached the 
throne, and while prostrate he cut off 
"her "head. The king was angry, but 
the vizier replied, "This is not the slave, 
but the enchanter. Fearing this might 
occur, I gave the slave a pass-word, which 
this deceiver did not give, and was thus 
betrayed. So perish all the enemies of 
Mahomet and Misnar his vicegerent upon 
earth ! "Sir C. Morell [J. Ridley] : Tales 
of the Genii, vi. (1751). 

Tasnim, a fountain in Mahomet's 
paradise ; so called from its being con- 
veyed to the very highest apartments of 
the celestial mansions. 

They shall drink of pure wine . . . and the water 

mixed therewith shall be of Tasnim, a fountain 
whereof those shall drink who approach near unto the 
divine presence.— <4/ Kordn, lvl. 

Tasso and Leonora. When Tasso 
the poet lived in the court of Alfonso II. 
the reigning duke of Ferrara' he fell in 
love with Leonora d'Este (2 syl.) the 
duke's sister; but "she saw it not or 
viewed with disdain" his passion, and 
the poet, moneyless, fled half mad to 
Naples. After an absence of two years, 
in which the poet was almost starved to 
death by extreme poverty, his friends, 
together with Leonora, induced the duke 
to receive him back ; but no sooner did he 
reach Ferrara than Alfonso sent him to 
an asylum, and here he was kept for 
seven years, when he was liberated by 
the instigation of the pope. But he died 
soon afterwards (1544-1595). 



TASTE. 



1080 



TEAGUE. 



Taste, a farce by Foote (1753), to 
expose the imposition of picture-dealers 
and sellers of virtu generally. 

Tasting Death. The rabbis say 
there are three drops of gall on the sword 
of death : one drops in the mouth and the 
man dies ; from the second the pallor of 
death is suffused ; from the third the 
carcase turns to dust. — Purchas: His 
Pilgrimage (1613). 

Tati'nus, a Greek who joined the 
crusaders with a force of 200 men armed 
with " crooked sabres " and bows. These 
Greeks, like the Parthians, were famous 
in retreat ; but when a drought came they 
all sneaked off home. — Tasso : Jerusalem 
Delivered, xiii. (1575). 

Tatius (Achilles), the acolyte, an 
officer in the Varangian guard. — Sir W. 
Scott: Count Robert of Paris (time, 
Rufus). 

Tatlanthe (3 syl.), the favourite of 
Fadladinida (queen of Queerummania 
and wife of Chrononhotonthologos). She 
extols the warlike deeds of the king, 
supposing the queen will feel flattered by 
her praises ; and Fadladinida exclaims, 
"Art mad, Tatlanthe? Your talk's dis- 
tasteful. . . . You are too pertly lavish 
in his praise ! " She then guesses that 
the queen loves another, and says to 
herself, "I see that I must tack about," 
and happening to mention " the captive 
king," Fadladinida exclaims, "That's 
he I that's he 1 that's he 1 I'd die ten 
thousand deaths to set him free." Ulti- 
mately the queen promises marriage to 
both the captive king and Rigdum- 
Funnidos " to make matters easy." Then, 
turning to her favourite, she says— 

And now, Tatlanthe, thou art all my care ; 
Where shall I find thee such another pairt 
Pity that you, who've served so long and well, 
Should die a virgin and lead apes in hell. 
Choose for 1 yourself, dear girl, our empire round; 
Your portion is twelve hundred thousand pound. 
Carey : Chrononhotonthologos (1734). 

Tatler (The), a serial started by 
Richard Steele in 1709, and continued to 
1711. 

Tattle, a man who ruins characters 
by innuendo, and so denies a scandal as 
to confirm it. He K a mixture of " lying, 
foppery, vanity, cowardice, brag, licen- 
tiousness, and ugliness, but a professed 
beau " (act i. ). Tattle is entrapped into 
marriage with Mrs. Frail. — Congreve: 
Love for Love (1695). 

(" Mrs. Candour, "in Sheridan's School 



for Scandal (1777), is a Tattle in petti- 
coats. ) 

Tattycoram, a handsome girl, with 
lustrous dark hair and eyes, who dressed 
very neatly. She was taken from the 
Foundling Hospital (London) by Mr. 
Meagles to wait upon his daughter. 
Tattycoram was called in the hospital 
Harriet Beadle. Harriet was changed 
first to Hatty, then to Tatty, and Coram 
was added because the Foundling Hos- 
pital was established by Captain Coram. 
She was most impulsively passionate, and 
when excitedhad no control over herself. 
Miss Wade enticed her away for a time, 
but afterwards she returned to her first 
friends. — Dickens : Little Dorrit (1857). 

Tavern of Europe (The). Paris 
was called by prince Bismarck, Le Cabaret 
de I 'Europe. 

Tawny ( The). Alexandre Bonvici'no 
the historian was called // Moretto (1514- 
1564). 

Tawny Coats, sumpners, apparitors, 
officers whose business it was to summon 
offenders to the courts ecclesiastical, 
attendants on bishops. 

The bishop of London met him, attended on by S 

goodly company of gentlemen in tawny coats.— Stow: 
Chronicles of England, 822 (1561). 

Taylor, " the water-poet," called the 
Swan of the Thames. He wrote four 
score books, but never learnt " so much 
as the accidents " (1580-1654). 

Taylor, their better Charon, lends an oar, 
Once Swan of Thames, tho' now he sings no more. 
Pope : The Dunciad, iii. 19 (1738). 

Taylor (Dr. Chevalier John). He 
called himself " Opthalminator, Ponti- 
ficial, Imperial, and Royal." He died 
1767. Hogarth has introduced him in 
his famous picture "The Undertakers' 
Arms." He is one of the three figures 
atop, to the left hand of the spectator ; 
the other two are Mrs. Mapp and Dr. 
Ward. 

Teacher of Germany (The), Philip 
Melancthon, the reformer (1497-1560). 

Teach well (Mrs.), a pseudonym of 
lady Ellinor Fenn, wife of sir John Fenn, 
of East Dereham, Norfolk. 

Teagfne (1 syl.), an Irish lad, taken 
into the service of colonel Careless, a 
royalist, whom he serves with exemplary 
fidelity. He is always blundering, and 
always brewing mischief, with the most 
innocent intentions. His bulls and 
blunders are amusing and characteristic. 



EARLESS BATTLE. 



1081 



tEiLa 



—Howard; The Committee (1670), altered 
by T Knight into The Honest Thieves. 

Who . . has not a recollection of the incomparable 
Johnstone [Irish. Johnstone} in " Teague," pic- 
turesquely draped in his blanket, and pouring forth 
his exquisite humour and mellifluous brogue in equal 
measure t— Mrs C. Mathews : Tea TabU Talk. 

• • The anecdote of Munden, as " Oba- 
dhh," when Johnstone, as " Teague," 
poured a bottle of lamp-oil down his 
throat instead of sherry-and-water, is one 
of the raciest ever told. (See Obadiah, 
p. 766.) 

Tearless Battle {The), a battle 
fought B.C. 367, between the Lace- 
daemonians and the combined armies of 
the Arcadians and Argives (2 syl.). Not 
one of the Spartans fell, so that, as 
Plutarch says, they call it " The Tearless 
Battle." 

IT Not one was killed in the Abyssinian 
expedition under sir R. Napier (1867-8). 

Tears — Amber. The tears shed by 
the sisters of Pha'eton were converted 
into amber — Greek Fable. 

Around thee shall glisten the loveliest amber 

That ever the sorrowing sea-bird hath wept. 

T. Moore: Lalla Rookh ("Fire- Worshippers," 1817). 

(According to Pliny [Natural History, 
xxxvii. 2, xi ), amber is a concretion of 
birds' tears. But the birds were the 
sisters of Meleager, who never ceased 
weeping for his untimely death.) 

Tearsheet {Doll), a common cour- 
tezan. — Shakespeare : 2 Henry I V. { 1598). 

Teazle {Sir Peter), a man who, in 
old age, married a country girl who 
was lively and fond of pleasure. Sir 
Peter was for ever nagging at her for her 
inferior birth and rustic ways, but secretly 
loving her and admiring her naivete". 
He says to Rowley, "lam the sweetest- 
tempered man alive, and hate a teasing 
temper, and so I tell her ladyship a 
hundred times a day." 

No one could deliver such a dialogue as is found in 
"sir Peter Teazle," with such point as T. King [1730- 
1805]. He excelled in a quiet, sententious manner of 
Speech. There was an epigrammatic style in every- 
tliing he uttered. His voice was musical, his action 
slow, his countenance benignant and yet firm.— 
IVatkins: Li/e oj Sheridan (1817). 

Lady Teazle, a lively, innocent, country 
maiden, who married sir Peter, old enough 
to be her grandfather. Planted in London 
in the whirl of the season, she formed a 
liaison with Joseph Surface ; but being 
saved from disgrace, repented and re- 
formed. — Sheridan: School Jor Scandal 
(*777r 



On April 7, 1707. Miss Farren, abont to marry the 
earl of Derby, took her final leave of the stage in the 
character of " lady Teazle." Her concluding words 
were applicable in a very remarkable degree to her- 
self: " Let me request, lady Sneerwell, that you will 
make my respects to the scandalous college of which 
you are a member, and inform them that lady Teazle, 
licentiate, begs leave to return the diploma they 
granted her, as she now leaves off practice, and kills 
characters no longer." A passionate burst of tears 
here revealed the sensibility of the speaker, while a 
stunning burst of applause followed from the audience, 
and the curtain was drawn down upon the play, for no 
more would be listened to.— Mrs. C. Mathews 

Teeth. Rigord, an historian of the 
thirteenth century, tells us that the number 
of human teeth was reduced when Chos- 
roes the Persian carried away the true 
cross discovered by St Helena. Before 
that time Christians were furnished with 
thirty and in some cases with thirty-two 
teeth, but since then no human being has 
had more than twenty-three teeth. (See 
Historiens de France, xviii. ) 

".* The normal number of teeth is 
thirty-two still. This "historic fact "is 
of a piece with that which ascribes to 
woman one rib more than to man {Gen. 
ii, 21, 22). 

Teetotal. The origin of this word 
is ascribed to Richard {Dicky) Turner, 
who, in addressing a temperance meeting 
in September, 1833, reduplicated the word 
total to give it emphasis : "We not only 
want total abstinence, we want more, we 
want t-total abstinence." The novelty 
and force of the expression took tne 
meeting by storm. 

It is not correct to ascribe the word to 
Mr. Swindlehurst of Preston, who is 
erroneously said to have stuttered. 

N.B. — Both these statements are mere 
tales. The fact is this : The old temper- 
ance party used to place O. P. {Old 
Pledge) after their names ; but the new 
party put T. {total) after their names. 

Te'ian Muse {The), Anacreon, born 
at Teios, in Ionia, and called by Ovid 
{Tristia, ii. 364) Te'ia Musa (B.C. 563- 
478). 

1 Muse . . . [Simonid/s and 



The Sclan and the 

Anacreon] 
Have found the fame your shores refuse. 
Byron .Don Juan,'\\\. 86 (" The Isles of Greece," 1820). 

'.' Probably Byron meant Sinionldes 
of Ceos. Horace (2 Odes 1, 38) speaks of 
" Cex munera naeniae," meaning Simon- 
ides ; but Scios or Scio properly means 
Chios, one of the seven places which laid 
claim to Homer. Both Ceos and Chios 
are isles of Greece. 

Tei'lo {St.), a Welsh saint, who took 
an active part against the Pelagian 



TEIRTUS HARP. 



1082 



TELL. 



heresy. When he died, three cities con- 
tended for his body, but happily the 
multiplication of the dead body into three 
put an end to the strife. Capgrave 
insists that the ipsissinu body was at 
Llandaff. — English Martyrology. 

Teirtn's Harp, which played of 
itself, merely by being asked to do so, 
and when desired to cease playing did 
so. — The Mabinogion (" Kilhwch and 
Olwen," twelfth century). 

IT St. Dunstan's harp discoursed most 
enchanting music without being struck 
by any player. 

IT The harp of the giant, in the tale of 
Jack and the Bean-Stalk, played of 
itself. In one of the old Welsh tales, 
the dwarf named Dewryn Fychan stole 
from a giant a similar harp. 

Telexa.ach.os, the only son of Ulysses 
and Penel6pe\ When Ulysses had been 
absent from home nearly twenty years, 
Telemachos went to Pylos and Sparta to 
gain information about him. Nestor re- 
ceived him hospitably at Pylos, and sent 
him to Sparta, where Menelaos told him 
the prophecy of Proteus (2 syl. ) concern- 
ing Ulysses. Telemachos then returned 
home, where he found his father, and 
assisted him in slaying the suitors. Tele- 
machos was accompanied in his voyage 
by the goddess of wisdom, under the 
form of Mentor, one of his father's 
friends. (See Telemaque.) — Greek 
Fable. 

Telemaque (Les Aventures de), a 
French prose epic, in twenty-four books, 
by Fenelon (1699). The first six books 
contain the story of the hero's adventures 
told to Calypso, as iEneas told the story 
of the burning of Troy and his travels 
from Troy to Carthage to queen Dido. 
T61£maque says to the goddess that he 
started with Mentor from Ithaca in 
search of his father, who had been absent 
from home for nearly twenty years. He 
first went to inquire of old Nestor if he 
could give him any information on the 
subject, and Nestor told him to go to 
Sparta, and have an interview with 
Menelaos. On leaving Lacedaemonia, he 
got shipwrecked off the coast of Sicily, 
but was kindly entertained by king 
Acestes, who furnished him with a ship 
to take him home (bk. i.). This ship 
falling into the hands of some Egyptians, 
he was parted from Mentor, and sent 
to feed sheep in Egypt. King Sesostris, 



who conceived a high opinion of the 
young man, would have sent him home, 
but he died ; and Telemaque was in- 
carcerated by his successor in a dungeon 
overlooking the sea (bk. ii. ). After a time, 
he was released, and sent to Tyre. Here 
he would have been put to death by 
Pygmalion, had he not been rescued by 
AstarbS, the king's mistress (bk. iii.). 
Again he embarked, reached Cyprus, and 
sailed thence to Crete. In this passage he 
saw AmphitritS, the wife of the sea-god, in 
her magnificent chariot drawn by sea- 
horses (bk. iv.). On landing in Crete, he 
was told the tale of king Idomeneus (4 
syl. ), who made a vow if he reached home 
in safety after the siege of Troy, to offer 
in sacrifice the first living being that came 
to meet him. This happened to be his 
own son ; but when Idomeneus proceeded 
to do according to his vow, the Cretans 
were so indignant that they drove him 
from the island. Being without a ruler, 
the islanders asked Telemaque to be their 
king (bk. v.). This he declined, but 
Mentor advised the Cretans to place the 
reins of government in the hands of Aris- 
todemos. On leaving Crete, the vessel 
was again wrecked, and Telemaque with 
Mentor was cast on the island of Calypso 
(bk. vi.). Calypso fell in love with the 
young prince, and, in order to detain him 
in her island, burnt the ship which 
Mentor had built to carry him home. 
Mentor, however, being resolved to quit 
the island, threw Telemaque from a 
crag into the sea, and then leaped in after 
him. They had now to swim for their 
lives, and keep themselves afloat till they 
were picked up by some Tyrians (bk. vii. ). 
The captain of the ship was very friendly 
to Telemaque, and promised to take him 
to Ithaca, but the pilot by mistake landed 
him on Salentum (bk. ix.). Here T616- 
maque, being told that his father was 
dead, determined to go down to the 
infernal regions to see him (bk. xviii.). In 
had£s he was informed that Ulysses was 
still alive (bk. xix.). So he returned to 
the upper earth (bk. xxii.), embarked 
again, and this time reached Ithaca, 
where he found his father ; and Mentor 
left him. 

Tell {Guglielmo or William), chief of 
the confederates of the forest cantons 
of Switzerland, and son-in-law of 
Walter Furst. Having refused to salute 
the Austrian cap which Gessler, the 
governor, had set up in the market-place 
of Altorf, he was condemned to shoot an 



TELL. 

apple from the head of his own son. 
Tell succeeded in this perilous task, but, 
letting fall a concealed arrow, was asked 
by Gessler with what intent he had se- 
creted it. "To kill thee, tyrant," he 
replied, " if I had failed." The governor 
now ordered him to be carried in chains 
across lake Lucerne to Kiissnacht Castle, 
" there to be devoured alive by reptiles ; " 
but, a violent storm having arisen on the 
lake, he was unchained, that he might 
take the helm. Gessler was on board, 
and when the vessel neared the castle, 
Tell leapt ashore, gave the boat a push 
into the lake, and shot the governor. 
After this he liberated his country from 
the Austrian yoke (1307). 

IT This story of William Tell Is told 
of a host of persons. For example : 
Egil, the brother of Wayland, was com- 
manded by king Nidung to shoot an 
apple from the head of his son. Egil, 
like Tell, took two arrows, and being 
asked why, replied, as Tell did to 
Gessler, M To shoot thee, tyrant, if I fail 
in my task." 

IF A similar story is told of Olaf and 
Eindridi, in Norway. King Olaf dared 
Eindridi to a trial of skill. An apple 
was placed on the head of Eindridi's son, 
and the king shooting at it grazed the 
boy's head, but the father carried off the 
apple clean. Eindridi had concealed an 
arrow to aim at the king, if the boy had 
been injured. 

IT Another Norse tale is told of Hemingr 
and Harald son of Sigurd (1066). After 
various trials of skill, Harald told Hemingr 
to shoot a nut from the head of Bjorn, 
his young brother. In this he succeeded, 
not with an arrow, but with a spear. 

H A similar tale is related of Geyti, son 
of Aslak, and the same Harald. The 
place of trial was the Faroe Isles. In 
this case also it was a nut placed on the 
head of Bjorn. 

K Saxo Grammatlcus tells nearly the 
same story of Toki, the Danish hero, and 
Harald ; but in this trial of skill Toki 
killed Harald. — Danorum Regum Hero- 
wnque Historia (1514). 

1 Reginald Scot says that Puncher shot 
a penny placed on his son's head, but 
had another arrow ready to slay the 
duke Remgrave who had set him the 
task (1584). 

N.B.— It is said of Domitian, the 
Roman emperor, that if a boy held up 
his hands with the fingers spread, he 
could shoot eight arrows in succession 



TELLUS'S SON. 

through the spaces without touching one 
of the fingers. 

T The story is told of Korroglu, the 
famous Persian bandit poet. When the 
lad Demurchy Oglou applied to be ad- 
mitted into his band, Kurroglu com- 
manded him to sit on the ground in the 
Persian manner. He then placed an 
apple on the lad's head with a ring from 
his own finger on the top of it. The 
bandit shot sixty arrows through the ring. 
As the lad neither winced nor changed 
colour, he was instantly admitted into the 
band. 

If William of Cloudesley, to show the 
king his skill in shooting, bound his 
eldest son to a stake, put an apple on his 
head, and at the distance of 300 feet, cleft 
the apple in two without touching the 
boj. 

I have a son is seven year old. 

He is to me full dear. 
I will hym tye to a stake . . . 
And lay an apple upon his head. 

And go six score paces hym fro. 
And I myselfe with a broad arrow 

Will clave the apple in two. 

Percy : ReUftus. 

(Similar feats of skill are told of Adam 
Bell and Clym of the Clough.) 

Historic facts in confirmation of TeWt 
exploit. In Altorf market-place, the spot 
is still pointed out where Tell shot the 
apple from his son's head, and Kissling's 
statue has four reliefs on the pedestal : (x) 
Tell shooting the apple ; (2) Tell leaping 
from the boat ; (3) Gessler's death ; and (4) 
the death of Tell at Schac hen bach. Of 
course, there are no proofs of the historic 
fact, any more than the numerous tradi- 
tions and monuments of Romulus are a 
proof that such a person ever existed, or 
Tennyson's Idylls of king Arthur and his 
knights of the Table-Round. 

See Roman fire in Hampden's bosom swell. 
And fate and freedom in the shaft of Tell. 

Campbell: Pleasures 0/ Hope, i. (1799). 

(The legend of William Tell has 
furnished Florian with the subject of a 
novel in French (1788) ; A M. Lemierre 
with his tragedy of Guillaume Tell (1766) ; 
Schiller with a trngeJy in German, Wil* 
helm Tell (1804) ; Knowles with a tragedy 
in English, William Tell (1840) ; and 
Rossini with the opera of Guglielmo 
Tell, in Italian, 1829.) 

Macready's performance in Tell [Knowles' s drama] 
is always first rate. No actor ever affected me more 
than Macready did in some scenes of that play [1793- 
«873l-— Rogers. 

Tellus's Son, Antaeos son of Posei'. 
don and G6, a giant wrestler of Lib'ya, 
whose strength was irresistible so long as 



TEMIR. 



1084 



TEMPEST. 



he touched his mother {earth). Hercul&s, 
knowing this, lifted him into the air, and 
crushed him to death. Near the town of 
Tingis, in Mauritania, is a hill in the shape 
of a man called " The Hill of Antseos," 
and said to be his tomb. 

So some have feigned that Tellus giant son 

Drew many new-born lives from his dead mother ; 
Another rose as soon as one was done, 

And twenty lost, yet still remained another. 
For when he fell and kissed the barren heath, 
His parent straight inspired successive breath, 
And tho' heKelf was dead, yet ransomed him from 
death. 

P. Fletcher: The Pur}U Island, uc {1633). 

IT Similarly, Bernado del Carpio 
lifted Orlando in his arms, and squeezed 
him to death, because his body was proof 
against any instrument of war. 

Te'mir, i.e. Tamerlane. The word 
occurs in Paradise Lost, xi. 389 (1665). 

Temliha, king of the serpents, in the 
island of serpents. King Temliha was 
"a small yellow serpent, of a glowing 
colour," with the gift of human speech, 
like the serpent which tempted Eve. — 
Comte de Caylus : Oriental Tales ( ' ' His- 
tory of Aboutaleb," 1743). (See Speech 

ASCRIBED TO DUMB ANIMALS, p. 1034.) 

Tem'ora, in Ulster, the palace of 
the Caledonian kings in Ireland. The 
southern kingdom was that of the Fir- 
bolg or Belgae from South Britain, whose 
seat of government was at Atha, in 
Connaught. 

Tem'ora, in eight books, the longest 
of the Ossianic prose-poems. The sub- 
ject is the dethronement of the kings of 
Connaught, and the consolidation of the 
two Irish kingdoms in that of Ulster. It 
must be borne in mind that there were 
two colonies in Ireland — one the Fir- 
bolg or British Belgae, settled in the 
south, whose king was called the "lord 
of Atha," from Atha, in Connaught, the 
seat of government; and the other the 
Cael, from Caledonia, in Scotland, whose 
seat of government was Temora, in 
Ulster. When Crothar was " lord of 
Atha," he wished to unite the two 
kingdoms, and with this view carried off 
Conlama, only child of the rival king, 
and married her. The Caledonians of 
Scotland interfered, and Conar the 
brother of Fingal was sent with an army 
against the usurper, conquered him, 
reduced the south to a tributary state, 
and restored in his own person the 
kingdom of Ulster. After a few years, 
Cormac II. (a minor) became king of 
Ulster and over-lord of Connaught. The 



Fir-bolg seizing this opportunity of re- 
volt, Cairbar "lord of Atha" threw off 
his subjection, and murdered the young 
king in his palace of Temora. Fingal 
interfered in behalf of the Caels ; but no 
sooner had he landed in Ireland, than 
Cairbar invited Oscar (Fingal's grandson) 
to a banquet, picked a quarrel with him, 
and both fell dead, each by the other's 
hand. On the death of Cairbar, Foldath 
became leader of the Fir-bolg, but was 
slain by Fillan son of Fingal. Fillan, in 
turn, was slain by Cathmor brother of 
Cairbar. Fingal now took the lead of 
his army in person, slew Cathmor, re- 
duced the Fir-bolg to subjection, and 
placed on the throne Ferad-Artho, the 
only surviving descendant of Conar (first 
of the kings of Ulster of Caledonian 
race). 

Tempe (2 syl.), a valley in Greece, 
between mount Olympus and mount 
Ossa. The word was employed by the 
Greek and Roman poets as a synonym 
for any valley noted for its cool shades, 
singing birds, and romantic scenery. 

They would hare thought, who heard the strain. 
They saw in Tempe's vale her native maids. 
Amidst the festal-sounding shades, 
To some unwearied minstrel dancing. 

Collins : Ode to the Passions (1746). 

TEMPEST (The), a drama by 
Shakespeare (1609). Prospero and his 
daughter Miranda lived on a desert 
island, enchanted by SycSrax who was 
dead. The only other inhabitants were 
Caliban, the son of Sycorax, a strange 
misshapen thing like a gorilla, and Ariel 
a sprite, who had been imprisoned by 
Sycorax for twelve years in the rift of a 
pine tree, from which Prospero set him 
free. One day, Prospero saw a ship off 
the island, and raised a tempest to wreck 
it. By this means, his brother Anthonio, 
prince Ferdinand, and the king of Naples 
were brought to the island. Now, it must 
be known that Prospero was once duke of 
Milan ; but his brother Anthonio, aided 
by the king of Naples, had usurped the 
throne, and set Prospero and Miranda 
adrift in a small boat, which was wind- 
driven to this desert island. Ferdinand 
(son of the king of Naples) and Miranda 
fell in love with each other, and the rest 
of the shipwrecked party being brought 
together by Ariel, Anthonio asked forgive- 
ness of his brother, Prospero was restored 
to his dukedom, and the whole party 
was conducted by Ariel with prosperous 
breezes back to Italy. 



TEMPEST. 



X085 



TENDO ACHILLia 



(Dryden has a drama called The Tern- 
pest, 1668.) 

Tempest {The), a sobriquet of mar- 
shal Junot, one of Napoleon's generals, 
noted for his martial impetuosity (1771- 
1813). 

Tempest {The Hon. Mr.), late go- 
vernor of Senegambia. He was the son 
of lord Hurricane; impatient, irascible, 
headstrong, and poor. He says he never 
was in smooth water since he was born, 
for, being only a younger son, his father 
gave him no education, taught him 
nothing, and then buffeted him for being 
a dunce. 

First I was turned Into the army ; there I grot broken 
bones and empty pockets. Then I was banished to 
the coast of Africa, to govern the savages of Sene- 
gambia.— The Wheel of Fortune, act ii. x. 

Miss Emily {Tempest], daughter of Mr. 
Tempest ; a great wit of very lively parts. 
Her father wanted her to marry sir David 
Daw, a great lout with plenty of money, 
but she fixed her heart on captain Henry 
Woodville, the son of a man ruined by 
gambling. The prospect was not cheer- 
ing, but Penruddock came forward, and, 
by making them rich, made them happy. 
—Cumberland: The Wheel «f Fortune 
(i779). 

Tempest {Lady Betty), a lady with 
beauty, fortune, and family, whose head 
was turned by plays and romances. She 
fancied a plain man no better than a 
fool, and resolved to marry only a gay, 
fashionable, dashing young spark. Hav- 
ing rejected many offers because the 
suitor did not come up to her ideal, she 
was gradually left in the cold. Now she 
is company only for aunts and cousins, 
in ball-rooms is a wallflower, and in 
society generally is esteemed a piece of 
fashionable lumber. — Goldsmith : A Citi- 
zen of the World, xxviii. (1759). 

Templars {Knights), an order of 
knighthood founded in 1118 for the 
defence of the Temple in Jerusalem. 
Dissolved in 1312, when their lands, etc., 
were transferred to the Hospitallers. The 
Templars wore a white robe with a red 
cross ; but the Hospitallers a black robe 
with a white cross. 

Temple ( The). When Solomon was 
dying, he prayed that he might remain 
standing till the Temple was completely 
finished. The prayer was granted, and 
he remained leaning on his staff till the 
Temple was completed, when the staff 
was gnawed through by a worm, and the 



body fell to the ground. — Charles White, 
The Cashmere Shawl. 

Temple {Launcelot), the nom deplume 
of John Armstrong, the poet (1709-1779). 

Temple {Miss), governess at Lowood's 
Institution, and the good genius of the 
family. — Charlotte Bronte": Jane Eyre 
(1847). 

Temple Bar, called " The City Gol- 
gotha," because the heads of traitors, 
etc., were at one time exposed there after 
decapitation. The Bar was removed in 
1878. 

Templeton {Laurence), the pseudo- 
nym under which sir W. Scott published 
Ivanhoe. The preface is initialed L. T., 
and the dedication is to the Rev. Dr. 
Dryasdust (1820). 

Ten Animals in Paradise ( The). 
According to Mohammedan belief, ten 
animals, besides man, are admitted into 
heaven : (1) Kratim, Ketmir, or Catnier, 
the dog of the seven sleepers ; (2) Ba- 
laam's ass ; (3) Solomon's ant ; (4) Jonah's 
whale ; (5) the calf [sic] offered to Jehovah 
by Abraham in lieu of Isaac ; (6) the ox 
of Moses ; (7) the camel of the prophet 
Salech orSaleh ; (8) the cuckoo of Belkis ; 
(9) Ishmael's ram ; and (10) Al Borak, 
the animal which conveyed Mahomet to 
heaven. 

(There is diversity in some lists of the 
ten animals. Some substitute for Balaam's 
ass the ass of Aazis, Balkis, or Maqueda, 
queen of Sheba, who went to visit Solo- 
mon. And some, but these can hardly 
be Mohammedans, th nk the ass on which 
Christ rode to Jerusalem should not be 
forgotten. None seem inclined to increase 
the number. See also Animals, p. 45.) 

Ten Commandments [A Woman's), 
the two hands, with which she scratches 
the faces of those who offend her. 

Could I come near your beauty with my nails, 
I'd set my ton commandments in your face. 
Shakespeare : a Henry VI. act i. sc. 3 (1591). 

Tenantins, the father of Cymbeline 
and nephew of Cassibelan. He was the 
younger son of Lud the king of the 
southern part of Britain. On the death 
of Lud, his younger brother Cassibelan 
succeeded, and on the death of Cassibelan 
the crown came to Tenantius, who re- 
fused to pay the tribute to Rome exacted 
from Cassibelan on his defeat by Julius 
Caesar. 

Tendo Achillis, a strong sinew run- 
ning along the heel to the calf of the 



TENGLIO. 



1086 



TEREUSL 



leg. So called because it was the only 

vulnerable part of Achillas. The tale is 
that Thetis held him by the heel when 
she dipped him in the Styx, in conse- 
quence of which the water did not wet 
the child's heel. The story is post- 
Homeric. 

Tenglio, a river of Lapland, on the 

banks of which roses grow. 

I was surprised to see upon the banks of this river 
[the Tenglio} roses as lovely a red as any that are in 
our own gardens.— Mils, de Mau/ertius : Voyage au 
Cercle Polaire (1738). 

Teniers, a Dutch artist, noted for his 
pictures of country wakes, alehouses, and 
merry meetings (1582-1649). 

The English Tenters, George Morland 
(1763-1804). 

The Scottish Tenters, sir David Wilkie 
(1785-1841). 

The Teniers 0/ Comedy, Floreat Carton 
Dancourt (1661-1726). 

Tennis-Bali of Fortune (The), 
Pertinax, the Roman emperor. He was 
first a charcoal-seller, then a school- 
master, then a soldier, then an emperor ; 
but within three months he was dethroned 
and murdered (126-193; reigned from 
January 1 to March 28, A.D. 193). 

Tent {Prince Ahmed's), a tent given 
to him by the fairy Pari-Banou. It 
would cover a whole army, yet would 
fold up into so small a compass that it 
might be carried in one's pocket. — Ara- 
bian Nights. 

H Solomon's carpet of green silk was 
large enough to afford standing room for 
a whole army, but might be carried about 
like a pocket-handkerchief. 

IT The ship Skidbladnir would hold all 
the deities of Valhalla, but might be 
folded up like a roll of parchment. 

If Bayard, the horse of the four sons of 
Aymon, grew larger or smaller, as one 
or more of the four sons mounted on its 
back. — Villeneuve : Les Quatre Filx Ay- 
mon. 

Tents { The father of such as dwell in), 
Jabal. — Gen. iv. 20. 

Terebiii'thns, Ephes-dammim or 
Pas-dammim. — 1 Sam. xvii. 1. 

O thou that 'gainst Goliath's impious head 

The youthful arms in Terebinthus sped. 

When the proud foe, who scoffed at Israels band, 

Fell by the weapon of a stripling hand. 

Tasso: "Jerusalem Delivered, vii. (IS7SJ- 

Terence, the slave of a Roman sena- 
tor, whose name he bore. His six 
comedies are : (1) the Andrea, or woman 



of Andros (B.C. 166) ; (2) the Step-mother 
(B.C. 165) ; (3) the Self-Tormentor (b.c, 
163) ; (4) the Eunuch (b.c. 162) ; (5) Phor* 
mio (B.C. 161) ; and (6) the Brothers (B.C. 
160). 

There are several translations of his comedies Into 
English ; for instance, by Bentley, in 1726 ; by Farry, in 
1857 ; etc 

The Terence of England, Richard 
Cumberland (1732-18 11). 

Here Cumberland lies, having acted his parts { 
The Terence of England, the mender of hearts I 
A nattering painter, who made it his care 
To draw men as they ought to be, not as they are . . . 
Say . . . wherefore bis characters, thus without 
fault, . . . 

Suite sick of pursuing each troublesome elf, 
e grew lazy at last, and drew men from himself. 

Goldsmith : Retaliation (1774)1 

Teresa, the female associate of Fer- 
dinand count Fathom. — Smollett: Count 
Fathom (1754). 

Teresa d'Acnnha, lady's-maid of 
Joseline countess of Glenallan. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Antiquary (time, George IIL). 

Teresa Pansa, wife of Sancho 
Panza. In pt. I. i. 7 she is called Dame 
Juana [Gutierez], In pt. II. iv. 7 she is 
called Maria [Gutierez]. In pt. I. iv. she 
is called Joan. — Cervantes: Don Quixote 
(1605-15). 

Tereus [ Te'-ruse"], king of Daulis, and 
the husband of Procn£. Wishing after- 
wards to marry Philomela, her sister, he 
told her that Procne* was dead. He lived 
with his new wife for a time, and then 
cut out her tongue, lest she should expose 
his falsehood to ProcnS ; but it was of 
no use, for Philomela made known her 
story in the embroidery of a peplus. 
Tereus, finding his home too hot for his 
wickedness, rushed after Procne with an 
axe, but the whole party was metamor- 
phosed into birds. Tereus was changed 
into a hoopoo (some say a lapwing, and 
others an owl), Procne into a swallow, 
and Philomela into a nightingale. 

So was that tyrant Tereus' nasty lust 
Changed into Upupa's foul-feeding dust. 
Lord Brooke : Declination of Monarchic. 

IT Those who have read Titus Andro* 
nicus (usually bound up with Shake- 
speare's plays) will call to mind the story 
of Lavinia, defiled by the sons of Ta- 
m5ra, who afterwards plucked out her 
tongue and cut off her hands ; but she 
told her tale by guiding a staff with her 
mouth and stumps, and writing it in the 
sand. 

Fair Philomela, she but lost her tongue, 
And in a tedious sampler sewed her mind. 
But, lovely niece, that mean is cut from theej 
A craftier Tereus, cousin, hast thou met. 



TERIL. 



And he hath cut those pretty fingers off. 
That could have better sewed than Philomel. 
Act ii. sc. 4 (159 



IO87 



TESSIRA. 



Ter'il {Sir Walter). The king exacts 
an oath from sir Walter to send his bride 
Cselestina to court on her wedding night. 
Her father, to save her honour, gives her 
a mixture supposed to be poison, but in 
reality only a sleeping draught, from 
which she awakes in due time, to the 
amusement of the king and delight of 
her husband. — Dekker : Satiromastix 
(1602). 

Termagant, an imaginary being, 
supposed by the crusaders to be a Mo- 
hammedan deity. In the Old Moralities, 
the degree of rant was the measure of 
the wickedness of the character por- 
trayed ; so Pontius Pilate, Judas Iscariot, 
Termagant, the tyrant, Sin, and so on, 
were all ranting parts. Painters ex- 
pressed degrees of wickedness by degrees 
of shade. 

I would hare such a fellow whipped for o'erdoing 
Termagant.— Shakespeare : Hamlet, act hi. sc. 3 (1596). 

Termagant, the maid of Harriet 
Quidnunc. She uses most wonderful 
words, as paradropsical for "rhapsodi- 
cal," perjured for "assured," physiology 
for "philology," curacy {or "accuracy," 
fignification for "signification," importa- 
tionfov "import," anecdoteiox "antidote," 
infirmaries for "infirmities," intimidate 
for "intimate." — Murphy: The Up- 
holsterer (1758). 

Ter'meros, a robber of Peloponnesos, 
who killed his victims by cracking their 
skulls against his own. 

Termosi'ris, a priest of Apollo, in 
Egypt ; wise, prudent, cheerful, and 
courteous. — Finelon: Tilimaque, ii.(i70o). 

Ternotte, one of the domestics of 
lady Eveline Berenger "the betrothed." 
— Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Terpin {Sir), a king who fell into 

the power of Radigund queen of the 
Amazons. Refusing to dress in female 
attire, as the queen commanded, to sew, 
card wool, spin, and do house work, he 
was doomed by her women to be gibbeted. 
Sir Artegal undertook his cause, and a 
fight ensued, which lasted all day. When 
daylight closed, Radigund proposed to 
defer the contest till the following day, to 
which sir Artegal agreed. Next day, the 
knight was victorious ; but when he saw the 
brave queen bleeding to death, he took 
pity on her, and, throwing his sword 



aside, ran to succour her. Up started 
Radigund as he approached, attacked 
him like a fury, and, as he had no sword, 
he was, of course, obliged to yield. So 
the contest was decided against him, and 
sir Terpin was "gibbeted by women," as 
Radigund had commanded. — Spenser: 
Faerie Queene, v. 5 (1556). 

Terpsichore [Terp-sic'-o-re], the 
Muse of dancing. — Greek Fable. 

Terrible {The), Ivan IV. or II. of 

Russia (1529, 1533-1584). 

Terror of Prance {The), John 
Talbot first earl of Shrewsbury (1373- 
1453)- 

Is this the Talbot, so much feared abroad, 
That with his name the mothers still their babes 
Shakespeare : 1 Henry VJ. act ii. sc. 3 (1589). 

Terror of the World ( The), Attfla 
king of the Huns (*~453). 

Terry Alts, a lawless body of rebels, 
who sprang up in Clare (Ireland) after 
the union, and committed great outrages. 

(The "Thrashers" of Connaught, the 
"Carders," the followers of "captain 
Right " in the eighteenth century, those 
of "captain Rock" who appeared in 
1822, and the "Fenians" in 1865, were 
similar disturbers of the peace. The 
watchword of the turbulent Irish, some 
ten years later, was "Home Rule.") 

Tesoretto, an Italian poem by Bra- 
netto preceptor of Dantg (1285). The 
poet says he was returning from an 
embassy to the king of Spain, and met 
a scholar on a bay mule, who told him 
of the overthrow of the Guelfi. Struck 
with grief, he lost his road, and wandered 
into a wood, where Dame Nature accosted 
him, and disclosed to him the secrets of 
her works. On he wandered till he came 
to a vast plain, inhabited by Virtue 
and her four daughters, together with 
Courtesy, Bounty, Loyalty, and Prowess. 
Leaving tin's, he came to a fertile valley, 
which was for ever shifting its appear- 
ance, from round to square, from light 
to darkness. This was the valley of queen 
Pleasure, who was attended by Love, 
Hope, Fear, and Desire. Ovid comes to 
Tesoretto at length, and tells him how to 
effect his escape. 

Tessa, in, love with Tito Melema. — 
George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross): Romola 
(X863). 

Tes'sira, one of the leaders of the 
Moorish host. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso 
(151&). 



TESTS OF CHASTITY. 



1088 



THAISA. 



Testa of Chastity. Alasnam's 
mirror (p. 18) ; the brawn or boar's head 
(p. 145) ; drinking-horns (see Arthur's 
Drinking-horn, p. 64; Sir Caradoc 
and the Drinking-horn, p. 178); 
Florimel's girdle (p. 376); grotto of 
Ephesus (p. 452) ; the test mantle (p. 
668) ; oath on St. Antony's arm was 
held in supreme reverence, because it was 
believed that whoever took the oath 
falsely would be consumed by " St. 
Antony's fire " within the current year ; 
the trial of the sieve (p. 1005). 

Tests of Fidelity. Canace's mir- 
ror (p. 174) ; Gondibert's emerald ring 
(p. 436). The corsned or "cursed mouth- 
ful," a piece of bread consecrated by 
exorcism, and given to the " suspect " 
to swallow as a test : " May this morsel 
choke me if I am guilty," said the de- 
fendant, ' ' but turn to wholesome nourish- 
ment if I am innocent." Ordeals (p. 
779), combats between plaintiff and de- 
fendant, or their representatives. (See 
Sea, p. 975.) 

Tete Bottee, Philippe de Commines 
[Cum.min], politician and historian (1445 

-i5°9)- 

You, sir Philippe des Comines [sic], were at a 
hunting-match with the duke, your master ; and when 
he alighted, after the chase, he required your services 
in drawing off his boots. Reading in your looks some 
natural resentment, ... he ordered you to sit down 
in turn, and rendered you the same office . . . but . . . 
no sooner had he plucked one of i 
he brutally beat it about your heac 



no sooner had he plucked one of your boots off than 

Uy beat it about your head , 
leged fool, Le Glorieux, . . . gave you the name of 



and his privi- 



Tite BotUe.—Sir W. Scott: Quentin Durward, xxx. 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Te'thys, daughter of Heaven and 
Earth, the wife of Ocean and mother of 
the river-gods. In poetry it means the 
sea generally. 

The golden sun above the watery bed 
Of hoary Tethys raised his beamy head. 

Hoole's Ariosto, yIh. 
By the earth-shaking Neptune's mace [trident], 
And Tethys' grave majestic pace. 

Milton : Comus, 870 (1634). 

Tetrachor'don, the title of one of 
Milton's books about marriage and di- 
vorce. The word means "the four 
strings ; " by which he means the four 
chief places in Scripture which bear on 
the subject of marriage. 

A book was writ of late called Tetrachordon. 

Milton : Sonnet, z. 

Teucer, son of Telamon of Salamis, 
and brother of Telamon Ajax. He was 
the best archer of all the Greeks at the 
siege of Troy. 

I may, like a second Teucer, discharge my shafts 
from behind the shield of my ally.— Sir fV. Scott. 

Teufelsdroeckh (Herr) [pronounce 



Toi-felz-drurk\ an eccentric German pro- 
fessor and philosopher. The object of 
the satire is to expose all sorts of shams, 
social as well as intellectual. — Carlyle: 
Sartor Resartus (1849). 

Teutonic Knights ( The), an order 
organized by Frederick duke of Suabia, 
in Palestine (1190). St. Louis gave them 
permission to quarter on their arms the 
fleur-de-lis (1250). Abolished in 1809 by 
Napoleon I., it still exists in Austria. 
Tezartis, a Scythian soldier, killed 

by the countess Brenhilda. — Sir W. 

Scott: Count Robert of Paris (time, 

Rufus). 

Tezoz'omoc, chief of the priests of 
the Az'tecas. He fasted ten months to 
know how to appease the national gods, 
and then declared that the only way was 
to offer "the White strangers" on their 
altars. Tezozomoc was killed by burning 
lava from a volcanic mountain. 

Tezozomoc 
Beholds the Judgment . . . and sees 
The lava floods beneath him. His hour 
Is come. The fiery shower, descending, heaps 
Red ashes round They fall like drifted snows. 
And bury and consume the accursed priest. 

Southey : Madoc, ii. 26 (1805). 

Thaddeus of Warsaw, the hero 
and title of a novel by Jane Porter 

(1803). 

Thaddu, the father of Morna, who 
became the wife of Comhal and the 
mother of Fingal. — Ossian. 

Thais (2 syl.), an Athenian courtezan, 
who induced Alexander, in his cups, to 
set fire to the palace of the Persian kings 
at PersepSlis. 

The king seized a flambeau with zeal to destroy ; 

Thais led the way to light him to his prey, 
And, like another Helen, fired another Troy 

Dryden : Alexander's Feast (1697). 

Thai's'a, daughter of Simon'ides king 
of Pentap'olis. She married Per'icles 
prince of Tyre. In her voyage to Tyre, 
Thai'sa gave birth to a daughter, and 
dying, as it was supposed, in childbirth, 
was cast into the sea. The chest in 
which she was placed drifted to Ephesus, 
and fell into the hands of Cer'imon, a 
physician, who soon discovered that she 
was not dead. Under proper care, she 
entirely recovered, and became a priestess 
in the temple of Diana. Periclgs, with 
his daughter and her betrothed husband, 
visiting the shrine of Diana, they be- 
came known to each other, and the 
whole mystery was cleared up. — Shake- 
spear* ; Pericles Prince of Tyre (1608). 



THALABA EBN HATE& 



1089 



THAMES. 



Thai 'aba ebn Eateb, a poor man, 
who came to Mahomet, requesting him 
to beg God to bestow on him wealth, 
and promising to employ it in works of 
godliness. The ' ' prophet " made the 
petition, and Thalaba rapidly grew rich. 
One day, Mahomet sent to the rich man 
for alms, but Thalaba told the messen- 
gers their demand savoured more of 
tribute than of charity, and refused to 
give anything; but afterwards repenting, 
he took to the " prophet " a good round 
sum. Mahomet now refused to accept 
it, and, throwing dust on the ungrateful 
churl, exclaimed, "Thus shall thy wealth 
be scattered ! " and the man became poor 
again as fast as he had grown rich. — Al 
Koran, ix. (Sale's notes). 

Thalaba the Destroyer— that is, 

the destroyer of the evil spirits of Dora- 
Daniel. He was the only surviving child 
of Hodei'rah (3 syl.) and his wife Zei'nab 
(2 syl.); their other eight children had 
been cut off by the Dom-Danielists, be- 
cause it had been decreed by fate that 
"one of the race would be their destruc- 
tion." When a mere stripling, Thalaba 
was left motherless and fatherless (bk. 
i. ) ; he then found a home in the tent of 
a Bedouin named Mo'ath, who had a 
daughter Onei'za (3 syl.). Here he was 
found by Avdaldar, an evil spirit sent 
from Dom-Daniel to kill him ; but the 
spirit was killed by a simoom just as he 
was about to stab the boy, and Thalaba 
was saved (bk. ii.). He now drew from 
the finger of Abdaldar the magic ring 
which gave him power over all spirits ; 
and, thus armed, he set out "to avenge 
the death of his father" (bk. iii.). On 
his way to Babylon, he was encountered 
by a merchant, who was in reality the 
sorcerer Loba'ba in disguise. This sor- 
cerer led Thalaba astray into the wilder- 
ness, and then raised up a whirlwind to 
destroy him ; but the whirlwind was the 
death of Lobaba himself, and again 
Thalaba escaped (bk. iv.). He reached 
Babylon at length, and met there Moha- 
reb, another evil spirit, disguised as a 
warrior, who conducted him to the 
" mouth of hell." Thalaba detected the 
villainy, and hurled the false one into 
the abyss (bk. v.). The young "De- 
stroyer" was next conveyed to " the 
paradise of pleasure," but he resisted 
every temptation, and took to flight just 
in time to save Oneiza, who had been 
brought there by violence (bk. vi.). Ho 
then killed with a olub Aloa'din, the pre- 



siding spirit of the garden, was made 
vizier, and married Oneiza, who died on 
the bridal night (bk. vii.). Distracted at 
this calamity, Thalaba wandered towards 
Kaf, and entered the house of an old 
woman, who was spinning thread. He 
expressed surprise at the extreme fine- 
ness of the thread, but Maimu'na (the 
old woman) told him, fine as it was, he 
could not break it. Thalaba felt in- 
credulous, and wound it round his wrists, 
When, lo 1 he became utterly powerless ; 
and Maimuna, calling up her sister 
Khwala, conveyed him helpless to the 
island of Moha'reb (bk. viii.). Here he 
remained for a time, and was at length 
liberated by Maimuna, who repented of 
her sins and turned to Allah (bk. ix.). 
Being liberated from the island of 
Mohareb, our hero wandered, cold and 
hungry, into a dwelling, where he saw 
Laila, the daughter of Okba the sorcerer. 
Okba rushed forward with intent to 
kill him, but Laila interposed, and fell 
dead by the hand of her own father 
(bk. x.). Her spirit, in the form of a 
green bird, now became the guardian 
angel of "The Destroyer," and con- 
ducted him to the simorg, who directed 
him the road to Dom-Daniel (bk. xi. ), 
which he reached in time, slew the sur- 
viving sorcerers, and was received into 
heaven (bk. xii.). — Southey: Thalaba the 
Destroyer (1797). 

Thales'tris, queen of the Am'azons ; 

any bold, heroic woman. 

As stout Ar'mida [q.v.\ bold Thalestris. 

And she [Rodalind, g.v.] that would har« been the 

mistress 
Of Gondibert. 

S. Butler: Hndibras, L a (1663). 
In Pope's Rape of the Lock, "Thalestris" Is meant 
for Mrs. Morley, sisicr of sir George Brown, called 
In the poem "sir Plume." 

Tliali'a, the Muse of pastoral song. 
She is often represented with a crook in 
her hand. 

Turn to the gentler melodies which suit 
Thalia's harp, or Pan's Arcad ; an lute. 

Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, iL (1799). 

Thaliard, a lord of Antioch.— 
Shakespeare: Pericles Prince of Tyre 
(1608). 

Thames (Srvan of the), John Taylor, 
the "water-poet." He never learnt 
grammar, but wrote four score books in 
the reigns of James L and Charles L 
(1580-1654). 

Taylor, their better Charon, lends an oar. 
Once Swan of Thames, tho' now he sings no more. 
Pope : The Dunciad, in 19 (it»3). 
4 A 



THAMMUZ. 



1090 



THAUMATURGUS. 



Tliam'mna, God of the Syrians, 
and fifth in order of the hierarchy of 
hell : (1) Satan, (2) Beelzebub, (3) 
Moloch, (4) Chemos, (5) Thammuz (the 
same as Ado'nis). Thammuz was slain 
by a wild boar in mount Leb'anon, from 
whence the river Adonis descends, the 
water of which, at a certain season of the 
year, becomes reddened. Addison saw 
it, and ascribes the redness to a minium 
washed into the rirer by the violence of 
the rain. 

Thammuz came next behind. 
Whose annual wound in Lebanon allured 
The Syrian damsels to lament his fete 
In amorous ditties all a summer's day ; 
While smooth Adonis from his native rock 
Ran purple to the sea, supposed with blood 
Of Thammuz yearly wounded. 

Milton : Parmdise Lest, L 446, etc. (1665). 

Thamudites (3 syl.), people of the 
tribe of Thamfrd. They refused to 
believe in Mahomet without seeing a 
miracle. On a grand festival, Jonda, 
prince of the Thamudites, told Saleh, 
the prophet, that the god which answered 
by miracle should be acknowledged God 
by both. Jonda and the Thamudites 
first called upon their idols, but received 
no answer. "Now," said the prince to 
Saleh, "if your God will bring a camel 
big with young from that rock, we will 
believe." Scarcely had he spoken, when 
the rock groaned and shook and opened ; 
and forthwith there came out a camel, 
which there and then cast its young one. 
Jonda became at once a convert, but the 
Thamudites held back. To add to the 
miracle, the camel went up and down 
among the people, crying, " Ho ! every 
one that thirstetb, let him come, and I will 
give him milk ! " ( Compare Isa. lv. 1. ) 

Unto the tribe of Thamdd we sent their brother 
Saleh. He said, "O my people, worship God; ye 
have no god besides him. Now hath a manifest proof 
come unto you from the Lord. This she-camel of God 
is a sign unto you ; therefore dismiss her freely . . . 
and do her no hurt, lest a painful punishment leize 
upon you." — A I Kordn, vii. 

(Without doubt, the reader will at once 
call to mind the contest between Elijah 
and the priests of Baal, so graphically 
described in 1 Kings xviii.) 

Thara 'yris {Blind), a Thracian poet, 
who challenged the Muses to a contest of 
song, and was deprived of sight, voice, 
and musical skill for his presumption 
{Pliny : Natural History, iii. 33, and vii. 
57). Plutarch says he had the finest voice 
of any one, and that he wrote a poem on 
the War of the Titans with the Gods. 
Suidas tells us that he composed a poem 
on creation. And Plato, in his Republic 



(last book), feigns that the spirit of the 
blind old bard passed into a nightingale 
at death. Milton spoke of— 

Blind Tharayris and blind Maeon'ides [Homer]. 
Paradise Lost, iii. 3s (1665). 

Thancmar, chatelain of Bourbourg, 
the great enemy of Bertulphe the provost 
of Bruges. (See Provost of Bruges, 
p. 879.) 

Thaumast, an English pundit, who 
went to Paris, attracted by the rumour 
of the great wisdom of Pantag'ruel. He 
arranged a disputation with that prince, 
to be carried on solely by pantomime, 
without the utterance of a single word. 
Panurge undertook the disputation for 
the prince, and Pantagruel was appointed 
arbiter. Many a knotty point in magic, 
alchemy, the cabala, geomancy, astrology, 
and philosophy was argued out by signs 
alone, and the Englishman freely con- 
fessed himself fully satisfied, for " Pan- 
urge had told him even more than he 
had asked." — Rabelais: Pantag'ruel, ii. 
19, 20 (1553). (See John and the 
Abbot, p. 551.) 

Thaumaturgfa. Filumena is called 
La Thaumaturge du Dixneuvieme Siecle. 
(See St. Filumena, p. 949.) 

Thaumatur'gpis. (1) Gregory bishop 
of Neo-Caesarea, in Cappadocia, was so 
called on account of his numerous 
miracles (212-270). 

(2) Alexander of Hohenlohe was 
a worker of miracles. 

(3) Apollonius of Tya'na "raised 
the dead, healed the sick, cast out devils, 
freed a young man from a lamia or 
vampire of which he was enamoured, 
uttered prophecies, saw at Ephesus the 
assassination of Domitian at Rome, and 
filled the world with the fame of his 
sanctity " (A.D. 3-98). — Philostratos : Life 
of Apollonius of Tyana, in eight books. 

(4) St. Bernard of Clairvaux was 
called ' ' The Thaumaturgus of the West " 
(1091-1153). 

(5) Francis d'Assisi (St.), founder of 
the Franciscan order (1 182-1226). 

(6) J. J. Gassner of Bratz, in the 
Tyrol, exorcised the sick and cured their 
diseases "miraculously" (1727-1779). 

(7) Isidore (St.) of Alexandria (370- 
440). — Damdscius : Life of St. Isidore 
(sixth century). 

(8) Jamblichus, when he prayed, was 
raised ten cubits from the ground, and 
his body and dress assumed the appear- 
ance of gold. At Gadara he drew from 



THAUMATURGUS PHYSICUS. 1091 



THEBAID. 



two fountains the guardian spirits, and 
showed them to his disciples. — Eunapius: 
J 'amblichus (fourth century). 

(9) Mahomet " the prophet" (1) 
When he ascended to heaven on Al 
Borak, the stone on which he stepped to 
mount rose in the air as the prophet rose ; 
but when Mahomet forbade it to follow 
any further, it remained suspended in 
mid-air. (2) He took a scroll of the 
Koran out of a bull's horn. (3) He 
brought down the moon, and, having 
made it pass through one sleeve and out 
of the other, allowed it to return to its 
place in heaven. 

(10) Pascal [Blaise) was a miracle- 
worker (1623-1662). 

(11) Ploti'nus, the Neo-platonic philo- 
sopher (205-270). — Porphyrins: Vita Plo- 
tini (A. D. 301). 

(12) Proclus, a Neo-platonic philo- 
sopher (410-485). — Marinus : Vita Prodi 
(fifth century). 

(13) Sospitra possessed the omni- 
science of seeing all that was done in every 
part of the whole world. — Eunapius : 
(Edeseus (fourth century). 

(14) Vkspasian, the Roman emperor, 
cured a blind man and a cripple by his 
touch during his stay at Alexandria. 

(15) Vincent de Paul, founder of 
the "Sisters of Charity," was a worker 
of miracles (1576-1660). 

ThaTunaturgns of the West, St. 

Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153). 

ThaumaturgTis Physicus, a trea- 
tise on natural magic, by Gaspar Schott 
(1657-9). 

Tlieag 'enes and Chariclei'a ( The 

Loves of), a love story, in Greek, by 
Heliodorus bishop of Trikka (fourth 
century). A charming fiction, largely 
borrowed from by subsequent novelists, 
and especially by Mile, de Scuderi, 
Tasso, Guarini, and D'Urfe. The tale 
is this : Some Egyptian brigands met 
one morning on a hill near the mouth of 
the Nile, and saw a vessel laden with 
stores lying at anchor. They also ob- 
served that the banks of the Nile were 
strewn with dead bodies and the frag- 
ments of food. On further examination, 
they beheld Charicleia sitting on a rock 
tending Theagenes, who lay beside her 
severely wounded. Some pirates had 
done it, and to them the vessel belonged. 
We are then carried to the house of 
NausTcles, and there Calaslris tells the 
early history of Charicleia, her love for 



Theagenes, and their capture by the 
pirates. 

Thea'na (3 syl.) is Anne countess 
Of Warwick. 

Ne less praiseworthy I Theana read . . . 
She is the well of bounty and brave mind. 
Excelling most in glory and great light. 
The ornament is she of woin^nkind, 
And court's chief garland with all virtues dight 
Spenser: Colin Clout's Come Home Again (1595). 

Thebaid [The), a Latin epic poem 
in twelve books, by Statius (about a 
century after Virgil). La'ios, king of 
Thebes, was told by an oracle that he 
would have a son, but that his son would 
be his murderer. To prevent this, when 
the son was born he was hung on a tree 
by his feet, to be devoured by wild 
beasts. The child, however, was res- 
cued by some of the royal servants, who 
brought him up, and called his name 
OEdipos, or Club-foot, because his feet 
and ankles were swollen by the thongs. 
One day, going to Thebes, the chariot 
of La'ios nearly drove over the young 
OEdipos ; a quarrel ensued, and La'ios was 
killed. OEdipos, not knowing whom he 
had slain, went on to Thebes, and ere 
long married the widowed queen Jocasta, 
not knowing that she was his mother, 
and by her he had two sons and two 
daughters. The names of the sons were 
Et'eocles and Polynlces. These sons, in 
time, dethroned their father, and agreed 
to reign alternate years. EteScles reigned 
first, but at the close of / the year refused 
to resign the crown to' his brother, and 
Polynices made war upon him. This 
war, which occurred some forty-two 
years before the siege of Troy, and 
about the time that Deborah was fighting 
with Sisgra [Judg. iv.), is the subject of 
the Thebaid. 

The first book recapitulates the history 
given above, and then goes on to say 
th it Polynices went straight to Argos, 
and laid his grievance before king Adras- 
tos (bk. i.). While at Argos, he married 
one of the king's daughters, and Tydeus 
the other. The festivities being over, 
Tydeus was sent to Thebes to claim the 
th :i • for hisbrother-in-law,and, beingin- 
solently dismissed, denounced war against 
Eteocl£s. The villainous usurper sent 
fifty ruffians to fall on the ambassador on 
his way to Argos, but they were all slain, 
except one, who was left to carry back 
the news (bk. ii.). When Tydeus reached 
Argos, he wanted his father-in-law to 
march at once against Thebes, but 
Adrastos, less impetuous, made answer 



THEBAN BARD. 



109a 



THENOT. 



that a great war required time for its 
organization. However, Kapaneus (3.^/.), 
siding with Tydeus [Ti'-duce], roused the 
mob (bk. Hi.), and Adrastos at once set 
about preparations for war. He placed 
his army under six chieftains, viz. Poly- 
nices, Tydeus, Amphiaraos, Kapaneus, 
Parthenopoeos, and HippomSdon, he 
himself acting as commander-in-chief 
(bk. iv.). Bks. v. and vi. describe the 
march from Argos to Thebes. On the 
arrival of the allied army before Thebes, 
Jocasta tried to reconcile her two sons, 
but, not succeeding in this, hostilities 
commenced, and one of the chiefs, named 
Amphiaraos, was swallowed up by an 
earthquake (bk. vii.). Next day, Tydeus 
greatly distinguished himself, but fell 
(bk. viii.). Hippomedon and Partheno- 
pasos were both slain the day follow- 
ing (bk. ix.). Then came the turn of 
Kapaneus, bold as a tiger, strong as a 
giant, and a regular dare-devil in war. 
He actually scaled the wall, he thought 
himself sure of victory, he defied even 
Tove to stop him, and was instantly 
killed by a flash of lightning (bk. x.). 
Polynices was now the only one of the 
six remaining, and he sent to Eteocl6s to 
meet him in single combat. The two 
brothers met, they fought like lions, 
they gave no quarter, they took no rest. 
At length, Eteocles fell, and PolynicSs, 
running up to strip him of his arms, was 
thrust through the bowels, and fell dead 
on the dead body of his brother. Adras- 
tos now decamped, and returned to Argos 
(bk. xi.). Creon, having usurped the 
Theban crown, forbade any one on pain 
of death to bury the dead; but when 
Theseus king of Athens heard of this 
profanity, he marched at once to Thebes, 
Creon died, and the crown was given to 
Theseus (bk. xii.). 

Theban Bard {The), Theban 
Eagle, or Theban Lyre, Pindar, born 
at Thebes (B.C. 522-442). 

Ye that in fancied vision can admire 
The sword of Brutus and the Theban lyre. 

Campbell : Pleasures of Hope, l (1799). 

Thecla {St.), said to be of noble 
family, in Ico'nium, and to have been 
converted by the apostle Paul. She is 
styled in Greek martyrologies the proto- 
martyress, but the book called The Acts 
of Paul and Thecla is considered to be 
apocryphal. 

On the selfsame shelf 
With the writings of St. Thecla herself. 

Lengfellow : The Golden Legend (1851). 



Thekla, daughter of Wallenstein.—. 
Schiller, Wallenstein (1799). 

Theleme {Abbey of), the abbey given 
by Grangousier to friar John for the aid 
he rendered in the battle against Picro- 
chole king of Lerne\ The abbey was 
stored with everything that could con- 
tribute to sensual indulgence and enjoy- 
ment. It was the very reverse of a 
convent or monastery. No religious 
hypocrites, no pettifogging attorneys, 
no usurers were admitted within it ; but 
it was filled with gallant ladies and 
gentlemen, faithful expounders of the 
Scriptures, and every one who could 
contribute to its elegant recreations and 
general festivity. Their only law was: 
"Fay ce que Vouldras."— Rabelais: 
Gargantua, i. 52-57 (1533). 

Theleme, the Will personified.— Vol- 
taire : Thileme and Macare. 

The'lu, the female or woman. 

And divers coloured trees and fresh array \hair\ 
Much grace the town [head], but most the Thelu fay; 
But all in winter \»ld age] turn to snow, and soon 
decay. 

P. FUtchtr: The PurpU Island, t. (1633). 

Themistocleg' Infant Ruler of 
♦he World. (See Rulers, p. 940.) 

Thenot, an old shepherd bent with 
age, who tells Cuddy, the herdsman's boy, 
the fable of the oak and the briar. An 
aged oak, once a most royal tree, was 
wasted by age of its foliage, and stood 
with bare head and sear branches. A 
pert bramble grew hard by, and snubbed 
the oak, calling it a cumberer of the 
ground. It even complained to the lord 
of the field, and prayed him to cut it down. 
The request was obeyed, and the oak was 
felled ; but now the bramble suffered 
from the storm and cold, for it had no 
shelter, and the snow bent it to the 
ground, where it was draggled and de- 
filed. The application is very personal. 
Cuddy is the pert, flippant bramble, and 
Thenot the hoary oak; but Cuddy told 
the old man his tale was long and trashy, 
and bade him hie home, for the sun was 
set. — Spenser: Shepheardes Calendar, ii. 

(i579)- 

(Thenot is introduced also in eel. iv., 
and again in eel. xi., where he begs 
Colin to sing something; but Colin de- 
clines because his mind is sorrowing for 
the death of the shepherdess Dido. ) 

The'not, a shepherd who loved Corin 
chiefly for her " fidelity" to her deceased 



THEOCRITOS. 



1093 



THEODORUS. 



lover. When "the faithful shepherdess" 
knew this, in order to cure him of his 
passion, she pretended to return his love. 
Thenot was so shocked to see his charm 
broken that he lost even his respect for 
and forsook her. — John Fletcher: 
The Faithful Shepherdess { 1610). 

Theoc'ritos (of Siracus), in Latin 
Theocritus, a Greek bucolic poet. His 
poems (thirty in number) are called Idylls, 
or pictures of Sicilian life, and not like 
'5, which are highly imaginative 
" Arcadian shepherds." About three 
centuries B.C. 

English translations by J. Banks (1833) ; Dr. M. J. 
Chapman (the best) ; C S. Calverley (1S69) ; F. Fawk.es 
(1761. 

The Portuguese Theocritus, Saadi di 

Miranda (1495-1551). 

The Scotch Theocritus, Allan Ram- 
sav. author of The Gentle Shepherd (1685- 
1758 . 

The Sicilian Theocritus, Giovanni Meli 
of Palermo, immortalized by bis eclogues 
and idylls (1740-1815). 

Theod'ofred, heir to the Spanish 
throne, but incapacitated from reigning 
because he had been blinded by Witi'za. 
Theodofred was the son of Chindasuintho, 
and father of king Roderick. As Witiza, 
the usurper, had blinded Theodofred, so 
Roderick dethroned and blinded Witiza. 
— Southey : Roderick, etc. (1814). 

N.B. — In mediaeval times, no one with 
any personal defect was allowed to reign, 
and one of the most ordinary means of 
disqualifying a prince for succeeding to a 
throne was to put out his eyes. Of course, 
the reader will call to mind the case 
of our own prince Arthur, the nephew 
of king John ; and scores of instances 
in 1'aiian, French, Spanish, German, 
Russian, and Scandinavian history might 
be added. (See Kingship, p. 575.) 

Theod'omas, a famous trumpeter at 
the siege of Thebes. 

At every court ther cam loud m»-i<;tralcya 
That never trompid Joab for to heere, 
Ke he Theodomas yit half so cleere 
At Thebes, when the cite was in doute. 
Chaucer : Canterbury TaUs, 9592, etc (1388). 

Tlieodo'ra, sister of Constantine the 
Greek emperor. She entertained most 
bitter hatred against Rogero for slaying 
her son, and vowed vengeance. Rogero, 
being entrapped in sleep, was confined i>y 
her in a dungen, and fed on the ;<read 
and water of affliction, but was ultimately 
released by prince Leon. — Ariosto : 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 



The'odore (3 syl.), son of general 
Arenas " the loyal subject " of the great- 
duke of Muscovia. A colonel, va.orous 
but impatient. — Fletcher: The Loyal 
Subject (1618). 

The'odore (3 syl.) of Ravenna, brave, 
rich .onoured, and chivalrous. He loved 
Honoria " to madness," but "found small 
favour in the lady's eyes." At length, 
however, the lady relented and married 
him. (See Honoria, p. 500.) — Dryden: 
Theodore and Honoria (from Boccaccio). 

Theodore, son of the lord of Clarinsal, 
and grandson of Alphonso. His father 
thought him dead, renounced the world, 
and became a monk of St. Nicholas, 
tinder the assumed name of Austin. By 
chance, Theodore was sent home in a 
Spanish bark, and found his way into 
some secret passage of the count's castle, 
where he was seized and taken before the 
count. Here he met the monk Austin, 
and was made known to him. He in- 
formed his father of his love for Adelaide, 
the count's daughter, and was then told 
that if he married her he must renounce 
his estates and title. The case stood 
thus : If he claimed his estates, he must 
challenge the count to mortal combat, 
and renounce the daughter ; but if he 
married Adelaide, he must forego his 
rights, for he could not marry the 
daughter and slay his father-in-law. The 
perplexity is solved by the death of 
Adelaide, killed by her father by mistake, 
and the death of the count by his own 
hand. — Jephson : Count of Narbonn* 
(1782). 

Theod'orick, king of the Goths, 
called by the German minnesingers Dide- 
rick of Bern (Verona). 

Theodorick or ' ' Alberick of Morte- 
mar," an exiled nobleman, herrmt of 
Engaddi, and an enthusiast. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Th,eodo'ru8 {Master), a learned phy- 
sic an, employed by Ponocrates to cure 
Gargantua of" his vicious habits. The 
doctor accordingly "purged him canonic- 
ally with Anticynan hellebore, cleansed 
from his brain all perverse habits, and 
made him forget everything he had 
learned of his other preceptors." — /?***- 
lais : Gargantua, L 23 (1533). 

Hellebore was made use of to purye tha brain, Ik 
order to fit it the batter for ssstoua Xu&y.—PHny t 
Natural HisUry, xxr. •$ ; Aulus GaUius. AOU/titha* 
KriL iv 



THEODOSIUS. 



1094 



THESEU3L 



Theo&o'sius, the hermit of Cappa- 
docia. He wrote the four gospels in 
letters of gold (423-529). 

Theodosius, who of old, 
Wrote the gospels in letters of gold. 

Longfellow : The Golden Legend (1851). 

Theophilus (St.), of Adana, in 
Cilicia (sixth century). He was driven 
by slander to sell his soul to the devil on 
condition that his character was cleared. 
The slander was removed, and no tongue 
wagged against the thin-skinned saint. 
Theophilus now repented of his bargain, 
and, after a fast of forty days and forty 
nights, was visited by the Virgin, who 
bade him confess to the bishop. This he 
did, received absolution, and died within 
three days of brain fever. — Jacques de 
Voragine : The Golden Legends (thirteenth 
century). 

IT This is a very stale trick, told of 
many a saint. Southey has poetized one 
of them in his ballad of St. Basil or The 
Sinner Saved (1829). Elgemon sold his 
soul to the devil on condition of bis pro- 
curing him Cyra for wife. The devil 
performed his part of the bargain, but 
Eleemon called off, and St. Basil gave 
him absolution. (See Sinner Saved, p. 
1010.) 

Theophras'tus of France {The), 
Jean de la Bruyere, author of Caracteres 
(1646-1696). 

Theresa, the miller's wife, who 
adopted and brought up Amina, the 
orphan, called "the somnambulist." — Bel- 
lini : La Sonnambula (libretto by Scribe, 
1831). 

There 'sa, daughter of the count pa- 
latine of Padolia, beloved by Mazeppa. 
Her father, indignant that a mere page 
should presume to his daughter's hand, 
had Mazeppa bound to a wild horse, and 
set adrift. The subsequent history of 
Theresa is not recorded. — Byron: Mazeppa 
.1819). 

Medora \_wifeofthe Corsair], Neuhapn The Island], 
Leila [in The Giaour], Francesca [in The Siege of 
Corinth], and Theresa, it has been alleged, are but 
children of one family, with differences resulting- only 
from climate and circumstance. — Findett : Byron 
Bea uties. 

Tkere'sa (Sister), with Flora M' Ivor 
at Carlisle. — Sir IV. Scott: Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Theringe (Mtne. de), the mother of 
Louise de Lascours, and grandmother of 
Diana de Lascours and Martha alias 
Orgari'ta " the orphan of the Frozen 
Sea." — Stirling: The Orphan of the 
Frozen Sea (1856). 



Thermopylae. When Xerxes in- 
vaded Greece, Leonldas was sent with 
300 Spartans, as a forlorn hope, to defend 
the pass leading from Thessaly into 
Locris, by which it was thought the 
Persian host would penetrate into south- 
ern Greece. They resisted for three 
successive days the repeated attacks of 
the most brave and courageous of Xerxes' 
army. The Persians, however, having 
discovered a path over the mountains, 
fell on Leonidas in the rear, and the 
"brave defenders of the hot-gates " were 
cut to pieces (August 7, B.C. 480). 

Theron, the favourite dog of Rode- 
rick the last Gothic king of Spain. 
When the discrowned king, dressed as a 
monk, assumed the name of "father 
Maccabee," although his tutor, mother, 
and even Florinda failed to recognize 
him, Theron knew him at once, fawned 
on him with fondest love, and would 
never again leave him till the faithful 
creature died. When Roderick saw his 
favourite — 

He threw his arms around the dog, and cried. 

While tears streamed down, " Thou, Theron, thou hast 

known 
Thy poor lost master ; Theron, none but thou 1 " 

Southey : Roderick, etc., xv. (1814). 

Thersi'tes (3 syl.), a deformed, 
scurrilous Grecian chief, "loquacious, 
loud, and coarse." His chief delight was 
to inveigh against the kings of Greece. 
He squinted, halted, was gibbous behind 
and pinched before, and on his tapering 
head grew a few white patches of starve- 
ling down (Iliad, ii.). 

His brag, as Thersltes, with elbows abroad, 

Tusser: Five Hundred Points of Good 
Husbandry, liv. (1557). 

Theseus (2 syl.), the Attic hero. 
He induced the several towns of Attica 
to give up their separate governments 
and submit to a common jurisdiction, 
whereby the several petty chiefdoms 
were consolidated into one state, of 
which Athens was the capital. 

IT Similarly, the several kingdoms of 
the Saxon heptarchy were consolidated 
into one kingdom by Egbert ; but in this 
latter case, the might of arms, and not 
the power of conviction, was the instru- 
ment employed. 

Theseus, duke of Athens. On his 
return home after marrying Hypolfta, 
a crowd of female suppliants complained 
to him of Creon king of Thebes. The 
duke therefore set out for Thebes, slew 
Croon, and took the city by assault. 
Among the captives taken in this siege 



THESPIAN MAIDS. 



1095 THIEVES OF HISTORIC NOTE. 



were two knights, named Palamon and 
Arcite, who saw the duke's sister from 
their dungeon window, and fell in love 
with her. When set at liberty, they told 
their loves to the duke, and Theseus (2 
syl. ) promised to give the lady to the 
best man in a single combat. Arcite 
overthrew Palamon, but as he was about 
to claim the lady his horse threw him, 
and he died ; so Palamon lost the con- 
test, but won the bride. — Chaucer: Can- 
terbury Tales ("The Knight's Tale," 
1388). 

X.B. — In classic story, Theseus is 
called " king ; " but Chaucer styles him 
' ' duke, " that is, dux, ' ' leader or emperor" 
imperator. 

Thes'pian Maids {The), the nine 
Muses. So called from Thes'pia in 
Boeotia, near mount Helicon, often called 
Thespia Rupes. 

Those modest Thespian maids thus to their Isis 
sung. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xv. (1613). 

Thespi'o, a Muse. The Muses were 
called Thespi'adSs, from Thespia, in 
Boeo'tia, at the foot of mount Helicon. 

Tell me, oh, tell me then, thou holy Muse, 
Sacred Thesplo. 

P. Fletcher : The Purple Island, ri. (1633). 

Tliespis, the father of the Greek 
drama. 

Thespis, the first professor of our art. 

At country walces sang bail vis from a cart 

Dryden : Prologue to Sophonisba (1739). 

Thes'tylis, a female slave ; any 
rustic maiden. — Theocrltos : Idylls. 

With Thestylis to bind the sheaves. 

Milton : U Allegro (1638). 

Thet'is, mother of Achilles. She 
was a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus 
the sea-god. — Grecian Story. 

Theuerdank, a sobriquet of kaiser 
Maximilian I. of Germany (1459, 1493- 
1519)- 

They will never cut off my 
head to make you Xing'. So said 
Charles II. to his brother, the duke of 
York, who urged his brother Charles to 
be more discreet in his conduct. Of 
course, he alluded to the decapitation of 
his father. 

Thiebalt, a Provencal, one of 
Arthur's escorts to Aix. — Sir IV. Scott: 
Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Thiers {Monsieur). His nicknames 
were " Attila le Petit," " Tamerlan a 
lunettes," "Came'le'on," "General Bonne," 
and " Le roi de Versailleux." 



Thieves (The Two). The penitent 
thief crucified with Jesus has been called 
by sundry names, as Demas, Dismas, 
Titus, Matha, and Vicimus. 

The impenitent thief has been called 
Gestas, Dumachas, Joca, andjustinus. 

In the Apocryphal Gospel of Nicodenlus 
the former is called Dysmas and the 
latter Gestas. In the Story of Joseph of 
Arimathea the former is called Demas 
and the latter Gestas. (See Titus.) 

Thieves (His ancestors proved). It is 
sir Walter Scott who wrote and proved 
his "ancestors were thieves," in the Lay 
of the Last Minstrel, iv. 9. 

A modern author spends a hundred leaves 
To prove his ancestors notorious thieves. 

The Town Eclozm. 

Thieves Screened. It is said of 
Edward the Confessor that one day, while 
lying on his bed for his afternoon's nap, 
a courtier stole into his chamber, and, 
seeing the king's casket, helped himself 
freely from it He returned a second time, 
and on his third entrance, Edward said, 
"Be quick, or Hugoline (the chamber- 
lain) will see you." The courtier was 
scarcely gone, when the chamberlain 
entered and instantly detected the theft. 
The king said, " Never mind, Hugoline; 
the fellow who has taken it no doubt has 
greater need of it than either you or I.** 
(Reigned 1042-1066.) 

IT Several similar anecdotes are told of 
Robert the Pious of France. At one 
time he saw a man steal a silver candle- 
stick off the altar, and said, "Friend 
Ogger, run for your life, or you will be 
found out." At another time, one of the 
twelve poor men in his train cut off a rich 
gold pendant from the royal robe, and 
Robert, turning to the man, said to him, 
" Hide it quickly, friend, before any one 
sees it." (Reigned 996-1031.) 

H The following is told of two or three 
kings, amongst others of Ludwig the 
Pious, who had a very overbearing wife. 
A beggar under the table, picking up the 
crumbs which the king let down, cut off 
the gold fringe of the royal robe, and the 
king whispered to him, "Take care the 
queen doesn't see you." 

Thieves of Historic Note. 

( 1 ) Autol'ycos, son of Hermes ; a very 
prince of thieves. He had the power of 
changing the colour and shape of stolen 
goods, so as to prevent their being recog- 
nized. — Greek Fable. 

(2) Barlow (Jimmy), immortalired 
by the ballad-song — 



THIEVES OF HISTORIC NOTE. 1096 THIEVES OF HISTORIC NOTE. 



My name it is Jimmy Barlow ; 

1 was born in the town of Carlow; 

And here I lie in Maryboro' jail, 

All foi the robbing of the Dublin mafL 

(3) Cartouche, the Dick Turpin of 

France (eighteenth century). 

(4) Cottington {John), in the time of 
the Commonwealth, who emptied the 
pockets of Oliver Cromwell when lord 
protector, stripped Charles II. of £1500, 
and stole a watch and chain from lady 
Fairfax. 

(5) Duval {Claude), a French high- 
wayman, noted for his gallantry and 
daring (*-i67o). (See below, "James 
Whitney," who was a very similar 
character.) 

(Alexander Dumas has a novel entitled 
Claude Duval, and Miss Robinson has 
introduced him in White Friars. ) 

(6) Frith {Mary), usually called 
44 Moll Cutpurse." She had the honour 
of robbing general Fairfax on Hounslow 
Heath. Mary Frith lived in the reign of 
Charles I., and died at the age of 75 
years. 

(Nathaniel Field has introduced Mary 
Frith, and made merry with some of her 
pranks, in his comedy Amends for Ladies, 
1618.) 

(7) Galloping Dick, executed in 
Aylesbury in 1800. 

(8) Grant {Captain), the Irish high- 
wayman, executed at Maryborough in 
1816. 

(9) Greenwood {Samuel), executed 
at Old Bailey in 1822. 

(10) Hassan, the "Old Man of the 
Mountain," once the terror of Europe. 
He was chief of the Assassins (1056- 
1124). 

(11) Hood {Robin), and his "merry 
men all," of Sherwood Forest. Famed 
in song, drama, and romance. Probably 
he lived in the reign of Richard Cceur de 
Lion. 

(Sir W. Scott has introduced him both 
in The Talisman and in Ivanhoe. Stow 
has recorded the chief incidents of his life 
(see under the year 1213). Ritson has 
compiled a volume of ballads respecting 
him. Drayton has given a sketch of him 
in the Polyolbion, xxvi. The following 
are dramas on the same outlaw, viz. : — 
The Playe of Robyn Hode, very proper to 
be played in Maye games (fifteenth cen- 
tury); Skelton, at the command of Henry 
VIII., wrote a drama called The Down- 
fall of Robert Earl of Huntington (about 
1520) ; The Downfall of Robert earl of 
Huntington, by Munday (1597); The 



Death of Robert Earle of Huntington, 
otherwise called Robin Hood of Merrit 
Sherwodde, by H. Chettle (1598). Chettle's 
drama is in reality a continuation of 
Munday's, like the two parts of Shake- 
speare's plays, Henry IV. and Henry V, 
Robin Hood's Penn'orths, a play by Wm. 
Haughton (1600) ; Robin Hood and His 
Pastoral May Games (1624), Robin Hood 
and His Crew of Soldiers (1627), both 
anonymous; The Sad Shepherd or a Tale 
of Robin Hood (unfinished), B. Jonson 
( I 637) ; Robin Hood, an opera (1730); 
Robin Hood, an opera by Dr. Arne and 
Burney (1741) ; Robin Hood, a musical 
farce (1751) ; Robin Hood, a comic opera 
(1784) ; Robin Hood, an opera by 
O'Keefe, music by Shield (1787) ; Robin 
Hood, by Macnally (before 1820). Sheri- 
dan began a drama on the same subject, 
which he called The Foresters.) 

(12) Periphe'tes (4 syl.), of ArgSlis, 
surnamed " The Club-Bearer," because 
he used to kill his victims with an iron 
club. — Grecian Story. 

(13) Procrustes (3 syl.), a famous 
robber of Attica. His real name was 
Polypemon or DamastSs, but he received 
the sobriquet of Procrustes or "The 
Stretcher," from his practice of placing 
all victims that fell into his hands on a 
certain bedstead. If the victim was too 
short to fit it, he stretched the limbs to 
the right length ; if too long, he lopped 
off the redundant part — Grecian Story. 

(14) Rea ( William), executed at Old 
Bailey in 1828. 

( 15) Sheppard {Jack) , an ardent, reck- 
less, generous youth, wholly unrivalled as 
a thief and burglar. His father was a 
carpenter in Spitalfields. Sentence of 
death was passed on him in August, 
1724 ; but when the warders came to take 
him to execution, they found he had 
escaped. He was apprehended in the 
following October, and again made his 
escape. A third time he was caught, and 
in November suffered death. Certainly 
one of the most popular burglars that ever 
lived (1701-1724). 

(Daniel Defoe made Jack Sheppard 
the hero of a romance in 1724, and H. 
Ainsworth in 1839.) 

(16) Sinis, a Corinthian highwayman, 
surnamed " The Pine-Bender," from his 
custom of attaching the limbs of his 
victims to two opposite pine trees forcibly 
bent down. Immediately the pine trees 
were released, they bounded back, tearing 
the victim limb from limb. — Grecian 
Story- 



THINK. 



1097 



THIRTEEN UNLUCKY. 



(17) Ter'meros, a robber of Pelopon- 
nesos, who killed his victims by cracking 
their skulls against his own. 

(18) Turpin (Dick), a noted highway- 
man (1711-1739). His ride to York [not 
historic] is described by H. Ainsworth in 
his Rookwood (1834). 

(19) Whitney (James), the last of the 
" gentlemanly " highwaymen. He prided 
himself on being " the glass of fashion, 
and the mould of form." Executed at 
Porter's Block, near Smithfield (1660- 
16-4). 

(20) Wild (Jonathan), a cool, calcu- 
lating, heartless villain, with the voice of 
a Stentor. He was born at Wolverhamp- 
ton, in Staffordshire, and, like Sheppard, 
was the son of a carpenter. Unlike 
Sheppard, this cold-blooded villain was 
universally execrated. He was hanged 
at Tyburn (1682-1725). 

(Defoe made Jonathan Wild the hero 
of a romance in 1725 ; Fielding in 1744. ) 

Think [Cogito ergo sum]. This was 
the unphilosophical axiom of Descartes. 

Of course he assumes what he ought to prove. He 
assumes the existence of a thinker, and then says his 
existing being exists. He might j ust as well say a tree 
is green, a rose is red, sugar is sweet, therefore these 
things exist. 

*.* " Higher than himself can no man 
think " was the saying of ProtagSras. 

Therefore eternity, omnipotence, deity, etc, an 

unthinkable subjects. 

Thinks I to Myself, a novel by 
Nares (good), 181 1. 

Third Pounder of Rome (The), 
Caius Marius. He was so called because 
he overthrew the multitudinous hordes of 
Cambrians and Teutones who came to 
lick up the Romans as the oxen of the 
field lick up grass (B.C. 102). 

(The first founder was Romulus, and 
the second Camillus. ) 

Thirsil and Thelg-on, two gentle 
swains who were kinsmen. Thelgon 
exhorts Thirsil to wake his "too long 
sleeping Muse ; " and Thirsil, having col- 
lected the nymphs and shepherds around 
him, sang to them the song of The 
Purple Island.— Phineas Fletcher: The 
Purple Island, i., ii. (1633). 

Thirsty ( The), Colman Itadach, sur- 
named " The Thirsty," was a monk of the 
rule of St. Patrick. Itadach, in strict 
observance of St. Patrick's rule, refused 
to quench his thirst in the hot harvest- 
field, and died in consequence. 



Thirteen Precious Things of 
Britain. 

(1) Dyrnwyn (the sword of Rhydderch 
Hael). If any man except Hael drew 
th;s blade, it burst into a flame from 
point to hilL 

(2) The Basket of Gwyddno 
Garanhir. If food for one man were 
put therein, it multiplied till it sufficed 
for a hundred. 

(3) The Horn of Bran Galed, in 
which was always found the very 
beverage that each drinker most desired. 

(4) The Platter of Rhegynydd 
Ysgolhaig, which always contained the 
very food that the eater most liked. 

(5) The Chariot of Morgan 
Mwynvawr. Whoever sat therein was 
transported instantaneously to the place 
he wished to go to. 

(6) The Halter of Clydno Eiddyn. 
Whatever horse he wished for was always 
found therein. It hung on a staple at 
the foot of his bed. 

(7) The Knife of Llawfrodded 
Farchawg, which would serve twenty- 
four men simultaneously at any meaL 

(8) The Caldron of Tyrnqg. If 
meat were put in for a brave man, it was 
cooked instantaneously ; but meat for a 
coward would never get boiled therein. 

(9) The Whetstone of Tudwal 
Tudclud. If the sword of a brave man 
was sharpened thereon, its cut was certain 
death ; but if of a coward, the cut was 
harmless. 

(10) The Robe of Padarn Beisrudd, 
which fitted every one of gentle birth, 
but no churl could wear it. 

(11) The Mantle of Tegau Eur- 
vron, which only fitted ladies whose 
conduct was irreproachable. 

(12) The Mantle of king Arthur, 
which could be worn or used as a carpet, 
and whoever wore it or stood on it was 
invisible. This mantle or carpet was 
called Gwen. 

N.B. — The ring of Luned rendered 
the wearer invisible so long as the stone 
of it was concealed. 

(13) The Chessboard of Gwendo- 
len. When the men were placed upon 
it they played of themselves. The board 
was of gold, and the men silver. — Welsh 
Romance. 

Thirteen Unlucky. It Is said 
that it is unlucky for thirteen persons to 
sit down to dinner at the same table, 
because one of the number will die before 
the year is out. This silly superstition is 



THIRTY. 



1098 THOMAS AND FAIR ELLINOR. 



very ancient, but in Christian countries 
has been confirmed by the " Last Sup- 
per," when Christ and His twelve 
disciples sat at meat together. Jesus, of 
course, was crucified ; and Judas Iscariot 
hanged himself. 

II At a banquet' in the Valhalla, Loki 
once intruded, making up thirteen, and 
Baldur was slain. (This is a mere 
allegory. ) 

Any odd number of mixed guests at a dinner-table 
must be awkward to seat ; but certainly there would 
be a greater likelihood of one dying before the close of 
the year with fourteen than with thirteen guests. 

Thirty ( The). So the Spartan senate 
established by Lycurgos was called. 

Similarly, the Venetian senate was 
called " The Forty." 

Thirty Tyrants (The). So the 
governors appointed by Lysander the 
Spartan over Athens were called (B.C. 
404). They continued in power only 
eight months, when Thrasybulos deposed 
them and restored the republic. 

"The Thirty" put more people to death in eight 
months of peace than the enemy had done in a war of 

thirty years. — Xenopkon. 

Thirty Tyrants of Rome ( The), 
a fanciful name, applied by Trebellius 
Pollio to a set of adventurers who tried 
to make themselves masters of Rome at 
sundry times between A.D. 260 and 267. 

The number was not thirty, and the 
analogy between them and * ' The Thirty 
Tyrants of Athens " is scarcely percep- 
tible. 

Thirty Years' War (The), a 
series of wars between the protestants 
and catholics of Germany, terminated by 
the ' ' Peace of Westphalia. " The war 
arose thus : The emperor of Austria 
interfered in the struggle between the 
protestants and catholics, by depriving 
the protestants of Bohemia of their 
religious privileges ; in consequence of 
which the protestants flew to arms. 
After the contest had been going on for 
some years, Richelieu joined the protest- 
ants (1635), not from any love to their 
cause, but solely to humiliate Austria and 
Spain (1618-1648). 

IT The Peloponnesian war between 
Athens and Sparta is called " The Thirty 
Years' War" (B.C. 404-431). 

Thisbe (2 syl.), a beautiful Baby- 
lonian maid, beloved by Pyramus, her 
next-door neighbour. As their parents 
forbade their marriage, they contrived to 
hold intercourse with each other through 
a chink in the garden wall. Once they 
agreed to meet at the tomb of Ninus. 



Thisbe was the first at the trysting-place, 
but, being scared by a lion, took to flight, 
and accidentally dropped her robe, which 
the lion tore and stained with blood. 
Pyramus, seeing the blood-stained robe, 
thought that the lion had eaten ThisbS, 
and so killed himself. When Thisbe re- 
turned and saw her lover dead, she killed 
herself also. Shakespeare has burlesqued 
this pretty tale in his Midsummer Night's 
Dream (1592). 

Thom'alin, a shepherd who laughed 
to scorn the notion of love, but was 
ultimately entangled in its wiles. He 
tells Willy that one day, hearing a 
rustling in a bush, he discharged an 
arrow, when up flew Cupid into a tree. 
A battle ensued between them, and when 
the shepherd, having spent all his arrows, 
ran away, Cupid shot him in the heel. 
Thomalin did not much heed the wound 
at first, but soon it festered inwardly and 
rankled daily more and more. — Spenser : 
Shepheardes Calendar, iii. (1579). 

N.B. — Thomalin is again introduced in 
eel. vii., when he inveighs against the 
catholic priests in general, and the shep- 
herd Palinode (3 syl.) in particular. 
This eclogue could not have been written 
before 1578, as it refers to the seques- 
tration of Grindal archbishop of Canter* 
bury in that year. 

Thomas (Monsieur), the fellow- 
traveller of Val entine. Valentine's niece 
Mary is in love with him. — Fletcher: 
Mons. Thomas (1619). 

Thomas (Sir), a dogmatical, prating, 
self-sufficient squire, whose judgments 
are but "justices' justice." — Crabbe : 
Borough, x. (1810). 

Thomas a Kempis, the pseudo- 
nym of Jean Charlier de Gerson (1363- 
1429). Some say, of Thomas Hammerlein 
of Kempen, an Augustan (1380-1471). 

Thomas and Fair Ellinor (Lord), 
a ballad (author and date unknown). 
Lord Thomas greatly loved the fair 
Ellinor, but married a wealthy "brown 
maid," and Ellinor went to the wedding. 
Lord Thomas said to her that he " loved 
her little finger better than he loved his 
bride's whole body ; " whereupon the 
bride stabbed Ellinor with a penknife to 
the heart ; lord Thomas then cut off the 
head of his bride, and fell upon his own 
sword. And 

There never three lovers together did mete 
That sooner again did parte. 

Percy : Reliques, series iii. bk. x. No. 1%. 



THOMAS THE RHYMER* 1099 



THOUGHTFUL* 



1T " Lord Thomas and lady Annet " 
and " Margaret and sweet William " are 
very similar ballads. 

Thomas the Rhymer or ■' Thomas 
of Erceldoun," an ancient Scottish bard. 
His name was Thomas Learmont, and he 
lived in the days of Wallace (thirteenth 
century). 

This personage, the Merlin of Scotland, . . . was a 
magician as well as a poet and prophet. He is alleged 
■till to be living- in the land of Faery, and is expected to 
return at some great convulsion of society, in which he is 
to act a distinguished p^rt.— Sir IV. Scott: CastU 
Danrerous (time, Henry I.;. 

N.B. — If Thomas the Rhymer lived in 
the thirteenth century, it is an ana- 
chronism to allude to him in Castle 
Dangerous, the plot of which novel is 
laid in the twelfth century. 

(Thomas the Rhymer, and Thomas 
Rymer are totally different persons. 
The latter was an historiographer, who 
compiled The Fcedera, 1638-1713.) 

Thopas {Sir), a native of Poperyng, 
in Flanders ; a capital sportsman, archer, 
wrestler, and runner. Sir Thopas re- 
solved to marry no one but an " elf- 
qneen," and accordingly started for Faery- 
land. On his way he met the three- 
headed giant Olifaunt, who challenged 
him to single combat. Sir Thopas asked 
permission to go for his armour, and 
promised to meet the giant next day. 
Here mine host broke in with the ex- 
clamation, " Intolerable stuff!" and the 
story was left unfinished. — Chaucer: 
Canterbury Tales (" The Rime of sir 
Thopas," 1388). 

Thor, eldest son of Od : n and Frigga; 
strongest and bravest of the gods. He 
launched the thunder, presided over the 
air and the seasons, and protected man 
from lightning and evil spirits. 

His vri/c was Sif I " lore "). 
His charie: was drawn by two he-goats. 
His tnm.ce or hammer was called Mjolner. 
His belt was Meyingjard. Whenever ha pot ft on 
his strength was <. 

His^r ace was Thnulvangr. It contained 540 halls. 
Thursday is Thor s day.— Scandinavian Mythology. 

(The word means "Refuge from terror." 
See Donar, p. 292.) 

Thoresby (Broad), one of the 
troopers under Fitzurse. — Sir W. Scott: 
Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Thornherry (Job), a brazier in 
Penzance. He was a blunt but kind 
man, strictly honest, most charitable, 
and doting on his daughter M;,ry. Job 
Thornberry is called "John Bull," and is 
meant to be a type of a genuine EngKsD 
tradesman, unsophisticated by cant and 



foreign matters, He failed in business 
* through the treachery of a friend ; " but 
Peregrine, to w..om he had lent ten 
guineas, returning from Calcutta, after 
an absence of thirty years, gave him 
^10,000, which he said his loan had 
grown to by honest trade. 

Mary Thornberry, his daughter, in love 
with Frank Rochdale, son and heir of sir 
Simon Rochdale, whom ultimately she 
married. — Colman : John Bull (1805). 

Thornhaugh (Colonel), an officer in 
Cromwell's army. — Sir W. Scott: Wood' 
stock (time, Commonwealth). 

Thornhill (Sir William), alias Mr. 
Burchell, about 30 years of age. Most 
generous and most whimsical, most bene- 
volent and most sensitive. Sir William 
was the landlord of Dr. Primrose, the 
vicar of Wakefield. After travelling 
through Europe on foot, he had returned 
and lived incognito. In the garb and 
aspect of a pauper, Mr. Burchell is intro- 
duced to the vicar of Wakefield. Twice 
he rescued his daughter Sophia — once 
when she was thrown from her horse into 
a deep stream, and once when she was 
abducted by squire Thornhill. Ultimately 
he married her. — Goldsmith: The Vicar 
of Wakefield (1766). 

Thornhill (Squire), nephew of sir 
William Thornhill. He enjoyed a large 
fortune, but was entirely dependent on his 
uncle. He was a sad libertine, who 
ablucted both the daughters of Dr. 
Primrose, and cast the old vicar into jail 
for rent after the entire loss of his bouse, 
money, furniture, and books by fire. 
Squire Thornhill tried to impose upon 
Olivia Primrose by a false marriage, but 
was caught in his own trap, for the 
marriage proved to be legal in every 
respect. — Goldsmith : The Vicar of 
Wakefield (1766). 

This worthy citizen abused the aristocracy much on 
the sa:ne principle as the fair Olivia depreciated squire 
Thornhill ;— he had a sneaking affection for what he 
abused. — Lord Lytton. 

Thornton (Captain), an English 
officer.— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy (time, 
George I.). 

Thornton (Cvril), the hero and title 
of a novel of military adventure, by cap- 
tain Thomas Hamilton (1827). 

Thorough Doctor ( The). William 
Varro was called Doctor Funddt 'us (thir- 
teenth century). 

Thoughtful (Father), Nicholas 



THOUGHTLESS. 



noo THREE A DIVINE NUMBER. 



Catlnet, a marshal of France. So called 
by his soldiers for his cautious and 
thoughtful policy (1637-1712). 

Thoughtless (Miss Betty), a vir- 
tuous, sensible, and amiable young lady, 
utterly regardless of the conventionalities 
of society, and wholly ignorant of eti- 
quette. She is consequently for ever 
involved in petty scrapes most mortifying 
to her sensitive mind. Even her lover is 
alarmed at her gaucherie, and deliberates 
whether such a partner for life is de- 
sirable. — Mrs. Heyivood : Miss Betty 
Thoughtless (1697-1758). 

(Mrs. Heywood's novel evidently sug- 
gested the Evelina of Miss Burney, 
1778.) 

Thoulouse [Raymond count of), one 
of the crusading princes. — Sir W. Scott; 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Thousand and One Days {The), 
the Persian Tales, first published at 
Paris in five vols. (1710-12) ; published in 
London in two vols. (1892). They are 
said to be French imitations of the 
Arabian Nights. This has been dis- 
proved by W. C. Clouston (see Notes 
and Queries, January 26, 1895, p. 63, 
etc. ). The truth is the other way — Mon. 
Petis de la Croix translated the Persian 
Tales into French. 

Thousand and One Nights (The), 

"The Arabian Nights' Tales," at one 
time supposed to be the inventions of 
Mon. Galland ; but now proved (by Mon. 
Zotemberg) to be genuine Arabic, as the 
original MSS. have been discovered, and 
the MSS. have been safely deposited in 
the National Library of Paris. 

I have in my library four vols., each of about 500 pp., 
called Continuations of the Arabian Nights, trans- 
lated by Dom Chuvis and Mon. Cazotte from the 
Arabian MS. into French, and translated into English 
in 1792. 

Thraso, a bragging, swaggering 
captain, the Roman Bobadil (q.v.). — 
Terence: The Eunuch (a.d. 162). 

Thraso, duke of Mar, one of the allies 
of Charlemagne. — Ariosto : Orlando 
Furioso (1516). 

Threadneedle Street (London), a 
corruption of Thryddamen or Thryddenal 
Street, i.e. the third street from Cheap- 
side. (Anglo-Saxon, thridda, "third.") 

Three. 

ii) A Divine number (Subordinates). 
2) A symbolic number. 
3) Miscellaneous. 



(1) Three a Divine Number. (1) 
Pythagoras calls three the perfect number, 
expressive of " beginning, middle, and 
end," and he makes it a symbol of deity. 

(2) American Indians : Otkon 

! creator), Messou (providence), Atahuata 
the Logos). 

(Called Otkon by the Iroquois, and 
Otkee by the Virginians. ) 

(3) Armorica. The korrigans or fays 
of Armorica are three times three. 

(4) Brahmins : Brahma, Vishnu, 
Siva. 

(5) Buddhists : Buddha, Annan 
Sonsja, Rosia Sonsja. 

(These are the three idols seen in 
Buddhist temples ; Buddha stands in the 
middle.) 

(6) Christians : The Father, the Son 
(the Logos), the Holy Ghost or Spirit. 

(When, in creation, the earth was with- 
out form and void, " the Spirit moved 
over the face," and put it into order.) 

(7) Egyptians (Ancient). Almost 
each nome had its own triad, but the 
most general were Osiris, Isis, Horus ; 
Eicton, Cneph (creator), Phtha. — 
Jamblichus. 

_ (8) Etruscans. Their college con- 
sisted of three times three gods. 

Lars Porsena of Clusium, 

By the nine gods he swore 
That the great house of Tarquta 
Should suffer wrong' no more. 

Macaulay : Lays of Ancitnt Rom* 
(" Horatius," 1842). 

(9) Kamtschadales : Koutkhou 
(creator of heaven), Kouhttigith, his 
sister (creator of earth), Outleigin 
(creator of ocean). 

(10) Parsees : Ahura (the creator), 
Vohu Mano ("entity"), Akem Mano 
(" nonentity"). 

(n) Persians : Oromasd£s or Oro- 
mazes (the good principle), Ariman&s 
(the evil principle), Mithras [fecundity). 

(Others give Zervane" (god the father), 
and omit Mithras from the trinity.) 

(12) Peruvians (Ancient) : Pachama 
(goddess mother), Virakotcha ( = Jupiter), 
Mamakotcha (—Neptune). They called 
their trinity "Tangatanga" (i.e. "three 
in one"). 

(13) Phoenicians : Kolpia. (the Logos), 
Baaut (" darkness"), Mot ("matter"). 

(14) Romans (Ancient): Jupiter (god 
of heaven), Neptune (god of earth and 
sea), Pluto (god of hell). 

(Their whole college of gods consisted 
of four times three deities. ) 

(15) Scandinavians : Odin ("life"), 
Haenir (" motion"), Loda (" matter "). 



THREE A SYMBOLIC NUMBER, iioi THREES (MISCELLANEOUS). 



(16) Tahiti ans : Taroataihetoomoo 
{chief deity), Tepapa (the fecund prin- 
ciple), Tettoomatataya {their offspring). 

In the Christian Creed the Holy Ghost " proceedeth 
from the Father and the Son." 

(17) Lao-Tseu, the Chinese philo- 
sopher, says the divine trinity is : Ki, Hi, 
Ouei. 

(18) Orpheus says it is : Phanes 
(light), Uranos (heaven), Kronos (time). 

(19) Plato says it is: T6 Agathon 
(goodness), Nous (intelligence), Psuchd 
(the mundane soul). 

(20) Pythagoras says it is : Monad 
(the unit or oneness), Nous, Psuche. 

(ai) Vossius says it is : Jupiter (divine 
power), Minerva (the Legos), Juno (divine 
progen itiveness). 

Subordinate. The orders of Angels 
are three times three, viz. : (1) Seraphim, 
(2) Cherubim, (3) Thrones, (4) Dominions, 
(5) Virtues, (6) Powers, (7) Principalities, 
(8) Archangels, (9) Angels. — Dionysius 
the Areopagite. 

In heaven above 
The effulgent bands in triple circles move. 
Tasso ; yerusnUm Dtlivtrtd, xL 13 (1573). 

The Cities of Refuge were three on 
each side the Jordan. 

The Fates are three : Clotho (with her 
distaff, presides at birth), Lachgsis (spins 
the thread of life), Atr6pos (cuts the 
thread). 

The Furies are three: Tisipone, 
Alecto, Megaera. 

The Graces are three : Euphros'yne 
(cheerfulness of mind), Aglaia (mirth), 
Thali (good-tempered jest). 

The Judges of Hades are three : 
Minos (the chief baron), ^Eacus (the judge 
of Europeans), Rhadamanthus (the judge 
of Asiatics and Africans). 

The Muses are three times three. 

Jupiter's thunder is three- forked (tri- 
fidum) ; Neptune's trident has three 
prongs ; Pluto's dog Cerberus has three 
heads. The rivers of hell are three times 
three, and Styx flows round it thrice 
three times. 

In Scandinavian mythology, there are 
three times three earths ; three times 
three worlds in Niflheim ; three times 
three regions under the dominion of HeL 

According to a mediaeval tradition, the 
heavens are three times three, viz. the 
Moon, Venus, Mercury, the Sun, Mars, 
Jupiter, Saturn, the fixed stars, and the 
primum mobile. 

(2) Three a Symbolic Number. 

(1) In the Tabernacle and the Jewish 
Temple, 



The Temple consisted of three parts: 
the porch, the temple proper, and the 
holy of holies. It had three courts; 
the court of the priests, the court of the 
people, and the court of foreigners. The 
innermost court had three rows, and 
three windows in each row (i Kings 
vi. 36 ; vii. 4). 

If Similarly, Ezekiel's city had three 
gates on each side (Eztk. xlviii. 31). 
Cyrus left direction for the rebuilding of 
the temple : it was to be three score 
cubits in height, and three score cubits 
wide, and three rows of great stones 
were to be set up (Ezra vi. 3, 4). In like 
manner, the " new Jerusalem " is to have 
four times three foundations : (1) jasper, 
(2) sapphire, (3) chalcedony, (4) emerald, 
(5) sardonyx, (6) sardius, (7) chrysolyte, 
|8) beryl, (9) topaz, (10) chrysoprase, 
(11) jacinth, (12) amethyst. It is to 
have three gates fronting each cardinal 
quarter (Rev. xxi. 13-20). 

(2) In the Temple Furniture: The 
golden candlestick had three branches on 
each side (Exod. xxv. 32) ; there were 
three bowls (ver. 33) ; the height of the 
altar was three cubits (Exod. xxvii. 1); 
there were three pillars for the hangings 
(ver. 14) ; Solomon's molten sea was sup- 
ported on oxen, three facing each cardinal 
point (1 Kings vii. 25). 

(3) Sacrifices and Offerings : A meat 
offering consisted of three tenth deals of 
fine flour (Lev. xiv. 10) ; Hannah offered 
up three bullocks when Samuel was de- 
voted to the temple (1 Sam. i. 24) ; three 
sorts of beasts — bullocks, rams, and lambs 
— were appointed for offerings (Numb. 
xxix.) : the Jews were commanded to 
keep three national feasts yearly (Exod, 
xxiii. 14-17) ; in all criminal charges 
three witnesses were required (Deut. 
xvii. 6). 

(3) Miscellaneous Threes. Joshua 

sent three men from each tribe to survey 
the land of Canaan (Josh, xviii. 4). Job 
had three friends (Job ii. 11). Abraham 
was accosted by three men (angels), with 
whom he pleaded to spare the cities of 
the plain (Gen. xviii. 2). Nebuchadnezzar 
cast three men into the fiery furnace 
(Dan. iii. 24). David had three mighty 
men of valour, and one of them slew 
300 of the Philistines with his spear 
(2 Sam. xxiii. 9, 18). Nebuchadnezzar's 
image was three score cubits high (Dan. 
iii. 1). Moses was hidden three months 
from the Egyptian police (Exod. ii. 2). 
The ark of the covenant was three 



THREES (MISCELLANEOUS), noa 



THREE CALENDERS. 



months in the house of Obed-edom (a 
Sam. vi. n). Balaam smote his ass 
three times before the beast upbraided 
him [Numb. xxii. 28). Samson mocked 
Delilah three times (Judg. xvi. 15). 
Elijah stretched himself three times on 
the child which he restored to life (1 
Kings xvii. 21). The little horn plucked 
up three horns by the roots [Dan. vii. 8). 
The bear seen by Daniel in his vision had 
three ribs in its mouth (ver. 5). Joab 
slew Ab;-alom with three darts (2 Sam. 
xviii. 14). God gave David the choice of 
three chastisements (2 Sam. xxiv. 12). 
The great famine in David's reign lasted 
three years (2 Sam. xxi. 1) ; so did the 
great drought in Ahab's reign [Luke iv. 
25). There were three men transfigured 
on the mount, -and three spectators 
(Matt. xvii. 1-4). The sheet was let 
down to Peter three times (Acts x. 16). 
There are three Christian graces : Faith, 
hope, and charity (1 Cor. xiii. 13). There 
are three that bear record in heaven, and 
three that bear witness on earth (1 John 
v. 7, 8). There were three unclean 
spirits that came out of the mouth of the 
dragon (Rev. xvi. 13). 

So again. Every ninth wave is said 
to be the largest. 

[ They] watched the great sea fell, 
Wave after wave, each mightier than the last ; 
Till last, a ninth one, gathering half the deep 
And full of voices, slowly rose and plunged. 
Roaring, and all the wave was in a flame. 

Tennyson : The Holy Grail (1858-59). 

A wonder is said to last three times 
three days. The scourge used for 
criminals is (or used to be) a "cat o' 
nine tails." Possession is nine points of 
the law, being equal to (1) money to 
make good a claim, (2) patience to carry 
a suit through, (3) a good cause, (4) a 
good lawyer, (5) a good counsel, (6) good 
witnesses, (7) a good jury, (8) a good 
judge, (9) good luck. Leases used to be 
granted for 999 years. Ordeals by fire 
consisted of three times three red-hot 
ploughshares. 

There are three times three crowns 
recognized in heraldry, and three times 
three marks of cadency. 

We show honour by a three times 
three in drinking a health. 

The worthies are three Jews, three 
pagans, and three Christians : viz. 
Joshua, David, and Judas Maccabaeus ; 
Hector, Alexander, and Julius Caesar ; 
Arthur, Charlemagne, and Godfrey of 
Bouillon. The worthies of London are 
three times three also : (1) sir William 
Walworth, (2) sir Henry Pritchard, (3) 



sir William Sevenoke, (4) sir Thomas 
White, (5) sir John Bonham, (6) Chris- 
topher Croker, (7) sir John Hawkwood, 
(8) sir Hugh Caverley, (9) sir Henry 
Maleverer [Richard Johnson: The Nine 
Worthies of London). 

' . • Those who take any interest in this 
subject can easily multiply the examples 
here set down to a much greater number. 
(See below, the Welsh Triads.) 

Three Ardent Lovers of Britain 

(The): (1) Caswallawn son of Beli, the 
ardent lover of Flur daughter of Mug- 
nach Gorr ; (2) Tristan or Tristram son 
of Talluch, the ardent lover of Yseult 
wife of March Meirchawn his uncle, 
generally called king Mark of Cornwall ; 
(3) Kynon son of Clydno Eiddin, the 
ardent lover of Morvyth daughter of 
Urien of Rheged. — Welsh Triads. 

Three Battle Knights (The) in 

the court of king Arthur : (1) Cadwr earl 
of Cornwall ; (2) Launcelot du Lac ; (3) 
Owain son of Urien prince of Rheged, 
i.e. Cumberland and some of the adjacent 
lands. These three would never retreat 
from battle, neither for spear, nor sword, 
nor arrow ; and Arthur knew no shame 
in fight when they were present. — Welsh 
Triads. 

Three Beautiful Women (The) 
of the court of king Arthur : (1) Gwen- 
hwyvar or Guenever wife of king Arthur ; 

(2) Enid, who dressed in "azure robes," 
wife of Geraint ; (5) Tegau or Tegau 
Eur on.— Welsh Triads. 

Three Blessed B-ulers (The) of 
the island of Britain : (1) Bran or Vran, 
son of Llyr, and father of Caradawc (Ca- 
ractacus). He was called ' ' The Blessed " 
because he introduced Christianity into 
the nation of the Cymry from Rome ; he 
learnt it during his seven years' detention 
in that city with his son. (2) Lleurig 
ab Coel ab Cyllyn Sant, surnamed " The 
Great Light.' He built the cathedral of 
Llandalf, the first sanctuary of Britain. 

(3) Cadwaladyr, who gave refuge to all 
believers driven out by the Saxons from 
England. — Welsh Triads, xxxv. 

Three Calenders (The), three sons 
of three kings, who assumed the disguise 
of begging dervishes. They had each lost 
one eye. The three met in the house of 
Zobeide\ and told their respective tales in 
the presence of Haroun-al-Raschid also 
in disguise. (See Calenders, p. 168.) 
— Arabian Nights ("The Three Calen- 
ders "). 



THREE CHIEF LADIES. 



1 103 



THREE KINGS. 



Three Chief Ladies {The) of the 
bland of Britain : (1) Branwen daughter 
of king Llyr, "the fairest damsel in the 
world ; " (a) Gwenhwyvar or Guenever 
wife of king Arthur ; (3) iEthelfled the 
wife of ^Ethelred. 

Three Closures ( The) of the island 
of Britain : (1) The head of Vran son of 
Llyr, surnamed "The Blessed," which 
was buried under the White Tower of 
London, and so long as it remained there, 
no invader would enter the island. (2) 
The bones of Vor timer, surnamed " The 
Blessed," buried in the chief harbour of 
the island : so long as they remained 
there, no hostile ship would approach the 
coast (3) The dragons buried by Lludd 
son of Beli in the city of Pharaon, in 
the Snowdon rocks. (See Three Fatal 
Disclosures.) — Welsh Triads, liii. 

Three Counselling 1 Knights 
{The) of the court of king Arthur: (1) 
Kynon or Cynon son of Clydno Eiddin ; 
(2) Aron son of Kynfarch ap Meirchion 
Gul ; (3) Llywarch Hen son of Elidir 
Lydanwyn. So long as Arthur followed 
the advice of these three, his success was 
invariable, but when he neglected to 
follow their counsel, bis defeat was sure. 
— Welsh Triads. 

Three Diademed Chiefs {The) 
of the island of Britain : (1) Kai son of 
Kyner, the sewer of king Arthur. He 
could transform himself into any shape 
he pleased. Always ready to fight, and 
always worsted. Half knight and half 
buffoon. (2) Trystan mab Tallwch, one 
of Arthur's three heralds, and one whom 
nothing could divert from his purpose ; 
he is generally called sir Tristram. (3) 
Gwevyl mab Gwestad, the melancholy. 
" When sad, he would let one of his lips 
drop below his waist, while the other 
turned up like a cap upon his head."— 
The Mabinogion, 227. 

Three Disloyal Tribes {The) of 
the island of Britain : (1) The tribe of 
Goronwy Pebyr, which refused to stand 
substitute for their lord, Llew Llaw 
Gyffes, when a poisoned dart was shot at 
him by Llech Goronwy ; (2) the tribe 
of Gwrgi, which deserted their lord in 
Caer Greu, when he met Eda Glinmnwr 
in battle (both were slain) ; (3) the tribe 
of Alan Vyrgan, which slunk away 
from their lord on his journey to Camlan, 
where he was slain. — Welsh Triads, 
xxxv. 



Three Estates of the Realm 1 

the Lords Spiritual, the Lords Temporal, 
and the Commonalty. 

N.B. — The sovereign is not one of the 
three estates. 

Three Fatal Disclosures {The) 

of the island of Britain : (1) That of the 
buried head of Vran " the Blessed " by 
king Arthur, because he refused to hold 
the sovereignty of the land except by 
his own strength ; (2) that of the bones 
of Vortimer by Vortigern, out of love 
for Ronwen {Rowena) daughter of Hen- 
gist the Saxon ; (3) that of the dragons 
in Snowdon by Vortigern, in revenge of 
the Cymryan displeasure against him ; 
having this done, he invited over the 
Saxons in his defence. (See Three 
Closures.)— Welsh Triads, liii. 

Three-Fingered Jack, the nick- 
name of a famous negro robber, who was 
the terror of Jamaica in 1780. He was 
at length hunted down and killed in 
1781. 

Three Fishers {The), a poem by 
Charles Kingsley, telling how three fishers 
went to sea, and when morning came 
" three corpses lay on the shining sands " 
(1859). 

Three Golden-Tongued Knights 

{The) in the court of king Arthur; (1) 
Gwalchmai, called in French Gawain son 
of Gwyar ; (2) Drudwas son of Tryffin ; 
(3) Eliwlod son of Madog ab Uthur. 
They never made a request which was 
not at once granted. — Welsh Triads. 

Three Great Astronomers ( The) 
of the island of Britain : (1) Gwydion 
son of Don. From him the Milky Way 
is called "Caer Gwydion." He called 
the constellation Cassiopeia "The Court 
of Don" or Llys Don, after his father; 
and the Corona Borealis he called " Caer 
Arianrod," after his daughter. (2) Gwynn 
son of Nudd. (3) Idris.— Welsh Triads, 
"• 335- 

Three Holy Tribes ( The) of the 
island of Britain: (1) That of Bran or 
Vran, who introduced Christianity into 
Wales; (2) that of Cunedda Wledig; 
and (3) that of Brychan Brycheiniog. — 
Welsh Triads, xxxv. 

Three Kings. In our line.of kings 
we never exceed three reigns without 
interruption or catastrophe. (See Kings 
of England, p. 573.) 



THREE KINGS OF COLOGNE. X104 



THREE WARNINGS. 



Three King's of Cologne {The), 

the three " Wise Men " who followed the 
guiding star " from the East" to Jeru- 
salem, and offered gifts to the babe Jesus. 
Their names were Jaspar or Gaspar, 
Melchior, and Balthazar ; or Apellius, 
Amgrus, and Damascus; or Magalath, 
Galgalath, and Sarasin ; or Ator, Sator, 
and PeratSras. Klopstock, in his Messiah, 
says the Wise Men were six in number, 
and gives their names as Hadad, Sellma, 
Zimri, Mirja, Beled, and Sunith. 

*.* The toys shown in Cologne Cathe- 
dral as the "three kings" are called 
Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthazar. 

Three Kings' Day, Twelfth Day or 
Epiphany, designed to commemorate the 
visit of the "three kings " or " Wise Men 
of the East " to the Infant Jesus. 

Three Learned Knights ( The) of 

the island of Britain : (1) Gwalchmai ab 
Gwyar, called in French romances Gawain 
son of Lot ; (2) Llecheu ab Arthur ; (3) 
Rhiwallon with the broombush hair. 
There was nothing that man knew they 
did not know. — Welsh Triads. 

Three-Leg Alley (London), now 
called Pemberton Row, Fetter Lane. 

Three Letters {A Man of), a thief. 
A Roman phrase, iromfur, "a thief." 

Tun' trium literarumhomo 
Me vituperas ? Fur ! 

Plautus : AulularUt,]^. 4.' 

Three Makers of Golden Shoes 

{The) of the island of Britain : (1) Cas- 
wallawn son of Beli, when he went to 
Gascony to obtain Flur. She had been 
abducted for Julius Caesar, but was 
brought back by the prince. (2) Mana- 
wyddan son of Llyr, when he sojourned 
in Lloegyr {Engla?id). (3) Llew Llaw 
Gyffes, when seeking arms from his 
mother. — Welsh Triads, cxxiv. 

" What craft shall we take? " said Manawyddan. . . . 
" Let us take to making 1 shoes." . . . So he bought tha 
best cordwal . . . and got the best goldsmith to make 
clasps . . . and he was called one of the three makers 
of gold shoes.— The Mabinogion (" Manawyddan," 
twelfth century). 

Three-Men Wine. Very bad wine 
is so called, because it requires one man 
to hold the victim, a second to pour the 
wine down his throat, and the third is 
the victim made to drink it. 

Abraham Santa Clara, the preaching 
friar, calls the wine of Alsace " three-men 
wine." 

Three per Cents. ••The sweet 



simplicity of the three per cents." This 
was the saying of Dr. Scott (lord Stowell), 
brother of lord Eldon the great Admiralty 
judge. 

Three Robbers {The). The three 
stars in Orion's belt are said to be " three 
robbers climbing up to rob the Ranee's 
silver bedstead." — Miss Frcre: Old 
Deccan Days, 28. 

Three Stayers of Slaughter 

{The): (1) Gwgawn Gleddyvrud; the 
name of his horse was Buchestom. (2} 
Morvran eil Tegid. (3) Gilbert mab 
Cadgyffro. — Welsh Triads, xxix. 

Three Tailors of Tooley Street 

{The), three worthies, who held a meet- 
ing in Tooley Street for the redress of 
popular grievances, and addressed a peti- 
tion to the House of Commons, while 
Canning was prime minister, beginning, 
" We, the people of England." 

(Tooley Street is in South wark, London.) 

IT The "deputies of Vaugirard" pre- 
sented themselves before Charles VIII. 
of France. When the king asked how 
many there were, the usher replied, 
•• Only one, an please your majesty." 

Three Tragic Stories of Ancient 

Ireland. (SeeUsNACH.) 

Three Tribe Herdsmen of 

Britain {The): (i) Llawnrodded Var- 
vawe, who tended the milch cows of 
Nudd Hael son of Senyllt ; (2) Bennren, 
who kept the herd of Caradawc son of 
Bran, Glamorganshire; (3) Gwdion son 
of Don the enchanter, who kept the kine 
of Gwynedd above the Conway. All 
these herds consisted of 21,000 milch 
cows. — Welsh Triads, lxxxv. 

Three Tyrants of Athens ( The) : 
Pisistratos (b.c. 560-490), Hippias and 
Hipparchos (B.C. 527-490). 

(The two brothers reigned conjointly 
from 527-514, when the latter was mur- 
dered. ) 

Three Unprofessional Bards 

{The) of the island of Britain : (1) Rhyawd 
son of Morgant; (2) king Arthur; (3) 
Cadwallawn son of Cadvan. — Welsh 
Triads, lxxxix. 113. 

Three Warnings, a poem by Mrs. 

Piozzi, showing that the infirmities of 
age, such as the loss of physical strength, 
of hearing, and of sight, are three warn- 
ings of approaching decay (about 1800). 



THREE WEEKS AFTER, ETC. 



1105 



THUME 



Three Weeks after Marriage, 

a comedy by A. Murphy (1776). Sir 
Charles Racket has married the daughter 
of a rich London tradesman, and three 
weeks of the honeymoon having expired, 
he comes on a visit to the lady's father, 
Mr. Drugget. Old Drugget plumes him- 
self on his aristocratic son-in-law, so 
far removed from the vulgar brawls of 
meaner folk. On the night of their 
arrival, the bride and bridegroom quarrel 
about a game of whist ; the lady main- 
tained that sir Charles ought to have 
played a diamond instead of a club. So 
angry is sir Charles that he resolves to 
have a divorce ; and although the quarrel 
is patched up, Mr. Drugget has seen 
enough of the beau monde to decline the 
alliance of Lovelace for his second 
daughter, whom he gives to a Mr. 
Woodley. 

Pope and Gay wrote a farce called Three Hour* 
mfter Marriage (1717). 

Three Writers ( The). (See Scrip- 
tores Tres, p. 973.) 

Thresher [Captain), the feigned 
leader of a body of lawless Irishmen, 
who attacked, in 1806, the collectors of 
tithes and their subordinates. 

If Captain Right was a leader of the 
rebellious peasantry in the south of Ire- 
land in the eighteenth century. 

IF Captain Rock was the assumed 
name of a leader of Irish insurgents in 
1822. 

Throgmorton Street (London). 
So named from sir Nicholas Throckmor- 
ton, banker (1513-1571). 

(Sir Nicholas took part in Wyatt'i 
rebellion.) 

Thrummy-Cap, a sprite which 
figures in the fairy tales of Northum- 
berland. He was a "queer-looking little 
auld man," whose scene of exploits 
generally lay in the vaults and cellars of 
old castles. John Skelton, in his Colyn 
Clout, calls him Tom-a-Thrum, and says 
that the clergy could neither write nor 
read, and were no wiser than this cellar 
•prite. 

Thrush {Song of the). 

White hat, white hat| 
Cherry do, cherry dot 
Pretty Joe, pretty Joe. 

The Storm Thrush, calling for rain, 
•ays — 

Bill Peters. Bill Peters, 

BUI Peters. BUI Peters, 

Kiss me quick. 



Thule (2 syl), the most 
northern portion of the world known to 
the ancient Greeks and Romans ; but 
whether an island or part of a continent 
nobody knows. It is first mentioned by 
Pytheas, the Greek navigator, who says 
it is "six days' sail from Britain," and 
that its climate is a " mixture of earth, 
air, and sea." Ptolemy, with more ex- 
actitude, tells us that the 63 of north 
latitude runs through the middle of 
Thule, and adds that ' ' the days there 
are at the equinoxes twenty- four hours 
long." Generally supposed to be the 
Faroe Islands. Perhaps it was Iceland. 

(No place has a day of twenty-four 
hours long at either equinox ; but any- 
where beyond either polar circle the day 
is twenty- four hours long at one of the 
solstices.) 

Suidas says it was so called from Thulus, its most 
ancient Icin^. 

(Antonius Diogenes, a Greek, wrote a 
romance on "The Incredible Things 
beyond Thule" (Ta huper Thoulen 
Apista), which has furnished the basis 
of many subsequent tales. The work is 
not extant, but Photius gives an outline 
of its contents in his Bibliothcca.) 

Thumb (Tom), a dwarf no bigger 
than a man's thumb. He lived in the 
reign of king Arthur, by whom he was 
knighted. He was the son of a common 
ploughman, and was killed by the poi- 
sonous breath of a spider in the reign of 
Thunstone, the successor of king Arthur. 

Amongst his adventures may be men- 
tioned the following: — He was lying one 
day asleep in a meadow, when a cow 
swallowed him as she cropped the grass. 
At another time, he rode in the ear of a 
horse. He crept up the sleeve of a giant, 
and so tickled him that he shook his 
sleeve, and Tom, falling into the sea, 
was swallowed by a fish. The fish being 
caught and carried to the palace, gave 
the little man his introduction to the king. 

*.* The oldest version extant of this 
nursery tale is in rhyme, and bears the 
following title:— Tom Thumb, His Life 
and Death ; wherein is declared many 
marvailous acts of manhood, full ofzvonder 
and strange merriments. Which little 
knight lived in king Arthur's time, and was 
famous in the court of Great Brittaine. 
London : printed for John Wright, 1630 
(Bodleian Library). It begins thus — 

In Arthur's court Tom Thurabe did Uu#— 
A man of mickle might, 

The best of all the Table Round, 
And eke a doughty knight. 

4 B 



THUMR 

Mb stature but an inch in height; 

Or quarter of a span ; 
Then thinke you not this little knfeht 

Was prou'da valiant man T 

N.B.— "Great Britain" was not a 
recognized term till 1701 (queen Anne), 
when the two parliaments of Scotland 
and England were united. Before that 
time, England was called "South 
Britain," Scotland " North Britain," and 
Brittany "Little Britain." The date 
1630 would carry us back to the reign of 
. Charles I. 

' Fielding, in 1730, wrote a burlesque 
opera called Tom Thumb, which was 
altered in 1778 by Kane O'Hara. Dr. 
Arne wrote the music to it, and his 
"daughter (afterwards Mrs. Cibber), 
then only 14, acted the part of 'Tom 
Thumb' at the Hay market Theatre/'— 
Davies : Life of Garrick. 

N.B. — Here again the dates do not 
correctly fit in. Mrs. Cibber was born in 
1710, and must have been 20 when Field- 
ing produced his opera of Tom Thumb. 

Thumb {General Tom), a dwarf ex- 
hibited in London in 1846. His real 
name was Charles S. Stratton. At the 
age of 25, his height was 25 inches, and 
his weight 25 lbs. He was born at Bridge- 
port, Connecticut, United States, in 1832, 
and died in January, 1879. 

They rush by thousands to see Tom Thumb. They 
push, they fight, they scream, they faint, they cry, 
'* Help 1 " and " Murder 1 " They see my bills and 
caravan, but do not read them. Their eyes are oa 
them, but their sense is gone, ... In one week 12,000 
persons paid to see Tom Thumb, while only 133 paid 
to see my " Aristides."— Hay don (the artist); MS. 
Diary. 

Thunder prognosticates evil accord- 
ing to the day of the week on which it 
occurs. 

Sondayet thundre shoulde brynge the deathe of 
learned men, judges, and others ; Mondayes thundre. 



the deathe of women ; Tuesdayes thundre, plentie of 
graine ; Wednesdayes thundre, the deathe of harlottes 
and other blodshede ; Thursdayes thundre, plentie of 



shepe and corne ; Fridayes thundre, the slaughter of a 
great man and other horrible murders ; and Saturdayes 
thundre, a generall pestilent plague and great deathe. 
—Dig-zes : A Prognostication Everlasting of Ryght 
G«»d Effecte (1556). 

Thunder {The Giant), a giant who 
fell into a river and was killed, because 
Jack cut the ropes which suspended a 
bridge that the giant was crossing. — 
Jack the Giant- Killer. 

Thunder ( The Sons of). James and 
John, the sons of Zebedee, were called 
" Boaner'geV— Luke ix. 54 ; Mark iii. 
17. 

Thunder and Lightning. Stephen 
II. of Hungary was surnamed Tonnani 
(1100, 1114-1131). 



iio 6 THURSDAY. 

Thunderbolt {The). Ptolemy king 
of Macedon, eldest son of Ptolemy SoteT 
I., was so called from his great impetu- 
osity (B.C. *, 285-279). 

IT Handel was called by Mozart "The 
Thunderbolt " (1684-1759). 

Thunderbolt of Italy (The), 
Gaston de Foix, nephew of Louis XII. 
(1489-1512). 

Thunderbolt of War {The). 

Roland is so called in Spanish ballads. 

Tisaphernes is so called in Tasso'i 
Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (1575). 

Thunderer {The), the Times news- 
paper. This popular name was first 
given to the journal ■ in allusion to a 
paragraph in one of the articles con- 
tributed by captain Edward Sterling, 
while Thomas Barnes was editor. 

We thundered forth the other day an article on the 
■object of social and political reform. 

Some of the contemporaries caught up 
the expression, and called the Times 
"The Thunderer." Captain Sterling 
used to sign himself " Vetus " before he 
was placed on the staff of the paper, • 

Thundering Legion {The), the 
twelfth legion of the Roman army under 
Marcus Aurelius acting against the 
Quadi, a.d. 174. It was shut up in a 
defile, and reduced to great straits for 
want of water, when a body of Christians, 
enrolled in the legion, prayed for relief. 
Not only was rain sent, but the thunder 
and lightning so terrified the foe 
that a complete victory was obtained, 
and the legion was ever after called " The 
Thundering Legion." — Dion Cassius : 
Roman History, lxxi. 8 ; Eusebius : 
Ecclesiastical History, v. 5. (Probably 
fabulous.) 

IT The Theban legion, i.e. the legion 
raised in the Thebais of Egypt, and com- 
posed of Christian soldiers led by St. 
Maurice, was likewise called "The 
Thundering Legion." 

1T The term "Thundering Legion" 
existed before either of these two were so 
called. 

Thunstone (2 syl. ), the successor of 

king Arthur, in whose reign Tom Thumb 
was killed by a spider. — Tom Thumb. 

Thu'rio, a foolish rival of Valentine 
for the love of Silvia daughter of the 
duke of Milan. — Shakespeare : The Two 
Gentlemen of Verona (1595). 

Thursday is held unlucky by the 
Swedes; so is it with the Russians, 



THURSDAY 



1 107 



TIBBS. 



especially in Esthonia. Friday is the 
unlucky day with Christians, because 
Jesus was crucified on a Friday. 

Thursday {Black). February 6, 
1851, is so called in the colony of Victoria, 
from a terrible bush fire which occurred 
on that day (see p. 124). 

Thwacker (Quartermaster), in the 
dragoons. — Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Thwackum, in Fielding's novel, The 
History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749). 

Thyamis, an Egyptian thief, native 
of Memphis. Theagenes and Chariclea 
being taken by him prisoners, he fell in 
love with the lady, and shut her up in a 
cave for fear of losing her. Being closely 
beset by another gang stronger than his 
own, he ran his sword into the heart of 
Chariclea, that she might go with him 
into the land of shadows, and be his com- 
panion in the future life. — Heliodorus : 
jEthiopica. 

Like to the Egyptian thief, at point of daath, 

Kill what I love. 

Shdktspcare : Ttuelfth Nizht, act y. SC. I (1614). 

Thyeste'an Banquet (in Latin, 
coma Thyestce), a cannibal feast. Thyestes 
was given his own two sons to eat in a 
banquet served up to him by his brother 
Atreus [At. truce]. 

H Procne and Philomena served up to 
Tereus (2 syl.) his own son Itys. 

(Milton accents the word on the second 
syllable in Paradise Lost, x. 688, but 
then he calls Chalybe'an, [Samson 
Agonistes, 133) " Chalyb'ean," ^Ege'an 
{Paradise Lost, i. 745) "^E'gean," and 
Cambuscan' he calls " Cam ,us'can.") 

Thyeste'an Revenge, blood for 
blood, tit for tat of bloody vengeance. 

(1) Thyestes seduced the wife of his 
brother Atreus (2 syl.), for which he was 
banished. In his banishment he carried 
off his brother's son Plistlv'nes, whom he 
brought up as his own child. When the 
boy was grown to manhood, he sent him 
to assassinate Atreus, but Atreus slew 
Plisthenes, not knowing him to be his 
son. The corresponding vengeance was 
this : Thyestes had a son named ^Egis- 
thos, who was brought up by king Atreus 
as his own child. When /Sgisthos was 
grown to manhood, the king sent him to 
assassinate Thyestes, but the young man 
slew Atreus inste id, 

(2) Atreus slew his own son Plisth^nAs, 
thinking him to be his brother's child. 
When he found out his mistake, he pre- 



tended to be reconciled to his brother, 
and asked him to a banquet Thyeste's 
went to the feast, and ate part of his own 
two sons, which had been cooked, and 
were set before him by his brother. 

(3) Thyestes defiled the wife of his 
brother Atreus, and Atreus married Pe- 
lopia the unwedded wife of his brother 
Thyestes. It was the son of this woman 
by Thyestes who murdered Atreus (his 
uncle and father-in-law). 

*.• The tale of Atreus and that of 
CEdipus are the two most lamentable 
stories of historic fiction, and in some 
points resemble each other : Thus (Edi- 
pus married his mother, not knowing 
who she was ; Thyestes seduced his 
daughter, not knowing who she was. 
CEdipus slew his father, not knowing 
who he was ; Atreus slew his son, not 
knowing who he was. CEdipus was 
driven from his throne by the sons born 
to him by his own mother; Atreus 
[At.'rvce] was killed by the natural son 
of his own wife. 

Thymbrae'an God (The), Apollo; 
so called from a celebrated temple raised 
to his honour on a hill near the river 
Thymbrlus. 

The Thymbraean god 
With Man I aaw and Pallas. 

Dante : Purgatory, xll. (1308). 

Thyrsis, a herdsman introduced in 
the Idylls of Theocrltos, and in Virgil's 
Eclogue, vii. Any shepherd or rustic is 
so called. 

Hard by, a cottage chimney smokaa 
From betwixt two aged oaks. 
Where Corydon and Thyrsis, met. 
Are at their savoury dinner set 

Milton: LAUezro (1638). 

Thyrsis, a monody on Arthur Hugh 
Clough, by Matthew Arnold. 

Thyrsus, a long pole with an orna- 
mental head of ivy, vine leaves, or a fir 
cone, carried by Bacchus and by his 
votaries at the celebration of his riles. 
It was emblematic of revelry and 
drunkenness. 

[/ -wiU\ abash the frantic thyrsus with my song. 

Akensidt: Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Tibbs (Beau), a poor, clever, dashing 
young spark, who had the happy art cf 
fancying he knew all the haut monde, and 
that all the monde knew him ; that his 
garret was the choicest spot in London 
for its commanding view of the Thames ; 
that his wife was a lady of distinguished 
airs; and that his infant daughter would 
marry a peer. He took off his hat to 
every man and woman of fashion, and 



TIBERT. 



1108 



TIBURZIO. 



made out that dukes, lords, duchesses, 
and ladies addressed him simply as Ned. 
His hat was pinched up with peculiar 
smartness ; his looks were pale, thin, and 
sharp ; round his neck he wore a broad 
black ribbon, and in his bosom a glass 
pin; his coat was trimmed with tar- 
nished lace ; and his stockings were silk. 
Beau Tibbs interlarded his rapid talk with 
fashionable oaths, such as, " Upon my 
soul ! egad ! " 

" I was asked to dine yesterday," he says, " at the 
duchess of Piccadilly's. My lord Mudler was there. 
' Ned,' said he, ' I'll hold gold to silver I can tell you 
where you were poaching last night ... I hope, Ned, 
it will improve your fortune.' ' Fortune, my lord? five 
hundred a year at least — great secret — let it go no fur- 
ther.' My lord took me down in his chariot to his 
country seat yesterday, and we had a tete-a-tett dinner 



in the country." " I fancy you told us just now you 
dined yesterday at the duchess's in town." " Did I 
so ? " replied he coolly. " To be sure, egad! nov,- I do 
remember — yes, I had two dinners yesterday."— 
Letter liv. 

Mrs. Tibbs, wife of the beau, a slattern 
and a coquette, much emaciated, but with 
the remains of a good-looking woman. 
She made twenty apologies for being in 
dishabille ; but had been out all night with 
the countess. Then, turning to her hus- 
band, she added, "And his lordship, my 
dear, drank your health in a bumper." 
Ned then asked his wife if she had given 
orders for dinner. " You need make no 
great preparation — only we three. My 
lord cannot join us to-day — something 
small and elegant will do, such as a tur- 
bot, an ortolan, a " 

" Or," said Mrs. Tibbs, " what do you think, my 
dear, of a nice bit of ox-cheek, dressed with a little of 
my own sauce?" "The very thing," he replies; "it 
will eat well with a little beer. His grace was very 
fond of it, and I hate the vulgarity of a great load of 
dishes." The citizen of the world now thought it time 
to decamp, and took his leave, Mrs. Tibbs assuring 
him that dinner would certainly be quite ready in two 
or three hours.— Letter Iv. 

Mrs. Tibbs s lady's-maid, a vulgar, 
brawny Scotchwoman. "Where's my 
lady?" said Tibbs, when he brought to 
his garret his excellency the ambassador 
of China. "She's a- washing your twa 
shirts at the next door, because they won't 
lend us the tub any longer." — Goldsmith: 
A Citizen of the World (1759). 

Tibert [Sir), the name of the cat, in 
the beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Tibet Talkapace, a prating hand- 
maid of Custance the gay and rich widow 
vainly sought by Ralph Roister Doister. 
— Nicholas Udall : Ralph Roister Doister 
(first English comedy, 1534). 

The metre runs thus — 

I hearde our nourse speake of an husbande to-day 

Ready for our mistresse, a rich man and gay ; 

A >id we shall go in our French hoodes every day . • * 



Then shall ye see Tibet, sires, treade the 

trimme . . . 
Not lumperdee, clumperdee, like our Spaniel Rig. 

Tibs (Mr.), a most "useful hand." 
He will write you a receipt for the bite 
of a mad dog, tell you an Eastern tale to 
perfection, and understands the business 
part of an author so well that no publisher 
can humbug him. You may know him 
by his peculiar clumsiness of figure, and 
the coarseness of his coat ; but he never 
forgets to inform you that his clothes are 
all paid for. (See Tibbs. )— Goldsmith : 
A Citizen of the World, xxix. (1759). 

Tibs's Eve {St.), never. St. Tibs is 
a corruption of St. Ubes. There is no such 
saint in the calendar ; and therefore St. 
Tibs's Eve falls on the Greek Kalends. 
(See Never, p. 750.) 

Tibullus, a Roman poet, con- 
temporary with Virgil and Horace. His 
Elegies are models of good taste, wholly 
devoid of affectation or striving after 
effect. 

(English translations by John Granger, 
1758 ; and by James Cranstoun, 1872.) 

The French Tibullus, the chevalier 
Evariste de Parny (1753-1814). 

Tiburce (2 or 3 syl.), brother of 
Valirian, converted by St. Cecile, his 
sister-in-law, and baptized by pope Urban. 
Being brought before the prefect Alma- 
chius, and commanded to worship the 
image of Jupiter, he refused to do so, and 
was decapitated. — Chaucer: Canterbury 
Tales (" Second Nun's Tale," 1388). 

• . * When " Tiburce " is followed by a 
vowel it is made 2 syl., when by a con- 
sonant it is 3 syl. , as — 

And after this, Tiburce in good entente (a syl.), 

With Valirian to pope Urban went. 

At this thing sche unto Tiburce tolde (3 syl.). 

Chaucer. 

Tibur'zio, commander of the Pisans 
fn their attack upon Florence, in the 
fifteenth century. The Pisans were 
thoroughly beaten by the Florentines, 
led by Lu'ria a Moor, and Tiburzio was 
taken captive. Tiburzio tells Luria that 
the men of Florence will cast him off after 
peace is established, and advises him to 
join Pisa. This Luria is far too noble 
to do, but he grants Tiburzio his liberty. 
Tiburzio, being examined by the council 
of Florence, under the hope of finding 
some cause of censure against the Moor, 
to les.sen or cancel their obligation to him, 
" testifies to his unflinching probity," 
and the council could find no cause of 
blame; but Luria, by poison, relieves 



TICHBORNE DOLE. 



1109 



TIM SYLLABUa 



the ungrateful state of its obligation to 
him. — R. Browning: Luria. 

Tichborne Dole ( The,. When lady 
Mabella was dying, she requested her hus- 
band to grant her the means of leaving 
a charitable bequest. It was to be a dole 
of bread, to be distributed annually on the 
Feast of the Annunciation, to any who 
chose to apply for it. Sir Roger, her 
husband, said he would give her as much 
land as she could walk over while a billet 
of wood remained burning. The old lady 
was taken into the park, and managed to 
crawl over twenty-three acres of land, 
which was accordingly set apart, and is 
called "The Crawls " to this hour. When 
the lady Mabella was taken back to her 
chamber, she said, " So long as this dole 
is continued, the family of Tichborne 
shall prosper ; but immediately it is dis- 
continued, the house shall fall, from the 
failure of an heir male. This," she added, 
" will be when a family of seven sons is 
succeeded by one of seven daughters. 
The custom began in the reign of Henry 
II., and continued till 1796, when, sin- 
gularly enough, the baron had seven sons 
and his successor seven daughters, and 
Mr. Edward Tichborne, who inherited the 
Doughty estates, dropping the original 
name, called himself sir Edward Doughty. 

Tickell {Mark), a useful friend, 
especially to Elsie LovelL.— Wybert 
Reeve: Parted. 

Tickler [Timothy), an ideal portrait 
of Robert Sym, a lawyer of Edinburgh 
(1750-1844). — Wilson: Nodes Ambro- 
siance (1822-36). 



(See Tom Tiddler's 



Tiddler. 

Ground.) 

Tiddy-Doll, a nickname given to 
Richard Grenville lord Temple (1711- 

1770). 

Tide-Waiters [Ecclesiastical). So 
the Rev. lord Osborne (S. G. O.) calls 
the clergy in convocation whose votes do 
not correspond with their real opinions. 

Tider [Robin), one of the servants of 
the earl of Leicester. —Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Tiffany, Miss Alscrip's lady's-maid ; 
pert, silly, bold, and a coquette. — Bur- 
goyne : The Heiress ( 1 78 1 ) . 

Tigernach, oldest of the Irish anna- 
lists. His annals were published in Dr. 
O'Connor's Rerum Hibernicarum Scrip- 



tores Veteres, at the expense of the duke 
of Buckingham (1814-1826). 

Tigg [Montague), a clever impostor, 
who lives by his wits. He starts a 
bubble insurance office — "the Anglo- 
Bengalee Company " — and makes con- 
siderable gain thereby. Having dis- 
covered the attempt of Jonas Chuzzlewh 
to murder his father, he compels him to 
put his money in the "new company," 
but Jonas finds means to murder him.— 
Dickens : Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Tig-lath - Pile'ser, son of Pul, 

second of the sixth dynasty of the new 
Assyrian empire. The word is Tiglath 
Pui Assur, " the great tiger of Assyria." 

Tigra'nes (3 syl.), one of the heroes 
slain by the impetuous Dudon soon after 
the arrival of the Christian army before 
Jerusalem. — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered, 
»i- (i575)- 

Tigra'nes (3 syl.), king of Arme'nia. 
— Fletcher : A King or No King (1619). 

Tigress Nurse [A). Tasso says 
that Clorinda was suckled by a tigress. 
— Jerusalem Delivered, xii. 

TT Roman story says Romulus and 
Remus were suckled by a she-wolf. 

IT Orson, the brother of Valentine, was 
suckled by a she-bear, and was brought 
up by an eagle. — Valentine and Orson. 

Tilburi'na, the daughter of the 
governor of Tilbury Fort ; in love with 
Whiskerandos. Her love-ravings are the 
crest unto the crest of buriesque tragedy 

(see act ii. 1). — Sheridan: The Critic 
1779)- 

An oyster may be crossed In love," says the gentle 

TUburina.— Sir IV. Scott. 

Tilbury Port [The governor of), 
father of Tilburina ; a plain, matter-of- 
fact man, with a gushing, romantic, and 
Love-struck daughter. In Mr. Puff's 
tragedy The Spanish Armada. — Sheri- 
dan : The Critic (1779). 

Tim [Tiny), the little son of Bob 
Cratchit (a clerk in Scrooge's office). — 
Dickens: Christmas Carol ( 1843). 

Tim Syllabub, a droll creature, 
equally good at a rebus, a riddle, a 
bawdy song, or a tabernacle hymn. You 
may easily recognize him by his shabby 
finery, his frizzled hair, his dirty shirt, 
and his half-genteel, but more than half« 
shabby dress. — Goldsmith: A Citixen of 
the World, xxix. (1759). 



TIMES. 



xxio 



TIMOTHEOa 



Times (The), a newspaper founded 
by John Walter, in 1785. It was first 
called The London Daily Universal 
Register ; in 1788 the words The Times or 
. . . were added. This long title was 
never tolerated by the public, which 
always spoke of the journal as The 
Register, till the original title was sup- 
pressed, and the present title, The Times, 
remained. In 1803 John Walter, son of 
the founder, became manager, and greatly 
improved the character of the paper, and 
in 1 8 14 introduced a steam press. He 
died in 1847, and was succeeded by his 
son John Walter III. In the editorial 
department, John (afterwards "sir John") 
Stoddart (nicknamed "Dr. Slop"), who 
began to write political articles in The 
Times in 18 10, was appointed editor in 
1812, but in 1816 was dismissed for his 
rabid hatred of Napoleon. He tried to 
establish an opposition journal, The New 
Times, which proved an utter failure. 
Sir John Stoddart was succeeded by John 
Stebbing ; then followed Thomas Barnes 
("Mr. T. Bounce"), who remained 
editor till his death, in 1841. W. F. A. 
Delane came next, and continued till 1858, 
when his son, John Thaddeus Delane 
(who died in 1879), succeeded him. 

-.• Called "The Thunderer" from an 
article contributed by captain E. Sterling, 
beginning, "We thundered forth the 
other day an article on the subject of 
social and political reform ; " and " The 
Turnabout," because its politics are 
guided by the times, and are not fossilized 
whig or tory. 

Tim'ias, king Arthur's 'squire. He 
went after the "wicked foster," from 
whom Florimel fled, and the "foster" 
with his two brothers, falling on him, were 
all slain. Timias, overcome by fatigue, 
now fell from his horse in a swoon, and 
Belphcebe" the huntress, happening to see 
him fall, ran to his succour, applied an 
ointment to his wounds, and bound them 
with her scarf. The 'squire, opening his 
eyes, exclaimed, "Angel or goddess; do 
I call thee right?" "Neither," replied 
the maid, "but only a wood-nymph." 
Then was he set upon his horse and taken 
to Belphoebg's pavilion, where he soon 
" recovered from his wounds, but lost his 
heart" (bk. iii. 6). In bk. iv. 7 Bel- 
phcebe" subsequently found Timias in 
dilliance with Amoret, and said to him, 
" Is this thy faith ?" She said no more, 
•' but turned her face and fled." This is 
an allusion to sir Walter Raleigh's amour 



with Elizabeth Throgmorton (Amoret), 
one of the queen's maids of honour, 
which drew upon sir Walter ( Timias) the 
passionate displeasure of his royal mis- 
tress (Belphcebe or queen Elizabeth). — 
Spenser: Faerie Queene, iii. (1590). 

Timms (Corporal), a non-com- 
missioned officer in Waverley's regi- 
ment. — Sir W. Scott: Waverley (time, 
George IL). 

Timoleon, the Corinthian. He 
hated tyranny, and slew his own brother, 
whom he dearly loved, because he tried 
to make himself absolute in Corinth. 
"Timophanes he loved, but freedom 
more." 

The fair Corinthian boast 
Timoleon, happy temper, mild and firm, 
Who wept the brother while the tyrant bled. 
Thomson: The Seasons (" Winter," 1726) 

Timon, in Pope's Moral Essays 
(epistle iv.), is meant for the first duke 
of Chandos, who "had a great passion for 
splendid buildings. His seat, described 
in the poem, was called " Canons." 

Timon of Athens, the Man-hater, 
who lived in the time of the Pelopon- 
nesian war. Shakespeare has a drama 
so called (1609). The drama begins 
with the joyous life of Timon, and his 
hospitable extravagance ; then launches 
into his pecuniary embarrassment, and the 
discovery that his "professed friends" 
will not help him ; and ends with his 
flight into the woods, his misanthropy, 
and his death. 

When he [Horace Wa?fole~\ talked misanthropy, ha 
out-Timoned Timon.— Macaulay. 

•.' On one occasion, Timon said, "I 
have a fig tree in my garden which I 
once intended to cut down ; but I shall 
let it stand, that any one who likes may 
go and hang himself on it." 

Lord Lytton wrote a poem called The New Timon, 
(1845). Shadwell wrote a play called Timon of Athens, 
the Man-Hater (1678), 

Timon's Banquet, nothing but 
cover and warm water. Being shunned 
by his friends in adversity, he pretended 
to have recovered his money, and invited 
his false friends to a banquet The table 
was laden with covers, but when the 
contents were exposed, nothing was pro- 
vided but lukewarm water. (See Scha- 
CABAC, p. 967.) — Shakespeare: Timon 
of Athens, act iii. sc. 6 (1609). 

Timoth'eos, a musician, who charged 
double fees to all pupils who had learned 



TIMOTHY. 



mi TINTORETTO OF ENGLAND. 



music before. — Quintiliam De Institu- 
tione Oraioria, ii. 3. 

Ponocrates made him forget all that he [Gergantua] 
had learned under other masters, as Timotheus did to 
his disciples who had been taught music by others.— 
Rabelais : Gargantua, L 23 (1533). 

Timotheus, placed on high 
Amid the tuneful quire. 
With flying fingers touched the lyre. 

Drydcn : Alexander's Feast (1697). 

Timothy {Old), ostler at John Mengs's 
inn at Kirchhoff. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Timothy Quaint, the whimsical 
but faithful steward of governor Heartall. 
Blunt, self-willed, but loving his master 
above all things, and true to his interests. 
—Cherry : The Soldier s Daughter (1804). 

Ti'murkan the Tartar, and conqueror 
of China. After a usurpation of twenty 
years, he was slain in a rising of the people 
by Zaphimri " the orphan of China." 

My mind's employed on other arts : 

To sling the well-stored quiver 

Over this arm, and wing the darts 

At the first reindeer sweeping down the vato. 

Or up the mountain straining every nerve ; 

To vault the neighing steed, and urge his course. 

Swifter than whirlwinds, through the ranks of war;— 

These are my passions, this my only science. 

Raised from a soldier to imperial sway, 

I still will reign in terror. 

Murphy: The Orphan of China, It. i. (1759). 

Tinacrio "the Sage," father of 
Micomico'na queen of Micom'icon, and 
husband of queen Zaramilla. He foretold 
that after his death his daughter would 
be dethroned by the giant Pandafilando, 
but that in Spain she would find a cham- 
pion in don Quixote who would restore 
her to the throne. This never comes to 
pass, as don Quixote is taken home in a 
cage without entering on the adventure.— 
Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. iv. 3 (1605). 

Tutelar ian Doctor {The Great)* 

William Mitchell, a whitesmith and tin- 
plate worker of Edinburgh, who published 
Tinkler s Testament, dedicated to queen 
Anne, and other similar works. 

The reason why I call myself the Tinclarian doctor to 
because I am a tinklar, and cures old pans and lantruns. 
—Introduction to Tinkler's Testament. 

•.' Uniformity of spelling must not 
be looked for in the " doctor's " book. 
We have "Tinklar," "Tinkler," and 
"Tinclar-ian." 

Tinderbox {Miss Jenny), a lady with 
a moderate fortune, who once had some 
pretensions to beauty. Her elder sister 
happened to marry a man of quality, and 
Jenny ever after resolved not to disgrace 
herself by marrying a tradesman. Having 
rejected many of her equals, she became 



at last the governess of her sister's chil- 
dren, and had to undergo the drudgery of 
three servants without receiving the wages 
of one. — Goldsmith: A Citizen of the 
World, xxviii. (1759). 

Tinker {The Immortal or The In- 
spired), John Bunyan (1628-1688). 

IT Elihu Burritt, United States, Is 
called "The Learned Blacksmith" 
(1811-1879). 

Tinsel {Lord), a type of that worst 
specimen of aristocracy, which ignores 
all merit but blue blood, and would rather 
patronize a horse-jockey than a curate, 
scholar, or poor gentleman. He would 
subscribe six guineas to the concerts of 
Signor Cantata, because lady Dangle 
patronized him, but not one penny to 
" languages, arts, and sciences," as such. 
—Knowles: The Hunchback (1831). 

Tintag'el or Tintagil, a strong and 
magnificent castle on the coast of Corn- 
wall, said to have been the work of two 
giants. It was the birthplace of king 
Arthur, and subsequently the royal resi- 
dence of king Mark. Dunlop asserts 
that vestiges of the castle still exist. 

They found a naked child upon the sancto 
Of darlc Tintagil by the Cornish sea. 
And that was Arthur. 

Tinny son' Guinevere (1858). 

Tinto {Dick), a poor artist, son of 
a tailor in the village of Langdirdum. 
He is introduced as a lad in the Bride 
of Lammermoor, i. This was in the 
reign of William III. He is again 
introduced in St. Ronan's Well, i., 
as touching up the signboard of Meg 
Dods, in the reign of George III. As 
William III. died in 1702, and George 
III. began to reign in 1760, Master Dick 
must have been a patriarch when he 
worked for Mrs. Dods.— Sir W. Scott: 
Bride of Lammermoor (1819) ; St. Ronan's 
Well (1823). 

Meg Dods agreed with the celebrated Dick Tinto to 
fepaint her father's sign, which had become rather 
undecipherable. Dick accordingly glided the bishop's 
crook, and augmented the horrors of the devil's aspect, 
until it became a terror to all the younger fry of the 
ichool-house.— Sir if. Scott: St. Ronan's Well, L 
(1823)- 

Tintoretto, the historical painter, 
whose real name was Jacopo Robusti. 
He was called // Furioso from the ex- 
treme rapidity with which he painted 
(1512-1594). 

Tintoretto of England {The). 
W. Dobson was called " The Tintoret of 
England " by Charles L (X610-1646). 



TINTORETTO OF SWITZERLAND, ilia 



TIRLSNECK. 



Tintoretto of Switzerland ( The), 

John Huber (eighteenth century). 

Tiphany, the mother of the three 
kings of Cologne. The word is mani- 
festly a corruption oi St. Epiphany, as 
Tibs is of St. Ubes, Taudry of St. Audry, 
Tooley [Street] of St. Olaf, Telder of St. 
Ethelred, and so on. 

Scores of the saints have similarly 
manufactured names. 

Ti'phys, pilot of the Argonauts ; 
hence any pilot. 

Many a Tiphys ocean's depths explore. 
To open wondrous ways untried before. 

Ariosto : Orlando Furioso, viii. (Hoole). 

•." Another name for a pilot or guiding 
power is Palinurus ; so called from the 
steersman of ^Eneasr 

E'en Palinurus nodded at the helm. 

Pope : The Dunciad, iv. 614 (174a)* 

Tippins (Lady), an old lady " with 
an immense obtuse, drab, oblong face, 
like a face in a tablespoon ; and a dyed 
' long walk ' up the top of her head, as 
a convenient public approach to the bunch 
of false hair behind." She delights " to 
patronize Mrs. Veneering," and Mrs. 
Veneering is delighted to be patronized 
by her ladyship. 

Lady Tippins is always attended by a lover or two, 
and she keeps a little list of her lovers, and is always 
booking a new lover or striking out an old lover, or 
putting a lover in her black list, or promoting a lover 
to her blue list, or adding up her lovers, or otherwise 
posting her book, which she calls her Cupidon.— 
Dickens : Our Mutual Friend, ii. (1864). 

Tipple, in Dudley's Flitch of Bacon, 
first introduced John Edwin into notice 
(1750-1790). 

Edwin's " Tipple," in the Flitch of Bacon, was an 

exquisite treat.— Boaden. 

Tippoo Saib (Prince), son of Hyder 
Ali nawaub of Mysore. — Sir W. Scott : 
The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George 
II.). 

Tips or " Examination Crams." Re- 
cognized stock pieces of what is called 
" book work " in university examinations 
used to be, before the reform : Fernat's 
theorem; the " Ludus Trojanus" in 
Virgil's sEneid (bk. vi. ) ; Agnesi's 
"Witch;" the "Cissoid" of Diodes; 
and the famous fragment of Solon, 
generally said to be by Euripides. 

In law examinations the stock pieces 
used to be : the Justinian of Sandars ; 
the Digest of Evidence of sir James 
Stephen ; and the Ancient Law of sir 
Henry Maine. 

(The following were recognized primers: 
— Mill's Logic; Spencer's First Prin- 



ciples; Maine's Ancient Law; Lessing's 
Laocoon ; Ritter and Preller's Fragmenta ; 
Wheaton's International Law.) 

Tiptoe, footman to Random and 
Scruple. He had seen better days, but, 
being found out in certain dishonest trans- 
actions, had lost grade, and "Tiptoe, 
who once stood above the world," came 
into a position in which "all the world 
stood on Tiptoe." He was a shrewd, 
lazy, knowing rascal, better adapted to 
dubious adventure, but always sighing 
for a snug berth in some wealthy, sober, 
old-fashioned, homely, county family, 
with good wages, liberal diet, and little 
work to do. — Colman : Ways and Means 
(1788). 

Tiran'te the White, the hero and 
title of a romance of chivalry. 

" Let me see that book," said the cure ; " we shall 
find in it a fund of amusement. Here we shall find that 
famous knight don Kyrie Elyson of Montalban, and 
Thomas his brother, with the knight Fonseca, the battle 
which Detriante fought with Alano, the stratagems of 
the Widow Tranquil, the amour of the empress with 
her 'squire, and the witticisms of lady Brillianta. This 
is one of the most amusing books ever written."— 
Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605). 

Tiresias, a Theban soothsayer, blind 
from boyhood. It is said that Athena 
deprived him of sight, but gave him the 
power of understanding the language of 
birds, and a staff as good as eyesight to 
direct his way. Another tale is that, 
seeing a male and female serpent in 
copulation, he killed the male, and was 
metamorphosed into a woman ; seven 
years later he saw a similar phenomenon, 
and killed the female, whereupon he be- 
came a man again. Thus, when Jupiter 
and Juno wished to know whether man 
or woman had the greater enjoyment in 
married life, they referred the question to 
Tiresias, who declared that the pleasure of 
the woman is tenfold greater than that 
of the man. (See Census, p. 164.) 

" In troth," said Jove (and as he spoke he laughed. 
While to his queen from nectar bowls he quaffed), 
" The sense of pleasure in the male is far 
More dull and dead than what you females share." 
Juno the truth of what he said denied ; 
Tiresias therefore must the case decide. 
For he the pleasure of each sex had tried. 
Addison : The Transformation of Tiresias (1719). 
There is an awkward thing, which much perplexes. 
Unless, like wise Tiresias, we had proved 
By turns the difference of the several sexes. 

Byron : Don Juan, xiv. 73 (1824). 

• . * The name is generally pronounced 
Ti-re'-si-as, but Milton calls it Ti'-re-sas — 

Blind Thamyris and blind MaeonidAs [Homer], 
And Ti'res'as and Phineus [Ft nuce\ prophets old. 
Paradise Lost, iii. 36 (1665). 

Tirlsneck (Jonnie), beadle of old St, 



TIRNANOGE. 



tii3 



TITE BARNACLE. 



Ronan's.— Sir W. Scott: St. Ronaris 
J*V//(time, George III.). 

Tirnanoge. (See Land of Life, 
P- 59°.) 

Tirso de Molina, the pseudonym 
of Gabriel Tellez, a Spanish monk and 
dramatist His comedy called Con- 
vivando de Piedra (1626) was imitated 
by Moliere in his Festin de Pierre (1665), 
and has given birth to the whole host of 
comedies and operas on the subject of 
" don Juan " (1 570-1648). 

Tiryns (The Gallery of), one of 
the old Cyclopean structures mentioned 
by Homer, and still extant in Argolis. 
The stones of this " gallery " are so enor- 
mous that two horses could not stir the 
smallest of them, 

% Similar Cyclopean structures are 
the "treasury of Atreus," the "gate of 
Lions," the " tomb of Phoroneus " 
(3 syl.), and the "tomb of Danaos," all 
in Mycenae. 

Tiryntnian Swain [The), Her- 
cules, called in Latin Tirynthius Heros, 
because he generally resided at Tiryns, a 
town of Ar'golis, in Greece. 

Upon his shield lay that Tirynthian strain 

Swelt'ring in fiery fore and poisonous flame. 
His wife's sad gift venomed with bloody stain. [So* 
NESSUS, p. 749-] 

P. FUtchtr: Tht PnrfU Island, tIL (1633). 

Tisapher'nes (4 syl.), " the thunder- 
bolt of war." He was in the army of 
Egypt, and was slain by Rinaldo. — 
Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered, xx. (157s). 

N.B. — This son of Mars must not be 
mistaken for Tissaphernes the Persian 
satrap, who sided with the Spartans in 
the Peloponnesian war, and who treacher- 
ously volunteered to guide " the ten 
thousand " back to Greece. 

Tisbi'na, wife of Iroldo. (For the tale, 
see Prasildo, p. 868.) — Bojardo: Or- 
lando Innamorato (1495). (See DlANORA, 
p. 278; and Dorigen, p. 294.) 

Tisellin, the raven, in the beast-epic 
of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Tisipli'one (4 syl. ), one of the three 
Furies. Covered with a bloody robe, she 
sits day and night at hell-gate, armed 
with a whip. Tibullus says her head 
was coifed with serpents in lieu of hair. 

IF the same is said of the three Gorgons 
in Greek mythology. 

The Desert Fairy, with her head covered with snakes, 
Uke Tisiphone, mounted on a winged griffin. — Comtesst 
DTAulne* • fairy TmUsV'Th* Yellow Dwarf," iU>|. 



Ti'tan, the sun or HelTos, the child of 
Hyperi'on and Basil'ea, and grandson of 
Cceium or heaven. Virgil calls the sun 
" Titan," and so does Ovid. 

. . . primos crastinus ortus 
Extulerii Titan, radiisque retexerit orbem. 

s&neid, iv. 118, 1x9. 

A maiden queen that shone at Titan's ray. 

Sfenser : Faerie Queene, i. 4 (1590). 

Titans, six giants, sons of Heaven 
and Earth. Their names were Oceanos, 
Kceos, Krios, Hyperion, IapStos, and 
Kronos. 

The Titanidis were Theia [Thi-a], 
Rhea, Themis, MnemosynS, PhoebS, and 
Tethys. 

Titan'ia, queen of the fairies, and 
wife of Oberon. ObSron wanted her to 
give him for a page a little changeling, 
but Titania refused to part with him, and 
this led to a fairy quarrel. Oberon, in 
revenge, anointed the eyes of Titania 
during sleep with an extract of " Love 
in Idleness," the effect of which was to 
make her fall in love with the first object 
she saw on waking. The first object 
Titania set eyes on happened to be a 
country bumpkin, whom Puck had dressed 
up with an ass's head. When Titania 
was fondling this "unamiable creature," 
Oberon came upon her, sprinkled on her 
an antidote, and Titania, thoroughly 
ashamed of herself, gave up the boy to 
her husband ; after which a reconciliation 
took place between the wilful fairies. — 
Shakespeare : Midsummer Night's Dream 
(1592). 

Tite Barnacle [Mr.), head of the 
Circumlocution Office, and a very great 
man in his own opinion. The family had 
intermarried with the Stiltstaikings, and 
the Barnacles and Stiltstalkngs found 
berths pretty readily in the national work- 
shop, where brains and conceit were in 
inverse ratio. The young gents in the 
office usually spoke with an eye-glass in 
one eye, in this sort of style : " Oh, I say ; 
look here ! Can't attend to you to-day, 
you know. But look here 1 I say ; can't 
you call to-morrow ? " " No." " Well, but 
I say ; look here ! Is this public business ? 
— anything about — tonnage — or that sort 
of thing ? ' Having made his case under- 
stood, Mr. Clennam received the follow- 
ing instructions in these words — 

You must find out all about It. Then youll memo- 
rialize the department, according to the regular forms 
for leave to memorialize. If you get it, the memorial 
niu&t l>e entered in that department, sent to ba 
tered in this department, then sent back to that depart- 
ment, then sent to this department to be countri signed, 
and then it will ba brought regularly before that d* 



TITHONUS. 



1114 



TITYRE TUS. 



partment. You'll find out when the business passes 
through each of these stage* by inquiring at both 
departments till they tell you.— Diciens : Little Dorrit, 

«• (1857). 

Titho'nus, a son of Laomedon king 
of Troy. He was so handsome that 
Auro'ra became enamoured of him. and 
persuaded Jupiter to make him immortal. 
But as she forgot to ask for eternal youth 
also, he became decrepit and ugly, and 
Aurora changed him into a cicada or 
grasshopper. His name is a synonym for 
a very old man. 

Weary of aged Tithon's saffron bed. 

Sfenstr: Faerie Queene, I. ii. 7 (1590). 
. . . thinner than Tithonus was 
Before he faded into air. 

Lord Lytton : Tales •/Miletus, H. 

Titho'nus (The Consort of), the 
moon. 

Now the fair consort of Tithonus old, 
Arisen from her mate's beloved arms, 
Looked palely o'er the eastern cliff. 

Dante : Purgatory, ix. (1308); 

Tithor'ea, one of the two chief sum- 
mits of Parnassus. It was dedicated to 
Bacchus, the other (Lycorea) being dedi- 
cated to the Muses and Apollo. 

Titian ( Tiziano Vecellio), an Italian 
landscape painter, especially famous for 
his clouds (1477-1576). 

The French Titian, Jacques Blanchard 
(1600-1638). 

The Portuguese Titian, Alonzo Sanchez 
Coello (1515-1590). 

Titles of Honour (A Treatise on), 
by Selden (1614). 

Titmarsh [Michael Atigilo), a pseu- 
donym of Thackeray Called " Michael 
Angelo " from his massive body, broad 
shoulders, and large head (1811-1863). 

Titmarsh (Samuel), The Great 
Hoggarty Diamond, a story by Thackeray 
(1841). 

Titmouse (Mr. Tittlebat), a vulgar, 
ignorant coxcomb, suddenly raised from 
the degree of a linen-draper's shopman 
to a man of fortune, with an income of 
^10,000 a year. — Warren; Ten Thousand 
a Year. 

Tito Mele'ma, a Greek, who marries 
Romola. — George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. 
Cross) : Romola (1863). 

Titurel, the first king of Graal-burg. 
He has bought into subjection all his 
passions, has resisted all the seductions 
of the world and Is modest, chaste, pious, 
and devout His daughter Sigune is in 
love with Tschionatulander, who is slain. 



— Wolfram von Eschenbach : Titurel 
(thirteenth century). 

N.B.— Wolfram's Titurel is a tedious 
expansion of a lay already in existence, 
and Albert of Scharfenberg produced a 
Young Titurel, at one time thought the 
best romance of chivalry in existence ; 
but it is pompous, stilted, erudite, and 
wearisome. 

Titus, the son of Lucius Junius Brutus. 
He joined the faction of Tarquin, and 
was condemned to death by his father, 
who, having been the chief instrument in 
banishing the king and all his race, was 
created the first consul. 

(The subject has been often dramatized. 
In English, by N. Lee (1679) and John 
Howard Payne (1820). In French, by 
Arnault, in 1792 ; and by Ponsard, in 
1843. In Italian, by Alfieri, Bruto ; etc. 
It was in Payne's tragedy that Charles 
Kean made his dtbut in Glasgow as 
" Titus," his father playing *' Brutus. *) 

The house was filled to overflowing . . . the stirring 
Interest of the play, combined with the natural acting 
of the father and son, completely subdued the audience. 
They sat suffused in tears during the last pathetic inter- 
view, until Brutus, overwhelmed by his emotions, falls 
on the neck of Titus, exclaiming, in a burst of agoay, 
" Embrace thy wretched father ! " when the whole 
theatre broke forth in long peals of applause. Edmund 
Kean then whispered in his son's ear, " Charlie, my 
boy, we are doing the trick."— Colt: Life of Charles 
Kean. 

Titus, "the delight of man," the 
Roman emperor, son of Vespasian (40, 

79-81). 

Titus, the penitent thief, according to 
Longfellow. Dumachus and Titus were 
two of a band of robbers, who attacked 
Joseph in his flight into Egypt. Titus 
said, " Let these good people go in 
peace ; " but Dumachus replied, " First 
let them pay their ransom." Whereupon 
Titus handed to his companion forty 
groats ; and the infant Jesus said to 
him — 

When thirty years shall have gone by, 
I at Jerusalem shall die ... 

On the accursed tree. 
Then on My right and My left side. 
These thieves shall both be crucified, 
And Titus thenceforth shall abide 

In paradise with Me. 
Longfellow : The Golden Legend (1851). 

Tityre Tus (long u), the name as- 
sumed in the seventeenth century by a 
clique of young blades of the better class, 
whose delight was to break windows, 
upset sedan-chairs, molest quiet citizens, 
and rudely caress pretty women in the 
streets at night-time. These brawlers 
took successively many titular names, 
as Muns, Hectors, Scourers, afterwards 



TITYRUS. 



1x15 



TOBY. 



Nickers, later still Hawcubites, and lastly 
Mohawks or Mohocks. 

\* "Tityre tu-s " is meant for the 
plural of "Tityre tu," in the first line of 
Virgil's first Eclogue : "Tityre, tupatulae 
recubans sub tegmine fagi," — and meant 
to imply that these blades were men of 
leisure and fortune, who "lay at ease 
under their patrimonial beech trees." 

Tit'yrus, in the S hep hear des Calen- 
dar, by Spenser (eel. ii. and vi.), is meant 
for Chaucer. 

The gentle shepherd sate beside a spring . . . 
That Colin hight, which well could pipe and sing. 
For he of Tityrus his song did learn. 
Spenser: The She/heardes Calendar, xtt. (1579). 

Tityns, a giant, whose body covered 
nine acres of ground. In Tartarus, two 
vultures or serpents feed for ever on his 
liver, which grows as fast as it is gnawed 
away. 

IF Prometheus (3 syl.) is said to have 
been fastened to mount Caucasus, where 
two eagles fed on his liver, which never 
wasted. 

Nor unobserved lay stretched upon the marie 
Tityus, earth-born, whose body long and large 
Covered nine acres. There two vultures sat. 
Of appetite insatiate, and with beaks 
For ravine bent, unintermitting gored 
His liver. Powerless he to put to flight 
The fierce devourers. To this penance judged 
For rape .intended on Latona fair. 

Ftnton's Homer's Odyssey, xL (1716). 

Tizo'na, the Cid's sword. It was 
buried with him, as Joyeuse was buried 
with Charlemagne, and Durindana with 
Orlando. 

Tlal'ala, surnamed M The Tiger," 
one of the Aztgcas. On one occasion, 
being taken captive, Madoc released him, 
but he continued the unrelenting foe of 
M.idoc and his new colony, and was 
always foremost in working them eviL 
When at length the Aztecas, being over- 
come, migrated to Mexico, Tlalala refused 
to quit the spot of his father's tomb, 
and threw himself on his own javelin. — 
Southey : Madoc (1805). 

To, an intensive particle, about equal 
to "wholly," "altogether." 

My parkes ben to broken. 
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales (" Cook's Tale,* 1388). 
Gamelyn cast the wrestler on his left svde that thre 
ribbes to brake.— Canterbury Tales (1838). 

Toad witlx an R, worthlessness, 
mere dung. Anglo-Saxon, tord or toord, 
(now spelt with a u); hence in the Gospel 
of St. Luke xiii. 8, "He answeringe 
seide to him, Lord, suffer also this zeer, 
til the while I delue [delve] aboute it, and 
fcende toordit . • "—Gothic and Anglo- 



Saxon Gospels, Bosworth, p. 365 ; Wycliffe 

(1389). 

Forsooth he seide this lyknesse : Sum man hadd« 
a fygtree planted in his vyner : and he cam sekynge 
fruyte in it, and fond not. Loth is he seide to the tiller 
of the vyner, Loo 1 thre zeeris ben and islien I com 
sekynge fruyt in this fygtree, and fond not, there fore 
kitt it doun ; whereso occupieth it, zhe, the erthel 
And he ansurynge seide to him, Lord, suffer also 
this zeer, til the while I delue about it, and senda 
toordis, etc 

Good husband his boon Or request hath afar; 

111 husband as soon Hath a toad with an R. 

Tusser: Five Hundred Points, etc., lii. 16. 

(A good husband has his wishes fulfilled 
readily, but a bad husband is served with 
a too(r\d as soon as with the boon re- 
quested.) 

Toad-Eater (Pulteney's). Henry 
Vane was so called, in 1742, by sir 
Robert Walpole. Two years later, Sarah 
Fielding, in David Simple, speaks of 
"toad-eater" as "quite a new word." 
(Spanish, todita, "a factotum," one 
who will do any sort of work for his 
employer.) 

Tobacco, says Stow, in his Chronicle* 
was first brought to England by sir John 
Hawkins, in 1565 (7 Elizabeth). 

Before that Indian weed sc strongly was embraced. 
Wherein such mighty sums we prodigally waste. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xvL (1613). 

Tobo'so {Dulcinea del), the lady 
chosen by don Quixote for his particulai 
paragon. Sancho Panza says she was 
" a stout-built, sturdy wench, who could 
pitch the bar as well as any young fellow 
in the parish." The knight had been in 
love with her before he took to errantry. 
She was Aldonza Lorenzo, the daughter 
of Lorenzo Corchuelo and Aldonza No- 
gales ; but when signior Quixada assumed 
the dignity of knighthood, he changed 
the name and style of his lady into 
Dulcinea del Toboso, which was more 
befitting his own rank. — Cervantes: Don 
Quixote, I. i. i (1605). 

TOBY, waiter of the Spa hotel, St. 
Ronan's, kept by Sandie Lawson. — Sir 
W.Scott: St. Ronan's Well (time, George 
111.). 

Toby (A), a brown Rockingham-ware 
beer-jug, with the likeness of Toby Filpot 
embossed on its sides, " a goodly jug of 
well-browned clay, fashioned into the 
form of an old gentleman, atop of whose 
bald head was a fine froth answering to 
his wig" (ch. iv.). 

Dear Friend, this brown Jug which now foams with 

mild ale 
. . . was once Toby Filpot, a thirsty old soul 
As e'er cracked a botUe, or fathomed a bowL. 

OKee/e: Poor Soldier 



TOBY. 



Iii6 



TOINETTE. 



Gabriel lifted Toby to his mouth, and took a hearty 
draught.— Dicken s : Master Humphrey's Clock (" Bax- 
naby Rudge," xli., 1841). 

Toby, Punch's dog, in the puppet- 
show exhibition of Punch and Judy. 

In some versions of the great drama of Punch there 
Is a small dog (a modern innovation), supposed to be 
the private property of that gentleman, and of the name 
of Toby— always Toby. This dog has been stolen in 
youth from another gentleman, and fraudulently sold 
to the confiding hero, who, having no guile himself, 
has no suspicion that it lurks in others ; but Toby, 
entertaining a grateful recollection of his old master, 
and scorning to attach himself to any new patrons, not 
only refuses to smoke a pipe at the bidding of Punch, 
but (to mark his old fidelity more strongly) seizes 
him by the nose, and wrings the same with violence, 
at which instance of canine attachment the spectators 
are always deeply affected.— Dickens: Old Curiosity 
Shop, ch. xviii. (1840). 

Toby, in the periodical called Punch, 
is represented as a grave, consequen- 
tial, sullen, unsocial pug, perched on 
back volumes of the national Menippus, 
which he guards so stolidly that it would 
need a very bold heart to attempt to filch 
one. There is no reminiscence in this 
Toby, like that of his peep-show name- 
sake, of any previous master, and no 
aversion to his present one. Punch 
himself is the very beau-id£al of good- 
natured satire and shrewdness. 

N.B. — The first cover of immortal 
Punch was designed by A. S. Henning ; 
the present one by Richard Doyle. 

Toby, M.P., nom de plume of Mr. 
H. W. Lucy. He is the Baronite, and 
Baron de Bookworms, of Punch. 

Toby [Uncle), a captain, who was 
wounded at the siege of Namur, and was 
obliged to retire from the service. He is 
the impersonation of kindness, benevo- 
lence, and simple-heartedness ; his courage 
is undoubted, his gallantry delightful for 
its innocence and modesty. Nothing can 
exceed the grace of uncle Toby's love- 
passages with the Widow Wadman. It 
is said that lieutenant Sterne (father of 
the novelist) was the prototype of uncle 
Toby. — Sterne: Tristram Shandy (1759). 

My uncle Toby is one of the finest compliments ever 
paid to human nature. He is the most unoffending of 
God's creatures, or, as the French would express it, 
un tel petit bonhomme. Of his bowling-green, his 
sieges, and his amours, who would say or think any- 
thing amiss %—Hazlitt. 

Toby Veck, ticket-porter and jobman, 
nicknamed "Trotty" from his trotting 
pace. He was "a weak, small, spare 
man," who loved to earn his money ; 
and he heard the chimes ring words in 
accordance with his fancy, hopes, and 
fears. After a dinner -of tripe, he lived 
for a time in a sort of dream, and woke 
ip on New Year's Day to dance at his 



daughter's wedding. — Dickens ; The 

Chimes (1844). 

Todd {Laurie), a poor Scotch nail- 
maker, who emigrates to America, and, 
after some reverses of fortune, begins life 
again as a backwoodsman, and greatly 
prospers. — Gait: Laurie Todd. 

Tod'gers (Mrs.), proprietress of a 
" commercial boarding-house ; " weighed 
down with the overwhelming cares of 
"sauces, gravy," and the wherewithal of 
providing for her lodgers. Mrs. Todgers 
had a "soft heart" for Mr. Pecksniff, 
widower, and being really kind-hearted, 
befriended poor Mercy Pecksniff in her 
miserable married life with her brutal 
husband Jonas Chuzzlewit. — Dickens : 
Martin Chuzzlewit (1844). 

Toffa'nia, of Palermo, a noted 
poisoner, who sold a tasteless, colourless 
poison, called the Manna of St. Nicola of 
Bari, but better known as Aqua Tofana. 
Above 600 persons fell victims to this 
fatal drug. She was at last convicted of 
murder, and was executed in 1719. 

Tofana, properly Tuflnia. 

La Spara or Hieronyma Spara, about 
a century previously, sold an " elixir " 
equally fatal. The secret was ultimately 
revealed to her father confessor. 

Tofts (Mistress), a famous smger 
towards the close of the eighteenth 
century. She was very fond of cats, and 
left a legacy to twenty of the tabby 
tribe. 

Not Niobe mourned more for fourteen brats, 
Nor Mistress Tofts, to leave her twenty cats. 
Peter Pindar [Tit. Wolcot] : Old Simon (1809). 

Togar'ma [" island of blue waves"], 
one of the Hebrides. — Ossian : Death of 
Cuthullin. 

Togorma, the kingdom of Connal 
son of Colgar. — Ossian: Fingal. 

Toliu va Bolnij at sixes and sevens, 
in the utmost confusion, topsy-turvy. 

The earth was tohu va bohu, that is, void and in 
confusion ... in short, a cbaos. This may well be 
applied to a country desolated by war. [Note by Edit. 
Bohn's ed.'Y— Rabelais : Panta' gruel, iv. 17 (1545). 

Toinette, a confidential female ser- 
vant of Argan the malade imaginaire. 
" Adroite, soigneuse, diligente, et surtout 
fidele," but contradictious, and always 
calling into action her master's irritable 
temper. In order to cure him, she pre- 
tends to be a travelling physician of 
about 90 years of age, although she has 
not seen twenty-six summers ; and in the 
capacity of a Galen, declares M. Argan is 



TOISON D'OR. 



1117 



TOM SCOTT. 



suffering from lungs, recommends that 
one arm should be cut off, and one eye 
taken out to strengthen the remaining 
one. She enters into a plot to open the 
eyes of Argan to the real affection of 
Angelique (his daughter), the false love 
of her step-mother, and to marry the 
former to C16ante the man of her choice, 
in all which schemes she is fully success- 
ful. — Moliere: Le Malade Imaginaire 
(1673). 

Toisoix d'Or, chief herald of Bur- 
gundy. — Sir W. Scott: Quentin Durward 
and Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Toki, the Danish William TelL Saxo 
Grammaticus, a Danish writer of the 
twelfth century, tells us that Toki once 
boasted, in the hearing of Harald Blue- 
tooth, that he could hit an apple with his 
arrow off a pole ; and the Danish Gessler 
set him to try his skill by placing an 
apple on the head of the archer's son 
(twelfth century). 

Tolancle of Anion, a daughter of 
old king Rene" of Provence, and sister 
of Margaret of Anjou (wife of Henry VI. 
of England).— Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Tolbooth, (The), the principal prison 
of Edinburgh. 

The Tolbooth felt defrauded of his charms 
If Jeffrey died, except within her arms. 
Byron : English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809). 

Lord Byron refers to the " duel " 
between Francis Jeffrey editor of the 
Edinburgh Review, and Thomas Moore 
the poet, at Chalk Farm, in 1806. The 
duel was interrupted, and it was then 
found that neither of the pistols con- 
tained a bullet. 

Can none remember that erentful day, 

That ever-glorious, almost fatal fray. 

When Utiles [Thomas Mjore) leadless pistol met Us 

eye, 
And Bow Street myrmidons stood laughing by » 

Ditto. 

Tole'do, famous for its sword-blades. 
Vienne, in the Lower Dauphine\ is also 
famous for its swords. Its martinets 
{i.e. the water-mills for an iron forge) 
are turned by a little river called Gere. 

GarjjantuajjaveTouchfaucet an excellent sword of a 
Vienne blade with a golden scabbard. — Rabelais : Gar- 
gantua, i. 46 (1533). 

Tolme'tes (3 syl.), Foolhardiness 
personified in The Purple Island, fully 
described in canto viii. His companions 
were Arrogance, Brag, Carelessness, and 
Fear. (Greek, tolmetis, "a foolhardy 
man,") 



Thus ran the rash Tolmetes, never viewing 
The fearful fiends that duly him attended . . . 
Much would he boldly do, but much more boldly 

P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, viii. (1633). 

Tom, "the Portugal dustman," who 
joined the allied army against France in 
the war of the Spanish Succession. — Dr. 
Arbuthnot: History of John Bull (171 2). 

Tom, one of the servants of Mr. 
Peregrine Lovel, "with a good deal of 
surly honesty about him." Tom is no 
sneak, and no tell-tale, but he refuses to ' 
abet Philip the butler in sponging on his 
master, and wasting his property in 
riotous living. When Lovel discovers 
the state of affairs, and clears out his 
household, he retains Tom, to whom he 
entrusts the cellar and the plate. — 
Townley : High Life Below Stairs 
(i759)- 

Tom ( Uncle). (See Uncle Tom. ) 

Tom Brown's School-days, a 
tale by Thomas Hughes (1856). 

Tom Brown at Oxford, a sequel 
to the above, by Thomas Hughes (1861). 

Tom Polio, Thomas Rawlinson, the 
bibliopolist (1681-1725). 

Tom Jones (1 syl.), a model of 
generosity, openness, and manly spirit, 
mixed with dissipation. Lord Byron 
calls him "an accomplished blackguard " 
(Don Juan, xiii. no, 1824). — Fielding: 
Tom Jones (1749). 

A hero with a flawed reputation, a hero sponging: for 

a guinea, a hero who cannot pay his landlady, and is 

to let his honour out to hire, is absurd, and the 

claim ot Tom Jones to heroic rank is quite untenable. 

— Thackeray 

Tom Long", the hero of an old tale, 
entitled The Merry Conceits of Tom Long, 
the Carrier, being many Pleasant Passages 
and Mad Pranks which he observed in his 
Travels. This tale was at one time 
amazingly popular. 

Tom Scott, Daniel Quilp's boy, 
Tower Hill. Although Quilp was a 
demon incarnate, yet " between the boy 
and the dwarf there existed a strange 
kind of mutual liking." Tom was very 
fond of standing on his head, and on one 
occasion Quilp said to him, "Stand on 
your head again, and I'll cut one of your 
feet off." 

Thr boy made no answer, but directly Quilp had shut 
hinivll in, stood on his hrad before the door, then 
» I on his hands to the back, and st I 

there, then to the opposite side and repeated the per- 
formance. . . . Quilp, knowing his 1 
lyintf in wait at a little distance, armed* th 1 \ugt 
piecn of wood, which, being rough and jagged, and 



TOM THUMa 



txiS 



TOM THE PIPER. 



itndded with broken nails, might possibly have hurt 
him, if it had been thrown at him. — Dickens : The Old 
Curiosity Shop, v. (1840). 

Tom Thumb, the name of a very 
diminutive little man in the court of king 
Arthur, killed by the poisonous breath of 
a spider in the reign of king Thunstone, 
the successor of Arthur. In the Bodleian 
Library there is a ballad about Tom 
Thumb, which was printed in 1630. 
Richard Johnson wrote in prose The 
History of Tom Thumbe, which was 
printed in 1621. In 1630 Charles Per- 
rault published his tale called Le Petit 
Poucet. Tom Thum is introduced by 
Drayton in his Nymphidia (1563-1631). 

(* ' Tom " in this connection is the 
Swedish tomt{"a. nix or dwarf"), as in 
Tomptgubbe ("a brownie or kobold"); 
the final / is silent, and the tale is of 
Scandinavian origin.) 

Tom Thumb, a burlesque opera, 
altered by Kane O'Hara (author of 
Midas), in 1778, from a dramatic piece by 
Fielding the novelist (1730). Tom Thumb, 
having killed the giants, falls in love with 
Huncamunca daughter of king Arthur. 
Lord Grizzle wishes to marry the prin- 
cess, and when he hears that the "pygmy 
giant-queller " is preferred before him, his 
lordship turns traitor, invests the palace 
"at the head of his rebellious rout," and 
is slain by Tom. Then follows the bitter 
end : A red cow swallows Tom, the queen 
Dollallolla kills Noodle, Frizaletta kills 
the queen, Huncamunca kills Frizaletta, 
Doodle kills Huncamunca, Plumanta 
kills Doodle, and the king being left 
alone, stabs himself. Merlin now enters, 
commands the red cow to return our 
England's Hannibal," after which, the 
wise wizard restores all the slain ones 
to life again, and thus "jar ending," each 
resolves to go home, " and make a night 
on't." 

Soon after Liston had made his popular hit in Field- 
ing's Tom Thumb, at the Haymarket Theatre, he was 
invited to dine in the City, and after the dessert the 
whole party rose, the tables and chairs were set back, 
and Mr. Liston was requested "to favour the company 
with lord Grizzle's dancing: song- before the children 
. went to bed." As may be supposed, Liston took his 
hat and danced out of the house, never more to return. 
— C. Russell : Representative Actors. 

Tom Tiddler's Ground, a nook 
in a rustic by-road, where Mr. Mopes the 
hermit lived, and had succeeded in laying 
it waste. In the middle of the plot was 
a ruined hovel, without one patch of glass 
in the windows, and with no plank or 
beam that had not rotted or fallen away. 
There was a slough of water, a leafless 
jree or two, and plenty of filth. Rumour 



said that Tom Mopes had murdered his 
beautiful wife from jealousy, and had 
abandoned the world. Mr. Traveller tried 
to reason with him, and bring him back 
to social life, but the tinker replied, 
"When iron is thoroughly rotten, you 
cannot botch it, do what you may." — 
Dickens: A Christmas Number (1861). 

Tom Tiddler Is "Tom Tidier." 

Tom Tiler aud His Wife, a 

transition play between a morality and 
a tragedy (1578). 

Tom Tipple, a highwayman in 
captain Macheath's gang. Peachum calls 
him " a guzzling, soaking sot, always too 
drunk to stand himself or to make others 
stand. A cart," he says, " is absolutely 
necessary for him." — Gay: The Beggars 
Opera, i. (1727). 

Tom Tram, the hero of a novel 
entitled The Mad Pranks of Tom Tram, 
Son-in-Law to Mother Winter, whereunto 
is added his Merry Jests, Old Conceits, 
and Pleasant Tales (seventeenth cen- 
tury). 

All your wits that fleer and sham, 
Down from don Quixote to Tom 



Tom -a- Thrum, a sprite which 
figures in the fairy tales of the Middle 
Ages ; a " queer-looking little auld man," 
whose chief exploits were in the vaults 
and cellars of old castles. (See Thrummy- 
Cap, p. 1105. ) John Skelton, speaking 
of the clergy, says — 

Alas 1 for very shame, some cannot declyne their name J 
Some cannot scarsly rede, And yet will not drede 
For to kepe a cure. ... As wyse as Tom-a-Thrum. 
Colyn Clout (time, Henry VIII.). 

Tom o' Bedlam, a ticket-o Weave 
madman from Bethlehem Hospital; or 
one discharged as incurable. 

Tom of Ten Thousand, Thomas 
Thynne ; so called from his great wealth. 
He was buried in Westminster Abbey, 
but why, the then dean has not thought 
fit to leave on record. 

Tom the Piper, one of the charac- 
ters in the ancient morris-dance, re- 
presented with a tabour, tabour-stick, and 
pipe. He carried a sword and shield, to 
denote his rank as a "squire minstrel." 
His shoes were brown ; his hose red and 
" gimp-thighed ; " his hat or cap red, 
turned up with yellow, and adorned with 
a feather ; his doublet blue, the sleeves 
being turned up with yellow ; and he 
wore a yellow cape over his shoulders. 
(See Morris-Dance, p. 729.) 



TOM'S. 



1119 



TONIO. 



Tom's, a noted coffee-house in Birchin 
Lane, the usual rendezvous of young 
merchants at "Change time. 

Tomahourich (Muhme Janet of), 
an old sibyl, aunt of Robin Oig M'Com- 
bichthe Highland drover. — Sir IV. Scott: 
The Two Drovers (time, George HI.). 

Tom'alin, a valiant fairy knight, 
kinsman of king Obgron. Tomalin is 
not the same as "Tom Thumb," as we are 
generally but erroneously told, for in the 
" mighty combat " Tomalin backed Pig- 
wiggen, while Tom Thum or Thumb 
seconded king Oberon. This fairy battle 
was brought about by the jealousy of 
Oberon, who considered the attentions of 
Pigwiggen to queen Mab were "far too 
nice." — Drayton: Nymphidia (1563- 
1631). 

Tomb {Knight ofthe) t James earl of 
Douglas in disguise. 

His armour was ingeniously painted so as to re- 
present a skeleton ; the ribs being constituted by the 
corselet and its back-piece. The shield represented 
an owl with its wings spread— a device which was re- 
peated upon the helmet, which appeared to be com- 
pletely covered by an image of the same bird of ill 
omen. But that which was particularly calculated to 
excite surprise in the spectator was the great height 
and thinness of the figure.— Sir W. Scott: Castle 
Dangerous, jot. (time, Henry I.). 

Tomboy {Priscilla), a self-willed, 
hoydenish, ill-educated romp, of strong 
animal spirits, and wholly unconventional. 
She is a West Indian, left under the 
guardianship of Barnacle, and sent to 
London for her education. Miss Pris- 
cilla Tomboy lives with Barnacle's 
brother, old [Nicholas] Cockney, a 
grocer, where she plays boy-and-girl 
love with young Walter Cockney, which 
consists chiefly in pettish quarrels and 
personal insolence. Subsequently she 
runs off with captain Sightly, but the 
captain behaves well by presenting him- 
self next day to the guardian, and obtain- 
ing his consent to marriage. — The Romp 
(altered from Bickerstaffs Love in the 
City). 

Tomes [To-may], one of the five 
physicians called in by Sganarelle to 
consult on the malady of his daughter 
Lucinde (a syl. ). Being told that a coach- 
man he was attending was dead and 
buried, the doctor asserted it to be quite 
impossible, as the coachman had been ill 
only six days, and Hippocratfis had 
positively stated that the disorder would 
not come to its height till the fourteenth 
day. The five doctors meet in consulta- 
tion, talk of the town gossip, their 



medical experience, their visits, anything, 
in short, except the patient. At length 
the father enters to inquire what deci- 
sion they had come to. One says Lucinde 
must have an emetic, M. Tomes says she 
must be blooded ; one says an emetic 
will be her death, the other that bleeding 
will infallibly kill her. 

M. Tomes. Si vous ne faites saigner tout a llieure 
TOtre fille, c'est une personne morte. 

Af. Dcsfonandres. Si vous la faites saigner, elle ne 
sera pas en vie dans un quart-d -heure. 

And they quit the house in great anger 
(act it 4). — Moliere : L Amour Midecin 
(i66 S ). 

M. Tomes liked correctness in medical practice.— 

Macau lay. 

Tomkins (Joseph), secret emissary 
of Cromwell. He was formerly Philip 
Hazeldine, alias Master Fibbet, secretary 
to colonel Desborough (one of the parlia- 
mentary commissioners). — Sir W. Scott: 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Tommy Atkins, a British soldier, 
as Jack Tar is a British sailor. Explained 
in Phrase and Fable, p. 1235. 

Tomyris, queen of the Massagetae. 
She defeated Cyrus, who had invaded her 
kingdom ; and, having slain him, threw 
his head into a vessel filled with human 
blood, saying, " It was blood you thirsted 
for — now take your fill." 

Great bronze valves embossed with Tomyris. 

Tennyson : The Princes*, V. 
[/] was shown the scath and cruel mangling made 
By Tomyris on Cyrus, when she cried, 
" Blood thoM didst thirst for ; take thy fill of blood I ' 
Dante : Purgatory, xiL (1308). 

Ton-Iosal was so heavy and un- 
wieldy that when he sat down it took the 
whole force of a hundred men to set him 
upright on his feet again. — The Fiona. 

If Fion was remarkable for his stature, . . . in weight 
all yielded to the celebrated 1'oD-losaL—Mac/Aerson : 
Dissertation on Ossian, 

Ton-Thena ["fre of the wave"], a 
remarkable star which guided Larthon to 
Ireland, as mentioned in Ossian's Tem'ora, 
vii., and called in Cathlin of Clutha "the 
red traveller of the clouds. 

Tonio, a young Tyrolese, who saved 
Maria, the suttler-girl, when on the point 
of falling down a precipice. The two, of 
course, fall in love with each other, and 
the regiment, which had adopted the 
suttler-girl, consents to their marriage, 
provided Tonio will enlist under its flag. 
No sooner is this done than the mar- 
chioness of Berkenfie'd lays claim to Maria 
as her daughter, and removes her to the 
castle. In time the castle is besieged and 



TONNA. 



IZ20 



TOPHAS. 



taken by the very regiment into which 
Tonio had enlisted, and, as Tonio had 
risen to the rank of a French officer, the 
marchioness consents to his marriage with 
her daughter. — Donizetti : La Figlia del 
Reggimento (an opera, 1840). 

Tonna {Mrs.), Charlotte Elizabeth 
(1792-1846). 

Tonto (Don Cherubin), canon of Tole- 
do, the weakest mortal in the world, 
though, by his smirking air, you would 
fancy him a wit. When he hears a deli- 
cate performance read, he listens with 
such attention as seems full of intelli- 
gence, but all the while he understands 
nothing of the matter. — Lesage: Gil Bias, 
v. 12 (1724). 

Tonton, the smallest dog that ever 
existed. When the three princes of a 
certain king were sent to procure the 
tiniest dog they could find as a present to 
their aged father, the White Cat gave the 
youngest of them a dog so small that it 
was packed in wadding in a common 
acorn shell. 

As soon as the acorn was opened, they all saw a 

little dog laid in cotton, and so small it might jump 
through a finger-ring without touching it. . . . It was 
a mixture of several colours; its ears and long hair 
reached to the ground. The prince set it on the 
ground, and forthwith the tiny creature began to dance 
a saraband with castanets. — Cemtesse D'Aulnoy: 
Fairy Tales (" The White Cat," 1682). 

Tony Lumpkin, a young booby, 
fond of practical jokes and low company. 
He was the son of Mrs. Hardcastleby her 
first husband. — Goldsmith : She Stoops to 
Conquer (1773). 

Toodle, engine-fireman, an honest 
fellow, very proud of his wife Polly and 
her family. 

Polly Toodle, known by the name of 
Richards, wife of the stoker. Polly was 
an apple-faced woman, and was mother 
of a large apple-faced family. This 
jolly, homely, kind-hearted matron was 
selected as the nurse of Paul Dombey, and 
soon became devotedly attached to Paul 
and his sister Florence. 

Robin Toodle, known as " The Biler " 
or " Rob the Grinder," eldest son of Mrs. 
Toodle wet-nurse of Paul Dombey. Mr. 
Dombey gets Robin into an institution 
called " The Charitable Grinders," where 
the worst part of the boy's character is 
freely developed. Robin becomes a sneak, 
and enters the service of James Carker, 
manager of the firm of Dombey and 
Son. On the death of Carker, Robin 
enters the service of Miss Lucretia Tox, 
— Dickens: Dombey and Son (1846). 



Tooley Street, London; a corrup- 
tion of St. Olaf. Similarly, Taudry is a 
corruption of St. Audry, St. Tibs of St 
Ubes, and St. Telders of Ethelred. 

Toom Tabard [" empty jacket "], a 
nickname given to John Balliol, because 
his appointment to the sovereignty of 
Scotland was an empty name. He had 
the royal robe or jacket, but nothing else 
(1259, 1292-1314). 

Tooth (A Wolfs). At one time a 
wolf's tooth was worn as an amulet by 
children to charm away fear. 

Tooth of Knowledge (Finn's). 
(See Knowledge, p. 582.) 

Tooth Worshipped (A.) The 

people of Ceylon worship the tooth of an 
elephant ; those of Malabar the tooth of a 
monkey. The Siamese once offered a 
Portuguese 700,000 ducats for the re- 
demption of a monkey's tooth. 

Tooth-picks. The Romans used 
tooth-picks made of mastic wood in pre- 
ference to quills ; hence Rabelais says that 
prince Gargantua " picked his teeth with 
mastic tooth-pickers " (s'escuroit les dents 
avecques ung trou de lentisce), bk. i. 23. 

Lentiscum melius ; sed si tibi frondea cuspis 
Defuerit dentes, penna, levare potes. 

Martial; Epigrams, xx. 34. 

Toots (Mr.), an innocent, warm- 
hearted young man, just burst from the 
bonds of Dr. Blimber's school, and deeply 
in love with Florence Dombey. He is 
famous for blushing, refusing what he 
longs to accept, and for saying, "Oh, 
it is of no consequence." Being very 
nervous, he never appears to advantage, 
but in the main " there are few better 
fellows in the world." 

" I assure you," said Mr. Toots, " really I am dread- 
fully sorry, but it's of no consequence. — Dickens : 
Dombey and Son, xxviii. (1846). 

Topas (Sir), a native of Poperyng, 
in Flanders ; a capital sportsman, archer, 
wrestler, and runner. Chaucer calls him 
" sir Thopas " (q.v.). 

Topas (Sir). Sir Charles Dilke was so 
called by the Army and Navy Gazette^ 
November 25, 1871 (1810-1869). 

Tophaxn (Matter Charles), usher of 
the black rod. —Sir W. Scott: Peveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Tophas (Sir), an affected, blustering, 
talkative, cowardly pretender. — Lyly / 
Edymion (1591). 



TOPHET. 



uax 



TORQUATO. 



To'plxet, "the place of drums," from 
ioph ("a drum"). So called in allusion 
to the drums and timbrels sounded in the 
valley of Hinnom to drown the cries of 
children sacrificed to this idol. Solomon 
introduced the worship, and built a temple 
to Moloch on the Mount of Olives, " that 
opprobrious hill" (i Kings xi. 7). The 
valley of Hinnom is called Gehenna, and 
is made in the New Testament a " type 
Of hell." 

. . . the wisest heart 
Of Solomon he led by fraud to build 
His temple right against the temple of God 
On that opprobrious hill ; and made his grove 
The pleasant valley of Hinnom, Tophet thence 
And black Gehenna called, the type of hell. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, L 400, etc (1665). 

Topsy, a young slave-girl, who never 
knew whether she had either father or 
mother : and being asked by Miss Ophelia 
St. Clair how she supposed she came into 
the world, replied, " I "spects I growed." 
— Mrs. B. Stowe: Uncle Tom's Cabin 
(1852). 

Tor {Sir), the natural son of king 
Pellinore and the wife of Aries the cow- 
herd. He was the first of the knights 
of the Round Table.— Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 24 (1470). 

Toralva [The licentiate), mounted 
on a cane, was conveyed through the air 
with his eyes shut ; in twelve hours he 
arrived at Rome, and the following morn- 
ing returned to Madrid. During his 
flight he opened his eyes once, and found 
himself so near the moon that he could 
have touched it with his finger. — Cer- 
vantes: Don Quixote, II. iii. 5 (1615). 
(See TORR ALBA.) 

Torch-Race. On the eve of the 
Panathenaea, there was a torch-race in 
ancient Greece, in which the runners were 
expected in succession to carry a lighted 
torch without allowing the flame to 
become extinguished. Each passed it in 
turn, and each received it. Plato (Leg., 
vi.) compares the transmission of life to 
a torch-race, and Lucretius has the same 
idea: " Et quasi cursorcs vital lampada 
trudunt" (De Rerum Natura, ii. 77). 
Thomns Moore says the nations of Europe 
caught up the love of liberty from Eng- 
land, as the runners in a torch-race handed 
the lighted brand from one to another. 
(See Lempriere, art. " Prometheus.") 

As at old games a runner snatched the torch 
From runner. 

X. Browning: Paracelsus, ■. 
Twas like a torch-race, such as they 
Of Greece perfonncl in ages k "■>«, 
When the fleet youths, in long array, 
Passed the bright torch triumphaat on. 



I aw the expectant nations stand 
To catch the coming flame in tun, 

I saw from ready hand to hand, 
The clear but struggling glory bum. 

Moore : The Torch 0/ Liberty (18x4). 

Tordenskiol [Tor '-den-skole] or the 
" Thunder-shield. * So Peder Wessel 
vice-admiral of Denmark (in the reign 
of Christian V.) was called. He was 
brought up as a tailor, and died in a 
duel. 

From Denmark thunders Tordenskiol : 
Let each to heaven commend his soul, 
Amdfly. 

LtngftlUrw : King Christian \V.\ 

Torfe {Mr, George), provost of Ork- 
ney.— Sir W. Scott: The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

Tormes {Lazarillo de), by Diego 
Hurtado de Mendoza (sixteenth century) ; 
a kind of Gil Bias, whose adventures and 
roguish tricks are the first of avery popular 
sort of novel called the Gusto Picaresco. 
Lesage has imitated it in his Gil Bias, 
and we have numberless imitations in our 
own language. (See Tyll Owlyglass.) 

The ideal Yankee, in whom European prejudice has 
combined the attractive traits of a Gines de Passa- 
monte, a Joseph Surface, a Lazarillo de Tonnes, a 
Scapin, a Thersites, and an Autolycus.— Hurlbut. 

("Gines de Passamonte," in Don 
Quixote, by Cervantes ; "Joseph Sur- 
face," in The School for Scandal, by 
Sheridan; "Scapin," in Les Fourberies 
de Scapin, by Moliere ; "Thersites," in 
Homer's Iliad, i. ; "Autolycus," in the 
Winter's Tale, by Shakespeare.) 

Tormot, youngest son of Torquil of 
the Oak (foster-father of Eachin M'lan). 
—Sir W. Scott : Fair Maid of Perth 
(time, Henry IV.). 

Torne'a, a lane or rather a river of 
Sweden, which runs into the Gulf of 
Bothnia. 

Still pressing on beyond Tornea's lake. 
Thomson : The Seasons (*" Winter," 1736). 

Tor'neo, a town in Finland. Often 
visited by travellers, who can there wit- 
ness the phenomenon of the sun remain- 
ing above the horizon both day and night 
at the summer solstice. It belongs now 
to Russia. 

Cold as the rocks on Tomeos hoary brow. 

Campbell: Pleasures of Hope, ii. (1799). 
We find our author [A. F. Skioldebrand] pursuing 
his journey northwards.. . . and his description of the 
entrance into Wcstrobothnia gives us a hjgli idea of 
the richness of the country in the neighbourhood of 
Tomeo.— Quarterly Review, April, 1814. 

Torquato, that is, Torquato Tasso, 
the Italian poet, author of Jerusalem 
Delivered (i544'i5?5)- After the publica- 
tion of his great epic, Tasso lived in the 



TORQUIL OF THE OAK. 112a 



TOUCH. 



court of Ferrara, and conceived a violent 
passion for Leonora, one of the duke's 
sisters, but fled, in 1577, to Naples. 

Torquato's tongue 
Was tuned for slavish paeans at the throne 
Of tinsel pomp. 
Akenside: Pleasures of Imagination, ii. (1744). 

Torquil of the Oak, foster-father 
of Eachin M'lan. He was chief of the 
clan Quhele, and had eight sons, the 
finest men in the clan. Torquil was a 
seer, who was supposed to have com- 
munication with the invisible world, and 
he declared a demon had told him that 
Eachin or Hector M'lan was the only 
man in the two hostile clans of Chattan 
and Quhele who would come off scath- 
less in the approaching combat (ch. xxvi. ). 
— Sir W. Scottr Fair Maid of Perth 
(time, Henry IV.). 

If A parallel combat is described in The 
Cid. When Sancho of Castile was stabbed 
by BelMo of Zamora, Diego Ordonez, of 
the house of Lara, challenged five of the 
knights of Zamora to single combat. 
Don Arias Gonzalo and his four sons 
accepted the challenge. Pedro Arias 
was first slain, then his brother Diego. 
Next came Herman, who received a 
mortal wound, but struck the charger of 
Diego Ordonez. The charger, furious 
with pain, carried its rider beyond the 
lists, and the combat was declared to be 
drawn. (SeeHoRATius(Pz^/z'«.f),p. 503.) 

Torralba {Dr.), carried by the spirit 
Cequiel from Valladolid to Rome and 
back again in an hour and a half. He 
was tried by the Inquisition for sorcery 

(time, Charles V.). — J. de Ossau Pellicer 
seventeenth century). (See Toralva, 
p. 1121.) 

Torre {Sir), son of sir Bernard, baroa 
of Astolat. His brother was sir Lavaine, 
and his sister Elaine " the lily maid of 
Astolat." He was blunt-mannered, but 
not without kindness of heart. — Tenny- 
son : Idylls of the King { ' ' Elaine " ). 

(The word "Torre" is a blunder for 
Tirre. Sir Torre or Tor, according to 
Arthurian legend, was the natural son of 
Pellinore king of Wales, "begotten on 
Aries' wife, the cowherd " (pt. ii. 108). 
It was sir Tirre who was the brother of 
Elaine (pt. iii. 122).— Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, 1470.) 

Tor'rismond, general of the forces 
of Aragon. He falls in love with Leonora 
the usurping queen, promised in marriage 
to Bertran prince of the blood-royal, but 
she falls in love with Torrismond, who 



turns out to be the son of Sancho the 
deposed king. Ultimately, Sancho is 
restored, and Leonora is married to Tor- 
rismond. — Dry den : Spanish Fryar{xbZo). 

Torso Farna'se (3 syl.), Dirce and 
her sons, the work of Appollonius and 
Tauriscus of Rhodes. 

Toshach Begf, the "second" of 
M 'Gillie Chattanach chief of the clan 
Chattan in the great combat. — Sir W. 
Scott : Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Tothill or Tuttle, Westminster, 
said to be a corruption of Teut's Hill, i.e. 
the Saxon god Mercury, called Teut. 
"Hermit's Hill" or " Ermin's Hill," in 
the vicinity, is said to be the same word 
under the corrupted classic form of 
HermSs, which also means Mercury. 

Tottenham in Boots, a popular 
toast in Ireland in 1731. Mr. Tottenham 
gave the casting vote which threw out a 
Government bill very obnoxious to the 
Irish, on the subject of the Irish parlia- 
ment. He had come from the country, 
and rushed into the House, without 
changing his boots, just in time to give 
his vote, which prevented the bill from 
passing by a majority of one. 

Totterly {Lord), an Adonis of 60, 
and a ci-devant Jeune Homme. — Selby: 
The Unfinished Gentleman. 

Tottipottymoy, a " Hoghan Me- 
ghan, " or mock mightiness, like the 
mayor of Garratt, or the king of the 
Cannibal Islands. 

The mighty Tottipottymoy 
Sent to our elders an envoy, 
Complaining sorely of the breach 
Of league. 

5. Butler: Hudibras, IL a (1664)1 

Touch, quality. " Of noble touch," 
of noble quality. The reference is to the 
touchstone by which gold is tried. Gold 
articles made according to the rules of 
alloy are called of " a true touch." The 
* ' touch of Paris " is spoken of in 1300 : 
" Laquelle touche passe tous les ors dont 
Ton ceuvre en tous pays." In 1597 two 
goldsmiths were sentenced to the pillory 
for making false plate and counterfeiting 
" her majesty's touch." 

N.B. — The lapis Lydius or touchstone 
is touched by the gold, and leaves a mark 
behind, the colour of which indicates its 
purity. 

Gold is tried by the touchstone, and men by fold.-. 
Bacon. 



TOUCHET. 



1123 



TOUCHWOOD. 



Touchet [Too-shay]. When Charles 
IX. introduced Henri of Navarre to Marie 
Touchet, the witty Navarrese made this 
anagram on her name, Je charme tout. 

Touchfaucet [Captain), in Picro- 
chole's army, taken captive by friar John. 
Being presented to Grangousier and 
asked the cause of his king's invasion, 
he replied, "To avenge the injury done 
to the cake-bakers of Lerne - " (ch. 25, 26). 
Grangousier commanded his treasurer to 
give the friar 62,000 saluts (,£15,500) in 
reward, and to Touchfaucet he gave "an 
excellent sword of a Vienne blade, with 
a gold scabbard, and a collar of gold 
weighing 702,000 merks (576,000 ounces), 
garnished with precious stones, and valued 
at £16,000 sterling, by way of present." 
Returning to king Picrochole, he advised 
him to capitulate, whereupon Rashcalf 
cried aloud, " Unhappy the prince who 
has traitors for his counsellors ! " and 
Touchfaucet, drawing "his new sword," 
ran him through the body. The king 
demanded who gave him the sword, and 
being told the truth, ordered his guards 
" to hew him in pieces." — Rabelais : Gar- 
gantua,\. 45"47(i533)- 

Touching' for the King's Evil. 
It is said that scrofulous diseases were at 
one time very prevalent in the island, 
and that Edward the Confessor, in answer 
to earnest prayer, was told it would be 
cured by the royal touch. Edward, being 
gifted with this miraculous power, trans- 
mitted it as an heir-loom to his succes- 
sors Henry VII. presented each person 
touched with a small coin, called a touch- 
piece or touch-penny. 

Charles II. of England, during his 
reign, touched as many as 92, 107 persons ; 
the smallest number (2983) being in the 
year 1669, and the largest number in 
1684, when many were trampled to death 
(see Macaulay's History 0/ England, xiv.). 
In these " touchings," John Brown, a 
royal surgeon, superintended the cere- 
mony. (See Macbeth, act iv. sc 3. ) 

Prince Charles Edward, who claimed 
to be prince of Wales, touched a female 
child for the disease in 1745. 

The French kings claimed the same 
divine power from Anne of Clovis, A.D. 
481. And on Easter Sunday, 1686, 
Louis XIV. touched 1600, using these 
words, Le roy te touche, Dieu te guerisse. 
'.' Dr. Johnson was the last person 
touched by an English king. The touch- 

{)iece given to him has on one side this 
egend, Soli Deo gloria, and on the other 



side, Anna. D : G. M. DR. F: et H. 
REG. ("Anne, by the grace of God, 
of Great Britain, France, and Ireland. 
queen "). 

Our good Edward he, the Confessor and king . . , 
That cancred evil cured, bred 'twixt the throat and 

jaws, 
When physic could not find the remedy nor cause . . . 
He of Almighty God obtained by earnest prayer. 
This tumour by a king might cured be alone. 
Which he an heir-loom left unto the English throne. 
Drayton: Polyolbion, xi. (1613). 

Touching Glasses in drinking 

healths. 

When prince Charles passed over into France, after 
the failure of the expedition in 1715, his supporters 
were beset with spies on every hand. It so happened 
that occasionally in society they were necessitated to 
drink the king's health, but it was tacitly understood 
that " the king" was not king George, but " the king 
over the water." To express this symbolically, one 
glass was passed over another, and later down, the foot 
of one glass was touched against the rim of another.— 
Notes and Queries 0/ New York, October, 1859. 

Touchstone, a clown filled with 
•'quips and cranks and wanton wiles." 
The original of this character was Tarl- 
ton, the favourite court jester of queen 
Elizabeth. — Shakespeare: As You Like It 
(1598). 

N.B. — His famous speech is "the 
seven degrees of affront :" (i) the retort 
courteous, (2) the quip modest, (3) the 
reply churlish, (4) the reproof valiant, (5) 
the counter-check quarrelsome, (6) the lie 
circumstantial, and (7) the lie direct (act 
V. sc. 4). 

Tarleton [1530-1588] was inimitable in such parts as 
"Launcelot" in the Merchant of Venice [Shake- 
spearc] and "Touchstone." For these clowns' parts 
he never had an equal, and never will have.— Baker t 
Chronicles. 

TOUCHWOOD ( Colonel), ■ ■ the most 
passionate, impatient, unreasonable, good- 
natured man in Christendom." Uncle of 
major and Clarissa Touchwood. 

Sophia Touchwood, the colonel's daugh- 
ter, in love with her cousin, major Touch- 
wood. Her father wants her to marry 
colonel Clifford, but the colonel has fixed 
his heart on Clarissa, the major's sister. 

Major Touchwood, nephew of colonel 
Touchwood, and in love with his cousin 
Sophia, the colonel's daughter. He 
fancied that colonel Clifford was his rival, 
but Clifford was in love with Clarissa, the 
major's sister. This error forms the plot 
of the farce, and the mistakes which 
arise when the major dresses up to pass 
himself off for his uncle constitute its fun 
and entanglement. 

Clarissa Touchwood , the major's sister, 
in love with colonel Clifford. They first 
met at Brighton, and the colonel thought 
her Christian name was Sophia ; hence 






TOUCHWOOD. 



1124 



TOWN, 



the major looked on him as a rival. — 

Dibdin; What Next? 

Touchwood (Lord), uncle of Melle'- 
font (2 syl.). 

Lady Touchwood, his wife, sister of sir 
Paul Pliant. She entertains a criminal 
passion for her nephew Mellefont, and, 
because he repels her advances, vows 
to ruin him. Accordingly, she tells her 
husband that the young man has sought 
to dishonour her, and when his lordship 
fancies that the statement of his wife 
must be greatly overstated, he finds 
Mellefont with lady Touchwood in her 
own private chamber. This seems to 
corroborate the accusation laid to his 
charge, but it was an artful trick of 
Maskwell's to make mischief, and in a 
short time a conversation which he over- 
hears between lady Touchwood and Mask- 
well reveals the infamous scheme most 
fully to him. — Congreve: The Double 
Dealer (1700). 

(Lord and lady Touchwood must not 
be mistaken for sir George and lady 
Frances Touchwood, which are very dif- 
ferent characters. See below. ) 

Their Wildairs, sir John Brutes, lady Touchwoods, 
and Mrs. Frails are conventional reproductions of 
those wild gallants and demireps which figure in the 
licentious dramas of Dryden and Shadwell. — Sir IV. 
Scott: The Drama. 

("Wildair," in The Constant Couple, 
by Farquhar ; " Brute," in The Provoked 
Wife, by Vanbrugh ; "Mrs. Frail," in 
Love for Love, by Congreve.) 

Touchwood (Sir George), the loving 
husband of lady Frances, desperately 
jealous of her, and wishing to keep her 
out of all society, that she may not lose 
her native simplicity and purity of mind. 
Sir George is a true gentleman of most 
honourable feelings. 

Lady Frances Touchwood, the sweet, 
innocent wife of sir George. Before her 
marriage she was brought up in seclusion 
in the country, and sir George tries to 
keep her fresh and pure in London. — 
Mrs. Cowley: The Belle's Stratagem 
(1780). 

The calm and lovely innocence of lady Touchwood 
could by nobody be so happily represented as by this 
actress [Mr s. Hartley, 1751-1824].— T. Davies. 

Touchwood (Peregrine), a touchy old 
East Indian, a relation of the Mowbray 
family. — Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Tough (Mr.), an old barrister. — Sir 
W. Scott: Redgaunilet (time, George 



Touran. The death of the children 
of Touran forms one of the three tragic 
stories of the ancient Irish. The other 
two are The Death of the Children- of 
Lir, and The Death of the Children of 
Usnach. 

Toumemine (3 syl.), a Jesuit of the 
eighteenth century, fond of the marvel- 
lous. "II aimait le merveilleux et ne 
renoneait qu' avec peine a y croire." 

II ressemble a Toumemine, 
II croit ce qu'il imagine. 

French Proverb. 

Tours, in France, according to fable, 
is so called from Turones, a nephew of 
Brute the mythical king of Britain. 

In the party of Brutus was one Turones, his nephew, 
inferior to none in courage and strength, from whom 
Tours derived its name, being the place of his sepul- 
ture.— Geoffrey : British History (1143). 

Touthope (Mr.), a Scotch attorney 
and clerk of the peace. — Sir W. Scott : 
Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Towel (An Oaken), a cudgel " To 
be rubbed down with an oaken towel " is 
to be well beaten. 

She ordered the fellow to be drawn through a horse- 
pond, and then to be well rubbed down with an oaken 
towel.— The Adventure of my Aunt. 

Tower of Hunger (The), Gualandi, 
the tower in which Ugolino with his two 
sons and two grandsons were starved to 
death in 1288. — Dante : Inferno (1300). 

Tower of London ( The) was really 
built by Gundulphus bishop of Rochester, 
in the reign of William I., but tradition 
ascribes it to Julius Caesar. 

Ye towers of Julius, London's lasting shame. 

Gray: The Bard (1757). 

Tower of Vathek, built with the 
intention of reaching heaven, that Vathek 
might pry into the secrets seen by Ma- 
homet. The staircase contained 11,000 
stairs, and when the top was gained men 
looked no bigger than pismires, and 
cities seemed mere bee-hives. — Beckford: 
Vathek (1784). 

Towlinson (Mr. ), manservant in the 
Dombey family, and a leading light below 
stairs. He has a great antipathy to 
foreigners, whom he regards as all 
Frenchmen. On one occasion — 

Mr. Towlinson returns thanks in a speech replete 
with feeling, of which the peroration turns on 
foreigners, regarding whom he says they may find 
favour sometimes with weak and inconstant intellects 
that can be led away by hair ; but all he hopes is, he 
may never hear of no foreigner never boning nothing 
out of no travelling chariot.— Dickens : Dombey ana 
Son, ch, xxxi. (1846). 

Town (The), literary and historic 



TOWN AND COUNTRY MOUSE. 1125 



TRADELOV& 



gossip about London, by Leigh Hunt 

(1848;. 
Town and Country Mouse (The), 

a fable by Henryson (1621). 

A town mouse invited a country mouse to come and 
see how much more gTandly he lived. When the 
country mouse had been shown the sundry dishes laid 
on the table, in comes the cat, and was well-nigh the 
death of both of them. As the country mouse left, he 
said, '• I prefer my more modest fare with liberty." 

The same answer is recorded of a Bedouin Arab to 
a city friend, when told of the delights and luxury, 
the insecurity and anxiety, of town life. 

(Prior's Country and City Mouse (q.v.) 
is quite a different fable.) 

Town Eclogues, satires after the 
manner of Pope, by lady M. Wortley 
Montagu (17 16). 

Townley Mysteries, certain re- 
ligious dramas ; so called because the MS. 
containing them belonged to P. Townley. 
These dramas are supposed to have been 
acted at Widkirk Abbey, in Yorkshire. 
In 1831 they were printed for the Surtees 
Society, under the editorship of the Rev. 
Joseph Hunter and J. Stevenson. (See 
Coventry Mysteries, p. 240.) 

Townly {Colonel), attached to Berin- 
thia, a handsome young widow, but in 
order to win her he determines to excite 
her jealousy, and therefore pretends love 
to Amanda, her cousin. Amanda, how- 
ever, repels his attentions with disdain ; 
and the colonel, seeing his folly, attaches 
himself to Berinthia. — Sheridan: A Trip 
to Scarborough ( 1777). 

Townly {Lord), a nobleman of generous 
mind and high principle, liberal and 
manly. Though very fond of his wife, 
he insists on a separation, because she is 
so extravagant and self-willed. Lady 
Townly sees, at length, the folly of her 
ways, and promises amendment ; where- 
upon the husband relents, and receives 
her into favour again. 

The London critics acknowledged that J. G. Hot- 
mail's "lord Townley" was the perfection of the 
nobleman of the days of Chesterfield. He was not 
the actor, but the dignified lord himself.— Donaldson. 

Lady Townly, the gay but not unfaith- 
ful young wife of lord Townly, who 
thinks that the pleasure of life consists 
in gambling; she "cares nothing for her 
husband," but " loves almost everything 
he hates." Ultimately she amends her 
ways. Lady Townly says — 

I dote upon assemblies ; my heart bound* at a ball; 
and at an opera I expire. Then I love play to distrac- 
tion : cards enchant me ; and dice put me out of my 
little wits.— KawAM/^A and Cibber : The Provoked 
Husband, iii. I (1728). 

The part which at once established her [Miss 
Farren's] fame as an actress was " la<ly Townly . . . 
the whole house was enraptured.— Memoir 0/ E l ism 
htth CohhUss q/ Derby (xiiaoj. 



(Mrs. Pritchard, Margaret Woffmgton, 
Miss Brunton, Miss M. Tree, and Miss 
E. Tree were all excellent in this favourite 
part.) 

Tox {Miss Lucretia), the bosom friend 
of Mr. Dombey's married sister (Mrs. 
Chick). Miss Lucretia was a faded lady, 
"as if she had not been made in fast 
colours," and was washed out. She 
" ambled through life without any 
opinions, and never abandoned herself 
to unavailing regrets." Miss Tox 
greatly admired Mr. Dombey, and 
entertained a forlorn hope that she 
might be selected by him to supply the 
place of his deceased wife. She lived in 
Princess's Place, and maintained a weak 
flirtation with major Bagstock. — Dickens : 
Dombey and Son (1846). 

Tozer, one of the ten young gentle- 
men in the school of Dr. Blimber when 
Paul Dombey was there. A very solemn 
lad, whose " shirt-collar curled up the 
lobes of his ears." — Dickens: Dombey 
and Son (1846). 

Trabb, a prosperous old bachelor, a 
tailor by trade. 

He was having his breakfast In the parlour behind 
the shop. . . . He had sliced his hot roll into three 
feather-beds, and was slipping butter in between the 
blankets. . . . He was a prosperous old bachelor, and 
his open window looked into a prosperous little 
garden and orchard, and there was a prosperous iron 
safe let into the wall at the side of the fireplace, and 
without doubt heaps of his prosperity were put away 
in it in bags.— Dickens : Great Expectations, xix. 
(i860). 

Tracy, one of the gentlemen in the 
earl of Sussex's train. — Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Traddles, a simple, honest young 
man, who believes in everybody and 
everything. Though constantly failing, 
he is never depressed by his want of suc- 
cess. He had the habit of brushing his 
hair up on end, which gave him a look of 
surprise. Tom Traddles marries one of 
the " ten daughters of a poor curate." 

At the Creakles school, when I was miserable, he 
\Traddlts\ would lay his head on the desk for a little 
while, ancl then, cheering up, would dr.iw skeletons 
all over his slate.— Dickens : David Cotper/ield, vii. 
(1849). 

Tradelove (Mr.), a broker on 
'Change, one of the four guardians of 
Anne Lovely the heiress. He was " a 
fellow that would out-lie the devil for the 
advantage of stock, and cheat his own 
father in a bargain. He was a great 
Stickler for trade, and hated every one 
that wore a sword" (act i. 1). Colonel 



TRAFFORD. 



1X26 



TRAMTRIST. 



Feignwell passed himself off as a Dutch 
merchant named Jan van Timtamtire- 
lereletta herr van Feignwell, and made a 
bet with Tradelove. Tradelove lost, and 
cancelled the debt by giving his consent 
to the marriage of his ward to the sup- 
posed Dutchman. — Mrs. Centlivre : A 
Bold Stroke for a Wife ( 1717). 

Trafford {F. G.), the pseudonym of 
Mrs. C. E. Riddell, before the publica- 
tion of George Geith (1871). 

Tragedy {Father of Greek), Thespis, 
the Richardson of Athens. ^Eschylos 
is also called "The Father of Greek 
Tragedy" (b.c. 525-426). 

The Father of French Tragedy, Garnier 
(I534-I590). 

The First English Tragedy, Gorbodue, 
by Thomas Norton and Thomas Sack- 
ville (1569). The first comedy was Ralph 
Roister Bolster, by Nicholas Udall (1564). 

'. • Thornbury says the coadjutor of 
Norton was lord Buckhurst, and Charles 
Lamb maintains that lord Buckhurst 
"supplied the more vital parts;" but 
professor Craik says Sackville was the 
worker together with Norton. 

Trained Band, the volunteer artil- 
lery, whose ground for practice was 
in Moorfields. John Gilpin was "captain 
of the trained band." 

A Trained Band captain eke was he. 
Of famous London town. 

Cowper : John Gilpin (1782). 

Trajan ( The Second), Marcus Aurelius 
Claudius, surnamed Gothicus, noted for 
his valour, justice, and goodness (215, 
268-270). 

Trajan and St. Gregory. It is 

said that Trajan, although unbaptized, 
was delivered from hell in answer to 
the prayers of St. Gregory. 

There was storied on the rock 
The exalted glory of the Roman prince. 
Whose mighty worth moved Gregory to earn 
His mighty conquest — Trajan the emperor. 

Dante : Purgatory, xi. (1308). 

Trajan and the Importunate 
Widow. One day, a mother appeared 
before the emperor Trajan, and cried, 
"Grant vengeance, sire! My son is 
murdered." The emperor replied, "I 
cannot stop now ; wait till I return." 
"But, sire," pleaded the widow, " if you 
do not return, who will grant me justice ? " 
"My successor," said Trajan. "And 
can Trajan leave to another the duty that 
he himself is appointed to perform ? " 
On hearing this, the emperor stopped his 
cavalcade, heard the woman's cause, and 



granted her suit. Dantg tells this tale in 
his Purgatory, xi. — John of Salisbury: 
Polycraticus de Curialium Nugis, v. 8 
(twelfth century). 

^1 Dion Cassius [Roman Historia, lxix.) 
tells a similar story of Hadrian. When 
a woman appeared before him with a suit 
as he was starting on a journey, the 
emperor put her off, saying, " I have no 
leisure now." She replied, " If Hadrian 
has no leisure to perform his duties, let 
him cease to reign ! " On hearing this 
reproof, he dismounted from his horse, 
and gave ear to the woman's cause. 

If A woman once made her appeal to 
Philip of Macedon, who, being busy at 
the time, petulantly exclaimed, " Woman, 
I have no time now for such matters." 
" If Philip has no time to render justice," 
said the woman, " then is it high time for 
Philip to resign ! " The king felt the 
rebuke, heard the cause patiently, and 
decided it justly. 

If Another tale is told of the Mace- 
donian. A woman asked him to do her 
justice, but the testy monarch refused to 
hear her. "I shall appeal," said the 
woman. " Appeal !" thundered Philip. 
" And to whom will you appeal, woman ? " 
"To Philip sober," was her reply, and her 
cause was heard patiently. 

Tramecksan and Slamecksan, 
the High-heels and Low-heels, two great 
political factions of Lilliput. The ani- 
mosity of the Guelphs and Ghibellines of 
punydom ran so high " that no High-heel 
would eat or drink with a Low-heel, and 
no Low-heel would salute or speak to a 
High-heel." The king of Lilliput was 
a High-heel, but the heir-apparent a 
Low-heel. — Swift: Gullivers Travels 
("Voyage to Lilliput," iv., 1726). 

(Of course, the allusion is to the High- 
church party and the Low-church party. ) 

Tramp {Gaffer), a peasant at the 
execution of old Meg Murdochson. — Sir 
W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian (time, 
George II.). 

Tramtrist {Sir), the name assumed 
by sir Tristram when he went to Ireland 
to be cured of his wounds after his com- 
bat with sir Marhaus. Here La Belle 
Isold (or Isold " the Fair") was his leech, 
and the young knight fell in love with 
her. When the queen discovered that 
sir Tramtrist was sir Tristram, who had 
killed her brother, sir Marhaus, in combat, 
she plotted to take his life, and he was 
obliged to leave the island. La Belle 



TRANCHERA. 



1127 



TRAVELLER. 



Isold subsequently married king Mark of 
Cornwall, but her heart was ever fixed 
on her brave young patient. — Sir T. 
Malory: History of Prince Arthur, ii. 
9-12 (1470). 

Tranchera, Agricane's sword, which 
afterwards belonged to Brandimart. — 
Ariosto : Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Tra'nio, one of the servants of Lu- 
centio the gentleman who marries Bi- 
anca (the sister of Kathari'na "the 
Paduan shrew"). — Shakespeare: Taming 
of the Shrew (1594). 

Transfer, a usurer, who is willing to 
advance sir George Wealthy a sum of 
money on these easy terms: (1) 5 per 
cent, interest ; (2) 10 per cent, premium ; 
(3) 5 P er cent, for insuring the young 
man's life ; (4) a handsome present to 
himself as broker ; (5) the borrower to 
pay all expenses ; and (6) the loan not 
to be in cash but goods, which are to be 
taken at a valuation and sold at auction 
at the borrower's sole hazard. These 
terms are accepted, and sir George pro- 
mises besides a handsome douceur to 
Loader for having found a usurer so 
reasonable. — Foote : The Minor ( 1760). 

Transfiguration {The Mount of). 
Conder, in his Tentwork in Palestine 
(1850), says there can be little doubt that 
it was some part of Mount Hermon, and 
not Mount Tabor (see Ps. xlii. 8). 

Transformations. In the art of 

transformation, one of the most important 
things was a ready wit to adopt in an 
instant some form which would give you 
an advantage over your adversary : thus, 
if your adversary appeared as a mouse, 
you must change into an owl ; then your 
adversary would become an arrow to 
shoot the owl, and you would assume the 
form of fire to burn the arrow ; where- 
upon your adversary would become water 
to quench the fire ; and he who could out- 
wit the other would come off victorious. 
The two best examples I know of this 
sort of contest are to be found, one in 
the Arabian Nights, and the other in the 
Mabinogion. 

(1) The former is the contest between 
the Queen of Reauty and the son of the 
daughter of Eblis. He appeared as a 
scorpion, she in a moment became a 
serpent ; whereupon he changed into an 
eagle, she into a more powerful black 
eagle; he became a cat, she a wolf; she 
instantly changed into a worm and crept 
into a pomegranate, which in time burst, 



whereupon he assumed the form of a cock 
to devour the seed, but it became a fish ; 
the cock then became a pike, but the 
princess became a blazing fire, and con- 
sumed her adversary before he had time 
to change. — " The Second Calender." 

(2) The other is the contest between 
Caridwen and Gwion Bach. Bach fled as 
a hare, she changed into a greyhound ; 
whereupon he became a fish, she an otter- 
bitch ; he instantly became a bird, she 
a hawk ; but he became as quick as 
thought a grain of wheat. Caridwen now 
became a hen, and made for the wheat- 
corn and devoured him. — Taliesin. 

Translator - General. Philemon 
Holland is so called by Fuller, in his 
Worthies of England. Mr. Holland 
translated Livy, Pliny, Plutarch, Sue- 
tonius, Xenophon, and several other 
classic authors (1551-1636). 

Transome (Mrs.), secretly married 
to Matthew Jermyn, the lawyer. Their 
son is Harold [Transome], who proposes 
to Esther Lyon, and is refused. — George 
Eliot (Mrs. J. W. Cross) : Felix Holt 
(i860). 

Trap to Catch a Sunbeam, by 
Matilda Anne Planch6 (afterwards Mrs. 
Mackarness). 

Trapbois (Old), a miser in Alsatia, 
Even in his extreme age, "he was be- 
lieved to understand the plucking of a 
pigeon better than any man in Alsatia." 

Martha Trapbois, the miser's daughter, 
a cold, decisive, masculine woman, who 
marries Richie Moniplies. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Trap'oban ( The Island of), ruled over 
by Alifanfaron. It is in the Utopian 
Ocean, 92 N. lat., 180 2' W. long — 
Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. iii. 4 (1605). 

Trapper ( The). Natty Bumppo is so 
called in The Prairie. He is introduced 
in four other of Cooper's novels as "The 
Deerslayer," "The Pathfinder," "The 
Hawk-eve " in The Last of the Mohicans, 
and " Natty Bumppo" in The Pioneers. 

Traveller ( The). The scheme of 
this poem is very simple: The poet sup- 
poses himself seated among Alpine soli- 
tudes, looking down upon a hundred 
kingdoms. He would fain find some spot 
where happiness can be attained, but the 
natives of each realm think their own the 
best ; yet the amount of happiness in 
each is pretty well equnl. To illustrate 
this, the poet describes the manners and 



TRAVELLER. 



1X38 



TRECENTISTI. 



government of Italy, Switzerland, France, 
Holland, and England. — Goldsmith 
(1764). 

Traveller {Mr.), the stranger who 
tried to reason with Mr. Mopes and bring 
him back to society, but found the truth 
of the tinker's remark, "When iron is 
thoroughly rotten, you cannot botch it." 
— Dickens: A Christmas Number (1861). 

Traveller's Refuge, the valley of 
Fakreddin.— Beckford: Vathek (1784). 

Travellers' Tales. (1) Marco Polo 
says, "Certain islands lie so far north in 
the Northern Ocean, that one going thither 
actually leaves the pole-star a trifle 
behind to the south." 

(2) A Dutch skipper told Master Moxon, 
the hydrographer of Charles II. , that he 
had himself sailed ^two degrees beyond 
the pole. 

(3) Maundeville says, in Prester John's 
country is a sea of sand which ebbs and 
flows in great waves without one drop of 
water. This sea, says the knight of St. 
Alban's, men find full of right good fish 
of most delicious eating. 

(2) At the time of the discoveryof America 
by Columbus, many marvellous tales were 
rife in Spain. It was said that in one 
part of the coast of El Nombre de Dios, 
the natives had such long ears that one 
ear served for bed and the other for 
counterpane. This reminds one of 
Gwevyl mab Gwestad, one of whose lips 
hung down to his waist, and the other 
covered his head like a cowl. Another 
tale was that one of the crew of Columbus 
had come across a people who lived on 
sweet scents alone, and were killed by 
foul smells. This invention was hardly 
original, inasmuch as both Plutarch and 
Pliny tell us of an Indian people who 
lived on sweet odours, and Democritos 
lived for several days on the mere effluvia 
of hot bread. Another tale was that the 
noses of these smell-feeders were so huge 
that their heads were all nose. We are 
also told of one-eyed men ; of men who 
carried their head under one of their 
arms ; of others whose head was in their 
breast; of others who were conquered, 
not by arms, but by the priests holding 
up before them a little ivory crucifix — a 
sort, of Christian version of the taking of 
Jericho by the blast of the rams'-horn 
trumpets of the Levites in the time of 
Joshua. (See Three Diademed Chiefs, 
p. 1103; Odours for Food, p. 769.) 

Travels in . • . Remote Na- 



tions, by " Lemuel Gulliver." He Is 
first shipwrecked and cast on the coast 
of Lilliput, a country of pygmies. Sub- 
sequently he is thrown among the people 
of Brobdingnag, giants of tremendous 
size. In his third expedition he is driven 
to Lapiita, an empire of quack pretenders 
to science and knavish projectors. And 
in his fourth voyage he visits the 
Houyhnhnms [ Whin'-n'ms], where horses 
were the dominant powers. — Swift (1726). 

Travers, a retainer of the earl of 

Northumberland. — Shakespeare: 2 Henry 
IV. (1598). 

Travers {Sir Edmund), an old 
bachelor, the guardian and uncle of lady 
Davenant. He is a tedious gossip, fond 
of meddling, prosy, and wise in his own 
conceit. "It is surprising," he says, 
" how unwilling people are to hear my 
stories. When in parliament I make a 
speech, there is nothing but coughing, 
hemming, and shuffling of feet — no desire 
of information." By his instigation the 
match was broken off between his niece 
and captain Dormer, and she was given 
in marriage to lord Davenant; but it 
turned out that his lordship was already 
married, and his wife living. — Cumber- 
land: The Mysterious Husband (1783). 

Travia'ta, an opera, representing the 
progress of a courtezan. Music by Verdi, 
and libretto from La Dame aux Came' lias, 
a novel by Alexandre Dumas fils (1856). 

Treachery of the Long-Knives 

( The). Hengist invited the chief British 
nobles to a conference at Ambresbury, 
but . arranged that a Saxon should be 
seated beside each Briton. At a given 
signal, each Saxon was to slay his neigh- 
bour with his long knife, and as many as 
460 British nobles fell. Eidiol earl of 
Gloucester escaped, after killing seventy 
(some say 600) of the Saxons. — Welsh 
Triads. 

Stonehenge was erected by Merlin, at the command 
of Ambrosius, in memory of the plot of the " Long- 
Knives." ... He built it on the site of a former circle. 
It deviates from older bardic circles, as may be seen 
by comparing it with Avebury, Stanton-Drew, Kes- 
wick, etc.— Cambrian Biography, art. " Merddin." 

Treasury of Peru {The), the 

Andes. 

Treasury of Sciences ( The), Bo- 
khara, which has 103 colleges, besides 
schools and 360 mosques. 

Trecentisti, the Italian worthies of 
the " Trecento" (thirteenth and fourteenth 
centuries). They were DantS (1265-1321), 



TREE. 



txzg 



TREES, ETC 



Petrarch (1304-1374) ; Boccaccio, who 
wrote the Decameron. Others of less 
note were Giotto, Giovanna da Pisa, and 
Andrea Orcagna. (See ClNQUECENTO, 
p. 210 ; Seicento, p. 978. ) 

In Italy he'd ape the Trecentist! 

Byron : Don Juan, iii. 86 (1820). 

Tree ( The Bleeding). One of the in- 
dictments laid to the charge of the mar- 
quis of Argyll, so hated by the royalists 
for the part he took in the execution of 
Montrose, was this: "That a tree on 
which thirty-six of his enemies were 
hanged was immediately blasted, and, 
when hewn down, a copious stream of 
blood ran from it, saturating the earth, 
and that blood for several years was 
emitted from the roots." — Laing : History 
of Scotland, ii. 11 (1800) ; State Trials, 
ii. 422. 

The Largest Tree. The largest tree 
in the world is said to be one discovered, 
in 1874, near Tule River, in California. 
Though the top has been broken off, it is 
240 feet high, and the diameter of the 
tree where it has been broken is 12 feet. 
This giant of the forest is called "Old 
Moses," from a mountain in the neigh- 
bourhood, and is calculated to be 4840 
years old ! The hollow of its trunk, 
which is in feet, will hold 150 persons, 
and is hung with scenes of California, is 
carpeted, and fitted up like a drawing- 
room, with table, chairs, sofa, and piano- 
forte. A section of this tree, 74 feet round 
and 25 feet across, was exhibited in New 
York, in 1879. (See New York Herald.') 

(Australia claims to have still larger trees.) 

The Poets' Tree, a tree which grows 
over the tomb of Tan-Sein, a musician at 
the court of [Mohammed] Akbar. Who- 
ever chews a leaf of this tree will be 
inspired with a divine melody of voice.— 
W. Hunter. 

His voice was as sweet as If he had chewed tha 
leaves of that enchanted tree which grows over the 
tomb of the musician Tan-Sein. — Moore : Lalla Rookh 

The Singing Tree, a tree each leaf of 
which was musical, and all the leaves 
joined together in delightful harmony. 
— Arabian Nights ("The Story of the 
Sisters who envied their Younger Sister "). 

IT In the Fairy Tales of the comtesse 
D'Aulnoy, there is a tree called " the 
singing apple," of precisely the same 
character, but the apple tree gave the 
possessor the inspiration of poetry also. 
— " Chery and Fairstar." 

Tree of Knowledge ( The), a tree 



in the garden of paradise, the fruit of 
which Adam and Eve were forbidden to 
eat, lest they should die. — Gen. ii. 9 ; iii 3. 

Next to [the tree of] Life, 
. . . the Tree of Knowledge grew fast by. 
Knowledge of good, bought dear by knowing in. 
Milton : Paradise Lost, iv. 221 (1665). 

Tree of Liberty (The), a tree or 
pole crowned with a cap of liberty, and 
decorated with flags, ribbons, and other 
devices of a republican character. The 
idea was given by the Americans in their 
War of Independence; it was adopted by 
the Jacobins in Paris in 1790, and by the 
Italians in 1848. 

Tree of Life (The), a tree in the 
"midst of the garden" of paradise, 
which, if Adam had plucked and eaten 
of, he would have " lived for ever." — Gen. 
ii. 9 ; iii. 22. 

Out of the fertile ground [God] caused to grow 
All trees of noblest kind for sight, smell, taste; 
And all amid them stood the Tree of Life, 
High eminent, blooming ambrosial fruit 
Of vegetable gold. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iv. 215, etc (1665). 

Trees noted for Specific Virtues 
and Uses. 

Those articles marked B. P. are from William 
Browne's Britannia's Pastorals (1613). 

(1) Alder, good for water-pipes and 
piles, capital for the foundations of build- 
ings situated upon bogs ; it becomes 
black as jet and almost imperishable when 
used for piles in swamps or under water. 
The Rialto of Venice is founded on alder 
— a wood excellent for clogs, shoe-heels, 
wooden shoes, the cogs of mill-wheels, 
turnery, chairs, poles, and garden props. 

It is said that fleas dislike it. 
Alder nourishes whatever plant grows 
under its shadow. — B. P. 

(2) Ash, the Venus of the forest.— 
Gilpin: Forest Scenery (1791). 

Used for all tools employed in hus- 
bandry — carts, waggons, wheels, pulleys, 
and oars. It bursts into leaf between 
May 13 and June 14. 

Grass will grow beneath it. 

At Donirey, near Clare, is the hollow 
trunk of an ash tree 42 feet in circum- 
ference, in which a little school used to be 
kept. — Young: Irish Tour (1775-6). 

In Woburn Park is an ash tree 90 feet 
high, 15 feet in girth (3 feet from the 
ground), and containing a grand total of 
872 cubic feet of timber. — Strutt : Sylva 
Britannic a. 

The ash tree at Carnock, planted in 
1596, supposed to be the largest in Scot- 
land, is 90 feet high and 19 feet in girth 
(5 feet from the ground). — Ditto, 



TREES, ETC 



«30 



Dr. Walker says he measured an ash 
tree in Lochaber churchyard, Scotland, 
58 feet in girth (5 feet from the ground). 

(3) Aspen Tree. No grass will grow 
in its vicinity. The legend is that the 
cross of Jesus was made of this wood, and 
hence its leaves were doomed to tremble 
till the day of doom. 

Ah ! tremble, tremble, aspen tree 1 
We need not ask thee why thou shakest; 

For if, as holy legend saith. 

On thee the Saviour bled to death, 
No wonder, aspen, that thou quakest ! 

And, till in judgment all assemble, 

Thy leaves accursed shall wail and tremble. 
* E. C. S. 

(4) Beech Tree, employed for clogs, 
tool-handles, planes, mallets, turnery, 
large wooden screws, sounding-boards of 
musical instruments, scabbards, band- 
boxes, book-covers, coffins, chairs, and 
bedsteads ; but for- chairs and bedsteads 
it is not fit, as it is a favourite resort of 
the ptinus pectinicornis, whose eggs are 
deposited on the surface of the wood, 
and the young worms eat their way in. 
Floats for nets are made of the bark. 
It is excellent for wood fires, and is 
called in France bois d Andelle. The beech 
bursts into leaf between April 19 and 
May 7. 

" The Twelve Apostles." On an island 
of the lake Wetter, were twelve majestic 
beech trees, now reduced to eleven, for a 
zealous peasant cut down one of them, 
declaring " that the traitor Judas should 
have no part nor lot with the faithful." 
On these beeches are cut the names of 
Charles XL, Charles XII., queen Eleonora, 
and other distinguished visitors. Other 
famous beeches are the Frankley Beeches, 
in Worcestershire. 

Virgil's bowl, divini opus Alcimedontis, 
was made of beech wood, and Pliny tells 
us that vessels used in the temples were 
made sometimes of the same wood. 

The beech, like the fir and chestnut, is 
very destructive of vegetation beneath. 

(5) Birch, used by the ancients for 
papyrus. The wood is used for the heels 
of shoes, cradles, packing-boxes, sabots, 
drinking-cups, brooms or besoms, rods, 
torches, and charcoal. 

" It supplies the northern peasant wi*h 
his house, his bread, his wine, and the 
vessels to put it in, part of his clothing, 
and the furniture of his bed." — Sylvan 
Sketches. 

Birch loves the coldest places. — B. P. 

(6) Blackthorn is formed into teeth 
for rakes and into walking-sticks. Letters 
written on linen or woollen with sloe-juice 
will not wash ouL 



TREES, ETC. 

It is said that Joseph of Arimathea 
planted his staff on the south ridge of 
Weary-all Hill (now Werrall), where it 
grew and put forth blossoms every 
Christmas Day afterwards. The original 
tree was destroyed in the reign of Charles 
I. by a puritan soldier, who lost his life 
by a splinter which wounded him while so 
employed. The variety which blossoms 
twice a year is now pretty common. 

The Holy Thorn has been introduced into many 
parts, and is now grown in several gardens about 
Glastonbury and its vicinity. Pilgrimages continued 
to be made to this tree even in Mr. Eyston's time, who 
died 1721.— Warner ; Evening Post, January 175.3. 

(7) Box, used for turnery, combs, 
mathematical instruments, knife-handles, 
tops, screws, button-moulds, wood en- 
gravings, etc. Box wood will sink in 
water. 

A decoction of box wood promotes the 
growth of hair, and an oil distilled from 
its shavings is a cure for hemorrhoids, 
tooth-ache, epilepsy, and stomach-worms. 
So, at least, we are told. 

(8) Cedar, used for cigar-boxes. It 
is hateful to moths and fleas ; hence it is 
used for lining wardrobes and drawers. 

(9) Cherry Tree, used by the turner, 
formed into chairs and hoops. It is stained 
to imitate mahogany, to which wood, both 
in grain and colour, it approaches nearer 
than any other of this country. It is 
stained black for picture-frames. The 
cherry tree was first introduced from 
Flanders into Kent, in the reign of 
Henry VIII. 

More than a hundred men, during a siege, were kept 
alive for nearly two months, without any other susten- 
ance than a little of this gun. taken into the mouth 
and suffered gradually to dissolve. — Hasselquist : Iter 
Palctstinum (1757). 

(10) Chestnut Tree, the tree intro- 
duced into the pictures of Salvator Rosa. 
The wood is used by coopers and for 
water-pipes, because it neither shrinks 
nor changes the colour of any liquor it 
contains. It is, however, bad for p:sts ; 
and grass will not grow beneath its shade. 

Staves that nor shrink nor swell. 
The cooper's close- wrought cask to chestnut owes. 
Dodsley. 

The roof of Westminster Abbey, and 
that of the "Parliament House," Edin- 
burgh, are made of chestnut wood. 

In Cobham Park, Kent, is a chestnut 
tree 40 feet in girth (5 feet from the 
ground). — Strutt : Sylva Britannica. 

At Tortworth, in Gloucestershire, is a 
chestnut tree 52 feet in girth. Even in 
1150 it was called "the great chestnut 
tree of Tortworth." Mr. Marsham says it 
was 540 years old when king John came 



TREES ETC. 



1131 



TREES, ETC 



to the throne, which would carry us back 
to the heptarchy. If so, this tree has 
rallied the whole history of England from 
the Roman period to our own. 

The horse chestnut bursts into leaf 
between March 17 and April 19. The 
Spanish chestnut fully a month later. 

(11) Cypress hurts the least of all trees 
by its droppings. — B. P. 

(12) Dog Rose. So called by the 
Greeks (hunorodon), because the root was 
deemed a cure for the bite of a mad dog. 

(13) Elder Tree, used for skewers, 
tops of angling-rods, needles for netting, 
turnery. The pith is used for electro- 
meters and in electrical experiments. 

An infusion of elder leaves will destroy 
insects on delicate plants better than 
tobacco-juice ; and if turnips, cabbages, 
fruit trees, etc., are brushed with a branch 
of elder leaves, no insect will infest the 
plants. — Philosophical Transactions, v. 
62, p. 348. 

(14) Elm is used for axle-trees, mill- 
wheels, keels of boats, gunwales chairs, 
coffins, rails, gates, under-ground pipes, 
pumps, millwork, pattens. 

Grass will grow beneath its shade. 

The elm is pre-eminent for the tenacity 
of its wood, which never splinters. It is 
the first of forest trees to burst into leaf. 

Toads and frogs are often embedded in 
elm trees. They crept into some hollow 
place or crack, and became imprisoned by 
the glutinous fluid of the new inner bark 
{liber and alburnum). Some have been 
found alive when the tree is cut down, 
but they need not have been embedded 
long. 

At Hampstead there was once a famous 
hollow elm, which had a staircase within 
and seats at the top. — Park : Topography. 

At Blythfield, in Staffordshire, was an 
elm which, Ray tells us, furnished 8660 
feet of planks, weighing 97 tons. 

The elm at Chequers, Buckinghamshire, 
was planted in the reign of Stephen ; the 
shell is now 31 feet in girth. The Chep- 
stead Kim, Kent, contains 268 feet of 
timber, and is 15 feet in girth ; it is said 
to have had an annual fair beneath its 
shade in the reign of Henry V. The elm 
at Crawley, in Sussex, is 70 feet high 
and 35 feet in girth. — Strutt : Sylva 
Britannica. 

(15) 'Fig Trek. The leaves of this tree 
have the property of maturing game and 
meat hung amongst them. 

(16) Fir Tree. In Ireland the bog 
firs, beaten into string, are manufactured 
into rope, capable of resisting the weather 



much longer than hempen ropes. The 
bark can be used for tan. Tar and pitch 
are obtained from the trunk and branches. 
The thinnings of fir forests will do for 
hop-poles, scantlings, and rafters, and its 
timber is used by builders. 
Grass will not grow beneath fir trees. 

(17) Guelder Rose. From the bark 
of the root birdlime is made. The shoots 
make excellent bands for faggots. 

Evelyn says a decoction of the leaves 
will dye the hair black and strengthen it. 

(18) Hazel Tree. The wood makes 
excellent charcoal for forges. Fishing- 
rods, walking-sticks, crates, hoops for 
barrels, shoots for springles to fasten 
down thatch, hurdles, etc., are made of 
this wood. Hazel chips will clear turbid 
wine in twenty-four hours, and twigs of 
hazel twisted together will serve for yeast 
in brewing. 

Hazel wands were used in divination, 
for detecting minerals, water-springs, and 
hid treasures. (See Dousterswivel, 
p. 298.) 

By whatsoever occult virtue the forked hazel sticfc 

discovers not only subterraneous treasure, but criminals 

fuilty of murder and other crimes, made out so solemnly 
y the attestation of magistrates and. divers other 
learned and credible persons who have critically ex- 
amined matters of fact, is certainly next to a miracle, 
and requires a strong faith.— Evelyn : Sylva (1664). 

The small hole bored through the shell 
of hazel nuts is not the work of squirrels, 
but of field-mice ; squirrels always split 
the shells. 

(19) Holly Tree, Birdlime is made 
from it. The wood is used for veneering, 
bandies of knives, the cogs of mill-wheels, 
hones for whetting knives and razors, 
coachmen's whips, Tunbridge ware. 

(20) Ivy. The roots are used by 
leather-cutters for whetting their knives; 
and when the roots are large, boxes and 
slabs are made from them. 

It is said that apricots and peaches 
protected in winter by ivy fencing become 
remarkably productive. 

(21) Juniper is never attacked by 
worms. — B. P. 

The wood is used for veneering ; and 
alcohol or spirits of wine, impregnated 
with the essential oil of juniper berries, 
is gin (or juniper water) ; for the French 
genevre means " a juniper berry." Ordi- 
narily, gin is a malt liquor, distilled a 
second time, with the addition of juniper 
berries, or more frequently with the oil 
of turpentine. 

(22) Larch, very apt to warp, but it 
resists decay. It bursts into leaf between 
March 21 and April 14. 



TREES, ETC. 



1132 



TREES, ETC 



Le bois du meleze l'emporte en bonte et en duree 
sur celui des pins et des sapins. On en fait des 

gouttieres des conduits d'eaux souterraines, de bonnes 
charpentes ; il entre dans la construction des petits 
batiments de mer. Les peintres s'en servent pour faire 
les cadres de leurs tableaux.— Bouilltt: Diet. Univ. 
des Sciences. 

(23) Lime or Linden Tree. Grinling 
Gibbons, the great wood-carver, used no 
other wood but that of the lime tree, 
which is soft, light, smooth, close-grained, 
and not subject to the worm. For the 
same reason, it is the chief material of 
Tunbridge ware. Bellonius states that 
the Greeks used the wood for making 
bottles. 

Lime wood makes excellent charcoal for 
gunpowder, and is employed for buttons 
and leather-cutters' boards. The flowers 
afford the best honey for bees, and the 
famous Kowno honey is made exclusively 
from the linden blossoms. 

It was one of the trees from which 
papyrus was made, and in the library of 
Vienna is a work of Cicero written on 
the inner bark of the linden. • 

One other thing is worth mentioning. 
Hares and rabbits will never injure the 
bark of this tree. 

The lime is the first of all trees to shed 
its leaves in autumn. It bursts into leaf 
between April 6 and May 2. 

At Deopham, in Norfolk, was a lime 
tree which, Evelyn tells us, was 36 feet in 
girth and 90 feet in height. Strutt tells 
us of one in Moor Park, Hertfordshire, 
17 feet in girth (3 feet above the ground) 
and 100 feet high ; it contained 875 feet 
of timber. He also mentions one in 
Cobham Park, 28 feet in girth and 90 
feet in height. 

The lime tree in the Grisons is upwards 
of 590 years old. 

(24) Maple Tree, employed for 
cabinet-work, gunstocks, screws for cider- 
presses, and turnery. The Tigrin and 
Pantherine tables were made of maple. 
The maple tables of Cicero, Asinius 
Gallus, king Juba, and the Mauritanian 
Ptolemy, "are worth their weight in 
gold." 

At Knowle, in Kent, there is a maple 
tree which is 14 feet in girth. — Strutt: 
Sylva Britannica, 

(25) Mountain Ash or Rowan Tree, 
used for hoops, and for bows, comes 
next to the yew. It forms good and 
lasting posts, and is made into hurdles, 
tables, spokes of wheels, shafts, chairs, 
and so on. The roots are made into 
spoons and knife-handles. The bark 
makes excellent tan. 



Twigs of rowan used to be carried 
about as a charm against witches. Scotch 
dairy-maids drive their cattle with rowan 
rods ; and at Strathspey, in Scotland, at 
one time, sheep and lambs were made 
to pass through hoops of rowan wood on 
May-day. (See Quicken Trees, p. 891.) 

In Wales, the rowan used to be con- 
sidered sacred ; it was planted in church- 
yards, and crosses made of the wood were 
commonly worn. 

Their spells were rain. The hags returned 

To the queen in sorrowful mood, 
Crying that witches have no power 
Where there is rown tree wood. 
The Laidlcy Worm of Spindleston Heughs. 

(26) Myrtle. Some Northern nations 
use it instead of hops. The catkins, 
boiled in water, throw up a waxy scum, 
of which candles were made by Dutch 
boers. Hottentots (according to Thun- 
berg) make a cheese of it. Myrtle tan is 
good for tanning calf-skins. 

Laid under a bed, it keeps off fleas and 
moths. 

(27) Oak Tree, the king of the forest 
and patriarch of trees, wholly unrivalled 
in stature, strength, and longevity. The 
timber is used for ship-building, the bark 
for tanning leather, and the gall for 
making ink. Oak timber is used for 
every work where durability and strength 
are required. 

Oak trees best resist the thunder- 
stroke. — B. P. (William Browne is re- 
sponsible for this statement). 

It bursts into leaf between April 10 apd 
May 26. 

In 1757 there was an oak in earl 
Powis's park, near Ludlow, 16 feet in 
girth (5 feet from the ground) and 60 
feet high (Marsham). Panshanger Oak, 
in Kent, is 19 feet in girth, and contains 
1000 feet of timber, though not yet in its 
prime (Marsham). Salcey Forest Oak, 
in Northamptonshire, is 24 feet in girth 
(Marsham). Gog, in Yardley Forest, is 
28 feet in girth, and contains 1658 cubic 
feet of timber. The king of Wynnstay 
Park, North Wales, is 30 feet in girth. 
The Queen's Oak, Huntingfield, Suffolk, 
from which queen Elizabeth shot a buck, 
is 35 feet in girth {Marsham). Shel- 
ton Oak, near Shrewsbury, called the 
•' Grette Oake " in 1543, which served 
the great Glendower for a post of obser- 
vation in the battle of Shrewsbury (1403), 
is 37 feet in girth (Marsham). Green 
Dale Oak, near Welbeck, is 38 feet ia 
girth, 11 feet from the ground (Evelyn). 
Cowthorpe Oak, near Wetherby, is 48 
feet in girth (Evelyn). Tile great oak 



TREES, ETC. 



"33 



TREES, ETC. 



tn Broomfield Wood, near Ludlow, was, 
in 1764, 68 feet in girth, 23 feet high, and 
contained 1455 feet of timber {Lightfoot). 

Beggar's Oak, in Blithneld Park, Staf- 
fordshire, contains 827 cubic feet of 
timber, and, in 1812, was valued at ^200 
{Marskam). Fredville Oak, Kent, con- 
tains 1400 feet of timber {Marsham). 
But the most stupendous oak ever grown 
in England was that dug out of Hatfield 
Bog : it was 12 feet in girth at the larger 
end, a feet at the smaller end, and 120 
feet in length ; so that it exceeded the 
famous larch tree brought to Rome in the 
reign of Tiberius, as Pliny states in his 
Natural History. 

(These are all from Marsham's Bath 
Soc, i. ; the Sylva Caledonia; Evelyn's 
Sylva ; The Journal of a Naturalist ; or 
from Strutt's three works — Sylva Britan- 
nica, Delicia Sylvarum, and Mag. Nat. 
Hist.) 

Swilcar Oak, in Needham Forest, is 
600 years old (Strutl). The Oak of the 
Partizans, in the forest of Parey, St. 
Ouen, is above 650 years old. Wallace's 
Oak, which stood on the spot where the 
"patriot hero" was born (Elderslie, 
near Paisley), was probably 700 years old 
when it was blown down in 1859. Salcey 
Forest Oak, in Northamptonshire, is 
above 1000 years old William the Con- 
queror's Oak, Windsor Great Park, is at 
least 1200 years old. Winfarthing Oak, 
Norfolk, and Bentley Oak, were 700 
years old at the Conquest. Cowthorpe 
Oak, near Wetherby, is 1600 years old 
{professor Burnet). The great oak of 
Saintes, in the Charente Inferieur, is 
reckoned from 1800 to 2000 years old. 
The Damorey Oak, Dorsetshire, was 
2000 years old when it was blown down 
in 1703. In the Commonwealth, it was 
inhabited by an old man, and used as an 
ale-house ; its cavity was 15 feet in 
diameter and 17 feet in height. 

In the Water Walk of Magdalen Col- 
lege, Oxford, was an oak supposed to 
have existed before the Conquest ; it was 
a notable tree when the college was 
founded in 1448, and was blown down 
in 1789. On Abbot's Oak, Woburn, the 
vicar of Puddington, near Chester, and 
Roger Hobbs abbot of Woburn were 
hung, in 1537, by order of Henry 
VIII. , for refusing to surrender their 
sacerdotal rights (Afartham). The Hull 
Oak, Wedgenock Park, and the Plestor 
Oak, Colborne, were both in existence 
at the Conquest. The Shellard's Lane 
Oak, Gloucestershire, is one ot the 



oldest in the island {Journal (f a 
Naturalist, i.). 

The Cadenham Oak, near Lyndhurst, 
in the New Forest, buds " on old Christ- 
mas Day," and has done so for at least 
two centuries ; it is covered with foliage 
at the usual time of other oak trees. The 
same is said of the tree against which the 
arrow of Tyrrel glanced when Rufus was 
killed {Camden). 

In the forest near Thoresby Park is a 
fine oak, called ' ' The Major Oak, " 35 feet 
in girth, 5 feet from the ground. Fourteen 
full-grown persons can stand within its 
hollow trunk. There is another in the 
same park, 30 feet in girth. In another 
part of the forest, nearer Welbeck, is the 
ruin of Robin Hood's Larder, held to- 
gether by strong iron b ands. At Clipstone 
is the tree called "King John's Oak." 
(See Oak, p. 765.) 

(28) Olive, used in wainscot, because 
it never gapes, cracks, or cleaves. — B. P. 

The eight olive trees on the Mount of 
Olives were flourishing 800 years ago, 
when the Turks took Jerusalem. 

(29) Osier, used for puncheons, wheels 
for catching eels, bird-cages, baskets, 
hampers, hurdles, edders, stakes, rake- 
handles, and poles. 

(30) Pear Tree, used for turnery, 
joiners' tools, chairs, and picture-frames. 

It is worth knowing that pear-grafts 
on a quince stock produce the most 
abundant and luscious fruit. 

(31) Pine Tree. The "Old Guards- 
man," in Vancouver's Island, is the 
largest Douglas pine. It is 16 feet in 
diameter, 51 feet in girth, and 150 feet in 
height. At one time it was 50 feet 
higner, but its top was broken off in a 
storm. 

Le pin est employe en charpente, en planches, en 
tuyaux pour la ConailitO des eaux. en bordiitfes pour 
les ponts des vaisEeaux. D fournit aussi la reslne.— 
Bouillct : Diet. Univ. des Sciences. 

(32) Plane Tree. Grass delights to 
grow in its shade. — B. P. 

(33) Poplar Tree, sacred to HrrculSs. 
No wood is so little liable to take fire. 
The wood is excellent for wood-carvings 
and wainscoting, floors, laths, packing- 
boxes, and turnery. 

Black Poplar. The bark is used by 
fishermen for buoying their nets ; brooms 
are made of its twigs. In Flanders, 
clogs are made of the wood. 

The poplar bursts into leaf between 
March 6 and April 19. 

(34) Rose Tree. The rose is called 
the " queen of flowers." It is the em- 



TREES, ETC 



"34 



TREES, ETC. 



blem of England, as the thistle is of 
Scotland, the shamrock of Ireland, and 
the lily of France. 

It has ever been a favourite on graves 
as a memorial of affection ; hence, Pro- 
pertius says, " Et tenera poneret ossa 
rosa." In Rome, the day when the pope 
blesses the golden rose is called Dominica 
in Rosa. The long intestine strife be- 
tween the rival houses of York and 
Lancaster is called in history the ' ' War 
of the White and Red Roses," because 
the badge of the Yorkists was a white 
rose and that of the Lancastrians a red 
one (see p. 934). The marriage of Henry 
VII. with Elizabeth of York is called the 
44 Union of the Two Roses." 

The rose was anciently considered a 
token of secrecy, and hence, to whisper 
a thing sub rosa means it is not to be 
repeated. 

In Persian fable, the rose is the night- 
ingale's bride. " His queen, his garden 
queen, the rose." (See Rose, p. 933.) 

(35) Sallow, excellent for hurdles, 
handles of hatchets, and shoemakers' 
boards. The honey of the catkins is 
good for bees, and the Highlanders use 
the bark for tanning leather. 

(36) Spruce Tree ( The) will reach to 
the age of 1000 years and more. Spruce 
is despised by English carpenters, "as a 
sorry sort of wood." 

II fournit une Mere dite sapinette, en Anglais sprue* 
beer, qu'en pretend etre eminement anti-scorbutique. 
—Bouillet : Diet. Univ. des Sciences. 

(37) Sycamore Tree used by turners 
for bowls and trenchers. It bursts into 
leaf between March 28 and April 23. 

St. Hierom, who lived in the fourth 
century A.D., asserts that he himself had 
seen the sycamore tree into which Zac- 
chaeus climbed to see Jesus in His passage 
from Jericho to Jerusalem. — Luke xix. 4. 

Strutt tells us of a sycamore tree in 
Cobham Park, Kent, 26 feet in girth and 
90 feet high. Another in Bishopton, 
Renfrewshire, 20 feet in girth and 60 feet 
high. — Sylva Britannica. 

Grass will flourish beneath this tree, 
and the tree will thrive by the sea-side. 

(38) Tamarisk Tree does not dislike 
the sea-spray, and therefore thrives in the 
neighbourhood of the sea. 

The Romans used to wreathe the heads 
of criminals with tamarisk withes. The 
Tartars and Russians make whip-handles 
of the wood. 

The tamarisk is excellent for besoms. 
—B. P. 

(39) Upas Tree, said to poison every- 



thing in its vicinity. This is only fat for 

poetry and romance. 

(40) Walnut, best wood for gun- 
stocks ; cabinet-makers used it largely. 

This tree thrives best in valleys, and is 
most fertile when most beaten. — B. P. 

A woman, a spaniel, and walnut tree, 
The more you beat them, the better they be. 

Taylor, the " water-poet " (1630). 
Uneasy seated by funereal Yeugh, 
Or Walnut, whose malignant touch impairs 
All generous fruits. 

Philips: Cyder, \ (1706). 

(41) Whitethorn, used for axle-trees, 
the handles of tools, and turnery. 

The identical whitethorn planted by 
queen Mary of Scotland in the garden- 
court of the regent Murray, is still alive, 
and is about 5 feet in girth near the base. 
— Jones : Edinburgh Illustrated. 

The Troglodytes adorned the graves of 
their parents with branches of whitethorn. 
It formed the nuptial chaplet of Athenian 
brides, and the fasces nuptiarum of the 
Roman maidens. 

Every shepherd tells his tale 
Under the hawthorn in the dale. 

Milton : L' Allegro (1638). 

(42) Willow, used for clogs, ladders, 
trenchers, pill-boxes, milk-pails, butter- 
firkins, bonnets, cricket-bats, hop-poles, 
cradles, crates, baskets, etc. It makes 
excellent charcoal, and a willow board 
will sharpen knives and other tools like 
a hone. 

Willows to panting shepherds shade dispense, 
To bees their honey, and to corn defence. 

Googe : Virgil's Georgics, It. 

It is said that victims were enclosed 
in wicker-work made of willow wood, 
and consumed in fires by the druids. 
Martial tells us that the old Britons were 
very skilful in weaving willows into 
baskets and boats {Epigrams, xiv. 99). 
The shields which so long resisted the 
Roman legions were willow wood covered 
with leather. 

(43) Wych Elm, once in repute for 
arrows and long-bows. It affords excel- 
lent wood for the wheeler and millwright. 
The young bark is used for securing 
thatch and bindings, and is made into 
rope. 

The wych elm at Polloc, Renfrewshire, 
is 88 feet high, 12 feet in girth, and 
contains 669 feet of timber. One at Tut- 
bury is 16 feet in girth. — Strutt: Sylva 
Britannica. 

At Field, in Staffordshire, is a wych 
elm 120 feet high and 25 feet in girth 
about the middle. — Plot. 

(44) Yew Tree. The wood is con- 
verted into bows, axle-trees, spoons, cups, 



TREES, ETC. 



"35 



TREMAINE. 



cogs for mill-wheels, flood-gates for fish- 
ponds (because the wood does not soon 
decay), bedsteads (because bugs and fleas 
will not come near it). Gate-posts of yew 
are more durable than iron ; the steps of 
ladders should be made of this wood ; 
and no material is equal to it for market- 
stools. Cabinet-makers and inlayers 
prize it. 

In Aberystwith churchyard is a yew 
tree 24 feet in girth, and another in Sel- 
born churchyard of the same circumfer- 
ence. One of the yews at Fountain Abbey, 
Yorkshire, is 26 feet in girth ; one at 
Aldworth, in Berkshire, is 27 feet in 
girth ; one in Totteridge churchyard 32 
feet ; and one in Fortingal churchyard, 
in Perthshire (according to Pennant), is 
52 feet in circumference (4 feet from the 
ground). 

The yew tree in East Lavant church- 
yard is 31 feet in girth, just below the 
spring of the branches. There are five 
huge branches each as big as a tree, with 
a girth varying from 6 to 14 feet. The 
tree covers an area of 51 feet in every 
direction, and above 150 feet in circuit. 
It is above 1000 years old. 

The yew tree at Martley, Worcester, is 
346 years old, being planted three days 
before the birth of queen Elizabeth. 
That in Hnrlington churchyard is above 
850 years old. That at Ankerwyke, near 
Staines, is said to be the same under 
which king John signed Magna Charta, 
and to have been the trysting-tree of 
Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyne. Three 
yew trees at Fountain Abbey, we are 
told, were full-grown trees in 1128, when 
the founders of the abbey held council 
there in the reign of William Rufus. The 
yew tree of Braburn, in Kent (according 
to De Candolle), is 3000 years old ! ! It 
may be so, if it is true that the yew trees 
of Kingley Bottom, near Chichester, were 
standing when the sea-kings landed on 
the :>ussex coast, and those in Norbury 
Park are the very same which were 
standing in the time of the ancient 
druids. 

Notabilia.— 

Grass will grow beneath alder, ash, 
cypress, elm, plane, and sycamore; but 
not beneath aspen, beech, chestnut, and 
fir. 

Sea-spray does not injure sycamore or 
tamarisk. 

Chestnut and olive never warp ; larch 
is most apt to warp. 

For posts the best woods are yew, oak, 
and larch; one of the worst is chestnut. 



For picture-frames, maple, peari oak, and 
cherry are excellent. 

Fleas dislike alder, cedar, myrtle, and 
yew ; hares and rabbits never injure lime 
bark ; moths and spiders avoid cedar ; 
worms never attack juniper. Beech and 
ash are very subject to attacks of insects. 
Beech is the favourite tree of dormice, 
acacia of nightingales. 

For binding faggots, the best woods 
are guelder rose, hazel, osier, willow, and 
mountain ash. 

Knives and all sorts of instruments 
may be sharpened on ivy roots, willow, 
and holly wood, as well as on a hone. 

Birdlime is made from holly and the 
guelder rose. 

Baskets are made of osier, willow, and 
other wicker and withy shoots ; besoms, 
of birch, tamarisk, heath, etc. ; hurdles, 
of hazel ; barrels and tubs, of chestnut 
and oak ; cricket-bats, of wi low ; fishing- 
rods, of ash, hazel, and blackthorn ; gun- 
stocks, of maple and walnut ; skewers, of 
elder and skewer wood ; the teeth of rakes, 
of blackthorn, ash, and the twigs called 
withy. 

The best woods for turnery are box, 
alder, beech, sycamore, and pear ; for 
Tunbridge ware, lime ; for wood-carving, 
box, lime, and poplar; for clogs, willow, 
alder, and beech ; for oars, ash. 

Beech is called the cabinet-makers' 
wood ; oak and elm, the ship-builders' ; 
ash, the wheel-wrights' . 

N.B. — There are several beautiful lists 
of trees given by poets. For example, 
in Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, iii., at 
the end, where men are sent to cut down 
trees for the funeral pile of Dudon. In 
Statius, The Thebaid, vi., where the 
felling of trees for the pile of the infant 
Archemorus is described. In Spenser, 
Faerie Queene, I. i. 8, 9, where the Red 
Cross Knight and the lady seek shelter 
during a storm, and much admire the 
forest trees. 

Trees of the Sun and Moon, 
oracular trees growing " at the extremity 
of India," mentioned in the Italian ro- 
mance of Guerino Meschinot. 

Tregfeagle, the giant of Dosmary 
Pool, on Bodmin Downs (Cornwall). 
When the wintry winds blare over the 
downs, it is said to be the giant howling. 

Trelawny Ballad (The) is by the 
Rev. R. S. Hawker of Morwenstow. — 
Notes and Queries, 441 (June, 1876). 

Tremaine or "The Man of Refine- 
ment," by R. P. Ward (1825). 



TREMOR. 



1136 



TRIBOULET. 



Tremor (Sir Luke), a desperate 
coward, living in India, who made it a 
rule never to fight either in his own house, 
his neighbour's house, or in the street. 
This lily-livered desperado is everlastingly 
snubbing his wife. (See Trippet, p. 

"39- ) 

Lady Tremor, daughter of a grocer, and 
grandchild of a wig-maker. Very sensi- 
tive on the subject of her plebeian birth, 
and wanting to be thought a lady of high 
family. — Inchbald : Such Things Are 
(1786). 

Tremydd ap Tremhidydd, the 

man with the keenest sight of all mortals. 
He could discern ' ' a mote in the sunbeam 
in any of the four quarters of the world." 
Clustfein ap Clustfeinydd was no less cele- 
brated for his acuteness of hearing, " his 
ear being distressed by the movement of 
dew in June over a blade of grass." The 
meaning of these names is, ' ' Sight the 
son of Seer," and " Ear the son of 
Hearer." — The Mabinogion (" Notes to 
Geraint," etc., twelfth century). 

Trenmor, great-grandfather of Fin- 
gal, and king of Morven (north-west of 
Scotland). His wife was Inibaca, daugh- 
ter of the king of Lochlin or Denmark. — 
Ossian : Fingal, vi. 

In Temora, ii., he is called the first 
king of Ireland, and father of Conar. 

Trent, says Drayton, is the third in 
size of the rivers of England, the two 
larger being the Thames and the Severn. 
Arden being asked which of her rills she 
intended to be the chief, the wizard 
answered, the Trent, for trent means 
"thirty," and thirty rivers should con- 
tribute to its stream, thirty different sorts 
of fish should live in it, and thirty abbeys 
be built on its banks. 

. . . my name I take 
That thirty doth import ; thus thirty rivers make 
My greatness . . . thirty abbeys great 
Upon my fruitful banks times formerly did seat ; 
And thirty kinds offish within my streams do live. 
To me this name of Trent did from that number give. 
Drayton : Polyolbitn, xii. (1613), and xxvi. (1622). 

Trent [Fred), the scapegrace brother 
of little Nell. " He was a young man of 
one and twenty ; well-made, and certainly 
handsome, but dissipated, and insolent in 
air and bearing." The mystery of Fred 
Trent and little Nell is cleared up in 
ch. lxix. — Dickens: The Old Curiosity 
Shop (1840). 

Tres (Scriptores). (See Scriptores, 
P. 973-) 
Tresham (Mr.), senior partner of 



Mr. Osbaldistone, senior. — Sir W. Scott: 
Roh Roy (time, George II.). 

Tresham (Richard), same as general 
Witherington, who first appears as 
Matthew Middlemas. 

Richard Tresham, the son of general 
Witherington, He is also called Richard 
Middlemas.— Sir W. Scott: The Sur- 
geon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Tresham ( Thorold lord), head of a 
noble race, whose boast was that " no blot 
had ever stained their 'scutcheon," though 
the family ran back into pre-historic 
times. He was a young, unmarried man, 
with a sister Mildred, a girl of 14, living 
with him. His near neighbour, Henry 
earl of Mertoun, asked permission to pay 
his addresses to Mildred, and Thorold 
accepted the proposal with much pleasure. 
The old warrener next day told Thorold 
he had observed for several weeks that 
a young man climbed into Mildred's 
chamber at night-time, and he would 
have spoken before, but did not like to 
bring his young mistress into trouble. 
Thorold wrung from his sister an acknow- 
ledgment of the fact, but she refused to 
give up the name, yet said she was quite 
willing to marry the earl. This Thorold 
thought would be dishonourable and re- 
solved to lie in wait for the unknown 
visitor. On his approach, Thorold dis- 
covered it was the earl of Mertoun, and 
slew him then poisoned himself, and 
Mildred died of a broken heart. — R. 
Browning: A Blot on the 'Scutcheon. 

Tressilian (Edmund), the betrothed 
of Amy Robsart. Amy marries the earl 
of Leicester, and is killed by falling into 
a deep pit, to which she had been 
scandalously inveigled. — Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth), 

Tre'visan {Sir), a knight to whom 
Despair gave a hempen rope, that he 
might go and hang himself. — Spenser; 
Faerie Queene, i. (1590). 

Triads (The Welsh), groups of his- 
tory, bardism, theology, ethics, and juris- 
prudence, arranged into threes. From 
the tenth to the fifteenth century. (See 
Three . . . , pp. 1 102-4.) 

Triamond, son of Agape (3 syl.), a 
fairy. He had Canace (3 syl.) to wife.— 
Spenser : Faerie Queene, bk. iv. (1596). 

Triboulet, a nickname given to 
Francis Hotman, court fool of Louis XII. 
This worthy is introduced by Rabelais, in 



TRIBULATION. 



"37 



TRILBY. 



his History of Gargantua and Panta'gruel 
(1533), and by Victor Hugo in his tragedy 
Le Roi s amuse. 

Tribulation [Wholesome], a 
pastor of Amsterdam, who thinks "the 
end will sanctify the means," and uses 
' ' the children of perdition " to promote 
his own object, which he calls the " work 
of God." He is one of the dupes of 
Subtle " the alchemist" and his factotum 
Face. — Ben Jonson : The Alchemist 
(1610). 

Tribune of the People {The), 

John Bright (1811-1889). 

Tricolour, the national badge of 
France since 1789. It consists of the 
Bourbon white cockade, and the blue and 
red cockade of the city of Paris combined. 
It was Lafayette who devised this sym- 
bolical union of king and people, and 
when he presented it to the nation, 
"Gentlemen," said he, "I bring you a 
cockade that shall make the tour of the 
world." (See Stornello Verses, p. 
1048.) 

If you will wear a livery, let it at least be that of the 
city of Paris, blue and red, my friends.— Dumas : Six 
Years AjUrwards, xy. (1846). 

Tricoteuses de Robespierre 

(Les), femmes qui assistaient en tricotant 
aux seances de la Convention, des clubs 
populaires, et du tribunal revolution naire. 
Encourages par la commune, elles se 
porterent a de tels exc6s qu'on les 
surnomma les Furies de la guillotine. 
Elles disparurent avec la soci6te" des 
Jacobins. — Bo ui I let: Diet. Universe I. 

Triermain (The Bridal of), a poem 
by sir Walter Scott, in four cantos, with 
introduction and conclusion (1813). In 
the introduction, Arthur is represented as 
the person who tells the tale to Lucy, his 
bride. 

The tale is as follows : Gyneth, a 
natural daughter of king Arthur and 
Guend6len, was promised in marriage to 
the bravest knight in a tournament ; but 
she suffered so many combatants to fall 
without dropping the warder, that Merlin 
threw her into an enchanted sleep, from 
which she was not to wake till a knight as 
brave as those who had fallen claimed her 
in marriage. After the lapse of 500 years, 
sir Roland de Vaux, baron of Triermain, 
undertook to break the spell, but had first 
to overcome four temptations, viz. fear, 
avarice, pleasure, and ambition. Having 
come off more than conqueror, Gyneth 
awoke, and became his bride, 



Trifal'di (The countess), called "The 
Afflicted Duenna " of the princess Anto- 
nomasia (heiress to the throne of Candaya). 
She was called Trifaldi from her robe, 
which was divided into three triangles, 
each of which was supported by a page. 
The face of this duenna was, by the 
enchantment of the giant Malambru'no, 
covered with a large, rough beard, but 
when don Quixote mounted Clavileno 
the Winged, "the enchantment was 
dissolved." 

The renowned knight don Quixote de la Mancha 
hath achieved the adventure merely by attempting it. 
Malambruno is appeased, and the chin of the Dolorida 

duena is again beardless Cervantes : Don Quixote, 

II. iii. 4, s (1615). 

Trifal'din of the "Bushy Beard" 
(white as snow), the gigantic 'squire of 
"The Afflicted Duenna" the countess 
Trifaldi. — Cervantes : Don Quixote, II. 
iii. 4 (16x5). 

Trifle (Miss Penelope), an old maiden 
sister of sir Penurious Trifle. Stiff as a 
ramrod, prim as fine airs and graces 
could make her, fond of long words, and 
delighting in phrases modelled in true 
Johnsonian ponderosity. 

Miss Sukey Trifle, daughter of sir 
Penurious, tricked into marriage with 
Mr. Hartop, a young spendthrift, who fell 
in love with her fortune. 

V Sir Penurious Trifle is not intro- 
duced, but Hartop assumes his character, 
and makes him fond of telling stale and 
pointless stories. He addresses sir Gre- 
gory as ' ' you knight. " — Foote : The 
Knights (1754). 

Trilby, a novel by Du Maurier, in 
eight parts (1895). The heroine is Trilby 
O'Ferrall, and the hero "Little Billee, 
that is William Bagot, son of a widow in 
Devonshire. Trilby was the daughter of 
Mr. O'Ferrall, who had been a clergyman 
and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
but by indulgence in drink he lost his 
living, went to Paris, and married a 
barmaid, the natural daughter of the 
Hon. col. Desmond, a near relative of 
the duchess of Tower. When the novel 
opens, Trilby was about 17, and earned 
her living as an artist's model. She 
became intimate with three "English" 
art-students in Paris, whose influence over 
her for good was unbounded. They were 
called Taffy, the laird of Cockpen, and 
Little Billee. The first was Talbot Wynne, 
of Yorkshire, a man of magnificent 
physique, most affectionate disposition, 
and unbounded spirits; the second was 
the son of a solicitor ; and the third was 
4 D 



TRIM. 



1138 



TRIPE. 



William Bagot, the greatest artist of the 
age. They all fell in love with Trilby, but 
Little Billee proposed marriage, and, after 
nineteen refusals, Trilby accepted his 
proposal. His mother now speeded from 
Devonshire, and induced Trilby to break 
off the match, and she gave her word 
never to marry her son. Little Billee fell 
dangerously ill, went to Devonshire to be 
nursed, and the Paris clique was broken 
up. For a time Trilby earned her living 
as a getter-up of fine linen, and then fell 
into the hands of an Hungarian musician, 
who assumed the name of Svengali. He 
taught her singing, under mesmeric 
influence, and when under this influence 
she was the best vocalist that ever lived. 
Emperors and kings, princes and dukes, 
bowed down before her, and the Hun- 
garian grew rich. But when she appeared 
before the British public, Svengali, who 
was sitting in the stage-box, died suddenly 
of heart-disease, and Trilby entirely lost 
her voice. She now languished, and soon 
died of atrophy, beloved by every one. 
Taffy married Little Billee's sister ; Little 
Billee died; and the laird of Cockpen 
married a countrywoman. Trilby is 
represented as beautiful exceedingly, with 
model feet, a perfect figure, a loving 
disposition, ready to turn her hand to 
anything, and a perfect siren of angelic 
nature. Every one loved her, and she had 
not an enemy in the world. 

Charles Nodier, in 1822, published a novelette of the 
tame name, but this Trilby was a male spirit who 
attached itself to a fisherman, fell in love with his wife, 
and performed for her all kinds of household services. 

Trim [Corporal), uncle Toby's orderly. 
Faithful, simple-minded, and most affec- 
tionate. Voluble in speech, but most 
respectful. Half companion, but never 
forgetting he is his master's servant. Trim 
is the duplicate of uncle Toby in delf. 
The latter at all times shows himself the 
officer and the gentleman, born to com- 
mand and used to obedience, while the 
former always carries traces of the drill- 
yard, and shows that he has been accus- 
tomed to receive orders with deference, 
and to execute them with military preci- 
sion. It is a great compliment to say that 
the corporal was worthy such a noble 
master. — Sterne: Tristram Shandy(iy^g). 

Trim, Instead of being the opposite, Is ... the dupli- 
cate of uncle Toby . . . yet ... is the character of 
the common soldier nicely discriminated from that of 
the officer. His whole carriage bears traces of the 
drill-yard, which are wanting in the superior. Under 
the name of a servant, he is in reality a companion, and 
a delightful mixture of familiarity . . . and respect. . . . 
It is enough to say that Trim was worthy to walk 
behind his master.— Elwin, editor of the Quarterly 
Review (18S3-60). 



Trimalchi, a celebrated cook In the 
reign of Nero, mentioned by Petronius. 
He had the art of giving to the most 
common fish the flavour and appearance 
of the most highly esteemed. Like Ude, 
he said that "sauces are the soul of 
cookery, and cookery the soul of festivity," 
or, as the cat's-meat man observed, " tis 
the seasonin' as does it." 

Trinacria. Sicily is so called from 
its three promontories (Greek, tria akra) : 
(1) Pelo'rus (Capo di Faro), in the north, 
called Faro from the pharos ; (a) Packy 1 * 
nus (Capo di Passaro), in the south ; (3) 
Lilyba'um (Capo di Marsella or Capo di 
Boco), in the west 

Oar ship 
Had left behind Trlnacria's burning Isle, 
And visited the margin of the Nile. 

Falcontr: Tht Shipwreck, L (176a! 

Trin'culo, a jester. — Shakespeari t 
The Tempest (X609). 

A miscarriage . . . would (like the loss of Trinculo'e 

bottle in the ' rse-pond) be attended not only with 
dishonour but with infinite loss.— Sir W. Scott. 

Trinket {Lord), a man of fashion 

and a libertine. 

He is just polite enough to be able to be very un. 
mannerly, with a great deal of good breeding ; is just 
handsome enough to make him excessively vain of his 

Eerson ; and has just reflection enough to finish him 
>r a coxcomb ; qualifications . . . very common among 
. . . men of quality.— Caiman : The Jealous Wiftt 
U. 3 (1761). 

Tri'nobants, people of Trinoban'- 
tium, that is, Middlesex and Essex, 
Their chief town was Tri'novant, now 
London. 

So eastward where by Thames the Trinobants were set, 
To Trinovant their town . . . That London now we 

term . . . 
The Saxons . . . their east kingdom called [Essex]. 
Drayton: Polyolbien, xvL (16x3). 

Tri'novant, London, the chief town 
of the Trinobantes ; called in fable, 
" Troja Nova." (See Troynovant. ) 

Trinquet, one of the seven attendants 
of Fortunio. His gift was that he could 
drink a river and be dry again. "Are 
you always thirsty?" asked Fortunio. 
" No," said the man, "only after eating 
salt meat, or upon a wager." — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales ("Fortunio," 
1682). 

Trip to Scarborough (A), a 
comedy by Sheridan (1777), based on 
The Relapse, by Vanbrugh (1697). (For 
the tale, see Foppington, p. 381.)—^ 
Trip to Scarborough. 

Tripe (x syl.), the nickname of Mrs. 
Hamilton, of Covent Garden Theatre 
(1730- 1788). 

Mrs. Hamilton, being hissed, came forward and said, 
M Gem men and ladies, I s'pose as how you hiss me 



TRIPLET; a character in the play Masks & Faces 
by Tom Taylor and Charles Reade 



mm 






m 



TRIPLE ALLIANCE. 1139 

because I wouldn't play at Mrs. Bellamy's benefit. I 
would have done so, but she said as how my audience 
were all tripe people." When the fair speechitier got 
thus far, the pit roared out, " Well said, Mrs. Tripe 1 " a 
title she retained till she quitted the theatre— Memoir 
of Mrs. Hamilton (1803). 

Triple Alliance ( The). 

(1) A treaty between Great Britain, 
Sweden, and the United Provinces, in 
1668, for the purpose of checking the 
■>mbition of Louis XIV. 

(s) A treaty between George I. of 
..if'and, Philip duke of Orleans regent 
->f Fr nee, and the United Provinces, for 

& se of counteracting the plans of 

n.„ rhe Spanish minister, 1717. 

[■£■ between Great Britain, Holland, 
and Prussia, against Katharine of Russia, 
in defence of Turkey, 1789. 

Of course, there have been many other Triple 
Alliances, but the above mentioned are noted. 

Trippet (Beau), who "pawned his 
honour to Mrs. Trippet never to draw 
sword in any cause," whatever might be 
the provocation. (See Tremor, p. 113G.) 

Mrs. Trippet, the beau's wife, who 
" would dance for four and twenty hours 
together," and play cards for twice that 
length of time. — Garrick: The Lying 
Valet (1740). 

Tripping* as an Omen. 

When Julius Caesar landed at Adrume- 
tum, in Africa, he happened to trip and 
fall on his face. This would have been 
considered a fatal omen by his army, 
but. with admirable presence of mind, he 
exclaimed, "Thus take I seisin of thee, 
O Africa ! " 

11 A similar story is told of Scipio. 
Upon his arrival in Africa, he also 
happened to trip ; and, observing that 
his soldiers looked upon this as a bad 
omen, he clutched the earth with his two 
hands, and cried aloud, " Now, Africa, I 
hold thee in my grasp 1 "—Don Quixote, 
II. iv. 6. 

1[ When William the Conqueror 
leaped on shore at Bulverhythe, he fell on 
his face, and a great cry went forth that 
the omen was unlucky ; but the duke ex- 
claimed, "I take seisin of this land with 
both my hands ! " 

1 Similar stories are told of Napoleon 
in Egypt ; of king Olaf, son of Har.ild, 
in Norway ; of Junius Brutus, who, 
returning from the oracle, fell on the 
earth, and cried, " 'Tis thus I kiss thee, 
mother Earth ! " 

t When captain Jean Cceurpreux 
tripped in dancing at the Tuilerics, 
Napoleon III. held out his hand to help 
him up, and said, " Captain, this is the 



TRISTRAM. 

second time I have seen you fall. The 
first was by my side in the field of 
Magenta." Then turning to the lady he 
added, "Madam, captain Cceurpreux is 
henceforth commandant of my Guides, 
and will never fall in duty or allegiance, 
I am persuaded." 

Trismegistns ["thrice greatest "\ 
Hermes the Egyptian philosopher, or 
Thoth councillor of Osiris. He invented 
the art of writing in hieroglyphics, 
harmony, astrology, magic, the lute and 
lyre, and many other things. 

Tris'sotin, a bel esprit. Philaminte 
(3 syl' )> a femme savante, wishes him to 
marry her daughter Henriette, but Hen- 
riette is in love with Clitandre. The 
difficulty is soon solved by the announce- 
ment that Henriette's father is on the 
verge of bankruptcy, whereupon Trissotin 
makes his bow and retires. — Molitre : 
Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 

(Trissotin is meant for the abbe" Crotin, 
who affected to be poet, gallant, and 
preacher. His dramatic name was 
" Tricotin.") 

Tristram {Sir), son of sir Meliodas 
king of Li'ones and Elizabeth his wife 
(daughter of sir Mark king of Cornwall). 
He was called Tristram ("sorrowful"), 
because his mother died in giving him 
birth. His father also died when Tris- 
tram was a mere lad (pt. ii. 1). He was 
knighted by his uncle Mark (pt. ii. 5), and 
married Isond le Blanch Mains, daughter 
of Howell king of Britain (Brittany) ; 
but he never loved her, nor would he 
live with her. His whole love was cen- 
tred on his aunt, La Belle Isond, wife 
of king Mark, and this unhappy attach- 
ment was the cause of numberless 
troubles, and ultimately of his death. 
La Belle Isond, however, was quite as 
culpable as the knight, for she herself 
told him, " My measure of hate for Mark 
is as the measure of my love for thee ; " 
and when she found that her husband 
would not allow sir Tristram to remain 
at Tintag'el Castle, she eloped with him, 
and lived three years at Joyous Guard, 
near Carlisle. At length she returned 
home, and sir Tristram followed her. 
His death is variously related. Thus the 
History of Prince Arthur says — 

When by means of a treaty sir Tristram brought 
again La Beale Isond unto king Mark from Joyoui 
Guard, the false traitor king Mark slew the noble 
Icnlght as he sat narping before his lady, La Be.ils 
Isond, with a sharp ground glaive, wh cli he thrust into 
hun ir. wh behind his back. — 1't. iii. 147 (1470!. 

N. B. — Tennyson gives the tale thus : 



TRISTRAM AND ISEULT. 



1 140 



TRIUMVIRATE. 



He says that sir Tristram, dallying with 
his aunt, hung a ruby carcanet round her 
throat ; and, as he kissed her neck — 

Out of the dark, just as the lips had touched, 
Behind him rose a shadow and a shriek — 
"Mark's wayl" said Mark, and clove him thre' the 
brain. 
Tennyson : Idylls {" The Last Tournament "). 

*.' Another tale is this: Sir Tristram 
was severely wounded in Brittany, and 
sent a dying request to his aunt to come 
and see him. If she consented, a white 
flag was to be hoisted on the mast-head 
of her ship ; if not, a black one. His 
wife told him the ship was in sight, dis- 
playing a black flag, at which words the 
strong man bowed his head and died. 
When his aunt came ashore and heard of 
his death, she flung herself on the body, 
and died also. The two were buried in 
one grave, and Mark planted over it a 
rose and a vine, which became so inter- 
woven it was not possible to separate 
them. 

(Sir Launcelot, sir Tristram, and sir 
Lamorake were the three bravest and 
best of the 150 knights of the Round 
Table, but were all equally guilty in 
their amours: sir Launcelot with the 
queen; sir Tristram with his aunt, king 
Mark's wife ; and sir Lamorake with his 
aunt, king Lot's wife.) 

^ The story of the white and black flags Is borrowed 
from the tale of Theseus (2 syl.). After he had slain 
the minotaur, and was returning to Athena, the pilot 
neglected to hoist the white flag as the signal of success, 
in place of the black flag, usually carried by the ship 
which bore the melancholy tribute to Crete (consisting 
of seven youths and seven maidens) every nine years, 
to be devoured by the minotaur, jfegeus was king of 
Athens at the time, and anxiously looked out for the 
sign, for his own son was one of the victims. Thinking 
his beloved boy was devoured by the monster, he threw 
himself into the sea which boars his name, and perished 
there. 

Tristram and Iseult, an idyll in 
three parts. Part i. , a dialogue between 
Tristram and a page. Part ii. , " Iseult 
in Ireland," a dialogue between 
Tristram and Iseult. Part iii., "Iseult 
in Brittany," is when Iseult is a widow, 
and tells her three children the tale of 
Merlin and Vivian. 

Tristram's Book (Sir). Any book 
of venery, hunting, or hawking is so 
called. 

Tristram began good measures of blowing good 
blasts of venery, and of chace, and of all manner of 
vermin. All these terms have we still of hawking and 
hunting, and therefore a book of venery ... is called 
The Boo* o/Sir Tristram.— Sir T. Malory: History 
0/ Prince Arthur, ii. 3 (1470). 

Sir Tristram's Horse, Passetreul or 
Passe Breweft. It is called both, but one 
teems to be a clerical error. 



(Passe Brewell is in sir T. Malory's 
History of Prince Arthur, ii. 68.) 

History of Sir Tristram or Tristan. 
The oldest story is by Gotfrit of Stras- 
bourg, a minnesinger (twelfth century), 
entitled Tristan and Isolde. It was con- 
tinued by Ulrich of Turheim, by Hein- 
rich of Freyburg, and others, to the 
extent of many thousand verses. The 
tale of sir Tristram, derived from Welsh 
traditions, was versified by Thomas the 
Rhymer of Erceldoune. 

The second part of the History of 
Prince Arthur, compiled by sir T. 
Malory, is almost exclusively confined 
to the adventures of sir Tristram, as the 
third part is to the adventures of sir 
Launcelot and the quest of the holy 
graal (1470). 

(Matthew Arnold has a poem entitled 
Tristram; and R. Wagner*, in 1865, pro- 
duced his opera of Tristan and Isolde. ) 

See Michel, Tristan; Recueil de ce qui rest* det 
Ptetnes relatifs a ses Aventures (1835). 

Tristram Shandy. (See Shandy, 
P. 993-) 

Tristrem l'Hermite, provost-mar- 
shal of France in the reign of Louis XI. 
Introduced by sir W. Scott in Quentin 
Durward (1823) and in Anne of Geicr- 
stein (1829). 

Tritheim (J.), chronicler and theo- 
logian of Treves, elected abbot of Span- 
heim at the age of 22 years. He tried to 
reform the monks, but produced a revolt, 
and resigned his office. He was then 
appointed abbot of Wiirzburg (1462- 
1516). 

Old Trifhelm, busied with his class the while. 

R. Browning: Paracelsus, i. (1836). 

Triton, the sea-trumpeter. He blowi 
through a shell to rouse or allay the sea. 
A post-Hesiodic fable. 

Have sight of Proteus coming from the sea. 
Or hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn. 

Wordsworth. 

Trito'nia's Sacred Fane, the 

temple of Minerva, which once crowned 
"the marble steep of Sunium" or Co- 
lonna, the most southern point of Attica. 

There [on cape Colonna\ reared by fair devotion to 

sustain 
In elder times Tritonla's sacred fane. 

Falconer : The Shipwreck, IlL 5 (17(9). 

Triumvirate (The) in English 
history : The duke of Marlborough con- 
trolling foreign affairs ; lord Godolphin 
controlling council and parliament ; and 
the duchess of Marlborough controlling 
the court and queen. 



TRIUMVIRATE OF ENGLAND. 1141 



TROJAN, 



Triumvirate of England ( The) : 
Gower, Chaucer, and Lydgate, poets. 

Triumvirate of Italian Poets 

(The): Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch. 
N.B. — Boccaccio wrote poe.ry, without 
doubt, but is best known as " The Father 
of Italian Prose." These three are more 
correctly called the " Trecentisti " (a. v.). 

TriVia, Diana ; so called because she 
had three faces, Luna in heaven, Diana 
on earth, and Hecate in hell. 

The noble Brutus went wise Trivia to inquire, 
To show chem where the stock of ancient Troy to place. 
Drayton : Polyeiiion, u (1612). 

Trivia, or The Art of Walking the 
Streets of London, a poem in three books, 
by Gay. Bk. i. describes the "im- 
plements for walking and the signs of the 
weather." Bk. ii. describes the difficulties, 
etc. , of " walking by day ; " and bk. iii. the 
dangers of "walking by night" (1712- 

W5)- 

N.B. — "Trivium" has quite another 
meaning, being an old theological term 
for the three elementary subjects of 
education, viz. grammar, rhetoric, and 
logic. The " quadrivium " embraced 
music, arithmetic, geometry, and astro- 
nomy, and the two together were called 
the seven arts or sciences. 

Troglodytes (3 or 4 syl.). Accord- 
ing to Pliny (Nat. Hist., v. 8), the Trog- 
lodytes lived in caves under ground, and 
fed on serpents. In modern parlance we 
call those who live so secluded as not to 
be informed of the current events of the 
day, troglodytes. Longfellow calls ants 
by the same name. 

[ Thou the] nomadic tribes of ants 

Dost persecute and overwhelm 

These hapless troglodytes of thy realm. 

LoneftUvw: To a Child. 

Troglody'tes (4 syl.), one of the 
mouse heroes in the battle of the frogs 
and mice. He slew Pellon, and was 
slain by Lymnoc'haris. 

The strong Lymnocharis, who viewed with Ira 
A victor triumph and a friend expire ; 
■U .;'.. heavv arms a rocky fragnK-nt caught. 
And fiercely flung where Troglodyte's fought . , . 
Full on his sinewy neck the fragment fell. 
And o'er his eyelids clouds eternal dwell. 
ParntU: BaUU 0/ tht Frogs and Mice (about 171a). 

Troil (Magnus), the old udaller of 
Zetland. 

Brenda Troil, the udaller's younger 
daughter, who marries Mordaunt Mer- 
toun. 

Minna Troil, the udaller's eldest 

daughter. In love with the pirate. — Sir 



W. Scott: The Pirate (time, William 
III.). 

A udaller is one whe holds his lands by allodial 
tenure. 

Tro'ilus (3 syl.), a son of Priam king 
of Troy. In the picture described by 
Virgil (AZneid, i. 474-478) he is repre- 
sented as having thrown down his arms 
and fleeing in his chariot "impar con- 
gressus Achilli." Troilus is pierced with 
a lance, and, having fallen backwards, 
still holding the reins, the lance with 
which he is transfixed " scratches the 
sand over which it trails." 

N.B. — Chaucer in his Troilus and 
Creseide, and Shakespeare in his drama 
of Tr&ilus and Cressida, follow Lollius, 
an old Lombard romancer, historio- 
grapher of Urbi'no, in Italy. Lollius's 
tale, wholly unknown in classic fiction, is 
that Troilus falls in love with Cressid 
daughter of the priest Chalchas, and 
Pandarus is employed as a go-between. 
After Troilus has obtained a promise of 
marriage from the priest's daughter, an 
exchange of prisoners is arranged, and 
Cressid, falling to the lot of Diomed, 
prefers her new master to her Trojan 
lover. 

(Chaucer's Troilus and Creseide is not 
one of the Canterbury Tales, but quite 
an independent one, in five books. It 
contains 8246 lines, nearly 3000 of which 
are borrowed from the Filostrato of 
Boccaccio.) 

Trois Chapitrti (Les) or Thb 
Three Chapters, three theological 
works on the " Incarnation of Christ and 
His dual nature." The authors of these 
** chapters " are Theodore of Mopsuestia, 
Theodoret of Cyrrhus, and Ibas 01 Edessa. 
The work was condemned in 553 as here- 
tical. 

Trois Echelles, executioner.— Sir 
W. Scott : Qucntin Durward and Ann* 
of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Trois Eveches (Les) otTheThrek 
Bishoprics, Metz, Toul, and Verdun. 
They for a long time belonged to Ger- 
many, but in 1552 were united to France. 
Metz was restored to the German empire 
in 1871. 

Trojan, s good boon companion, a 
plucky fellow or man of spirit. Gadshill 
says, "There are other Trojans [men 0/ 
spirit] that ... for sport sake are con- 
tent to do the profession [of thieinng\ 
some grace." So in Love's Labour s Lost, 



TROMATHON. 



1142 



TROUILLOGAN. 



" Unless you play the honest Trojan, 
the poor wench is cast away" (unless 
you are a man of sufficient spirit to act 
honestly, the girl is ruined). 

" He's a regular Trojan " means he is 
un brave homme, a capital fellow. 

Trom'athon, a desert island, one of 
the Orkney group. — Ossian : Oithona. 

T romp art, a lazy but wily- wit ted 
knave, grown old in cunning. He ac- 
companies Braggadoccio as his 'squire 
(bk. ii. 3), but took to his heels when 
Talus shaved the master, " reft his 
shield," blotted out his arms, and broke 
his sword in twain. Being overtaken, 
Talus gave him a sound drubbing (bk. y. 
3). — Spenser : Faerie Queene (1590-6). 

Trond jem's Cattle {Remember the 
bishop of), i.e. look sharp after your 
property ; take heed, or you will suffer 
for it. The story is, a certain bishop af 
Trondjem [ Tron'-yem] lost his cattle by 
the herdsman taking his eye off them to 
look at an elk. Now, this elk was a spirit, 
and when the herdsman looked at the 
cattle again they were no bigger than 
mice 5 again he turned towards the elk, 
in order to understand the mystery, and, 
while he did so, the cattle all vanished 
through a crevice into the earth. — Miss 
Martineau: Feats on the Fiord (1839). 

Tropho'nios, the architect of the 
temple of Apollo, at Delphi. After 
death, he was worshipped, and had a 
famous cave near Lebadia, called "The 
Oracle of Trophonios. " 

The mouth of this cave was three yards high and 
two wide. Those who consulted the oracle had to fast 
several days, and then to descend a steep ladder till 
they reached a narrow gullet. They were then seized 
by the feet, and dragged violently to the bottom of the 
cave, where tney were assailed by the most unearthly 
noises, howlings, shrieks, bellowings, with lurid lights 
and sudden glares, in the midst of which uproar and 
phantasmagoria the oracle was pronounced. The 
votaries were then seized unexpectedly by the feet, 
and thrust out of the cave without ceremony. If any 
resisted, or attempted to enter in any other way, he 
was instantly murdered.— Plutarch : Lives. 

Trotley (Sir John), an old-fashioned 
country gentleman, who actually prefers 
the obsolete English notions of domestic 
life, fidelity to wives and husbands, 
modesty in maids, and constancy in 
lovers, to the foreign free-and-easy 
manners which allow married people 
unlimited freedom, and consider licen- 
tiousness bon ton. — Garrick : Bon Ton 
(1776). (See Priory, p. 873.) 

Trotter (Job), servant to Alfred 
Jingle. A sly, canting rascal, who has 



at least the virtue of fidelity to his master, 
Mr. Pickwick's generosity touches his 
heart, and he shows a sincere gratitude 
to his benefactor.— Dickens: The Pick- 
wick Papers (1836). 

Trotter (Nelly), fishwoman at old St. 
Ronan's. — Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Trotters, a Punch and Judy show- 
man ; good-natured and unsuspicious. 
He is described as small in stature, very 
unlike his misanthropic companion, 
Thomas Codlin, who played the panpipes 
and collected the money. 

His real name was Harris, but it had gradually 
merged into Trotters, with the prefatory adjective 
" Short," by reason of the small size of his legs. Short 
Trotters, however, being a compound name, incon- 
venient in friendly dialogue, he was called either 
Trotters or Short, and never Short Trotters, except on 
occasions of ceremony.— Dickens : The Old Curiosity 
Shop, xvii. (1840). 

Trotty, the sobriquet of Toby Veck, 
ticket-porter and jobman. 

They called him Trotty from his pace, which meant 
speed, if it didn't make it. He could have walked 
faster, perhaps ; most likely ; but rob him of his trot, 
and Toby would have taken to his bed and died. It 
bespattered him with mud in dirty weather ; it cost 
him a world of trouble ; he could have walked with 
infinitely greater ease ; but that was one reason for his 
clinging to his trot so tenaciously. A weak, small, 
spare old man ; he was a very Hercules, this Toby, in 
his good intentions.— Dicken s : The Chimes, i. (1S44). 

Trotwood (Betsey), usually called 
"Miss Betsey," great-aunt of David 
Copperfield. Her bete noir wa.s donkeys. 
A dozen times a day would she rush on 
the green before her house to drive off 
the donkeys and donkey-boys. She was 
a most kind-hearted, worthy woman, who 
concealed her tenderness of heart under 
a snappish austerity of manner. Miss 
Betsey was the true friend of David 
Copperfield. She married in her young 
days a handsome man, who ill-used her 
and ran away, but sponged on her for 
money till he died. — Dickens: David 
Copperfield (1849). 

Trouil'logan, a philosopher, whose 
advice was, " Do as you like." Panurge 
asked the sage if he advised him to many. 
"Yes," said Trouillogan. "What say 
you ? " asked the prince. " Let it alone," 
replied the sage. " Which would you 
advise?" inquired the prince. " Neither," 
said the sage. "Neither?" cried 
Panurge; "that cannot be." "Then 
both," replied Trouillogan. ftmurge 
then consulted several others, and at last 
the oracle of the Holy Bottle. — Rabelais. 
Pantag'ruel, iii. 36 (1545). 

\ Moliere has introduced this joke in 



TROVATORE. 



1143 



TRUNNION. 



his Mariage Ford (1664). Sganarelle 
asks his friend GeYonimo if he would 
advise him to marry, and he answers, 
"No." "But," says the old man, "I 
like the young woman." "Then marry 
her by all means." "That is your 
advice?" says Sganarelle. "My advice 
is do as you like," says the friend. 
Sganarelle next consults two philosophers, 
then some gipsies, then declines to marry, 
and is at last compelled to do so, nolens 
volens. 

Trovato're (4 syl.) or "The Trou- 
badour " is Manri'co, the supposed son of 
Azuce'na the gipsy, but in reality the 
son of Garzia (brother of the conte di 
Luna). The princess Leono'ra falls in 
love with the troubadour, but the count, 
entertaining a base passion for her, is 
about to put Manrico to death, when 
Leonora intercedes on his behalf, and 
promises to give herself to him if he will 
spare her lover. The count consents ; 
but while he goes to release his captive, 
Leonora kills herself by sucking poison 
from a ring. When Manrico discovers 
this sad calamity, he dies also. — Verdi: 
II Trovatore (18 53). 

(This opera is based on the drama of 
Gargia Guttierez, a fifteenth-century 
Story. ) 

Troxartas (3 syl. ), king of the mice 
and father of Psycarpax who was 
drowned. The word means " bread- 
eater." 

Fix their counsel . . . 
Where great Troxartas crowned in glory reigns . . . 
Psycarpax' father, father now no morel 
Petrnell: Battle of the Frogs and Mice, I (about 1712). 

Troy's Six Gates were (according 
to Theobald) Dardan, Thymbria, Ilia, 
Scaea, Trojan, and Antenorldes. 

Priam's six-gated city : 
Dardan, and Tymbria, Helias, Chetas, Troieo, 
And Antenorides. 

Shakespeare : Troilus and Crutida (proi., xooa). 

His cyte compassed enuyrowne 

Hadcie gates VI. to entre into the towne. 

The firste of all . . . was . . . called D.irdanyd4»| 

. . . Tymbria was named the seconde; 

And the thyrde called Helvas : 

The fourthe gate hyghte also Cetheas ; 

The fyi'the Trojaua; syxth Anthonydes. 

Lydgate : Troy Bohe (1513). 

Troy'novant or New Troy, Lon- 
don. This blunder arose from a con- 
fusion of the old British tri-nouhant, 
meaning "new town," with Troy novant, 
" new Troy." This blunder gave rise to 
the historic fable about Brute, a descend- 
ant of ^Ene'as, colonizing the island. 

For noble Britons sprong from Trojans bold. 
And Troy-novant was built of eld Troyes ashes cold. 
Sf enter : FairU Queene, ili. 3 (1590). 



Trudge, in Leve in a Bottle, by Far- 

quhar (1698). 

True Love Requited. (See Bai- 
liff's Daughter of Islington, p. 82.) 

True Thomas, Thomas the Rhymer. 
So called from his prophecies, the most 
noted of which was his prediction of the 
death of Alexander III. of Scotland, 
made to the earl of March. It is re- 
corded in the Scotichronicon of Fordun 
(1430)- 

Trueworth, brother of Lydia, and 
friend of sir William Fondlove. — Knowles: 
The Love-Chase (1837). 

Trull (Dolly). Captain Macheath 
says of her, " She is always so taken up 
with stealing hearts, that she does not 
allow herself time to steal anything 
else" (act u. 1). — Gay: The Beggars 
Opera (1727). 

Trulla, the daughter of James 
Spencer, a quaker. She was first dis- 
honoured by her father, and then by 
Simeon Wait (or Magna'no) the tinker. 

He Trulla loved, Trulla more bright 
Than burnished armour of her knight | 
A bold virago, stout and tall 
As Joan of France or English M«H. 

S. Butler: Huditrms, i. • (1663). 

Trul'liber (Parson), a fat clergy- 
man ; ignorant, selfish, and slothful. — 
Fielding: The Adventures of Joseph 
Andrews (1742). 

Parson Barnabas, Parson Trulliber, sir Wilful Wit- 
would, sir Francis Wronghead, squire Western, squire 
Sullen ; such were the people who composed the main 
strength of the tory party for sixty years alter the 
Revolution.— Maemulay. 

("Sir Wilful Witwould," in The Way 
ef the World, by Congreve ; " sir Francis 
Wronghead," in The Provoked Husband, 
by C. Gibber ; "squire Western," in Tom 
j ones, by Fielding ; " squire Sullen," in 
The Beaux' Stratagem, by Farquhar.) 

Trunnion (Commodore Hawser), a 
one-eyed naval veteran, who has retired 
from the service in consequence of in- 
juries received in engagements ; but he 
still keeps garrison in his own house, 
which is defended with drawbridge and 
ditch. He sleeps in a hammock, and 
makes his servants sleep in hammocks, 
as on board ship, takes his turn on 
watch, and indulges his naval tastes in 
various other ways. Lieutenant Jack 
Hatchway is his companion. When he 
went to be married, he rode on a hunter 
which he steered like a ship, according 
to the compass, tacking about, that he 
might not "go right in the wind's eye,"— 



TRUSTY. 



"44 



TULCHAN BISHOPS. 



Smollett: The Adventures of Peregrine 
Pickle (1750). 

It is vain to criticize the manoeuvre of Trunnion, 
tacking his way to church on his wedding day, in 
consequence 01 a head wind.— Encyc. Brit, (article 
"Romance"). 

IF Dickens has imitated this in Wem- 
mick's house, which had flag and draw- 
bridge, fortress and gun in miniature; 
but the conceit is more suited to "a 
naval veteran" than to a lawyer's clerk. 
(See Wemmick, p. 1202.) 

Trusty (Mrs.), landlady of the 
Queen's Arms, Romford. Motherly, 
most kind-hearted, a capital caterer, 
whose ale was noted. Bess ' ' the beg- 
gar's daughter" took refuge with her, and 
was most kindly treated. Mrs. Trusty 
wished her son Ralph to take Bess to 
wife, but Bess had given her heart to 
Wilford, the son of lord Woodville, her 
cousin. — Kvowles: The Beggar of Bethnal 
Green (1834). 

Truth in a Well. Cicero says, 
" Naturam accusa, quae in profundo 
veritatem, ut ait Democrttus, penitus 
abstruseris." — Academics, i. 10. 

(Cleanthgs is also credited with the 
phrase.) 

Tryamour (Sir), the hero of an old 
metrical novel, and the model of all 

knightly virtues. 

Try'anon, daughter of the fairy 
king who lived on the island of Ole'ron. 
"She was as white as a lily in May, or 
snow that snoweth on winter's day," and 
her "haire shone as golde wire." This 
paragon of beauty married sir Launfal, 
king Arthur's steward, whom she carried 
off to " Oliroun, her jolif isle." — Chestre: 
Sir iMunfal (fifteenth century). 

Tryg"on, a poisonous fish. Ulysses 
was accidentally killed by his son Tele- 
gSnos with an arrow pointed with 
trygon-bone. 

The lord of Ithaca. 
Struck by the poisonous trygon's bone, expired. 
West: Triumphs of the Gout (" Lucian, 1750). 

Tryphon, the sea-god's physician. 

They send in haste for Tryphon, to apply 
Salves to his wounds, and medicines of might; 
For Tryphon of sea-gods the sovereign leech is hight, 
Spenser : Faerie Queene, iii. 4 (1590). 

Tubal, a wealthy Jew, the friend of 
Shylock.— Shakespeare : The Merchant of 
Venice (a drama, 1598). . 

Tuck, a long, narrow sword (Gaelic 
tuca, Welsh twea, Italian stocco, French 
tstoc). In Hamlet the word "tuck" is 



erroneously printed stuck in Malone'i 
edition. 

If he by chance escape your renomed tuck. 
Our purpose may hold there. 

Shakespeare: Hamlet, act lv. sc. 7 (1596). 

Tuck (Friar), the "curtal friar of 
Fountain's Abbey," was the father con- 
fessor of Robin Hood. He is represented 
as a sleek-headed, pudgy, paunchy, pug- 
nacious clerical Falstaff, very fat and 
self-indulgent, very humorous, and some- 
what coarse. His dress was a russet 
habit of the Franciscan order, a red 
corded girdle with gold tassel, red stock, 
ings, and a wallet. 

Sir Walter Scott, in his Ivanhoe, calls 
him the holy clerk of Copmanhurst, and 
describes him as a "large, strong-built 
man in a sackcloth gown and hood, girt 
with a rope of rushes. " He had a round, 
bullet head, and his close-shaven crown 
was edged with thick, stiff, curly black 
hair. His countenance was bluff and 
jovial, eyebrows black and bushy, fore- 
head well-turned, cheeks round and 
ruddy, beard long, curly, and black, 
form brawny (ch. xv.). 

In the May-day morris-dance, the friar 
is introduced in full clerical tonsure, with 
the chaplet of white and red beads in his 
right hand, a corded girdle about his 
waist, and a russet robe of the Francis- 
can order. His stockings red, his girdle 
red ornamented with gold twist and a 
golden tassel. At his girdle hung a 
wallet for the reception of provisions, 
for " Walleteers " had no other food but 
what they received from begging. Friar 
Tuck was chaplain to Robin Hood the 
May-king. (See Morris-Dance, p. 729.) 

In this our spacious Isle, I think there is not one 
But he hath heard some talk of Hood and Little John ; 
Of Tuck, the merry friar, which many a sermon made 
In praise of Robin Hood, his outlaws, and their trade. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xxvi. (1622). 

Tud (Morgan), chief physician of king 
Arthur. — The Mabinog ion ( ' ' Geraint, 
twelfth century). 

Tug" ( Tom), the waterman, a straight- 
forward, honest young man, who loves 
Wilelmi'na the daughter of Mr. and 
Mrs. Bundle, and when he won the 
waterman's badge in rowing, he won the 
consent of " the gardener's daughter " to 
become his loving and faithful wife. — 
Dibdin : The Waterman (1774). 

Tulchan Bishops (The). Certain 

Scotch bishops appointed in the sixteenth 
century, with the understanding that they 
were to share their stipends with their 
patron. A tulchan (tulha, to entice) was 



TULKINGHORN. 



M4S 



Turk gregorv. 



a mock calf set beside a cow at milking- 
time to induce it to give forth its milk 
more freely. The "see " was the cow which 
the patron milked ; the bishop the calf, 
without which the "cow would yield no 
milk." Earl Morton, in 1571, appointed 
John Douglas tulchan archbishop of St. 
Andrew's. (See Jamieson's Scottish Dic- 
tionary ; Burton's Scottish History, liv.) 

Tulkingnora {Mr. ), attorney-at- 
law and legal adviser of the Dedlocks.— 
Dickens: Bleak House (1852). 

Tulliver, the miller in The Mill on 
the Floss, by George Eliot (Mrs. J. W. 
Cross). The heroine of the tale is Maggie 
the miller's daughter. Both Maggie and 
her brother Tom are drowned by a tidal 
wave on the Floss (i860). 

Tally, Marcus Tullius Cicero, the 
great Roman orator (s.c. 106-43). He 
was proscribed by Antony, one of the 
triumvirate, and his head and hands, 
being cut off, were nailed by the orders 
of Antony to the Rostra of Rome, 

Ye fond adorers of departed fame. 
Who warm at Scipio's worth or TuHy'i name. 
Campbell: Pleasures tf Hope, i. (1799}. 

•.• The Judas who betrayed Tully to 
the sicarii was a cobbler. The man who 
murdered him was named Herennius. 

Tun {The Heidelberg) or The Tun 
OP Erpach, a large butt, which holds 
four score hogsheads. 

Quid retat Erpachiuin vas annumerare retustia 

Miraclis? Quo non vastius orbis habet ; 

Dixeris hoc recte Pelag-us rinique paludem ; 

Nectare quae Bacchi nocte dieque fluit. 

AUhammr. 
Of all earth's wonder*. Erpach's monstrous tun 
I deem to be the most astounding one ; 
A sea of wine "twill hold. You say aright, 
A sea of nectar flows thence day and night. 

E.CB. 

T The Cis tertian tun, made by the 
order of St. Bernard, contained 300 hogs- 
heads — R. Cenault: De Vera Mensu- 
rarum Ponderumque Ratione (1547). 

The tun of Clervaux contained as many 
hogs'. eads as there are days in a year. — 
Furetiere (article " Tonne "). 

St. Benets tun {" la sacre botte de St. 
Benoist"), still to be seen at the Bene lie- 
tines of Bologna-on-the-Sea, is about the 
same size as that of Clervaux. — Menage 
(article " Couteille"). 

"I win drink." said the friar \Jthn\ "both to the* 
and to thy horse. ... I have already supre 1. yet will 
I eat never a whit the less for that, for I have a paved 
Stomach as hollow as . . .St. Benet's boot."— 
Ra.eclm.iJ : Gmr^antua, L 39 (153J). 

(St Benet's "boot" means St Benet's 
botU or "butt," and to this Longieliow 



refers in The Golden Legend, when he 
speaks of " the rascal [friar john\ who 
drank wine out of a boot.") 

Tune the Old Cow died of ( The). 

There was an old man, and he had an old cow. 

But no fodder had he to give b 1 ; 
60 he took up his fiddle and played her this tune— 

"Consider, good cow, consider; 
This isn't the time for grass to grow. 

Consider, good cow, consider." 

Tupman {Tracy), M.P.C., a sleek, 
fat young man, of very amorous disposi- 
tion. He falls in love with every pretty 
girl he sees, and is consequently always 
getting into trouble. — Dickens: The 
Pickwick Papers (1836). 

M.P.C^, that la. ■ Member of the Pickwick Club." 

Tura, a castle of Ulster. — Ossian: 
Fingal. 

Turbulent School of Fiction 

{The), a school of German romance- 
writers, who returned to the feudal ages, 
and wrote between 1780 and 1800 in the 
style of Mrs. Radcliffe. The best known 
are Cramer, Spiers, Schlenkert, and Veit 
Weber. 

Turcaret, a comedy by Lesage 
(1708), in which the farmers-general of 
France are gibbeted unmercifully. He 
is a coarse, illiterate man, who has 
grown rich by his trade. Any one who 
has risen from nothing to great wealth, 
and has no merit beyond money-making, 
is called a Turcaret. 

Turcos, native Algerian infantry 
officered by Frenchmen. The cavalry 
are called Spahis. 

Turenn. (See Tour an, p. 1124.) 

Turk Gregory, Gregory VII. (Hil- 
debrand) ; so called for his furious raid 
upon royal prerogatives, especially his 
contest with the emperor [of Germany] 
on the subject of investiture. In 1075 he 
summoned the emperor Heinrich IV. to 
Rome ; the emperor refused to obey the 
summons, the pope excommunicated him, 
and absolved all his subjects from their 
allegiance ; he next dethroned him and 
elected a new kaiser, and Heinrich, finding 
resistance in vain, begged to be reconciled 
to the pope. He was now commanded, 
in the midst of a severe winter, to present 
himself, with Bertha his wife, and their 
infant son, at the castle of Canos^a. in 
Lombardy ; and here they had to stand 
three days in the piercing cold before the 
pope would condescend to see him. At 
last, however, the proud prelate removed 



TURKISH SPY. 



1146 



TURPIN. 



the excommunication, and Heinrich was 
restored to his throne. 

Turkish Spy {The), Mahmut, who 
lived forty-five years undiscovered in 
Paris, unfolding- the intrigues of the 
Christian courts, between 1637 and 1682. 
The author of this romance is Giovanni 
Paolo Mara'na, and he makes it the 
medium of an historical novel of the 
period (1684). 

(Ned Ward (1698-1700) wrote an 
imitation called The London Spy. See 
Old and New London, vol. i. p. 423.) 

Turkomans, a corruption of Turk- 
imams ("Turks of the true faith "). The 
first chief of the Turks who embraced 
Islam called his people so to distinguish 
them from the Turks who had not em- 
braced that faith. 

Turn the Tables, to rebut a charge 
by a counter-charge, so that the accused 
becomes in turn the accuser, and the 
blamed charges the blamer. (See Die- 
tionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 1201.) 

It enables 
A matron, who her husband's foible know* 
By a few timely words to turn the tables. 

Byron : Von Juan, i. 7s (1819). 

Turnbull {Michael), the Douglas's 
dark huntsman.— Sir W. Scott: Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Turnbull {Mr. Thomas), also called 
"Tom Turnpenny," a canting smuggler 
and schoolmaster. — Sir W. Scott : Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Turnip -Hoer, George I. So called 
because, when he first came over to Eng- 
land, he proposed planting St. James's 
Park with turnips (1660, 1714-1727). 

Turnpenny {Mr.), banker at March- 
thorn. — Sir W. Scott: St. Ronan's 
Well (time, George III.). 

Turnpenny {Tom), also called 
" Thomas Turnbull," a canting smuggler 
and schoolmaster. — Sir W. Scott : Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Turntippit {Old lord), one of the 
privy council in the reign of William III. 
—Sir W. Scott: Bride of Lammermoor 
(1819). 

Turon, the son of Brute's sister, who 
slew 600 Aquitanians with his own hand 
in one single fight. 

Where Turon, . . . Brute's sister's valiant son, . . . 
Six hundred slew outright thro' his peculiar strength % 
By multitudes of men, yet overpressed at length. 
His noble uncle there, to his immortal name 
The city Turon [Tours] built, and well endowed tb« 
*anx\ 

Drayton : Polyolbion, \. (1612). 



Turpin, a churlish knight, who refuse! 
hospitality to sir Calepine and Serena, 
although solicited to do so by his wife 
Blanlda (bk. vi. 3). Serena told prince 
Arthur of this discourtesy, and the prince, 
after chastising Turpin, disknighted him, 
and prohibited him from bearing arms 
ever after (bk. vi. 7). The disgraced 
churl now vowed revenge ; so off he starts, 
and seeing two knights, complains to them 
of the wrongs done to himself and his 
dame by "a recreant knight," whom he 
points out to them. The two champions 
instantly challenge the prince "as a foul 
woman-wronger," and defy him to com- 
bat. One of the two champions is soon 
slain, and the other overthrown, but is 
spared on craving his life. The survivor 
now returns to Turpin to relate his mis- 
adventure, and when they reach the dead 
body see Arthur asleep. Turpin proposes 
to kill him, but Arthur starts up and 
hangs the rascal on a tree (bk. vi. 7).— 
Spenser : Faerie Queene (1596). 

Turpin, "archbishop of Rheims,'* 

the hypothetical author of a Chronicle, 
purporting to be a history of Charle- 
magne's Spanish adventures in 777, by a 
contemporary. This fiction was declared 
authentic and genuine by pope Calixtus 
II. in 1 122 ; but it is now generally at- 
tributed to a canon of Barcelona in the 
eleventh century. 

*.* The tale says that Charlemagne 
went to Spain in jjj, to defend one of his 
allies from the aggressions of a neighbour- 
ing prince. Having conquered Navarre 
and Aragon, he returned to France. He 
then crossed the Pyrenees, and invested 
Pampelunafor three months, but without 
success. He tried the effect of prayer, 
and the walls, like those of Jericho, fell 
down of their own accord. Those Sara- 
cens who consented to be baptized, he 
spared, but the rest were put to the sword. 
Being master of Pampeluna, the hero 
visited the sarcophagus of James; and 
Turpin, who accompanied him, baptized 
most of the neighbourhood. Charlemagne 
then led back his army over the Pyrenees, 
the rear being under the command of 
Roland. The main army reached France 
in safety, but 50,000 Saracens fell on the 
rear, and none escaped. 

Turpin {Dick), a noted highwayman, 

executed at York (1739). 

(Ainsworth has introduced into Rook- 
wood Turpin's famous ride to York on his 
steed Black Bess. It is said that Maginn 



TURQUINE. 



1X47 



TWEEDLEDUM. 



really wrote this powerful description, 
1834.) 

The French Dick Turpin is Cartouche, 
an eighteenth-century highwayman. 

Tur'quine (Sir) had sixty-four of 
king Arthur's knights in prison, all of 
whom he had vanquished by his own hand. 
He hated sir Launcelot, because he had 
slain his brother, sir Car'adcs, at the 
Dolorous Tower. Sir Launcelot chal- 
lenged sir Turquine to a trial of strength, 
and slew him, after which he liberated 
the captive knights. — Sir T. Malory: 
History of Prince Arthur, i. 108-110 
(1470). 

Turquoise (2 syl. ), a precious stone 
found in Persia. Sundry virtues are 
attached to it : (1) It indicates by its hue 
the state of the wearer's health ; (2) it 
indicates by its change of lustre if any 
peril awaits the wearer ; (3) it removes 
animosity between the giver and the re- 
ceiver ; (4) it rouses the sexual passion, 
and hence Leah gave a turquoise ring to 
Shylock " when he was a bachelor," in 
order to make him propose to her. (See 
Thomas Nicols, Lapidary.) 

Tur'veydrop (Mr.), a selfish, self- 
indulgent, conceited dancing-master, who 
imposes on the world by his majestic 
appearance and elaborate toilette. He 
lives on the earnings of his son (named 
Prince, after the prince regent), who 
reveres him as a perfect model of " de- 
portment. " — Dickens : Bleak House 
(1852). 

The proudest departed from the cover of their 
habitual reserve, and from the maintenance of that 
staid deportment which lii uriental Turveydrop 
considers the best proof of high state and regal 
dignity.— IV. H. Russell: The Prince of Tours, etc. 

USw). 

Tuscan Poet (The), Ludovico 
Ariosto, born at Reggio, in Modena 
(1474- 1 533). Noted for his poem en- 
titled Orlando Furioso (in French called 
Moland). 

The Tuscan poet doth advance 
The frantic paladin of France. 

Drayton: jXymfhidia (1563-1631). 

Tutivillus, the d< mon who collects 
all the fragments of words omitted, 
mutilated, or mispronounced by priests 
in the performance of religious services, 
and stores them up in that *' bottomless" 
pit which is " paved with good inten- 
tions." — Langland : Visions of Piers 
Plowman, 547 (1362) ; and the Townley 
Mysteries, 310, 319, etc. 

Tutsan, a corruption of la toute 
saine ; the botanical name is Hyperlcon 



Androsa'mttm. The leaves applied to 
fresh wounds are sanative. St. John's 
wort is of the same family, and that called 
Perforatum used to be called Fug* 
dcemonum, from the supposition of its use 
in maniacal disorders, and a charm against 
evil spirits. 

The hermit fathers . . . 

The healing tutsan then, and plantane for a sore. 
Drayton : Polylbion, xiL (1613). 

(The plantain or plantago is astringent, 
and very good for cuts and other sores.) 

Twa Dogs ( The), a dialogue between 
Caesar (a gentleman's dog) and Luath 
(a ploughman's collie). Caesar says his 
master's table is laden with luxuries ; 
that he spends what he likes, and travels 
to see the world. Luath replies that poor 
men eat with an appetite, which is the 
best sauce ; sleep soundly, because toil 
requires rest ; and as for travelling, a 
faithful wife and healthy family make a 
happy home. Caesar concludes by saying 
that without doubt want of employment is 
a weariness to the flesh, and drives the rich 
to cards, dice, races, and sometimes to 
immoral ways. So that after all, though 
the poor have not the wealth and luxuries 
of the rich, they are contented with their 
station, and a very little indulgence gives 
them untold pleasure. 

Twain (Mark), S. L. Clemens. 

Twanguillo, the fiddler, in Somer- 
ville's Hobbinol, a burlesque poem in three 
cantos. Twangdillo had lost one leg and 
one eye by a stroke of lightning on the 
banks of the Ister, but he was still merry- 
hearted. 

He tickles every string to every note ; 
He bends his pliant neck, his single eye 
Twinkles with joy, his active stump beats time. 
Hobbinol or The Rural Garnes, i. (1740). 

Tweed, a cloth woven diagonally ; a 
mere blunder for '* twill." 

It was the word " tweels " blotted and ill-written on 
an invoice, which gave rise to the now familiar name 
of " tweed." It was adopted by James Locke, of 
London, after the error was discovered, as especially 
suitable to these goods so largely manufactured on the 
banks of the Tweed. — The Border Advertiser. 

Tweedledum and Tweedledee. 

The prince of Wales was the leader of 
the Handel party, supported by Pope and 
Dr. Arbuthnot ; and the duke of Marl- 
borough led the Bononcinists, and was 
supported by most of the nobility. 

Some say. compared to Bononcinl. 
That mynheer Handel's but a ninnjri 
Others .iver that he to Handel 
Is scarcely fit to hold a candle ; 
Strange all this difference should be 
Twixt Tweedledum and Tweedledee. 

y. Byrom (stenographist, 1691-1763). 



TWELFTH NIGHT. 



1148 TWELVE KNIGHTS, ETC: 



Twelfth Night, a drama by Shake- 
speare. The story came originally from 
a novelletti by Bandello (who died 1555), 
reproduced by Belleforest in his Histoires 
Tragiques, from which Shakespeare ob- 
tained his story. The tale is this : Viola 
and Sebastian were twins, and exactly 
alike. When grown up, they were ship- 
wrecked off the coast of Illyria, and both 
were saved. Viola, being separated from 
her brother, in order to obtain alivelihood, 
dressed like her brother and took the 
situation of page under the duke Orsino. 
The duke, at the time, happened to be in 
love with Olivia, and as the lady looked 
coldly on his suit, he sent Viola to ad- 
vance it, but the wilful Olivia, instead of 
melting towards the duke, fell in love 
with his beautiful page. One day, Se- 
bastian, the twin-brother of Viola, being 
attacked in a street brawl before Olivia's 
house, the lady, thinking him to be the 
page, invited him in, and they soon grew 
to such familiar terms that they agreed 
to become man and wife. About the 
same time, the duke discovered his page 
to be a most beautiful woman, and, as 
he could not marry his first love, he 
made Viola his wife and the duchess of 
Illyria. 

Twelve {The), i.e. the twelve apostles. 
According to tradition — 

(1) Andrew brother of Peter, bar- 
Jona. He was tied to a cross like the 
letter %, in Patras of Achaia, by order 
of Egasus the proconsul (first century). 
His day is November 30. 

(2) Bak-tholomew (i.e. Nathaniel 
bar-Tholomew). Flayed alive in Armenia, 
A.D. 71. His day is August 24. 

(3) James the Elder, brother of John, 
and son of Zebedee. Beheaded at 
Jerusalem, by Herod Agrippa, A.D. 44. 
His day is July 24. 

(4) James, the "brother" of Jesus, 
probably a cousin, son of Cleopas and 
Mary. He was thrown from the pinnacle 
of - the temple, and then stoned to death, 
A.D. 65. His day is May 1. 

(5) John the Evangelist, brother of 
James the Elder. He died at an extreme 
old age at Ephesus, between A.D. 95 and 
100. His day is December 27. 

(6) Judas Iscakiot. Hanged himself, 
A.D. 33. 

(7) Jude or Thaddeus, brother of 
James the Less. Shot to death by arrows 
in Armenia, A.D. 80. His day is Octo- 
ber 28. 

(8) Matthew the Evangelist Slain 



by a sword in Parthia (first century). 

His day is September 27. 

(9) Peter, brother of Andrew, bar- 
Jo na. Crucified with his head down- 
wards, at Rome, A.D. 66. His day is 
June 29. 

(10) Philip. Hanged on a pillar at 
Hierapolis, in Phrygia, A. D. 80. His day 
is May 1. 

(11) Simon Zelotes, brother of James 
and Jude. Crucified in Persia, A.D. 107, 
at the age of 129. His day is Febiuary 18. 

(12) Thomas, surnamed Didymus. 
Slain in India with a spear (first century). 
His day is December 21. 

Supplementary Apostles — 

Matthias, chosen by the eleven to supply the 
place of Judas. Said to have been first stoned and 
then beheaded (first century). His day is February 24. 

PAUL (Saul of Tarsus), son of Simon of Cyrene. 
Beheaded at Rome, A.D. 66. His days are June 29 
(to commemorate his death), and January 35 (to com- 
memorate his conversion). 

N.B.— It is said that Jesus, Son of Mary, was 
crucified April 3, A.D. 33, at about the aee of 40 
(the Jews said to Him, " Thou art not yet fifty y«ar* 
old ").— Astronomical Journal, 1893. 

Twelve Apostles of Ireland 

{The), twelve Irish prelates of the sixth 
century, disciples of St. Finnian of 
Clonard. 

(1) Ciaran or Keiran, bishop and 
abbot of Saighir (nowSeir-Keiran, King's 
County). 

(2) Ciaran or Keiran, abbot of Clom- 
nacnois. 

(3) Columcille of Hy (now lona). 
This prelate is also called St. Columba. 

(4) Brendan, bishop and abbot of 
Clonfert. 

(5) Brendan, bishop and abbot of Birr 
(now Parsonstown, King's County). 

(6) Columba, abbot of Tirdaglas. 

(7) MoLAiSEor Laisre, abbot of Dam- 
hiris (now Devenish Island, in lough 
Erne). 

(8) Cainnech, abbot of Aichadhbo, 
in Queen's County. 

(9) RuADANorRODAN.abbotof Lorrha, 
in Tipperary County. 

(10) Mobi Clairenech (i.e. "the flat- 
faced'), abbot of Glasnooidhan (now 
Glasnevin, near Dublin). 

(n) Senell, abbot of Cluain-inis, in 
lough Erne. 

(12) Nannath or Nennith, bishop 
and abbot of Inismuige-Samh (now 
Inismac-Saint, in lough Erne). 

Twelve Knights of the Round 
Table. Dryden says there were twelve 
paladins and twelve knights of the Round 
Table. The table was made for 150, but 



TWELVE PALADINS. 



1149 TWELVE WISE MASTERS. 



«s twelve is the orthodox number, the 
following names hold the most conspicuous 

?'aces : — (1) Launcelot, (2) Tristram, 
) Lamoracke, the three bravest ; (4) 
or, the first made ; (5) Galahad, the 
chaste ; (6) Gaw'ain, the courteous ; (7) 
Gareth, the big-handed ; (8) Palo 
mides, the Saracen or unbaptized ; (9) 
Kay, the rude and boastful ; (10) Mark, 
the dastard ; (11) Mordred, the traitor; 
and the twelfth, as in the case of the 
paladins, must be selected from one of 
the following names, all of which are 
seated with the prince in the frontispiece 
attached to the History of Prince Arthur, 
compiled by sir T. Malory in 1470 : Sirs 
Acolon, Ballamore, Beleobus, Belvoure, 
Bersunt, Bors, Ector de Maris, Ewain, 
Floll, Gaheris, Galohalt, Grislet, Lionell, 
Marhaus, Paginet, Pelleas, Percival, 
Sagris, Superabilis, and Turquine. 

Or we may take from the Mabinogion 
the three "battle knights," Cadwr, 
Launcelot, and Owain ; the three 
" counselling knights," Kynon, Aron, and 
Llywarch Hen ; the three " diademed 
knights," Kai, Trystan, and Gwevyl ; 
and the three " golden-tongued," Gwalch- 
mai, Drudwas, and Eliwlod, many of 
which are unknown in modern story. 

Sir Walter Scott names sixteen of re- 
nown, seated round the king — 

There Galaad sat with manly grac% 
Yet maiden meekness in his face ; 
There Morolt of the iron mace ; 

And lovelorn Tristrcm thera | 
And Dinadam, with lively glance ; 
And Lanval, with the fairy lance; 
And Mordred, with his looks askancef 

Brunor and Belvidere. 
Why should I tell of numbers moral 
Sir Cay, sir Banter, and sir Bore, 

Sir Caradoc the keen, 
And gentle Gawain's courteous lor*, 
Hector de Mares, and Pellinore, 
And Lancelot, that evermore 

Looked stol'n-wise on the queen. 
Scott: Bridal of TrUrmain, ii. 13 (1813). 

Twelve Paladins (The), twelve 
famous warriors in Charlemagne's court. 

(1) Astolpho, cousin of Roland, de- 
scended from Charles Martel. A great 
boaster, fool-hardy, and singularly hand- 
some. It was Astolpho Who went to the 
moon to fetch back Orlando's (Rolands) 
brains when mad. 

(2) Ferumbras or Fierabr as, a Sara- 
cen, afterwards converted and baptized. 

(3) FLORiSMART, the fidus Achates of 
Roland or Orlando. 

(4) Ganelon, the traitor, count of 
Mayence. Placed by Dante in the In- 
ferno. 

(5) Maugris, In Italian Malagigi, 



cousin to Rinaldo, and son of Beuves of 
Aygremont. He was brought up by 
Oriande the fairy, and became a great 
enchanter. 

(6) Namo or Nayme de Baviere. 

(7) Ogier the Dane, thought to be 
Holger the hero of Denmark, but some 
affirm that "Dane" is a corruption of 
Damn/'; so called because he was not 
baptized. 

(8) Oliver, son of Regnier comte de 
Gennes, the rival of Roland in all feats 
of arms. 

(9) Otuel, a Saracen, nephew to Fer- 
ragus or Ferracute. He was converted, 
and married a daughter of king Charle- 
magne. 

(10) Rinaldo, son of duke Aymon, 
and cousin to Roland. Angelica fell in 
love with him, but he requited not her 
affection. 

(n) Roland, called Orlando in 
Italian, comte de Cenouta. He was 
Charlemagne's nephew, his mother being 
Berthe the king's sister, and his father 
Millon. 

(12) One of the following names, all of 
which are called paradins, and probably 
supplied vacancies caused by death : 
Basin de Genevois, Geoffrey de Frises, 
Guerin due de Lorraine, Guillaume de 
l'Estoc, Guy de Bourgogne, Hoel comte 
de Nantes, Lambert prince of Bruxelles, 
Richard due de Normandy, Riol du Mans, 
Samson due de Bourgogne, and Thiery. 

•*.* There is considerable resemblance 
between the twelve selected paladins and 
the twelve selected Table knights. In 
each case there were three pre-eminent for 
bravery : Oliver, Roland, and Rinaldo 
(paladins) ; Launcelot, Tristram, and La- 
moracke (Table knights). In each was a 
Saracen : Ferumbras (the paladin) ; Palo- 
mides (the Table knight). In each was a 
traitor: Ganelon (the paladin) ; Mordred 
(the Table knight), like Judas Iscariot in 
the apostolic twelve. 

Who bear the bows were knights in Arthur's reign, 
Twelve they, and twelve the peers of CharleiiMin. 
Dryden : The Flower and the Lea/. 

Twelve Wise Masters (The), the 
original corporation of the mastersingers. 
Hans Sachs, the cobbler of Niitnberg, 
was the most renowned and the most 
voluminous of the mastersingers, but he 
was not one of the original twelve. He 
lived 1494-1576, and left behind him 
thirty-four folio vols, of MS., containing 
208 plays, 1700 comic tales, and about 
450 lyric poems. 



TWEMLOW. 



1150 



TWO DROVERS. 



Here Hans Sachs, the cobbler-poet, laureate of the 

gentle craft, 
Wisest of the Twelve Wise Masters, in huge folios 
sang and laughed. 

Longfellcnv : Nuremberg. 

*.* The original corporation consisted 
of Heinrik von Mueglen, Konrad Harder, 
Master Altschwert, Master Barthel Regen- 
bogen (blacksmith), Master Muscablut 
(tailor), Hans Blotz (barber), Hans 
Rosenbliit (armorial painter), Sebastian 
Brandt 0' ur i st )> Thomas Murner, Hans 
Folz (surgeon), Wilhelm Weber, and 
Hans Sachs (cobbler). This last, though 
not one of the founders, was so superior 
to them all that he is always reckoned 
among the wise mastersingers. 

Twemlow {Mr.), first cousin to lord 
Snigsworth ; "an innocent piece of 
dinner-furniture," in frequent requisition 
by Mr. and Mrs. Veneering. He is de- 
scribed as " grey, dry, polite, and suscep- 
tible to east wind ; " he wears ' ' first-gentle- 
man-in-Europe collar and cravat ; " " his 
cheeks are drawn in as if he had made 
a great effort to retire into himself some 
years ago, and had got so far, but never 
any further." His great mystery is who 
is Mr. Veneering's oldest friend ; is he 
himself his oldest or his newest acquaint- 
ance? He couldn't tell. — Dickens: Our 
Mutual Friend (1864). 

Twickenham {The Bard of), Alex- 
ander Pope, who lived for thirty years at 
Twickenham (1688-1744). 

Twigtythe ( The Rev. Mr. ), clergy- 
man at Fasthwaite Farm, held by Farmer 
Williams. — Sir W. Scott: Waverley 
(time, George II.). 

Twin Brethren ( The Great), Castor 
and Pollux. 

Back comes the chief in triumph 

Who, in the hour of fight, 
Hath seen the Great Twin BrethrBI 

In harness on his ri^ht. 
Safe comes the ship to haven, 

Thro' billows and thro' gales, 
If once the Great Twin Brethren 

Sit shining on the sails. 
Macau lay : Lays of Ancient Rome (" Battle 
of the Lake Regillus," xl., 1842). 

Twin Diamonds {The), two Cape 
diamonds, one of which is of a clear 
cinnamon colour, and was found in the 
river-bed of the Vaal. These, with the 
Dudley and Stewart diamonds, have all 
been discovered in Africa since 1870. 

Twineall ( The Hon. Mr. ), a young 
man who goes to India, intending to 
work himself into place by flattery ; but, 
wholly mistaking character, he gets 
thrown into prison for treason. Twineall 



talks to sir Luke Tremor (who ran away 
from the field of battle) of his glorious 
deeds of fight ; to lady Tremor (a 
grocer's daughter) of high birth, sup- 
posing her to be a descendant of the 
kings of Scotland ; to lord Flint (the 
sultan's chief minister) of the sultan's 
dubious right to the throne, and so on.— 
Inchbald: Such Things Are (1786). 

" Twinkle, twinkle, little star," etc., 
in sequipedalian bombast thus — 

Coruscate, coruscate thy small scintillation. 
Whose rationale exceeds explanation ; 
Exalted above this location infernal, 
A Braganza to shine in the regions supernal. 
E. C. B. 

Twist {Oliver), the son of Mr. Brown- 
low's oldest friend and Agnes Fleming ; 
half-brother to " Monks." He was born 
and brought up in a workhouse, starved, 
and ill-treated ; but was always gentle, 
amiable, and pure-minded. His asking 
for more gruel at the workhouse because 
he was so hungry, and the astonishment 
of the officials at such daring impudence, 
is capitally told. — Dickens: Oliver Twist 
(1837). 

Twitcher {Harry). Henry lord 
Brougham [Broom] was so called from 
his habit of twitching his neck (1778- 
1868). 

Don't you recollect. North, some years ago that 
Murray's name was on our title-page; and that, being 
alarmed for Subscription Jamie [sir James Mackin- 
tosh} and Harry Twitcher, he . , . scratched his name 
out? — Wilson: Noctes Ambrosiana (1822-36). 

Twitcher {Jemmy), a cunning and 
treacherous highwayman in Macheath's 
gang. — Gay : The Beggar's Opera (1727). 

Twitcher {Jemmy), the nickname of 
John lord Sandwich, noted for his liaison 
with Miss Ray (1718-1792). 

When sly Jemmy Twitcher had smugged up his fac« 
With a lick of court whitewash and pious grimace. 
Avowing he went where three sisters of old, 



In harmless society, guttle and scold. 

Gray (1716-1771). 

Two Drovers {The), a tale in two 
chapters, by sir Walter Scott (1827), laid 
in the reign of George III. It is one of 
the " Chronicles of the Canongate " (see 
p. 207), supposed to be told by Mr. 
Croftangry. Robin Oig M'Combich, a 
Highland drover, revengeful and proud, 
meets with Harry Wakefield, a jovial 
English drover, and quarrels with him 
about a pasture-field. They fight in 
Heskett's ale-house, but are separated. 
Oig goes on his way and gets a dagger, 
with which he returns to the ale-house, 
and stabs Harry, who is three parts 
drunk. Being tried for murder, bs is 
condemned and executed. 



TWO EYES OF GREECE. 



"5» 



TYBALT. 



Two Eyes of Greece ( The), Athens 
end Sparta. 

Athens, the eye of Greec*. mother of aits 
And eloquence. 

■em* 
Two Gentlemen of Verona, a 
drama by Shakespeare, the story of which 
is taken from the Diana of Montemayor 
(sixteenth century). The tale is thii : 
Protheus and Valentine were two friends, 
and Protheus was in love with a lady of 
Verona, named Julia. Valentine went to 
sojourn in Milan, and there fell in love 
with Silvia, the duke's daughter, who was 
promised in marriage to Thurio. Pro- 
theus, being sent by his father to Milan, 
forgot Julia, fell in love with Silvia, and, 
in order to carry his point, induced the 
duke to banish Valentine, who became 
the captain of a bandit, into whose hands 
Silvia fell. Julia, unable to bear the 
absence of her lover, dressed in boy's 
clothes, and, going to Milan, hired herself 
as a page to Protheus ; and when Silvia 
was lost, the duke, with Thurio, Protheus 
and his page, went in quest of her. She 
was soon discovered, but when Thurio 
attempted to take possession of her, Va- 
lentine said to him, " I dare you to touch 
her;" and Thurio replied, "None but 
a fool would fight for a girl." The duke, 
disgusted, gave Silvia to Valentine ; and 
Protheus, ashamed of his conduct, begged 
pardon ot Valentine, discovered his page 
to be Julia, and married her (1595). 

Two Kings of Brentford ( The). 
In the duke of Buckingham's farce called 
The Rehearsal (1671), the two kings enter 
hand-in-hand, dance together, sing to- 
gether, walk arm-in-arm, and, to heighten 
the absurdity, they are made to smell of 
the same nosegay (act ii. 2). 

Two-Legged Mare (The), ■ 
gallows. Vice says to Tyburn — 

I wfll help to bridle the twe-leg^ed mare. 

Like Will to Like, etc. (1587). 

Two Poets of Croisic, a poem by 
Browning (1878). The two poets are : 
(1) Rene" Gentilhomme (born 1610), page 
to the prince of Conde\ He received the 
title of " Royal Poet." (2) Paul Dei- 
forges Maihard (born nearly a century 
later). Maillard's story forms the subject 
of a famous play, Piron's Mitromanie. 

Two-Shoes (Goody), a nursery tale 
by Oliver Goldsmith (1765). Goody 
Two-shoes was a very poor child, whose 
delight at having a pair of shoes was so 
unbounded that she could not forbear 
telling every one she met that she had 



" two shoes ; " whence her name. She 
acquired knowledge and became wealthy. 
The title-page states that the tale is for 
the benefit of those — 

Who from a state of rags and c»re. 
And having shoes but half a pair, 
Their fortune and their fame should fix. 
And gallop in a coach and six. 

Two Strings to Your Bow, a 

farce by Jephson (1792). Lazarillo, want- 
ing a master, enters the service of don 
Felix and also of Octavio at the same 
time. He makes perpetual blunders, 
such as giving letters and money to the 
wrong master ; but it turns out that don 
Felix is donna Clara, the betrothed of 
Octavio. The lovers meet at the Eagle 
hotel, recognize each other, and become 
man and wife. 

Two Unlucky. In our dynasties 
two has been an unlucky number ; thus : 
Ethelred II. was forced to abdicate ; 
Harold II. was slain at Hastings ; Wil- 
liam II. was shot in the New Forest ; 
Henry II. had to fight for his crown, which 
was usurped by Stephen ; Edward II. was 
murdered at Berkeley Castle ; Richard II. 
was deposed ; Charles II. was driven into 
exile ; James II. was obliged to abdicate ; 
George II. was worsted at Fontenoy and 
Lawfeld, was disgraced by general Brad- 
dock and admiral Bvng, and was troubled 
by Charles Edward the Young Pretender. 

Two or Three Berries. "Yet 

gleaning grapes shall be left in it, as the 
shaking of an olive tree, two or three 
berries in the top of the uppermost 
bough." — Isa. xvii. 6. 

The tree of life has been shaken. 

And but few of us linger now, 
Like the prophet's two or three berrlet 

On the top of the uppermost bough. 

Longfellow : The Meeting. 

Twopenny Post-bag (The). (See 
Intercepted Letters, p. 525.) 

Tyb'alt, a fiery young nobleman of 
Verona, lady Capulet's nephew, and 
Juliet's cousin. He is slain in combat 
by Ro'meo. — Shakespeare: Romeo and 

Juliet (i S9 S)- 

The name is given to the cat in the 
beast-epic called Reynard the Fox. Hence 
Mercutio calls him "rat-catcher" (act 
iii. sc i), and when Tybalt demands of 
him, " What wouldst thou have with 
me?" Mercutio replies, "Good king of 
cats, nothing but one of your nine lives" 
(act iii. sc. 1). 

Tybalt, a Lombard officer, in love 
with Laura niece of duke Gondibert. 



TYBALT. 



1x5a 



TYLER. 



The story of Gondibert being unfinished, 
no sequel of this attachment is given.-— 
Davenant: Gondibert (died 1668). 

Tybalt or Tibert, the cat, in the 
beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498). 

Tyburn {Kings of), hangmen. 

Tyburn Tree {The), a gallows ; so 
called because criminals were at one time 
hung on the elm trees which grew on the 
banks of the Tyburn. The " Holy Maid 
of Kent," Mrs. Turner the poisoner, 
Felton the assassin of the duke of Buck- 
ingham, Jack Sheppard, Jonathan Wild, 
lord Ferrers who murdered his steward, 
Dr. Dodd, and Mother Brownrigg, "all 
died in their shoes " on the Tyburn tree. 

Since laws were made for every degTee, 
To curb vice in others as well as in ine \_Machtatk\ 
X wonder we ha'nt better company 
'Neath Tyburn tree. 

Gay : The Beggar's Optra (1737). 

Tybumia, the district round about 
the Marble Arch, London. So called 
from the little bourne or stream named 
Tyburn. At one time, elm trees grew 
on the brook-side, and Roger de Morti- 
mer, the paramour of queen Eleanor, was 
hung thereon. 

Tycho, a vassal of the bishop of Traves, 
in the reign of kaiser Henry IV. He 
promised to avenge his lord and master, 
who had been plundered by count Adal- 
bert, the leader of a bandit. So, going to 
the count's castle, he craved a draught of 
water. The porter brought him a cup of 
wine, and Tycho said, " Thank thy lord 
for his charity, and tell him he shall meet 
with his reward." Then, returning home, 
he procured thirty large wine-barrels, in 
each of which he concealed an armed 
retainer and weapons for two others. 
Each cask was then carried by two men 
to the count's castle, and when the door 
was opened, Tycho said to the porter, 
" I am come to recompense thy lord and 
master," and the sixty men carried in the 
thirty barrels. When count Adalbert 
went to look at the present, at a signal 
given by Tycho the tops of the casks flew 
off, and the ninety armed men slew the 
count and his brigands, and then burnt 
the castle to the ground. 

IT Of course, the reader will instantly 
see the resemblance of this tale to that 
of " Ali Baba, or the Forty Thieves" 
{Arabian Nights' Entertainments). 

Tyler {Wat), a frugal, honest, in- 
dustrious, skilful blacksmith of Essex; 
with one daughter, Alice, pretty, joyous, 



innocent, and modest With all hit 
frugality and industry, Wat found it very 
hard to earn enough for daily bread, and 
the tax-collectors came for the poll-tax, 
three groats a head, for a war to maintain 
our conquests in France. Wat had saved 
up the money, and proffered six groats 
for himself and wife. The collectors 
demanded three groats for Alice also, but 
Tyler said she was under 15 years of age, 
whereupon, one of the collectors having 
" insulted her virgin modesty," Wat felled 
him to the ground with his sledge-ham- 
mer. The people gathered round the 
smith, and a general uprising ensued. 
Richard II. sent a herald to Tyler to 
request a parley, pledging his royal word 
for his safe conduct. The sturdy smith 
appointed Smithfield for the rendezvous, 
and there Tyler told the king the people's 
grievances. While he was speaking, Wil- 
liam Walworth, the lord mayor, stabbed 
him from behind, and killed him (1381). 
The king, to pacify the people, promised 
the poll-tax should be taken off, and their 
grievances redressed ; but no sooner had 
the mob dispersed than the rebels were 
cut down wholesale, and many, being 
subjected to a mockery trial, were in- 
famously executed. — Southey: Wat Tyler 
(1794, published 1817). 

If Wat Tyler's story greatly resembles 
that of Sicily, about a century previously 
(March 30, 1282). The people of Palermo 
went as usual in procession on Easter 
Monday to vespers in a church a short 
distance from the city. The French 
government, suspecting rebellion, had 
ordered that no Sicilian (male or female) 
should carry any weapon, and as a certain 
lady of great beauty, a bride, and the 
daughter of a gentleman of fortune, was 
on her way to the church, a French 
soldier, named Drochet, seized her, and 
under pretence of searching for weapons 
hidden under her dress, offered her brutal 
and licentious violence. Her screams 
soon collected a crowd, and, led by the 
husband of the bride, the people fell on 
the whole French garrison. St. Remi, 
the French governor, fell in the massacre, 
and the father of the bride was set up in 
his place. 

1T April 4, 1282, at Catania, a young 
Frenchman named Jean Viglemada, 
attempted to take a similar liberty with 
Julia Villamelli, when her husband came 
up unexpectedly and killed the insulter. 
The lady rushed through the streets, de- 
manding vengeance, and the people put 
8000 of the French to death. 



TYLL OWLYGLASS. 



"S3 



TYRT/EOa 



TyU Owlyglass or Thyl Owle- 
GLASS, by Thomas Murner, a Franciscan 
monk of Strasbourg (1475-1536); the 
English name of the German "TyU 
EulenspiegeL" Tyll is a mechanic of 
Brunswick, who runs from pillar to post 
as charlatan, physician, lansquenet, fool, 
valet, artist, and Jack-of-all-trades. He 
undertakes anything and everything, but 
invariably "spoils the Egyptians" who 
trust in him. He produces popular pro- 
verbs, is brimful of merry mischief, droll 
as Sam Slick, indifferent honest as Gil 
Bias, light-hearted as Andrew Boyde, as 
full of tricks as Scapin, and as popular as 
Robin Hood. The book is crammed with 
observations, anecdotes, fables, bon mots, 
and facetiae. 

(There are two good English versions 
of this popular picaresco romance — one 
printed by William Copland, and entitled 
The Merrye Jeste of a Man called Howie* 
glass, and the many Marvellous Thinges 
and Jcstes -which he did in his Lyfe in 
Eastland; and the other published in 
i860, translated by K. R. H. Mackenzie, 
and illustrated by Alfred CrowquilL 
In 1720 was brought out a modified 
and abridged edition of the German 
story.) 

To few mortals has it been fronted to earn such a 

filace in universal history as Tyll Eulenspiegcl 
V Un-sfte -g 1 [\. Now, after five centuries, Tyll's 
native village Is pointed out with pride to the 
traveller, and his tombstone . . . still stands ... at 
Msllen, near Lubeclc, where, since 1350 [sic], bis one* 
nimble bones have been at rest. — Carlyle. 

Tylwytli Teg, or the "Family of 
Beauty" — elves who "dance in the 
moonlight on the velvet sward," in their 
airy and flowing robes of blue and green, 
white and scarlet. These beautiful fays 
delight in showering benefits on the 
human race. — The Mabinogion (note, p. 
263). 

Tyneman (2 sylX Archibald IV. earl 
of Douglas. So called because he was 
always on the losing side. 

Types {Printers'). The following 
are those most generally used in book- 
printing — 

Pica: The Reader's Ha 
Small Pica : The Reader's 
Long Primer: The Reader's H 
Bourgeois : The Reader's Handb 
Brevier: The Reader's Handbook, b 
Minion : The Reader's Handbook, by 
Nonpariei : The Reader's Handbook, by R 
pearl; Tht Readers Handbook, by Key. E. C. Br 



Tyre, In Dryden's satire of Absalom 
andAchitophel, means Holland. " Egypt," 
in the same satire, means France. 

I mourn, my countrymen, your lost estate . • • 
New all your liberties a spoil are made, 
Egypt and Tyrus intercept your trade. 

PL L toe-TOT (*«*>. 

Tyre {Archbishop of), with the cru- 
saders.— Sir W. Scott; The Talisman 
(time, Richard I.). 

Tyrian Cy'nosure (3 syl), Ursa 
Minor. Ursa Major is called by Milton 
"The Star of Arcady," from Calisto, 
daughter of Lyca'on the first king of 
Arcadia, who was changed into this con- 
stellation. Her son Areas or Cynosura 
was made the Lesser Bear.— Pausanias : 
Itinerary of Greece, viii. 4. 

And thou shalt be our star of Aready, 
Or Tyrian Cynosure. 

Milton: Ctntu, 343 (1634). 

Tyrie, one of the archers in the 
Scottish guard of Louis XL — Sir W. 
Scott: Quentin Durward (time, Edward 
IV.). 

Tyrie ( The Rev. Michtel), minister of 
Glenorquhy.— Sir W. Scott: The High- 
land Widow (time, George II.). 

Tyrogflyphus [the " cheese-scooter"], 
one of the mouse princes slain in the 
battle of the frogs and mice by Lym- 
nisius (" the laker "). 

Lymnisius food Tyroglyphus assails, 
Princa of the mice that haunt the flowery Tales 
Lost to the milky fares and rural seat, 
He came to perish on the bank of fate. 
Parncli: Battle of tht Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 171a). 

Tyrrel {Francis), the nephew of Mr. 
Mortimer. He loves Miss Aubrey " with 
an ardent, firm, disinterested love." On 
one occasion, Miss Aubrey was insulted 
by lord Courtland, with whom Tyrrel 
fought a duel, and was for a time in 
hiding ; but when Courtland recovered 
from his wounds, Tyrrel reappeared, and 
ultimately married the lady of his affec- 
tion. — Cumberland ; T/ie Fashionable 
Lover (1780). 

Tyrrel {Frank) or Martigny earl of 
Etherington, son of the late earl and la 
comtesse de Martigny his wife. He is 
supposed to be illegitimate. Frank is in 
love with Clara Mowbray, daughter of 
Mr. Mowbray of St. Ronan's. — Sir W. 
Scott: St. Ronan's Well (time, George 
III.), 

TyrtfBOS, selected by the Spartans as 
their leader, because his lays inspired the 
4 ■ 



TYSON. 



"3« 



UGOLINO. 



soldiers to deeds of daring. The follow- 
ing is a translation of one of his martial 

songs : — 

Oh, how joyous to fall In the face of the foe, 

ror country and altar to die ! 
But a lot more ignoble no mortal can know, 
Than with children and parents, heart-broken with woe, 

From home as an exile to fly. 
Unrecompensed labour, starvation, and scorn. 

The feet of the captive attend ; 
Dishonoured his race, by rude foes overborne 5 
From altar, from country, from kith and kin torn ; 

No brother, no sister, no friend. 
To the field, then 1 Be strong, and acquit ye like men 

Who shall fear for his country to fall? 
Ye younger, in ranks firmly serried remain ; 
Ye elders, though weak, look on flight with disdain. 

And honour your fatherland's call 1 

B. C. B. 

The Spanish Tyrt&os, Manuel Jos6 
Quintana, whose odes stimulated the 
Spaniards to vindicate their liberty at the 
outbreak of the War of Independence 
(1772-1857). 

• . * We can tell the marvellous influence 
a song which takes hold of the popular 
fancy has on the spirit of the people. 
The Marseillaise acted like magic on the 
French at the Great Revolution. Lilli- 
burlero had a more powerful effect than 
the Philippics of Demosthenes, in 1688. 
Some of the Jacobite songs drove the 
Scotch almost mad with enthusiasm for 
the Young Pretender. And the music- 
hall doggerel, We don't want to fight, but 
by Jingo if we do, was very popular in 
the Russian war of 1878. 

For "Lilli-burlero,*' see Percy'* Reliques, Mr. HL 
bk. iii. 33. 

(See JINGOES, p. 548 ; Kubla Khan, 
p. 583; Lilli-burlero, p. 613.) 

Tyaon {Kate), a romantic young lady, 
who marries Frank Cheeney. — Wybert 
Reeve: Parted, 



TTbaldo, one of the crusaders, mature 
In age. He had visited many regions, 
" from polar cold to Libya's burning 
soil." He and Charles the Dane went to 
bring back Rinaldo from the enchanted 
castle. — Tasso : Jerusalem Delivered 
(1575)- 

Ubaldo and Ricardo, two men 
sent by Honoria queen of Hungary, to 
tempt the fidelity of Sophia, because the 
queen was in love with her husband 
Mathias. Immediately Sophia under- 



stood the object of their visit, she had 

the two men confined in separate rooms, 
where they were made to earn their food 
by spinning. — Massinger : The Picture 
(1629). 

Ube'da [Orbdneia of), a painter who 
drew a cock so preposterously that he 
was obliged to write under it, " This is a 
cock," in order that the spectator might 
know what was intended to be repre- 
sented. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, II. i. 3 
(1615). 

Uberti (Farinata Degli), a noble 
Florentine, leader of the Ghibelline 
faction. Dante represents him, in his 
Inferno, as lying in a fiery tomb not to 
be closed till the last judgment. 

Uberto, count d'Este, etc. — Ariosto: 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Udaller, one who holds land by allo- 
dial tenure. Magnus Troil was a udaller, 
in sir W. Scott's Pirate (time, William 
IV.). 

Ude, the most learned of cooks, author 
of La Science de Gueule. He says, 
*• Coquus nascitur non fit." That " music, 
dancing, fencing, painting, and mechanics 
possess professors under 20 years of age, 
but pre-eminence in cooking is never 
attained under 30." He was premier 
artiste to Louis XVI., then to lord 
Sel'ton, then to the duke of York, then 
chef de cuisine at Crockford's. It is said 
that he quitted the earl of Sefton because 
one of his lordship's guests added pepper 
to his soup. He was succeeded by 
Francatelli. 

• . • Vatel, we are told, committed 
guicide (1671) during a banquet given by 
the prince de Conde, because the lobsters 
for the turbot sauce did not arrive in 
time. 

TJdolpho (The Mysteries of), a ro- 
mance by Mrs. Radcliffe (1790). 

UgfO, natural son of Niccolo III. of 
Ferrara. His father had for his second 
wife Parisi'na Malatesta, between whom 
and Ugo a criminal attachment arose. 
When Niccolo was informed thereof, he 
had both brought to open trial, and both 
were condemned to suffer death by the 
common headsman. — Frixzi : History of 
Ferrara. 

Ugoli'iio, count of Gheradesca, a 
leader of the Guelphi in Pisa. He wai 
raised to the highest honours, but the 
archbishop Ruggie'ri incited the Pisani 



ULAD. 



"55 



ULRICA. 



against him, his castle was attacked, two 
of his grandsons fell in the assault, and 
the count himself, with his two sons and 
two surviving grandsons, were imprisoned 
in the tower of the Gualandi, on the 
Piazza of the Anziani. Being locked in, 
the dungeon key was flung into the Arno, 
and all food was withheld from them. 
On the fourth day, his son Gaddo died, 
and by the sixth day little Anselm with 
the two grandchildren "fell one by one." 
Last of all the count died also (1288), 
and the dungeon was ever after called 
" The Tower of Famine." 

Dante has introduced this story in his 
Inferno, and represents Ugolino as de- 
vouring most voraciously the head of 
Ruggieri, while frozen in the lake of ice. 

Chaucer, in his Canterbury Tales, 
ma*ces the monk briefly tell this sad 
story, and calls the count " Hugeiine of 
Pise." 

Oh thou Pisa, shame I . . . What If fame 

Reported that thy castles wore betrayed 
By Ugolino, yet no right hadst thou 
To stretch his children on the rack . . . 
Their tender years . . . uncapable of guilt. 

Dante: Inferno, xxxiii. (1300). 
Remember Ugolino condescends 
To eat the head of his arch-enemy 
The moment after he politely ends 
His tale. 

Byron : Don yuan, II. lj (1819). 

Ulad, Ulster. 

When Ulad's three champions lay sleeping in gore. 
Moore : Irish Melodies, iv. ("Avenging 
and Bright . . ." 1814). 

Ula'nia, queen of Islanda. She sent 
a golden shield to Charlemagne, to be 
given as a prize to his bravest knight, 
and whoever won it might claim the 
donor in marriage. — Ariosto : Orlando 
Furioso, xv. (1510). 

Ul-Erin, the guiding star of Ireland. 

When night came down. I struck at times the warn- 
ing; boss. I struck and looked on high for fiery-haired 
Ui-Hrin ; nor absent was the star of heaven ; it travelled 
ccd between the clouds.— Ossian : Temora, iv. 

Ulnu, the page of Gondibert's grand- 
sire, and the faithful Achates of Gondi- 
bert's father. He cured Gondibert by a 
cordial kept in his sword-hilt.— Sir IV. 
Davenant : Gondibert (died 1668). 

Ulien's Son, Rodomont. — Ariosto: 
Orlan„o Fu rioso ( 1 5 1 6 ). 

Ulin, an enchantress who had no 
power over those who remained faithful 
to Allah and their duty ; but if any fell 
into error or sin, she had full power to do 
as she liked. Thus, when Misnar (sultan 
of India) mistrusted the protection of 
Allah, she transformed him into a toad. 
When the vizier Horam believed a false 



report, obviously untrue, she transformed 
him also into a toad. And when the 
princess Hemjunah, to avoid a marriage 
projected by her father, ran away with 
a stranger, her indiscretion placed her 
in the power of the enchantress, who 
transformed her likewise into a toad. 
Ulin was ultimately killed by Misnar 
sultan of Delhi, who felled her to the 
round with a blow. — Sir C. Morell 
'). Ridley] : Tales of th$ Genii, vi., viii. 

754 

Ullin, Fingal's aged bard, called "the 
sweet voice of resounding Cona." 

Ullin, the Irish name for Ulster. 

He pursued the chase on Ullin, on the most-covered 
tip of Drumardo — Ossian : Temora, ii. 

Ullin'a Daughter (Lord), a young 
lady who eloped with the chief of Ulva's 
Isle, and induced a boatman to row them 
over Lochgyle during a storm. The boat 
was capsized just as lord Ullin and his 
retinue reached the shore. He saw the 
peril, he cried in agony, " Come back, 
come back ! and I'll forgive your High- 
land chief;" but it was too late, — the 
" waters wild roiled o'er his child, and 
he was left lamenting." — Campbell : Lord 
Ullin s Daughter (a ballad, 1803). 

Ul-Iiochlin, the guiding star of 
Lochlin or Scandinavia. — Ossian; Cath- 
Loda, ii. 

Ulric, son of Werner (*.*•. count of 
Siegendorf). With the help of Gabor, 
he saved the count of Stral'enheim from 
the Oder ; but murdered him afterwards 
for the wrongs he had done his father 
and himself, especially in seeking to 
oust them of the princely inheritance of 
Siegendorf. — Byron : 14 erner (1822). 

ULRICA, in Charles XII., by J. R. 
Planch6(i826). 

Ulri'ca, a girl of great beauty and 
noble determination of character, natural 
daughter of Et nest de Fridberg. Dressed 
in the clothes of Herman (the deaf-and- 
dumb jailer-lad), she gets access to the 
dungeon where her father is confined as 
a " prisoner of State," and contrives his 
escape, but he is recaptured. Where- 
upon Christine (a young woman in the 
service of the countess Marie) goes 
direct to Frederick II. and obtains his 
pardon. — Stirling : The Prisoner of State 
fx847* 

Ulri'ca, alias MARTHA, mother of 
Bertha the betrothed of Herewaid (3 syl.). 
—Sir W. Scott; Count Robert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 



ULRICA. 



1156 ULYSSES AND POLYPHEMOS. 



Ulri'ca, daughter of the late thane of 
Torquilstone ; alias Dame Urfried, an 
old sibyl at Torquilstone Castle. — Sir W. 
Scott : Ivanhoe (time, Richard I. ). 

Ulster ( The kings of). The kings of 
Ulster were called O'Neil ; those of Mini- 
ster, O'Brien ; of Connaught, O'Connor ; 
of Leinster, MacMorrough; and of Meath, 
O'Melaghlin. 

Ultima Thule (2 syl.), the ex- 
tremity of the world ; the most northern 
point known to the ancient Romans. 
Pliny and others say it is Iceland ; Cam- 
den says it is one of the Shetland Islands. 
It is the Gothic tiule (" the most remote 
land "). 

Tibl serviat ultima Thule. 

Virgil : Georgics, L 9k 

Ultimus Romano'rum, Horace 
Walpole (1717-1797).- 

Ulvfagre, the fierce Dane, who mas- 
sacred the Culdees of Io'na, and having 
bound Aodh in iron, carried him to the 
church, demanding of him where he had 
concealed the church treasures. At that 
moment a mysterious gigantic figure in 
white appeared, and, taking Ulvfagre by 
the arm, led him to the statue of St. 
Columb, which instantly fell on him and 
killed him. 

The tottering image was dashed 
Down from its lofty pedestal ; 
On Ulvfagre 's helm it crashed. 
Helmet, and skull, and flesh, and brain, 
It crushed as millstones crush the grain. 

Campbell : Reullura (1811). 

Ulysses, a corrupt form of Odusseus 
[O-dus'-suce], the king of Ithaca. He 
is one of the chief heroes in Homer's 
Iliad, and the chief hero of the Odyssey. 
Homer represents him as being craftily 
wise and full of devices. Virgil ascribes 
to him the invention of the Wooden 
Horse. 

N.B. — Ulysses was very unwilling to 
join the expedition to Troy, and pretended 
to be mad. Thus, when Palamedgs came 
to summon him to the war, he was sowing 
salt instead of barley. 

Ulysses's Bow. Only Ulysses could 
draw this bow, and he could shoot an 
arrow from it through twelve rings. 

% William the Conqueror had a bow 
which no arm but his own could bend. 

IT Robin Hood's bow could be bent by 
no hand but his own. 

H Statius says that no one but Ka- 
paneus \Kap'-a-nuce\ could poise his 
6pear — 

His cypress spear with steel encircled shone, 
Not to be poised but by bis hand alone. 

Thtbaid, V. 



Ulysses's Dog, Argus, which recognized 
his master after an absence of twenty 
years. (See Theron, king Roderick's 
dog, p. 1094. ) 

(Rowe wrote, in 1706, the tragedy of 
Ulysses, founded on the old mythic story. 
And Tennyson wrote his poem of Ulysses 
in 1842.) 

Ulysses and Polyphemos. 

Ulysses and his crew, having reached 
the island of Sicily, strayed into the cave 
of Polyphemos, the giant Cyclops. Soon 
as the monster returned and saw the 
strangers, he seized two of them, and, 
having dashed out their brains, made his 
supper off them, "nor entrails left, nor 
yet their marrowy bones ; " then stretched 
he his huge carcase on the floor, and went 
to sleep. Next morning, he caught up 
two others, devoured them for his break- 
fast, then stalked forth into the open air, 
driving his flocks before him. At sun- 
down he returned, seized other two for 
his supper, and, after quaffing three bowls 
of wine, fell asleep. Then it was that 
Ulysses bored out the giant's eye with a 
green olive stake heated in the fire. The 
monster roared with pain, and after 
searching in vain to seize some of his 
tormentors, removed the rock from the 
mouth of the cave to let out his goats 
and sheep. Ulysses and his companions 
escaped at the same time by attaching 
themselves to the bellies of the sheep, 
and made for their ship. Polyphemos 
hurled rocks at the vessel, and nearly 
succeeded in sinking it, but the fugitives 
made good their flight, and the blinded 
monster was left to lament his loss of 
sight. — Homer: Odyssey, ix. 

IT An extraordinary parallel to this tale 
is told in the third voyage of Sinbad the 
sailor. Sinbad's vessel was driven by a 
tempest to an island of pygmies, and, 
advancing into the interior, the crew came 
to a " high palace," into which they 
entered. At sundown came home the 
giant, "tall as a palm tree; and in the 
middle of his forehead was one eye, red 
and fiery as a burning coal." Soon as 
he saw the intruders, he caught up the 
fattest of them and roasted him for his 
supper, then lay down to sleep, and 
" snored louder than thunder." At day- 
break he left the palace, but at night 
returned, and made his meal off another 
of the crew. This was repeated a third 
night ; but while the monster slept, 
Sinbad, with a red-hot spit, scooped out 
his eye. "The pain he suffered made 



UMBRA. 



"57 



UNCLE SAM. 



him groan hideously, ' and he fumbled 
about the place to catch some of his tor- 
mentors "on whom to glut his rage;" 
but not succeeding in this, he left the 
palace, "bellowing with pain." Sinbad 
and the rest lost no time in making for 
the sea ; but scarcely had they pushed 
off their rafts when the giant approached 
with many others, and hurled huge stones 
at the fugitives. Some of them even 
ventured into the sea up to their waists, 
and every raft was sunk except the one 
on which Sinbad and two of his com- 
panions made their escape. — Arabian 
Nights ("Sinbad the Sailor," third 
voy ;ge). 

r Another similar tale occurs in the 
Basque legends, in which the giant's 
name is Tartaro, and his eye was bored 
out with spits made red hot. As in the 
previous instances, some seamen had 
inadvertently wandered into the giant's 
dwelling, and Tartaro had banqueted on 
three of them, when his eye was scooped 
out by the leader. This man, like 
Ulysses, made his escape by means of 
a ram, but, instead of clinging to the 
ram's belly, he fastened round his neck 
the ram's bell, and threw over his back a 
sheep-skin. When Tartaro laid his hand 
on the skin, the man left it behind and 
made good his escape. 

*.• That all these tales are borrowed 
from one source none can doubt. The 
Iliad of Homer had been translated into 
Syriac by Theophilus Edessenes, a Chris- 
tian Maronite monk of mount Libanus, 
during the caliphate of Harun-ur-Rashid 
(a. D. 736-809). (See Notes and Queries, 
April 19, 1879.) 

The Ulysses of Brandenburg, Albert III. 
elector of Brandenburg, also called "The 
German Achilles" (1414-1486). 

The Ulysses of the Highlands, sir Evan 
Cameron, lord of Lochiel [Lok.keeF], and 
surnamed "The Black" (died 1719). 

• . • It was the son of sir Evan who was 
called "The Gentle Lochiel." 

Umbra, in Pope's Moral Essays 
(Epist. i.), is intended for Bubb Dod- 
dington. 

Umbra {Obsequious), in Garth's Dis- 
pensary, is meant for Dr. Gould (1699). 

Umbriel ' (2 syl.), the tutelar angel 
of 1 homas the apostle, once a Sadducee, 
and always hard of conviction. — /Clop- 
stock: The Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Umbriel [Um-breel'}, a sprite whom 
Spleen supplies with a bagful of ' ' sighs, 



sobs, and cross words, " and a vialful of 
" soft sorrows, melting grief, and flowing 
tears. " When the baron cuts off Belinda's 
lock of hair, Umbriel breaks the vial over 
her, and Belinda instandy begins sighing 
and sobbing, chiding, weeping, and pout- 
ing. — Pope: Rape of the Lock (1712). 

Umbriel, a dusky, melancholy sprite 
As ever sullied tie fair face of light, 
Down to the central earth, his proper scene. 
Repaired, to search the gioomy cave of Spleen. 
Rapt oftht Lack, canto ir. 13, etc. 

Una, truth personified. Truth is so 
called because it is one, whereas Error is 
multiform. Una goes, leading a lamb 
and riding on a white ass, to the court of 
Gloriana, to crave that one of her knights 
might undertake to slay the dragon which 
kept her father and mother prisoners. 
The adventure is accorded to the Red 
Cross Knight, and the two start forth 
together. A storm compels them to seek 
shelter in a forest, and when the storm 
abates they get into Wandering Wood, 
where they are induced by Archimago to 
sleep in his celL A vision is sent to the 
knight, which causes him to quit the cell ; 
and Una, not a little surprised at this 
discourtesy, goes in seach of him. In her 
wanderings she is caressed by a lion, who 
becomes her attendant. After many ad- 
ventures, she finds St. George " the Red 
Cross Knight ; " he had slain the dragon, 
though not without many a fell wound ; 
so Una takes him to the house of Holi- 
ness, where he is carefully nursed ; and 
then leads him to Eden, where they are 
united in marriage. — Spenser: Faerie 
Queene, i. (1590). 

Una, one of Flora M'lvor's attend- 
ants.— Sir W. Scott: Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Unborn Doctor ( The), of Moor- 
fields. Not being born a doctor, he called 
himself "The Un-born Doctor." 

Uncas, son of Chingachcook, sur- 
named "Deer-foot." — Fenimore Cooper: 
Last of the Mohicans; The Pathfinder ; 
and The Pioneer. 

Uncle Remus, the hero and title of 
a book by Joel C. Harris. Uncle Remus 
is represented as an old plantation darkey 
with great store of tales and songs illus- 
trative of negro folklore, dealing chiefly 
with " Brer [i.e. Brother] Rabbit," " Brer 
Fox," and other animal characters— great 
favourites with the children of both 
England and America. 

Unci* Sam, the United States 



UNCLE TOBY. 



«S9 



UNIGENITUa 



Government ; so called from Samuel 
Wilson, one of the inspectors of pro- 
visions in the American War of Inde- 
pendence. Samuel Wilson was called by 
his workmen and others "Uncle Sam," 
and the goods which bore the contractor's 
initials, E'A. U*S. (meaning "Elbert 
Anderson, United States"), were read 
"Elbert Anderson," and " Uncle Sam." 
The joke was too good to die, and Uncle 
Sam became synonymous with U.S. 
(United States). 
Uncle Toby. (See Toby, p. 11x6.) 
Uncle Tom, a negro slave of un- 
affected piety, and most faithful in the 
discharge of all his duties. His master, a 
humane man, becomes embarrassed in his 
affairs, and sells him to a slave-dealer. 
After passing through various hands, and 
suffering intolerable -cruelties, he dies. — 
Mrs. B. Stowe: Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). 
* . * The original of this character was 
the negro slave subsequently ordained 
and called "the Rev. J. Henson." He 
was in London 1876, 1877, took part in 
several religious services, and was even 
presented to her majesty queen Victoria. 

Uncommercial Traveller {The), 

twenty-eight miscellaneous papers pub- 
lished by Dickens in All the Year Round, 
and reproduced in i860. 

Un cumber [St.), another name for 
St. Wilgefortei Sir Thomas More says — 

The women hathe changed her name . . . because 
they relten that for a pecke of otes she wll not faile to 
▼ncumberthem of their housbondes.— Works, p. 193. 

Underground Railroad (The), a 
term used in the United States as the 
embodiment of the various ways by which 
slaves from the southern states made their 
escape either to the north or to Canada. 

Undine [Oon-deen], a water-sylph, 
who was in early childhood changed for 
the young child of a fisherman living on 
a peninsula near an enchanted forest. 
One day, sir Huldbrand took shelter in 
the fisherman's hut, fell in love with 
Undine, and married her. Being thus 
united to a man, the sylph received a soul. 
Not long after the wedding, sir Huld- 
brand returned homeward ; but stopped 
awhile in the city which lay on the other 
side of the forest, and met there Bertalda, 
a haughty beauty. Sir Huldbrand and 
his bride invited Bertalda to go with them 
to their home, the Castle Ringstettin. 
For a time the knight was troubled with 
visions, but Undine had the mouth of a 
well closed up, and thus prevented the 



water-sprites from getting into the castle. 
In time, the knight neglected his wife and 
became attached to Bertalda, who was in 
reality the changeling. One day, sailing 
on the Danube, Huldbrand rebuked Un- 
dine in his anger, and immediately she 
was snatched away by sister sylphs to her 
water home. Not long after, the knight 
proposed to Bertalda, and the wedding 
day arrived. Bertalda requested her maid 
to bring her some water from the well ; 
so the cover was removed, Undine rose 
from the upheaving water, went to the 
chamber of sir Huldbrand, kissed him, 
and he died. They buried him, and a 
silver stream bubbled round his grave ; 
it was Undine who thus embraced him, 
true in life and faithful in death. — De la 
MotteFouqut: Undine (1807). 

• . * This romance is founded on a tale by 
Theophrastus Paracelsus, in his Treatise 
on Elemental Sprites. 

Unfortunate Lady (Elegy to the 
Memory of an), by Pope (1717). The lady 
meant is supposed to be Mrs. Weston, 
who was separated from her husband. 

Ungrateful Bird ( The). The pewit 
or green plover is so called in Scotland. 

The grreen plover or pewit ... Is called "the un- 
grateful bird,' for that it comes to Scotland to breed, 
and then returns to England with its young: to feed 
the enemy.— Captain Burt : Lttttrt /rem the North 
0/ Scotland (1726). 

Ungfratefal Gne«t (The), a soldier 
in the army of Philip of Macfidon, who 
had been hospitably entertained by a 
villager. Being asked by the king what 
he could give him in reward for his 
services, the fellow requested he might 
have the farm and cottage of his late 
host. Philip, disgusted at such baseness, 
had him branded with the words, The 
Ungrateful Guest. 

Unicorn. The unicorn and lion are 
always like cat and dog, and as soon as 
a lion sees his enemy he betakes him to 
a tree. The unicorn, in his blind fury 
running pell-mell at his foe, darts his horn 
fast into the tree, and then the lion falls 
upon him and devours him. — Gesner: 
Historic Animalium (1551-87). 

Wert thou the unicorn, pride and wrath would con- 
found thee, and make thine own self the conquest of 
thy fury.— Shakes f tart : Timtn 0/ Athens, iv. 3 (1699). 

Unigenitus, the name given to the 
famous bull issued by pope Clement XL, 
in 1713, against the French translation of 
the New Testament with notes, by Pas- 
quier Quesnel. It began with the words, 
11 Unigenitus Dei Filius." 



UNIQUE. 



"59 



URCHIN. 



Unique (The), Jean Paul Richter, 
*/hose romances are quite unique and 
belong to no school (1763-1825). 

Universal Doctor, Alain de Lille 
(1114-1203). 

•." Sometimes Thomas Aquinas is also 
called Doctor Universalis (1224-1274). 

Universal Passion ( The), or " The 
Love of Fame," by Young, 1725 (1827-8). 
It brought the author £3000 (worth above 
£sooo at the present time). 

Universal Prayer {The), a para- 

f>hrase of the Lord's Prayer, by Pope 
17381. 

Unknown {The Great), sir Walter 
Scott, who published the Waverley novels 
anonymously (1771-1832). 

Unlearned Parliament {The). 
The parliament convened by Henry IV. 
at Coventry, in Warwickshire (1404), was 
so called because lawyers were excluded 
from it. 

Unlioked Bear, a lout, a cub. It 
used to be thought that the bear brought 
forth only a shapeless mass of flesh, 
which she licked into shape and life after 
birth. 

Like to a chaos, or an unlicked bear-whelp. 
That carriea ne impression like the dam. 
Shakespeare : j Henry VI. act iii. ac a U595). 

Unlucky. (See M, p. 644; Thir- 
teen, p. 1097; Thursday, p. 1106; etc.) 

Unlucky Possessions, the gold of 
Nibelungen and the gold of Tolosa (p. 
434), Graysteel (p. 445), Harmonia's 
necklace (p. 470), Sherborne, in Dorset- 
shire (p. 997), etc. 

The Koh-i-noor diamond, called in 
India "The Accursed Stone," was sup- 
posed by the Hindus to bring ill luck to 
its possessor. Every owner after the six- 
teenth experienced misfortune. The six- 
teenth was assassinated ; then the East 
India Company (after the war in the 
Puniaub) carried it off, but soon after- 
wards ceased to exist. It was then pre- 
sented to the queen, and immediately 
afterwards lord Dalhousie (governor- 
general of India) died ; then followed the 
duke of Wellington, who gave the first 
cutting of it; then the prince consort; 
and then followed the Indian Mutiny. 
(See p. 582.) 

Unready ( The), Ethelred II. (•, 978- 
1016). 
•»• " Umeady " does not mean " never 



ready or prepared," but lacking rede, Lk 
"wisdom, judgment, or kingcraft." 

Unreason {The abbot of), or Father 
Howleglas, one of the masquers at 
Kennaquhair.— Sir W. Scott: The Abbot 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Unwashed ( The Great), the common 
people. It was Burke who first applied 
this term to the artisan class. 

Upholsterer {The), a farce by 

Murphy (1758). Abraham Quidnunc, 
upholsterer, in St. Martin's-in-the-FiHds, 
being crazed with politics, so neglects 
his business for the affairs of Europe, 
that he becomes a bankrupt ; but at this 
crisis his son John, who had married the 
widow of a rich planter, returns from the 
West Indies, pays off his father's debts, 
and places him in a position where he 
may indulge his love for politics without 
hampering himself with business. 

Ura'nia, sister of Astrophel {sir Philip 
Sidney), is the countess of Pembroke. 

Urania, sister unto Astrophel, 
In whose brave mind, as in a golden coffer, 
All heavenly ^ifts and riches locked are, * 
More rich than pearls of Ind. 
Sftrtser: Colin Clouts Com* Horn* Again (1505}. 

Ura'nia, daughter of the king of Sicily, 
who fell in love with sir Guy (eldest son 
of St.George, the patron saint of England). 
— R. Johnson: The Seven Champions, 
etc., iii. 2 (1617). 

Ura'nian Venus, i.e. "Celestial 
Venus, ' the patroness of chaste and pure 
love. 

Venus tandimos or popularis is the 
Venus of the animal passion called 
" love. ' 

Venus etaira or arnica is the Venus of 
criminal sensuality. 

The seal was Cupid bent above a scroll. 
And o'er his head Uranian Venus hung 
And raised the blinding bandage from his eye*. 
Tennyson : The Princess, i. (1830). 

Urban {Sylvdnvs), the hypothetical 
editor of the Gentleman's .1 
magazine which was first p 
173 1, and has been issued without any 
break from then until now. 

In the summer of 1825 I had apartments In the Rut 
Verte, Brussels. My iocataire ... a M. 1'rliain. . 
Informed me thai no was of lineal d< 
Englishman of that name, . . . whose pnenomajn waa 

" Sylvain." — See Notes and (Juer its. 

Urchin, a hedgehog, a mischievous 
little fellow, a dwarf, an imp. 

Well dress like urchins, 
Shakespeare : Merry It ives of H'indiur, 
act fv. sc. 4(159*). 



UREUS. 



1160 



URSEU 



Ureus, the Egyptian snake, crowned 
with a mitre, and typical of heaven. 

Urfried (Dame), an old sibyl at Tor- 
quilstone Castle ; alias Ulrica, daughter 
of the late thane of Torquilstone. — Sir 
W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Urg'an, a human child stolen by the 
king of the fairies, and brought up in elf- 
land. He was sent to lay on lord Richard 
the ' ' curse of the sleepless eye " for killing 
his wife's brother. Then, said the dwarf 
to Alice Brand (the wife of lord Richard), 
" if any woman will sign my brow thrice 
with a cross, I shall resume my proper 
form." Alice signed him thrice, and 
Urgan became at once "the fairest knight 
in all Scotland," and Alice recognized in 
him her own brother Ethert. — Sir W. 
Scott : Lady of the Lake, iv. 12 (18 10). 

Urganda, a potent fairy in the A madis 
of Gaul and other romances of the Carlo- 
vingian cycle. 

This Urganda seemed to be aware of her own Im- 
portance. — Smollett. 

Ur'gfel, one of Charlemagne's pala- 
dins, famous for his enormous strength, 

U'riel (3 syl.) or Israfil, the angel 
who is to sound the resurrection trumpet. 
— A I Koran. 

Uriel, one of the seven great spirits, 
whose station was in the sun. The word 
means " God's light" (see 2 Esdras iv., 
y., x. 28). 

The archangel Uriel, one of the seven 

Who in God's presence, nearest to His throne. 

Stand ready at command. 

Milton: Paradise Lost, iiL 648, etc. (1665). 

•«• Longfellow calls him " the minister 
of Mars," and says that he inspires man 
with "fortitude to bear the brunt and 
suffering of life." — The Golden Legend, iiL 
(1851). 

U'rien, the foster-father of prince 
Madoc. He followed the prince to his 
settlement in North America, south of the 
Missouri (twelfth century). — Southey: 
Madoc (1805). 

Urim, in Garth's Dispensary, is de- 
signed for Dr. Atterbury. 

Urim was civil and not void of sense. 
Had humour and courteous confidence, . . . 
Constant at feasts, and each decorum knew. 
And soon as the dessert appeared, withdrew. 

The Dispensary, i. (1699). 

Urim and Thummim was the 

" stone " which gave light in the ark. 
Our version says that God commanded 
Noah to make a window, but the transla- 



tion should be " to make a light." (See 

Paracelsus : Urim and Thummim.) 

Urim and Thummim, the spec- 
tacles given by an angel to Joseph Smith 
(1805-1844), founder of the Mormon sect, 
to enable him to read the revelation 
written in " reformed Egyptian " on the 
plates hidden at the foot of a mountain 
in Ontario. These spectacles are described 
as " two transparent stones set in the rim 
on a bow fastened to a breastplate." Smith 
deciphered the plates, and Oliver Cowdery 
took down the words, "because Smith 
was no scholar." 

Urra'ca, sister of Sancho II. of Castile, 
and queen of Zamora. — Poema del Cid 
Campe&dor (1128). 

Urre (Sir), one of the knights of the 
Round Table. Being wounded, the king 
and his chief knights tried on him the 
effect of "handling the wounds" (i.e. 
touching them to heal them), but failed. 
At last, sir Launcelot was invited to try, 
and as he touched the wounds they 
severally healed. — Arthurian Romance. 

\ In the old Celtic romances a similar 
gift is ascribed to Finn (Fingal). Thus, 
in The Pursuit of Grania, Finn refuses, 
through love-jealousy, to convey water in 
the closed palms of his two hands to 
the dying Dermat O'Dyna, wounded in 
the chase, though urged thereto by the 
assembled heroes. 

Urrie (Sir John), a parliamentary 
leader.— Sir W. Scott: Legend of Mont- 
rose (time, Charles I.). 

Ursa Major, Calisto, daughter of 
Lycaon, violated by Jupiter, and converted 
by Juno into a bear ; whereupon the king 
of gods and men placed her in the Zodiac 
as a constellation. The Great Bear is 
also called " Hellicfi" (see p. 99). 

Ursa Major. Dr. Johnson was so 
called by Boswell's father (1709-1784). 

My father's opinion of Dr. Johnson may be conjec- 
tured from the name he afterwards gave him, which 
was " Ursa Major ; " but it is not true, as has been 
reported, that it was in consequence of my saying that 
he was a constellation of genius and literature.— 
BosTvell (1791). 

Ursa Minor, also called Cynosura 
("the dog's tail "), from its circular sweep. 
The pole-star is a in the tail. 

" Why, Tom, your wife's a perfect atari 

In truth, no woman's finer." 
Says Tom, " Your simile Is lutf. 

My wife's an Ursa Minor. ' 

E.C.B. 1817). 

Ursel (Zedekias), the imprisoned rival 
of the emperor Alexius Comnenus of 



URSULA. 



1161 



USNACH. 



Gr**ce. — Sir W. Scott : Count Robert of 
Pans (time, Rufus). 

UPt/SUL A, mother of Elsie, and wife 
of Gottlieb [Got-leei], a cottage farmer of 
Bavaria. — Hartmann ven der Aue : Poor 
Henry (twelfth century) ; Longfellow: 
Golden Legend (1851). 

Ur'sula, a gentlewoman attending on 
Hero. — Shakespeare: Much Ado about 
Nothing (1600). 

Ur'sula, a silly old duenna, vain of 
her saraband dancing ; though not fair, 
yet fat and fully forty. Don Diego leaves 
Leonora under her charge ; but Leander 
soon finds that a little flattery and a few 
gold pieces will put the dragon to sleep, 
and leave him free of the garden of his 
Hesperides.— Bickerstaf: The Padlock 
(1768). 

Ur'sula {Sister), a disguise assumed at 
St. Bride's by the lady Margaret de Haut- 
lieu. — Sir W. Scott: Castle Dangerous 
(time, Richard I.). 

Ur'sula [Saint), daughter of Dianotus 
king of Cornwall (brother and successor 
of Caradoc king of Cornwall). She was 
asked in marriage by Conan [Meriadoc] 
of Armorica or Little Britain. Going to 
France with her maidens, the princess 
was driven by adverse winds to Cologne, 
where she and " her 11,000 virgins " were 
martyred by the Huns and Picts (October 
21, 237). Visitors to Cologne are still 
shown piles of skulls and bones heaped 
in the wall, faced with glass, which the 
verger asserts to be the relics of the 
martyred virgins ; but, like Iphis, they 
must have changed their sex since death, 
for most undoubtedly many of the bones 
are those of men and boys. — See Geoffrey: 
British History, v. 15, 16 (1142). 

N. B. — A calendar in the Freisingen 
Codex notices them as " SS. XI. M. VIR- 
GIN UM," »'.*. " eleven holy virgin mar- 
tyrs ; " but, by making the "M" into 
a Roman figure equal 1000, we have 
XIM = ir,o:o; so iiic = 300. 

N.B. — Ursula is the Swabian ursul or 
horsel ("the moon"), like Hulda in 
Scandinavian mythology. If this solution 
is accepted, then the " virgins who bore 
her company " are the stars. Ursul is 
the Scandinavian Hulda. 

• . • Those who assert the legend to be 
based on a fact, have supplied the follow- 
ing names as the most noted of the 
virgins, and, as there are but eleven 
given, it favours the Freisingen Codex : 



(1) Ursula, (2) Sencia or Sentia, (3) 
Gregoria, (4) Pinnosa, (5) Mardia, (6) 
Saula, (7) Brittola, (8) Saturnina, (9) 
Rabacia, Sabatia, or Sambatia, (10) Sa- 
turia or Saturnia, and (n) Palladia. 

N.B. — In 1837 was celebrated with 
great splendour the sixteenth centenary 
" jubilee of their passion." 

Bright Ursula the third, who undertook to guide 
The eleven thousand maids to Littlo Britain sent. 
By seas and bloody men devoured as they went •■ 
Of which wo find these four have been for saints pro 

ferred. 
And with their leader still do live encalenderod : 
St. Agnes, Cor'dula, Odillia, Florence, which 
With wondrous sumptuous shrines those ages did 

enrich 
At Cullen. 

Drayton : Polyelbion, xxiv. (i6»). 

Use of Pests. David once said he 
could not imagine why a wise deity should 
have created such things as spiders, idiots, 
and mosquitos ; but his life showed they 
were all useful to him, at any rate. Thus, 
when he fled from Saul, a spider spun 
its web at the mouth of the cave, and 
Saul, feeling assured that the fugitive 
could not have entered the cave without 
breaking the web, passed on without 
further search. Again, when he was 
taken captive before the king of Gath, he 
feigned idiocy, and the king dismissed 
him, for he could not believe such a 
driveller could be the great champion who 
had slain Goliath. Once more, when he 
entered into the tent of Saul, as he was 
crawling along, Abner, in his sleep, tossed 
his legs over him. David could not stir, 
but a mosquito happened to bite the leg 
of the sleeper, and, Abner shifting it, 
enabled David to effect his escape. — The 
Talmud. (See Virgil's Gnat, p. 1179.) 

Used Up, an English version of 
L 'Homme Blase", of Felix Auguste Duvert, 
in conjunction with Auguste Theodore de 
Lauzanne. Charles Mathews made this 
dramatic trifle popular in England, — 
Boucicault: Used Up (1845). 

Useless Parliament ( The), the first 
parliament held in the reign of Charles I. 
(June 18, 1625). It was adjourned to 
Oxford in August, and dissolved twelve 
days afterwards. 

Usnach or Usna. Conor king of 
Ulster put to death by treachery the 
three sons of Usnach. This led to the 
desolating war against Ulster, which 
terminated in the total destruction of 
Eman. This is one of the three tragic 
stories of the ancient Irish. The other two 
are The Death of the Children of Touran, 
and The Death of the Children of Lir. 



UTA. 



n6a 



VALANTIA. 



Avenging and bright falls the swift sword of Erin 

On him who the brave sons of Usna betrayed 1 . . . 
By the red cloud that hung over Conor's dark dwelling 
When Ulad's three champions lay sleeping in 
gore . . . 
W« swear to avenge them. 

Moore : Irish Mtlodiu, Iv. (" Avenging and 
Bright . . ." (1814). 

Uta, queen of Burgundy, mother of 
Kriemhild and Gvinther.— The Nibelun- 
gen Lied (twelfth century). 

Utha, the "white-bosomed daughter 
of Herman. " She dwelt by * * Thano's 
stream," and was beloved by Frothal. 
When Fingal was about to slay Frothal, 
she interposed and saved his life.— 
Ossian: Carric-Thura. 

Uthal, son of Larthmor petty king of 

Berrathon (a Scandinavian island). He 
dethroned his father, and, being very 
handsome, was beloved by Nina-Tho'ma 
(daughter of a neighbouring prince), who 
eloped with him. Uthal proved incon- 
stant, and, confining Nina-Thoma in a 
desert island, fixed his affections on 
another. In the mean time, Ossian and 
Toscar arrived at Berrathon. A fight 
ensued, in which Uthal was slain in 
single combat, and Larthmor restored to 
his throne. Nina-Thoma was also re- 
leased, but all her ill treatment could not 
lessen her deep love, and when she heard 
of the death of Uthal she languished and 
died.— Ossian: Berrathon. 

Uthal or C tribal, one of the Orkneys* 

— Ossian : Oithona. 

*' The dark chief of Cuthal" (the same 
as " Dunrommath lord of Uthal "). 

Uther or Uter, pendragon or war- 
chief of the Britons. He married Igerna 
widow of Gorlois, and was by her the 
father of Arthur and Anne. This Arthur 
was the famous hero who instituted the 
knights of the Round Table. — Geoffrey: 
History of Britain, viii. 20(1142). 

Uthorno, a bay of Denmark, into 
which Fingal was driven by stress of 
weather. It was near the residence of 
Starno king of Lochlin {Denmark). — 
Ossian : Cath-Loda, i. 

Uto'pia, a political romance by sir 
Thomas More. 

The word means " nowhere " (Greek, 
ou-topos). It is an imaginary island, 
where everything is perfect — the laws, the 
politics, the morals, the institutions, etc. 
The author, by contrast, shows the evils 
of existing laws. Carlyle, in his Sartor 
Resartus, has a place called " Weissnicht- 
wo " [" I know not where"]. The Scotch 



' ' Kennaquhalr " means the same thing 

(1524)- 

N. B. — Adoam describes to Telemachus 
the country of B6tique (in Spain) as a 
Utopia. — Flnelon: TiUmaque, viii. 

Utopia, the kingdom of Grangousier. 
M Parting from Me'damoth, Pantag'ruel 
sailed with a northerly wind and passed 
Me'dam, Gel'asem, and the Fairy Isles ; 
then, keeping Uti to the left and Udeii to 
the right, he ran into the port of Utopia, 
distant about s£ leagues from the city of 
the Amaurots. ' 

(Parting from Medamoth ("no place "), 
he passed Medam (" nowhere "), Gelasem 
("hidden land"), etc.; keeping to the 
left Uti ("nothing at all") and to the 
right Uaen (" nothing "), he entered 
the port of Utopia (" no place"), distant 
^J leagues from Amauros ("the vanish- 
ing point") (See Maps for the Blind, 
published by Nemo and Co., of Weiss- 
nichtwo.) 

(These maps were engraved by Outis 
and Son. They are very rare, and worth 
untold gold.) 

Ussiel [Uz'-zeef], the next in com- 
mand to Gabriel. The word means " God's 
strength. "—Milton s Paradise Lost, iy. 
73a (1665). 



V. 

Va&ius, a grave and heavy pedant— 

Moliere : Les Femmes Savantes (1672). 

(The model of this character was 
Manage, an ecclesiastic noted for his wit 
and learning. ) 

Vafri'no, Tancred's 'squire, practised 
in all disguises, and learned in all the 
Eastern languages. He was sent as a spy 
to the Egyptian camp. — Tasso: Jerusalem 
Delivered (1575). 

Vain'love, a gay young man about 
town. — Congreve: The Old Bachelor 

(1693)- 
Valantia (Count), betrothed to the 

marchioness Mertda, whom he " loved to 
distraction till he found that she doted 
on him, and this discovery cloyed his 
passion." He is light, inconsiderate, 
unprincipled, and vain. For a time he 
intrigues with Amantis "the child of 
Nature." but when Amantis marries the 



VALCLUSA. 



1163 VALENTINE DE GREV. 



marquis Almanza, the count says to 
Merida she shall be his wife if she will 
promise not to love him. — Mrs. Inchbald: 
Child of Nature. (See Thenot, p. 1092. ) 

Valclusa, the famous retreat of 
Petrarch (father of Italian poetry) and 
his mistress Laura, a lady of Avignon. 

At last the Muses rose . . . from fair Valclusa't bowers. 
Aktnsidt : Fltasurts of Imagination, ii. (1744). 

Valdarno or Val d Arno, the valley 
Of the Arno, in which Florence is situated. 

. . . from the top of Fe»ol< [in Tuscany\ 
Or in Valdarno. 

Milton : PmradUt Lost, L aaj, etc (1665). 

V aides (2 syl.) and Corneliue, 

friends of Dr. Faustus, who instruct him 
in magic, and induce him to sell his soul 
that he may have a " spirit" to wait on 
him for twenty-four years. — Marlowt : 
Dr. Faustus (1589). 

Vale of the White Horse. (See 

POLYOLBION, p. 86l.) 

Valence (Sir Aymer de), lieutenant 
of sir John de Walton governor of Doug- 
las Castle.— Sir W. Scott; Castle Dan- 
gerous (time, Henry I.). 

Valentia. The southern part of 
Scotland was so called in compliment to 
Valens the Roman emperor. 

Valenti'na, daughter of the conte 
di San Bris governor of the Louvre. She 
was betrothed to the conte di Nevers, but 
loved Raoul [di Nangis], a huguenot, by 
whom she was beloved in return. When 
Raoul was offered her hand by the prin- 
cess Martheri'ta di Valois, the bride of 
Henri le Bernais (Henri IV.), he rejected 
it, out of jealousy; and Valentina, out 
of pique, married Nevers. In the Bar- 
tholomew slaughter which ensued, Nevers 
fell, and Valentina married her first love 
Raoul ; but both were shot by a party of 
musketeers under the command of her 
father the conte di San Bria — Meyerbeer : 
Les Huguenots (1836). 

VALENTINE (3 syl.), one of the 
•' two gentlemen of Verona ; " the other 
"gentleman" was Protheus. Their two 
gerving-men were Speed and Launce. 
Valentine married Silvia daughter of the 
duke of Milan, and Protheus married 
Julia. The rival of Valentine was Thurio. 
— Shakespeare: The Two Gentlemen of 
Verona (1595). 

Valentine (3 syl.), a gentleman In 
attendance on the duke of Illyria.— 
Shakes feart: Twelfth Night (1602). 



Valentine (3 syl.), a gentleman just 
returned from his travels. In love with 
Cellide (2 syl.), but Cellide is in love with 
Francisco (Valentine's son). — Fletcher: 
Mons. Thomas (a comedy, before 1620). 

Valentine (3 syl.), a gallant that will 
not be persuaded to keep his estate.— 
Fletcher: Wit without Money (1639). 

Valentine, brother of Margaret 
Maddened by the seduction of his sister, 
he attacks Faust during a serenade, and 
is stabbed by Mephistopheles. Val ntine 
dies reproaching his sister Margaret. — 
Goethe: Faust (1798). 

Valentine [Legend], eldest son of 
sir Sampson Legend. He has a tendre for 
Angelica, an heiress whom he eventually 
marries. To prevent the signing away 
of his real property for the advance of 
^4000 in cash to clear his debts, he feigns 
to be mad for a time Angelica gets the 
bond, and tears it before it is duly signed. 
— Congreve : Live for Love (1695). 

(This was Betterton's great part.) 

Valentine (Saint), a Romish priest, 
who befriended the martyrs in trie perse- 
cution of Claudius II., and was in con- 
sequence arrested, beaten with clubs, 
and finally beheaded (February 14, 270). 
Pope Julius built a church in his honour, 
near Pont* Mole, which gave its name to 
the gate Porta St. Valentini, now called 
" Porta del Popolo," and by the ancient 
Romans " Porta Flaminia." 

(The 15th February was the festival of 
Februta Juno (Juno the fructifyer), and 
the Roman Church substituted St. Valen- 
tine for the heathen goddess.) 

Valentine and Orson, twin sons 
of Bellisant and Alexander (emperor of 
Constantinople). They were born in a 
forest near Orleans. While the mother 
was gone to hunt for Orson, who had 
been carried off by a bear, Valentine was 
carried off by king; Pepin (his uncle). In 
due time, Valentine married Clerimond, 
the Green Knight's sister. — Valentine and 
Orson (fifteenth century). 

Valentine de G-rey (Sir), an Kng. 
lishman and knight of I 4 ranee. He had 
"an ample span of forehead, full and 
liquid eyes, free nostrils, crimson lips, 
well-bearded chin, and yet his wishe» 
were innocent as thought of babes." Sir 
Valentine loved Hero, niece of sir 
William Sutton, and in the end married 
her. — K now Its : Woman's Wit, *u 
(1838). 



VALENTINIAN [III.]. 



1x64 



VALJEAN. 



Valentin'ian [III.], emperor of 
Rome (419, 425-455). During his reign, 
the empire was exposed to the invasions 
of the barbarians, and was saved from 
ruin only by the military talents of 
Aet'ius, whom the faithless emperor 
murdered. In the year following, Valen- 
tinian was himself " poisoned " by 
[Petronius] Maximus, whose wife he 
had violated. He was a feeble and con- 
temptible prince, without even the merit 
of brute courage. His wife's name was 
Eadoxia. — Beaumont (?) and Fletcher: 
Valentinian (1617). 
(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Valenti'no, Margheri'ta's brother, in 
the opera of Faust e Margherita, by 
Gounod 1859). 

Valere (2 syl.\, son of Anselme (2 
syl.) who turns out to be don Thomas 
d'Alburci, a nobleman of Naples. During 
an insurrection, the family was exiled 
and suffered shipwreck. Valere, being at 
the time only seven years old, was picked 
up by a Spanish captain, who adopted 
him, and with whom he lived for sixteen 
years, when he went to Paris and fell in 
love with Elsie the daughter of Har'- 
pagon the miser. Here also Anselme, 
after wandering about the world for ten 
years, had settled down, and Harpagon 
wished him to marry Elise ; but the truth 
being made clear to him that Valere was 
his own son, and Elise in love with him, 
matters were soon adjusted.— Moliere: 
LAvare (1667). 

Valere (2 syl.), the "gamester." 
Angelica gives him a picture, and enjoins 
him not to lose it on pain of forfeiting 
her hand. He loses the picture in play, 
and Angelica, in disguise, is the winner 
of it. After a time, Valere is cured of 
his vice and happily united to Angelica.— 
Mrs. Centlivre : The Gamester (1709). 

Vale'ria, sister of Valerius, and friend 
of Horatia. — Whitehead: The Ro?nan 
Father (1741). 

Vale'ria (4 syl.), a blue-stocking, who 

delights in vivisection, entomology, 
women's rights, and natural philosophy. 
— Mrs. Centlivre: The Basset Table 
(1706). 

Vale'rian [valere, "to be hale"], a 
plant of which cats are especially fond. 
It is good in nervous complaints, and a 
sovereign remedy for cramps. " Valerian 
hath beene had in such veneration that 
no brothes, pottage, or physicall meates 



are woorth anything if this be not at one 
end." (See Valirian.) 

Valerian then he crops, and purposely doth stamp, 
To apply unto the place that's haled with the cramp. 
Drayton : Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Vale'rio, a noble young Neapolitan 
lord, husband of EvanthS. (See 
Evanthe, p. 347. )— Fletcher ; A Wife 
for a Month (1624). 

Valerius, the hero and title of a 
novel by J. G. Lockhart (1821). Vale- 
rius is the son of a Roman commander 
settled in Britain. After the death of his 
father, he is summoned to Rome, to take 
possession of an estate to which he is the 
heir. At the villa of Caplto he meets 
with Athanasia, a lady who unites the 
Roman grace with the elevation of the 
Christian. Valerius becomes a Christian 
also, and brings Athanasia to Britain. 
The display at the Flavian amphitheatre 
is admirably described. A Christian 
prisoner is brought forward, either to re- 
nounce his faith or die in the arena ; of 
course, the latter is his lot. 

(This is one of the best Roman stories 
in the language. ) 

Vale'rius (4 syl), the brother of 
Valeria. He was in love with Horatia, 
but Horatia was betrothed to Caius 
Curiatius. — Whitehead : The Roman 
Father (1741). 

Valiant ( The), Jean IV. of Brittany 
(1338, 1364-1399). 

Valiant-for-Truth, a brave Chris- 
tian, who fought three foes at once. His 
sword was " a right Jerusalem blade," so 
he prevailed, but was wounded in the 
encounter. He joined Christiana's party 
in their journey to the Celestial City.— 
Bunyan : Pilgrims Progress, ii. (1684). 

Valirian, husband of St. Cecilia. 
Cecilia told him she was beloved by an 
angel, who constantly visited her ; and 
Valirian requested to see this visitant. 
Cecilia replied that he should do so, if 
he went to pope Urban to be baptized. 
This he did, and on returning home the 
angel gave him a crown of lilies, and to 
Cecilia a crown of roses, both from 
the garden of paradise. Valirian, being 
brought before the prefect Almachius for 
heresy , was executed. — Chaucer : Canter- 
bury Tales (" The Second Nun's Tale," 
1388). (See Valerian.) 

Valjean {Jean), the hero of Les 

Misirables (1862) by Victor Hugo. He 
is an ex-convict of great strength and 



VALLADOLID. 



1x65 



VANBEEST BROWN. 



eotrrage, converted through the kindness 
of an ecclesiastic who gave him food and 
lodging and then discovered him in the 
act of stealing the plate. He afterwards 
rises to a good position as a manu- 
facturer, and becomes a municipal officer ; 
but his enemies discover his past 
history and bitterly persecute him in 
consequence. He bears it all, together 
with some severe reverses, with great 
heroism and patience, and finally dies in 
peace. 

Valladolid' [The doctor of), San- 
grado, who applied depletion for every 
disease, and thought the best diet con- 
sisted of roast apples and warm water. 

I condemned a variety of dishes, and argued like 
the doctor of Valladolid, " Unhappy are those who 
require to b« always on the watch, for fear of over- 
loading their stomachs I "—Lesa^e: Gil Bias, vii. 5 
(i735>- 

Valley of Humiliation, the 

place where Christian encountered Apoll- 
yon and put him to flight. — Bunyan: 
Pilgrims Progress, i. (1678). 

Valley ofWaters (The), the Medi- 
terranean Sea. 

The valley of waters, widest next to that 
Which doth the earth engarland, shapes its course 
Between discordant shores [Europe and Africa\. 
Dante : Paradise, ix. (1311). 

Valley of the Shadow of Death, 

a *' wilderness, a land of deserts and of 
pits, a land of drought, and of the 
shadow of death" (Jer. ii. 6). "The 
light there is darkness, and the way full 
of traps ... to catch the unwary." 
Christian had to pass through it after his 
encounter with Apollyon. — Bunyan : 
Pilgrims Progress, i. (1678). 

Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of 
death, I will fear no evil : for Thou art with me; Thy 
rod and Thy staff they comtort me. — Ps. xxiii. 4. 

Valunder, the Vulcan of Scandi- 
navian mythology, noted for a golden 
arm-ring, on which was wrought all the 
heathen deities with their attributes. It 
was once stolen by Sote\ but being re- 
covered by Thorsten, became an heir- 
loom, and of course descended to Frithjof 
as one of his three inheritances, the other 
two being the sword Angurva'del and 
the self-acting ship Ellida. — Tegnir : 
Frithjof Saga, iii. (1825). 

Farewell, and take in memory of our love 

My arm-ring here, Valundcr's beauteous work, 

With heavenly wonders graven on the gold. 

Valver'de (3 syl.), a Spaniard, in love 
with Elvi'ra. He is the secretary of 
Pizarro, and preserves at the end the life 
of Elvira. — Sheridan: Pilar ro (altered 
from Kotzebue, 1799). 



Va'men, a dwarf, who asked Baly, 
the giant monarch of India, to permit 
him to measure out three paces to build 
a hut upon. The kind monarch smiled 
at the request, and bade the dwarf mea- 
sure out what he required. The first pace 
compassed the whole earth, the second 
the whole heavens, and the third all 
pandalon or hell. Baly now saw that the 
dwarf was no other than Vishnu, and he 
adored the present deity. — Hindu My- 
thology. 

IT There is a Basque tale the exact 
counterpart of this. 

(See BURSA, in Dictionary 0/ Phrase and Fable, p. 
190, for several similar tales.) 

Vamp, bookseller and publisher. 
His opinion of books was that the get-up 
and binding were of more value than the 
matter. " Books were like women ; to 
strike, they must be well dressed. Fine 
feathers make fine birds. A good paper, 
an elegant type, a handsome motto, and 
a catching title, have driven many a dull 
treatise through three editions." — Foote : 
The Author (1757). 

Van [The Spirit of the), the fairy 
spirit of the Van Pools, in Carmarthen. 
She married a young Welsh farmer, but 
told him that if he struck her thrice, she 
would quit him for ever. They went to 
a christening, and she burst into tears, 
whereupon her husband struck her as a 
mar-joy ; but she said, " I weep to see 
a child Drought into this vale of tears." 
They next went to the child's funeral, 
and she laughed, whereupon her husband 
struck her again ; but she said, " I truly 
laugh to think what a joy it is to change 
this vale of tears for that better land, 
where there is no more sorrow, but plea- 
sures for evermore." Their next visit 
was to a wedding, where the bride was 
young and the man old, and she said 
aloud, "It is the devil's compact. The 
bride has sold herself for gold." The 
farmer again struck her, and bade her 
hold her peace ; but she vanished away, 
and never again returned. — Welsh My- 
thology. 

Van Tromp. The van preceding 
this proper name is a blunder. 

"Van " before Tromp . . . Is a gross mistake, . . . 
as ludicrous as Van Cromwell or Van Mouk.-.\Wa 
and Queries, November 17, 1877. 

Vanbeest Brown (Captain), alias 
Dawson, alias Dudley, alias Harry Ber- 
tram, son of Mr. Godfrey Bertram laird 
of Kllangowan. 

Vanbeest Brown, lieutenant of Dirk 



VANBERO. 



lift 



VANOG 



Hatteralck.— Sir W.Sc0tt: Guy Manner- 
ing (time, George II.). 

Vanbergf {Major), in Charles XU. % 

by J. R. Planch* (1826). 

Vanda, wife of Baldric. She is the 
spirit with the red hand, who appears in 
the haunted chamber to the lady Eveline 
Berenger ' * the betrothed. " — Sir W. Scett : 
The Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Vanderdecken, in Fitzbald's Flying 
Dutchman, a melodrama revived by sir 
Henry Irving in 1830. 

Van'dunke (a syl.), burgomaster of 
Bruges, a drunken merchant, friendly to 
Gerrard king of the beggars, and falsely 
considered to be the father of Bertha. 
His wife's name is Margaret. (Bertha is 
in reality the daughter of the duke of 
Brabant ) — Fletcher: The Beggar's Bush 
(1622). 

Vandyck in Little, Samuel Cooper. 
In his epitaph in old St. Pancras Church, 
he is called "the Apelles of his age" 
(1609-1672). 

The English Vandyck, W. Dobson, 
artist (1610-1647). 

The Vandyck of France, Hyacinth 
Rigaud y Ros (1659-1743). 

The Vandyck of Sculpture, Antoine 
Coysevox (1640-1720). 

Vanessa, Miss Esther Vanhomrigh, 
a young lady who proposed marriage to 
dean Swift. The dean declined the pro- 
posal in a poetical trifle called Cadenus 
and Vanessa. 

(Essa, i.e. Esther, and Van, the pet form 
of Vanhomrigh ; hence Van-essa. ) 

Vanity, the usher of queen LucifBra. 
— Spenser: Faerie Queene, i. 4 (1590). 

Vanity, a town through which Chris- 
tian and Faithful had to pass on their 
way to the Celestial City. 



Almost five thousand years agone, there were pil- 
erims walking to the Celestial City . . . and Beelze- 
bub, Apollvon, and Legion . . . perceived, by the 



path that the pilgrims made, that their way to the city 
lay through this town of Vanity.— Sunyan : Pilgrims 

Progress, i. (1678). 

VANITY FAIR, a fair established 
by Beelzebub, Apollyon, and Legion, for 
the sale of earthly "vanities," creature 
comforts, honours, decorations, and carnal 
delights. It was held in Vanity town, 
and lasted all the year round. Christian 
and Faithful had to pass through the fair, 
which they denounced, and were con- 
sequently arrested, beaten, and put into 
a cage. Next day, being taken before 
justice Hate-good, Faithful was con- 



demned to be burnt alive. — Bunyan : Pil- 
grim's Progress, i. (1678). 

Vanity Fair, a looking-glass. 

Vanity Fair, the name of a periodical 
noted for its caricatures, started by signor 
Pelligrini, under the signature of " Ape." 

Vanity Fair, a novel by Thackeray 
(1848). Becky (Rebecca) Sharp, the 
daughter of a poor painter, dashing, sel- 
fish, unprincipled, and very clever, con- 
trives to marry Rawdon Crawley, after- 
wards his excellency colonel Crawley, C. B., 
governor of Coventry Island. Rawdon 
expected to have a large fortune left him 
by his aunt, Miss Crawley, but was dis- 
inherited on account of his marriage with 
Becky, then a poor governess. Becky con- 
trives to live in splendour on " nothing a 
year," gets introduced at court, and is 
patronized by lord Steyne earl of Gaunt ; 
but this intimacy giving birth to a great 
scandal, Becky breaks up her establish- 
ment, and is reduced to the lowest 
Bohemian life. Afterwards she becomes 
the " female companion " of Joseph 
Scdley, a wealthy "collector," of Bog- 
gley Wollah, in India. Having insured 
his life and lost his money, he dies sud- 
denly under very suspicious circumstances, 
and Becky lives for a time in splendour 
on the Continent. Subsequently she 
retires to Bath, where she assumes the 
character of a pious lady Bountiful, given 
to all good works. 

The other part of the story is connected 
with Amelia Sedley , daughter of a wealthy 
London stock-broker, who fails, and is 
reduced to indigence. Captain George 
Osborne, the son of a London merchant, 
marries Amelia, and old Osborne dis- 
inherits him. The young people live for 
a time together, when George is killed in 
the battle of Waterloo. Amelia is reduced 
to great poverty, but is befriended by 
captain Dobbin, who loves her to idolatry, 
and after many years of patience and 
great devotion, she consents to marry 
him. 

Becky Sharp rises from nothing to 
splendour, and then falls ; Amelia falls 
from wealth to indigence, and then rises. 

Vanity of Human Wishes ( The), 
a poem by Dr. Johnson, in imitation of 
Juvenal's Satires (1749, good). 

Vanoc, son of Merlin, one of the 
knights of the Round Table. 

Young Vanoc of the beardless face 
(Fame spoke the youth of Merlin's i 
O'erpowered, at Gyneth's footstool I 



(Fame spoke the youth of Merlin's race), 
O'erpowered, at Gyneth's footstool bled. 
His heart's blood dyed her sandals red. 



Sir hV. Stttt: Bridal if TrUrmmin, li. as (1I13J. 



VANTOM. 



1x67 



VATHEK. 



Vantom (Mr.). Sir John Sinclair 
tells us that Mr. Vantom drank in twenty- 
three years, 36,688 bottles {i.e. 59 pipes)" 
of wine. — Code of Health and Longevity 
(1807). 

(This would give between four and five 
bottles a day. ) 

Vanwelt (Ian), the gupposed suitor 
of Rose Hammock — Sir W. Scott: The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Vapians ( The), a people from Utopia, 
who passed the equinoctial of Queubus, 
" a torrid zone lying somewhere beyond 
three o'clock in the morning." 

In sooth, thou wast la rery gracious fooling last 

ight, when thou spokest . . . *f tha Vapians passing 

the equinoctial of Qaeubu*.— Shakespeare : Tivei/th 



night, when thou spokest 
the equinoctial of Queul 
Siihc, act ii. sc. 3 (1603). 

Vapid, the chief character In The 
Dramatist, by F. Reynolds, and said to 
be meant for the author himself. He 
goes to Bath " to pick up characters." 

Varbel* "the lowly but faithful 
'squire " of Floreski a Polish count He 
is a quaint fellow, always hungry. — J. P. 
Kemble : LoJoisk* (1791). 

Vardam (Gmiriel), locksmith, Clerk- 
enwell ; a round, red-faced, sturdy 
yeoman, with a double chin, and a voice 
husky with good living, good sleeping, 
good humour, and good health. He was 
past the prime of life, but his heart and 
spirits were in full vigour. During the 
Gordon riots, Gabriel refused to pick the 
lock of Newgate prison, though at the im- 
minent risk of his life. 

Mrs. Varden [NIartha\ the lock- 
smith's wife, and mother of Dolly, a 
woman of " uncertain temper " and a self- 
martyr. When too ill-disposed to rise, 
especially from that domestic sickness 
ill temper, Mrs. Varden would order up 
" the little black teapot of strong mixed 
tea, a couple of rounds of hot buttered 
toast, a dihh of beef and ham cut thin 
without skin, and the Protestant Manual 
in two octavo volumes. Whenever Mrs. 
Varden was most devout, she was always 
the most ill-tempered." When others 
were merry, Mrs. Varden was dull ; and 
when others were sad, Mrs. Varden was 
cheerful. She was, however, plump and 
buxom, her handmaiden and "com- 
forter" being Miss Miggs. Mrs. Varden 
was cured of her folly bv the Gordon riots, 
dismissed Miggs, and lived more happily 
and cheerfully ever after. 

Dolly Varden, the locksmith's daugh- 
ter ; a pretty, laughing girl, with a roguish 
face, lighted up by the loveliest pair of 



sparkling eyes, the very impersonation of 
good humour and blooming beauty. She 
married Joe Willet, and conducted with 
him the Maypole inn, as never country 
inn was conducted before. They greatly 
prospered, and had a large and happy 
family. Dolly dressed in the Watteau 
style ; and modern Watteau costume and 
hats were, in 1875-6, called "Dolly Var- 
dens." — Dickens : Barnaby Rudge (1841). 
Vari'na, Miss Jane Waryng, to whom 
dean Swift had a penchant when he was 
a young man. Varina is a Latinized 
form of " Waryng." 

Varney (Richard, afterwards sir 

Richard), master of the horse to the earl 
of Leicester. — Sir W.Scott: Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Varro ( The British). Thomas Tusser, 
of Essex, is so called by Warton (1515- 

1580). 
Vaia (Gustavus), a drama, by H. 

Brooke (1730). Gustavus, having effected 
his escape from Denmark, worked for a 
time as a common labourer in the copper- 
mines of Dalecarlia \^Dah! -le-karl -ya\ ; but 
the tyranny of Christian II. of Denmark 
having driven the Dalecarlians into re- 
volt, Gustavus was chosen their leader. 
The revolters made themselves masters 
of Stockholm ; Christian abdicated ; and 
Sweden became an independent kingdom 
(sixteenth century). 

VaBliti. When the heart of the king 
[Ahasuerus] was merry with wine, he 
commanded his chamberlains to bring 
Vashti, the queen, into the banquet-hall, 
to show the guests her beauty; but she 
refused to obey the insulting order, and 
the king, being wroth, divorced her. — 
Esth. i. 10, 19. 

O Vashti, noble Vashti I Summoned out, 
She kept her state, and left the drunken king 
To brawl at Shushan underneath the palms. 

Tennyson: The Princess, in. 11830). 

Vatel, the cook who killed himself 
because the lobster for his turbot sauce 
did not arrive in time to be served up at 
the banquet at Chnntilly, given by the 
prince de Conde' to the king. 

Vath/ek, the ninth caliph of the race 
of the Abassides, son of Motassem, and 
grandson of Haroun-al-Raschid. When 
angry, "one of his eyes became so 
terrible that whoever looked at it either 
swooned or died." Vathek was induced 
by a malignant genius to commit all 
sorts of crimes. He abjured his faith, 
and bound himself to Eblis, under the 



VATO. 



1168 



VEHMGERICHT. 



hope of obtaining the throne of the pre- 
Adamite sultans. This throne eventually 
turned out to be a vast chamber in the 
abyss of Eblis, where Vathek found him- 
self a prisoner without hope. His wife 
was Nouron'ihar, daughter of the emir 
Fakreddin, and his mother's name was 
Catharis. — Beckford: Vathek (1784). 

Vathek's Daughter, a red-and-yellow 
mixture given him by an emissary of 
Eblis, which instantaneously restored the 
exhausted body, and filled it with delight. 
—Beckford: Vathek (1784). 

Vato, the wind-spirit. 

Even Zoroaster imagined there was an evil spirit, 
called Vato, tliat could excite violent storms of wind. 
— T. Row \i.e. Dr. Pcgge] : Gentleman's Magazine, 
January, 1763. 

Vaudeville {Father of the), Oliver 

Basselin (fifteenth century). 

Vaugiian, the~ bogie of Bromyard, 

exorcised by nine priests. Nine candles 
were lighted in the ceremony, and all but 
one burnt out. The priests consigned 
Nicholas Vaughan to the Red Sea ; and, 
casting the remaining candle into the 
river Frome, threw a huge stone over 
it, and forbade the bogie to leave the 
Red Sea till that candle reappeared to 
human sight. The stone is still called 
" Vaughan's Stone." 

Vaugirard {The Deputies of). The 
usher announced to Charles VIII. of 
France, "The deputies of Vaugirard." 
' ' How many ? " asked the king. ' ' Only 
one, may it please your highness." 

H Canning says that three tailors of 
Tooley Street, Southwark, addressed a 
petition of grievances to the House, be- 
ginning, "We, the people of England." 

Vauxhall. The premises in the 
manor of Vauxhall were the property of 
Jane Vaux in 1615, and the house was 
then called "Stockdens." From her it 
passed through various hands, till it be- 
came the property of Mr. Tyers in 1752. 
" The Spiing Gardens at Vauxhall" are 
mentioned in the Spectator as a place of 
great resort in 171 1 ; but it is generally 
thought that what we call "Vauxhall 
Gardens " were opened for public amuse- 
ment in 1730. 

The tradition that Vauxhall was the property of 
Guy Fawkes (hence the name of " Fauxeshall ') is 
erroneous. — Lord IV. Lennox: Celebrities, etc., I. 
141. 

Vauxhall Slice {A), a slice of meat, 
especially ham, as thin as it is possible to 
cut it. 

Slices of pale-coloured, stale, dry ham, cut M this 



that a " Vauxhall slice " became proverbial— Lord W. 
Lennox : Celebrities, etc., I. viL 

' V. D. M. I. JE., Verbum Dei manet 
in eternum {" the Word of God endureth 
for ever"). This was the inscription of 
the Lutheran bishops in the diet of 
Spires. Philip of Hessen said the initials 
stood for Verbum diaboli manet in epis- 
copis (" the word of the devil abideth in 
the [Lutheran] bishops "). 

Veal {Mrs.), an imaginary person, 
whom Defoe feigned to have appeared, 
the day after her death, to Mrs. Bargrave 
of Canterbury, on September 8, 1705. 

Defoe's conduct In regard to the well-known im- 
posture, Mrs. Veal's ghost, would justify us in 
believing him to be, like Gil Bias, " tant soit peu 
fnpon."— Encyclopedia Britannica (article ••Ro- 
mance "). 

Mrs. VeaTs Apparition. It is said 
that Mrs. Veal, the day after her death, 
appeared to Mrs. Bargrave, at Canter- 
bury, September 8, 1705. This cock-and- 
bull story was affixed by Daniel Defoe to 
Drelincourt's book of Consolations against 
the Fears of Death, and such is the 
matter-of-fact style of the narrative that 
most readers thought the fiction was a 
fact. 

Vec'chio {Peter), a teacher of music 
and Latin ; reputed to be a wizard. — 
Fletcher: The Chances (1620). 

Veck {Toby), nicknamed "Trotty;" a 
ticket-porter, who ran on errands. One 
New Year's Eve he ate tripe for dinner, 
and had a nightmare, in which he fancied 
he had mounted up to the steeple of a 
neighbouring church, and that goblins 
issued out of the bells, giving reality to 
his hopes and fears. He was roused 
from his sleep by the sound of the bells 
ringing in the new year. (See Meg, 
p. 692.) — Dickens: The Chimes (1844). 

Vectis, or Vecta, a Latin form of 
the " Isle of Wight. " Pliny ( Nat. Hist. , 
iv. 30) calls it Vectis. This island was 
called Wyth, or Gzvyth, or Guith (a 
channel) by the Britons, the channel 
being the Solent. 

Of Thames, or Medway's vale, or the green banks 
Of Vecta, she her thundering navy leads. 

Akenside: Hymn to the Naiads, 141, 143 (1767). 

Vegliantino [Val-yan-tee-no], Or- 
lando's horse. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso 
(1516). Also called Veillantif 

Vehrngfericht or The Holy Vehme, 
a secret tribunal of Westphalia, the prin- 
cipal seat of which was in Dortmund. The 
members were called " Free Judges." It 



VEHMIQUE TRIBUNAL. 



1x69 



/ENEERINO. 



took cognizance of all crimes in the law- 
less period of the Middle Ages, and those 
condemned by the tribunal were made 
away with by some secret means, but 
no one knew by what hand. Being des- 
patched, the dead body was hung on a 
tree to advertise the fact and deter others. 
The tribunal existed at the time of 
Charlemagne, but was at its zenith of 
power in the twelfth century. Scott has 
introduced it in his Anne of Geierstein 
(time, Edward IV.). 

Was Rebecca guilty or not f The Vehmgericht 
of the servants' half pronounced •gainst her.— 
Thackeray: Vanity Fair, xliv. (1848). 

Vehmique Tribunal ( The), or the 
Secret Tribunal, or the court of the Holy 
Vehme, said to have been founded by 
Charlemagne. — Sir W. Scott : Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Veil of St. Agatha, a miraculous 
veil belonging to St. Agatha, and de- 
posited in the church of the city of 
Catania, in Sicily, where the saint 
suffered martyrdom. "It is a sure 
defence against the eruptions of mount 
Etna." It is very true that the church 
itself was overwhelmed with lava in 
1693, and some 20,000 of the inhabitants 
perished ; but that was no fault of the 
veil, which would have prevented it if it 
could. Happily, the veil was recovered, 
and is still believed in by the people. 

Veil ch. en {Annette), attendant of 
Anne of Geierstein. — Sir IV. Scott: Anne 
of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Veiled Prophet of Khorassan 
(The), Hakim ben Allah, surnamed Mo- 
kanna or "The Veiled," founder of an 
Arabic sect in the eighth century. He 
wore a veil to conceal his face, which had 
been greatly disfigured in battle. He 
gave out that he had been Adam, Noah, 
Abraham, and Moses. When the sultan 
Mahadi marched against him, he poisoned 
all his followers at a banquet, and then 
threw himself into a cask containing a 
burning acid, which entirely destroyed 
him. 

*.* Thomas Moore has made this the 
subject of a poetical tale in his Lai la 
Rookh ("The Veiled Prophet of Kho- 
rassan,' 1817). 

There, on that throne, ... sat the prophet-chit^ 

The great Mokanna. O'er his features hung 

The veil, the silver veil, which he had flung 

In mercy there, to hide from mortal sight 

His dazzling brow, till man could bear its light. 

M *T1s time these features were uncurtained \n<rw\ 
This brow, whose light — oh, rare celestial light 1— 
Hath been reserved to bless thy favoured light . ■ • 



Turn now and look ; then wonder. If thou wilt. 
That I should hate, should take revenge, by gusJs, 
Upon the hand whose mischief or whose mirth 
Sent me thus maimed and monstrous upon earth . . « 
Here — judge if hell, with all its power to Hamn, 
Can add one curse to the foul thing I am 1 " 

Hs raised the veil ; the maid turned slowly rouae. 
Looked at him, shrieked, and sunk upon the ground. 
Moort : The Veiled Prophet of Khorassan, 

Veipsey, an intermittent spring in 
Yorkshire, called " prophetic " because, 
when unusually high, it foretells a coming 
dearth. 

Then my prophetic spring at Veipsey I may show. 
That some years is dried up, some years again doth 

flow; 
But when it breaketh out with an immoderate birth. 
It tells the following year of a penurious dearth. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, xxviii. (162a). 

Velasquez, the Spanish governor 
of Portugal in 1640, when the people, led 
by don Juan duke of Braganza, rose in 
rebellion, shook off the Spanish yoke, 
and established the duke on the throne, 
under the name and title of Juan or John 
IV. The same dynasty still continues. 
Velasquez was torn to pieces by the mob. 
The duchess calls him a 

Discerning villain, 
Subtle, insidious, false, and plausible ; 
He can with ease assume all outward forma . • a 
While with the lynx's beam he penetrates 
The deep reserve of every other breast. 

Jephson: Braganza, ii. a (1785). 

Velinspeck, a country manager, to 
whom Matthew Stuffy makes applica- 
tion for the post of prompter. — Charles 
Mathews: At Home (1818). 

Vellum, in Addisons comedy The 
Drummer (1715). 

Velvet (The Rev. Morphine), a 
popular preacher, who feeds his flock on 
eau sucrte and wild honey. He assures 
his hearers that the way to heaven might 
once be thorny and steep, but now "every 
hill is brought low, every valley is filled 
up, the crooked ways are made straight, 
and even in the valley of the shadow of 
death they need fear no evil, for One will 
be with them to comfort them." 

Venedo'tia, Wales. 

The Venedotian floods, that ancient Britons were. 
The mountains kept them back. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, iv. (161a). 

Veneering (Mr.), anew man, "forty, 
wavy-haired, dark, tending to corpulence, 
sly, mysterious, filmy ; a kind of well- 
looking veiled prophet, not prophesying." 
He was a drug merer) mt of the firm of 
Chicksey, Stobbles, and Veneering. The 
two former were his quondam masters, 
but their names had "become absorbed 
in Veneering, once their traveller or 
mission agent." 

4 9 



VENERABLE BEDE, 



1170 



VENTIDIUS. 



Mrs. Veneering, a new woman, •* fair, 
aquiline-nosed and fingered, not so much 
light hair as she might have, gorgeous in 
raiment and jewels, enthusiastic, pro- 
pitiatory, conscious that a corner of her 
husband's veil is over herself." 

Mr. and Mrs. Veneering were bran-new peaple, in a 
bran-new house, in a bran-new quarter of London. 
Everything about the Veneerings was spick and span 
new. All their furniture was new, all their friends 
were new, all their servants were new, their plate was 
new, their carriage was new, their harness was new, 
their horses were new, their pictures were new, they 
themselves were new, they were as newly married as 
was lawfully compatible with their having a bran-new 
baby. 

In the Veneering establishment, from the hall chairs 
with the new coat of arms, to the grand pianoforte 
with the new action, and upstairs again to the new 
fire-escape, all things were in a state of high varnish 
and polish.— Dickens : Our Mutual Friend, ii. (1864). 

The Veneerings of society, flashy, rich 
merchants, who delight to overpower their 
guests with the splendour of their furni- 
ture, the provisions of their tables, and 
the jewels of their wives and daughters. 

Venerable Bede (The). Two 
accounts are given respecting the word 
venerable attached to the name of this 
" wise Saxon." One is this : On one 
occasion he preached to a heap of stones, 
thinking himself in a church ; and the 
stones were so affected by his eloquence 
that they exclaimed, "Amen, venerable 
Bede 1 " This, of course, is based on the 
verse Luke xix. 40. 

The other is that his scholars, wishing 
to honour his name, wrote for epitaph — 

Haec sunt in fossa, 
Bedae presbyteri ossa; 

but an angel changed the second line into 
*' Bedae venerabilis ossa " (672-735). 

(The chair in which he sat is still pre- 
served at Jarrow. Some years ago a sailor 
used to show it, and always called it the 
chair of the "great admiral Bede.") 

Venerable Doctor (The), William 
de Champeaux (*-ii2i). 

Venerable Initiator ( The), William 
of Occam (1276-1347). 

Venery. Sir Tristram was the in- 
ventor of the laws and terms of venery. 
Hence a book of venery was called A 

Book of Tristram. 

Of sir Tristram came all the good terms of yenery 
and of hunting ; and the sizes and measures of blow- 
ing of an horn. And of him we had first all the terms 
of hawking ; and which were beasts of chase and 
beasts of venery, and which were vermin ; and all the 
blasts that belong to all manner of games. First to 
the uncoupling, to the seeking, to the rechase, to the 
(light, to the death, and to the strake ; and many other 
blasts and terms shall all manner of gentlemen have 
cause to the world's end to praise sir Tristram, and to 
pray for his soul.— Sir T. Maltry : History «/ Prince 
Arthur, u. 138 (1470). 



Vengeur (Le). (See Dictionary of 

Phrase and Fable, p. 1269.) 

Venice (The Stones of), by Ruskin 
(1851). 

Venice Glass. The drinking-glasses 
of the Middle Ages made of Venice glass 
were said to possess the peculiar property 
of breaking into shivers if poison were 
put into them. 

Tis said that our Venetian crystal hat 

Such pure antipathy to poison, as 

To burst, if aught of venom touches It. 

Byron : The Two Foscari, v. x (i8ae). 

Venice Preserved, a tragedy by 

T. Otway (1682). A conspiracy was 
formed by Renault a Frenchman, Elliot 
an Englishman, Bedamar, Pierre, and 
others, to murder the Venetian senate. 
Jaffier was induced by his friend Pierre 
to join the conspirators, and gave his 
wife as hostage of his good faith. As 
Renault most grossly insulted the lady, 
Jaffier took her away, when she per- 
suaded her husband to reveal the plot 
to her father Priuli, under the promise of 
a general amnesty. The senate violated 
the promise made by Priuli, and com- 
manded all the conspirators except Jaffier 
to be broken on the wheel. Jaffier, to 
save his friend Pierre from the torture, 
stabbed him, and then himself. Belvidera 
went mad and died. 

Venice of the East, Bangkok, capital 
of Burmah. 

Venice of the North, Stockholm (Swe- 
den). Sometimes Amsterdam is so called, 
from its numerous water-courses and the 
opulence of its citizens. It has 290 
bridges. 

They went to the city of Amsterdam, the Venice of 
the North.— The DragontuUs, L 

Venice of the West, Glasgow. 

Another element in the blazon of the Venice of the 
West is a fish laid across the stem of the tree.— 



(See Fish and the Ring, p. 370.) 

Venison ( The Haunch of), a poetical 
epistle to lord Clare, by Goldsmith (1765). 

Ventid'ius, an Athenian imprisoned 
for debt. Timon paid his debt, and set 
him free. Not long after, the father of 
Ventidius died, leaving a large fortune, 
and the young man offered to refund the 
loan ; but Timon declined the offer, 
saying the loan was a free gift. When 
Timon got into difficulties, he applied 
to Ventidius for aid ; but Ventidius, like 
the rest, was "found base metal," and 
"denied him." — Shakespeare; Timon of 
Athens (1609). 



VENTIDIUS. 



1171 



VENUS AND ADONIS. 



Ventid'ius, the general of Marc 
Antony. 

'.* The master scene between Ven- 
tidius and Antony in this tragedy is copied 
from The Maid's Tragedy (by Beaumont 
and Fletcher), Ventidius being the " Me- 
lantius" of Beaumont and Fletcher's 
drama. — Dry den : All for Love or the 
World Well Lost (1678). 

Ventriloquist. The best that ever 
lived was Brabant, the engastrimisth of 
Francois I. of France. 

VENUS {Paintings of). Venus 
Anadyom'ene or Venus rising from the 
sea and wringing her golden tresses, by 
ApellSs. Apell£s also put his name to 
a "Sleeping Venus." Tradition says 
that Campaspe' (afterwards his wife) was 
the model of his Venus. 

The Rhodian Venus, referred to by 
Campbell, in his Pleasures of Hope, ii., is 
the Venus spoken of by Pliny, xxxv. 10, 
from which Shakespeare has drawn his 
picture of Cleopatra in ber barge {Antony 
and Cleopatra, act ii. sc. a). The Rhodian 
was Protog'enes. 



When first the Rhodian's mimic 

The queen of Beauty in her Cyprian shade. 

The happy master mingled in his piece 

Each look that charmed him in the fair of Greece . . . 

Love on the picture smiled. Expression poured 

Her mingling spirit there, and Greece adored. 

Campbell: Pitasures »/ Hopt, ii. (1799). 

Statues of Venus. (1) The Cnidian 
Venus, a nude statue, by Praxiteles, 
bought by the Cnidians. 

(2) The Coan Venus, a draped statue, 
by Praxit6l6s, bought by the Coans. 

(3) The Venus de' Medici, a statue 
dug up in several pieces at Hadrian's 
villa, near Tiv'oli (seventeenth century), 
and placed for a time in the Medici 
palace at Rome, whence its name. It 
was the work of Cleom'enfis the Athenian. 
All one arm and part of the other were 
restored by Bandinelli. In 1680 this 
statu- was removed to the Uffizi gallery 
at Florence. It was removed to Paris by 
Napoleon, but was afterwards restored. 

(4) The Venus of Akles, with a 
mirror in the right hand and an apple in 
the left. This statue is ancient, but the 
mirror and apple are by Girardin. 

(5) Thk Venus of Milo. The "Venus 
Victorious" is called the "Venus of 
Milo," because it was brought from the 
island of Milo, in the .itge.in Sea, by 
admiral Dumont d'Urville in 1820. It 
is one of the chefs dauvre of antiquity, 
and is now in the Louvre of Paris. 

(6) The Pauline Venus, by CanSva. 



Modelled from Pauline Bonaparte, prin- 
cess Borghese. 

I went by chance into the room of the Pauline 
Venus; my mouth will taste bitter all day. How 
venial! how gaudy and rile she is with her gilded 
upholstery! It is the most hateful thing that ever 

wasted marble.— Oitida : Ariadn/, i. i. 

(7) The Venus Pandemos, the sen- 
sual and vulgar Venus (Greek, pan-d'emos, 
for the vulgar or populace generally) ; as 
opposed to the "Uranian Venus," the 
beau-ideal of beauty and loveliness. 

Amongst the deities from the upper chamber ■ 
mortal came, the light, lewd woman, who had bared 
her charms to live for ever here in marble, in counter- 
feit of the Venus Pandemos.— Ouida : Ariadn/, L x. 

The Venus of Praxifelis. (See above. ) 

(8) Gibson's Venus, slightly tinted, 
was shown in the International Exhibition 
of 186a. 

Venus, the highest throw with the 
four tali or three tessera. The best cast 
of the tali (or four-sided dice) was four 
different numbers; but the best cast of 
the tessera (or ordinary dice) was three 
sixes. The worst throw was called canis 
— three aces in tessera and four aces in 
tali. 

Venus ( The Isle of), a paradise created 
by " Divine Love " for the Lusian heroes. 
Here Uranian Venus gave Vasco da Gama 
the empire of the sea. This isle is not 
far from the mountains of Imaus, whence 
the Ganges and Indus derive their source. 
— Camo'ens: Lusiad, ix. (1572). 

(Similar descriptions of paradise are : 
" the gardens of Alcinous " (Odvssey, vii.' 
"the island of CircS " {Odyssey, x.) 
Virgil's " Elysium " (ASneid, vi.) ; " the 
island and palace of Alci'na" (Orlando 
Furioso, vi. , vii. ) ; " the country of Logis- 
tilla " {Orlando Furioso, x. ) ; " Paradise," 
visited by Astolpho (Orlando Furioso, 
xxxiv.); "the island of Armi'da" (Jeru- 
salem Delivered) ; ' ' the bower of Acrasia " 
(Faerie Queene) ; " the palace with its 
forty doors" (Arabian Nights, "Third 
Calender," etc.). 

Venus (Uranian), the impersonation 
of divine love ; the presiding deity of the 
Lusians. — Camo'ens : Lusiad ( 1 572). 

Venus and Adonis. Adonis, a 
most beautiful boy, was greatly beloved 
by Venus and Proserpine. Jupiter de- 
cided that he should live four months 
with one and four months with the other 
goddess, and the rest of the year he might 
do what he liked. One day he was killed 
by a wild boar during a chase, and Venus 
was so inconsolable at the loss that the 
infernal gods allowed the boy to spend 



VENUS OF CLEOMENES. H78 



VERSAILLES. 



six months of the year with Venus on the 
earth, but the other six he was to spend 
in hell. Of course, this is an allegory of 
the sun, which is six months above and 
six months below the equator. 

(Shakespeare has a poem called Venus 
and Adonis (1593), in which Adonis is 
made cold and passionless, but Venui 
ardent and sensual.) 

Venus of Cieom'enes (4 syl.), now 
called the "Venus de' Medici " or "Venus 
de Medicis." 

Venus of the Forest (The). The 

ash tree is so called by Gilpin. 

Venusberg, the mountain of fatal 
delights. Here Tannhauser tarried, and 
when pope Urban refused to grant him 
absolution, he returned thither, to be 
never more seen. — German Legend. 

Verdant Green. (See Green, 
p. 447-) 

Ver'done (2 syl.), nephew to Cham- 
pernal the husband of Lami'ra. — Fletcher: 
The Little French Lawyer (1647). 

VerdugfO, captain under the governor 
of Segovia. — Fletcher: The Pilgrim 
(1621). 

Vere (Mr. Richard), laird of Ellies- 
law, a Jacobite conspirator. 

Miss Isabella Vere, the laird's daughter. 
She marries young Patrick Earnscliffe 
laird of Earnscliffe.— Sir W. Scott: The 
Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Vere (Sir Arthur de), son of the earl 
of Oxford. He first appears under the 
assumed name of Arthur Philipson. — Sir 
W. Scott: Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Verges (2 syl.), an old-fashioned 
constable and night-watch, noted for his 
blundering simplicity. — Shakespeare ; 
Much Ado about Nothing (1600). 

Vergfiv'ian Sea, that part of St. 
George's Channel where tides out of the 
north and south seas meet. The Irish Sea 
is sometimes so called. 



. . . bears hit boisterous 

mouth 
Of the Vergivian Sea; where meeting, from the 

south. 
Great Neptune's curlier tides, with their robustious 

shocks 
Each other shoulder up against the griesly rocks. 

Drayton : Polyolbion, x. (161a). 

Vergfob'retus, a dictator selected 
by the druids, and possessed of unlimited 
power both in war and state during times 
of great danger. 



This temporary king or vergobretus laid down his 
office at the end of the war. — Dissertation on the Bra 
0/ Ossian. 

Verisopht (Lord Frederick), weak 
and silly, but far less vicious than his 
bear-leader, sir Mulberry Hawk. He 
drawled in his speech, and was altogether 
"very soft." Ralph Nickleby introduced 
his niece Kate to the young nobleman at 
a bachelors' dinner-party, hoping to make 
of the introduction a profitable invest- 
ment, but Kate was far too modest and 
virtuous to aid him in his scheme. — 
Dickens: Nicholas Nickleby (1838). 

Vermilion Sea (The), the gulf of 
California. 

Vernon (Diana), niece of sir Hilde- 
brand Osbaldistone. She has great 
beauty, sparkling talents, an excellent 
disposition, high birth, and is an en- 
thusiastic adherent of an exiled king. 
She marries Frank Osbaldistone. 

Sir Frederick Vernon, father of Diana, 
a political intriguer, called "his excel- 
lency the earl of Beauchamp." He first 
appears as father Vaughan \Vawn\ — Sir 
W. Scott: Rob Roy (time, George I.). 

Ver'olame (3 syl.) or Verulam, "a 
stately nymph " of Isis. Seeing her 
stream besmeared with the blood of St. 
Alban, she prayed that it might be 
diverted into another channel, and her 
prayer was granted. The place where 
St. Alban was executed was at that time 
called Holmhurst. — Robert of Gloucester : 
Chronicle (in verse), 57 (thirteenth cen- 
tury). 

(A poetical account of this legend is also 
given by W. Browne, in his Britannia's 
Pastorals, iv., 1613.) 

Veronica, the maiden who handed 
her handkerchief to Jesus on His way to 
Calvary. The " Man of sorrows " wiped 
His face with it, returned it to the maiden, 
and it ever after had a perfect likeness 
of the Saviour photographed on it. The 
handkerchief and the maiden were both 
called Veronica (i.e. vera iconica, ** the 
true likeness "). 

(One of these handkerchiefs is preserved 
in St. Peter's of Rome, and another in 
Milan Cathedral) 

Verrina, the republican who murders 
Fiesco. — Schiller: Fiesco (1783). 

Versailles, a town near Paris, noted 
for its park and palace built by Louis 
XVI. , now used as a museum. 

The German Versailles, Cassel; so 



VERSATILE. 



"73 



VIBRATE. 



Called from its gardens, conservatories, 
fountains, and colossal statue of Herculgs. 
The Versailles of Poland, the palace, 
etc., of the counts of Braniski, which now 
belong to the municipality of Bialystok. 

Versatile (Sir George), a scholar, 
pleasing in manners, warm-hearted, 
generous, with the seeds of virtue and 
the soul of honour ; but being deficient 
in stability, he takes his colour, like the 
chamelion, from the objects at hand. 
Thus, with Maria Delaval he is manly, 
frank, affectionate, and noble ; with lord 
Vibrate, hesitating, undecided, and tossed 
with doubts ; with lady Vibrate, boister- 
ously gay, extravagant, and light-hearted. 
Sir George is betrothed to Maria Delaval, 
but the death of his father delays the 
marriage. He travels, and gives a fling 
to youthful indulgences. After a time, 
he meets Maria Delaval by accident, his 
better nature prevails, and he offers her 
his hand, his title, and his fortune. — 
Holcroft: He's Much to Blame (1790). 

Vertaigne (2 or 3 syl.), a nobleman 
and judge, father of Lamira and Beaupre\ 
—Fletcher: The Little French Lawyer 
(1647). 

Verulam, a Roman town in Herts, 
a part of whose walls still remain. Its 
modern name is St. Albans. Lord Bacon 
was baron Verulam and viscount St. 
Albans (1561-1626). 

The sites are not identical, hut contiguous. 

Vervain or Verbe'na, i.e. herba bona, 
used by the Greeks and Romans in their 
sacrifices and sacred rites, and by the 
druids in their incantations. It was for 
ages a reputed deobstruent, — especially 
efficacious in scrofulous complaints, the 
bite of rabid animals, antipathies, and 
megrims. 

Drayton says " a wreath of vervain 
heralds wear " as a badge of truce. Am- 
bassadors also wore a chaplet of vervain 
on denouncing war. 

The hermit . . . the holy vervain finds. 
Which he about bis head that hath the megrim binds. 
Drayton: Polyolbion, xiii. (1613). 

Vesey (Sir John), a worldly-wise 
baronet, who, being poor, gives himself 
the nickname of " Stingy Jack," that lie 
might be thought rich. Forthwith his 
j^io.ooo was exaggerated into ,£40,000. 
Sir John wanted his daughter to marry 
Alfred Evelyn, but, feeling uncertain 
about the stability of the young man's 
fortune, he shilly-shallied, and in the 
mean time she married sir Frederick 



Blount. By this means Evelyn was free 
to marry Clara Douglas, whom he greatly 
loved. — Lord Lytton : Money (1840). 

Vestibule of Holland, Rosendaal 
Vestibule of Germany, Cleves. 

Vestris, called " The God of 
Dancing." He used to say, "Europe 
contains only three truly great men — my- 
self, Voltaire, and Frederick of Prussia" 
(1729-1808). 

Veto (Monsieur and Madame), Louis 
XVI. and Marie Antoinette. The king 
had the power of putting his veto on any 
decree of the National Assembly (1791), 
in consequence of which he was nick- 
named "Capet Veto." 

(The name occurs in the celebrated 
song called La Carmagnole, which was 
sung to a dance of the same name.) 

Vetns, in the Times newspaper, is the 
pseudonym of Edward Sterling (1773- 
X847), " The Thunderer" (1812-13). 

Veacnelia, wife of Osmond an old 
Varangian guard. — Sir W. Scott: Count 
Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Vholes (1 syl.), a lawyer who draws 
Richard Carstone into his toils. He is 
always closely buttoned up, and speaks 
in a lifeless manner, but is pre-eminently 
a "most respectable man." — Dickens: 
Bleak House (1852). 

Vibrate (Lord), a man who can never 
make up his mind to anything, and, 
" like a man on double business bent, he 
stands in pause which he shall first begin, 
and both neglects." Thus he would say 
to his valet, " Order the coachman at 
eleven. No ; order him at one. Come 
back 1 order him in ten minutes. Stay I 
don't order him at all. Why don't you 
go and do as I bid you?" or, "Tell 
Harry to admit the doctor. No, not 
just yet ; in five minutes. I don't know 
when. Was ever man so tormented ? " 
So with everything. 

Lady Vibrate, wife of the above. Ex- 
travagant, contradictious, fond of gaiety, 
hurry, noise, embarrassment, contusion, 
disorder, uproar, and a whirl of excite- 
ment. She says to his lordship — 

I am all eaiety and food humour; you are all 
turmoil and lamentation. I sintf . lau^h, and welcome 
pleasure wherever I find It ; you take your lantern to 
look for misery, which the lun itself cannot discover. 
You may think proper to be ai miserable as Job ; but 
don't expect me to be a Job's wife.— Act li. i. 



Lady Jane Vibrate, daughter of the 
above. An amiable young lady, attached 
to Delaval, whom she marries.— Holcroft: 
He's Much to Blame (1790). 



VICAR OF BRAY. 



1174 



VICTOR AMADEUS. 



Vicar of Bray ( The). (1) Mr. Brome 
says the noted vicar was Simon Alleyn, 
vicar of Bray, in Berkshire, for fifty 
years. In the reign of Henry VIII. he 
was catholic till the Reformation ; in the 
reign of Edward VI. he was calvinist; in 
the reign of Mary he was papist ; in the 
reign of Elizabeth he was protestant. No 
matter who was king, he resolved to die 
the vicar of Bray. — D' Israeli: Curiosities 
of Literature. 

(2) Another statement gives the name 
of Pendleton as the true vicar. He was 
afterwards rector of St. Stephen's, Wal- 
brook (Edward VI. to Elizabeth). 

(3) Haydn says the vicar referred to in 
the song was Simon Symonds, who lived 
in the Commonwealth, and continued 
vicar till the reign of William and Mary. 
He was independent^ in the protectorate, 
episcopalian under Charles II., papist 
under James II., moderate protestant 
under William and Mary. 

N.B.— The song called The Vicar of 
Bray was written in the reign of George 
I., by colonel Fuller or an officer in 
Fuller's regiment, and does not refer to 
Alleyn, Pendleton, or Symonds, but to 
some real or imaginary person who was 
vicar of Bray from Charles II. to George 
I. The first verse begins : " In good 
king Charles's golden days," I was a 
zealous high-churchman. Ver. 2 : "When 
royal James obtained the crown," I found 
the Church of Rome would fit my constitu- 
tion. Ver. 3 : " When William was our 
king declared," I swore to him allegiance. 
Ver. 4: "When gracious Anne became 
our queen," I became a tory. Ver. 5 : 
" When George, in pudding-time came 
o'er," I became a whig. And "George 
my lawful king shall be — until the times 
do alter." 

I have had a long: chase after the vicar of Bray, on 
whom the proverb. . . . Mr. Fuller, in his Worthies, 
. . . takes no notice of him. ... I am informed it Is 
Simon Alleyn or Allen, who was vicar of Bray, about 
1540, and died 1588.— Brome to Jiawlitts, June 14, 
»73S- (See Letters from the Bodleian, II. I. 100.) 

Vicar of Wakefield {The), Dr. 
Primrose, a simple-minded, pious clergy- 
roan, with six children, begins life with 
a good fortune, a handsome house, and 
wealthy friends ; but is reduced to utter 
poverty without any fault of his own, 
and, being reduced like Job, like Job 
he is restored. First, he loses his fortune 
through the rascality of the merchant 
who held it. His next great sorrow was 
the elopement of his eldest daughter, 
Olivia, with squire Thornhill. His third 
was the entire destruction by fire of his 



house, furniture, and books, together 
with the savings which he had laid by 
for his daughters' marriage portions. 
His fourth was being incarcerated in the 
county jail by squire Thornhill for rent, 
his wife and family being driven out of 
house and home. His fifth was the an- 
nouncement that his daughter Olivia 
"was dead," and that his daughter 
Sophia had been abducted. His sixth 
was the imprisonment of his eldest son, 
George, for sending a challenge to squire 
Thornhill. His cup of sorrow was now 
full, and comfort was at hand : (i) 
Olivia was not really dead, but was said 
to be so in order to get the vicar to 
submit to the squire, and thus obtain his 
release. (2) His daughter Sophia had 
been rescued by Mr. Burchell [sir William 
Thornhill), who asked her hand in mar- 
riage. (3) His son George was liberated 
from prison, and married Miss Wilmot, 
an heiress. (4) Olivia's marriage to the 
squire, which was said to have been in- 
formal, was shown to be legal and binding. 
(5) The old vicar was released, re-esta- 
blished in his vicarage, and recovered a 
part of his fortune. — Goldsmith : The 
Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 

(This novel has been dramatized 
several times : In 1819 it was performed 
in the Surrey Theatre ; in 1823 it was 
turned into an opera ; in 1850 Tom 
Taylor dramatized it ; in 1878 W. G. 
Wills converted it into a drama of four 
acts, entitled Olivia.) 

The real interest of the story lies in the development 
of the character of the amiable vicar, so rich in 
heavenly, so poor in earthly wisdom ; possessing little 
for himself, yet ready to make that little less, when- 
ever misery appeals to his compassion. With enough 
of worldly vanity about him to show that he shares the 
weakness of our nature ; ready to be imposed upon by 
cosmogonies and fictitious bifls of exchange, and yet 
commanding, by the simple and serene dignity of 
goodness, the respect even of the profligate.— 
Encyclopedia Britannica (article " Romance "). 

Vicar of Wrexhill ( The), a novel 
by Mrs. Trollope (1837, her best). 

Victor Amade'us (4 syl.), king of 
Sardinia (1665, 1675-1732), noted for his 
tortuous policy. He was fierce, audacious, 
unscrupulous, and selfish, profound in 
dissimulation, prolific in resources, and 
a ' ' breaker of vows both to God and 
man." In 1730 he abdicated, but a few 
months later wanted to regain the throne, 
which his son, Charles Emmanuel, refused 
to resign. On again plotting to recover 
the crown, he was arrested by D'Ormea 
the prime minister, and died. — R. Brown- 
ing : King Victor and King Charles 
EmmanueL 



VICTOR'S LIBRARY. 



"75 



VINCENTIO. 



Victor's Library (St.), a library of 
trashy books, especially controversial 
divinity. (See Library, p. 611.)— Ra- 
telais: Peuitag' ruel, ii. 7 (1533). 

Victoria (Donna), the young wife of 
don Carlos (q. v.). — Mrs. Cowley: A Bold 
Stroke for a Husband (1782). 

Victoria Tower ( The). The tower 
of the palace of Westminster. It is 
called " The Monarchy in Stone," because 
it contains, in chiselled kings and heraldic 
designs, the sculptured history of the 
British sovereigns. 

Victorious (The). Almanzor means 
"victorious." The caliph Almanzor was 
the founder of Bagdad. 

Thou, too, art fallen, Bagdad, city of peac* I 
Thou, too, hast had thy day I . . . 

Thy founder The Victorious. 
Southey : Thalaba the Destroyer. ▼. 6 (1797)1 

Victory ( The), Nelson's ship. 

At the head of the line goes the Victory, 

With Nelson on the deck. 
And on his breast the orders shine 

Like the stars on a shattered wreck. 

Lord Lytion : Ode, iil. 9 (1839). 

Vidar, the god of wisdom, noted for 
his thick shoes, and not unfrequently 
called "The god with the thick shoes." 
—Scandinavian Mythology. 

Vienna, like Toledo, was at one time 

noted for its sword-blades. 

Gargantua gave Touchfaucet an excellent sword of 
a Vienne blade with a golden scabbard.— Rabelais : 
Gargantua, i. 46 (1533). 

Vienne ( The archbishop of), chancellor 
of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott: Anne of 
Geierstein (time, Edward IV.). 

Vifell, father of Viking, famous for 
being the possessor of Angurva'del, the 
celebrated sword made in the East by 
dwarfs. Vifell won it from Bjdrn Blce- 
tand, and killed with it the giant Iernhos, 
whom he cleft from head to waist with a 
single stroke. Vifell left it to Viking, 
Viking to Thorsten, and Thorsten to his 
son Frithjof. The hilt of the sword was 
gold, and the blade written with runes, 
which were dull in times of peace ; but in 
war glittered "red as the crest of a cock 
when h« fighteth."— Tegnir : Frithjof 
Saga, iii. (1825). 

Village (Our), a series of rural 
sketches, by Mary Russell Mitford. Vol. i. 
in 1824, vol. ii. in 1825, vol. iii. in 1828, 
vol. iv. in 1830, and voL v. in 183a. 

Village ( The), a poem by Crabbc, of 
country life and character (1783) 



Village Blacksmith (Tht), a poem 

by Longfellow (1842). 

Villalpando (Gaspar Cardillos de), a 
Spanish theologian, controversialist, and 
commentator (1505-1570). 

" Truly," replied the canon, " I am better ac- 
quainted with books of chivalry than with Vlllal- 
pun.lo's divinity."— Cervantes : Don Quixote, I. iv. 17 

(1605). 

Ville Sonnante (La). Avignon is 
so called by Rabelais, from its numerous 
bell-towers. 

Ville'rius, in Davenant's Siege of 

Rhodes (1656). 

... pale with envy. Singleton forswore 
The lute anil sword, which he in triumph bore. 
And vowed he ne'er would act Valerius more. 

Dryden : Maci-Ucknoc (i68«). 

(This was a favourite part of Single- 
ton.) 

Villers (Mr.), a gentleman who pro- 
fessed a supreme contempt for women, 
and declared, if he ever married, he should 
prefer Widow Racket to his executioner. 
—Mrs. Cowley: The Belle's Stratagem 
(1780). 

Villiard, a villain, from whose hands 
Charles Belmont rescued Fidelia, — B. 
Moore: The Foundling (1748). 

Vincent (Jenkin) or "Jin Vin," one 
of old Ramsay's apprentices, in love with 
Margaret Ramsay. — Sir W. Scott: For- 
tunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Vincent de la Rosa, a boastful, 
vain, heartless adventurer, son of a poor 
labourer ; who had served in the Italian 
wars. Coming to the village in which 
Leandra lived, he induced her to elope 
with him ; and, having spoiled her of her 
jewels, money, and other valuables, de- 
serted her, and she was sent to a convent 
till the affair had blown over. 

He wore a gay uniform, bedecked with glass buttons 
and steel ornaments ; to-day he dressed himself in one 
piece of finery, and to-morrow in another. He would 
seat himself upon a bench under a large poplar, and 
entertain the villagers with his travels and exploits, 
assuring them there was not a country in ttie whole 
world he had not seen, nor a battle in which he had 
not taken part. He had slain more Moors than ever 
Tunis or Morocco produced ; and as to duels, he had 
fought more than ever Game had, or Luna, Diego 
Garcia dc Paredez, or any other champion, always 



coming off victorious, and without losing one drop of 
blood.— Cervantes: Don Quixote, L Tv. so ("Tho 
Goat-herd's Story," 1605). 



VINCEN'TTO, duke of Vienna. He 
delegates his office to Angelo, and leaves 
Vienna for a time, under the pretence of 
going on a distant journey ; but, by as- 
suming a monk's hood, he observes incog- 
nito the conduct of his different officers. 
Angelo tries to dishonour Isabella, but 



VINCENTIO. 



I176 



VIOLANTE. 



the duke reappears in due time and 
rescues her, while Angelo is made to 
marry Mariana, to whom he is already 
betrothed. — Shakespeare : Measure for 
Measure ( 1603). 

".* Mariana was Angelo's wife by 
civil contract, or, as the duke says to her, 
"He is thy husband by pre-contract," 
though the Church had not yet sanctified 
the union and blessed it. Still, the duke 
says that it would be "no sin" in her to 
account herself his wife, and to perform 
towards him the duties of a wife. Angelo's 
neglect of her was "a civil divorce," 
which would have been a "sin" if the 
Church had sanctified the union, but 
which, till then, was only a moral or civil 
offence. Mariana also considered her- 
self Angelo's " wife," and calls him " her 
husband." This is an interesting illustra- 
tion of the " civil contract " of matrimony 
long before "The Marriage Registration 
Act " in 1837. 

Vincen'tio, an old gentleman of Pisa, 
in Shakespeare's comedy called The 
Taming of the Shrew (1593). 

Vincen'tio, the troth -plight of Evadne 
sister of the marquis of Colonna. Being 
himself without guile, he is unsuspicious, 
and when Ludovlco, the traitor, tells him 
that Evadne is the king's wanton, he be- 
lieves it and casts her off. This brings 
about a duel between him and Evadne's 
brother, in which Vincentio falls. He is 
not, however, killed ; and when the vil- 
lainy of Ludovico is brought to light, he 
reappears and marries Evadne. — Shell: 
Evadne or The Statue (1820). 

Vincentio (Don), a young man who 
was music mad, and said that the 
summun bonum of life is to get talked 
about. Like queen Elizabeth, he loved a 
"crash" in music, plenty of noise and 
fury. Olivia de Zuniga disgusted him by 
maintaining the jew's-harp to be the 
prince of musical instruments. — Mrs. 
Cowley : A Bold Stroke for a Husband 
(1782). 

Vingolf, the paradise of Scandi- 
navian mythology. 

Ah, Ingeborg, how fair, how near doth ttand 
Each earthly joy to two fond loving hearts I 
If boldly grasped whene'er the time is ripe, 
It follows willingly, and builds for them 
A vingolf even here on earth below. 

Ttgndr : Frithjcf Saga, rilL (iSaj). 

Vinland. According to Snorro Sturle- 
son (q.v.), this name was given by ancient 
Scandinavian voyagers to a portion of 
the coast of North America visited by 



them about the end of the tenth century 
— well-wooded and very productive. It 
is thought to have been the coast of 
Massachusetts or Rhode Island. 

Vi'ola, sister of Sebastian; a young 
lady of Messaline. They were twins, 
and so much alike that they could be 
distinguished only by their dress. Viola 
and her brother were shipwrecked off the 
coast of Illyria. Viola was brought to 
shore by the captain, but her brother was 
left to shift for himself. Being a 
stranger in a strange land, Viola dressed 
as a page, and, under the name of 
Cesario, entered the service of Orslno duke 
of Illyria. The duke greatly liked his 
beautiful page, and, when he discovered 
her true sex, married her. — Shakespeare : 
Twelfth Night (1602). 

Vi'ola and Hono'ra, daughters of 
general Archas "the loyal subject" of 
the great-duke of Muscovia.— Fletcher : 
The Loyal Subject (1618). 

VIOLANTE (4 syl.), the supposed 
wife of don Henrique (2 syl.) an uxorious 
Spanish nobleman. — Fletcher: The Span- 
ish Curate (1622). 

Violante, the betrothed of don 
Alonzo of Alcazar, but given in marriage 
by king Sebastian to Henri'quez. This 
caused Alonzo to desert and join the 
emperor of Barbary. As renegade he 
took the name of Dorax, and assumed 
the Moorish costume. In the war which 
followed, he saved Sebastian's life, was 
told that Henriquez had died in battle, 
and that Violante, being a young widow, 
was free and willing to be his wife.— 
Dry den: Don Sebastian (1690). 

Violante, an attendant on the 
princess Anna Comnena the historian. — 
Sir IV. Scott: Count Eobert of Paris 
(time, Rufus). 

Violante (4 syl.), one of the chief 
characters in My Novel, by lord Lytton 
(1853). 

Violante (4 syl), wife of Pietro 

(2 syl.), and putative mother of Pompilia. 
Violante provided this supposititious 
child partly to please old Pietro, and 
partly to cheat the rightful heirs. — 
E. Browning: The Eing and the Book, ii. 

Violante (Donna), daughter of don 
Pedro, a Portuguese nobleman, who 
intends to make her a nun ; but she falls 
in love with don Felix, the son of don 
Lopez. Isabella (sister of don Felix), in 



VIOLENTA. ti?7 

order to escape a hateful marriage, takes 
refuge with donna Violant6 (4 syl.), who 
"keeps the secret" close, even at the 
risk of losing her sweetheart, for Felix 
discovers that a colonel Briton calls at 
the house, and supposes Violante' to be 
the object of his visits. Ultimately, the 
mystery is cleared up, and a double 
marriage takes place. — Mrs. Centlivre: 
The Wonder (1714). 

Mrs. Yates (in the last act), with Garriclc as " don 
Felix," was admirable. Felix, thinking he has gone 
too far, applies himself to soothe his Violante. She 
turns from him and draws away her chair ; he follows, 
and she draws further away. At length, by his 
winning, entreating, and cajoling, she is gradually 
induced to melt, and finally makes it up with him. 
Her condescension . . . was admirable ; her dignity 
was great and lofty, . . . and when by degrees she 
laid aside her frown, and her lips relaxed into a smile, 
. . . nothing could be more lovely and irresistible. . . . 
It laid the whole audience, as well as her lover, at her 
feet. — William Goodwin. 

Violent a, any young lady non- 
entity ; one who contributes nothing to 
the amusement or conversation of a party. 
Violenta is one of the dramatis personce of 
Shakespeare's^//" s Well that Ends Well, 
but she only enters once, and then she 
neither speaks nor is spoken to (1598). 
(See Rogero, p. 927, third art.) 

Violen'ta, the fairy mother who 
brought up the young princess who was 
metamorphosed into a white cat for 
refusing to marry Migonnet (a hideously 
misshapen fairy). — Comtesse D'Aulnoy: 
Fairy Tales ("The White Cat," 1682). 

Violet, the ward of lady Arundel. 
She is in love with Norman the " sea- 
captain," who turns out to be the son of 
lady Arundel by her first husband, and 
heir to the title and estates. — Lord 
Lytton : The Sea-Captain (1839). 

Violet [Father), a sobriquet of Na- 
poleon I. ; also called ' ' Corporal Violet " 
(1769, 1804-1815, died 1821). 

•.'• Violets were the flowers of the 
empire, and when, in 1879, the ex-em- 
press Eugenie was visited at Chislehurst 
by those who sympathized with her 
in the death of her son, "the prince 
imperial," they were worn as symbols of 
attachment to the imperial family of 
France. The name was given to Na- 
poleon on his banishment to Elba (1815), 
and implied that "he would return to 
France with the violets." 

Violet-Crowned City (The), 
Athens is so called by Aristophanes 
(ioare^at'of) (see Equites, 1323 and 1329 ; 
and Acharnians, 637). Macaulay refers 
to Athens as "the violet-crowned city." 



VIPER! 

Ion (a violet) was a representative king 
of Athens, whose four sons gave names 
to the four Athenian classes ; and Greece, 
in Asia Minor, was called Ionia. Athens 
was the city of " Ion crowned its king," 
and hence was " the Ion crowned," or 
king Ion's city. Translating the word 
Ion into English, Athens was the "Violet- 
crowned," or king Violet's city. Of 
course, the pun is the chief point, and 
was quite legitimate in comedy. 

IT Similarly, Paris is called the " city of 
lilies," by a pun between Louis and lys 
(the flower-de-luce), and France is t empire 
des lys or I 'empire des Louis. 

1T By a similar pun, London might be 
called "the noisy town," from hliid, 
" noisy." 

Violetta, a Portuguese, married to 
Belfield the elder brother, but deserted 
by him. The faithless husband gets be- 
trothed to Sophia (daughter of sir Ben- 
jamin Dove), who loves the younger 
brother. Both Violetta and the younger 
brother are shipwrecked and cast on the 
coast of Cornwall, in the vicinity of squire 
Belfield's estate ; and Sophia is informed 
that her " betrothed " is a married man. 
She is therefore free from her betrothal, 
and marries the younger brother, the 
man of her choice ; while the elder 
brother takes back his wife, to whom he 
becomes reconciled. — Cumberland; The 
Brothers (1769). 

Violin (Motte on a). 

In silvis viva silul; canon Jan mortua cano. 
Mute when alive, I heard the feathered throng % 
Vocal now dead, I emulate their song. 

B. C. B. 

Violin (The Angel with the). 
Rubens's " Harmony " is an angel of the 
male sex playing a bass-viol. 

The angel with the ylolin, 
Painted by Raphael (?), he teemed. 

L0H£/elloit> : The fVmysuU Inn ftMj). 

Violin-Makera ( The best) : Gasparo 
di Salo (1560-1610) ; Nicholas Amati 
(150.6-1684); Antonio Stradivari (1670- 
1728) ; Joseph A. Guarneri (1683-1745). 

(Of these, Stradivari was the best, and 
Nicholas Amati the next best.) 

N.B.— The following are eminent, but 
not equal to the names riven above : 
Joseph Steiner (1620-1667) ; Matthias 
Klotz (1650-1606). (See Otto, On the 
Violin) 

Vipen. According to Greek and 
Roman superstition, the female viper, 
after copulation, bites off the head oi the 



VIPONT. 1178 

male. Another notion was that young 
vipers came into the world by gnawing 
their way through the mother, and kill- 
ing her. 

Else, viper-like, their parents they devour, 
For all Power's children easily covet power. 
Brooke : Treatit on Hutnan Learning (1554-1628). 

Vipont (Sir Ralph de), a knight of 
St. John. He is one of the knights 
challengers. — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Virgil, a Roman poet, author of 
Eclogues, Georgics, and the AVneid, the 
be.st Latin epic poem, in twelve books. 
English translations of the AZneid : 
by Connington, 1866 ; Dryden, 1697 ; 
Gawin Douglas, 1513 ; Kennedy, in 
1849 ; W. Morris, in 1876 ; by Ogilby, in 
1649 ; by Phaer and Twyne, in 1558-73 ; 
by Pitt and Warton, -in 1740 ; by Single- 
ton, in rhythm, 1855-59 ; by Stonihurst, 
in 1580 ; by lord Surrey, in 1553 ; by Dr. 
Trapp, in 1731. Literal English prose 
versions by Davidson, in 1743 \ Dv 
Wheeler, in 1852, etc (See Epic 
Poets, p. 326.) 

Virgil Travestie. Book i., by C. 
Cotton (1664). It has passed through 
fifteen editions. 

Virgil, in the Gesta Romanorum, is 
represented as a mighty but benevolent 
enchanter, and this is the character that 
Italian romances give him. 

(Similarly, sir Walter Scott is called 
" The Great Wizard of the North.") 

Virgil the Enchanter. When a young 
man, Virgil discovered an imp in a hole 
in a mountain, who promised to teach 
the enchanter the black art if he would 
release him. Virgil released the imp, 
but after having learned all he wanted, 
he expressed his surprise how one of 
such surprising stature could have been 
squeezed into so small a cavity. The 
imp, to show Virgil how it was done, 
wriggled into it, and Virgil dexterously 
closed up the hole. — Een Schone Historic 
van Virgilius (1552). 

*[f This tale is almost identical with that 
of "the Fisherman and the Genius" in 
the Arabian Nights : The fisherman en- 
closed in his net a small copper vase, and 
when he opened it a huge giant came 
forth, who told the fisherman he had 
vowed to kill any one who released him, 
but to leave his victim the choice of his 
death. The fisherman asked the genius 
if it was really true that he came out 
of the vase. " Doubtless," said the 
genius. " I cannot believe it," rejoined 



VIRGIL S COURTSHIP. 



the fisherman, " for it is not large 

enough to hold one of your feet." The 
genius, to convince the gainsayer, con- 
verted himself into smoke and entered 
the vase; whereupon the fisherman 
clapped down the lid, and threw the 
vase back into the sea. 

IT The same tale is told of Theophras- 
tos, who liberated a demon from the rift 
of a tree. The tale is told by Gorres ; 
Folksbucher, p. 226 (and several others). 
(See Patrick, St., and the Serpent, p. 
813.) 

Virgil, in Dante, is the personifica- 
tion of human wisdom, Beatrice of the 
wisdom which comes of faith, and St. 
Bernard of spiritual wisdom. Virgil con- 
ducts Dante through the Inferno and 
through Purgatory too, till the seven P's 
(peccata, "sins") are obliterated from his 
brow, when Beatrice becomes his guide. 
St. Bernard is his guide through a part of 
Paradise. Virgil says to Dante — 

What reason here discovers, / have power 
To show thee ; that which lies beyond, expect 
From JizaXiice— faith's not reason's task. 

Dante: Purgatory, xviii. (1308). 

VirgiTs Epitaph. The inscription on 
his tomb (said to have been written by 

himself) was — 

Mantua me genuit ; Calabri rapuere ; tenet none 
Parthenope ; cecini pascua, rura, duces. 

In Mantua was I born ; Calabria saw me die ; 

Of sheep, fields, wars, I sun? ; and now in Naples lie. 
E. C. B. 

The Christian Virgil, Giacomo San- 

nazaro (1458-1530). 

Marco Girolamo Vida, author of Chris- 
tias (in six books), is also called "The 
Christian Virgil " (1490-1565). 

■".• Aurelius Clemens Prudentius of 
Spain is called by Bentley, ' ' The Virgil 
and Horace of Christians" (348-*). 

The Virgil of our Dramatic Authors. 
Ben Jonson is so called by Dryden 
(1574-1637). 

Shakespeare was the Homer or father of our dra- 
matic poets ; Jonson was the Virgil, and pattern of 
elaborate writing. I admire rare Ben, but I love 
Shakespeare. — Dryden. 

The Virgil of the French Drama. Jean 
Racine is so called by sir Walter Scott 
(1639-1699). 

Virgil's Courtship. Godfrey Gobi- 
lyve told Graunde Amoure that Virgil 
the poet once made proposals to a lady 
of high rank in the Roman court, who 
1 esolved to punish him for his presump- 
tion. She told him that if he would 
appear on a given night belore her win- 
dow, he should be drawn up in a basket. 
Accordingly he kept his appointment, 



VIRGIL'S GNAT. 



1 179 



VIRGINIA. 



got Into the basket, and, being drawn 
some twenty feet from the ground, was 
left there dangling till noon next day, 
the laugh and butt of the court and city. 
— Stephen Hawes : The Passc-tyme of 
Plesure, xxix. (1515). 

Virgil's Gnat (the Culex, ascribed to 
Virgil). A shepherd, having fallen asleep 
in the open air, was on the point of 
becoming the prey of a serpent, when 
a gnat stung him on the eyelid. The 
shepherd crushed the gnat, but at the 
same time alarmed the serpent, which 
the shepherd beat to death. Next night, 
the gnat appeared to the shepherd in a 
dream, and reproached him lor ingrati- 
tude, whereupon he raised a monument 
in honour of his deliverer. Spenser has 
a free translation of this story, which he 
calls Virgil's Gnat (1580). (See Use OF 
Pests, p. 1161.) 

Virgile an Rabot (Le), "The 
Virgil of the Plane," Adam Bellaut, 
the joiner-poet, who died 1662. He 
was pensioned by Richelieu, patronized 
by the "Great CondeY' and praised by 
Pierre Corneille. 

Virgil'ia is made by Shakespeare 
the wife of Coriolanus, and Volumnia his 
mother ; but historically Volumnia was 
his wife and Vetu'ria his mother. — Corio- 
lanus (1610). 

The old man's merriment In Meneniuc ; the lofty 
lady's dignity in Volumnia ; the bridal modesty in 
Vir^ilia ; the patrician and military haughtiness in 



Coriolanus; the plebeian malignity and tribunitian 
insolence in Brutus and Sicinius, malce a very pleasing 
and interesting variety.— Dr. Johnson ; On Corio- 



insolence in Brutus and Sicinius, 

and int 

latms. 

Virgil'ius, Feargil bishop of Saltz- 
burg, an Irishman. He was denounced 
as a heretic for asserting the existence of 
antipodes (*-784). (See Heretics 
(Scientific), p. 486.) 

Virgin Port (The). Widin, in Euro- 
pean Turkey, is so called by the Turks, 
because it has never been taken by as- 
sault. 

Metz, in France, was also so called in 
the Franco-Prussian war (1870-1). 

Virgin Knot, maidenly chastity ; 
the allusion being to the zones worn by 
marriageable young women. Girls did 
not wear a zone, and were therefore 
called " Ungirded " (dis-cintae). 

. If thou dost break her virgin knot befof* 
All sanctimonious ceremonies may 
With full and holy rite be ministered. 
No sweet aspersion shall the heaven let fall 
To make this contract grow. 
Skakttftart ; Tfu Ttmfut, act Iv. *c 1 (1609). 



Virgin Martyr ( The), a tragedy by 
Philip Massinger (1622). A fine play. 

Virgin Mary ( The) is addressed by 
the following titles: — "Empress and 
Queen of Heaven ; " " Empress and Queen 
of Angels;" "Empress and Queen of 
the Earth ;" 'Lady of the Universe or of 
the World ; " " Mistress of the World ; " 
"Patroness of all Men;" "Advocate 
for Sinners ; " " Mediatrix ; " " Gate of 
Paradise ; " " Mother of God ;" " Mother 
of Mercies and of Divine Grace ; " " God- 
dess;" "The only Hope of Sinners," 
etc., etc. 

(It is said that Peter Fullo, in 480, was 
the first to introduce invocations to the 
Virgin.) 

Virgin Modesty. John Wilmot, 
earl of Rochester, was so called by Charles 
II., because of his propensity to blushing 
(1647-1680). 

Virgin Queen (The), Elizabeth 
(i533. 1SS8-1603). 

Virgin Unmasked (The), a farce 
by H. Fielding. Goodwill had acquired 
by trade ^io, 000, and resolved to give his 
daughter Lucy to one of his relations, in 
order to keep the money in the family. 
He sent for her bachelor relations, and 
told them his intention ; they were Blister 
(the apothecary), Coupee (ihe dancing- 
master), and Quaver (the singing-master). 
They all preferred their professions to the 
young lady, and while they were quarrel- 
ling about the superiority of their respec- 
tive callings, Lucy married Thomas the 
footman. Old Goodwill says, " I don't 
know but that my daughter has made a 
better choice than if she had married one 
of these booby relations." 

Virgins (The Eleven Thousand). 
(See Ursula, p. 1161.) 

Virginia, a young Roman plebeian 
of great beauty, decoyed by Appius 
Claudius, one of the decemvirs, and 
claimed as his slave. Her father, Vir- 
ginius, being told of it, hastened to the 
forum, and arrived at the moment when 
Virginia was about to be delivered up to 
Appius. He seized a butcher's knife, 
stabbed his daughter to the heart, rushed 
from the forum, and raised a revolt. 

(This has been the subject of a host of 
tragedies. In French, by Mairet (1628), 
by Leclerc (1645), by Campistron (1683), 
by La Beaumelle (1760), by Chabanon 
(1769), by Laharpe (1786), by 1 eblanc 
du Guillet (1786), by Guiraud (1827), by 



VIRGINIA. 



1180 



VITIZA. 



Latour St Ybars (1845), etc In Italian, 

by Alfieri (1783). In German, by Gott- 
hold Lessing (eighteenth century). In 
English, by John Webster, entitled Ap- 
piusand Virginia (1654) ; by Miss Brooke 
(1760); J. S. Knowles (1820), Virginius. 
It is one of lord Macaulay's lays (1842), 
supposed to be sung in the forum on the 
day when Sextus and Licinus were 
elected tribunes for the fifth time.) 

Virginia, the daughter of Mme. de la 
Tour. Madame was of a good family in 
Normandy, but, having married beneath 
her social position, was tabooed by her 
family. Her husband died before the 
birth of his first child, and the widow 
went to live at Port Louis, in the Mau- 
ritius, where Virginia was born. Their 
only neighbour was Margaret, with her 
love-child Paul, an- infant The two 
children grew up together, and became 
strongly attached ; but when Virginia 
was 15 years old, her wealthy great-aunt 
adopted her, and requested that she might 
be sent immediately to France, to finish 
her education. The ** aunt " wanted her 
to marry a French count, and, as Virginia 
refused to do so, disinherited her and 
sent her back to the Mauritius. When 
within a cable's length of the island, a 
hurricane dashed the ship to pieces, and 
the corpse of Virginia was cast on the 
shore. Paul drooped, and died within 
two months. — Bernardin <U St. Pierre: 
Paul et Virgine (1788). 

N.B. — In Cobb's dramatic version of 
this story, Virginia's mother is of Spanish 
origin, and dies committing Virginia to 
the charge of Dominique, a faithful old 
negro servant. The aunt is donna Leo- 
nora de Guzman, who sends don Antonio 
de Guardes to bring Virginia to Spain, and 
there to make her his bride. She is 
carried to the ship by force ; but scarcely 
is she set on board when a hurricane 
dashes the vessel to pieces. Antonio is 
drowned, but Virginia is rescued by Al- 
hambra, a runaway slave whom she has 
befriended. The drama ends with the 
marriage between Virginia and Paul 
(1756-1818). 

Virginians (The), * novel by 

Thackeray (1857). 

Virginius, father of the Roman 
Virginia, the title of a tragedy by S. 
Knowles (1820). (For the tale, see Vir- 
ginia.) 

(Macready (1 793-1873) made the part 
of " Virginius in Knowles's drama ; but 



the first to act it was John Cooper, III 

Glasgow, 1820.) 

Virgivian Sea. (See Vlrgiyian, 

p. 1 172.) 

Vir'olam, St. Alban's. (See Vertj- 
LAM, p. 1 173.) 

Brave Voadicia made ... to Virolam. 

Drayton : Polyolbum, viii. (1612). 

Virolet, the hero of Fletcher's play 
called The Double Marriage. He was 
married to Juliana and to Martia (1647). 

Virtues {The Seven): (1) Faith, (2) 
hope, (3) charity, (4) prudence, (5) 
justice, (6) fortitude, and (7) temperance. 
The first three are called "the holy 
virtues. " 

I [Virgil\ with those abide 
Who the three holy virtues put not on. 
But understood the rest, and without blame 
Followed them all. 

DartU : Purgatory, vil. (1308). 

Visin, a Russian who had the power 
of blunting weapons by a look. Starchat- 
erus, the Swede, when he went against 
him, covered his sword with thin leather, 
and by this means obtained an easy vic- 
tory. 

Vision of Judgment ( The) , a poem 
in twelve parts, by Southey, written in 
hexameter verse (1820). The laureate 
supposes that he has a vision of George 
HI., just dead, tried at the bar of heaven. 
Wilkes is his chief accuser, and Washing- 
ton his chief defender. Judgment is 
given by acclamation in favour of the 
king, and in heaven he is welcomed by 
Alfred, Richard Cceur de Lion, Edward 
III., queen Elizabeth, Charles L, and 
William III., Bede, friar Bacon, Chaucer, 
Spenser, the duke of Marlborough, and 
Berkeley the sceptic, Hogarth, Burke the 
infidel, Chatterton who made away with 
himself, Canning, Nelson, and all the 
royal family who were then dead. 

*.* Of all the literary productions ever 
issued from the press, never was one 
printed of worse taste than this. Byron 
wrote a quiz on it, called The Vision of 
Judgment, in 106 stanzas of eight lines 
each (1820). 

Vision of Mirza (The), (See 

MlRZA, p. 711.) 

Vita'lis, the pseudonym of Eric Sjtt- 
berg, a Swedish poet. (Latin, vita lis, 
" life is a strife.") 

Viti'sa or Witi'sa, king of th» 
Visigoths, who put out the eyes of Cor- 
d5va the father of Roderick. He was 



VTTRUVIUS. 



Ii8z 



VOLANTE. 



himself dethroned and blinded by Rode- 
rick.— Soul hey; Roderick, the Last of the 
Goths (1814). 

Vitraviua, author of a treatise on 
architecture, in ten books, Latin. He 
lived under Julius Caesar and Augustus. 

The English Vitruvius, Inigo Jones 
(1572-1652). 

Vivian, brother of Maugis d'Agre- 
mont, and son of duke Bevis of AgremonL 
He was stolen in infancy by Tapinel, and 
sold to the wife of Sorgalant. — Roman de 
Maugis dAgremont et de Vivian son 
Frere. 

Vivian, son of Buovo a syl.), of the 
house of Clarmont, and brother of Aldiger 
and Malagigi. — Ariosto: Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Vivian Grey, a novel by Disraeli 
[lord Beaconsfield] ( 1826-7). Vivian Grey 
is supposed to be the author himself. 

Viviane (3 syl.), daughter of Dyonas 
a vavasour of high lineage, and generally 
called the " Lady of the Lake." Merlin, 
in his dotage, fell in love with her, and 
she imprisoned him in the forest of Bre^ 
ce"liande, in Brittany. Viviane induced 
Merlin to show her how a person could 
be imprisoned by enchantment without 
walls, towers, or chains, and after he had 
done so, she fondled him into a sleep under 
a whitethorn laden with flowers. While 
thus he slept, she made a ring with her 
wimple round the bush, and performed 
the other needful ceremonies ; whereupon 
he found himself enclosed in a prison 
stronger than the strongest tower, and 
from that imprisonment was never again 
released. — Merlin (a romance). 

(See the next article.) 

Vivien or Vivian, the personifica- 
tion of shameless harlotry, or the crown- 
ing rc-ult to be expected from the 
infidelity of queen Guin'evere. This wily 
wanton in Arthur's court hated all the 
knights, and tried without success to 
seduce "the blameless king." Wuh 
Merlin she succeeded better; for, being 
pestered with her imporlunity, he told her 
the secret of his power, as Samson told 
Delilah the secret of his strength. Having 
learnt this, Vivien enclosed the magician 
in a hollow oak, where he was confined 
as one dead, " lost to life, and use, and 
name, and fame." — Tennyson: Idylls 
•f the King (" Vivien," 1858-9). (See 

VIVIANE.) 

N.B. — In Malory's history of Prince 



Arthur, L 60, Nimue (fJVinive) is fheflrfc 
who inveigled Merlin out of his secret — 

And so upon a time it happened that Merlin shewed 
to her [Nintut] in a rock, whereas was a peat wonder, 
and wrought by enchantment, which wemt under a 
stone. So by her subtle craft and workimj , she made 
Merlin to go under that stone, to let her wtt of -he 
marvels there ; but she wrought se there for klaa that 
he came never out, for all his craft. And so she) 
departed aad left him than*. 

Voadic'ia or BoadicVa, queen of 
the British Iceni. Enraged against the 
Romans, who had defiled her two daugh- 
ters, she excited an insurrection against 
them ; and while Suetonius Paulinus, the 
Roman governor, was in Monn( A nglesea), 
she took Colchester and London, and 
slew 70,000 Romans. Being at length 
defeated by Suetonius Paulinus, she put 
an end to her fife by poison (a.d. 61). 

(Cowper has an ode on Boadicea, 1790.) 

Brave Voadicla made with her resolvedest mm 

To Virolam [St. Albans\ whose siege with fire and 

sword she plyed 
T Uileveiied with the earth . . . etc. 

Drayttn ; MylKr*, vilL (r6n). 

Voadine (2 syl.), bishop of London, 
who reproved Vortiger[nJ for loving 
another man's wife and neglecting his 
own queen, for which reproof the good 
bishop was murdered. 

. . . good Voadine. who reproved 
Proud Vortiger, his king, unlawfully that loved 
Another's wanton wife, and wronged his nuptial bed* 
For which by that stern prince unjustly murdered. 
Drayttn : PolyolbUn, xxiv. (1629). 

IT This is very like the story of John 
the Baptist and Herod. 

Voices of the Night, a poem by 
Longfellow, including A Hymn to Nighty 
A Psalm of Life, Flowers, etc. (1841). 

Voiture (a syl.), a French poet, 
idolized by his contemporaries in the 
reign of Louis XIV., but now only 
known by name (1598-1648). 

E'en rival wits did Voiture's death deplore, 
And the gay mourned, who never mourned beforat 
The truest hearts for Voiture heaved with sighs ; 
Voiture was wept by all the brightest 

Pope : Epistti to Miss B.'unt (1715). 

Voland(5^^»'r?), the deviL (German, 
Junker Voland.) 

Volan'te (3 syl.), one of the three 
daughters of Balthazar. Lively, witty, 
sharp as a needle, and high-spirited. She 
loves the count Muntalban ; but when 
the count disguises himself as a father 
confessor, in order to sound her love for 
him, she sees the trick in a moment, and 
says to him, " Come, count, pull off your 
lion's hide, and confess yourself an ass." 
Subsequently, all ends happily and welL 
— Tod in : The Honeymoon (1804). 



VOLETTA. 



1x82 



VORST. 



Volet'ta, Free-will personified. 

Voletta, 

Whom neither man, nor fiend, nor God 

P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, ri. (1633). 

Volksmahrchen ["popular tales "], 
in German, the best exponents being 
LudwigTieck(i773-i853), Musaus (1735- 
1787), De la Motte Fouqu6(see Undine, 
p. 1 158), Chamisso (see Schlemihl, 
Peter, p. 968), Heinrich Steffens (1773- 
1845), Achim von Arnim (1781-1831), 
Clemens Bentano ( ), Zschokke 

(1771-1848), Hoffmann (1776-1822), Gus- 
tav Freytag " The German Dickens " 
(1816- ), and the brothers Grimm. 

Vol'pone (2 syl.), or The Fox, a 
comedy by Ben Jonson (1605). Volpone, a 
rich Venetian nobleman, without children, 
feigns to be dying, in order to draw gifts 
from those who pay_court to him under 
the expectation of becoming his heirs. 
Mosca, his knavish confederate, persuades 
each in turn that he is named for the 
inheritance, and by this means exacts 
many a costly present. At the end, Vol- 
pone is betrayed, his property forfeited, 
and he is sentenced to lie in the worst 
hospital in all Venice. 

Jonson has three great comedies: Volpone or the 
Fox, Epicene or the Silent Woman, and The A I- 
tkemist.—R. Chambers : English Literature, i. 19a. 

Volscius {Prince), a military hero, 
who falls in love with the fair Par- 
thenSpS, and disputes with prince Pretty- 
man upon the superiority of his sweet- 
heart to Cloris, whom prince Prettyman 
sighs iox.—Duke of Buckingham: The 
Rehearsal (1671). 

Why, this is worse than prince Volscius in lore t— Sir 
IV. Scott. 

Oh, be merry, by all means. Prince Volscius in love 1 
Ha, ha, ha \—Congreve : The Double Dealer (1694). 

Volsunga Saga {The), a collection 
of tales in verse about the early Teutonic 
heroes, compiled by Saemund Sigfusson 
in the eleventh century. A prose version 
was made some 200 years later by Snorro 
Sturleson. This saga forms a part of the 
Rhythmical or Elder Edda and of the 
Prose or Younger Edda. 

Voltaire, French poet, philosopher, 

and litterateur (1694-1778). 

The German Voltaire, Johann Wolf- 
gang von Goethe (174Q-1838). 

Christoph Martin Wieland is also called 
•'The German Voltaire" (1733-1813). 

The Polish Voltaire, Ignatius Krasicki 
(1774-1801). 

The Russian Voltaire, Alex. P. Sumo- 
rokof (1727-1777). 



Voltaire and Bad Luck— 

Beaumarchais, the first editor of Vol- 
taire's complete works, lost i.coo.ooo 
francs by the speculation ; and died sud- 
denly in 1798. 

Desser, who published an edition in 
10 vols., 8vo, died soon afterwards of 
phthisis, and his friend Migeon, who 
provided the funds, died of the same 
disease, a pauper. 

C6rioux and the widow Perroneau, who 
published an edition in 60 vols. i2mo, 
were completely ruined thereby. 

Dalibon, who produced the brilliant 
edition, is now a workman at 2j francs a 
day with a colour-man. 

Touquet, who introduced an edition, 
died suddenly at Ostend, in 1831. 

Garnery, his partner in the edition of 
75 vols. i2mo, was ruined and died. 

Deterville, a wealthy publisher, has 
since become blind. 

Daubree was assassinated by a woman 
whom he accused of having stolen a book 
worth 10 sous. 

RenS, Brussels, edited an edition in 
i8mo, fell into distress, and is now a 
simple workman. — Van der Hoegen : 
La Revue hebdomadaire. 

Vol'timand, a courtier in the court 
of Claudius king of Denmark. — Shake- 
speare: Hamlet (1596). 

Volumnia was the wife of Coriolanus, 
and Vetu'ria his mother; but Shakespeare 
makes Virgilia the wife, and Volumnia 
the mother. — Coriolanus (1610). 

The old man's merriment in Menenius ; the lofty 
lady's dignity in Volumnia ; the bridal modesty in 
Virgilia ; the patrician and military haughtiness in 
Coriolanus; the plebeian malignity and tribunitian 
insolence in Brutus and Sicinius, make a very pleasing 
and interesting variety.— Dr. Johnson : On Corio- 
lanus. 

Volund. (See Wieland.) 

Voluspa Saga {The), the prophecy 
of Vola. It contains between 200 and 
300 verses, and resembles the Sibylline 
books of ancient Rome. The Voluspa 
Saga gives, in verse, a description of 
chaos, the formation of the world, the 
creation of all animals (including dwarfs 
and giants, genii and devils, f airies and 
goblins), the final conflagration of the 
world, and its renewal, when it will 
appear in celestial beauty, like the new 
Jerusalem described in the Book of the 
Revelation. 

Vorst {Peterkin), the sleeping sentinel 
at Powys Castle.— Sir W. Scott: Thi 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 



VORTIGERN. 



1183 



VULNERABLE PARTS. 



Vortigfern, consul of the Gewt=;seans, 
who crowned Constans king of Britain, 
although he was a monk ; but treach- 
erously contrive:; to get him assassinated, 
and then usurped the crown. He married 
Rowen'a daughter of Hengist, and was 
burnt to death In a tower set on fire dur- 
ing a siege by AmLrosius. — Geoffrey : 
British History, vi. 6 ; viii. 1 (1142). 

Vortigern, a drama put forward by 
Henry \Y. Ireland (1796) as a newly dis- 
covered play by Shakespeare. It was 
brought out at Drury Lane Theatre by 
John Kemble. Dr. Parr thought it was 
genuine. (See Forgers, p. 384. ) 

Mrs. Siddons, writing to Mrs. Piozzi, says, "All 
sensible persons are convinced that Vortigern is a 
most audacious imposture. If not, I can only say that 
Shakespeare's writings are more unequal than those of 
any other man " (April a, 1796). — Fitzgerald ; Lives of 
the Keinbles, L 338. 

Vortigern and Hengist. The 

account of the massacre of the Long- 
Knives, given by Geoffrey, in his British- 
History, vi. 15, differs greatly from that 
of the Welsh Triads (see Stonehenge A 
Trophy, p. 1047). Geoffrey says that 
Hengist came over with a large army, at 
which king Vortigern was alarmed. To 
allay this suspicion, Hengist promised to 
send back all the men that the king did 
not require, and begged Vortigern to 
meet him in conference at Ambrius {Am' 
bresbury), on May Day. Hengist, in the 
mean time, secretly armed a number of 
his soldiers with " long knives," and told 
them to fall on the Britons during the 
conference, when he uttered the words, 
•« Nemet oure Saxas." This they did, 
and 460 "barons and consuls" fell. It 
does not appear from this narrative that 
the slaughter was due " to the treachery 
of Vortigern," but was wholly the work 
of Hengist. Geoffrey calls the earl of 
Gloucester " Eldol," and not " EidioL" 

Vor'tigern's Tower, like Penel'- 
ope's web, is a work ever beginning and 
never ending. Vortigern was told by his 
magicians to build a strong tower for his 
own security ; so he commanded his work- 
men to build one on mount Erir, but 
whatever they built one day was wholly 
swallowed up by the earth during the 
night. — Geoffrey : British History, vi. 17 
(1142). (See Penelope's Web, p. 822.} 

Vos non Vobis. The tale is that 
Virgil wrote an epigram on Augustus 
Caesar, which so much pleased the em- 
peror that he desired to know who was 
the author. As Virgil did not claim the 
lines, one Bathyllus declared they were 



his. This displeased Virgil, and he wrote 
these four words, Sic vos non vobis . . . 
four times as rhe commencement of four 
lines, and Bathyllus was requested to 
finish them. This he could not do, but 
Virgil completed the lines thus — 

Sic vos non vobis nidificatts aves ; 

Sic vos non vobis villera fertis oveaj 
Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes ; 
Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves. 
Not for yourselves warm nests ye song-birds build ; 

Not for yourselves ye sheep your fleeces bear; 
Not for yourselves store hives y« bees have rilled ; 
Not for yourselves ye ox«a draw the share. 

B.C.M. 

Vox Clamantis, the second part of 
Gower's poem, written in Latin ; it runs 
to seven books in alternate hexameter 
and pentameter verses. The subject is 
Wat Tyler's Rebellion. The meaning of 
the title is, "The voice of the complain- 
ants." Never published. 

Vox et prseterea Nihil. A Spar- 
tan, pulling a nightingale, and finding 
only a very small body, exclaimed, 

<t>wva tv rit €CTi Kai ovdev a\\o (" Voice art 

thou, and nothing more"). — Plutarch: 
Apophthegmata Laconica. 

Vran [Bendigeid, i.e. " Blessed"), king 
of Britain and father of Caradcaw (Ca- 
ractacus). He was called "Blessed" 
because he introduced Christianity into 
this island. Vran had shared the cap- 
tivity of his son, and had learned tha 
Christian faith during his seven years' 
detention in Rome. 

Vran or Bran the Blessed, son of Uyr, first brought 
the faith of Christ to the nation of the Cymry from 
Rome, where he was seven years a hostage for his son 
Caradawc, whom the Romans made prisoner through 
craft and the treachery of Aregwedd F6eddawg [Car- 
tisniandua\— Welsh Triads, xxxv. 

Vran's Caldron restored to life 
whoever was put therein, but the re- 
vivified never recovered speech. (See 
Medea's Kettle, p. 691.) 

'• I will give thee," said Bendigeid Vran. " a caldron, 
the property of which is that if one of thy men be 
slain to-day, and be cast therein tomorrow, he will be 
as well as he was at the best, except that he will not 
regain his speech."— Tht Mabinogion (" Branwen," 
ate.) twelfth century). 

Vrience [King), one of the knights 
of the Round Table. He married Morgan 
le Fay, half-sister of king Arthur.— 
Malory : History of Prince A rthur ( 1470). 

Vulcan's Badge, the badge of 
cuckoldom Vulcan was the husband of 
Venus, with whom Mars intrigued. 

We know 
Better than he have worn Vulcan's badge, 
(t) Shakespeare : Titus Andronicus, act ii. sc i (1593) 

Vulnerable Parts. 

(1) Achilles was vulnerable only in 



VULTURE. 



1184 



WADBs 



the heel. When his mother Thetis dipped 
him in the river Styx, she held him by 
the heel, and the water never touched this 
part. — A Post- Homeric Story. 

(2) AjAX, son of Telamon, could be 
wounded only behind the neck ; some say 
only in one spot of the breast. As soon 
as he was born, Alcldes covered him with 
a lion's skin, which rendered the whole 
of his body invulnerable, except in a 
part where the skin had been pierced by 
Hercules. 

(3) Ant^eos was wholly charmed 
against death so long as he touched the 
earth. — Lucan : Pharsalia, iv. 

(4) Ferracute (3 syl.) was only vul- 
nerable in the navel. — Turpin : Chronicle 
of Charlemagne. 

He is called Ferrau, son of Landfusa, by Ariosto, ta 

his Orlando Furioso. _j 

(5) Megissogwon was only vulnerable 
at one tuft of hair on his head. A wood- 
pecker revealed the secret to Hiawatha, 
who struck him there and killed him. — 
Longfellow: Hiawatha, ix. 

(6) ORILLO was impervious to death 
unless one particular hair was cut off; 
wherefore Astolpho, when he encountered 
the robber, only sought to cut off this 
magic hair. — Ariosto : Orlando Furioso. 

(7) Orlando was invulnerable except 
in the sole of his foot, and even there 
nothing could injure him except the prick 
of a pin. — Italian Classic Fable. 

(8) Siegfried was invulnerable except 
in one spot between the shoulders, on 
which a leaf stuck when he dipped his 
body in dragon's blood. — The Nibelungen 
Lied. 

N.B. — The PromethSan unguent ren- 
dered the body proof against fire and 
wounds of any sort. Medea gave Jason 
some of this unguent. — Classic Story. 

Vulture ( The Black), emblem of the 
indent Turk, as the crescent is of the 
nodern Ottoman empire. 

And that black vulture, which with dreadful wing 
O'ershadows half the earth, whose dismal sight 

Frightened the Muses from their native spring, 
Already stoops, and flags with weary wing. 

P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, vii. (1633). 

Vulture Hopkins. John Hopkins 
was so called from his rapacious mode of 
acquiring money. He was the architect 
of his own fortune, and died worth 
,£300,000 (in 1732). 

Pope refers to John Hopkins in the 
lines — 

When Hopkins dies, a thousand lights attend 
The wretch who, living, aaved a candle-end. 



Wabar, an ape, which, according to 
the Arabs, was once a human being. 
(See Man, p. 662.) 

Wabster {Michael), a citizen of 
Perth.— Sir IV. Scott: Fair Maid of 
Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Wabun, son of Mudjekeewis; the 
Indian Apollo. He chases darkness over 
hill and dale with his arrows, wakes man, 
and brings the morning. He married 
Wabun-Annung, who was taken to heaven 
at death, and became the morning star. 
— Longfellow: Hiawatha (1855). 

Wabun-Annung 1 , the morning star, 
a country maiden who married Wabun 
the Indian Apollo. — Longfellow : Hia- 
watha (1855). 

Wackbairn {Mr.), the schoolmaster 
at Libberton.— Sir W. Scott: Heart of 
Midlothian (time, George II. ). 

Wackles (Mrs. and the Misses), of 

Chelsea, keepers of a " Ladies' Seminary." 
English grammar, composition, geo- 
graphy, and the use of dumb-bells, by 
Miss Melissa Wackles ; writing, arith- 
metic, dancing, music, and general fasci- 
nation, by Miss Sophy Wackles ; needle- 
work, marking, and samplery, by Miss 
Jane Wackles ; corporal punishment and 
domestic duties by Mrs. Wackles. Miss 
Sophy was a fresh, good-natured, buxom 
girl of 20, who owned to a soft impeach- 
ment for Mr. Swiveller, but as he held 
back, she married Mr. Cheggs, a well-to- 
do market gardener. — Dickens: The Old 
Curiosity Shop, viii. (1840). 

Wade (General), an English com- 
mander in the Scotch rebellion of 1715. 
He detailed a strong force to construct a 
road, so well made that even his Scotch 
enemies sang his praises in the couplet — 

If you had seen this road before it was made, 

You would lift up your hands, and bless general Wade. 

Wade (Miss), a handsome young 
woman, brought up by her grandmother, 
with a small independence. She looked 
at every act of kindness, benevolence, 
and charity with a jaundiced eye, and 
attributed it to a vile motive. Her 
manner was suspicious, self-secluded, 
and repellant ; her temper proud, fiery, 
and unsympathetic Twice she loved— in 



WADMAN. 



I185 



WALDEGRAVE. 



one case she jilted her lover, in the other 
she was herself jilted. The latter was 
Henry Gowan, who married Pet the 
daughter of Mr. Meagles, and in con- 
sequence of this marriage, Miss Wade 
hated Gowan, his wife, the Meagleses, 
and all their friends. She enticed Tatty- 
coram away from Mr. Meagles, and the 
two young women lived together for a 
time, nursing their hatred of man to 
keep it warm. — Dickens: Little Dorrit, 
ii. 21 (1857). 

Wadman ( Widow), a comely widow, 
who would full fain secure uncle Toby 
for her second husband. Amongst other 
wiles, she pretends to have something in 
her eye, and gets uncle Toby to look for 
it. As the kind-hearted hero of Namur 
does so, the gentle widow gradually places 
her face nearer and nearer the captain's 
mouth, under the hope that he will kiss 
and propose. — Sterne : The Life and 
Opinions of Tristram Shandy (17 59). 

Wa'gemin ! (3 syl.) the cry of the 
young lads and lasses of the North 
American tribes, when in harvesting they 
light upon a crooked and mildewed ear of 
maize, emblematic of old age. 

And whene'er a youth or maidea 
Found a crooked ear in husking, . . , 
Blighted, mildewed, or misshapen. 
Then they laughed and sang together. 
Crept and limped about the corn-field*, 
Mimicked in their gait and gestures 
Some old man bent almost double, 
Singing singly or together, 
"Wagemin, the thief of corn-fields I" 

Longfellow : Hiawmtha, xilL (1855). 

Waggoner {The), a poem in four 
cantos, by Wordsworth (1819). 

Wagner, the faithful servant and 
constant companion of Faust, in Mar- 
lowe's drama called The Life and Death 
of Dr. Fausius (1589) ; in Goethe's Faust 
(German, 1798) ; and in Gounod's opera 
of Faust (18 S9). 

Wagner is a type of the pedant. Hv sacrifices htm. 
■elf to books as Faust does to knowledge . . . the 
dust of folios is his element, parchment the source of 
his inspiration. ... He is one of those who, in the 
presence of Niagara, would vex you with questions 
•bout arrow-headed inscriptions ... or the origin of 
the Pelasgi. — Lewes. 

Wa'hela, Lot's wife. (See Lot*. 
Wife, p. 627.) 

Waife (Gentleman), an old man who, 
for the sake of screening a dissolute and 
criminal son, consents to undergo trans- 
portation, and for years to bear the im- 
putation of a felon. He struggles through 
poverty for the support of a grandchild, 
dreading success because it brings him 



into notice, and loving darkness rather 
than light, that his sacrifices may not be 
known.— Lord Lytton : What will he do 
with it f (1858). 

Wa'ila. (See Noah's Wife, p. 758.) 

Wainamoi'nen, the Orpheus of 
Finnish mythology. His magic harp 
performed similar wonders to that of 
Orpheus (2 syl.). It was made of the 
bones of a pike ; that of Orpheus was of 
tortoiseshelL The "beloved " of Waina- 
moinen was a treasure called Sampo, 
which was lost as the poet reached the 
verge of the realms of darkness ; the 
"beloved" of Orpheus was Euryd'ice, 
who was lost just as the poet reached the 
confines of earth, after his descent into 
helL 

■•■ See Kalewala, Rune, xxii. It is 
very beautiful. An extract is given in 
Baring Gould's Myths of the Middle Ages, 
440-444. 

Waistcoat ( The M. B. ). (See M. a 
Waistcoat, p. 690. ) 

Waitwell, the lackey of Edward 
Mirabell, and husband of Foible gover- 
nante of the household of lady Wishfort. 
By his master's request, Waitwell perso- 
nates sir Roland, and makes love to lady 
Wishfort, but the trick is discovered 
before much mischief is done. — Congreve : 
The Way of the World (1700). 

Wakefield (Harry), the English 
drover killed by Robin Oig. — Sir W. 
Scott: The Two Drovers (time, George 
III.). 



(See 



Wakefield (The Vicar of) 
Vicar of Wakefield, p. 1174.) 

Wakeman (Sir George), physician to 
Henrietta Maria queen of Charles I. — Sir 
W. Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Waldeck (Martin), the miner, and 
hero of a story read by Lovel to a picnic 
party at the ruins of St. Ruth's Priory. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary (time, 
George III.). 

Walde'grave (2 syl.), leader of the 
British forces, which joined the Hurons in 
extirpating the Snake Indians, but he fell 
in the fray (pt i. 18). 

Julia Waldegrave, wife of the above 
She was bound to a tree with her child 
by some of the Indians during the attack. 
Outalissi, a Snake Indian, unbound them, 
took them home, and took care of them ; 
40 



WALDEMAR FITZURSE. 



xi86 



WALLACE'S LARDER, 



but the mother died. Her last request 
was that Outalissi would carry her child 
to Albert of Wy'oming, her friend, and 
beg him to take charge of it. 

Henry Waldegrave, the boy brought 
by Outalissi to Albert. After staying at 
Wyoming for three years, his English 
friends sent for him (he was then ia 
years old). When grown to manhood, 
he returned to Wyoming, and was married 
to Gertrude ; but three months after- 
wards Outalissi appeared, and told them 
that Brandt was coming with his English 
soldiers to destroy the village. Both 
Albert and Gertrude were shot in the 
attack ; and Henry joined the army of 
Washington. — Campbell: Gertrude of 
Wyoming (1809). 

(Campbell accents Wyoming on the 
first syllable, but the accent is generally 
thrown on the second.) 

Waldemar Fitzurse (Lord), a baron 
following prince John of Anjou (brother 
of Richard Coeur de Lion). — Sir W, 
Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Waldstetten (The countess of), a 
relative of the baron. He is one of the 
characters in Donnerhugel's narrative.-— 
Sir W. Scott: Anne of Geierstein (time, 
Edward IV.). 

Wales. Geoffrey says, after the 
famine and pestilence which drove Cad- 
wallader into Armorica (Bretagne), the 
people were no longer called Britons, but 
Gualenses, a word derived either from 
Gualo their leader, or Guales their queen, 
or from their barbarism. — British History, 
xii. 19 (1142). 

*.• Milner says the Welsh are those 
driven west by the Teutonic invaders 
and called Wilisc-men ( ' ' strangers or 
foreigners") ; Corn- wall was called "West 
Wales, " and subsequently the Corn (Latin, 
cornu) or horn held by the Walls. — Geo- 
graphy. 

(The Saxon wealh, plu. wealhas or 
wealas, " foreigners," meaning " not of 
Sixon origin," and also "slaves or sub- 
jugated men," is the correct origin of the 
word. ) 

Wales (South). At one time the 

whole eastern division of South Wales 
was called Gwent, but in its present re- 
stricted sense the word Gwent is applied 
to the county of Monmouth only. 

Walk, Knave, Walk, colonel 
Hewson. So called from a tract written 
by Edmund Gayton, to satirize the party, 



and entitled Walk, Knaves, Walk.—S* 
Butler: Hudibras (1663-78). 

Walker (Dr.), one of the three great 
quacks of the eighteenth century, the 
others being Dr. Rock and Dr. Timothy 
Franks. Goldsmith, in his Citizen of the 
World, has a letter (lxviii.) wholly upon 
these three worthies (1759). 

Walker (Helen), the prototype of 
Jeanie Deans. Sir W. Scott caused a 
tombstone to be erected over her grave in 
Irongray churchyard, Kirkcudbright [Ke- 
koo'-bry\ 

Walker (Hookey), John Walker, out- 
door clerk to Longman, Clementi, and 
Co., Cheapside. He was noted for his 
hooked nose, and disliked for his official 
duties, which were to see that the men 
came and left at the proper hour, and 
that they worked during the hours of 
work. Of course, the men conspired to 
throw discredit on his reports ; and hence 
when any one draws the " long-bow," the 
hearer exclaims, " Hookey Walker! " as 
much as to say, *' I don't believe it." 

Walking" Gentleman (.4). Thomas 
Colley Grattan published his Highways 
and Byways under this signature (1825). 

Walking Library (A), Ambulans 
Bibliotheca. John Hales is so called by 
Wotton (1584-1656). 

Walking Stewart, John Stewart, 

an English traveller, who walked through 
Hindustan, Persia, Nubia, Abyssinia, the 
Arabian Desert, Europe, and the North 
American states; "crazy beyond the 
reach of hellebore, yet sublime and 
divinely benignant. ... He had seen 
more of the earth's surface, and had com- 
municated more with the children of the 
earth than any man before or since."— 
De Quincey (1856). 

Walking-Stick (Henry VIII.'s), the 
great Danish club shown in the armoury 
of the Tower. 

Walkingshaw (Miss), mistress of 
the chevalier Charles Edward the Young 
Pretender.— Sir W. Scott: Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Wallace (Sir William), a poetical 
chronicle, in ten-syllable couplets, by 
" Blind Harry " (about 1400). 

Wallace's Larder, the dungeon of 
Ardrossan, in Ayrshire, where Wallace 
had the dead bodies thrown when the 



WALLENRODE. 



1 1 87 



WALTHEOF. 



garrison was surprised by bim in the 
reign of Edward I. 

If The "Douglas Larder" {q.v.) is a 
similar phrase, meaning that horrible 
compound of dead bodies, barrels of flour, 
meal, wheat, malt, wine, ale, and beer, all 
mixed together in Douglas Castle by the 
order of lord James Douglas, when, in 
1306, the garrison was surprised by him. 

Wallenrode {The earl of), an Hun- 
garian crusader. — Sir W. Scott: The 
Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Waller, in love with Lydia lady's- 
maid to Widow Green. His love at first 
was not honourable, because his aristo- 
cratic pride revolted at the inferior social 
position of Lydia ; but when he knew 
her real worth, he loved her, proposed 
marriage, and found that she was the 
sister of True worth, and had taken 
service to avoid an obnoxious marriage. 
— Knowles: The Love- Chase (1837). 

Waller's Plot, a plot organized, in 
1643, by Waller the poet, against the 
parliamentary party. Its objects were 
to secure the king's children, to seize the 
most eminent of the parliamentarians, to 
capture the Tower, and resist all taxes 
imposed for the support of the parlia- 
mentary army. 

Walley {Richard), the regicide, whose 
story is told by major Bridgenorth (a 
roundhead) at the dinner-table. — Sir W. 
Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles 
II.). 

Wallflowers, young ladies in a ball- 
room, who have no partners, and who sit 
or stand near the walls of the ball-room. 

Walnut Tree. Fuller says, "A 
walnut tree must be manured by beating, 
or else it will not bear fruit." Falstaff 
makes a similar remark on the camomile 
plant, "The more it is trodden on, the 
faster it grows." The almond and some 
other plants are said to thrive by being 
bruised. 

A woman, a spaniel, and walnut tree, 
The more you beat them, the better they be. 
Taylor, the "water-poet (1630). 

Walnut Web. When the three 
princes of a certain king were sent to find 
out " a web of cloth which would pass 
through the eye of a fine needle," the 
White Cat furnished the youngest of the 
three with one spun by the cats of her 
palace. 

The prince . . . took out of hi* box a walnut, which 
k*> cracked . . . and nw • small hazel aut, which he 



cracked also . . . and found therein a kernel of was. 
... In this kernel of wax was hidden a single grain of 
wheat, and in the grain a small millet seed. . . . Oa 



opening the millet, he drew out a web of cloth 
yards long, and in it was woven all sorts of bi 
beasts, and fishes ; fruits and flowers; the sun, moon 



£ 



and stars; the portraits of kings and queens, and many 
other wonderful designs.— Comttsst D' Aultfy : Fairy 
Tales (" The White Cat," 1682). 



Walpurgis Night, the evening of 
May Day, believed in German superstition 
to be the occasion for a witches' sabbath 
on the Brocken, a peak of the Harz 
mountains. 

(Walpurgis is a legendary female saint, 
who is reputed to have converted the 
Saxons to Christianity. ) 

Walsingnam, the affianced of Helen 

Mowbray. Deceived by appearances, he 
believed that Helen was the mistress of 
lord Athunree, and abandoned her ; but 
when he discovered his mistake, he mar- 
ried her. — Knowles : Woman's Wit, etc. 
(1838). 

Walsingham {Lord), of queen Eliza- 
beth's court.— Sir W. Scott: Kenilwortk 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Walter, marquis of Saluzzo, in Italy, 
and husband of Grisilda, the peasant's 
daughter {q.v.). — Chaucer: Canterbury 
Tales ("The Clerk's Tale," 1388). 

(This tale, of course, is allegorical ; 
lord Walter takes the place of deity, and 
Grisilda typifies the true Christian. In 
all her privations, in all her sorrows, in 
all her trials, she says to her lord and 
master, " Thy will be done.") 

Walter {Master), " the hunchback,' 
guardian of Julia. A worthy man, liberal 
and charitable, frank and honest, who 
turns out to be the earl of Rochdale and 
father of Julia. — Knowles: The Hunch- 
back (1831). 

Walter [Purst], father-in-law of 
Tell.— Rossini: Guglielmo Tell (opera, 
1829). 

Walter the Penniless. (See 
Penniless, p. 823.) 

Waltham's Calf (As wise as), a 
thorough fool. This calf, it is said, ran 
nine miles when it was hungry to get 
suckled by a bull. 

Doctor Daupa'rus, Bachter bachelera'tua, 
Dronken as a mouse At the ale-house . .. 
Under a notaries signe Was made a dlulnei 
At wise as Waltom s calf. 

Sktlton : Colyn Clout (time, Henry VIII.). 

Waltheof ( The abbot), abbot of St. 
Withold's Priory.— Sir W. Scott: Ivanhom 
(time, Richard I.). 



WALTHEOF. 



1188 



WAR-CRIES. 



Walikeof {Father), a grey friar, con- 
fessor to the duchess of Rothesay. — Sir 
W. Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Walton (Lord), father of Elvi'ra, who 
promised his daughter in marriage to sir 
Richard Forth, a puritan officer. But 
Elvira had already plighted her love to 
lord Arthur Talbot, a cavalier. The 
betrothal was set aside, and Elvira mar- 
ried Arthur Talbot at last.— Bellini: II 
Puritani (opera, 1834). 

Walton (Sir John de), governor of 
Douglas Castle.— Sir W. Scott: Castle 
Dangerous (time, Henry I.). 

Wamba, "the son of Witless," the 
jester of Cedric the Saxon of Rother- 
wood. — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe (time, 
Richard I.). 

Wampum, a string or belt of whelk- 
shells, current with the North American 
Indians as a medium of exchange, and 
always sent as a present to those with 
whom an alliance or treaty is made. 

Peace be to thee ! my words this belt approve. 
Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, i. 14 (1809). 
Oar wampum league thy brethren did embrace. 

Ditto, 1. 15. 

Wanderer of Switzerland (The), 
a poem by Montgomery (1806). 

Wanderers. It is said that gipsies 
are doomed to be wanderers on the face 
of the earth, because they refused hospi- 
tality to the Virgin and Child when the 
holy family fled into Egypt. (See Wild 
Huntsman.) — Aventinus : Annalium 
Boiorum, li&ri septem (1 -54). 

Wandering Jew ( The). (See Jew, 
p. 546.) 
Wandering 1 Knight (The). El 

Donzel del Febo ("the Knight of the 
Sun ") is so called in the Spanish ro- 
mance entitled The Mirror of Knighthood. 
(Eumen'edSs is so called in Peele's Old 
Wives Tale, 1590.) 

Wandering- Willie, the blind 
fiddler, who tells the tale about sir Robert 
Redgauntlet and his son sir John.— Sir 
W. Scott: Redgauntlet (time, George 
III.). 

Wandering Wood, which contained 
the den of Error. Error was a monster, 
like a woman upwards, but ending in a 
huge dragon's tail with a venomous sting. 
The first encounter of the Red Cross 
Knight was with this monster, whom he 
■lew. — Spenser: Faerie Queene, L 1 (1590). 



*.• When piety (the Red Cross Knight) 
once forsakes the oneness of truth 
(Una), it is sure to get into " Wandering 
Wood," where it will be attacked by 
"Error." 

Wang" means " king." Common in 
China and the Corea. 

Wantley (Dragon of), a monster 
slain by More of More Hall, who procured 
a suit of armour studded with spikes , 
and, proceeding to the lair, kicked the 
dragon in its mouth, w here alone it was 
vulnerable. — Percy: Reliques. 

(One of Carey's farces is entitled The 
Dragon of Wantley.) 

Wapping- of Denmark (The), 

Elsinore (3 syl.). 

War. The Seven Weeks' War wa* 
between Prussia and Austria (1866). 

The Seven Months' War was between 
Prussia and France (1870-71). 

The Seven Years' War was between 
Austria and Prussia (1756-1763). 

The Thirty Years' War was between 
the protestants and papists of Germany 
(1618-1648). 

The Hundred Years' War was between 
England and France (1340-1453). 

War-Cries. 

(1) At Senlac the English had two, 
" God Almighty ! " and " Holy Cross ! " 
The latter was probably the cry of 
Harold's men, and referred to Waltham 
Cross, which he held in special reverence. 

(2) At Naseby the mot of the royalists 
was, "God and queen Mary!" of the 
parliamentarians it was " God our 
Strength ! " 

(3) The Norman shout was " God help 
us!" 

(4) The Welsh war-cry was ' 'Alleluia ! " 

Loud, sharp shrieks of " Alleluia 1 " blended with 
those of " Out 1 Out 1 Holy Crosse ! "—Lord Lytton : 
Harold. 

(5) " Ouct ! Ouct ! " was the cry in full 
flight, meaning that the standards were 
to be defended with closed shields. 

(6) The Bohemian war-cry was 
"Prague!" that of the Germans was 
" Christ ! " The leader of the Bohemians 
was Ottokar ; Rudolf of the Germans. 

(7) The old Spanish war-cry was " St. 
Iago ! and close, Spain ! H 

Mount, chivalrous hidalgo : not in vain 
Revive the cry, " St. Iago 1 and close, Spain !" 
Byron : Age of Bronxe, vii. (1821). 

*.* Cervantes says the cry was "St. 
Iago ! charge, Spain 1 " 

Mr. Bachelor, there is a time to retreat as well as to 
advance. The cry must always be, " St. Iago I 
Spain I "- M Quixote, II. L 4 (*«iS>- 



WAR OF WARTBURG. 



XI89 



WARE. 



(8) In the battle of Pharsalia, the war- 
cry of Pompey's army was " Hercules 
Invictus ! " and of Caesar's army, " Venus 
Victrix ! " 

War of Wartburg , a poetic contest 
at Wartburg Castle, in which Vogelweid 
triumphed over Heinrich von Ofterdingen. 

They renewed the war of Wartburg, 
Which the bard had fought before. 
Longfellow: Walter von der Vogelweid (or Bird 
Meadow). 

Warbeck (Perkin) assumed himself 
to be Richard duke of York, the younger 
son of Edward IV., supposed to be mur- 
dered by order of Richard III. in the 
Tower. 

Parallel Instances. (1) The youngest 
son of Ivan IV. of Russia was named 
Dimitri, i.e. Demetrius. He was born in 
158 1, and was mysteriously assassinated 
in 1 591, some say by Godounov the suc- 
cessor to the throne. Several impostors 
assumed to be Dimitri, the most remark- 
able appeared in Poland in 1603, who 
was recognized as czar in 1605, but 
perished the year following. 

(2) Martin Guerre, in the sixteenth 
century, left his wife, to whom he had 
been married ten years, to join the army 
in Spain. In the eighth year of his 
absence, one Arnaud du Tilh assumed to 
be Martin Guerre, and was received by 
the wife as her husband. For three years 
he lived with her, recognized by all her 
friends and relations, but the return of 
Martin himself dispelled the illusion, and 
Arnaud was put to death. 

(3) The great Tichborne case was a 
similar imposition. One Orton assumed 
to be sir Roger Tichborne, and was even 
acknowledged to be so by sir Roger's 
mother ; but after a long trial it was 
proved that the claimant of the Tichborne 
estates was no other than one Orton of 
Wapping. 

(4) In German history, Jakob Rehback, 
a miller's man, assumed, in 1345, to be 
Waldemar, an Ascanier margraf. Jakob 
was a menial in the service of the mar- 
graf. 

(5) (See John of Leyden, p. 553 ; and 
Comedy of Errors, p. 227.) 

Ward (Artemus), Charles F. Browne 
of America, author of His Book of Goaks 
(1865). He died in London in 1867. 

Ward {Dr.), a footman, famous for 
his "friars' balsam." He was called to 
proscribe for George II., and died 1761. 
Dr. Ward had a claret stain on his left 
cheek, and in Hogarth's famous picture 



(" The Undertakers' Arms ") the cheek 
is marked gules. He forms one of the 
three figures at the top, and occupies the 
right-hand side of the spectator. The 
other two figures are Mrs. Mapp and Dr. 
Taylor. 

Warden (Henry), alias Henry 
Wellwood, the protestant preacher. 
In the Abbot he is chaplain of the lady 
Mary at Avenel Castle.— Sir W. Scott: 
The Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Warden {Michael), a young man of 
about 30, well-made and good-looking, 
light-hearted, capricious, and without 
ballast He had been so wild and ex- 
travagant that Snitchey and Craggs told 
him it would take six years to nurse his 
property into a healthy state. Michael 
Warden told them he was in love with 
Marion Jeddler, and her he married. — 
Dickens: The Battle of Life (1846). 

Warden Fie (A), a pie made of 
Warden pears. 

Myself with denial I mortify 
With a dainty bit of a warden pie. 

The Friar o/Or<Urt Gray. 

Wardlaw, land-steward at Osbaldi- 
stone HalL— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Wardlaw (Henry of), archbishop of 
St. Andrew's.— Sir W. Scott : Fair Maid 
of Perth (time, Henry IV.). 

Wardle {Mr.), an old country gentle- 
man, who had attended some of the meet- 
ings of "The Pickwick Club," and felt 
a liking for Mr. Pickwick and his three 
friends, whom he occasionally entertained 
at his house. 

Miss [Isabella'] Wardle, daughter of 
Mr. Wardle. She marries Augustus 
Snodgrass, M.P.C. 

Miss Emily Wardle, daughter of Mr. 
Wardle. She marries Mr. Trundle. — 
Dickens : The Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Wardour (Sir Arthur), of Knock- 
winnock Castle. 

Isabella Wardour, daughter of sir 
Arthur. She marries lord Geraldin. 

Captain Reginald Wardour, son of sir 
Arthur. He is in the army. 

Sir Richard Wardour or " Richard 
with the Red Hand," an ancestor of sir 
Arthur. — Sir W. Scott: The Antiquary 
(time, George III.). 

Ware (Bed of). (See Bed of Ware, 
p. xoi.) 

A mighty large bed {the bed of h*n*ur\ bigger by 
half than the great bed of Ware; ten thousand peopla 
may lie in it together and never feel one another.— 
larquhur I Th4 iUsruVu** Officer li-na). 



WARING, 



1 190 



WARNING-GIVER& 



The bed of Og king of Bashin, which 
was fourteen feet long, and a little more 
than six feet wide, was considerably 
smaller than the great bed of Ware. 

His bedstead was a bedstead of iron . . . nine cubits 
was the length thereof, and four cubits the breadth of 
it, after the cubit of a man.— Deut. iii. 11. 

Waring (Sir Walter), a justice of the 
peace, whose knowledge of the law was 
derived from Matthew Medley. His sen- 
tences were ju-tices' justice, influenced by 
prejudice and personal feeling. An ugly 
old hag would have found from him but 
scant mercy, while a pretty girl could 
hardly do wrong in sir Walter's code of 
law. — Dudley: The Woodman (1771). 

Waring 1 , a poem by Robert Brown- 
ing. Waring was Mr. Alfred Domett, 
C.M.G., son of captain Nathaniel 
Domett, born at Camber well, May 20, 
1811. He was a great traveller, and in 
1842 settled in New Zealand, and became 
secretary of that country (1851). He was 
elected to the House of Representatives, 
and in 1862 he formed a government. 
His chief literary work is Ranolf and 
Amohia, full of descriptions of New 
Zealand scenery. His volume of poems 
was published in 1833, before he went to 
America. 

What's become of Waring, 
Since he gave us all the slip ? 

Browning- : Waring. 

Browning, vol. xvii. p. 285, Biographical 
Notes. 

Warman, steward of Robin Hood 
while earl of Huntingdon. He betrayed 
his master into the hands of Gilbert 
Hoode (or Hood), a prior, Robin's uncle. 
King John rewarded Warman for this 
treachery by appointing him high sheriff 
of Nottingham. 

The iu-iac t miser, bribed on either hand. 
Is Warman one the steward of his house. 
Who, Judas-like, betraies his liberall lord 
Into the hands of that relentlesse prior 
Calde Gilbert Hoode. uncle of Huntington. 
Skelton . Downfall 0/ Robin Bar I of Huntington. 
(Henry VIII.) 

Warming-Fan Hero ( The), James 
Francis Edward Stuart, son of James II. 
by Mary Beatrice of Modena. Mary 
d'Este, the wife of James II., never had 
a living child, but this natural child of 
James II. was conveyed to her in a warm- 
ing-pan, with the intention of her passing 
it off as her own. The Warming-Pan 
Hero was the first Pretender. — See Ma- 
caulay : History of England, ii. 308 
(1861) : Agnes Strickland: Queens of 
England, vi. 213, 243 (1849). 



Warner, the old steward of sir Charles 
Cropland, who grieves to see the timber 
of the estate cut down to supply the ex- 
travagance of his young master. — Colman: 
The Poor Gentleman (1802). 

Warning-Givers. (See pp. 1055- 
1062. ) 

(1) Alasnam's Mirror. This mirror 
remained unsullied when it reflected a 
chaste and pure-minded woman, but be- 
came dim when the woman reflected by 
it was faithless, wanton, and light. — Ara- 
bian Nights (" Prince Zeyn Alasnam "). 

(2) Ants. Alexander Ross says that 
the " cruel battle between the Venetians 
and Insubrians, and also that between 
the Liegeois and the Burgundians in which 
30,000 men were slain, were both presig- 
nified by combats between two swarms of 
ants." — Arcana Microcosmi (appendix, 
219). 

(3) Bahman's Knife {Prince). When 
prince Bahman started on his exploits, 
he gave his sister Parizadd a knife which, 
he told her, would remain bright and 
clean so long as he was safe and well, 
but, immediately he was in danger or 
dead, would become dull or drop gouts 
of blood. — Arabian Nights ("The Two 
Sisters"). 

(4) Bay Trees. The withering of bay 
trees prognosticates a death. 

Tis thought the king is dead . . . 

The bay trees in our country are all withered. 

Shakespeare : Richard II. (1597). 

(The bay was called by the Romans 
" the plant of the good angel," because 
" neyther falling sicknes, neyther dewll, 
wyll infest or hurt one in that place 
whereas a bay tree is." — Lupton : Syxt 
Book of Notable Thinges, 1660.) 

(5) Bee. The buzzing of a bee in a 
room indicates that a stranger is about to 
pay the house a visit. 

(6) Birtha's Emerald Ring. The 
duke Gondibert gave Birtha an emerald 
ring which, he said, would preserve its 
lustre so long as he remained faithful ; 
but would become dull and pale if he 
proved false to her.— Davenant : Gondi- 
bert. 

(7) Brawn's Head (The). A boy 
brought to king Arthur's court a brawn's 
head, over which he drew his wand thrice, 
and said, "There's never a traitor or a 
cuckold who can carve that head of 
brawn. "—Percy : R cliques ("The Boy 
and the Mantle "). 

(8) Canace's Mirror indicated, by 
its lustre, if the person whom the inspec- 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



H91 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



tor loved was true or false. — Chaucer: 
Canterbury Talr (" The Squire's Tale"). 

(9) Candles. A film of tallow called 
a winding-sheet, shot from the top of a 
lighted candle, gives warning to the house 
of an approaching death ; but a bright 
spark upon the burning wick is the 
promise of a letter. 

(10) Cats on the deck of a ship are said 
to " carry a gale of wind in their tail," or 
to presage a coming storm. When cats 
are very assiduous in cleaning their ears 
and head, it prognosticates rain. 

(11) Cattle give warning of an earth- 
quake by their uneasiness. 

(12) Children Playing Soldiers on 
a road is said to forebode approaching 
war. 

(13) Coals. A cinder bounding from 
the tire is either a purse or a coffin. 
Those which rattle when held to the ear 
are tokens of wealth ; those which are 
mute and solid indicate sickness or death. 

(14) Corpse Candles. The ignis 
fatuus, called by the Welsh canhwyll 
cyrph or ** corpse candle," prognosticates 
death. If small and of a pale blue 
colour, it denotes the death of an infant ; 
if large and yellow, the death of one of 
full age. 

Captain Leather, chief magistrate of Belfast, In 1690, 
being shipwrecked on the Isle of Man, was told that 
thirteen of his crew were lost, for thirteen corpse 
candles had been seen moving towards the churchyard. 
It is a fact that thirteen of the men were drowned in 
this wreck.— SachcvtrtU : I sit if Man, 15. 

(15) Cradle. If any one rocks a 
cradle when it is empty, it forebodes evil 
to the child. — American Superstition. 

(16) Crickets. Crickets in a house 
are a sign of good luck ; but if they sud- 
denly leave, it is a warning of death. 

(17) CROW (A). A crow appearing to 
one on the left-hand side indicates some 
impending evil to the person ; and flying 
over a house, foretells evil at hand to some 
of the inmates. (See below, " Raven.") 

Sstpe sinistra cava pnedlxt ab Ulce cornex. 

Virgil : BtUfut, I. it. 

(18) Crowing of a Cock. Themis- 
tocles was assured of his victory over 
Xerxes by the crowing of a cock, on his way 
to Artemisium the day before the battle. 
— Lloyd: Stratagems 0/ Jerusalem, 285. 

(19) Crowing of a Hen indicates 
approaching disaster. 

(20) Death-Warnings in Private 
Families— 

(a) In Germany. Several princes of 
Germany have their special warning-givers 
of death. In some it is the roaring of a 
lion, in others the howling of a dog. In 



some it is the tolling of a bell or stf ikin| 
of a clock at an unusual time, in others it 
is a bustling noise about the castle. — The 
Living Library, 284 (1621). 

(b) In Berlin. A White Lady appears 
to some one of the household or guard, 
to announce the death of a prince of 
Hohenzollern. She was duly seen on the 
eve of prince Waldemar's death in 1879. 

(c) In Bohemia. " Spectrum foeminium 
vestitu lugubri apparere solet in arce 
quadam illustris familiae, antequam una 
ex conjugibus dominorum illorum e vita 
decebat." — Debrio : Disquisitiones Ma- 
gicce, 59a. 

(d) In Great Britain. In Wales the 
corpse candle appears to warn a family 
of impending death. In Carmarthen 
scarcely any person dies but some one 
sees his light or candle. 

In Northumberland the warning light is 
called the person's waff, in Cumberland 
a swarth, in Ross a task, in some parts of 
Scotland a fye- token. 

King James tells us that the wraith of 
a person newly dead, or about to die, 
appears to his friends. — Demon»logy, 125. 

Edgewell Oak indicates the coming 
death of an inmate of Castle Dalhousie by 
the fall of one of its branches. 

{e) In Scotland. The family of Roth- 
murchas have the Bodachau Dun or the 
Ghost of the Hill. 

The Kinchai dines have the Spectre of 
the Bloody Hand. 

Gartinbeg House used to be haunted 
by Bodach Gartin. 

The house of Tulloch Gorms used to be 
haunted by Maug Monlach or the Girl 
with the Hairy Left Hand. 

(21) Death-watch (The). The tap- 
ping made by a small beetle called the 
death-watch is said to be a warning of 
death. 

The chambermaids christen this worm a " Death- 
watch," 
Because, like a watch, it always cries " dick ; ' 
Then woe t>e to those in the house who are sick. 
For sure as a gun they will give up ihe ghost. 
If the maggot cries " dick " when It scratches a post 

Swift. 

(22) Divining-Rod (The). A forked 
hazel rod, suspended between the balls of 
the thumbs, was at one time supposed to 
indicate the presence of water-springs and 
precious metals by inclining towards the 
earth beneath which these things might 
be found. Dousterswivel obtained money 
by professing to indicate the spot of 
buried wealth by a divining-rod. — Sir IV, 
Scott: The Antiquary (1816). 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



1192 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



(23) Dogs. The howling of a dog at 
night forebodes death. 

A cane praeviso funere discs mod 

X. Ktuchtn : Crefundia, 113 (iota). 

Capitollnus tells us that the death of 
Maxi minus was presaged by the howling 
of dogs. Pausanias (in his Messenia) says 
the dogs brake into a fierce howl just 
before the overthrow of the Messenians. 
Fincelius says the dogs in Mysinia flocked 
together and howled just before the over- 
throw of the Saxons in 1553. Virgil says 
the same thing occurred just previous to 
the battle of Pharsalia. 

Dogs give warning of death by scratch- 
ing on the floor of a house. 

(24) Dotterels. 

When dotterels do first appear. 
It shows that frost is very near; 
B-it when that dotterels do go, 
Then you may look for heavy snew. 

Salisbury Smying, 

(25) Dreams. It will be remembered 
that Joseph, the husband of Mary, was 
warned by a dream to flee from Judaea ; 
and when Herod was dead he was again 
warned by a dream to " turn aside into 
the parts of Galilee." — Matt. ii. 13, 19,22. 

In the Old Testament, Pharaoh had a 
warning dream of a famine which he was 
enabled to provide against. — Gen. xli. 
15-36. 

Pharaoh's butler and baker had warn- 
ing dreams, one being prevised thereby 
of his restoration to favour, and the other 
warned of his execution. — Gen. xL 5-23. 

Nebuchadnezzar had an historic dream, 
which Daniel explained. — Dan. ii. x, 

3 I "45- 

Abimelech king of Gerar was warned 
by a dream that Sarah was Abraham's 
wife and not his sister. — Gen. xx. 3-16. 

Jacob had an historic dream on his way 
to Haran. — Gen. xxviii. 12-15. 

Joseph, son of Jacob, had an historic 
dream, revealing to him his future great- 
ness. — Gen. xxxvii. 5-10. 

Daniel had an historic dream about 
four beasts which indicated four king- 
doms {Dan. vii.). Whether his "visions'* 
were also dreams is uncertain (see chs. 
viii. , x.). 

It would require many pages to do 
justice to this subject. Bland, in his 
Popular Antiquities, iii. 134, gives " A 
Dictionary of Dreams " in alphabetic 
order, extracted from The Royal Dream- 
Book. 

(26) Drinking-Horns. King Arthur 
had a horn from which no one could 
drink who was either unchaste or un- 



faithful. The cuckold's horn, brought to 
king Arthur's court by a mysterious boy, 
gave warning of infidelity, inasmuch as 
no one unfaithful in love or unleal to his 
liege lord could drink therefrom without 
spilling the liquor. The coupe enchantie 
possessed a similar property. 

(27) Eagle. Tarquinius Priscus was 
assured that he would be king of Rome, 
by an eagle, which swooped upon him, 
took off his cap, rose in the air, and let 
the cap fall again upon his head. 

Aristander assured Alexander of his 
victory over Darius at the battle of Arbela, 
by the flight of an eagle.— Lloyd: Strata- 
gems of J erusalem, 290. 

(28) Ear ( The). If the left ear tingles 
or burns, it indicates that some one is 
talking evil of you ; if the right ear, some 
one is praising you. The foreboded evU 
may be averted by biting the little finger 
of the left hand. 

Laudor et adverso, aonat auris, Uedor ab ore; 
Dextra bono tinnit murmure, lasva malo. 

R. Ktuchtn : Crtfundia, 113 (i66e). 

(29) Epitaphs {Reading). If you would 
preserve your memory, be warned against 
reading epitaphs. In this instance the 
American superstition is the warning- 
giver, and not the act referred to. 

(30) Fir Trees. "If a firr tree be 
touched, withered, or burned with light- 
ning, it is a warning to the house that 
the master or mistress thereof shall shortly 
dye." — Thomas Lupton: Syxt Book of 
Notable Thinges, iii. (1660). 

(31) Fire. The noise occasioned when 
the enclosed gas in a piece of burning 
coal catches fire, is a sure indication of a 
quarrel between the inmates of the house. 

(32) Flor 1 mel's Girdle would loosen 
or tear asunder if any woman unfaithful 
or unchaste attempted to put it on.— 
Spenser: Faerie Queene. 

(33) Gates of Gundof'orus {The). 
No one carrying poison could pass these 
gates. They were made of the horn of 
the horned snake, by the apostle Thomas, 
who built a palace of sethym wood for 
this Indian king, and set up the gates. 

(34) Grotto op Ephesus {The) con- 
tained a reed, which gave forth musical 
sounds when the chaste and faithful 
entered it, but denounced others by giving 
forth harsh and discordant noises.— 
Lytton : Tales of Miletus, iii. 

(35) Hare crossing the Road {A), 
It was thought by the ancient Romans 
that if a hare ran across the road on 
which a person was travelling, it was « 
certain omen of ill luck, 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



"93 



WARNING-GIVERS. 



Lepus quoque occurrens in via, infortunatum iter 
piaesagit et ominosum.— Alexander at Alexandre: 
Genialium Dierutn, libri VL v. 13, p. 685. 
Nor did we meet, with nimble feet, 

One little fearful lepus. 
That certain sign, as some divine, 
Of fortune bad to keep us. 

Eliisen; Trip t* BenweU,\x. 

(36) Hoopoe ( The). The country people 
of Sweden consider the appearance of the 
hoopoe as the presage of war. — Pennant : 
Zoology, i. 258. 

(37) Lizards warn men of the ap- 
proach of a serpent 

(38) Looking-glasses. If a looking- 
glass is broken, it is a warning that some 
one in the house will ere long lose a friend. 
Grose says it ' ' betokens a mortality in 
the family, commonly the master." 

To break a looking-glass is prophetic 
that a person will never get married ; 
or, if married, will lose the person 
wedded. 

(39) Magpies are prophetic birds. A 
common Lincolnshire proverb is, *' One 
for sorrow, two for mirth, three for a 
wedding, four for death ; " or thus : 
" One for sorrow, two for mirth, three a 
wedding, four a birth." 

Augurs and understood relations have. 
By magotpies and choughs and rooks, brought forth 
The secret 'st man of blood. 

Shakespeare: Macbeth (1606). 

Alexander Ross tells us that the battle 
between the British and French, in which 
the former were overthrown, in the reign 
of Charles VIII., was foretold by a 
skirmish between magpies and jackdaws. 
—Arcana Microcosmi (appendix, 219). 

(40) Mantle {The Test). A boy 
brought to king Arthur's court a mantle, 
which no one could wear who was un- 
faithful in love, false in domestic life, or 
traitorous to the king. If any such 
attempted to put it on, it puckered up, 
or hung slouchingly, or tumbled to 
pieces. — Percy : Reliques {" The Boy and 
the Mantle"). 

(41) Meteors. Falling stars, eclipses, 
comets, and other signs in the heavens, 
portend the death or fall of princes. 

Meteors fright the fixed stars of heaven; 

The p-<le-faced moon looks bloody on the earth ... 

These signs forerun the death or fall of kings. 

Shakespeare : Richard II. act iL sc. 4 (1597). 

Consult Matt. xxiv. 29 ; Luke xxi. 25. 

(42) Mice and Rats. If a rat or 
mouse, during the night, gnaw our 
clothes, it is indicative of some impend- 
ing evil, perhaps even death. 

Nos autem ita leves, atque inconsideratl sumus, ut 
■i mures corroserint aliquid quorum est opus hoc 
unum, monstrum putemusf Ante vero Marsicum bel- 
him quod Clypeos Lanuvii— murei rosissent, maxumuna 



Id portentum harusplces esse dixerunt. Quasi ver t 
quicquam intersit, mures diem noctem aliquid rodentes 
scuta an cribra corroserint . . . cum vestis a soricibuj 
roditur, plus timere suspicionem futuri mali, quam 
praesens damnum dolere. Une illud eleganter dictum 
est Catonis, qui cum esset consultus a quodam, qui sibi 
erosas esse Caligas diceret a soricibus, respondit ; non 
esset illud monstrum; ted vere monstrum habendum 
fuisse, si soricoa • Caligis roderent ur.— Cicere : Divi- 
natio, IL ey- 

(43) Mole-spots. A mole-spot on the 
armpits promises wealth and honour ; 
on the ankle bespeaks modesty in men, 
courage in women; on the right breast 
is a sign of honesty, on the left forebodes 
poverty ; on the chin promises wealth ; 
on the right ear, respect ; on the left, dis- 
honour ; on the centre of the forehead it 
bespeaks treachery, sullenness, and un- 
tidiness ; on the right temple it foreshows 
that you will enjoy the friendship of the 
great; on the left temple it forebodes 
distress ; on the right foot wisdom ; on the 
left, rashness ; on the right side of the 
heart it denotes virtue ; on the left side, 
wickedness ; on the knee of a man it 
denotes that he will have a rich wife ; on 
the left knee of a woman, she may expect 
a large family ; on the lip it is a sign of 
gluttony and talkativeness ; on the neck 
it promises wealth ; on the nose it indi- 
cates that a man will be a great traveller ; 
on the thigh it forebodes poverty and 
sorrow ; on the throat, wealth and health ; 
on the wrist, ingenuity. 

(44) Moon ( The). When the "mone 
lies sair on her back, or when her horns 
are pointed towards the zenith, be warned 
in time, for foul weather is nigh at hand." 
— Dr. Jamie son. 

Foul weather may also be expected 
" when the new moon appears with the 
old one in her arms." 

Late, late yestreen I saw the new moone, 

Wi' the auld moone in her arms, 
And I feir, I feir, my deir master. 

The. twe wil Iconic to harme. 

The Ballad 0/ Sir Patrick Spence. 

To see a new moon for the first time 
on the right hand, and direct before you, 
is lucky ; but to see it on the left hand, 
or to turn round and see it behind you, is 
the contrary. 

If you first see a new moon through 
glass, your wish will come to pass. 

(45) Nails. A white spot on the 
thumb-nail promises a present ; on the 
index finger it denotes a friend ; on 
the long finger, a foe ; on the third 
finger, a letter or sweetheart ; on the 
little finger, a journey to go. 

In America, white spots on the nails 
are considered lucky. 

In East Anglia spots on the thumb* 



WARNING-GIVERS. 

nail are more certain of fulfilment than 
the others, according to the local 
doggerel- 
Spots on the finger are sure to linger; 
Spots on the thumb are sure to come. 

(46) NOURGEHAN'S BRACELET gave 

warning of poison by a tremulous motion 
of the stones, which increased as the 
poison approached nearer and nearer. — 
Comte de Caylus : Oriental Tales ( ' ' The 
Four Talismans "). 

(47) Opal turns pale at the approach 
of poison. 

(48) Owls. The screeching of an owl 
forebodes calamity, sickness, or death. 
On one occasion an owl strayed into the 
Capitol, and the Romans, to avert the 
evil, underwent a formal lustration. 

The Roman senate, when within 

The city walls an owl was seen, 

Did cause their clergy with lustration* . . . 

The round-faced prodigy t' avert. 

S. Butler: Hudibras, II. Hi. 707 (1664). 

The death of Augustus was presaged 
by an owl singing [screeching] upon the 
top of the Curia. — Xiphilinus : Abridg- 
ment of Dion Cassius. 

The death of Commodus Antonius, the 
emperor, was foreboded by an owl sitting 
on the top of his chamber at Lanuvium. 
— Julius Obsequens : Prodigies, 85. 

The murder of Julius Caesar was pre- 
saged by the screeching of owls. 

The bird of night did sit, 
E'en at noonday, upon the market-place. 
Hooting and shrieking. 
Shaktsfeart : Julius Casar, act 1. sc. j (1607). 

The death of Valentinian was presaged 
by an owl, which perched on the top of a 
house where he used to bathe. — A I. Ross: 
Arcana Microcosmi (appendix, 218). 

Antony was warned of his defeat in 
the battle of Actium by an owl flying 
into the temple of Concord. — Xiphilinus : 
Abridgment of Dion Cassius. 

The great plague of Wiirtzburg, in 
Franconia, in 1542, was foreboded by the 
screeching of an owL 

Alexander Ross says, "About twenty 
years ago I did observe that, in the house 
where I lodged, an owl groaning in the 
window presaged the death of two emi- 
nent persons, who died there shortly 
after." — Arcana Microcosmi. 

(49) Peacocks give warning of poison 
by ruffling their feathers. 

(50) Perviz's String of Pearls 
{Prince). When prince Perviz went on 
his exploit, he gave his sister Parizade a 
string of pearls, saying, "So long as 
these pearls move readily on the string, 
you may feel assured that I am alive and 



1194 



WARNING-GIVER& 



well ; but if they stick fast, they will in- 
dicate to you that I am dead."— Arabian 
Nights (" The Two Sisters "). 

(51) Pigeons. It is considered by 
many a sure sign of death in a house if a 
white pigeon perches on the chimney. 

(52) Pigs running about with straws in 
their mouths give warning of approaching 
rain. 

(53) RATS forsaking a ship forebodes 
its wreck ; and if they forsake a house it 
indicates that it is on the point of falling 
down. (See "Mice.") 

(54) Ravens. The raven is said to be 
the most prophetic of " inspired birds." 
It bodes both private and pubiic calami- 
ties. "To have the foresight of a raven " 
is a proverbial expression. 

The great battle fought between Bene- 
ventum and Apicium was portended by a 
skirmish between ravens and kites on the 
same spot. — Jovianus Pontanus. 

An irruption of the Scythians into 
Thrace was presaged by a skirmish be- 
tween crows and ravens. — Nicetas. 

Cicero was warned of his approaching 
death by some ravens fluttering about 
him just before he mas murdered by 
Popilius Caenas. — Macaulay : History of 
St. Kilda, 176. 

Alexander Ross says, "Mr. Draper, a 
young gentleman, and my intimate friend, 
about four or five years ago had one or 
two ravens, which had been quarrelling 
on the chimney, fly into his chamber, 
and he died shortly after." — Arcan* 
Microcosmi. 

(55) Rhinoceros's Horns. Cups 
made of this material will give warning 
of poison in a liquid by causing it to 
effervesce. 

(56) Salt spilt towards a person in- 
dicates contention, but the evil may be 
averted by throwing a part of the spilt 
salt over the left shoulder. 

Prodige, sub verso casu leviore salino, 
SI mal venturum conjicis omen : adest. 

R. Keuchen : Cre/undia, 315 (1669). 

(57) Shears and Sieve ( The), ordeals 
by fire, water, etc., single combats, the 
cosned or cursed morsel, the Urim and 
Thummim, the casting of lots, — were all 
employed as tests of innocence or guilt 
in olden times, under the notion that God 
would direct the lot aright, according to 
Dan. vi. 22. 

(58) Shoes. It was thought by the 
Romans a bad omen to put a shoe on the 
wrong foot. 



Augustus, having b' oversight, 
• right. 



Put on his leit shoe for his 1 



WARNING-GIVERS 1195 

Had Ilka to have been slain that day 
By soldiers mutin'ing for pay. 

J>". Sutler : Hudibras. 



Aujrusta 



restoit immobile et constemi lorsqull 



arriToit par megarde de mettre le Soulier droit au 
pled gauche.— St. Feix : Etsais sur Pmris, v. 145. 

(59) Shooting Pains. All sudden 
pains are warnings of evil at hand. 

Tfcnao quod re rum gesseriin hie, lta dorsui totui 
pr _rfc,— flmutus ; Miles Gloriosus. 

By the pricking of my thumbs. 
Something evil this way comes. 

Shakespeare : Macbeth (1606). 

(60) Sneezing. Once a wish, twice 
a kiss, thrice a letter, and oftener than 
thrice something better. 

Sneezing before breakfast is a forecast 
that a stranger or a present is coming. 

Sneezing at night-time. To sneeze 
twice for three successive nights denotes 
a death, a loss, or a great gain. 

Si dux sternutationes ftant omni nocte ab allquo, et 
Ulud continuitur per tres noctes, s:gno est quod aliquis 
yel aliqua de domo morietur Tel ahud damnum domui 
contmget, Tel .marimum lucrum. — Hornmannus ; Dt 
Mireuulis Mtrtuerum, 163. 

Eustathius says that sneering to the 
left is unlucky, but to the right lucky. 
Hence, when Themistoclfts was offering 
sacrifice before his engagement with 
Xerxes, and one of the soldiers on his 
right hand sneezed, Euphrantldes the 
soothsayer declared the Greeks would 
surely gain the victory. — Plutarch: Lives 
("Themistocles"). 

(61) Soot on Bars. Flakes of sheeted 
toot hanging from the bars of a grate 
foretell the introduction of a stranger. 

Nor less amused have I quiescent watched 
The sooty films that plav upon the bars 
Pendulous, and foreboding . . . soma stranger's near 
approach. 

Crmfer: Winter Evening. 

(62) Sophia's Picture, given to Ma- 
thias, turned yellow if the giver was in 
danger or in temptation ; and black if she 
could not escape from the danger, or if 
she yielded to the temptation. — Mas- 
singer: The Picture (1629). 

(63) Spiders indicate to gold-searchers 
where it is to be found. (See Spiders 
Indicators of Gold, p. 1036.) 

(64) Stag's Horn is considered in 
Spain to give warning of an evil eye, and 
to be a safeguard against its malignant 
influences. 

(65) Stone. To find a perforated 
stone is a presage of good luck. 

166) Swallows forecast bad weather 
by flying low, and fine weather by flying 
high. 

(67) Teeth wide apart warn a per- 
son to seek his fortune away from his 
native place. 



WARN IN G-GI VERA 

(68) Thunder. Thunder on Sunday 
portends the death of some learned man, 
judge, or author ; on Monday, the death 
of women ; on Tuesday, plenty of grain ; 
on Wednesday, the death of harlots, or 
bloodshed ; on Thursday, plenty of sheep, 
cattle, and corn ; on Friday, the death of 
some great man, murder, or battle ; on 
Saturday, it forebodes pestilence or sick- 
ness. — Leonard Digges : A Prognostica- 
tion Everlasting of Ryght Good Effecte 

(69) Tolling Bell. You will be sure 
of tooth-ache if you eat while a funeral 
bell is tolling. Be warned in time by this 
American superstition, or take the con- 
sequences. 

(70) Veipsey, a spring in Yorkshire, 
called " prophetic," gives due warning of 
a dearth by rising to an unusual height 

(71) Venetian Glass. If poison is 
put into liquor contained in a vessel made 
of Venetian glass, the vessel will crack 
and fall to pieces. 

(72) Warning Stones. Bakers in 
Wiltshire and in some other counties used 
to put a certain kind of pebble in their 
ovens, to give notice when the oven was 
hot enough for baking. When the stone 
turned white, the oven was fit for use. 

(73) Water of Jealousy ( The). This 
was a beverage which the Jews used to 
assert no adulteress could drink wiihout 
bursting. — Five Philosophical Questions 
Answered (1653). 

(74) White Rose (The). A white rose 
gave assurance to a twin-brother of the 
safety or danger of his brother during 
his absence. So long as it flourished and 
remained in its pride of beauty, it indi- 
cated that all went well ; but if it drooped, 
faded, or died, it was a warning of 
danger, sickness, or death. — The Turin- 
Brothers. 

(75) Witch Hazel. A forked twig of 
witch hazel, made into a divining-rod, 
was sup; os -d, in the fifteenth, sixteenth, 
and seventeenth centuries, to give warning 
of witches, and to be efficacious in dis- 
covering them. 

(-6) Worms. If, on your way to a sick 
pe son, you pick up a stone and find no 
living ih;ng under it, it tells you that the 
s.ck person will die, but if you find ihere 
an ant or worm, it presages the patient's 
recovery. 

Si visitans jegrum, lapidem in vent um per Ham attoUat, 
et sub lapide invematur vermis se movens. aut formica 
Tivens. fau>tum omen est. et indicium fore ut wger coo- 
vaicscat. si nihil invemtur res est concLiunaia at earu 
mQtt.—Buihardut : Dur 



WARREN. 1196 

(See also Superstitions, pp. 1055- 
106 1.) 

Warren (Widow), "twice married 
and twice a widow." A coquette of 40, 
aping the airs of a girl ; vain, weak, and 
detestable. Harry Dornton, the banker's 
son, is in love with her daughter, Sophia 
Freelove ; but the widow tries to win the 
young man for herself, by advancing 
money to pay off his friend's debts. When 
the father hears of this, he comes to the 
rescue, returns the money advanced, and 
enables the son to follow his natural in- 
clinations by marrying the daughter 
instead of the designing mother. 

A girlish, old coquette, who would rob her daughter, 
and leave her husband's son to rot in a dungeon, that she 
might marry the first fool she could find.— Holcro/t : 
Tht Road tc Ruin, v. a (1799). 

Warren "H.B,Btinga(Chargesagainsl) t 

by John Logan. Hastings was governor- 
general of India, and no doubt greatly 
increased the power of England in India, 
but on his return home he was charged 
with aggression, bribery, and other of- 
fences. Burke (in a speech which lasted 
four days) charged him with oppression 
and injustice ; Sheridan charged him for 
defrauding the princess of Oude ; and 
Fox charged him for his exactions on 
Cheyte Sing ; but he was acquitted, and 
lived 24 years afterwards in retirement. 
He died 1818, aged 86. 

Wart (Thomas), a poor, feeble, ragged 
creature, one of the recruits in the army 
of sir John Falstaff. — Shakespeare : a 
Henry IV. act iii. sc. 2 (1598). 

Warwick (The earl of), a tragedy 
by Dr. T. Franklin. It is the last days 
and death of the " king-maker " (1767). 

Warwick (The House of). Of this 
house it is said, " All the men are without 
fear, and all the women without stain." 
This brag has been made by many of our 
noble families, and it is about as compli- 
mentary as that paraded of queen Vic- 
toria, that she is a faithful wife, a good 
mother, and a virtuous woman. It is to 
be hoped that the same may be said of 
most of her subjects also. 

Warwick Lane (City), the site of 
the house belonging to the Beauchamps, 
earls of Warwick. 

Washington of Africa (The). 

William Wilberforce is so called by lord 
Byron. As Washington was the chief 
instrument in liberating America, so 



WASTE TIME UTILIZED. 



Wilberforce was the chief instigator of 
slave emancipation. 

Thou moral Washington of Africa. 

Byron : Don yuan, xiv. 8a (1824). 

Washington of Columbia, Simon 
Bolivar (1785-1831). 

Wasky, sir Iring's sword. 

Right through the head-piece straight 

The knight sir Hagan paid, 
With his resistless Wasky, 

That sharp and peerless blade. 

Nibelungen Lied, 35 (zazo). 

Wasp, in the drama called Bartholo- 
mew Fair, by Ben Jonson (1614). 

Benjamin Johnson L1665-1742], commonly called Ben 
Johnson . . . seemed to be proud to wear the poet's 
double name, being particularly great in all that author's 

Siys that were usually performed, viz. " Wasp," "Cor- 
ccio," " Morose," ana "Ananias." — Chetwood: His- 
tory of tht Stage. 

(" Corbaccio," in The Fox; " Mo- 
rose," in The Silent Woman ; and " Ana- 
nias," in The Alchemist.) 

Waste Time Utilized. 

(1) BAXTER wrote his Saints Ever- 
lasting Rest on a bed of sickness (1615- 
1691). 

(2) Bloomfield composed Tht 
Farmer's Boy in the intervals of shoe- 
making (1766-1823). 

(3) Bramah (Joseph), a peasant's son, 
occupied his spare time when a mere boy 
in making musical instruments, aided by 
the village blacksmith. At the age of 
16, he hurt his ankle while ploughing, and 
employed his time while confined to the 
house in carving and making woodwares. 
In another forced leisure from a severe 
fall, he employed his time in contriving 
and making useful inventions, which 
ultimately led him to fame and fortune 
(1740-1814). 

(4) Bunyan wrote Pilgrim's Progress 
while confined in Bedford jail (1628- 1688). 
(See Prison Literature, p. 874. ) 

(5) Burritt (Elihu) made himself ac- 
quainted with ten languages while plying 
his trade as a village blacksmith (Hebrew, 
Greek, Syriac, Spanish, Bohemian, Polish, 
Danish, Persian, Turkish, and Ethiopic). 
His father was a village cobbler, and 
Elihu had only six months' education, 
and that at the school of his brother 
(1811-1879). 

(6) Carey, the missionary and Oriental 
translator, learnt the rudiments of Eastern 
languages while employed in making and 
mending shoes (1761-1834). 

(7) Clement (Joseph), son of a poor 
weaver, was brought up as a thatcher, 
but, by utilizing his waste moments in 
self-education and works of skill, he 



WASTLE. 



"97 



WATER MADE WINE. 



raised himself to a position of great note, 
giving employment to thirty workmen 
(1779-1844). 

(8) Cobbett learnt grammar in the 
waste time of his service as a common 
soldier (1762-1835). 

(9) D'Aguesseau, the great French 
chancellor, observing that Mme. D'Agues- 
seau always delayed ten or twelve minutes 
before she came down to dinner, began 
and completed a learned book of three 
volumes (large quarto), solely during 
these " waste minutes." This work went 
through several editions (1668-1751). 

(10) Etty utilized indefatigably every 
spare moment he could pick up when a 
journeyman printer (1787-1849). 

(11) Ferguson taught himself astro- 
nomy while tending sheep in the service 
of a Scotch farmer (1710-1776). 

(12) Franklin (Benjamin), while 
working as a journeyman printer, pro- 
duced his Dissertation on Liberty and 
Necessity, Pleasure and Pain (1706-1790). 

(13) Miller {Hugh) taught himself 
geology while working as a mason (1802- 
1856). 

(14) Paul worked as a tentmaker in 
intervals of travel and preaching. 

• . • This brief list must be considered 
only as a hint and heading for enlarge- 
ment. Of course, Henry Cort, William 
Fairbairn, Fox of Derby, H. Maudslay, 
David Mushet, Murray of Leeds, J. 
Nasmyth, J. B. Neilson, Roberts of 
Manchester, Whitworth, and scores of 
others will occur to every reader. Indeed, 
genius for the most part owes its success 
to the utilization of waste time. 

Wastle (William), pseudonym of 
John Gibson Lockhart, in Blackwood's 
Magazine (1794-1854). 

Wat Dreary, alias Brown Will, 
a highwayman in captain Macheath's 
gang. Peachura says " he has an under- 
hand way of disposing of the goods he 
stole," and therefore he should allow him 
to remain a little longer "upon his good 
behaviour." — Gay: The Beggar's Opera, 
L (1727). 

Wat Tyler. (See Tyler, p. 1152.) 

Wat's Dyke, a dyke which runs 
from Flintshire to Beachley, at the mouth 
of the Wye. The space between Wat's 
Dyke and Offa's Dyke was accounted 
neutral ground, where Danes and Saxons 
might traffic with the British without 
molestation. The two dykes are in some 



places as much as three miles asunder, 
but in others they approach within 500 
yards of each other. 

Archdeacon Williams says that Offa's 
Dyke was never a line of defence, and 
that it is certainly older than Offa, as 
five Roman roads cross it 

There is a famous thing: 
Called Offa's Dyke, that reacheth far in length. 
All kinds of ware the Danes mi^ht thither bring: 
It was free ground, and called the Britons' strength. 
Wat s Dyke, likewise, about the same was set, 
Between which two both Danes and Britons met 
In traffic. 

Churchyard: Worthituss if Waltt (1587). 

Water ( The Dancing), a magic spring 
of water, which ensured perpetual youth 
and beauty. — Comtesse D'Aulnoy : Fairy 
Tales (" Chery and Fairs tar," 1682). 

Water ( The Yellow), a magic spring 
of water, which had this peculiarity : If 
only a few drops of it were placed in a 
basin, no matter how large, they would 
fill the basin without overflowing, and 
form a fountain. — A radian Nights ( ' ' The 
Two Sisters "). 

Water-Poet (The), John Taylor, the 
Thames waterman (1580-1654). 

Water Standard, Cornhill ( The) 
The spot from which miles were measured. 
It stood at the east end of the street, at 
the parting of four ways. In 1582 Peter 
Morris erected there a water standard for 
the purpose of supplying water to Thames 
Street, Gracechurch Street, and Leaden- 
hall ; and also for cleansing the channels 
of the streets towards Bishopsgate, Aid- 
gate, the Bridge, and Stocks' Market. — 
Stow: Survey of London, 459 (1598). 

(There was another water standard 
near Oldbourne. ) 

N.B. — Any substantial building for the 
supply of water was called a standard ; 
hence the Standard in Cheap, made in 
1430 by John Wills, mayor, "with a 
small stone cistern." Our more modern 
drinking-fountains are M standards." 

Water- Wraith, the evil spirit of the 
waters. 

By thli the storm grew loud apace. 
The water-wraith was shrieking. 

Cam/ieU: Lord Vliins Daughter. 

Water from the Fountain of 
Lions, a sovereign remedy for fevers of 
every kind. — Arabian Nights ("Ahmed 
and Pari-Banou "). 

Water made Wine. Alluding to 
the first miracle of Christ, Richard Cra- 
shaw says (1643)— 



WATER OF JEALOUSY. 



1x98 



WAVERLEY. 



Lympha pudica Deum vidit et erubult. 
(The modest water saw its God, and blushed.) 

Water of Jealousy ( The). This was 
a beverage which the Jews used to affirm 
no adulteress could drink without burst- 
ing. — Five Philosophical Questions An- 
swered (1653). 

Water of Life. This water has the 

property of changing the nature of poison, 
and of making those salutary which were 
most deadly. A fairy gave some in a phial 
to Fiorina, and assured her that however 
often she used it, the bottle would always 
remain full. — Comtesse D Aulnoy : Fairy 
Tales (" Fiorina," 1682). 

Water of Youth. In the Basque 

legends we are told of a "water," one 
drop of which will restore youth to the 
person on whom it is sprinkled. It will 
also restore the dead to life, and the en- 
chanted to their original form. It is 
called "the dancing water" in the tale 
called The Princess Fairstar, by the 
comtesse D' Aulnoy (1682). (See Old 
Age Restored, p. 772.) 

Waters {Father of), Irawaddy in Bur- 
ham. The Mississippi in North America. 

Waters (zoung, i.e. young), a ballad. At 
yule-tide many a " well-favoured man " 
came to the king's court, and the king 
asked his queen which she thought the fair- 
est of all. She replied, " soung Waters." 
This excited the king's jealousy, who 
ordered Waters to be imprisoned in Stir- 
ling Castle, and subsequently to be be- 
headed. — Percy : Reliques, ser. ft. bk. ii. 
18. 

Waterloo ( The Field of), a poem by 

sir W. Scott (1815). 

On Waterloo's ensanguined plain 
Full many a gallant man was slain | 

But none, by bullet or by shot. 
Fell half so flat as Walter Scott. 

Anon. 

Waterman (The), Tom Tug. The 
title of a ballad opera by T. Dibdin (1774). 
(For the plot, see WlLELMlNA BUNDLE.) 

Watkins { William), the English at- 
tendant on the prince of Scotland. — Sir 
W. Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, 
Henry IV.). 

Watkin'a Pudding {Sir), a famous 
Welsh dish ; so named from sir Watkin 
Lewis, a London alderman, who was very 
fond of it. 

Watling Street and the Fobs. 

The vast Roman road called Watling 
Street starts from Richborough, in Kent, 



and, after passing the Severn, divides 
into two branches, one of which runs to 
Anglesey, and the other to Holy Head. 

The Foss runs north and south from 
Michael's Mount, in Cornwall, to Caith- 
ness, the northern extremity of Scotland. 

Those two mighty ways, the Watling and the Fom . . . 

. . . the first doth hold her way 

From Dover to the farth'st of fruitful Anglesey ; 

The second, south and north, from Michael's utmost 

mount 
To Caithness, which the farth'st of Scotland w* 



Drayton: Polyolbion, xiii. (itfij). 
Secunda via principalis dicitur " Wateling-streate," 
tendens ab euro-austro in zephyrum septentrionalem. 
Incipit enim a Dovaria, tendens per medium Cantise, 
juxta London, per S. Albanum, Dunstaplum, Strat- 
fordiam, Towcestriam, Litleburne, per montem Gilbert! 
juxta Salopiam, deinde par Stratton at per medium 
Walliae, usque Cardigan. —Leland : Itinerary */ 
England (1713). 

Watling- Street of the Sky ( The), 

the Milky Way. 

Watta (Dr. Isaac). It is said that 
Isaac Watts, being beaten by his father 
for wasting his time in writing verses, 
exclaimed — 

O father, pity on me take. 

And I wil no more verses make. 

T Ovid, the Latin poet, is credited with 
a similar anecdote — 

Parce, precor, g enitor, poshae non verstficabo. 

Wauoh (Mansie), fictitious name of 
D. M. Moir, author of The Life of Mansie 
Wauch, Tailor in Dalkeith, written by 
himself (1828). 

Waverley, the first of Scott's histo- 
rical novels, published in 1814. The 
materials are Highland feudalism, mili- 
tary bravery, and description of natural 
scenery. There is a fine vein of humour, 
and a union of fiction with history. The 
chief characters are Charles Edward the 
Chevalier, the noble old baron of Brad- 
wardine, the simple faithful clansman 
Evan Dhu, and the poor fool Davie Gel- 
latley with his fragments of song and 
scattered gleams of fancy. 

Scott did not prefix his name to Waverley, being 
afraid that it might compromise his poetical reputation 
—Chambers : English Literature, ii. 586. 

Waverley (Captain Edward) of 
Waverley Honour, and hero of the novel 
called by his name. Being gored by a 
stag, he resigned his commission, and 
proposed marriage to Flora M'lvor, but 
was not accepted. Fergus M'lvor (Flora's 
brother) introduced him to prince Charles 
Edward. He entered the service of the 
Young Chevalier, and in the battle of 
Preston Pans saved the life of colonel 
Talbot. The colonel, out of gratitude, 
obtained the pardon of young Waverley, 



WAVERLEY NOVELS. 



1x99 



WEALTHY. 



who then married Rose Bradwardine, and 
settled down quietly in Waverley Honour. 

Mr. Richard Waverley, the captain's 
father, of Waverley Honour. 

Sir Everard Waverley, the captain's 
uncle. 

Mistress Rachel Waverley, sister of sir 
Everard.— Sir W. Scott: Waverley (time, 
George II.). 

Waverley Novels {The). All the 
novels of sir Walter Scott are included 
under this term ; but not the three tales 
c died Aunt Margaret's Mirror, The 
Laird's Jock, and The Tapestried 
Chamber. 

Wax (A lad &'), a spruce young man, 
like a model in wax. Lucretius speaks 
of persona cerea, and Horace of the 
waxen arms of Telgphus, meaning beau- 
tiful in shape and colour. 

A man, young: lady I Lady, such a man 

A* all the world Why, he's a man o' wax. 

Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet (1595). 

Way of the World ( The), a comedy 
by W. Congreve (1700). The "way of 
the world " is to tie up settlements to 
wives, to prevent their husbands squan- 
dering their wives' fortunes. Thus, Fain- 
all wanted to get into his power the 
fortune of his wife, whom he hated, but 
found it was "in trust to Edward Mira- 
bell," and consequently could not be 
tampered with. 

Way to Keep Him (The}, a comedy 
by Murphy (1760). The object of this 
drama is to show that women, after 
marriage, should not wholly neglect their 
husbands, but should try to please them, 
and make home agreeable and attractive, 
The chief persons are Mr. and Mrs. 
Lovemore. Mr. Lovemore has a virtuous 
and excellent wife, whom he esteems and 
loves ; but, finding his home insufferably 
dull, he seeks amusement abroad ; and 
those passions which have no play at 
home lead him to intrigue and card- 
pi lying, routs and dubious society. The 
under-plot is this : Sir Bashful Constant 
is a mere imitator of Mr. Lovemore, and 
ladv Constant suffers neglect from her 
husband and insult from his friends, 
because he foolishly thinks it is not comme 
il faut to love after he has married the 
woman of his choice. 

Ways and Means, a comedy by 

Colman the younger (1788). Random 
and Scruple meet at Calais two young 
ladies, Harriet and Kitty, daughters of 
sir David Dunder. and fall in love with 



them. They come to Dover, and acci- 
dentally meet sir David, who invites tbena 
over to Dunder Hall, where they are intro- 
duced to the two young la dies. Harriet is 
to be married next day, against her will, to 
lord Snolts, a stumpy, "gummy" noble- 
man of five and forty ; and, to avoid this 
hateful match, she and her sister agree to 
elope at night with the two young guests. 
It so happens that a series of blunders 
in the dark occur, and sir David himsell 
becomes privy to the whole plot, but, to 
prevent scandal, he agrees to the two 
marriages, and discovers that the young 
men, both in family and fortune, are 
quite suitable to be his sons-in-law. 

Wayland (Launcelot) or Wayland 
Smith, farrier in the vale of Whitehorse. 
Afterwards disguised as the pedlar at 
Cumnor Place. — Sir W. Scott; Kenil- 
worth (time, Elizabeth). 

Wayland Wood (Norfolk), said to 
be the site where " the babes in the 
wood H were left to perish. According to 
this tradition, "Wayland Wood" is a 
corruption of Wailing Wood. 

Wayside Inn ( Tales of a), poems in 
various metres by Longfellow (1863). The 
tales are — 

The Landlord'* Tale, the Student's Tale, The Spanish 
yews Tale, The Sicilian Tale, The Musician's Tale, 
The Theologian's Tale, and tho Poet's Tale. There 
Is also a Prelude and a Finale. 

Wealth makes Worth. 

A man of wealth Is dubbed a man of worth. 

Po/e : Imitations of Horace, vi. 81 (1734V 
Et genus, et formam, regina Pecunia donat, 
Ac bene nummatum decorat Suadela Venusquo. 

Horace : Epist,, #1, 
Beauty and wisdom money can bestow, 
Venus and wit to wealth their honours throw. 

E. C. B. 

Wealth of Nations (The), an 
enquiry into the nature and causes of 
national wealth by Adam Smith (1776). 

Wealtheow (a syl.), wife of Hroth- 
gar king of Denmark. 

Wealtheow went forth ; mindful of their races, she . . . 
greeted the inen in the hall. The freeborn lady first 
banded the cup to the prince of the East Danes. . . . 
The lady of the Helmings then went about every part 
. . . she gave treasure-vessels, until the opportunity 
occurred that she (a queen hung: round with rings' . . . 
bore forth the mead-cup to Beowulf. . . . and thanked 
Cod that her will was accomplished, that an earl of 
Denmark was a guarantee against crime.— Be*wu{/ 
(Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth century). 

Wealthy (Sir William), a retired 
City merchant, with one son of prodigal 
propensities. In order to save the young 
man from ruin, the father preu-nds to be 
dead, disguise! himself as a German 
baron, and, with the aid of coadjutors, 



WEARY-ALL HILL. 



1900 



WEDDING DAY. 



becomes the chief creditor of the young 
scapegrace. 

Sir George Wealthy, the son of sir 
William. After having run out his 
money, Lucy is brought to him as a cour- 
tezan ; but the young man is so moved 
with her manifest innocence and tale of 
sorrow that he places her in an asylum 
where her distresses would be sacred, 
" and her indigent beauty would be 
guarded from temptation." 

Mr. Richard Wealthy, merchant, the 
brother of sir William ; choleric, straight- 
forward, and tyrannical. He thinks 
obedience is both law and gospel. 

Lucy Wealthy, daughter of Richard. 
Her father wants her to marry a rich 
tradesman, and, as she refuses to do so, 
, turns her out of doors. She is brought 
to sir George Wealthy as a fi lie de joie ; 
but the young man; discerning her in- 
nocence and modesty, places her in safe 
keeping. He ultimately finds out that 
she is his cousin, and the two parents 
rejoice in consummating a union so 
entirely in accordance with both their 
wishes. — Foote : The Minor (1760). 

Weary-all Hill, above Glastonbury, 
to the left of Tor Hill. This spot is the 
traditional landing-place of Joseph of 
Arimathaea ; and here is the site (marked 
by a stone bearing the letters A. I. A.D. 
XXXI. ) of the holy thorn. 

When the saint arrived at Glastonbury, 
weary with his long journey, he stuck 
his staff into the ground, and the staff 
became the famous thorn, the site being 
called "Weary-all Hill." 

Weatherport {Captain), a naval 
officer.— Sir W.Scott; The Pirate (time, 
William III.). 

Weaver-Poet of Inverurie ( The), 

William Thorn (1799-1850). 

Wea'iel [Timothy], attorney-at-law 
at Lestwithiel, employed as the agent of 
Penruddock. — Cumberland: The Wheel 
of Fortune (1778). 

Web in a Millet Seed {The). 

This was a web wrapped in a millet seed. 
It was 400 yards long, and on it were 
painted all sorts of birds, beasts, and 
fishes ; fruits, trees, and plants ; rocks and 
shells ; the sun, moon, and stars ; the like- 
nesses of all the kings and queens of the 
earth, and many other curious devices. 

The prince took out of a ruby box a walnut, which he 
cracked, . . . and saw inside it a small hazel nut, which 
he cracked also, and found inside a kernel of wax. 
He peeled the kernel, and discovered a corn of wheat. 



and In the wheat a grain of millet, which conti'ned th« 
•wtib.—Comtrsst D'Aultuy ; Fmiry Tales ("lue Whit* 
Cat," 1682). 

Wedding. The fifth anniversary is 
the Wooden Wedding, because on that 
occasion the suitable offerings to the wife 
are knick-knacks made of wood. 

The fifteenth is the Copper Wedding, 
and all gifts are to be of copper. 

The twenty-fifth anniversary is called 
the Silver Wedding, because the woman 
on this occasion should be presented with 
a silver wreath. 

The fiftieth anniversary is called the 
Golden Wedding, because the wreath or 
flowers presented should be made of gold. 
In Germany, the marriage ceremony 
was repeated on the fiftieth anniversary. 
In 1879 . William, king of Prussia and 
German emperor, celebrated his "golden 
wedding." 

The seventy-fifth anniversary is called 
the Diamond Wedding, because the 
correct present to the wife of such a 
standing would be a diamond. This 
period is shortened into the sixtieth 
anniversary. 

Mr. T. Morgan Owen, of Bronwylfa, 
Rhyl, says there are in Llannefydd 
churchyard, near Denbigh, the two fol- 
lowing inscriptions : — 

(1) Iohn and Elin Owen, married 1579, 
died 1659. Announced thus — 

Whom one nuptial bed did containe for 80 years da 
here remaine. Here lieth the body of Elin, wife ol 
Iohn Owen, who died the 25 day of March, 1659. Here 
lieth the body of Iohn Owen, who died the 23 day ol 
August, 1659. 

(2) Katherine and Edward Iones, mar- 
ried 1638, died 1708. Announced thus — 

They lived amicably together in matrimony 70 years. 
Here lyeth the body of Katherine Davies, the wife ol 
Edward Iones, who was buried the 27 day of May, 
1708, aged 91 years. Here the body of Edward Iones, 
son of Iohn-ap-David, Gent., lyeth, who was buried the 
14 day of May, 1708, aged 91 years.— Times, July 4, 
1879 (weekly edition). 

Wedding [The), a poem by sir John 
Suckling, noted for the lines — 



Her feet beneath her petticoat, 
Like little mice, stole in and out, 
As if they feared the light. 



(1637.) 



Wedding" Day {The), a comedy by 
Mrs. Inchbald (1790). The plot is this : 
Sir Adam Contest lost his first wife by 
shipwreck, and " twelve or fourteen 
years " afterwards he led to the altar 
a young girl of 18, to whom he was 
always singing the praises of his first 
wife — a phoenix, a paragon, the ne plus 
ultra of wives and women. She did 
everything to make him happy. She 



WEEPING PHILOSOPHER. iaoi 



WELLBORN. 



loved him, obeyed him ; ah I "he would 
never look upon her like again." On the 
wedding day, this pink of wives and 
women made her appearance, told how 
she had been rescued, and sir Adam was 
dumbfounded. "He was happy to bewail 
her loss," but to rejoice in her restoration 
was quite another matter. 

(Fielding had written a comedy so 
called in 1740. ) 

Weeping Philosopher (The), He- 

raclltos, who looked at the folly of man 
with grief (fi. B.C. 500). (See Jeddler, 
p. 542.) 

Weir {Major), the favourite baboon 
of sir Robert Redgauntlet. In the tale of 
" Wandering Willie," sir Robert's piper 
went to the infernal regions to obtain the 
knight's receipt of rent, which had been 
paid ; but no receipt could be found, 
because the monkey had carried it to the 
castle turret.— Sir W. Scott; Redgauntlet 
(time, George III.). 

Compare with this the Jmckdmw t/Rhtitru (see p. 
on.) 

Weissnichtwo, nowhere. The word 
is German for "I know not where," and 
was coined by Carlyle {Sartor Resartus, 
1833). Sir W. Scott has a similar Scotch 
compound, " Kennaquhair " ("I know 
not where"). Cervantes has the "island 
of Trapoban" {i.e. of "dish-clouts," 
from trapos, the Spanish for a "dish- 
clout"). Sir Thomas More has " Uto- 
pia" (Greek, ou topo*, "no place"). 
We might add the " island of Medama " 
(Greek, "nowhere"), the "peninsula of 
Udamoges " (Greek, "nowhere on 
earth"), the country of " Kennahtwhar," 
etc, and place them in the great " Nulli- 
bian " ocean ("nowhere "), in any degree 
beyond 180 long, and 90 lat. 

Wei 'ford, one of the suitors of " the 
Scornful Lady " (no name is given to 
the lady).— Beaumont and Fletcher: The 
Scornful Lady ( 16 16). 

(Beaumont died 1616.) 

Well. Three of the most prominent 
Bible characters met their wives for the 
first time by wells of water, viz. Isaac, 
Jacob, and Moses. 

Eliezer met Rebekah by a well, and 
arranged with Rethuel for her to become 
Isaac's wife. — Gen. xxiv. 

Jacob met Rachel by the well of Haran. 
—Gen. xxix. 

When Moses fled from Egypt into the 
land of Midian, he " sat down by a well," 
and the seven daughters of Jethro came 



there to draw water, one of whom, named 
Zipporah, became his wife. — Exod. ii. 
15-21. 

IT The princess Nausicaa, daughter of 
Alcinoos king of the Phaeacians, was 
with her maidens washing their dirty 
linen in a rivulet, when she first encoun- 
tered Ulysses. — Homer : Odyssey, vi. 

Well (A). "A well and a green vine 
running over it," emblem of the patriarch 
Joseph. In the church at Totnes is a 
stone pulpit divided into compartments, 
containing shields decorated with the 
several emblems of the Jewish tribes. 
On one of the shields is "a well and a 
green vine running over it." 

Joseph is a fruitful boujh, even a fruitful boujh by 
well ; whose branches run over the wall.— Gtn. xlix. aa. 

Well of English TJndefiled. So 

Chaucer is called by Spenser. 

Dan Chaucer, well of English undented. 
On Fame's eternal bead-roll worthy to be iled. 
Sftnstr : FmerU Qutttu, iv. a (1596% 

Welland, a river of England, which 
passes by Stamford, etc., and empties 
itself into the Wash. Drayton speaks of 
an ancient prophecy which brought to 
this river great reverence — 

That she alone should drawn all Holland, and should 

see 
Her Stamford ... as renowned for liberal arts . . . 
As they in Cambridge are, or Oxford ever were. 

Dray ten : Polytlbien, xxiv. (162a). 

(The "Holland" here referred to is 
not the Netherlands, but a district of 
Lincolnshire so called. See Holland, 
p. 496.) 

Well-Beloved (The), Charles VI. of 
France, Le Bien-Aimi (1368, 1380-1422). 

Louis XV. of France, Le Bien-Aime" 
(1710, 1 71 5-1774). 

Well - Pounded Doctor (The), 
iEgidius de Colonna; aho called "The 
Most Profound Doctor" (Doctor Fundatis- 
simus et Theologorum Princeps) ; some- 
times surnamed " Romanus." because he 
was born in the Campagna di Roma, but 
more generally "Colonna," from a town 
in the Campagna (1257-1316). 

Wellborn (Francis, usually called 
Frank), nephew of sir Giles Overreach, 
and son of sir John Wellborn, who " bore 
the whole sway" of Northamptonshire, 
kept a large estate, and was highly 
honoured. Frank squandered away the 
property, and got greatly into debt, but 
induced lady Allworth to give him her 
countenance, out of gratitude nnd respect 
to his father. Sir Giles fancies that the 
rich dowager is about to many his 
4 U 



WELLER. 



WERE-WOLP. 



nephew, and, in order to bring about this 
desirable consummation, not only pays 
all his debts, but supplies him liberally 
with ready money. Being thus freed 
from debt, and having sown his wild oats, 
young Wellborn reforms, and lord Lovell 
gives him a " company." — Massinger: A 
New Way to Pay Old Debts (1625). 

Weller {Samuel), boots at the White 
Hart, and afterwards servant to Mr. 
Pickwick, to whom he becomes devotedly 
attached. Rather than leave his master 
when he is sent to the Fleet, Sam Weller 
gets his father to arrest him for debt. 
His fun, his shrewdness, his comparisons, 
his archness, and his cunning on behalf 
of his master, are unparalleled. 

Tony Weller, father of Sam ; a coach- 
man of the old school, who drives a coach 
between London and Dorking. Naturally 
portly in size, he becomes far more so 
in his great-coat of many capes. Tony 
wears top-boots, and his hat has a low 
crown and broad brim. On the stage- 
box he is a king, elsewhere he is a mere 
greenhorn. He marries a widow, land- 
lady of the Marquis of Granby, and his 
constant advice to his son is, "Sam, 
beware of the widders." — Dickens: The 
Pickwick Papers (1836). 

Wellington of Gamblers (The). 
Lord Rivers was called in Paris Le Wel- 
lington desjou, urs. 

Wellington's Horse, Copenhagen. 
It died at the age of 27. 

Wemmick, the cashier of Mr. Jaggers 
the lawyer. He lived at Walworth. 
Wemmick was a dry man, rather short in 
stature, with square, wooden face. ' ' There 
were some marks in the face which might 
have been dimples if the material had 
been softer." His linen was frayed ; he 
wore four mourning rings, and a brooch 
representing a lady, a weeping willow, 
and a cinerary urn. His eyes were small 
and glittering ; his lips small, thin, and 
mottled ; his age was between 40 and 50 
years. Mr. Wemmick wore his hat on 
the back of his head, and looked straight 
before him, as if nothing was worth look- 
ing at. Mr. Wemmick at home and Mr. 
Wemmick in his office were two distinct 
beings. At home, he was his "own 
engineer, his own carpenter, his own 
plumber, his own gardener, his own Jack- 
of-all-trades," and had fortified his little 
wooden house like commodore Trunnion 
if-v.) and he called it his "castle." His 
father (82 years of age) lived with him, 



and he called him "The Aged." The old 
man was very deaf, but heated the poker 
with delight to fire off the nine-o'clock 
signal, and chuckled with joy because 
he could hear the bang. The house had 
a "real flagstaff," and a plank which 
crossed a ditch some four feet wide and 
two feet deep was the drawbridge. At 
nine o'clock p.m. Greenwich time the 
gun (called " The Stinger") was fired. 

The piece of ordnance was mounted in a separata 
fortress, constructed of lattice-work. It was protected 
from the weather by an ingenious little tarpaulin con- 
trivance in the natureof an umbrella. — Dicktns : Gnat 
Expectations, xxv. (i860). 

(This is a bad imitation of Smollett. 
In commodore Trunnion such a conceit is 
characteristic, but in a lawyer's clerk not 
so. Still, it might have passed as a good 
whim if it had been original. ) 

Wenlock( Wild Wenlock), kinsman of 
sir Hugo de Lacy constable of Chester. 
His head is cut off by the insurgents. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Betrothed (time, 
Henry II.). 

Weno'nah, mother of Hiawatha and 
daughter of Noko'mis. Nokomis was 
swinging in the moon, when some of her 
companions, out of jealousy, cut the 
ropes, and she fell to earth "like a 
falling star." That night was born her 
first child, a daughter, whom she named 
Wenonah. In due time Wenonah was 
wooed and won by Mudjekee'wis (the 
west wind), and became the mother of 
Hiawatha. The false West Wind de- 
serted her, and the young mother died. 

Fair Nokomis bore a daughter, 
And she called her name Wenonak. 

LongftlUw : Hiaiuathm, ill. 1855). 

Wentworth (Eva), the beau-ideal 
of female purity. She was educated in 
strict seclusion. De Courcy fell in love 
with her, but deceived her ; whereupon 
she died calmly and tranquilly, elevated 
by religious hope. (See Zaira.) — 
Maturin : Women (a romance, 1822). 

Werburg (St.), born a princess. By 
her prayers she drove the wild geese 
from Weedon. 

She falleth in her way with Weedon, where, tis said, 
St. Werburg, princely born — a most religious maid— 
From those peculiar fields, by prayer the wild geesa 
drove. 

Drayton .' P*lyelHcn, xzlil. x6aa). 

Were- Wolf, orWenr-Wolf (2jy/.), 
a man-wolf, a man transformed into a 
wolf temporarily or otherwise. (See 

LOUP-GAROU, p. 629; SOLOGNE, p. 

1025. ) This creature played a prominent 



WERNER. 



1203 



WEST INDIAN. 



Crt in German Christmas tales of the 
iddle Ages. 

Oft through the forest dark 
Followed the were-wolf • bark. 
LengftlUw: Th* SkeUUn in Armour. 

Werner, the boy said to have been 
crucified at Bacharach, on the Rhine, by 
the Jews. (See Hugh of Lincoln, 
p. 510.) 

Th« Innocent boy, who, seme years heck, 
Was taken and crucified by the Jews, 
la that ancient town of Bacharach 1 

Lon£/ell*» : Th* Gel Jen L*z*n* (iijt>. 

Werner or Xroitsner (count of 

Siegendorf), father of Ulric. Being 
driven from the dominions of his father, 
he wandered about for twelve years as a 
beggar, hunted from place to place by 
count Stral'enheim. At length, Stra- 
lenheim, travelling through Silesia, was 
rescued from the Oder by Gabor (alios 
Ulric), and was lodged in an old tumble- 
down palace, where Werner had been 
lodging for some few days. Here Wer- 
ner robbed the count of a rouleau of gold, 
and next day the count was murdered by 
Ulric (without the connivance or even 
knowledge of Werner). When Werner 
succeeded to the rank and wealth of 
count Siegendorf, he became aware that 
his son Ulric was the murderer, and de- 
nounced him. Ulric departed, and Wer- 
ner said, •• The race of Siegendorf is 
past. " — Byron : Werner ( 1821 ). 

(This drama is borrowed from " Kruitz- 
ner, or The German's Tale," in Miss H. 
Lee's Canterbury Tales, 1797-1805.) 

Werther, a young German student, 
of poetic fancy and very sensitive dis- 
position, who falls in love with Lotte (a 
syl. ) the betrothed and afterwards the 
wife of Albert. Werther becomes 
acquainted with Lotte's husband, who in- 
vites him to stay with him as a guest In 
this visit he renews his love, which Lotte 
returns. So the young man mewls and 
pules after forbidden fruit with sickly 
sentimentality, and at last puts an end to 
his life and the tale at the same time. — 
Goethe : Sorrows of Werther (1774). 

The sort of thin? to turn a young man's head. 
Or make a Werther of him in the end. 

Syren : D»n Juan, xW. 64 (1814). 

•„• "Werther" is meant for Goethe 
himself, and "Albert" for his friend 
Kestner, who married Charlotte Buff, 
with whom Goethe was in love, and 
whom he calls "Lotte" (the heroine of 
the novel). 

(In 1 8 17 George Duval produced a 
parody on this novel, in the form of a 



three-act farce entitled Werther on Us 
Egarements dun Caeur Sensible.) 

Thackeray wrote a satirical poem called Th*S*rrom/i 
IfWtrOur. 

The Werther of Politics. The marq ui s 
of Londonderry is so called by lord 
Byron. Werther, the personification of 
maudling sentimentality, is the hero of 
Goethe's romance entitled The Sorrows of 
Werther (1774). 

It is the first time since the Normans, that England 
has been insulted by a minister who could not speak 
English, and that parliament permitted itself to be 
dictated to in the language of Mrs. Malaprop. . . . 
Let us hear no more of this man, and let Ireland re- 
move the ashes of her Grattan from the sanctuary of 
Westminster. Shall the Patriot of Humanity repose bjr 
the Werther of Politics?— Byr»n: Den Jttan (preface 
to canto vi., etc., 1824). 

Wer'therism (th » /), spleen, me- 
grims from morbid sentimentality, a 
settled melancholy and disgust of life. 
The word is derived from the romance 
called The Sorrows of Werther, by Goethe 
(1774), the gist of which is to prove 
" Whatever is is wrong." 

Weasel (Peder), a tailor's apprentice, 
who rose to the rank of vice-admiral of 
Denmark, in the reign of Christian V. 
He was called Tor'denskiold (3 syl. ), cor- 
rupted into Tordenskiol (the "Thunder 
Shield"), and was killed in a duel 

North Sea 1 a glimpse of Weesei rent 
Thy murky sky. . . . 
From Denmark thunders Tordenskiol} 
Let each to heaven common* his souL 
And fly. 

Ltng/tlUw: King ChrtsHmn [V.\ 

Wesaex, Devonshire, Somersetshire, 
Wiltshire, and their adjacents. Ivor son 
of Cadwallader, and Ini or Hiner his 
nephew, were seat to England by Cad- 
wallader when he was in Rome, to 
"govern the remnant of the Britons." 

As the generals, [he] 

His nephew Ivor chose, and Hiner for his pheer ; 
Two most undaunted sp'ritt these valiant Britons were. 
Th* first wh* Wesse* won. 

DrmyUn : PilylkUn, U. (161s). 

(The kingdom of Wessex was founded 
in 495 by Cerdic and Cynric, and Ini was 
king ot Wessex from 688 to 726. Instead 
of being a British king who ousted the 
Saxons, he was of the royal line of 
Cerdic, and came regularly to the succes- 
sion. ) 

West Indian {The), a comedy by 
R. Cumberland (1771). Mr. Belcour, the 
adopted son of a wealthy Jamaica mer- 
chant, on the death of his adopted father 
came to London, to the house of Mr. 
Stockwell, once the clerk of Belcour, 
senior. This clerk had secretly married 
Belcour's daughter, and when her boy was 



WESTERN. 



1204 



WHAT NEXT? 



born It was "laid as a foundling at her 
father's door." Old Belcour brought the 
child up as his own son, and at death 
"bequeathed to him his whole estate." 
The young man then came to London as 
the guest of Mr. Stockwell, the rich mer- 
chant, and accidentally encountered in 
the street Miss Louisa Dudley, with whom 
he fell in love. Louisa, with her father 
captain Dudley, and her brother Charles, 
all in the greatest poverty, were lodging 
with a Mr. Fulmer, a small bookseller. 
Belcour gets introduced, and, after the 
usual mistakes and hairbreadth escapes, 
makes her his wife. 

Western (Squire), a jovial, fox-hunt- 
ing country gentleman, supremely igno- 
rant of book-learning, very prejudiced, 
selfish, irascible, and countrified ; but 
shrewd, good-natured; and very fond of 
his daughter Sophia. 

Philip, earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, was In 
character a squire Western, choleric, boisterous, 
Illiterate, selfish, absurd, and cowardly.— Osborne : 
Secret History, i. ait. 

Squire Western stands alone ; imitated from no pro 
totype, and in himself an inimitable pictureof igno- 
rance, prejudice, irascibility, and rusticity, united with 
natural shrewdness, constitutional good humour, and 
an instinctive affection for his daughter.— Encyclopedia 
Britannic* (article " Fielding "). 

Sophia Western, daughter of squire 
Western. She becomes engaged to Tom 
Jones the foundling. — Fielding: Tom 
Jones (1749)- 

There now are no squire Westerns, as of old; 

And our Sophias are not so emphatic, 
But fair as them [sic] or fairer to behold. 

Byron : Don yuan, xiii. no (1834). 

Westlock (John), a quondam pupil 
of Mr. Pecksniff ("architect and land 
surveyor"). John Westlock marries 
Ruth, the sister of Tom Pinch. — Dickens : 
Martin Chuzzlewit (1843). 

Westminster Abbey of Den- 
mark (The), the cathedral of Roeskilde, 
some sixteen miles west of Copenhagen. 

N.B.— The tradition is that St. Peter 
himself dedicated the church, and an- 
nounced to a fisherman that he (Peter), 
patron of fishermen, had done so. Sibert 
had asked Militus (the first bishop of Lon- 
don) to perform the ceremony, but St. 
Peter anticipated him. Edward the Con- 
fesssor, who rebuilt the abbey, testifies 
the truth of legend. 

I am Peter, keeper of the keys of heaven. When 
Militus arrives to-merrow, tell him what you have seen, 
and show him the token that I have consecrated my 
own church of St. Peter, Westminster.— Recited by 
Edward the Confessor in his new charter. (Seo 
N»t*s and Queries, January as, 1896. p. 65.) 

Westmoreland, according to fable, 
If West-Mar-land. Mar or Marius, son 



of Arviragus, was king of the British, 
and overthrew Rodric the Scythian in the 
north-west of England, where he set up 
a stone with an inscription of this victory, 
"both of which remain to this day." — 
Geoffrey; British History, vt. 17 (1142). 

Westward Hoe, a comedy by 
Thomas Dekker (1607). The Rev. Charles 
Kingsley published a novel in 1854 en- 
titled Westward Ho I or The Voyages and 
Adventures of Sir Amy as Leigh in the 
Reign of Queen Elizabeth. (See EAST- 
WARD Hoe, p. 311.) 

Wether al (Stephen), surnamed 
" Stephen Steelheart," in the troop of 
lord Waldemar Fitzurse (a baron follow- 
ing prince John). — Sir W. Scott: Ivanhoe 
(time, Richard I.). 

Wether ell (Elizabeth), Miss Susan 
Warner, authoress of The Wide Wide 
World (1852), Queechy (1853), etc. 

Wetzweiler (Tid) or Le Glorieux, 
the court jester of Charles "the Bold" 
duke of Burgundy. — Sir W. Scott: Quen- 
tin Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

Whachum, journeyman to Sid- 
rophel. He was Richard Green, who 
published a pamphlet of base ribaldry, 
called Hudibras in a Snare (1667). 

A paltry wretch he had, half-starved, 
That him in place of zany served, 
Hieht Whachum. 

5. Butler : Hudibras, U. 3 (1664). 

Wlxally Eyes, i.e. Whale-like eyes. 
Spenser says that "Whally eyes are a 
sign of jealousy." — Faerie Queene, I. iv. 
24 (1590). 

Whang", an avaricious Chinese miller, 
who, by great thrift, was pretty well off. 
But one day, being told that a neighbour 
had found a pot of money which he had 
dreamt of, he began to be dissatisfied with 
his slow gains and longed for a dream 
also. At length the dream came. He 
dreamt there was a huge pot of gold 
concealed under his mill, and set to work 
to find it. The first omen of success was 
a broken mug, then a house-tile, and at 
length, after much digging, he came to a 
stone so large that he could not lift it 
He ran to tell his luck to his wife, and the 
two tugged at the stone ; but as they re- 
moved it, down fell the mill in utter ruins. 
—Goldsmith: A Citizen of the World, 
hex. (1759). 

What Next? a farce by T. Dibdin. 
Colonel Clifford meets at Brighton two 
cousins, Sophia and Clarissa Touchwood, 



WHAT WILL HE DO WITH IT? 120s 



WHISTLE. 



and falls in love with the latter, who is 
the sister of major Touchwood. He 
imagines that her Christian name is 
Sopnia, and so is accepted by colonel 
Touchwood, Sophia's father. Now, it 
so happens that major Touchwood is in 
love with his cousin Sophia, and looks 
on colonel Clifford as his rival. The 
major tries to outwit his supposed rival, 
but finds they are both in error — that it 
is Clarissa whom the colonel wishes to 
marry, and that Sophia is free to marry 
the major. 

What will lie do with it ? a novel 

by lord Lytton (1858). 

Wheel of Fortune ( The), a comedy 
by R. Cumberland (1779). 

(For the plot and tale, see Penrud- 
dock, p. 823.) 

Where art thou, Beam of 

Light? (See Lumon, p. 640.) 

Whetstone Cut by a Razor (A). 
Accius Navius, the augur, cut a whet- 
stone with a razor in the presence of Tar- 
quin the elder. 

In short, 'twas his fate, unemployed or In place, sir, 

To eat mutton cold, and cut blocks with a razor. 

Goldsmith : Retaliation (" Burke " is referred to, 1774). 

Whiffers {Mr.), a footman in the 
"swarry," related in chap, xxxvii. of the 
Pickwick Papers by Dickens (1836). 

Whiffle {Captain), a loathsome fop, 
" radiant in silk lace and diamond 
buckles." — Smollett: Roderick Random 
(1748). 

Whimple {Mrs.), in Great Expecta- 
tions, a novel by Dickens (1861). 

Whims [Queen), the monarch of 
Whimdom, or country of whims, fancies, 
and literary speculations. Her subjects 
were alchemists, astrologers, fortune- 
tellers, rhymers, projectors, schoolmen, 
and so forth. The best way of reaching 
this empire is "to trust to the whirlwind 
and the current." When Pantagruel's 
ship ran aground, it was towed off by 
7,000,000 drums quite easily. These 
drums are the vain imaginings of whim- 
syists. Whenever a person is perplexed 
at any knotty point of science or doctrine, 
some drum will serve for a nostrum to 
pull him through.— Rabelais: Pantag"ruel. 
v. 18, etc. (1545). 

Whim'sey, a whimsical, kind- 
hearted old man, father to Charlotte and 
"young" WTiimsey. 

As suspicious *t everybody above him, as if he bad 
been bred a rogue nimsclf.— Act L a. 



Charlotte Whimsey, the pretty daughter 
of old Whimsey ; in love with Monford. 
—J. Cobb : The First Floor. 

Whip with Six Lashes, the "Six 

Articles " of Henry VIII. (1539). 

Whipping Boy, a boy kept to be 
whipped when a prince deserved chastise- 
ment. 

(1) Barnaby Fitzpatrick stood for 
Edward VI. 

(2) D'Ossat and Du Perron, after- 
wards cardinals, were whipped by Cle- 
ment VIII. for Henri IV. of France. — 
Fuller: Church History, ii. 342 (1655). 

(3) Mungo Murray stood for Charles 

(4) Raphael was flogged for the son of 
the marquis de Leganez ; but, not seeing 
the justice of this arrangement, he ran 
away. — Lesage : Gil Bias, v. 1 (1724). 

Whisker, the pony of Mr. Garland, 
Abel Cottage, Finchley. 

There approached towards blm a little, clattering, 
jingling, tour-wheeled chaise, drawn by a little, 
obstinate-looking, rough-coated pony, and driven by 
a little, fat, placid-faced old gentleman. Beside the 
little old gentleman sat a little old 'ady, plump and 

Elacid like himself, and the pony was coining along at 
is own pace, and doing exactly as he pleased with the 
whole concern. If the old gentleman remonstrated by 
shaking the reins, the pony replied by shaking his head. 
It was plain that the utmost the pony would consent 
to do was to go in his own way, . . . after his own 
fashion, or not at alL— Dicktns : Th€ Old Curiosity 
Sho?, xiv. (1840). 

Whisker andos {Don Fero'lo), the 
sentimental lover of Tilburina. — Sheri- 
dan: The Critic, ii. 1 (1779). 

Whisky Insurrection {The), a 
popular name given, in the United States, 
to an outbreak in Western Pennsylvania, 
in 1794, resulting from an attempt to 
enforce an excise law passed in 1701, 
imposing duties on domestic distilled 
liquors. It spread into the border counties, 
but was finally suppressed by general 
Henry Lee, governor of Virginia, with an 
armed force. 

Whist {Father »/ the gam* of), 
Edmond Hoyle (1672-1769). 

Whistle {The). In the train of Anne 
of Denmark, when she went to Scotland 
with James VI., was a gigantic Dane of 
matchless drinking capacity. He had an 
ebony whistle which, at the beginning of 
a drinking bout, he would lay on the table, 
and whoever was last able to blow it, was 
to be considered the "Champion of the 
Whistle." In Scotland the Dane was de- 
feated by sir Robert Laurie of Maxwrlton, 
who, after three days' and three nights' 



WHISTLE. 



1206 



WHITE HOOD& 



hard drinking, left the Dane under the 
table, and "blew on the whistle his 
requiem shrill." The whistle remained 
in the family several years, when it was 
WQn by sir Walter Laurie, son of sir 
Robert ; and then by Walter Riddel of 
Glen riddel, brother-in-law of sir Walter 
Laurie. The last person who carried it 
off was Alexander Ferguson of Craig- 
darroch, son of "Annie Laurie," so well 
known. 

(Burns has a ballad on the subject, 
called The Whistle.) 

Whistle. The blackbird, says Dray- 
ton, is the only bird that whistles. 

Upon his dulcet pipe the merle doth only play. 

Drayton : Polyolbian, xiu. (16x3). 

Paying too dear for one's whistle. (See 
Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, p. 1294.) 

Whistler (The), a young thief, 
natural son of sir G. Staunton, whom he 
shot after his marriage with Effie Deans. 
— Sir W. Scott: Heart of Midlothian 
(time, George II.). 

Whistling. Mr. Townley, of Hull, 
says, in Notes and Queries, August 2, 
1879, that a Roman Catholic checked his 
wife, who was whistling for a dog: "If 
you please, ma'am, don't whistle. Every 
time a woman whistles, the heart of the 
blessed Virgin bleeds." 

Une poule qui chante le coqet aae file quisiffle por- 
tent malheur dans la maison. 

La poule ne doit point chanter derant le coej. 
A whistling woman and a crowing ken 
Are neither good for God or men, 

Whitaker (Richard), the old steward 
of sir Geoff ery Peveril.— Sir W. Scott: 
Peverilofthe Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Whitchurch, in Middlesex (or Little 
Stanmore), is the parish, and William 
Powell was the blacksmith, made cele- 
brated by Handel's Harmonious Black- 
smith. Powell died 1780. 

White Birds. Some Mohammedans 

believe that the spirits of the faithful (if 
neither prophets nor martyrs) abide 
under the throne of God, in the form of 
white birds. Martyrs are green birds, 
and prophets are taken to paradise direct 
in propria persona. 

White Cat ( The). A certain queen, 
desirous of obtaining some fairy fruit, 
was told she might gather as much as 
she would if she would give to them the 
child about to be born. The queen 
agreed, and the new-born child was 
carried to the fairies. When of marriage- 



able age, the fairies wanted her to marry 
Migonnet a fairy-dwarf, and, as she 
refused to do so, changed her into a 
white cat. Now comes the second part. 
An old king had three sons, and promised 
to resign the kingdom to that son who 
brought him the smallest dog. The 
youngest son wandered to a palace, where 
he saw a white cat endowed with human 
speech, who gave him a dog so tiny that 
the prince carried it in an acorn shell. 
The father then said he would resign his 
crown to that son who brought him home 
a web, 400 yards long, which would pass 
through the eye of a needle. The White 
Cat gave the prince a toil 400 yards long 
packed in the shale of a millet grain. The 
king then told his sons he would resign his 
throne to that son who brought home the 
handsomest bride. The White Cat told 
the prince to cut off its head and taiL 
On doing so, the creature resumed her 
human form, and was acknowledged to 
be the most beautiful woman on the 
earth. 

Her eyes committed theft upon all hearts, and he* 
sweetness kept them captive. Her shape was majestic, 
her air noble and modest, her wit flowing, her manner* 
engaging. In a word, she was beyond everything that 
was lovely.— Cemtesse D'Auinty : Fmiry Tales I" Tha 
White Cat, ' 1682). 

White Clergy (The), the parish 
priests, in contradistinction to The Black 
Clergy or monks, in Russia. 

White-Cotton Night-Cap Conn- 
try. (See Red-Cotton Night-Cap 
Country, p. 902.) 

White Cross Knights, the Knights 
Hospitallers. The Knights Templars 
wore a red cross. 

The White Cross Knight of the adjacent isle. 
Robert Brtmminz : The Return 0/the Druses, X. 

White Devil of Wallachia. 

George Castriota, known as " Scander- 
beg," was called by the Turks " The 
White Devil of Wallachia " (1404-1467). 

White Elephant (King of the), a 
title of the kings of Ava and Siam. 

White Fast ( The), the day of atone- 
ment in the Jewish synagogues. 

White Priars (The), the Carmelites, 
who dress in white. 

(There is a novel by Miss Emma 
Robinson called White Friars. ) 

White Hoods (or Chaperons Blancs), 
the insurgents of Ghent, led by Jean 
Lyons, noted for their fight at Minne- 
water to prevent the digging of a canal 



WHITE HORSE. 



1207 



WHITE LADY. 



which they fancied would be injurious to 

trade. 

Saw the fight at Mlnne water, saw the " White Hoods " 
moving; west. 

Ltngfclltrw : The Belfry •/ Bruges. 

White Horse (A), the Saxon banner, 
still preserved in the royal shield of the 
house of Hanover. 

A burly, genial race has raised 
Tha White Horse standard. 

Weolner: My Beautiful Lady. 

White Horse {Lords of the), the old 
Saxon chiefs, whose standard was a white 
horse. 

And tampered with the lords of the White Horse. 
Tennystn: Guinevere. 

White Horse of the Peppers, 

a sprat to catch a mackerel. After the 
battle of the Boyne, the estates of many 
of the Jacobites were confiscated, and 
given to the adherents of William III. 
Amongst others, the estate of the Peppers 
was forfeited, and the Orangeman to 
whom it was awarded went to take pos- 
session. "Where was it, and what was 
its extent?" These were all-important 
questions ; and the Orangeman was led 
up and down, hither and thither, for 
several days, under pretence of showing 
them to him. He had to join the army 
by a certain day, but was led so far a- 
field that he agreed to forego his claim 
if supplied with the means of reaching 
his regiment within the given time. 
Accordingly, the " white horse," the 
pride of the family, and the fastest 
animal in the land, was placed at his 
disposal, the king's grant was revoked, 
and the estate remained in the possession 
of the original owner. — Lover: Stories 
and Legends of Ireland (1832-34). 

White Horse of Wantage (Berk- 
shire), cut in the chalk hills. The horse 
is 374 feet long, and may be seen at the 
distance of fifteen miles. It commemorates 
a great victory obtained by Alfred over 
the Danes, called the battle of iEscesdun 
(Ashdown), during the reign of his brother 
Ethelred in 871. (See Red Horse, p. 
903-) 

In this battle all the flower of the barbarian youth 
was there slain, so that neither before nor since was 
ever such a destruction known since the Saxons first 
eaincd Britain by their arms. — Ethclwerd : Chronicle, 
II. A. 871. (See also Asser, Life of Alfred, year 871.) 

White Xing', the title of the emperor 
of Muscovy, from the white robes which 
these kings were accustomed to use. 

Sunt qui princlpem Moscoviae Album Regent nun- 
cupant. Ego quidem causara dlligenter quacrebam, 
cur regit albi nomine appellaretur cum name princi- 
pum tfeacoTue eo titulo antes [Bariliu* Ivanvrich] 



esset usui. . . . Credo autem ut Persam nunc 1 
rube* tegumenta capitis " Kissilpassa " {i.e. rubeuai 
cuput) vocant ; ita reges Moscovise propter alia 
tegumenta " Albos Reges" appellari.— Sigismund 

(Perhaps it may be explained thus: 
Muscovy is always called "Russia Alba," 
as Poland is called " Black Russia.") 

White King ( The). Charles I. is so 
called by Herbert. His robe of state was 
white instead of purple. At his funeral 
the snow fell so thick upon the pall that 
it was quite white.— Herbert : Memoirs 
(1764). 

White Lady (The), "La Dame 
d'Aprigny," a Norman f£e, who used to 
occupy the site of the present Rue de St. 
Quentin, at Bayeux. 

La Dame Abonde, also a Norman fee. 

Vocant dominam Abundiam pro eo quod domibus, 
quas frequentant, abundantiam bonorum temporalium 
praestare putantur non aliter tibi sentiendum est neque 
aliter quarn quemadmodum de illis audivistL — William 
•fAuvergne (1248). 

White Lad j ( The), a ghost seen in 
different castles and palaces belonging to 
the royal family of Prussia, and supposed 
to forebode the death of some of the royal 
family, especially one of the children, 
The last appearance was in 1879, just prior 
to the death of prince Waldemar. Twice 
she has been heard to speak, e.g. : In 
December, 1628, she appeared in the 
palace at Berlin, and said in Latin, " I 
wait for judgment ; " and once at the castle 
of Neuhaus, in Bohemia, when she said 
to the princess, in German, "It is ten 
o'clock ; " and the lady addressed died in 
a few weeks. 

V There are, in fact, two white ladies : 
one the countess Agnes of Orlamunde; 
and the other the princess Bertha von 
Rosenberg, who lived in the fifteenth 
century. The former was buried alive in 
a vault in the palace. She was the mis- 
tress of a margrave of Brandenburgh, by 
whom she had two sons. When the 
prince became a widower, Agnes thought 
he would marry her, but he made the sons 
an objection, and she poisoned them, for 
which crime she was buried alive. An- 
other version is that she fell in love with 
the prince of Parma, and made away 
with her two daughters, who were an 
obstacle to her marriage, for which crime 
she was doomed to " walk the earth " as 
an apparition. 

The princess Bertha is troubled because 
an annual gift, which she left to the 
poor, has been discontinued. She appears 
dressed in white, and carrying at her side 
a bunch of keys. 



WHITE LADY OF AVENEL. 1208 



WHITES. 



It may interest those who happen to be learned In 
Berlin legends, to know that the White Lady, whoso 
visits always precede the death of some member of the 
royal family, was seen on the eve of prince Waldemar's 
death. A soldier on guard at the old castle was the 
witness of the apparition, and In his fright fled to the 
guardroom, where he was at once arrested for desert- 
ing his post.— Brief, April 4, 1879. 

White Lady of Avenel (a syL), 
a tutelary spirit.— Sir W. Scott: Th* 
Monastery (time, Elizabeth). 

Aping in fantastic fashion 
Every change of human passion. 

White Lady of Ireland (The), 
the benshee or domestic spirit of a family, 
who takes an interest in its condition, 
and intimates approaching death by wait- 
ings or shrieks. 

White Man's Grave (The), Sierra 
LeonS, in Africa. 

White Merle (The). Among the 
old Basque legends is one of a " white 
merle," which, by its singing, restores 
sight to the blind.— Rev. W. Webster: 
Basque Legends, 182 (1877). 

1T The French have a similar story, 
called Le Merle Blanc. 

White Moon (Knight of the), Sam- 
son Carrasco. He assumed this cog- 
nizance when he went as a knight-errant 
to encounter don Quixote. His object 
was to overthrow the don in combat, and 
then impose on him the condition of 
returning home, and abandoning the pro- 
fession of chivalry for twelve months. 
By this means he hoped to cure the don 
of his craze. It all happened as the 
barber expected : the don was overthrown, 
and returned to his home, but soon died. 
— Cervantes : Don Quixote, II. iv. 12, etc. 
(i6i S ). 

White Mount in London (The), 
the Tower, which the Welsh bards insist 
was built by the Celts. Others ascribe 
*' the Towers of Julius " to the Romans ; 
but without doubt they are Norman. 

Take my head and bear it unto the White Mount, in 
London, and bury it there, with the face toward! 
France.— The Mabinogien (" Bran wen," etc., twelfth 

century). 

White Queen (The), Mary queen of 
Scots (La Keine Blanche). So called by 
the French, because she dressed in white 
in mourning for her husband. 

White Rose (The), the house of 
York, whose badge it was. That of the 
house of Lancaster was the Red Rose. 

(Richard de la Pole is often called " The 
White Rose.") 

White Rose of England (The). 
Perkin Warbeck was so called by Mar- 



garet of Burgundy sister of Edward IV. 
(*-i499). 

White Rose of Raby ( The), Cecily, 
wife of Richard duke of York, and mother 
of Edward IV. and Richard III. She was 
the youngest of twenty-one children. 

(A novel entitled The White Rose of 
Raby was published in 1794.) 

White Rose of Scotland (The), 
lady Katherine Gordon, the [? fifth] 
daughter of George second earl of Huntly 
by his second wife [princess Annabella 
Stuart, youngest daughter of James I. 
of Scotland]. She married Richard of 
England, styled "duke of York," but 
better known as "Perkin Warbeck." 
She had three husbands after the death 
of "Richard of England." Probably 
lady Katherine was called the "White 
Rose " from the badge assumed by her 
first husband "the White Rose of York," 
and "Scotland" was added from the 
country of her birth. Margaret of Bur- 
gundy always addressed Perkin Warbeck 
as "The White Rose of England." 

White Rose of York ( The), Edward 
Courtney earl of Devon, son of the marquis 
of Exeter. He died at Padua, in queen 
Mary's reign (1553). 

White Surrey, the favourite charger 
of Richard III. 

Saddle White Surrey for the field to-morrow. 
Shakespeare : Richard III. act r. «c 3 (1597). 

White Tsar of His People. The 

emperor of Russia is so called, and claims 
the empire of seventeen crowns. 

White Widow (The), the duchess 
of Tyrconnel, wife of Richard Talbot lord 
deputy of Ireland under James II. After 
the death of her husband, she supported 
herself by her needle. She wore a white 
mask, and dressed in white. — Pennant: 
Account of London, 147 (1790). 

White Witch (A ), a "witch" who 

employs her power and skill for the 
benefit and not the harm of her fellow- 
mortals. 

Whites (The), an Italian faction of 
the fourteenth century. The Guelphs of 
Florence were divided into the Blacks 
who wished to open their gates to Charles 
de Valois, and the Whites who opposed 
him. The poet Dante was a ' ' White, " and 
when the " Blacks " in 1302 got the upper 
hand, he was exiled. During his exile 
he composed his immortal epic, the Divina 
Commedia. 



WHITECRAFT. 



1209 



WICKET GATE. 



Whitecraft {John), innkeeper and 

miller at Altringham. 

Dame Whitecraft, the pretty wife of 
the above.— S ir W. Scott: Peverilofthe 
Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Whitfield of the Stage (The). 
Quin was so called by Garrick (1716- 
1779). Garrick himself is sometimes so 
d. nominated also. 

Whitney {James), the Claude Duval 

o' English highwaymen. He prided him- 
self on being ' ' the glass of fashion and 
the mould of form." Executed at Porter's 
Block, near Smithfield (1660-1694). 

Whit-Sunday. One of the etymo- 
logies of this word is Wit or Wisdom 
Sunday ; the day on which the Spirit 
of Wisdom fell upon the apostles. 

This day Whitsonday is cald 
For wisdom and wit serene fald. 
Was zonen to the apostles as this day. 

Camb. Univ. MSS. Dd., i. i, p. 134. 

Whittington {Dick), a poor orphan 
country lad, who heard that London was 
"paved with gold," and went there to 
get a living. When reduced to starving 
point, a kind merchant gave him employ- 
ment in his family, to help the cook, but 
the cook so ill treated him that he ran 
away. Sitting to rest himself on the 
roadside, he heard Bow bells, and they 
seemed to him to say, " Turn again, 
Whittington, thrice lord mayor of Lon- 
don ; " so he returned to his master. 
By-and-by the master allowed him, with 
the other servants, to put in an adventure 
in a ship bound for Morocco. Richard 
had nothing but a cat, which, however, he 
sent. Now it happened that the king of 
Morocco was troubled by mice, which 
Whittington s cat destroyed ; and this so 
pleased his highness that he bought the 
mouser at a fabulous price. Dick com- 
menced business with this money, soon 
rose to great wealth, married his master's 
daughter, was knighted, and thrice elec- 
ted lord mayor of London — in X398, 1406, 
and 1419. 

(Such is the tale. Some persons assert 
that Whittington's " cat " was a brig built 
on the Norwegian model, with narrow 
stern, projecting quarters, and deep waist. 
Others think the word achat, "barter," 
furnishes the right solution.) 

II Keis, the son of a poor widow of 
Siraf, embarked for India with his sole 
property, a cat He arrived at a time 
when the palace was so infested by mice 
and rats that they actually invaded the 



king's food. This cat cleared the palace 
of its vermin, and was purchased for a 
large sum of money, which enriched the 
widow's son. — Sir William Ouseley (a 
Persian story). 

IT Alphonso, a Portuguese, being 
wrecked on the coast of Guinea, had a 
cat, which the king bought for its weight 
in gold. With this money Alphonso 
traded, and in five years made ^6000, 
returned to Portugal, and became in 
fifteen years the third magnate of the 
kingdom. — Description of Guinea. 

(See Keightley, Tales and Popular 
Fictions, 241-266.) 

Whittle ( Thomas), an old man of 63, 
who wants to marry the Widow Brady, 
only 23 years of age. To this end he 
assumes the airs, the dress, the manners, 
and the walk of a beau. For his thick 
flannels, he puts on a cambric shirt, open 
waistcoat, and ruffles ; for his Welsh 
wig, he wears a pigtail and chapeau 
bras ; for his thick cork soles, he trips 
like a dandy in pumps. He smirks, he 
titters, he tries to be quite killing. He 
discards history and solid reading for the 
Amorous Repository, Cupids Revels, 
Hymen's Delight, and Ovid's Art of Love. 
In order to get rid of him, the gay young 
widow assumes to be a boisterous, rollick- 
ing, extravagant, low Irishwoman, deeply 
in debt, and utterly reckless. (See 
Brady, p. 143. )— Garrick : The Irish 
Widow (1757). 

Who's the Dupe ? Abraham Doiley, 
a retired slop-seller, with ,£80,000 or more. 
Being himself wholly uneducated, he is a 
great admirer of "laming," and resolves 
that his daughter Elizabeth shall marry 
a great scholar. Elizabeth is in love 
with captain Granger, but the old slop- 
seller has fixed his heart on a Mr. Gradus, 
an Oxford pedant. The question is 
how to bring the old man round. (For 
the rest, see Granger, p. 443.)— Mrs, 
Cowley : Who's the Dupe t 

Whole Duty of Man (The). Sir 
James Wellwood Moncrieff, bart., was so 
called by Jeffrey (1776-1851). 

Wicked Bible {The), 1631. It 
leaves out the word " not " in the seventh 
commandment, which thus reads, "Thou 
shalt commit adultery." 

Wicket Gate ( The), the entrance to 
the road which leads to the Celestial City. 
Over the door is written, " Knock, amo 



W1CKFIELD. 



X2IO 



WIFE. 



IT SHALL BE OPENED UNTO YOU. — 
Bunyan: Pilgrim' s Progress, i. (1678). 

Wickfield (Mr.), a lawyer, father of 
Agnes. The " 'umble" Uriah Heep was 
hit clerk. 

Agnes Wickfield, daughter of Mr. 
Wickfield ; a young lady of sound sense 
and domestic habits, lady-like and 
affectionate. She is the second wife of 
David Copperfield. — Dickens : David 
Copperfield (1849). 

Wickham (Mrs.), a waiter's wife. 
Mrs. Wickham was a meek, drooping 
woman, always ready to pity herself or 
to be pitied ; and with a depressing 
habit of prognosticating eviL She suc- 
ceeded Polly Toodles as nurse to Paul 
Dombey.— Dickens: Dombey and Son 
(1846). 

Wioleriita, WielifSsm. 

Son* of then bark*, Clatter ud cup*, Of that heresy 
art 

Called Wlcleuista, Tie deuelisbe dogmatlsta. 

SMtlton: Ctlyn CUut (time. Henry VIIIJ. 

Wioliffe, called " The Morning Star 
of the Reformation " (1334-1384). 

Widdringfton (Roger), a gallant 
squire, mentioned in the ballad of Chevy 
Chase. He fought "upon his stumps," 
after bis legs were smitten oil (See 
Benbovt, p. no. 

Widenostrils (in French, Bringuc- 
narillcs), a huge giant, who " had swal- 
lowed every pan, skillet, ketde, frying- 
pan, dripping-pan, saucepan, and caldron 
in the land, for want of windmills, his 
usual food." He was ultimately killed 
by "eating a lump of fresh butter at the 
mouth of a hot oven, by the advice of 
his physician." — Rabelais : Panta/ruel, 
iv. 17 (1545). 

Widerolf , bishop of Strasbourg (997), 
was devoured by mice in the seventeenth 
year of his episcopate, because he sup- 
pressed the convent of Seltzea on the 
Rhine. (See Hatto, p. 474.) 

Widow (Goldsmith's), in the Deserted 
Village, par. 0. 

All but yen widowed, solitary thine. 
That feebly bends betide the plashy spring ; 
She, wretched matron, forced in age, for bread. 
To strip the brook, with mantling cresses spread. 
To pick her wintry faggot from the thern. 
To seek her nightly shed, and weep till — a| 
She only left of all the harmless train. 
The sad historian of the pensive plain. 

Her name was Catherine Ger aghty. 
Widow ( The), courted by sir Hudi- 
bras, was the relict of Amainadab Wil- 



mer or Willmot, an independent, slain 
at Edgehill. She was left with a fortune 
of ^200 a year. The knight's "Epistle 
to the Lady" and the " Lady's Reply,' 
in which she declines his offer, are usually 
appended to the poem entitled Hudibras. 

Widow Blackaore, a perverse, 
bustling, masculine, pettifogging, litigious 
woman. — Wycherly : The Plain Dealer 
(1677). 

Widow Flockhart, landlady at 
Waverley's lodgings in the Canongate. — 
Sir W. Scott: Waverley (time, George 

Widow's Curl (A), a small re- 
fractory lock of hair that will not grow 
long enough to be bound up with the 
tresses, but insists on falling down in a 
curl upon the forehead. It is said that 
this curl indicates widowhood. 

Widow'* Peak (A\ a point made 
in some foreheads by the hair projecting 
towards the nose like a peak. It is said 
to indicate widowhood. 

Wielaxxd or Volund, the wonderful 
blacksmith of the Scandinavian deities, 
corresponding to the Latin Vulcan. He 
made Siegfried's famous sword Balmung. 
King Nidung cut the sinews of his feet 
and confined him in his forge, but he 
violated the king's daughter and escaped 
in a feather boat His adventures are 
related in the "Song of Volund" in the 
Elder Edda. 

Wioland's Sword, Balmung (q.v.), 
made by him for Siegfried. — Scandi- 
navian Mythology. 

Wiover (Old), a preacher and old 
conspirator. — Sir W. Scott: Peveril of 
the Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Wifo (The), a drama by S. Knowles 
(1833). Mariana, daughter of a Swiss 
burgher, nursed Leonardo in a dangerous 
sickness — an avalanche had fallen on him, 
and his life was despaired of, but he 
recovered, and fell in love with his young 
and beautiful nurse. Leonardo intended 
to return to Mantua, but was kept a 
prisoner by a gang of thieves, and Ma- 
riana followed him, for she found life 
intolerable without him. Here count 
Florio fell in love with her, and obtained 
her guardian's consent to marry her ; but 
Mariana refused to do so, and was ar- 
raigned before the duke (Ferrardo), who 
gave judgment against her. Leonardo 
was at the trial, disguised, but, throwing 



WIFE FOR A MONTH. 



121 X 



WILD. 



off his mask, was found to be the real 
duke, supposed to be dead. He assumed 
his rank, and married Mariana ; but, 
beir.g called to the wars, left Ferrardo 
regent. Ferrardo, being a villain, hatched 
up a plot against the bride of infidelity 
to her lord, but Leonardo would give no 
credit to it, and the whole scheme of 
villainy was fully exposed. 

(The tale of Shakespeare's Midsummer 
Nights Dream hinges on a similar "law 
of marriage.") 

Wife for a Month (A), a drama 
by John Fletcher (1624). (For the plot, 
see Evanthe, p. 347.) 

Wife of Bath, one of the pilgrims 
to the shrine of Thomas a Becket. — 
Chaucer: Canterbury Tales (1388). 

(Gay wrote a comedy called The Wife 
of Bath, in 1713. ) 

Wife of Bath's Tale. One of 

king Arthur's knights was condemned to 
death for ill-using a lady ; but Guinever 
interceded for him, and the king gave 
him over to her to do what she liked. 
The queen said she would spare his life, 
if, by that day twelve months, he would 
tell her "What is that which woman 
loves best?" The knight made inquiry 
far and near for a solution ; but at length 
was told by an old woman, that if he 
would grant her a request, she would tell 
him the right answer to the queen's ques- 
tion. The knight agreed. The answer 
suggested was that what a woman likes 
best is to have her own sweet will, — and 
the request made was that he would 
marry her. The knight at first revolted 
because she was poor, old, and ugly. 
The woman then asked him which he 
preferred, to have her as she was and a 
faithful wife, or to have her young and 
fair. He replied he would leave the 
decision with her. Whereupon she threw 
off her mask, and appeared before him 
young, beautiful, and rich. — Chaucer : 
Canterbury Tales (1388). 

(This tale is borrowed from Gower's 
Confessio Amantis, i., where Florent 
promises to marry a deformed old hag, 
who taught him the solution of a riddle. ) 

Wig. In the middle of the eighteenth 
century, there were thirty-four different 
sorts of wigs in use : the artichoke, bag, 
barrister's, bishop's, busby, brush, bush, 
buckle chain, chancellor's, corded wolfs 
paw, count Saxe's mode, the crutch, the 
cut bob, the detached buckle, the drop, 



Dutch, full, half natural, Jansenlst bob, 
judge's, ladder, long bob, Louis, periwig, 
pigeon's wing, rhinoceros, rose, scratch, 
she-dragon, small back, spinage seed, 
staircase, Welsh, and wild boar's back. 

His periwig was large enough to have loaded a camel, 
and he bestowed upon it at least a bushel of powder.— 
Mrrwn : LetUrs (time, Charles II.). 

Wigged Prince in Christendom 

(The Best). So the guardian, uncle-in- 
law, and first cousin of the duke of 
Brunswick was called. 

Wight {The Isle of). So called from 
Wihtgar, great-grandson of king Cedric, 
who conquered the island. — The Anglo- 
Saxon Chronicle. 

(Of course, this etymology is not 
philologically correct. Probably gwyth, 
"the channel" (the channel island), is 
the real derivation. ) 

Wig-more Street (London). So 
called from Harley earl of Oxford and 
Mortimer, created baron Harley of Wig- 
more, in Herefordshire (17x1). 

Wild {Jonathan), a cool, calculating, 

heartless villain, with the voice of a Sten- 
tor. He was born at Wolverhampton, in 
Staffordshire, and, like Jack Sheppard, 
was the son of a carpenter. 

He had ten maxims : (1) Never do 
more mischief than is absolutely necessary 
for success ; (2) Know no distinction, but 
let self-interest be the one principle of 
action ; (3) Let not your shirt know the 
thoughts of your heart ; (4) Never for- 
give an enemy ; (5) Shun poverty and 
distress ; (6) Foment jealousies in your 
gang ; (7) A good man, like money, 
must be risked in speculation ; (8) Coun- 
terfeit virtues are as good as real ones, 
for few know paste from diamonds ; (9) 
Be your own trumpeter, and don't be 
afraid of blowing loud ; (10) Keep hatred 
concealed in the heart, but wear the face 
of a friend. 

Jonathan Wild married six wives. 
Being employed for a time as a detective, 
he brought to the gallows thirty-five 
highwaymen, twenty-two burglars, and 
ten returned convicts. He was himself 
executed at last at Tyburn for house- 
breaking (1682-1725). 

(Daniel Defoe made Jonathan Wild 
the hero of a romance (1725). Fielding 
did the same in 1743. In these romances 
he is a coward, traitor, hypocrite, and 
tyrant, unrelieved by human feeling, and 
never betrayed into a kind or good action. 
The character is historic, but the adven- 
tures are in a measure fictitious.) 



WILD BOAR OF ARDENNES, raid 



WILD& 



Wild Boar of Ardennes, William 

de la Marck. — Sir W. Scott: Quentin 
Durward (time, Edward IV.). 

(The count de la Marck was third son 
of John count de la Marck and Aremberg. 
He was arrested at Utrecht, and beheaded 
by order of Maximilian emperor of 
Austria, in 1485.) 

Wild Boy of Hameln, a human 

being found in the forest of Hertswold, 
in Hanover. He walked on all fours, 
climbed trees like a monkey, fed on grass 
and leaves, and could never be taught to 
articulate a single word. He was dis- 
covered in 1725, was called " Peter the 
Wild Boy," and efforts were made to 
reclaim him, but without success. He 
died at Broadway Farm, near Berkhamp- 
Stead, in 1785. 

H Mile. Lablanc was a wild girl found 
by the villagers of Soigny, near Chalons, 
in 1731. She died in Paris in 1780. 

Wild-G-oose Chase ( The), a comedy 
by John Fletcher (1652). The' "wild goose 
is Mirabel, who is " chased "and caught 
by Oriana, whom he once despised. 

WildHorses(Z>«iM*y). The hands 
and feet of the victim were fastened to 
two or four wild horses, and the horses, 
being urged forward, ran in different 
directions, tearing the victim limb from 
limb. The following are examples : — 

(1) Mettius Suffetius was fastened 
to two chariots, which were driven in op- 
posite directions. This was for deserting 
the Roman standard (B.C. 669). — Livy: 
Annals, i. 28. 

(2) Salcede, a Spaniard, employed by 
Henri III. to assassinate Henri de Guise, 
failed in his attempt, and was torn limb 
from limb by four wild horses. 

(3) Nicholas de Salvado was torn 
to pieces by wild horses for attempting 
the life of William prince of Orange. 

(4) Balthazar de Gerrard was 
similarly punished for assassinating the 
same prince (1584). 

(5) John Chastel was torn to pieces 
bv wild horses for attempting the life of 
Henri IV. of France (1594). 

(6) Francois Ravaillac suffered a 
similar death for assassinating the same 
prince (1610). 

Wild Huntsman (The), a spectral 
hunter with dogs, who frequents the 
Black Forest to chase wild animals. — Sir 
W. Scott: Wild Huntsman (from 
Burger's ballad). 

(The legend is that this huntsman was 



a Jew, who would not suffer Jesus to 
drink from a horse-trough, but pointed 
to some water collected in a hoof-print, 
and bade Him go there and drink. — 
Kuhn von Schwarz : Nordd. Sagen, 499.) 

If The French story of Le Grand 
Veneur is laid in Fontainebleau Forest, 
and is supposed to refer to St. Hubert.— 
Father Matthieu. 

U The English name is "Heme the 
Hunter,"once a keeper in Windsor Forest. 
— Shakespeare : Merry Wives of Windsor ; 
act iv. ch. 4. 

T The Scotch poem called Albania 
contains a full description of the wild 
huntsman. 

(The subject has been made into a 
ballad by Burger, entitled Der Wilde 
J*g<r.) 

Wild Man of the Porest, Orson, 

brother of Valentine, and nephew of king 
Pepin. — Valentine and Orson (fifteenth 

century). 

Wild Wenlock, kinsman of sir Hugo 
de Lacy, besieged by insurgents, who 
cut off his head. — Sir W. Scott : The 
Betrothed (time, Henry II.). 

Wildair (Sir Harry), the hero of a 
comedy so called by Farquhar (1701). 
The same character had been introduced 
in the Constant Couple (1700), by the same 
authoi. Sir Harry is a gay profligate, 
not altogether selfish and abandoned, but 
very free and of easy morals. This was 
Wilks's and Peg Woffington's great part. 

Their Wildairs, sir John Brutes, lady Touchwoods, 
and Mrs. Frails are conventional reproductions of thoss 
wild gallants and demireps which figure in the licen- 
tious dramas of Dry den and Shad well.— Sir IV. Scott. 

(" Sir John Brute," in The Provoked 
Wife (Vanbrugh); "lady Touchwood," 
in The Belles Stratagem (Mrs. Cowley) ; 
"Mrs. Frail," in Congreve's Lave for 
Love.) 

Wildblood of the Vale (Young 
Dick), a friend of sir Geoffrey Peveril. — 
Sir IV. Scott: Peveril of the Peak (time, 
Charles II.). 

Wilde (Johnny), a small fanner of 

Rodenkirchen, in the isle of Riigen. One 
day, he found a little glass slipper belong- 
ing to one of the hill-folk. Next day, a 
little brownie, in the character of a mer- 
chant, came to redeem it, and Johnny 
Wilde demanded as the price " that he 
should find a gold ducat in every furrow 
he ploughed." The bargain was con- 
cluded, but before the year was over he 
had worked himself to death, looking for 



WILDENHAIM. 



I9IJ 



WILFER. 



ducats in the furrows which he ploughed. 

— Riigen Tradition. 

Wildenliaim (Baron), father of 
Amelia, In his youth he seduced Agatha 
Friburg, whom he deserted. Agatha bore 
a son, Frederick, who in due time became 
a soldier. Coming home on furlough, he 
found his mother on the point of star- 
vation, and, going to beg alms, met the 
baron with his gun, asked alms of him, and 
received a shilling. He demanded more 
money, and, being refused, collared the 
baron, but was soon seized by the keepers, 
and shut up in the castle dungeon. Here 
he was visited by the chaplain, and it 
came out that the baron was his father. 
As the baron was a widower, he married 
Agatha, and Frederick became his heir. 

Amelia Wildenhaim, daughter of the 
baron. A proposal was made to marry 
her to count Cassel, but as the count was 
a conceited puppy, without "brains in 
his head or a heart in his bosom," she 
would have nothing to say to him ; but 
she showed her love to Anhalt, a young 
clergyman, and her father consented to 
the match. — Mrs. Inchbald : Lovers' 
Vows (altered from Kotzebue, x8oo). 

Wildfire (Madge), the insane daughter 
of old Meg Murdochson the gipsy thief. 
Madge had been seduced when a girl, and 
this, with the murder of her infant, had 
turned her brain. — Sir W. Scott: Heart 
of Midlothian (time, George II.). 

Wilding (Jack), a young gentleman 
fresh from Oxford, who fabricates the 
most ridiculous tales, which he tries to 
pass off for facts ; speaks of his adven- 
tures in America, which he has never 
seen, and of being entrapped into 
marriage with a Miss Sibthorpe, a pure 
invention. Accidentally meeting a Miss 
Grantam, he sends his man to learn her 
name, and is told it is Miss Godfrey, an 
heiress. On this blunder the ' ' fun " of 
the drama hinges. When Miss Godfrey 
is presented to him, he does not know her, 
and a person rushes in who declares she is 
his wife, and that her maiden name was 
Sibthorpe. It is now Wilding's turn to 
be dumfounded, and, wholly unable to 
unravel the mystery, he rushes forth, 
believing the world is a Bedlam let loose. 
— Foote: The Liar (1761). 

Wilding (Sir Jasper), an ignorant 
but wealthy country gentleman, fond of 
fox-hunting. He dresses in London like 
a fox-hunter, and speaks with a " Hoic ! 
tally-ho 1 " 



Young Wilding, son of sir Jasper, about 
to marry the daughter of old Philpot for 
the dot she will bring him. 

Maria Wilding, the lively, witty, high- 
spirited daughter of sir Jasper, in love 
with Charles Beaufort. Her father wants 
her to marry George Philpot, but she 
frightens the booby out of his wits by 
her knowledge of books and assumed 
eccentricities. — Murphy .• The Citizen 
(17 S7 or 1761). 

Wildrake, a country squire, delight- 
ing in horses, dogs, and field sports. He 
was in love with " neighbour Constance," 
daughter of sir William Fondlove, with 
whom he used to romp and quarrel in 
childhood. He learnt to love Constance ; 
and Constance loved the squire, but knew 
it not till she feared he was going to 
marry another. When they each dis- 
covered the state of their hearts, they 
agreed to become man and wife. — 
Knowles: The Love-Chase (1837). 

Wildrake (Roger), a dissipated 

royalist.— Sir W. Scott: Woodstock 
(time, Commonwealth). 

Wilelmina [Bundle], daughter of 
Bundle the gardener. Tom Tug the 
waterman and Robin the gardener sought 
her in marriage. The father preferred 
honest Tom Tug, but the mother liked 
better the sentimental and fine-phrased 
Robin. Wilelmina said he who first did 
any act to deserve her love should have 
it, and Tom Tug, by winning the water- 
man's badge, carried off the prize.— 
Dibdin: The Waterman (1774). (See 
Skeggs, p. 1013.) 

Wilfer (Reginald), called by his wife 
R. W., and by his fellow-clerks Rumty. 
He was clerk in the drug-house of Chick- 
sey, Stobbles, and Veneering. In person 
Mr. Wilfer resembled an overgrown 
cherub ; in manner he was shy and re- 
tiring. 

Mr. Reginald WUfer wu a poor clerk, to poor Indeed 
that he had never yet attained the modest object of his 
ambition, which was to we.ir a complete new suit of 
clothes, li.it and boots included, at one time. Hit black 
hat was brown before he could afford a coat ; his panta- 
loons were white at the teams and knees before he 
could buy a pair of boots: his boots had worn out 
before he could treat hlmtelf to new pantaloout ; and 
by the time he worked round to the bat again, that 
shining modern article roofed la aa indent ruin of 
various periods.— Ch. It. 

Mrs. Wilfer, wife of Mr. Reginald. 
A most majestic woman, tall and angular. 
She wore gloves, and a pocket-handker- 
chief tied under her chin. A patronixinf. 



WILFORD. 



1214 



WILKINS. 



condescending woman was Mrs. Wilfer, 
with a mighty idea of her own importance. 
•• Viper ! " " Ingrate '• " and such-like 
epithets were household words with her. 

Bella Wilfer, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. 
Wilfer. A wayward, playful, affection- 
ate, spoilt beauty, " giddy from the 
want of some sustaining purpose, and 
capricious because she was always 
fluttering among little things." Bella 
was so pretty, so womanly, and yet so 
childish that she was always captivating. 
She spoke of herself as "the lovely 
woman," and delighted in " doing the 
hair of the family." Bella Wilfer married 
John Harmon (John Rokesmith), the 
secretary of Mr. Boffin " the golden 
dustman." 

Lavinia Wilfer, youngest sister of 
Bella, and called "The Irrepressible." 
Lavuiia was a tart, pert girl, but suc- 
ceeded in catching George Sampson in 
the toils of wedlock. — Dickens : Our 
Mutual Friend (1864). 

WILFORD, in love with Emily, the 
companion of his sister Miss Wilford. 
This attachment coming to the knowledge 
of Wilford's uncle and guardian, was 
disapproved of by him; so he sent the 
young man to the Continent, and dis- 
missed the young lady. Emily went to 
live with Goodman Fairlop, the wood- 
man, and there Wilford discovered her in 
an archery match. The engagement was 
renewed, and ended in marriage. — Sir 
H. B. Dudley: The Woodman (1771). 

Wilford, secretary of sir Edward 
Mortimer, and the suitor of Barbara 
Rawbold (daughter of a poacher). 
Curious to know what weighed on his 
master's mind, he pried into an iron chest 
in sir Edward's library; but while so 
engaged, sir Edward entered, and 
threatened to shoot him. He relented, 
however, and having sworn Wilford to 
secrecy, told him how and why he had 
committed murder. Wilford, unable to 
endure the watchful and jealous eye of 
his master, ran away ; but sir Edward 
dogged him from place to place, and at 
length arrested him on the charge of 
thett. Of course, the charge broke down, 
Wilford was acquitted, and sir Edward, 
having confessed his crime, died. — 
Colman : The Iron Chest (1796). 

(This is a dramatic version of Godwin's 
novel called Caleb Williams (1794). Wil- 
ford is "Caleb Williams,' and sir Edward 
Mortimer is " Falkland.") 



Wilford, supposed to be earl of 
Rochdale. Three things he had a pas- 
sion for: "the finest hound, the finest 
horse, and the finest wife in the three 
kingdoms." It turned out that Master 
Walter " the hunchback" was the earl of 
Rochdale, and Wilford was no one.— 
Knowlesi The Hunchback (1831). 

Wilford [Lord), the truant son of lord 
Woodville, who fell in love with Bess, the 
daughter of the ' ' blind beggar of Bethnal 
Green." He saw her by accident in 
London, lost sight of her, but resolved 
not to rest night or day till he found her ; 
and, said he, "If I find her not, I'm 
tenant of the house the sexton builds." 
Bess was discovered in the Queen's Arms 
inn, Romford, and turned out to be his 
cousin. — Knowles : The Beggar of Beth- 
nal Green (1834). 

Wilfred, " the fool," one of the sons 
of sir Hildebrand Osbaldistone of Osbal- 
distone Hall— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Wilfrid, son of Oswald Wycliffe ; in 
love with Matilda, heiress of Rokeby's 
knight. After various villainies, Oswald 
forced from Matilda a promise to marry 
Wilfrid. Wilfrid thanked her for the 
promise, and fell dead at her feet — Sir 
W. Scott: Rokeby (1813). 

Wilfrid or Wilfrith. (St.). In 681 

the bishop Wilfrith, who had been bishop 
of York, being deprived of bis see, came 
to Sussex, and did much to civilize the 
people. He taught them how to catch 
fish generally, for before they only knew 
how to catch eels. He founded the 
bishopric of the South Saxons at Selsey, 
afterwards removed to Chichester, founded 
the monastery of Ripon, built several 
ecclesiastical edifices, and died in 709. 

St. Wilfrid, sent from York Into this realm received 
(Whom the Northumbrian folk had of his see bereaved). 
And on the south of Thames a seat did him afford, 
Br whom the people first received the saving word. 
DrmyUn : Ptlyolkitn, xL (1613). 

Wilhelm Meister [Mice-ter], the 
hero and title of a philosophic novel by 
Goethe. This is considered to be the first 
true German novel. It consists of two 
parts published under two titles, viz. 
The Apprenticeship of Wilhelm Meister 
(1794-96), and The Travels of Wilhelm 
Meister (i8ai). 

Wilkins (Peter), a tale by Robert 
Pultock of Clement s Inn (1750). 

The tale is this : Peter Wilkins is a 
mariner, thrown on a desert shore. In 



WILKINSON. 



1315 



WILLIAM. 



time, he furnishes himself from the wreck 
with many necessaries, and discovers that 
the country is frequented by a beautiful 
winged race called glumms and gawreys, 
whose wings, when folded, serve them 
for dress, and when spread, are used for 
flight. Peter marries a gawrey, by name 
Youwarkee, and accompanies her to 
Nosmnbdsgrsutt, a land of semi-darkness, 
where he remains many years. 

Peter Wilkins is a work of uncommon beauty.— 
Coleridge: TabU Talk (1835). 

Wilkinson {James), servant to Mr. 
Fairford the lawyer.— Sir W. Scott. -Red- 
gauntlet (time, George III.). 

Will {Belted), William lord Howard, 
warden of the western marches (1563- 
1640). 

His Bilbo* blade, by Marchmen felt, 

Hun; in a broad and studded belt ; 

Hence, In rude phrase, the Borderers ftiH 

Called aoble Howard " Belted WilL" 

Sir IV. Scott : Lay 0/tkt Last ititutrtl (1*05). 

Will Land, a smuggler, with whom 
Margaret Catch pole {q.v.) falls in love. 
He persuades her to escape from Ipswich 
jail, and supplies her with a seaman's 
dress. The two are overtaken, and Laud 
is shot in attempting to prevent the re- 
capture of Margaret — Rev. R. Cebbold : 
Margaret Catchpole (1845). 

Will and Jean, a poetic story by 
Hector Macneill (1789). Willie Gairlace 
was once the glory of the town, and he 
married Jeanie Miller. Just about this 
time Maggie Howe opened a spirit-shop 
in the village, and Willie fell to drinking. 
Having reduced himself to beggary, he 
enlisted as a soldier, and Jeanie had " to 
beg her bread." Willie, having lost his 
leg in battle, was put on the Chelsea 
11 bounty list ; " and Jeanie was placed, 
by the duchess of Buccleuch, in an alms- 
cottage. Willie contrived to reach the 
cottage, and 

Jean ance malr, n fond affectlom. 
Clasped her Willie te her breast. 

Will-o*-Wi«p or Will-withs-wisp, 
Here Will is no proper name, but a 
Scandinavian word equivalent to "mis- 
leading" or "errant." Icelandic villa. 
("a-going astray"), villr ("wandering "L 
"lam will what to do " (».«. "at a loss "). 
German, irr-wisch. 

Willet {John), landlord of the May- 
pole inn. A burly man, large-headed, 
with a flat face, betokening profound 
obstinacy and slowness of apprehension, 
combined with a strong reliance on his 
own merits. John Willet was one of the 



most dogged and positive fellows in exist- 
ence, always sure that he was right, and 
that every one who differed from him 
was wrong. He ultimately resigned the 
Maypole to his son Joe, and retired to a 
cottage in Chigwell, with a small garden, 
in which Joe had a maypole erected for 
the delectation of his aged father. Here 
at day fall assembled his old chums, to 
smoke, and prose, and doze, and drink 
the evenings away ; and here the old 
man played the landlord, scoring up 
huge debits in chalk to his heart's delight. 
He lived in the cottage a sleepy life for 
seven years, and then slept the sleep 
which knows no waking. 

Joe Willet, son of the landlord, a 
broad-shouldered, strapping young fellow 
of 20. Being bullied and brow-beaten 
by his father, he ran away and enlisted 
for a soldier, lost his right arm in 
America, and was dismissed the service. 
He returned to England, married Dolly 
Varden, and became landlord of the 
Maypole, where he prospered and had a 
large family. — Dickens: Barnaby Rudge 
(1841). 

WILLIAM, archbishop of Orange, 
an ecclesiastic who besought pope Urban 
to permit him to join the crusaders ; and, 
having obtained permission, he led 400 
men to the siege of Jerusalem. — Tasso : 
Jerusalem Delivered (1575). 

William, youngest son of William 
Rufus. He was the leader of a large 
army of British bowmen and Irish volun- 
teers in the crusading army. — Tasso: 
Jerusalem Delivered, iii. (1575). 

(William Rufus was never married.) 

William, footman to Lovemore, 
sweet upon Muslin the lady's-maid. He 
is fond of cards, and is a below-stairs 
imitation of the high-life vices of the 
latter half of the eighteenth century.— 
Murphy: The Wmy to Keep Him (1760). 

William, a serving-lad at Arnheim 
Castle.— Sir W. Scott: Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

William {Lord), master of Erlingford. 
His elder brother, at death, committed to 
his charge Edmund the rightful heir, a 
mere child ; but William cast the child 
into the Severn, and seized the inherit- 
ance. One anniversary, the Severn, having 
overflowed its banks, surrounded the 
castle ; a boat came by, and lord William 
entered it The boatman thought he 
heard the voice of a child — nay, he felt 



WILLIAM AND MARGARET. xax6 



WILLOUGHBY. 



wire he saw a child in the water, and 
bade lord William stretch out his hand 
to take it in. Lord William seized the 
child's hand, and the boat was drawn 
under water. Lord William was 
drowned, but no one heard his piercing 
cry of agony. — Southey ; Lord William 
(a ballad, 1804). 

William and Margaret, a ballad 
by Mallet (1727). William promised 
marriage to Margaret, deserted her, and 
she died "consumed in early prime." 
Her ghost reproved the faithless swain, 
who "quaked in every limb," and, 
raving, hied him to Margaret's grave. 
There 

Thrice he called on Margaret's name, 

And thrice he wept full sore ; 
Then laid his cheek to her cold grav*, 

And word spake never more. 

William king of Scotland, intro- 
duced by sir W. Scott in The Talisman 
(1825). 

William of Cloudesley (3 syl), 
a north-country outlaw, associated with 
Adam Bell and Clym of the Clough 
{Clement of the Cliff). He lived in 
Englewood Forest, near Carlisle. Adam 
Bell and Clym of the Clough were single 
men, but William had a wife named 
Alyce, and "children three" living at 
Carlisle. The three outlaws went to 
London 10 ask pardon of the king, and 
the king, at the queen's intercession, 
granted it. He then took them to a field 
to see them shoot. William first cleft in 
two a hazel wand at a distance of 200 
feet ; after this he bound his eldest son to 
a stake, put an apple on his head, and, at 
a distance of " six score paces," cleft the 
apple in two without touching the boy. 
The king was so delighted that he made 
William "a gentleman of fe," made his 
son a royal butler, the queen took Alyce 
for her "chief gentlewoman," and the 
two companions were appointed yeomen 
of the bed-chamber. — Percy: Reliques 

" Adam Bell," etc.), I. ii. x. 

William of Goldsbrougn, one of 

the companions of RobinHood, mentioned 
in Grafton's Olde and A undent Pamphlet 
(sixteenth century). 

William of Norwich (Saint), a 

child said to have been crucified by the 
Jews in 1137. (See Hugh of Lincoln, 
p. 510; Werner, p. X203.) 

Tw» toys of tender ago. those saints ensue. 
Of Norwich William was, of Lincoln Hugh, 
Wkom th' unbelieving Jews (rebellious that abide). 



Of Norwich William was, of Lincoln Hugh, 

g Jews (rebellious that at 
I> Bockory of our Christ, at Easter crucified. 



Drm0Un: P*I#*IH»h, uiv. (itfao). 



William-with-the-Long-Sword, 

the earl of Salisbury. He was the natural 
brother of Richard Cceur de Lion. — Sir 
W. Scott: The Talisman (time, Richard 
I.). 

Williams (Caleb), a lad in the ser- 
vice of Falkland. Falkland, irritated by 
cruelty and insult, commits a murder, 
which is attributed to another. Williams, 
by accident, obtains a clue to the real 
facts ; and Falkland, knowing it, extorts 
from him an oath of secrecy, and then 
tells him the whole story. The lad, find- 
ing life in Falkland's house insupportable 
from the ceaseless suspicion to which he 
is exposed, makes his escape, and is pur- 
sued by Falkland with relentless perse- 
cution. At last Williams is accused by 
Falkland of robbery, and the facts of the 
case being disclosed, Falkland dies of 
shame and a broken spirit. (See Wil- 
FORD, p. 1214.)— W. Godwin: Caleb 
Williams (1794). 

(The novel was dramatized by G. 
Colman, under the title of The Iron Chest 
(1796). Caleb Williams is called " Wil- 
ford," and Falkland is "sir Edward 
Mortimer.") 

Williams (Ned), the sweetheart of 
Cicely Jopson, farmer, near Clifton. 

Farmer Williams, Ned's father.— Sir 
W. Scott: Waverley (time, George II.). 

Willie, clerk to Andrew Skurliewhit- 
ter the scrivener.— Sir W. Scott: For- 
tunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Willieson ( William), a brig-owner, 
one of the Jacobite conspirators under the 
laird of Ellieslaw.— Sir W. Scott: Th* 
Black Dwarf (time, Anne). 

Williewald of Geier stein (Count). 
father of count Arnold of Geierstein alias 
Arnold Biederman (landammanof Unter- 
walden). — Sir W. Scott: Anne of Geie - 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Willmore, the hero of Mrs. Behn's 
play, in two parts, called The Rover 
(1877. 1881). 

Will-o'-the-Plat, one of the hunts- 
men near Charlie's Hope farm. — Sir W. 
Scott: Guy Mannering (time, George 

Willoughby (Lord), of queen Eliza- 
beth's court.— Sir W. Scott: Kenilworth 
(time, Elizabeth). 

Willougnby (Sir Clement), insolent 
but polished. His passion for Evelina is 



WILLY. 



tai7 



WIND SOLD. 



bold, perfidious, and impertinent — Mme. 
L/Arblay : Evelina (1778). 

Willy, a shepherd to whom Thomalin 
tells the tale of his battle with Cupid 
(ecLiii.). (See Thomalin, p. 1098.) In 
ecL viii. he is introduced again, contend- 
ing with Ptrigot for the prize of poetry, 
Cuddy being chosen umpire. Cuddy de- 
clares himself quite unable to decide the 
contest, for both deserve the prize. — 
Spenser : The Shepheardes Calendar 
(i579)- 

(Of course Virgil's Bucolic iii. will 
readily recur to the mind. Palemon, the 
umpire, says — 

Non nostrum inter vos tantas componere lites, 
Et vitcla tu dignus, ethic. 

Lines 108, 109. 

Wilmot. There are three of the name 
in Fatal Curiosity (1736), by George 
Lillo, viz. old Wilmot, his wife Agnes, 
and their son young Wilmot supposed to 
have perished at sea. The young man, 
however, is not drowned, but goes to 
India, makes his fortune, and returns, 
unknown to any one of his friends. He 
gees in disguise to his parents, and 
deposits with them a casket. Curiosity 
induces Agnes to open it, and when she 
sees that it contains jewels, she and her 
husband resolve to murder the owner, 
and appropriate the contents of the 
casket. No sooner have they committed 
the fatal deed than they discover it is 
their own son whom they have killed ; 
whereupon the old man stabs first his 
wife and then himself. 

The harrowing details of this tragedy are powerfully 
depicted ; and the agonies of old Wilmot constitute 
one of the most appalling and affecting incidents in the 
drama. — R. Chambers : English Literature, i. 592. 

Old Wilmot's character, as the needy man who had 
known better days, exhibits a mind naturally good, but 
prepared for acting evil— Sir IV Scott: The Drama. 

Wilmot {Miss Arabella), a clergy- 
man's daughter, beloved by George Prim- 
lose, eldest son of the vicar of Wakefield, 
Whom ultimately she marries. — Gold- 
smith : Vicar of Wakefield (1766). 

Wilmot (Lord), earl of Rochester, of 
the court of Charles II. — Sir W. Scott : 
Woodstock (time, Commonwealth). 

Wilsa, the mulatto girl of Dame 
Ursley Suddlechop the barber's wife. — 
Sir W. Scott : Fortunes of Nigel (time, 
James I.). 

WILSON (Alison), the old house- 
keeper of colonel Silas Morton of Miln- 
wood. — Sir W. Scott : Old Mortality 
(time, Charles II.). 



Wilson. {Andrew), smuggler ; the 
comrade of Geordie Robertson. He was 
hanged.— Sir W- Scott : Heart of Mid- 
lothian (time, George II.). 

Wilson {Bob), groom of sir William 
Ashton the lord keeper of Scotland. — Sir 
W. Scott : Bride of Lammermoor (time, 
William III.). 

Wilson (Christie), a character in the 
introduction of the Blatk Dwarf, by sir 
W. Scott 

Wilson {John), groom of Mr. Godfrey 
Bertram laird of Ellangowan. — Sir W. 
Scott : Guy Mannering (time, George 

Wilton (Ralph de), the accepted suitor 
of lady Clare daughter of the earl of 
Gloucester. When lord Marmion over- 
came Ralph de Wilton in the ordeal of 
battle, and left him for dead on the field, 
lady Clare took refuge in Whitby Con- 
vent By Marmion's desire she was 
removed from the convent to Tantallon 
Hall, where she met Ralph, who had 
been cured of his wounds. Ralph, being 
knighted by Douglas, married the lady 
Clare.— Sir W. Scott: Marmion (1808). 

Wimble {Will), a character in Addi- 
son's Spectator, simple, good-natured, 
and officious. 

N.B.— Will Wimble in the flesh was 
Thomas Morecroft of Dublin (*-i74i). 

Wimbledon (The Philosopher of), 
John Home Tooke, who lived at Wimble- 
don, near London (1736-1812). 

Winchester, in Arthurian romance, 
is called Camelot 

It swam down the stream to the city of Camelot, {.». 
In English, Winchester.— Sir T. Malory: HisUry 0/ 
Prince Arthur, L 44 (1470). 

Winchester ( The bishop of) , Lancelot 
Andrews. The name is not given in the 
novel, but the date of the novel is 1620, 
and Dr. Andrews was translated from 
Ely to Winchester in February, 1618- 
19; and died in 1626. — Sir W. Scott: 
Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.). 

Wind Sold. At one time, the Fin- 
landers and Laplanders drove a profitable 
trade by the sale of winds. After being 
paid, they knitted three knots, and told 
the buyer that when he untied the first he 
would have a good gale ; when the 
second, a strong wind ; and when the 
third, a severe tempest. — Olaus Magnus: 
History of the Goths, etc., 47 (i6;,8). 

\ King Eric of Swedeu was a poten- 
41 



WINDS. 



I3l8 



WINE. 



late of the winds, and could change them 
at pleasure by merely shifting his cap. 

If Bessie Millie, of Pomo'na, in the 
Orkney Islands, helped to eke out her 
living (even so late as 1814) by selling 
favourable winds to mariners, for the 
small sum of sixpence per vessel. 

IT Winds were also at one time sold at 
mont St. Michel, in Normandy, by nine 
druidesses, who likewise sold arrows to 
charm away storms. These arrows were 
to be shot off by a young man 25 years 
of age. 

IT Witches generally were supposed to 
sell wind. 

'Oons ! I'll marry a Lapland witch as soon, and live 
upon selling contrary winds and wrecked vessels. — 
Congreve Love for Love, iii. (1695). 

In Ireland and in Denmark both, 
Witches for gold will sell a man a wind. 
Which, in the corner of a napkin wrapped. 
Shall blow him safejjnto what coast he will. 

Summer s Last Will and Test. (1600). 

*.• See note to the Pirate "Sale of 
Winds " ( Waverley Novels, xxiv. 136). 

Winds (The), according to Hesiod, 
were the sons of Astraeus and Aurora. 

You nymphs, the winged offspring; which of old 
Aurora to divine Astraeus bore. 

Akenside ; Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Winds and Tides. Nicholas of 
Lyn, an Oxford scholar and friar, was a 
great navigator. He " took the height of 
mountains with his astrolobe," and taught 
that there were four whirlpools like the 
Maelstrom of Norway — one in each 
quarter of the globe, from which the four 
winds issue, and which are the cause of 
the tides. 

One Nicholas of Lyn 

The whirlpools of the seas did come to understand, . . . 
For such unmeasured pools, philosophers agree, 
I' the four parts of the world undoubtedly there be, 
From which they have supposed nature the winds doth 

raise, 
And from them too proceed the flowing of the seas. 
Drayton: Polyolbion, xix. (1622). 

Windmill with a Weathercock 
Atop (The). Goodwyn, a puritan 
divine of St. Margaret's, London, was so 

called (1593-1651). 

Windmills. Don Quixote, seeing 
some thirty or forty windmills, insisted 
that they were giants, and, running a tilt 
at one of them, thrust his spear into the 
sails ; whereupon the sails raised both 
man and horse into the air, and shivered 
the knight's lance into splinters. When 
don Quixote was thrown to the ground, 
he persisted in saying that his enemy 
Freston had transformed the giants into 
windmills merely to rob him of his 
honour, but notwithstanding, the wind- 
mills were in reality giants in disguise. 



This is the first adventure of the knight— 
Cervantes: Don Quixote, I. i. 8(1605). 

Windmills for Food. The giant 
Widenostrils lived on windmills. (See 
Widenostrils, p. 1210.) — Rabelais i 
Pantagruel, iv. 17 (1545). 

Windsor (The Rev. Mr.), a friend of 
Master George Heriot the king's gold- 
smith.— Sir W. Scott: Fortunes of Nigel 
(time, James I.). 

Windsor Beauties (The), Anne 
Hyde duchess of York, and her twelve 
ladies in the court of Charles II., painted 
by sir Peter Lely at the request of Anne 
Hyde. Conspicuous in her train of 
Hebes was Frances Jennings, eldest 
daughter of Richard Jennings of Stand- 
ridge, near St. Alban's. 

Windsor Forest, a descriptive poem 
by Pope (1713). 

Windsor Sentinel (The), who 
heard St. Paul's clock strike thirteen, was 
John Hatfield, who died at his house in 
Glasshouse Yard, Aldersgate, June 18, 
1770, aged 102. 

Windsor of Denmark (The), the 

castle of Cronborg, in Elsinore. 

Windy-Cap, Eric king of Sweden. 

[Told] of Erick's cap and Elmo's light. 

Sir W. Scott: Rokeby, ii. xx (18x3). 

Wine. If it makes one stupid it is 
vin d'dne ; if maudlin, it is vin de cerf 
(from the notion that deer weep) ; if 
quarrelsome, it is vin de lion; if talka- 
tive, it is vin de pie; if sick, it is vin de 
pore ; if crafty, it is vin de renard; if 
rude, it is vin de singe. To these might 
be added, vin de chevre, when an amorous 
effect is produced ; vin de coucou, if it 
makes one egotistical ; and vin de cra- 
paud, when its effect is inspiring. 

Wine (1814). In 1858 a sale took 
place in Paris of the effects of the late 
duchesse de Raguse, including a pipe of 
Madeira. This wine was captured from 
the carcase of a ship wrecked at the 
mouth of the Scheldt in 1778, and had 
lain there till 1814, when Louis XVIII. 
bought it. Part of it was presented to 
the French consul, and thus it came into 
the cellar of the due de Raguse. At the 
sale, forty-four bottles were sold, and 
the late baron Rothschild bought 
for their weight in gold. 

Wine (Three-Men). (See 
Three, p. 1104.) 



WINGATE. 



1319 



WINTER'S TALE. 



Wingate [Master Jaspcr),\he steward 
at Avenel Castle.— S& W. Scott: The 

Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Winged Horse (A), the standard 
and emblem of ancient Corinth, in con- 
sequence of the fountain of Pire'nd, near 
that city, and Peg'asus the winged 
horse of Apollo and the Muses. 

Winged Lion [The), the heraldic 

device of the republic of Venice. 

They'll plant the winded lion in these halls. 
R.Brcnvning: The Rtturn of the Druses, t. 

Wingfield, a citizen of Perth, whose 
trade was feather-dressing. — Sir IV. 
Scott: Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry 
IV.). 

Wingffield (Ambrose), employed at 

Osbaldistone Hall. 

Lancie Wingfeld, one of the men 
employed at Osbaldistone Hall. — Sir W. 
Scott : Bob Roy (time, George I.). 

Wingf-the-Wind (Michael), a ser- 
vant at Holyrood Palace, and the friend 
of Adam Woodcock. — Sir W. Scott: 
The Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Winifrid (St.), patron saint of 
virgins ; beheaded by Caradocfor refusing 
to marry him. The tears she shed be- 
came the fountain called "St. Winifrid's 
Well," the waters of which not only cure 
all sorts of diseases, but are so buoyant 
that nothing sinks to the bottom. St. 
Winifrid's blood stained the gravel in the 
neighbourhood red, and her hair became 
moss. Drayton has given this legend in 
verse in his Polyolbion, x. (16 12). 

(The name is more generally spelt 
Winifred.) 

Winkle (Nathaniel), M.P.C., a young 
cockney sportsman, considered by his 
companions to be a dead shot, a hunter, 
skater, etc. All these acquirements are, 
however, wholly imaginary. He marries 
Arabella Allen. — Dickens : The Pickwick 
Papers (1836). 

M.P.C., that is, Member of the Pickwick Club. 

Winkle (Rip van), a Dutch colonist 
of New York, who met a strange man in 
a ravine of the Kaatskill Mountains. Rip 
helped the stranger to carry a keg to a 
wild retreat among rocks, where he saw 
a host of strange personages playing 
skittles in mysterious silence. Rip took 
the first opportunity of tasting the keg, 
fell into a stupor, and slept for twenty 
years. On waking, he found that his 
wife was dead and buried, his daughter 
married, his village remodelled, and 



America had become independent— 
W. Irving : Sketch-Book (1820). 

IF The tales of Epimenides. of Peter 
Klaus, of the Sleeping Beauty, the Seven 
Sleepers, eta, are somewhat similar. 
(See Sleeper, p. 1015.) 

Winklebred or Winklebrand 

(Louis), lieutenant of sir Maurice de 
Bracy a follower of prince John. — Sir IV. 
Scott: Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 

Winnie (Annie), an old sibyl, who 
makes her appearance at the death of 
Alice Gray.— Sir W. Scott: Bride of 
Lammermoor (time, William III.). 

Winter, the head servant of general 
Witherington alias Richard Tresham. — 
Sir W. Scott: The Surgeons Daughter 
(time, George II.). 

Winter. (See Seasons, p. 976.) 

Winter Bird (The), the woodcock. 

How nobler to the winter bird to say, 
" Poor stranger, welcome from thy stormy way . . . 
The food and shelter of my valley's share." 
Peter Pindar [Dr. Wolcot]: Island of Innocence (1809). 

Winter King (The), Frederick V., 
the rival of Ferdinand II. of Germany. 
He married Elizabeth daughter of James 
I. of England, and was king of Bohemia 
for just one winter, the end of 1619 and 
the beginning of 1620 (1596-1632). (See 
Snow King, p. 1023.) 

Winter Queen (The), Elizabeth, 
daughter of James I. of England, and 
wife of Frederick V. " The Winter King." 
(See Snow Queen, p. 1023. ) 

Winter's Tale (The), by Shake- 
speare (1604). Leontgs king of Sicily 
invites his friend Polixenes to visit him. 
During this visit the king becomes jealous 
of him, and commands Camillo to poison 
him ; but Camillo only warns Polixengs 
of the danger, and flees with him to 
Bohemia. When Leonte's hears thereof, 
his rage is unbounded ; and he casts his 
queen Hermi'onfe into prison, where she 
gives birth to a daughter, which Leontes 
gave direction should be placed on a 
desert shore to perish. In the mean 
time, he is told that Hermione, the queen, 
is dead. The vessel containing the 
infant daughter being storm-driven to 
Bohemia, the child is left there, and is 
brought up by a shepherd, who calls it 
Perdita. One day, in a hunt, prince 
Florizel sees Perdita and falls in love with 
her ; but Polixengs, his father, tells her 
that she and the shepherd shall be put to 
d'-ath if she encourages the foolish suit. 
Florizel and Perdita now flee to Sicily, 



WINTERBLOSSOM. 



WISDOM PERSECUTED. 



*nd being introduced to Leontfis, it is 
soon discovered that Perdita is his lost 
daughter. PolixenSs tracks his son to 
Sicily, and being told of the discovery, 
gladly consents to the union he had 
before forbidden. Pauli'na now invites 
the royal party to inspect a statue of 
Hermione" in her house, and the statue 
turns out to be the living queen. 

(The plot of this drama is borrowed 
from the tale of Pandosto or The Triumph 
of Time, by Robert Greene, 1583.) 

We should have him back 
Who told the Winter's Tale to do it for us. 

Tennyson : Prologue of The Princess. 

Winterblossom {Mr. Philip), "the 
man of taste," on the managing com- 
mittee at the Spa.— Sir W. Scott: St. 
Ronan's Well (time, George III.). 

Wintersen {The count), brother of 
baron Steinfort, lord of the place, and 
greatly beloved. 

The countess Wintersen, wife of the 
above. She is a kind friend to Mrs. 
Haller, and the confidante of her brother 
the baron Steinfort.— B. Thompson: The 
Stranger (1797). 

Winterton {Adam), the garrulous 
old steward of sir Edward Mortimer, in 
whose service he had been for forty-nine 
years. He was fond of his little jokes, 
and not less so of his little nips ; but he 
loved his master and almost idolized him. 
— Cohnan: The Iron Chest (1796). 

Win-the-Piglit {Master Joachin), 
the attorney employed by major Bridge- 
north the roundhead. — Sir W. Scott: 
Peverilofthe Peak (time, Charles II.). 

Wirral {The), the long, square-ended 
peninsula between the Mersey and the 
Dee. 

Here there are few that either God or man with good 
heart love. 

Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight. 

Wisdom {Honour paid to). 

(1) Anacharsis went from Scythia to 
Athens to see Solon. — AZlian : De Varia 
Historia, v. 

(2) Apollonios Tyanjeus (Cappa- 
docia) travelled through Scythia and into 
India as far as the river Phison to see 
Hiarchus. — Philostratos : Life of Apollo- 
nios, ii. last chapter. 

(3) Alexander having taken amongst 
the spoils a casket of Darius king of 
Persia of inestimable value, placed 
therein his copy of Homer's Iliad, edited 
by Aristotle, saying that it alone was 
worthy of such an honour. 

(4) Dionysius king of Syracuse, wish- 



ing to see Plato, sent the finest galley in 
his kingdom, most royally equipped, and 
stored with every luxury, to fetch him. 
On landing, the philosopher found the 
royal state carriage waiting to conduct 
him to the king's palace. 

(5) Ben Jonson, in 1619, travelled on 
foot from London to Scotland merely to 
see W. Drummond, the Scotch poet, 
whose genius he admired. 

(6) Livy went from the confines of 
Spain to Rome to hold converse with the 
learned men of that city. — Pliny the 
Younger : Epistle, iii. a. 

(7) Plato travelled from Athens to 
Egypt to see the wise men or magi ; and 
to visit Archytas or Tarentum the 
mechanician. He invented several auto- 
matons, as the flying pigeon — and nume- 
rous mechanical instruments, as the 
screw and crane. 

(8) Pythagoras went from Italy to 
Egypt to visit the vaticinators of Memphis. 
— Porphyry : Life of Pythagoras, 9 
(Kuster's edition). 

(9) Sheba {The queen of) went from 
"the uttermost parts of the earth" to 
hear and see Solomon, whose wisdom 
and greatness had reached her ear. 

Wisdom Persecuted. 

(1) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae held 
opinions in natural science so far in 
advance of his age that he was accused of 
impiety, cast into prison, and condemned 
to death. It was with great difficulty that 
Pericles got the sentence commuted to 
fine and banishment. 

(2) AvERRofs, the Arabian philosopher, 
was denounced as a heretic, and de- 
graded, in the twelfth Christian century 
(died 1226). 

(3) Bacon ( Friar) was excommunicated 
and imprisoned for diabolical knowledge, 
chiefly on account of his chemical re- 
searches (1214-1294). 

(4) Bruno {Giordano) was burnt alive 
for maintaining that matter is the mother 
of all things (1550-1600). 

(5) Crosse {Andrew), electrician, was 
shunned as a profane man, for asserting 
that certain minute animals of the genus 
Acarus had been developed by him out 
of inorganic elements (1784-1855). 

(6) Dee {Dr. John) had his house 
broken into by a mob, and all his valuable 
library, museum, and mathematical in- 
struments destroyed, because he was so 
wise that " he must have been allied with 
the devil" (1527-1608). 

(7) Feargil. (See " Virgilius.") 



WISE. 



WISHFORT. 



(8) Galileo was imprisoned by the In- 
quisition for daring to believe that the 
earth moved round the sun and not the 
sun round the earth. In order to get his 
liberty, he was obliged to "abjure the 
heresy , " but as the door closed he mut- 
tered, E pur si muove (" But it does move, 
though ") (1564-1642). 

(9) Gerbert, who introduced algebra 
into Christendom, was accused of dealing 
in the black arts, and was shunned as a 
"son of Belial." 

(10) Grosted or Grosseteste bishop 
of Lincoln, author of some two hundred 
works, was accused of dealing in the black 
arts, and the pope wrote a letter to Henry 
III., enjoining him to disinter the bones of 
the too-wise bishop, as they polluted the 
very dust of God's acre (died 1253). 

(11) Faust (Dr.), the German philo- 
sopher, was accused of diabolism for his 
wisdom so far in advance of the age. 

(12) Peyrere was imprisoned in Brus- 
sels for attempting to prove that man ex- 
isted before Adam (seventeenth century). 

(13) Protagoras, the philosopher, 
was banished from Athens, for his book 
On the Gods. 

(14) Socrates was condemned to death 
as an atheist, because he was the wisest of 
men, and his wisdom was not in accord- 
ance with the age. 

(15) Virgili as bishop of Saltzburg was 
compelled by pope Zachary to retract his 
assertion that there are other " worlds " 
besides our earth, and other suns and 
moons besides those which belong to our 
system (died 784). 

(16) Geologists had the same battle to 
fight ; so had Colenso bishop of Natal ; 
and later still Agnosticism has been most 
absurdly branded as atheism — a gross 
contradiction of terms. 

Wise (The). 

Alb rt II. duke of Austria, " The Lame 
and Wise" (1289, 1330-1358). 

Alfonso X. of Leon and Castile (1203, 
1252- 1 284). 

Charles V. of France, Le Sage (1337, 
1364-1380). 

Che-'l sou of China (*, 1278-1295). 

Comte de las Cases, Le Sage (1766- 
1842). 

Frederick elector of Saxony (1463, 

*544-i554)- 

James I., "Solomon," of England 
(1566, 1603-1625). 

John V. duke of Brittany, "The Good 
and Wise " (1389, 1399-1442). 

Wise Men (The Seven): (1) Solon 



of Athens, (a) Chilo of Sparta, (3) Thales 
of Miletos. (4) Bias of Prigne, (5) Cleo- 
bulos of Lindos, (6) Pittacos of Mitylene\ 
(7) Periander of Corinth, or, according 
to Plato, Myson of Chenae. All flourished 
in the sixth century B.C. 

First SOLON, who made the Athenian laws ; 
While CHILO, in Sparta, was famed for his saws : 
In Miletos did THALES astronomy teach ; 
BIAS used in Priend his morals to preach ; 
CLEOBULOS, of Lindos, was handsome and wis«| 
Mitylene 'gainst thraldom saw PITTACOS rise ; 
Periander is said to have grained, thro' his court. 
The title that MYSON, the Chenian, ought. 

E. C. 8. 

N.B. — One of Plutarch's brochures in 
the Moralia is entitled, "The Banquet 
of the Seven Wise Men," in which 
Periander is made to give an account of 
a contest at Chalcis between Homer and 
Hesiod. The latter won the prize, and 
caused this inscription to be engraved on 
the tripod presented to him — 

This Hesiod vows to the Heliconian nine. 
In Chalcis won from Homer the divine. 

Wise Men of the East (The). 
Klopstock, in The Messiah, v., says there 
were six " Wise Men of the East," who, 
guided by the star, brought their gifts to 
Jesus, "the heavenly babe," viz. Ha'dad, 
Sel'ima, Zimri, Mirja, Beled, and 
Sun'ith. (See COLOGNE ( Three Kings of) % 
p. 226.) 

Wisest Man. So the Delphic oracle 
pronounced Soc'rate's to be. Socrates 
modestly made answer, 'Twas because he 
alone had learnt the first element of 
truth, that he knew nothing. 

Not those seven sages might him parallel ; 
Nor he whom Pythian maid did whilome tell 
To be the wisest man that then on earth did dwelL 
P. Fletcher: The Purple Island, vi. (1633). 

N.B. — Among the Romans, Nasica was 
called Corculum (the sage) for his pregnant 
wit. 

Among the Greeks, Democrttos the 
Abderite, was called (not wise) but 
Wisdom itself. 

Among the Britons, Gildas was called 
The Sage. 

Among the Jews, Aben Ezra was called 
Hechachan. They said, if Wisdom had 
put out her candle, it might be lighted 
again at the brain of Aben Ezra, the very 
lamp of wisdom. — Spencer: Things New 
and Old. 

Wish. (See Star Falling, p. 104 1.) 

Wisheart ( The Rev. Dr.), chaplain 
to the earl of Montrose. — Sir W. Scotii 
Legend of Montrose (time, Charles 1.). 

Wishfort (Lady), widow of til 



WISHING-CAP. 



WITITTERLY. 



Jonathan Wishfort; an irritable, im- 
patient, decayed beauty, who painted 
and enamelled her face to make herself 
look blooming, and was afraid to frown 
lest the enamel might crack. She pre- 
tended to be coy, and assumed, at the age 
of 6o, the airs of a girl of 16. A trick 
was played upon her by Edward Mira- 
bell, who induced his lackey Waitwell to 
personate sir Rowland, and make love 
to her ; but the deceit was discovered 
before much mischief was done. Her 
pet expression was, " As I'm a person." 
—Congreve: The Way of the World 
(i 7 od). 

Wishing-Cap {The), a cap given to 

Fortunatus. He had only to put the cap 
on and wish, and whatever he wished he 
instantly obtained. — Straparola: Fortu- 
natus. 

Wishing-Rod ( The), a rod of pure 
gold, helonging to the Nibelungs. Who- 
ever possessed it could have anything he 
desired to have, and hold the whole world 
in subjection. — The Nibelungen Lied, 
1160 (1210). 

Wishing-Sack {The), a sack given 
by our Lord to a man named 4 ' Fourteen," 
because he was as strong as fourteen men. 
Whatever he wished to have he had only 
to say, "Artchila murtchila!" ("Come 
into my sack"), and it came in; or 
"Artchila murtchila!" ("Go into my 
sack "), and it went it. 

(This is a Basque legend. In Gas- 
coigne it is called " Ramee's Sack" {Le 
Sac de la Ramie). ' ' Fourteen " is some- 
times called "Twenty-four," sometimes 
a Tartaro or Polypheme, and is very 
similar to Christoph'eros. ) 

Wisp of Straw, given to a scold as 
a rebuke. 

A wisp of straw were worth a thousand crowns, 
To make this shameless callet know herself. 

Shakespeare : Henry VI. act ii. sc. 2 (1595). 

Wit— Simplicity. It was said of 
ohn Gay that he was 

In wit a man, simplicity a child. 

(The line is often applied to Oliver 
Goldsmith, who "wrote like an angel, and 
talked like poor poll.") 

Witch.. The last person prosecuted 
before the lords of justiciary (in Scot- 
land) for witchcraft was Elspeth Rule. 
She was tried ivfay 3, 1709, before lord 
Anstruther, and condemned to be burned 
on the cheek, and banished from Scotland 
for life. — Arnot : History of Edinburgh, 
366, 367. 



Witch-Finder, Matthew Hopkins 
(seventeenth century). In 1645 he hanged 
sixty witches in his own county (Essex) 
alone, and received 20J. a head for every 
witch he could discover. 

Has not the present parliament 

Mat Hopkins to the devil sent, 

Fully empowered to treat about. 

Finding revolted witches out t 

And has not he within a year 

Hanged three score of them in one shire! 

5. Butler : Hudibras, ii. 3 (1664). 

Witch of Atlas, the title and 
heroine of one of Shelley's poems. 

Witch of Balwer'y, Margaret 
Aiken, a Scotchwoman (sixteenth cen- 
tury). 

Witch of Edmonton {The), called 
"Mother Sawyer." This is the true 
traditional witch ; no mystic hag, no 
weird sister, but only a poor, deformed 
old woman, the terror of villagers, and 
amenable to justice. 

Why should the envious world 
Throw all their scandalous malice upon met 
Because I'm poor, deformed, and ignorant. 
And, like a bow, buckled and bent together 
By some more strong in mischiefs than myself. 
The Witch of Edmonton (by Rowley, Dekker, 
and Ford, 1658). 

Witch's Blood. Whoever was suc- 
cessful in drawing blood from a witch, 
was free from her malignant power. 
Hence Talbot, when he sees La Pucelle, 
exclaims, " Blood will I draw from thee ; 
thou art a witch ! " — Shakespeare: i Henry 
VI. act i. sc. 5 (1592). 

Witherington {General), alias 
Richard Tresham, who first appears as 
Mr. Matthew Middlemas. 

Mrs. Witherington, wife of the general, 
alias Mrs. Middlemas (born Zelia de 
Moncada). She appears first as Mrs. 
Middlemas.— Sir W. Scott: The Sur- 
geon's Daughter (time, George II.). 

Wititterly {Mr. Henry), an impor- 
tant gentleman, 38 years of age; of 
rather plebeian countenance, and with 
very light hair. He boasts everlastingly 
of his grand friends. To shake hands 
with a lord was a thing to talk of, but to 
entertain one was the seventh heaven to 
his heart. 

Mrs. Wititterly \Julia\ wife of Mr. 
Wititterly of Cadogan Place, Sloane 
Street, London ; a faded lady living in 
a faded house. She calls her page 
Alphonse (2 syl. ), ' ' although he has the 
face and figure of Bill." Mrs. Wititterly 
toadies the aristocracy, and, like her 
husband, boasts of her grand connec- 
tions and friends. — Dickens: Nicholas 
Nickleby (1838). (See TiBBS, p. 1107.) 



WITIZA. 



1223 



WOLP. 



Witi'sa. (See Vitiza, p. xi8o.) 

Witling of Terror, Bertrand Ba- 
rere ; also called '"The Anacreon of the 
Guillotine " (1755-1841). 

Wits. " Great wits to madness nearly 
are allied." — Pope. 

V The idea is found in Seneca : Nul- 
lum magnun ingenium absque mixtura 
dementia est. Festus said to Paul, 
" Much learning doth make thee mad" 
{Acts xxvi. 24). 

Wits ( Your five). Stephen Hawes ex- 
plains this expression in his poem of 
Graunde Amoure, xxiv. , from which we 
gather that the five wits are : Common 
wit, imagination, fantasy, estimation, 
and memory (1515). 

Alas, sir, bow fell you besides your five what 
Shakespeare : Twelfth Night, act It. sc 9 (160a). 

Wit tent) old, a Dutch commandant, 
in the service of Charles II. — Sir W. 
Scott: Old Mortality (time, Charles II.). 

Wittol (Sir Joseph), an ignorant, 
foolish simpleton, who says that Bully 
Buff " is as brave a fellow as Cannibal. ' 
— Congreve : The Old Bachelor (1693). 

Witwould (Sir Jerry) in Thomas 
Brown's comedy called Stage Beaux tossed 
in a Blanket (1704), is meant for Jeremy 

Collier. 

A pert, talkative, half-witted coxcomb; rain of a 
▼ery little learning, he always swims with the stream 
of popular opinion ; he is a great censurer of men and 
books, always positive, seldom in the right— a noisy 
pretender of virtue, and an impudent pretender of 
modesty. . . . He sets up for a reformer of the stage 



;tv. 

finding out smut and obscenity which escape 

eye. He was once a divine, but for 

Lest known to himself, be cast away his 



ape 
every other eye. He was once a divine, but foi 
reasons Lest known to himself, he cast I 
•urplice and gown for a sword and blue wig. 



Witwould (Sir Wilful), of Shrop- 
shire, half-brother of Anthony Witwould, 
and nephew of lady Wishfort A mixture 
of bashfulness and obstinacy, but when in 
his cups as loving as the monster in the 
Tempest. He is "a superannuated 
old bachelor," who is willing to marry 
Millamant ; but as the young lady prefers 
Edward Mirabell, he is equally willing to 
resign her to him. His favourite phrase 
is, "Wilful will do it." 

Anthony Witwould, half-brother to sir 
Wilful. " He has good nature and does 
not want wit" Having a good memory, 
he has a store of other folks' wit, which 
he brings out in conversation with good 
effect. — Congreve: The Way 0/ the 
World (1700). 

Wives as they Were and Maids 
as they Are, a comedy by Mrs. Inch- 
bald (1797). Lady Priory is the type of 



the former, and Miss Dom'llon of the 
latter. Lady Priory is discreet, domestic, 
and submissive to her husband ; but Miss 
Dorrillon is gay, flighty, and fond of 
pleasure. Lady Priory, under false pre- 
tences, is allured from home by a Mr. 
Bronzely, a man of no principle and a 
rake . but her quiet, innocent conduct quite 
disarms him, and he takes her back to her 
husband, ashamed of himself, and resolves 
to amend. Miss Dorrillon is so involved 
in debt that she is arrested, but her father 
from the Indies pays her debts. She also 
repents, and becomes the wife of sir 
George Evelyn. 

Wives of Literary Men. 



Agnes [Freil wife of Albert Durer, was a i 
Xantippe. 

Both the wives of Schlegel were so uncongenial, that 
be could not live with either. 

The wife of Sadi, the great Persian poet, was a 
detestable shrew. 

The wife of Salmasius or Saumaise was also a 
terrible shrew. 

Terentia, the wife of Cicero, was divorced for her 
Overbearing temper. 

The wife of Jean Jacques Rousseau was a Xantippe, 
who domineered with a rod of iron. 

Jan van Haysum, the great flower-painter of Amster* 
dam (1682-1749), was equally unhappy with his wife. 

John Wesley's wife ran away from him. 

Wilkes, editor of the North Briten, was separated 
from his wife. 

The wives of both the Pretenders were most tuft* 
Congenial. 

(See MARRIED MEN OF GENIUS, p. 670.) 

Wizard of the North, sir Walter 
Scott (1771-1832). 

Wobbler (Mr.), of the Circumlocu- 
tion Office. When Mr. Clennam, by the 
direction of Mr. Barnacle, in another de- 
partment of the office, called on this gentle- 
man, he was telling a brother clerk about 
a rat-hunt, and kept Clennam waiting a 
considerable time. When at length Mr. 
Wobbler chose to attend, he politely said, 
" Hallo, there ! What's the matter?" Mr. 
Clennam briefly stated his question ; and 
Mr, Wobbler replied, ** Can't inform you. 
Never heard of it. Nothing at all to do 
with it. Try Mr. Clive." When Clen- 
nam left, Mr. Wobbler called out, "Mister I 
Hallo, there ! Shut the door after you. 
There's a devil of a draught 1 " — Die/tens : 
Little Dorrit, x. (1857). 

Woeful Countenance (Knight of 
the). Don Quixote was so called by 
Sancho Panza ; but after his adventure 
with the lions he called himself "The 
Knight of the Lions." — Cervantes: Don 
Quixote, I. iii. 5 ; II. L 17 (1605-15). 

WOLP. (1) The Neuri, according to 
Herod&tos, had the power of assuming 
the shape of wolves once a year. — iv. 105. 

(2) One of the family of Antaus, 



WOLP. 



1224 WOMAN CHANGED TO A MAN. 



according to Pliny, was chosen annually, 
by lot, to be transformed into a wolf, in 
which shape he continued for nine years. 

(3) Lyca'on, king of Arcadia, was 
turned into a wolf because he attempted 
to test the divinity of Jupiter by serving 
up to him a "hash of human flesh." — 
Ovid. 

(4) Veret'icus, king of Wales, was 
converted by St. Patrick into a wolf. 

Giraldus Cambrensis tells us that Irishmen " can be 
changed into wolves." — Optra, vol. v. p. 119. 

iNennius says "the descendants of the wolf are In 
Ossory. They transform themselves into wolves, and 
go forth in the form of wolves."— The Wanders of 
Erin, xiv. 

He furthermore says that these persons 
are ' ' of the race of Fcelaidh, in Ossory." 
(See also Were-Wolf, p. 1202.) 

Wolf (A), emblem of the tribe of Ben- 
jemin. 

Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf: In the morning ho 
shall devour the prey, and at night ho shall divide the 
spoil.— Gen. xlix. 27. 

Wolf. The last wolf in Scotland was 
killed in 1680, by Cameron of Lochiel 
[Lok.keeF]. 

The last wolf in Ireland was killed in 
Cork, 1710. 

Wolf. The she-wolf is made by Dante 
to symbolize avarice. When the poet 
began the ascent of fame, he was first met 
by a panther {pleasure), then by a lion 
{ambition), then by a she-wolf, which 
tried to stop his further progress. 



A she-wolf, . . . who in her leanness I 
Full of all wants, . . . with such fear 
O'erwhelmed mo . . . that of the height all hope I loss. 
Dante , Inferno, L (1300). 

To cry Wolf, to give a false alarm. 
The reference is the fable of the shepherd 
lad crying ' ' Wolf ! " but the following is 
said to be historical : — 

Yow-wang, emperor of China, was 
greatly enamoured of a courtezan named 
Pao-tse, whom he tried by sundry ex- 
pedients to make laugh. At length he 
hit upon the following plan : He caused 
the tocsins to be rung, the drums to be 
beaten, and the signal-fires to be lighted, 
as if some invader was at the gates. Pao- 
tse was delighted, and laughed immo- 
derately to see the vassals and feudatory 
princes pouring into the city, and all the 
people in consternation. The emperor, 
pleased with the success of his trick, 
amused his favourite over and over again 
by repeating it. At length an enemy 
really did come, but when the alarm was 
given, no one heeded it, and the emperor 
was slain (b.c. 770). 



Wolf duke of Ctascony, one ot 

Charlemagne's paladins. He was the 
originator of the plan of tying wetted 
ropes round the temples of his prisoners 
to make their eye-balls start from their 
sockets. It was he also who had men 
sewn up in freshly stripped bulls' hides, 
and exposed to the sun till the hides, in 
shrinking, crushed their bones. — LEpine: 
Croquemitaine, iii. 

Wolf of France (She-). (See She- 
Wolf, p. 994.) 

Wolf's Head. An outlaw was said 

to carry on his shoulders a ' ' wolfs head, " 
because he was hunted down like a wolf, 
and to kill him was deemed as meritorious 
as killing a wolf. 

Item foris facit, omnia que dads sunt, quia a tempore 
quo utlagatus est Caput gerit Lupinum, ita ut 
impune ab omnibus interfici possit.— Br acton, ii. 35. 

Wolves. The Greeks used to say 
that " wolves bring forth their young 
only twelve days in the year." These are 
the twelve days occupied in conveying 
Leto from the Hyperboreans to Delos.— 
Aristotle : Hist. Animal., vii. 35. 

Wol'fort, usurper of the earldom of 
Flanders.— Fletcher ,* The Beggars' Bush 
(1622). 

Wolfsbane, a herb so called, because 
meat saturated with its juice was at one 
time supposed to be a poison for wolves. 

Wolsey {Cardinal), introduced by 
Shakespeare in his historic play of Henry 
VIII (1601). 

West Digges [1720-1786] Is the nearest resemblance 
of "Cardinal Wolsey" I have ever seen represented.— 
Dairies • Dramatic Miscellanies. 

Edmund Kean [1787-1873], in " Macbeth," " Hamlet," 
" Wolsey,** "Corioianus,' etc, never approached with* 
In any measurable distance of the learned, philo- 
sophical, and majestic Kemblo [1757-1823].— Life of 
C M. Young. 

Had I but served my God, etc (See 
Served My God, p. 984.) 

(In the Comic History of England at- 
tributed to Cromwell.) 

Woman changed to a Man. 

(1) Iphis, daughter of Lygdus and 
Telethusa of Crete. The story is that 
the father gave orders if the child about 
to be born proved to be a girl, it was to 
be put to death ; and that the mother, 
unwilling to lose her infant, brought it 
up as a boy. In due time, the father 
betrothed his child to Ianthfi, and the 
mother, in terror, prayed for help ; and 
Isis, on the day of marriage, changed 
Iphis to a man. — Ovid: Metamorphoses, 
ix. ia; xiv. 690. 



WOMAN-HATER. 



1225 



WOMEN, ETC 



(2) CjENEUS [Se-nuce] was born of the 
female sex, but Neptune changed her into 
a man. JEnezs, however, found her in 
the infernal regions restored to her 
original sex. 

(3) Tire'sias was converted into a 
woman for killing a female snake in copu- 
lation, and was restored to his original 
sex by killing a male snake in the same 
act. 

(4) D'Eon de Beaumont was an 
epicene creature, whose sex was unknown 
during life. After death (1810) he was 
found to be male. 

(5) Hermaphroditos was of both 
sexes. 

Woman-Hater (The), a tragedy by 
Beaumont and Fletcher (1607). 

(Charles Reade published a novel 
called A Woman-Hater, in 1877. ) 

Woman killed with Kindness 
(A), a tragedy byThos. Hey wood (1600). 
The " woman" was Mrs. Frankford, who 
was unfaithful to her marriage vow. Her 
husband sent her to live on one of his 
estates, and made her a liberal allowance ; 
she died, but on her death-bed her hus- 
band came to see her, and forgave her. 

Woman made of Flowers. 

Gwydion son of Don " formed a woman 
out of flowers," according to the bard 
Taliesin. Arianrod had said that Llew 
Llaw Gyffes (i.e. "The Lion with the 
Steady Hand ") should never have a wife 
of the human race. So Math and Gwy- 
dion, two enchanters, 

Took blossoms of oak, and blossoms of broom, and 
blossoms of meadow-sweet, and produced therefrom a 
maiden, the fairest and most graceful ever seen, and 
baptized her Blodeuwedd, and she became his bride. 
— The Mabinogion ("Math, etc., twelfth century). 

Woman reconciled to her Sex. 

Lady Wortley Montague said, "It goes 
far to reconcile me to being a woman, 
when I reflect that I am thus in no danger 
of ever marrying one." 

Woman's Wit or Love's Dis- 
guises, a drama by S. Knowles (1838). 
Hero .Sutton loved sir Valentine de Grey, 
but offended him by waltzing with lord 
Athunree. To win him back, she assumed 
the disguise of a quakeress, called herself 
Ruth, and pretended to be Hero's cousin. 
Sir Valentine fell in love with Ruth, and 
then found out that Ruth and Hero were 
one and the same person. The contem- 
poraneous plot is that of Helen and Wal- 
singham, lovers. Walsingham thought 
Helen had played the wanton with lord 
Athunree, and he abandoned her. Where- 



upon Helen assumed the garb of a young 

man named Eustace, became friends 
with Walsingham, said she was Helen's 
brother ; but in the brother he discovered 
Helen herself, and learnt that he was 
wholly mistaken by appearances. 

Women {The Four Perfect) : (1 
Khadijah, the first wife of Mahomet ; (2 
Miriam, the sister of Moses ; (3) Mary, 
the mother of Jesus ; and (4) Fatima, 
the beloved daughter of Mahomet. 

Women (The Nine Worthy)', (x) 
Minerva ; (a) Semiramis ; (3) Tomyris ; 
(4) Jael; (5) Deborah ; (6) Judith; 
(7) Britomart ; (8) Elizabeth or Isabella 
of Aragon • (9) Johanna of Naples. 

Bjr'r lady, maitt story-man, I am well afraid thou bast 
done with thy talke. I had rather hare hard some- 
thing sayd of gentle and meeke women, for it is eu ill 
examples to let them understand of such sturdy* 
manly e women as those have been which erewhile thou 
hast toldc of. They are quicke enow, I warrant you, 
noweadays, to take hart-a-grace, and dare make warre 
with their husbandes. I would not vor the price o' my 
coate, that J one my wyfe had herd this ye are ; she 
would haue carried away your tales of the nine worthy 
women a dele zoner than our minister's tales anent 
Sarah, Rebekah, Kuth, and the ministering women. 
I warrant ycu.— Jchn F*nu: Dialog** en Heraldry 
(" Columel's reply to Torquatus "). 

("Hart-a-grace,'* i.e. a hart permitted 
by royal proclamation to run free and 
unharmed for ever, because it has been 
hunted by a king or queen.) 

Women of Abandoned Morals. 

(1) Agrippina, daughter of Germani- 
cus and Agrippina. The mother of 
Nero. 

(2) Barbara of Cilley, second wife of 
the emperor Sigismund, called "The 
Messalina of Germany.*" 

(3) Berry (Madame de), wife of the 
due de Berry (youngest grandson of 
Louis XIV ). 

(4) Catherine II. of Russia, called 
" The Modern Messalina " (1729-1796). 

(5) Giovanna or Jean of Naples. 
Her first love was James count of March, 
who was beheaded. Her second was 
Camecioli, whom she put to death. Her 
next was Alfonso of Aragon. Her fourth 
was Louis d'Anjou, who died. Her fifth 
was Rene, the brother of Louis. 

(6) ISA belle of Bavaria, wife of 
Charles VI., and mistress of the duke of 
Burgundy. 

(7) Isabelle of France, wife of 
Edward II., and mistress of Mortimer. 

(8) Julia, daughter of the emperor 
Augustus. 

(9) Marozia, the daughter of Theo- 
dora, and mother of pope John XI. 
The infamous daughter of an infamous 
mother (ninth century). 



WONDER. 



1226 



WOODEN HORSE. 



(10) Messali'na, wife of Claudius the 
Roman emperor. 

Wonder (The), a comedy by Mrs. 
Centlivre; the second title being A 
Woman Keeps a Secret (1714). The 
woman referred to is Violante\ and the 
secret she keeps is that donna Isabella, 
the sister of don Felix, has taken refuge 
under her roof. The danger she under- 
goes in keeping the secret is this : Her 
lover, Felix, who knows that colonel 
Briton calls at the house, is jealous, and 
fancies that he calls to see ViolantS. 
The reason why donna Isabella has sought 
refuge with Violante" is to escape a mar- 
riage with a Dutch gentleman whom she 
dislikes. After a great deal of trouble 
and distress, the secret is unravelled, and 
the comedy ends with a double marriage, 
that of Violante with don Felix, and that 
of Isabella with colonel Briton. 

Wonder of the World {The). 

Gerbert, a man of prodigious learn- 
ing. When he was made pope, he took 
the name of Sylvester II. (930, 999-1003). 

Otto III. of Germany, a pupil of Ger- 
bert. What he did deserving to be called 
Mirabilia Mundi nobody knows (980, 
983-1002). 

Frederick II. of Germany (1194, 
1215-1250). 

Wonders of Wales {The Seven) : 
(1) The mountains of Snowdon (2) 
Overton churchyard, (3) the bells of 
Gresford Church, (4) Llangollen bridge, 
(5) Wrexham steeple (? tower), (6) Pystyl 
Rhaiadr waterfall, (7) St. Winifrid's 
well. 

Wonders of the World {The 

Seven). 

The pyramids first, which in Egypt were laid J 
Next Babylon's garden, for Aniytis made 
Then Mausolos's tomb of affection and guilt; 
Fourth, the temple o/Dian, in Ephesus built ; 
The colossus 0/ Rhodes, cast in brass, to the sua} 
Sixth, Jupiter's statue, by Phidias done : 
The pharos of Egypt, last wonder of old, 
Or the palace of Cyrus, cemented with gold. 

E. C.B. 

Wonderful Doctor, Roger Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

Wood [Babes in the). (See Children 
in the Wood, p. 203. ) 

Wood {The Maria), a civic pleasure- 
barge, once the property of the lord 
mayors. It was built in 1816 by sir 
Matthew Wood, and was called after his 
eldest daughter. In 1859 it was sold to 
alderman Humphrey for ^410. 

Wood Street (London) is so called 



from Thomas Wood, sheriff, in 149X, who 

dwelt there. 

Woodcock {Adam), falconer of the 

lady Mary at Avenel Castle. In the 
revels he takes the character of the "abbot 
of Unreason." — Sir W. Scott: The 
Abbot (time, Elizabeth). 

Woodcock [Justice), a gouty, rheu- 
matic, crusty, old country gentleman, 
who invariably differed with his sister 
Deb'orah in everything. He was a bit 
of a Lothario in his young days, and still 
retained a somewhat licorous tooth. 
Justice Woodcock had one child, named 
Lucinda, a merry girl, full of fun. 

Deborah Woodcock, sister of the justice ; 
a starch, prudish old maid, who kept 
the house of her brother, and disagreed 
with him in everything. — Bickerstaff ; 
Love in a Village (1762). 

Woodcocks live on Suction. 

These birds feed chiefly by night, and, 
like ducks, seem to live on suction ; but 
in reality they feed on the worms, snails, 
slugs, and the little animals which swarm 
in muddy water. 

One cannot live, like woodcocks, upon suction. 
Byron : Den yuan, ii. 67 (1819). 

Woodconrt [Allan), a medical man, 
who married Esther Summerson. His 
mother was a Welsh woman, apt to prose 
on the subject of Morgan-ap-Kerrig. — 
Dickens : Bleak House (1852). 

Wooden Gospels ( The), card-tables. 

After supper were brought in the wooden gospels, 
and the books of the four kings \cards\— Rabelais : 
Gargantua, L 33 (1533). 

Wooden Horse {The). Virgil tells 
us that Ulysses had a monster wooden 
horse made by Epeos after the death of 
Hector. He gave out that it was an 
offering to the gods to secure a pros- 
perous voyage back to Greece. By the 
advice of Sinon, the Trojans dragged the 
horse into Troy for a palladium ; but at 
night the Grecian soldiers concealed 
therein were released by Sinon from their 
concealment, slew the Trojan guards, 
opened the city gates, and set fire to the 
city. 

Arctmos of Miletus, in his poem called The 
Destruction of Troy, furnished Virgil with the tale of 
" the Wooden Horse " and " the burning of Troy " 
(fi. B.C. 776). 

IT A remarkable parallel occurred in 
Saracenic history. Arrestan, in Syria, 
was taken in the seventh century by Abu 
Obeidah by a similar stratagem. He 
obtained leave of the governor to deposit 
in the citadel some old lumber which 



WOODEN HORSR 



1337 



WOODVILLE. 



impeded his march. Twenty large boxes 
filled with men were carried into the 
castle. Abu marched off ; and while the 
Christians were returning thanks for 
the departure of the enemy, the soldiers 
removed the sliding bottoms of the boxes 
and made their way out, overpowered 
the sentries, surprised the great church, 
opened the city gates, and Abu, entering 
with his army, took the city without 
further opposition. — Ockley : History of 
the Saracens, i. 187 (1718). 

1T The capture of Sark affords another 
parallel. Sark was in the hands of the 
French. A Netherlander, with one ship, 
asked permission to bury one of his crew 
in the chapel. The French consented, 
provided the crew came on shore wholly 
unarmed. This was agreed to, but the 
coffin was full of arms ; and the crew soon 
equipped themselves, overpowered the 
French, and took the island. — Percy: 
Anecdotes, 249. (See Horse, p. 505.) 

Swoln with hate and Ire, their huge unwieldly force 
Came clustering like the Greeks out of the wooden 
horse. 

Drayton; Polyolbion, xli. (1613). 

Wooden Horse [The], Clavileno, the 
wooden horse on which don Quixote and 
Sancho Panza got astride to disenchant 
Antonomas'ia and her husband, who were 
shut up in the tomb of queen Maguncia 
of Candaya. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, 
II. iii. 4, 5 (1615). 

IT Another wooden horse was the one 
given by an Indian to the shah of Persia 
as a New Year's gift. It had two pegs. 
By turning one it rose into the air, and 
by turning the other it descended wher- 
ever the rider wished. Prince Firouz 
mounted the horse, and it carried him 
instantaneously to Bengal. — Arabian 
Nights ("The Enchanted Horse"). 

1 Reynard says that king Crampart 
made for the daughter of king Marcadig6s 
a wooden horse which would go a hundred 
miles an hour. His son Clamade's mounted 
it, and it flew out of the window of the 
king's hall, to the terror of the young 
prince. — Alkman : Reynard the Fox 
(1498). (See Cambuscan, p. 172.) 

Wooden Spoon. The last of the 
honour men in the mathematical tripos 
at the examination for degrees in the 
University of Cambridge. 

Sure my invention must be down at rero. 
And I grown one of many "wooden spoons" 
Of verse (the name with which we Cantabs please 
To dub the last of honours in degrees). 

Byron: Don yuan, iii. no (1820). 

Wooden Sword [He wears a). Said 
of a person who rejects an offer at the 



early part of the day, and sells the article 
at a lower price later on. A euphemism 
for a fool ; the fools or jesters were fur- 
nished with wooden swords. 

Wooden Walls, ships made of 
wood. When Xerxes invaded Greece, 
the Greeks sent to ask the Delphic oracle 
for advice, and received the following 
answer (b.c. 480) : — 

Pallas hath urged, and Zeus, the sire of all. 
Hath safety promised In a wooden wall ; 
Seed-time and harvest, sires shall, weeping, tell 
How thousands fought at Salamis and fell. 

£. CB. 

Wooden Weddingf, the fifth an- 
niversary of a wedding. It used, in 
Germany, to be etiquette to present gifts 
made of wood to the lady on this occa- 
sion. The custom is not wholly aban- 
doned even now. (See Wedding, p. 1200. ) 

Woodman [The), an opera by sir 
H. Bate Dudley (1771). (For the plot, 
see Wilford, p. 1214.) 

Woodstal [Henry), in the guard of 
Richard Cceur de Lion.— Sir W. Scott: 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Woodstock, a novel by sir W. Scott 
(1826). It was hastily put together, but 
is not unworthy of the name it bears 
(1826) (time, the Commonwealth). 

' .' The novel is concerned with the 
disguises and escapes of Charles II. dur- 
ing the Commonwealth ; and ends with 
the death of Cromwell and the triumphant 
entry of the king into London. 

It is called Woodstock from the Lee 
family, the head of which (sir Henry Lee) 
was head-ranger of Woodstock. His 
daughter Alice marries Everard a 
Cromwellite ; and his servant Phoebe 
Mayflower marries Joceline Joliffe, 
under-keeper of Woodstock forest. 

Amongst the subsidiary characters are Shakespeare, 
Milton, Ben Jonson, Davenant the poet, " Fair 
Rosamond," prince Rupert, general Monk, Cromwell's 
daughter, and many other persons of historic interest. 

Woodville [Harry), the treacherous 
friend of Penruddock, who ousted him 
of the wife to whom he was betrothed. 
He was wealthy, but reduced himself to 
destitution by gambling. 

Mrs. Woodville (whose Christian name 
was Arabella), wife of Harry Woodville, 
but previously betrothed to Roderick Pen- 
ruddock. When reduced to destitution, 
Penruddock restored to her the settlement 
which her husband had lost in play. 

Captain Henry Woodville, son of the 
above ; a noble soldier, brave and high- 
minded, in love with F.mily Tempest, 
but, in the ruined condition of the family, 



WOODVILLE. 



uaS 



WORM. 



unable to marry her. Penruddock makes 
over to him all the deeds, bonds, and 
obligations which his father had lost in 
gambling. — Cumberland: The Wheel of 
Fortune (1779). 

Woodville {Lord), a friend of general 
Brown. It was lord Woodville's house 
that was haunted by the "lady in the 
Sacque."— Sir W. Scott: The Tapestried 
Chamber (time, George III.). 

Woollen. It was Mrs. Oldfield, the 
actress, who revolted at the idea of being 
shrouded in woollen. She insisted on 
being arrayed in chintz trimmed with 
Brussels lace, and on being well rouged 
to hide the pallor of death. Pope calls 
her " Narcissa." 

" Odious ! In woollen t Twould a saint provoke I " 
Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke. 
M No, let a charming chintz and Brussels lace 
Wrap my cold limbs and shade my lifeless face ; 
One would not, sure, be frightful when one's dead t 
And Betty, give this cheek a little red." 

Pope: Moral Essays, L (1731). 

Wopsle (Mr.), parish clerk. He had 
a Roman nose, a large, shining, bald fore- 
head, and a deep voice, of which he was 
very proud. '■* If the Church had been 
thrown open,"*.*, free to competition, Mr. 
Wopsle would have chosen the pulpit. 
As it was, he only punished the " Amens " 
and gave out the psalms ; but his face 
always indicated the inward thought of 
" Look at this and look at that," meaning 
the gent at the reading-desk. He turned 
actor in a small metropolitan theatre. — 
Dickens: Great Expectations (i860). 

Work (Endless), Penelope's web (p. 
822) ; Vortigern's Tower (p. 1183) ; wash- 
ing the blackamoor white ; etc 

World ( The End of the). This ought 
to have occurred, according to cardinal 
Nicolas de Cusa, in 1704. He demon- 
strates it thus : The Deluge happened in 
the thirty-fourth jubilee of fifty years 
from the Creation (a.m. 1700), and there- 
fore the end of the world should properly 
occur on the thirty-fourth jubilee of the 
Christian era, or A.D. 1704. The four 
grace years are added to compensate for 
the blunder of chronologists respecting 
the first year of grace. 

\ The most popular dates of modern 
times for the end of the world, or what is 
practically the same thing, the Millen- 
nium, are the following : 1757, Sweden- 
borg ; 1836, Johann Albrecht Bengel, 
Erklarte Offenbarung ; 1843, William 
Miller, of America ; 1866, Dr. John 
Cumming ; 1881, Mother Shipton. 

% It was very generally believed in 



France, Germany, etc., that the end of 
the world would happen in the thou- 
sandth year after Christ ; and therefore 
much of the land was left uncultivated, 
and a general famine ensued. Luckily, 
it was not agreed whether the thousand 
years should date from the birth or the 
death of Christ, or the desolation would 
have been much greater. Many charters 
begin with these words, As the world is 
now drawing to its close. Kings and 
nobles gave up their state : Robert of 
France, son of Hugh Capet, entered the 
monastery of St. Denis ; and at Limoges, 
princes, nobles, and knights proclaimed 
" God's Truce," and solemnly bound 
themselves to abstain from feuds, to 
keep the peace towards each other, and 
to help the oppressed. — Hallam: The 
Middle Ages (1818). 

1T Another hypothesis is this : As one 
day with God equals a thousand years 
(Ps. xc. 4), and God laboured in crea- 
tion six days, therefore the world is to 
labour 6000 years, and then to rest. 
According to this theory, the end of the 
world ought to occur A.M. 6000, or A.D. 
1996 (supposing the world to have been 
created 4004 years before the birth of 
Christ). This hypothesis, which is 
widely accepted, is quite safe for close on 
to another century. 

World before tlie Flood (The), a 
poem in heroic couplets by Montgomery 
(181 3). It is divided into ten cantos. It 
describes the antediluvian patriarchs 
in the Happy Valley ; the valley is in- 
vaded by the descendants of Cain ; and 
the deliverance of the patriarchs from the 
hands of the giants. The episodes are 
the loves of Javan and Zillah, and the 
translation of Enoch. 

World without a Sun. 

And say, without our hopes, without our fears, 
Without the home that plighted love endears, 
Without the smile from partial beauty won. 
Oh 1 what were man t— a world without a sun. 

Campbell: Pleasures 0/ Hope, ii. (1799) 

Worldly Wiseman (Mr.), one who 
tries to persuade Christian that it is very 
bad policy to continue his journey towards 
the Celestial City. — Bunyan : Pilgrim's 
Progress, i. (1678). 

Worm (Man is a). 

The learn 'd themselves we Boole- 1 

The blockhead is a Slow-worm ; 
Thy nymph whose tail is all on flame 

Is aptly termed a Glow-worm ; 
The flatterer an Earwig' grows ; 

Thus worms suit all conditions ;— 
Misers are Muck-worms ; Silk-worms 1 

And Death-watches physicians. 

Pip*: To Mr. John Moort (173s). 



WORMS. 



1229 



WOZENHAM. 



Worms (Language of). Melampos 
the prophet was acquainted with the lan- 
guage of worms ; and when thrown into 
a dungeon, heard the worms communi- 
cating to each other that the roof over- 
head would fall in, for the beams were 
eaten through. He imparted this intelli- 
gence to his jailers, and was removed to 
another dungeon. At night the roof did 
fall, and the king, amazed at this fore- 
knowledge, released Melampos, and gave 
him the oxen of Iphiklos. 

Worse than a Crime. Talleyrand 
said, respecting the murder of the due 
d'Enghien by Napoleon L, "It was 
worse than a crime, it was a blunder." 

Worthies (The Nine). Three Gen- 
tiles: Hector, Alexander, Julius Caesar; 
three Jews : Joshua, David, Judas Mac- 
cabaeus ; three Christians : Arthur, Char- 
lemagne, Godfrey of Bouillon. 

Worthies of London ( The Nine). 

(1) Sir William Walworth, fish- 
monger, who stabbed Wat Tyler the 
rebel. For this service king Richard II. 
gave him the " cap of maintenance " and 
a " dagger " for the arms of London (lord 
mayor 1374., 1380). 

(2) Sir Henry Pritchard or Picard, 
vintner, who feasted Edward III., the 
Black Prince, John king of Austria, the 
king of Cyprus, and David of Scotland, 
with 5000 guests, in 1356, the year of his 
mayoralty. 

(3) Sir William Sevenoke, grocer. 
"A foundling, found under seven oaks." 
He fought with the dauphin, and built 
twenty almshouses, etc. (lord mayor 
1418). 

(4) Sir Thomas White, merchant 
tailor, who, during his mayoralty in 1553, 
kept London faithful to queen Mary 
during Wyatt's rebellion. Sir Thomas 
White was the son of a poor clothier, and 
began trade as a tailor with j£ioo. He 
was the founder of St. John's College, 
Oxford, on the spot where two elms grew 
from one root. 

(5) Sir John Bonham, mercer, com- 
mander of the army which overcame 
Solyman the Great, who knighted him on 
the field after the victory, and gave him 
chains of gold, etc. 

(6) Sir Christopher Croker, vint- 
ner, the first to enter Bordeaux when it 
was besieged. Companion of the Black 
Prince. He married Doll Stodie. 

(7) Sir John Hawkwood, tailor, 
knighted by the Black Prince. He is 



immortalized in Italian history as Gi+ 
vanni A cuti Cava Hero. He died in Padua. 

(8) Sir Hugh Caverley, silk-weaver, 
famous for ridding Poland of a monstrous 
bear. He died in France. 

(9) Sir Henry Maleverer, grocer, 
generally called " Henry of Cornhill," a 
crusader in the reign of Henry IV. , and 
guardian of "Jacob's Well." — R. John- 
son: The Nine Worthies of London (1592). 

Worthington (Lieutenants " the 
poor gentleman ; " a disabled officer and 
a widower, very poor, " but more proud 
than poor, and more honest than proud." 
He was for thirty years in the king's 
army, but was discharged on half-pay, 
being disabled at Gibraltar by a shell 
which crushed his arm. His wife was 
shot in his arms when his daughter was 
but three years old. The lieutenant put 
his name to a bill for ;£ 500 ; but his friend 
dying before he had effected his insur- 
ance, Worthington became responsible 
for the entire sum, and if sir Robert 
Bramble had not most generously paid 
the bill, the poor lieutenant would have 
been thrown into jail. 

Emily Worthington, the lieutenant's 
daughter ; a lovely, artless, affectionate 
girl, with sympathy for every one, and a 
most amiable disposition. Sir Charles 
Cropland tried to buy her, but she re- 
jected his proposals with scorn, and fell 
in love with Frederick Bramble, to whom 
she was given in marriage. — Col man : 
The Poor Gentleman (1802). 

Worthy, in love with Melinda, who 
coquets with him for twelve months, and 
then marries him. — Farquhar: The Re- 
cruiting Officer (1705). 

Worthy (Lord), the suitor of lady 
Reveller, who was fond of play. She 
became weary of gambling, and was 
united in marriage to lord Worthy. — 
Mrs. Centlivre: The Basset Table (1706). 

Wourermans, a Dutch painter, fa- 
mous for crowded little pictures of ma- 
rauders, battle-pieces, and pictures of 

roadsides (1620-1668). 

The English Wouvermans, Abraham 
Cooper. One of his best pieces is "The 
Battle of Bosworth Field." 

Richard Cooper is called "The British 
Poussin." 

Wozenham (Miss), the lodging-house 
keeper in Mrs. Lirriper's Lodgings (1863) 
and Mrs. Lirriper's Legacy (1864), by 

Dickens. 



WRANGLE. 



1230 



WRONGHEAD. 



Wrangle (Mr. Caleb), a hen-pecked 
young husband, of oily tongue and 
plausible manners, but smarting under 
the nagging tongue and wilful ways of 
his fashionable wife. 

Mrs. Wrangle, his wife, the daughter 
of sir Miles Mowbray. She was for ever 
snubbing her young husband, wrangling 
with him, morning, noon, and night, and 
telling him most provokingly "to keep 
his temper." This couple led a cat-and- 
dog life : he was sullen, she quick- 
tempered ; he jealous, she open and 
incautious. — Cumberland : First Love 
(1796). 

Wrath's Hole {The), Cornwall. 
Bolster, a gigantic wrath, wanted St. 
Agnes to be his mistress. She told him 
she would comply when he filled a small 
hole, which she pointed out to him, with 
his blood. The wrath agreed, not know- 
ing that the hole opened into the sea ; and 
thus the saint cunningly bled the wrath 
to death, and then pushed him over the 
cliff. The hole is called "The Wrath's 
Hole " to this day, and the stones about 
it are coloured with blood-red streaks all 
over. — Polwhele : History 0/ Cornwall, i. 
176 (1813). 

Wray (Enoch), "the village patri- 
arch," blind, poor, and 100 years old ; 
but reverenced for his meekness, resig- 
nation, wisdom, piety, and experience. — 
Crabbe: The Village Patriarch (1783). 

Wrayburn (Eugene), barrister-at- 
law ; an indolent, idle, moody, whim- 
sical young man, who loves Lizzie 
Hexham. After he is nearly killed by 
Bradley Headstone, he reforms, and 
marries Lizzie, who saved his life. — 
Dickens: Our Mutual Friend (1864). 

Wren, who built St. Paul's Cathedral. 
His epitaph is — 

Si monumentum requiris, circumspice. 

Wren (Jenny), whose real name was 
Fanny Cleaver, a dolls' dressmaker, and 
the friend of Lizzie Hexham, who at one 
time lodged with her. Jenny was a little, 
deformed girl, with a sharp, shrewd face, 
and beautiful golden hair. She supported 
herself and her drunken father, whom 
she reproved as a mother might reprove 
a child. " Oh," she cried to him, point- 
ing her little finger, " you bad old boy ! 
Oh, you naughty, wicked creature ! What 
do you mean by it ? " — Dickens : Our 
Mutual Friend (1864). 

Writing on the Wall (The), a 



secret but mysterious warning of coming 
danger. The reference is to Belshazzar's 
feast (Dan. v. 5, 25-28). 

Wrong" (All in the), a comedy by 
Murphy (1761). The principal characters 
are sir John and lady Restless, sir William 
Bellmont and his son George, Beverley 
and his sister Clarissa, Blandtord and his 
daughter Belinda. Sir John and lady Rest- 
less were wrong in suspecting each other 
of infidelity, but this misunderstanding 
made their lives wretched. Beverley was 
deeply in love with Belinda, and was 
wrong in his jealousy of her, but Belinda 
was also wrong in not vindicating herself. 
She knew that she was innocent, and felt 
that Beverley ought to trust her, but she 
gave herself and him needless torment 
by permitting a misconception to remain 
which she might have most easily re- 
moved. The old men were also wrong : 
Blandford, in promising his daughter in 
marriage to sir William Bellmont's son, 
seeing she loved Beverley ; and sir 
William, in accepting the promise, seeing 
his son was plighted to Clarissa. A still 
further complication of wrong occurs : 
sir John wrongs Beverley in believing him 
to be intriguing with his wife ; and lady 
Restless wrongs Belinda in supposing 
that she coquets with her husband ; both 
were pure mistakes, all were in the wrong, 
but all in the end were set right. 

Wrong-head (Sir Francis), of Bum- 
per Hall, and M.P. for Guzzledown ; a 
country squire, who comes to town for 
the season with his wife, son, and eldest 
daughter. Sir Francis attends the House, 
but gives his vote on the wrong side; 
and he spends his money in the hope of 
obtaining a place under Government. His 
wife spends about ^100 a day on objects 
of no use. His son is on the point 
of marrying the "cast mistress" of a 
swindler, and his daughter of marrying 
a forger ; but Manly interferes to prevent 
these fatal steps, and sir Francis returns 
home to prevent utter ruin. 

Lady Wronghead, wife of sir Francis ; 
a country dame, who comes to London, 
where she squanders money on worthless 
objects, and expects to get into "society." 
Happily, she is persuaded by Manly to 
return home before the affairs of her hus- 
band are wholly desperate. 

Squire Richard [ Wronghead], eldest 
son of sir Francis, a country bumpkin. 

Miss Jenny [Wronghead], eldest 
daughter of sir Francis ; a silly girl, who 
thinks it would be a fine thing to be 



WURZBURG. 

called a "countess," and therefore be- 
comes the dupe of one Basset, a swindler, 
who calls himself a " count." — Vanbrugh 
and Cibber: The Provoked sYusband (1726). 

Wurzburfj on the Stein, Hochheim 
on the Main, and Bacharach on the Rhine 
gTow the three best wines of Germany. 
The first is called Steinwine, the second 
hock, and the third muscadine, 

Withering- Heights, a novel by 
Emily Bronte (1847). 

Wyat. Henry Wyat was imprisoned 
by Richard III., and when almost 
starved, a cat appeared at the window- 
grating, and dropped a dove into his 
hand. This occurred day after day, and 
Wyat induced the warder to cook for 
him the doves thus wonderfully obtained. 

IT Elijah the Tishbite, while he lay 
hidden at the brook Cherith, was fed by 
ravens, who brought "bread and flesh" 
every morning and evening. — 1 Kings 
xvii. 6. 

In my Dictionary of Miracles, twenty- 
one similar examples are recorded, pp. 
126-129. 

Wylie {Andrew), ex-clerk of bailie 
Nicol Jarvie.— Sir W. Scott: Rob Roy 
(time, George I.). 

Wynebgrwrthuclier, the shield 

of king Arthur. — The Mabinogion 

(" Kilhwcb and Olwen," twelfth cen- 
tury). 

Wynkyn de Worde, the second 
printer in London (from 1491-1534). 
The first was Caxton (from 1476-1491). 
Wynkyn de Worde assisted Caxton in 
the new art of printing. 

Wyo'mingf, in Pennsylvania, pur- 
chased by an American company from 
the Delaware Indians. It was settled by 
an American colony but being subject 
to constant attacks from the savages, the 
colony armed in self-defence. In 1778 
most of the able-bodied men were called 
to join the army of Washington, and in 
the summer of that year an army of 
British and Indian allies, led by colonel 
Butler, attacked the settlement, mas- 
sacred the inhabitants, and burnt their 
houses to the ground. 

• . • Campbell has made this the subject 
of a poem entitled Gertrude of Wyoming, 
but he miscalls the place Wy'oming, and 
makes Brandt, instead of Butler, the 
leader of the attack. 



1231 XAVIER DE BELSUNCE, 

On Susquehana's side fair Wy'oming, 
. . . once the loveliest land of all 
That see the Atlantic wave their morn restore. 
Campbell: Gertrude of Wyoming, L (xSoe). 

Wyvill {William de), a steward of 
the field at the tournament.— Sir W. 
Scott ; ivanhoe (time, Richard I.). 



Xan'adu, a city mentioned by Cole- 
ridge in his Kubla Khan. The idea of 
this poem is borrowed from the Pilgrim- 
age by Purchas (1613), where Xanadu is 
called "Xaindu." It is said to have 
occurred to Coleridge in a dream, but the 
dream was that of memory only. 

Xanthos, the horse of Achilles. He 
spoke with a human voice, like Balaam's 
ass, Adrastos's horse (Arion), Fortunio's 
horse (Comrade), Mahomet's "horse" 
(Al Borak), Saleh's camel, the dog of the 
seven sleepers (K at m!r), the black pigeons 
of Dodona and Ammon, the king of 
serpents (Temliha), the serpent which 
was cursed for tempting Eve, the talk- 
ing bird called bulbul-hezar, the little 
green bird of princess Fairstar, the White 
Cat, cum quibusdam aliis. 

The mournful Xanthus (says the bard of old) 
Of Peleus' warlike son the fortune told. 
P€ttr Pindar [Dr. Wolcot]: The Lounad, t. (1809). 

Xantippe (3 syl.) t wife of Socrates; 
proverbial for a scolding, nagging, peevish 
wife. One day, after storming at the 
philosopher, she emptied a vessel of dirty 
water on his head, whereupon Socrates 
simply remarked, " Ay, ay, we always 
look for rain after thunder. ' 

Xantippe (3 syl.), daughter of 
Cimo'nos. She preserved the life of her 
old father in prison by suckling him. 
The guard marvelled that the old man 
held out so long, and, watching for the 
solution, discovered the fact. 

IT Euphra'sia, daughter of Evander, 
preserved her aged father while in prison 
in a similar manner. (See Grecian 
Daughter, p. 446.) 

Xavier de Belsunce (//. Francois), 
immortalized by his self-devotion in ad- 
ministering to the plague-stricken at 
Marseilles (1720-22). 

^ Other similar examples are Charles 



XENOCRATES. 



123a 



YARROW. 



Borro'meo, cardinal and archbishop of 
Milan (1538-1584). St. Roche, who died 
in 1327 from the plague caught by him 
in his indefatigable labours in minister- 
ing to the plague-stricken at Piacenza. 
Mompesson was equally devoted to the 
people of Eyam. Our own sir John 
Lawrence, lord mayor of London, is less 
known, but ought to be held in equal 
honour, for supporting 40,000 dismissed 
servants in the great plague. 

Xenoc rates (4 syl.), a Greek philo- 
sopher. The courtezan Lais made a 
heavy bet that she would allure him from 
his " prudery ; " but after she had tried 
all her arts on him without success, she 
exclaimed, 'I thought he had been a 
living man, and not a mere stone." 

Do you think I am Xenocrates, or like the sultan with 
marble legs? There you leave me titt-a-Utt with Mrs. 
Hallef, as if my heart were a mere flint.— Benjamin 
Thompson : The Stranfr, Ir. * (1797). 

Xerxes denounced (See Plu- 
tarch, Life of Themistocles, article •■ Sea- 
Fights of Artemisium and Salamis.") 

Minerva on the bounding prow 
Of Athens stood, and with the thunder's voice 
Denounced her terrors on their impious heads [the 

Persians], 
And shook her burning cgis. Xerxes saw. 
From Heracle'uro on the mountain's height. 
Throned in her golden car ; he knew the sign 
Celestial, felt unrighteous hope forsake 
His faltering heart, and turned his face with shame. 
A kensidt ■ Hymn to the Naiads (1767). 

Xime'na, daughter of count de Gor- 
mez. The count was slain by the Cid for 
insulting his father. Four times Ximena 
demanded vengeance of the king ; but the 
king, perceiving that the Cid was in love 
with her, delayed vengeance, and ulti- 
mately she married him. 

Xit, the royal dwarf of Edward VI. 

Xtiry, a Moresco boy, servant to 
Robinson Crusoe. — Defoe: Adventures of 
Robinson Crusoe (1719). 



Y, called the "Samian letter." It 
was used by Pythagoras of Samos as a 
symbol of the path of virtue, which is 
one, like the stem of the letter ; but once 
divergent, the further the two lines are 
drawn the greater becomes the diver- 
gence. 



Ya'hoo, one of the human brutes 
subject to the Houyhnhnms [ Whin-hints'] 
or horses possessed of human intelligence. 
In this tale the horses and men change 
places . the horses are the chief and ruling 
race, and man the subject one. — Swift; 
Gulliver's Travels (1726). 

Yajui and Majuj, the Arabian form 
of Gog and Magog. Gog is a tribe of 
Turks, and Magog of the Gilan (the Geli 
or Gelae of Ptolemy and Strabo). Al 
Beidawi says they were man-eaters. 
Dhu'lkarnein made a rampart of red-hot 
metal to keep out their incursions. 

He said to the workmen, " Bring me iron In large 
pieces till it fill up the space between these two moun- 
tains . . . \ihtn\ blow with your bellows till it make the 
iron red hot." And he said further, " Bring me molten 
brass that I may pour upon it." When this wall was 
finished, Gog and Magog could not scale it, neither 
could they dig through it.— Salt : Al Kordn, xviii. 

Yakutsk, in Siberia, affords an exact 
parallel to the story about Carthage. 
Dido, having purchased in Africa as much 
land as could be covered with a bull's 
hide, ordered the hide to be cut into thin 
slips, and thus enclosed land enough to 
build Byrsa upon. This Byrsa ("bull's 
hide ") was the citadel of Carthage, round 
which the city grew. 

So with Yakutsk. The strangers bought 
as much land as they could encompass 
with a cow-hide, but, by cutting the hide 
into slips, they encompassed enough land 
to build a city on. 

Tama, a Hindu deity, represented by 
a man with four arms riding on a bulL 

Thy great birth, O horse, is to be glorified, whether 
first springing from the firmament or from the water, 
inasmuch as thou hast neighed, thou hast the wings of 
the falcon, thou hast the limbs of the deer. Trita har- 
nessed the horse which was given by Yama; Indra 
first mounted him ; Gandharba seized his reins. Vasus, 
you fabricated the horse from the sun. Thou, O horse, 
art Yama ; thou art Aditya ; thou art Trita ; thou art 
Soma.— The Riz Veda, ii. 

Ya'men, lord and potentate of Panda- 
Ion (hell). — HindU Mythology. 

What worse than this hath Yamen's hell In store T 
Southey : Curst o/Kthama, U. (1809). 

Yar'ico, a young Indian maiden with 
whom Thomas Inkle fell in love. After 
living with her as his wife, he despicably 
sold her in Barbados as a slave. 

(The story is told by sir Richard 
Steele in The Spectator, n ; and has been 
dramatized by George Colman under the 
title of Inkle and Yarico, 1787.) 

Yarrow or Achille'a millefolium. 
Linnaeus recommends the bruised leaves 
of common yarrow as a most excellent 
vulnerary and powerful styptic. 



YARROW. 

[Tht htrmit gath*rt\ 
Tto ywrow, wherewithaU he ctops the wound-Made 

Drayttn : Ptlyolbion, zH. ( 1613) . 

Yarrow (The Flower of). Mary Scott 

was so called. 

Yathreb, the ancient name of 

Medina. 

When a party of them said, "O inhabitant* of 
Yathreb, there is no place of security for you here, 
wherefore return home ; " a part of them asked leave 
of the prophet to depart.— Salt: A I Koran, xxxiii. 

Tear of the Stars (The), 902 ; so 
called from a great shower of shooting 
stars, which appeared at the death of a 
Moorish king. 

Yeast, a novel by the Rev. C. 
Kingsley (1848). Its object is to show 
the spiritual perplexities of thoughtful 
minds, and the ferment of the rural popu- 
lation. 

Yellow Dwarf ( The), a malignant, 
ugly imp, who claimed the princess All- 
fair as his bride ; and carried her off to 
Steel Castle on his Spanish cat, the very 
day she was about to be married to the 
beautiful king of the Gold-Mines. The 
king of the Gold-Mines tried to rescue her, 
and was armed by a good siren with a 
diamond sword of magic power, by which 
he made his way through every difficulty 
to the princess. Delighted at seeing his 
betrothed, he ran to embrace her, and 
dropped his sword. Yellow Dwarf, 
picking it up, demanded if Gold-Mine 
would resign the lady, and on his refusing 
to do so, slew him with the magic sword. 
The princess, rushing forward to avert the 
blow, fell dead on the body of her dying 
lover. 

Yellow Dwarf was so called from his complex!**, 
the orange tree he lived in. ... He were woodea shoes, 
a coarse, yellow stuff jacket, aad had no hair to hide 
Vis large %*x%.—Comttsse VAulnoy ; Fairy TmU* 
(" The Yellow Dwarf," 16*2). 

Yellow River ( The). The Tiber was 

called Flavus Tibe'ris, because the water 
is much discoloured with yellow sand. 

Vorticibus rapidi* et multa iavus arena. 

Virgil: AStteid, viL ja. 
While flows the Yellow River, 

While stands the Sacred HiD, 
The proud Ides of Quintals Tiji* Ju&\ 
Shall have such honour ituL 
Mmtmulay • Lays {" Battle of the Lake Regillua," 184^ 

V The "Sacred Hill" (Mons Sacer), 
to called because it was held sacred by the 
Roman people, who retired thither, led by 
Sicinius ; and refused to return home till 
their debts were remitted, and the tri- 
bunes of the people were made recognized 
magistrates of Rome. On the 15th July 
was fought the battle of the lake Regillus, 



"33 



YERUTI. 



and the anniversary was kept by the 
Romans as *.flte day. 

Yellow River (The), of China, so 
called from its colour. The Chinese have 
a proverb : Such and such a thing will 
occur when the Yellow River runs clear, 
i.e. never. 

Yellow Water ( The), a water which 
possessed this peculiar property : If only 
a few drops were put into a basin, no 
matter how large, it would produce a 
complete and beautiful fountain, which 
would always fill the basin and never 
overflow it. — Arabian Nights. 

IT In the fairy tale of Chery and Fair- 
star, by the comtesse D'Aulnoy, "the 
dancing water" did the same (1682). 

Much of Bacon's life was passed in a visionary world 
. . . amidst buildings more sumptuous than the palace 
of Aladdin, and fountains more wonderful than too 
golden water of Parizade \q.f.\— Macmulay. 

Yellowley {Mr. Triptolemus), the 
factor, an experimental agriculturist of 
Stourburgh or Harfra. 

Mistress Baby or Barbary Yellowley, 
sister and housekeeper of Triptolemus. 

Old Jasper Yellowley, father of Trip- 
tolemus and Barbary. — Sir IV. Scott; 
The Pirate (time, William IIL). 

Yellowness, jealousy. Nym says 
(referring to Ford), " I will possess him 
with yellowness." — Shakespeare: Merry 
Wives of Windsor, act L sc. 4 (1601). 

Yellowplush {The Memoirs of Mr.), 
a series of humorous sketches by W. M. 
Thackeray. Mr. Yellowplush is a West- 
end footman, who is supposed to write 
the sketches. 

„,! Ye 'men, Arabia Felix. 

Beautiful are the maids that gUdo 
On summer eves through Yemen's dale*. 
Moon : La I la Rookh (" Tho Fire- Worshippers," stif). 

Yenadiz'se, aa idler, a gambler ; also 
an Indian fop. 

With my nets you a ever help mo; 
At the door my nets are hanging. 
Co and wring them, yenadixze. 

Longfellov : Hiaiumt**, vi. (itfl). 

Yendys (Sydney), the nom de plume 
Of Sydney Dobeil (1824-1874). 

("Yendys" is merely the word Sydney 
reversed. ) 

Yeoman's Tale(7*«-), the thirteenth 
of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. (See 
Chanounes Yemenes Tale, p. 194.) 

Yeru'ti, son of Quiira and Monnema. 

His father and mother were of the Guarani 

race, and the only ones who escaped a 

small-pox plague which infested that part 

4* 



YEW IN CHURCHYARDS. 1234 



YORK. 



of Paraguay. Yeruti was born after his 
parents migrated to the Mondai woods, 
but his father was killed by a jaguar just 
before the birth of Moorua (his sister). 
When grown to youthful age, a Jesuit 
pastor induced the three to come and live 
at St. Joachin, where was a primitive 
colony of some 2000 souls. Here the 
mother soon died from the confinement 
of city life. Mooma followed her ere 
long to the grave. Yeruti now requested 
to be baptized, and no sooner was the 
rite over, than he cried, ' ' Ye are come 
for me ! I am quite ready ! " and instantly 
expired. — Southey : A Tale of Paraguay 
(1814). 

Yew in Churchyards. The yew 
was substituted for " the sacred palm," 
because palm trees are not of English 
growth. 

But for encheson, that we have not olyve that berlth 
grained leef, algate therefore we take ewe instead of 
palme and olyve.— Caxton : Directory /or Keeping 
Festivals (1483). 

Yezad or Yezdam, called by the 
Greeks Oroma'zes (4 syl.), the principle 
of good in Persian mythology ; opposed 
to Ahriman or Arimannis the principle of 
evil. Yezad created twenty-four good 
spirits, and, to keep them from the power 
of the evil one, enclosed them in an egg ; 
but Ahriman pierced the shell, and hence 
there is no good without some admixture 
of eviL 

Yezd (1 syl.), chief residence of the 
fire-worshippers. Stephen says they have 
kept alive the sacred fire on mount Ater 
Quedah ("mansion of fire"} for above 
3000 years, and it is the ambition of every 
true fire-worshipper to die within the 
sacred city. 

From Yezd's eternal " Mansion of the Fire," 
Where aged saints in dreams of heaven expire, 
Moore: Lalla Rookh (" The Fire- Worshippers, "1817). 

Ygerne \E-gerri\ wife of Gorlois 
lord of Tintag'el Castle, in Cornwall 
KingUther tried to seduce her, but Ygerne 
resented the insult ; whereupon Uther 
and Gorlois fought, and the latter was 
slain. Uther then besieged Tints gel 
Castle, took it, and compelled Ygerne to 
become his wife. Nine months after- 
wards, Uther died, and on the same day 
was Arthur born. 

Then Uther, in his wrath and heat, besieged 
Ygeme within Tintagil . . . and entered in . . . 
Enforced she was to wed him in her tears. 
And with a shameful swiftness. 

Tennyson: Coming of Arthur. 

Yg'g'drasil', the great ash tree which 
binds together heaven, earth, and hell. 



Its branches extend over the whole earth, 
its top reaches heaven, and its roots hell. 
The three Nomas or Fates sit under the 
tree, spinning the events of man's life.— 
Scandinavian Mythology. 

By the Urdar fount dwelling. 

Day by day from the rill. 
The Nomas besprinkle 

The ash YggdrasiL 

Lord Lytton : Harold, vfl. (1850). 

Ygnerne. (See Ygerne.) 

Yn'iol, an earl of decayed fortune, 
father of Enid. He was ousted from his 
earldom by his nephew Ed'yrn (son of 
Nudd), called "The Sparrow-Hawk. " 
When Edyrn was overthrown by prince 
Geraint' in single combat, he was com- 
pelled to restore the earldom to his uncle. 
He is described in the Mabinogion as " a 
hoary-headed man, clad in tattered gar- 
ments." — Tennyson: Idylls of the King 
(-Enid"). y S 

He says to Geraint, " I lost a great earldom as well 
as a city and castle, and this is how I lost them: I had 
a nephew, . . . and when he came to his strength he 
demanded of me his property, but I withheld it from 
him. So he made war upon me, and wrested from me 
all that I possessed."— The Mabinogion ("Geraint, the 
son of Erbin," twelfth century). 

Yoglan (Zacharias), the old Jew 
chemist, in London. — Sir W. Scott: 
Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth). 

Yohak, the giant guardian of the 
caves of Babylon. — Southey: Thalaba the 
Destroyer, v. (1797). 

Yorick, jester of the king of Den- 
mark ; " a fellow of infinite jest and most 
excellent fancy." — Shakespeare: Hamlet 
Prince of Denmark (1596). 

Yorick, a humorous and careless 
parson, of Danish origin, a descendant of 
Yorick mentioned in Shakespeare's Ham- 
let. — Sterne : Tristram Shandy (1759). 

Yorick, the lively, witty, sensible, and heedless 
parson, is . . . Sterne himself. — Sir IV. Scott. 

Yorick {Mr.), the pseudonym of the 
Rev. Laurence Sterne, attached to his 
Sentimental Journey through France and 
Italy (1768). 

YORK, according to legendary his- 
tory, was built by Ebrauc, son of Gwen- 
dolen widow of king Locrin. Geoffrey 
says it was founded while " David reigned 
in Judaea," and was called Caer-brauc — 
British History, ii. 7 (114a). 

York (New), United States, America, 
is so called in compliment to the duke of 
York, afterwards James II. It had been 
previously called " New Amsterdam " by 
the Dutch colonists ; but when in 1664 its 



YORK. 



"35 



YSOLDE* 



fovernor, Stuyvesant, surrendered to the 
English, its name was changed. 

York [Geoffrey archbishop of), one of 
the high justiciaries of England in the 
absence of Richard Coeur de Lion. — Sir 
W. Scott : The Talisman (time, Richard 
I.). 

York [James duke of), introduced by 
sir W. Scott in Woodstock and in Peveril 
of the Peak. 

Yorke [Oliver), pseudonym of Francis 
Sylvester Mahoney, editor of Fraser's 
Magazine. 

Yorkshire Bite (A), a specially 
'cute piece of overreaching, entrapping 
one into a profitless bargain. The monkey 
who ate the oyster and returned a shell to 
each litigant affords a good example. 

Yorkshire Tragedy [The), author 
unknown (1604), was at one time printed 
under the name of Shakespeare. 

Young". "Whom the gods love die 
young." — Herodotos: History. (Sec Notes 
and Queries, Octobers, 1879.) 

(Quoted by lord Byron in reference to 
Haidee. — Don Juan, iv. 13, 1820.) 

Young America. J. G. Holland 
lays, "What we call Young America Is 
made up of about equal parts of irre- 
verence, conceit, and that popular moral 
quality familiarly known as brass." 

Young' Chevalier (The), Charles 
Edward Stuart, grandson of James II. 
The second pretender (1720-1788). 

Young England, a set of young 
aristocrats, who tried to revive the courtly 
manners of the Chesterfield school. They 
wore white waistcoats, patronized the pet 
poor, looked down upon shopkeepers, and 
were imitators of the period of Louis XIV. 
Disraeli has immortalized their ways and 
manners. 

Young Germany, a literary school, 

headed by Heinrich Heine [Jfi-ny], whose 
aim was to liberate politics, religion, and 
manners from the old conventional tram- 
mels. 

Young Ireland, followers of Daniel 
O'Connell in politics, but wholly opposed 
to his abstention from war and insur- 
rection in vindication of " their country's 
rights." 

Young Italy, certain Italian re- 
fugees, who associated themselves with 
the French republican party, called the 
Carbonnerie Democratique. The society 



was first organized at Marseilles by Mas- 
zini, and its chief object was to diffuse 
republican principles. 

Young Roscius, William Henry 
West Betty. When only 12 years old, he 
made ^34,000 in fifty-six nights. He 
appeared in 1803, and very wisely retired 
from the stage in 1807 (1791-1874). 

Young-and-Handsome, a beautiful 
fairy, who fell in love with Alidorus "the 
lovely shepherd." Mordicant, an ugly 
fairy also loved him, and confined him in 
a dungeon. Zephyrus loved Young-and- 
Handsome, but when he found no reci- 
procity, he asked the fairy how he could 
best please her. * • By liberating the lovely 
shepherd," she replied. " Fairies, you 
know, have no power over fairies, but 
you, being a god, have full power over 
the whole race." Zephyrus complied with 
this request, and restored Alidorus to the 
Castle of Flowers, whereupon Young-and- 
Handsome bestowed on him perpetual 
youth, and married him. — Comtesse 
D'Aulnoy: Fairy Tales ("Young-and- 
Handsome," 1682). 

Youth and Age, a poem by Cole- 
ridge. One of his best. 

Youth Restored. iEson and Jason 
were both restored to youth by Medea. 
Iolaos, according to EurypidCs, was re- 
stored to youth. The Muses of Bacchus 
and their husbands, according to^Eschylos, 
were restored to youth. Phaon, the be- 
loved of Sappho, was restored to youth 
by Venus. We are also told of grinding 
old men into young. Ogier, at 100 years 
old, was restored to the vigour of man- 
hood by a ring given him by Morgue the 
fay. And Hebe had the power of restor- 
ing youth and beauty to whom she chose. 

Youth Restorers or Restora- 
tives. (See Old Age restored, etc., 
p. 772.) 

Youwarkee, the name of the gawrey 

that Peter Wilkins married. She in- 
troduced the seaman to Nosmnbdsgrsutt, 
the land of flying men and women. — 
Pultock: Peter Wilkins (1750). 

Ysaie le Triste [E-say' le Treest], 
son of Tristram and Isold (wife of king 
Mark of Cornwall). The adventures of 
this young knight form the subject of a 
French romance called Jsaie le Triste 
(l53a). 

I did not think It MCOMTf to contemplate the ex- 
ploits . . . with the gravity of I sale le Triste. — Dunlop. 

Ysolde or Ysonde (2 syl.), stir- 
named " The Fair," daughter of the king 



YSOLDE. 



1236 



ZABARELL. 



of Ireland. When sir Tristram was 

wounded in fighting for his uncle Mark, 
he went to Ireland, and was cured by the 
Fair Ysolde. On his return to Cornwall, 
he gave his uncle such a glowing account 
of the young princess that he was sent to 
propose offers of marriage, and to conduct 
the lady to Cornwall. The brave young 
knight and the fair damsel fell in love with 
each other on their voyage, and, although 
Ysolde married king Mark, she retained 
to the end her love for sir Tristram. 
King Mark, jealous of his nephew, 
banished him from Cornwall, and he went 
to Wales, where he performed prodigies 
of valour. In time his uncle invited him 
back to Cornwall, but, the guilty inter- 
course being renewed, he was banished a 
second time. Sir Tristram now wandered 
over Spain, Ermonie, and Brittany, win- 
ning golden opinions by his exploits. In 
Brittany he married the king's daughter, 
Ysolde or Ysonde of the White Hand, 
but neither loved her nor lived with her. 
The rest of the tale is differently told by 
different authors. Some say he returned 
to Cornwall, renewed his love with Ysolde 
the Fair, and was treacherously stabbed 
by his uncle Mark. Others say he was 
severely wounded in Brittany, and sent 
for his aunt, but died before her arrival 
When Ysolde the Fair heard of his death, 
she died of a broken heart ; and king 
Mark buried them both in one grave, over 
which he planied a rose bush and a vine. 

Ysolde or Tsonde or Yseult of the 

White Hand, daughter of the king of 
Brittany. Sir Tristram married her for 
her name's sake, but never loved her nor 
lived with her, because he loved his aunt 
Ysolde the Fair (the young wife of king 
Mark), and it was a point of chivalry for 
a knight to love only one woman, whether 
widow, wife, or maid. 

Yzolt or Isold. The French form 
is Yseulte or Ysonde; and the Italian 
form is Isolte. Tennyson spells the word 
Isolt in The Last Tournament. 

Ytene [E-tee'-ne], New Forest, in 
Hampshire. 

So when two boars in wild YtenA bred. 

Or on Westphalia's fattening chestnuts fed. 
Gnash their sharp tusks, and roused with equal fir«^ 
Dispute the reign of some luxurious mire. 
In the black flood they wallow o'er and o er. 
Till their armed jaws distill with foam and gore. 
Gay : Trivia, iii. 45 1171a). 

Yuhid 'th.it on, chief of the Az'tecas, 
the mightiest in battle and wisest in 
council. He succeeded Co'anocot'zin (5 
syl.) as king of the tribe, and led the 



people from the south of the Missouri U 
Mexico. — Southey : Madoc (1805). 

Yves {St.), of whom it was written— 

Sanctus Ivo erat Brito, 

Advocatus, et non latro. 

Res miranda populo. 
St. Yves (1 syi.) was of the land of Bie£ 
An advocate, yet not a thief, 
A stretch on popular belief. 

B.CB. 

Yvetot [Eve-toe], a town in Nor- 
mandy ; the lord of the town was called 
le roi d' Yvetot. The tale is that Clotaire 
son of Clovis, having slain the lord of 
Yvetot before the high altar of Soissons, 
made atonement to the heirs by conferring 
on them the title of king. B^ranger says 
this potentate is little known in history, 
but his character and habits were not 
peculiar. ' ' He rose late, went to bed 
early, slept without caring for glory, made 
four meals a day, lived in a thatched 
house, wore a cotton night-cap instead of 
a crown, rode on an ass, and his only law 
was ' charity begins at home.' " 

II etait un roi d'Yvetot 

Peu connu dans l'histoire ; 
Se levant tard, se couchant tot. 

Dormant fort bien sans g"loir«, 
Et couronne par Jeanneton 
D'un simple bonnet de coton. 

Diton: 
Oh J oh I oh ! oh 1 Ah 1 ah ! ah I ah ! 
Quel bon petit roi c'etait ; la I la 1 la I 

B/ranfm 
A king there was, " roi d Yvetot " clept. 

But little known in story, 
Went soon to bed, till daylight slept. 

And soundly without glory. 
His royal brow in cotton cap 
Would Jannet, when he took his nap, 

Enwrap. 
Oh ! oh ! oh I oh 1 Ah ! ah I ah I ah ! 
What king mere famous ? La ! la 1 la I 

B.CB. 

Ywaine and Gawin , the English 
version of "Owain and the Lady of the 
Fountain." The English version was 
taken from the French of Chrestien de 
Troyes, and was published by Ritson 
(twelfth century). The Welsh tale is in 
the Mabinogion. There is also a German 
version by Hartmann von der Aue, a 
minnesinger (beginning of thirteenth 
century). There are also Bavarian and 
Danish versions. 



Zabarell, a learned Italian commen- 
tator on works connected with the Aris- 
totelian system of philosophy (1533- 
1589). 



ZABIDIUS. 



W37 



ZAMBULLa 



And still I held converse with Zabaretl . . . 
Stunt nothig-books ; and still my spaniel slept. 
At length he waked and yawned ; and by yon sky, 
For aught I know, he knew as much as I. 

Mars ton (died 1634). 



Zabidins, the name in Martial for 
which "Dr. Fell" was substituted by 
Tom Brown, when set by the dean of 
Christ Church to translate the lines — 

Non amo te, Zabidi, nee possum dicere 
Hoc tantum possum dicere, non amo te. 
I love thee not, Zabidius — 
Yet cannot tell thee why ; 
But this I may most truly say, 
I love the* not, not L 



Imitated thus- 



B.C3. 



I do not like thee. Dr. Fell— 
The reason why, I cannot tell 1 
But this 1 know, and know full well, 
I do not like thee. Dr. Fell. 
Tern Brown (author of Dialogues of the Dead). 

Zabir {A I). So the Mohammedans 
call mount Sinai. 

When Moses came at our appointed time, and his 
Lord spake unto him, he said, "O Lord, show me Thy 
glory, that I may behold Thee ; " and God answered, 
a Thou shalt in no wise behold Me : but look towards 
this mountain [Al Zabir], and if it stand firm in its 
place, then shalt thou see me." But when the Lord 
appeared with glory, the mount was reduced to dust. — 
Al Kordn, vii. 

Zab'ulon, a Jew, the servant of Hip- 
polyta a rich lady wantonly in love with 
Arnoldo. Arnoldo is contracted to the 
chaste Zeno'cia, who, in turn, is basely 
pursued by the governor count Clo'dio. — 
John Fletcher : The Custom of the Country 
(1647). 

Zab'ulus, same as Diabolus. 

Gay sport have we had to-night with Zabulos. 

Lord Lytton • Harold, vui. (1850). 

Zaccoc'ia, king of Mozambique, who 
received Vasco da Gama and his crew 
with great hospitality, believing them 
to be Mohammedans , but when he as- 
certained that they were Christians, he 
tried to destroy them. — Camo'ens: Lusiad, 
».. «• (i5 6 9)- 

Zacharia, one of the three ana- 
baptists who induced John of Leyden to 
join the revolt of Westphalia and Holland. 
On the arrival of the emperor, they be- 
trayed their dupe, but perished with him 
in the flames of the burning palace.-— 
Meyerbeer: Le Prophite (1849). 

Zadigf, the hero and title of a novel 
by Voltaire. Zadig is a wealthy young 
Babylonian, and the object of the novel 
is to show that the events of life are 
beyond human control. 

Method of Zadig, drawing inferences 
from close observation. A man who had 
lost his camel asked Zadig if he had seen 
it. Zadig replied, "You mean a camel 



with one eye, and defective teeth, I 
suppose ? No, I have not seen it, but it 
has strayed towards the west." Being 
asked how he knew these things if he had 
not seen the beast, " Well enough," he 
replied. ' I knew it had but (me eye, 
because it cropped the grass only on one 
side of the road. I knew it had lost 
some of its teeth, because the grass was 
not bitten clean off. I knew it had strayed 
westward, by its footprints." 

Zad'kiel (3 syl.), angel of the planet 
Jupiter — Jewish Mythology. 

Zad'kiel, the pseudonym of lieutenant 
Richard James Morrison, author of the 
Prophetic Almanac, etc 

Zadoc, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, is Sancroft archbishop of 
Canterbury. 



Zadoc the priest, whom shunning power and | 
His lowly mind advanced to David's grace. 

Pt. i. 801, 809 (1681). 

Zaide (a syl), a young slave, who 
pretends to have been ill-treated by 
Adraste (2 syl), and runs to don Pedre 
for protection. (For the rest, see Adraste, 
p. 10.) — Moliere Lt Sicilien ou 
L Amour Peintre (1667). 

Zaira, the mother of Eva Wentworth. 
She is a brilliant Italian, courted by de 
Courcy. When deceived by him, she 
meditates suicide, but forbears, and sees 
Eva die tranquilly, and the faithless de 
Courcy perish of remorse. — Rev. C. R, 
Maturin Women (a novel, 1822). 

Zakkum or Al ZakkUm, the tree of 
death, rooted in hell, as the tree of life 
was in Eden. It is called in the Kordn 
" the cursed tree"(ch. xvii.). The fruit 
is extremely bitter, and any great evil or 
bitter draught is figuratively called al 
Zakkum. The damned eat its bitter 
fruits and drink scalding hot water (ch. 
xxx vii). 

The unallayable bitterness 
Of Zaccoum's fruit accurst. 
Southey: ThaUba the Destroyer, »*. i* (1797)- 
Is this a better entertainment, or b It of the tree a 
Zakkum?— Sale: A I Kordn, xxxviL 

Zal, father of Roustara, or Rostam 
(o.v.). (See also Rodhavkr, p. 925.) 

Zambo, the issue of an Indian and a 
negro. 

Z am bull o (Don Cleophas Leandro 
Perex), the person carried through the 
air by Asmodeus to the steeple of St. 
Salvador, and shown, in a moment of 



ZAMHARIR. 



1*38 



ZARA. 



time, the interior of every private dwell- 
ing around. — Lesage: The Devil on Two 
Sticks (1707). 

Cleaving; the air at a greater rate than don Cleophas 
Leandro Perez Zambullo and his familiar.— Dicktns : 
The Old Curiosity Shop (1840). 

Zam'barir' (A I), that extreme cold 

to which the wicked shall be exposed 
after they leave the flames of hell or have 
drunk of the boiling water there. — Sale: 
Al Kordn, vi. (notes). 

4 Zam'ora, youngest of the three 
- daughters of Balthazar. She is in love 
with Rolando, a young soldier, who 
fancies himself a woman-hater. (See 
Rolando, p. 928.)— Tobin: The Honey- 
moon (1804). 

Zamti, the Chinese mandarin. His 
wife was Mandan6(^.v.). — Murphy: The 
Orphan of China (1761). 

Zanga, the revengeful Moor, the ser- 
vant of don Alonzo. The Moor hates 
Alonzo for two reasons (1) because he 
killed his father, and (2) because he struck 
him on the cheek ; and although Alonzo 
has used every endeavour to conciliate 
Zanga, the revengeful Moor nurses his 
hate and keeps it warm. The revenge he 
wreaks is (1) to poison the friendship 
which existed between Alonzo and don 
Carlos by accusations against the don, 
and (2) to embitter the love of Alonzo for 
Leonora his wife. Alonzo, out of jealousy, 
has his friend killed, and Leonora makes 
away with herself. Having thus lost his 
best beloved, Zanga tells his dupe he has 
been imposed upon, and Alonzo, mad 
with grief, stabs himself. Zanga, content 
with the mischief he has done, is taken 
away to execution. — Young: The Revenge 
(1721). 

•.*.." Zanga " was the great character of 
Henry Mossop (1729-1773). It was also 
a favourite part with J. Kemble (1757- 
1823). 

Zangfbar, a fabulous island near 
India ; probably the same as Zanguebar 
(Zanzibar) on the east coast of Africa. 

Zano'ni, hero and title of a novel 
by lord Lytton. Zanoni is supposed to 
possess the power of communicating 
with spirits, prolonging life, and pro- 
ducing gold, silver, and precious stones 
(1842). 

Zany of Debate. George Canning 
was so called by Charles Lamb in a 
sonnet printed in The Champion news- 
paper. Posterity has not endorsed the 



judgment or wit of this calumny (1770- 

1827). 

Zaphimri, the " orphan of China," 
brought up by Zamti, under the name o! 
Etan. 

Ere yet the foe burst In, 
" Zamti," said he, " preserve my cradled infant; 
Save him from ruffians ; train his youth to virtue . . ." 
He could no more ; the cruel spoiler seized him. 
And dragged ray king, from yonder altar dragged him. 
Here on the blood-stained pavement ; while the queen 
And her dear fondlings, in one mangled heap. 
Died in each other's arms. 

Murphy : Tht Orphan ff China, Hi. i (x 7 6x). 

Zapb.na, son of Alcanor chief of 
Mecca. He and his sister Palmira, being 
taken captives in infancy, were brought 
up by Mahomet, and Zaphna, not know- 
ing Palmira was his sister, fell in love 
with her, and was in turn beloved. When 
Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, he em- 
ployed Zaphna to assassinate Alcanor, 
and when he had committed the deed, 
discovered that it was his own father he 
had killed. Zaphna would have revenged 
the deed on Mahomet, but died of poison. 
— Miller : Mahomet the Impostor (1740). 

Zapolites (3 syl.), in More's Utopia, 
means the Swiss. They are described as 
a half- savage race, hired by the Utopians 
as mercenary soldiers. 

Zara, an African queen, intensely in 
love with Osmyn {q.v.\ — Congreve: The 
Mourning Bride (1697). 

* . * ' ' Zara " was one of the great cha- 
racters of Mrs. Siddons (1755-1831). 

Zara (in French, Zaire), the heroine 
and title of a tragedy by Voltaire (1733), 
adapted for the English stage by Aaron 
Hill (1735). Zara * s tne daughter of 
Lusignan d'Outremer king of Jerusalem 
and brother of Nerestan. Twenty years 
ago, Lusignan and his two children 
had been taken captives. Nerestan was 
four years old at the time ; and Zara, a 
mere infant, was brought up in the 
seraglio. Osman the sultan fell in love 
with her, and promised to make her his 
sultana ; and as Zara loved him for him- 
self, her happiness seemed complete. 
Nerestan, having been sent to France to 
obtain ransoms, returned at this crisis, 
and Osman fancied that he observed a 
familiarity between Zara and Nerestan, 
which roused his suspicions. Several 
things occurred to confirm them, and at 
last a letter was intercepted, appointing a 
rendezvous between them in a " secret 
passage" of the seraglio. Osman met 
Zara in the passage, and stabbed her to 
the heart Nerestan was soon seized, and 



ZARAMILLA. 



"39 



ZELUCa 



being brought before the sultan, told him 
he had slain his sister, and the sole object 
of his interview was to inform her of her 
father's death, and to bring her his dying 
blessing. Osman now saw his error, 
commanded all the Christian captives to 
be set at liberty, and stabbed himself. 

Zaramilla, wife of Tinacrio king of 
Micomicon, in Egypt He was told that 
his daughter would succeed him, that she 
would be dethroned by the giant Panda- 
filando, but that she would find in Spain 
the gallant knight of La Mancha, who 
would redress her wrongs and restore her 
to her throne. — Cervantes; Don Quixote, 
I. iv. 3(1605). 

Zaraph, the angel who loved Nama. 
It was Nama's desire to love intensely 
and to love holily ; but as she fixed her 
love on an angel and not on God, she 
was doomed to abide on earth till the day 
of consummation. Then both Nama and 
Zaraph will be received into the realms 
of everlasting love. — Moore : Loves of the 
Angels (1822). 

Zauberflote {Die), a magic flute, 
which had the power of inspiring love. 
When bestowed by the powers of dark- 
ness, the love it inspired was sensual 
love ; but when by the powers of light, 
it became subservient to the very highest 
and holiest purposes. It guided Tami'no 
and Pami'na through all worldly dangers 
to the knowledge of divine truth (or the 
mysteries of Isis). — Moxart: Die Zauber- 
flote (1791)- 

Zeal {Arabella), in Shad well's comedy 
The Fair Quaker of Deal (1617). 

(This comedy was altered by E» 
Thompson in 1720. ) 

Zedekiah, one of general Harrison's 
servants.— Sir W. Scott; Woodstock 
(time, Commonwealth). 

Ze gris and the Abencerra'ges 
[A '-ven-ce-rah '-he], an historic romance, 
professing to be history, and printed at 
Alca'la in 1604. It was extremely popu- 
lar, and had a host of imitations. 

Zeid, Mahomet's freedman. " The 
prophet " adopted him as his son, and 
gave him Zeinab (or Zenobia) for a wife ; 
but falling in love with her himself, Zeid 
gave her up to the prophet. She was 
Mahomet's cousin, and within the pro- 
hibited degrees, according to the Kor&n. 

Zeinab or Zenobia, wife of Zeid 
Mahomet's freedman and adopted son. 



She was the daughter of Amtma, 

Mahomet's aunt. 

Zeinab (2 syl.), wife of Hodei'rah (3 
syl. ) an Arab. She lost her husband and 
all her children, except one, a boy named 
Thal'aba. Weary of life, the angel of 
death took her while Thalaba was yet a 
youth.— Southey; Thalaba the Destroyer 
(1797). 

Zeleucus or Zaleucus, a Locren- 
sian lawgiver, who enacted that adulterers 
should be deprived of their eyes. His 
own son being proved guilty, Zeleucus 
pulled out one of his own eyes, and one 
of his son's eyes, that " two eyes might 
be paid to the law." — Valerius Maxi- 
mus : De Factis Dictisque, v. 5, ecL 3. 

Hew many now will tread Zeleucus' step* 

Gasceiznt: The SUtU GUt (died ijyf 

Zel'ica, the betrothed of Azim. When 
it was rumoured that he had been slain in 
battle, Zellca joined the haram of the Veiled 
Prophet as ' ' one of the elect of paradise." 
Azim returned from the wars, discovered 
her retreat, and advised her to flee with 
him, but she told him that she was now 
the prophet's bride. After the death of 
the prophet, Zelica assumed his veil, and 
Azim, thinking the veiled figure to be the 
prophet, rushed on her and killed her.— 
Moore; Lalla Rookh (•• The Veiled Pro- 
phet," etc., 1817). 

Zelii, the daughter of a Persian officer. 
She was engaged to a man in the middle 
age of life, but just prior to the wedding 
he forsook her for a richer bride. The 
father of Zelis challenged him, but was 
killed. Zelis now took lodging with a 
courtezan, and went with her to Italy; 
but when she discovered the evil courses 
of her companion, she determined to be- 
come a nun, and started by water for 
Rome. She was taken captive by cor- 
sairs, and sold from master to master, 
till at length Hingpo rescued her, and 
made her his wife. — Goldsmith: A Cititm 
of the World (1759). 

Zelma'ne (3 syl. ), the assumed name 
of Pyr'ocles when he put on female attire. 
— Sir P. Sidney: Arcadia (1590). 

Sir Philip has preferred such a matchless decorum 
that Pyrocles' manhood suffers 10 staia for tsts* 
effeminacy of Zelmaiic.— L*m*. 

Zelu'co, the only son of a noble 
Sicilian family, accomplished and fasci- 
nating, but spoilt by maternal indulgence, 
and at length rioting in dissipation. In 
spite of his gaiety of manner, he is a 
standing testimony that misery accom* 



SEMIA. 

panfes vice.— Dr. John Moore : Zeluco (a 
novel, 1786). 

Ze'mia, one of the four who, next in 
authority to U'riel, preside over our earth. 
— Klopstock: The Messiah, iii. (1748). 

Zemzem, a fountain at Mecca. The 
Mohammedans say it is the very spring 
which God made to slake the thirst of 
Ishmael, when Hagar was driven into the 
wilderness by Abraham. A bottle of this 
water is considered a very valuable pre- 
sent, even by princes. 

There were also a great many bottles of water from 
he fountain of Zemzem, at Mecca.— Arabian Nights 
" The Purveyor's Story "). 

Zemzem, a well where common 
believers abide who are not equal to 
prophets or martyrs. The prophets go 
direct to paradise, and the latter await 
the resurrection in the form of green 
birds. — Sale: A I Koran. 

Zenel'ophon, the beggar-girl who 
married king Cophet'ua of Africa. She 
is more generally called Penel'ophon. — 
Shakespeare : Love's Labour's Lost, act iv. 
sc. 1 (1594). 

Zenjebil, a stream in paradise, flowing 
from the fountain Salsabil {q.v.). The 
word means "ginger." 

Their attendants [in paradise] shall go round with 
vessels of silver, . . . and there shall be given to them 
to drink cups of wine mixed with the water of 
ZenjebiL —Sale • Al Kordn, lxxvi. 

Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who 
claimed the title of " Queen of the East." 
She was defeated by Aurelian and taken 
prisoner in a.d. 273. 

Zeno'cia, daughter of Chari'no, and 
the chaste troth-plight wife of Arnoldo. 
While Arnoldo is wantonly loved by the 
rich Hippol'yta, Zenocia is dishonourably 
pursued by the governor count Clo'dio. — 
Fletcher: The Custom of the Country 
(1647). 

Zephalinda, a young lady who has 
tasted the delights of a London season, 
taken back to her home in the country, to 
find enjoyment in needlework, dull aunts, 
and rooks. 

She went from opera, park, assembly, play, 

To morning walks, and prayers three hours a day I 

To part her time 'twixt reading and Bohea, 

To muse, and spill her solitary tea, 

O'er her cold coffee trifle with her spoon, 

Count the slow clpck, and dine exact at noon. 

Pope : Epistle to Miss Blount (1715). 

Zeph'on, a cherub who detected Satan 
•quatting in the garden, and brought him 
before Gabriel the archangel. The word 
means "searcher of secrets." Milton 



1040 ZEUXIS AND PARRHASIOa 

makes him " the guardian angel of para- 
dise.' 

Ithuriel and Zephon, with winged speed 
Search thro' this garden, leave unsearched no nook ; 
But chiefly where those two fair creatures lodge. 
Now laid perhaps asleep, secure of harm. 

Milton : Paradise Lost, iv. 788 (1665). 

Zephyr. (See Morgans, p. 726.) 

Zerbinette (3 syl.), the daughter of 
Argante (2 syl.), stolen from her parents 
by gipsies when four years old, and 
brought up by them. (For the tale, see 
Leandre, p. 602.) — Moltere: Les Four- 
beries de Scapin (1671). 

Zerbi'no, son of the king of Scotland, 

and intimate friend of Orlando. — Ariosto : 
Orlando Furioso (1516). 

Zerli'na, a rustic beauty, who was 
about to be married to Masetto, when 
don Giovanni allured her away under the 
promise of making her a fine lady.— 
Mozart : Don Giovanni (opera, 1787). 

Zerli'na, in Auber's opera of Fra 
Diavolo (1830). 

Zesbet, daughter of the sage Oucha 
of Jerusalem. She had four husbands at 
the same time, viz. Abdal Motallab (the 
sage), Yaarab (the judge), Abou'teleb (a 
doctor of law), and Temimdari (a soldier). 
Zesbet was the mother of the prophet 
Mahomet. Mahomet appeared to her 
before his birth in the form of a venerable 
old man, and said to her — 

" You have found favour before Allah. Look upon 
me ; I am Mahomet, the great friend of God, he who 

is to enlighten the earth. Thy virtues, Zesbet, and thy 
beauty have made me prefer thee to all the daughters 
of Mecca. Thou shalt for the future be named Aminta 
\sic\" Then, turning to the husbands, he said, " You 
have seen me ; she is yours, and you are hers. Labour, 
then, with a holy zeal to bring me into the world to 
enlighten it. AH men who shall follow the law which I 
shall preach, may have four wives ; but Zesbet shall be 
the only woman whe shall be lawfully the wife of four 
husbands at once. It is the least privilege I can grant 
the woman of whom I choose to be born."— Comte dt 
Caylus: Oriental T*Us ("History of the Birth of 
Mahomet," 1743). 

(The mother of Mahomet is generally 
called Amina, not Aminta) 

Zeus (1 syl.), the Grecian Jupiter. 
The word was once applied to the blue 
firmament, the upper sky, the arch of 
light ; but in Homeric mythology, Zeus 
is king of gods and men ; the conscious 
embodiment of the central authority and 
administrative intelligence which holds 
states together ; the supreme ruler ; the 
sovereign source of law and order ; the 
fountain of justice, and final arbiter of 
disputes. 

Zenxis and Parrkas ios. In a 
contest of skill, Zeuxis painted some 



ZILLAH. 

grapes so naturally that birds pecked at 
them. Confident of success, Zeuxis said 
to his rival, "Now let Parrhasios draw 
aside his curtain, and show us his pro- 
duction." "You behold it already," 
replied Parrhasios, ' ' and have mistaken 
it for real drapery." Whereupon the 
prize was awarded to him, for Zeuxis 
had deceived the birds, but Parrhasios 
had deceived Zeuxis. 

If Myro's painting of a cow was mis- 
taken by a herd of bulls for a living 
animal ; and Apellfts's painting of the 
horse Bucephalos deceived several mares, 
who ran about it neighing. 

*[ Quintin Matsys, of Antwerp, fell 
in love with Lisa, daughter of Johann 
Mandyn ; but Mandyn vowed his daugh- 
ter should marry only an artist. Matsys 
studied painting, and brought his first 
picture to show Lisa. Mandyn was not 
at home, but had left a picture of his 
favourite pupil Frans Floris, representing 
the "fallen angels," on an easel. Quintin 
painted a bee on the outstretched limb ; 
and when Mandyn returned he tried to- 
brush it off, whereupon the deception 
was discovered. The old man's heart 
was moved, and he gave Quintin his 
daughter in marriage, saying, ' ' You are 
a true artist, greater than Johann Man- 
dyn." 

1T Velasquez painted a Spanish ad- 
miral so true to life that king Felipe IV., 
entering the studio, thought the painting 
was the admiral, and spoke to it as such, 
reproving the supposed officer for being 
in the studio wasting his time, when he 
ought to have been with the fleet 

Zillah., beloved by Hamuel a brutish 
sot Zillah rejected his suit, and Hamuel 
vowed vengeance. Accordingly, he gave 
out that Zillah had intercourse with the 
devil, and she was condemned to be 
burnt alive. God averted the flames, 
which consumed Hamuel, but Zillah 
stood unharmed ; and the stake to which 
she was bound threw forth white roses, 
"the first ever seen on earth since para- 
dise was lost." — Southey. (See ROSE, 
p. 933, col. 2, last art.) 

Zimmerman {Adam), the old 
burgher of Soleure ; one of the Swiss 
deputies to Charles "the Bold" of Bur- 
gundy. — Sir W. Scott : Anne of Geier- 
stein (time, Edward IV.). 

Zim'ri, one of the six Wise Men of 
the East led by the guiding star to Jesus. 



1241 ZOBEIDE. 

Zlmri Uug-ht the people, but they treated him with 
contempt ; yet. when dying, he prevailed on one of 
them, and then expired.— Xle/stock ; Th* Messiah, r. 

Zimri, in Dryden's satire of Absalom 
and Achitophel, is the second duke of 
Buckingham. As Zimri conspired against 
Asa king of Judah, so the duke of Buck- 
ingham "formed parties and joined fac- 
tions." — i Kings xvi. 9. 

Some of the chiefs were princes in the landi 
In the first rank of these did Zimri stand,— 
A man so various that he seemed to be 
Not one, but all mankind's epitome; 
Stiff in opinion, always in the wrong-. 
Was everything by turns, and nothing long. 

Pt. i. 545-55° (168*). 

Zinelu {Mohammed), king of Syria, 
tributary to the caliph Haroun-al- Rase hid; 
of very humane disposition. — Arabian 
Nights (" Ganem, the Slave of Love "). 

Zineu'ra, in Boccaccio's Decameron 
(day 11, Nov. 9), is the "Imogen" of 
Shakespeare's Cymbeline. She assumed 
male attire with the name of Sicurano 
da Finalft (Imogen assumed male attire 
and the name Fidel*) ; Zineura's husband 
was Bernard Lomellin, and the villain 
was Ambrose (Imogen's husband was 
Posthumus Leonatus, and the villain 
Iachimo). In Shakespeare, the British 
king Cymbeline takes the place assigned 
by Boccaccio to the sultan. 

Ziska or Zizka, John of Trocznov, 
a Bohemian nobleman, leader of the 
Hussites. He fought under Henry V. at 
Agincourt. His sister had been seduced 
by a monk ; and whenever he heard the 
shriek of a catholic at the stake, he called 
it "bis sister's bridal song." The story 
goes that he ordered his skin at death to 
be made into drum-heads ( 1360-1424). 

V Some say that John of Trocznov 
was called " Ziska" because he was ' ' one- 
eyed ; " but that is a mistake — Ziska was a 
family name, and does not mean "one- 
eyed," either in the Polish or the Bo- 
hemian language. 

For every page of paper shall a hide 

Of yours be stretched as parchment on a drum. 

Like Ziska's skin, to beat alarm to all 

Refractory vassals. 

Byron : IVtrntr, L (i8aa). 
But be it as it is, the time may come 
His name [N*/tUons] shall beat th' alarm like Ziska's 

Byron: Agt »f Bronnt, Iv (1819). 

Zobeide [Zo-bay '-de], half-sister of 
Aminfi. She had two sisters, who were 
turned into little black dogs by way of 
punishment for casting Zobeide and "the 
prince" from the petrified city into the 
sea. Zobeidft was rescued by the " fairy 
serpent," who had metamorphosed the 



ZODIAC 



x*4a 



ZOUNDS. 



two sisters, and Zobeide was enjoined to 
give the two dogs a hundred lashes every 
day. Ultimately, the two dogs were re- 
stored to their proper forms, and married 
two calenders, " sons of kings ; " Zobeide" 
married the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid ; 
and Amine was restored to Amin, the 
caliph's son, to whom she was already 
married.— Arabian Nights (•• History of 
Zobeide"). 

N.B.— While the caliph was absent 
from Bagdad, Zobeidfi caused his favour- 
ite (named Fetnab) to be buried alive, for 
which she was divorced. — Arabian 
Nights (" Ganem, the Slave of Love"). 

Zodiac. The twelve signs of the 
Zodiac are associated with the twelve 
Roman deities, thus — 

Spring. 
The Ram is wise Minerva's sfga. 
Tho Bull to Venus we assign. 
The Twins to Phoebus the divtaa 

Summer. 
Mercury the Crab delights. 
For Jupiter the Lion fights. 
Ceres the Firkin's care invites. 

Autumn. 
Vulcan the equal Balance brings. 
For warlike Mars the Scorpion Stlnga 
To dawn Sagittarius clings. 

Winter. 

The Goat to Vesta we allot. 
Juno prefers the lVatcr-pot. 
And Neptune has his Fishes cot. 

Zohak, the giant who keeps the 
•• mouth of hell." He was the fifth of the 
Pischdadian dynasty, and was a lineal 
descendant of Shedad king of Ad. He 
murdered his predecessor, and invented 
both flaying men alive and killing them 
by crucifixion. The devil kissed him 
on the shoulders, and immediately two 
serpents grew out of his back and fed 
constantly upon him. He was dethroned 
by the famous blacksmith of Ispahan', 
and appointed by the devil to keep hell- 
gate. — D'Derbelot: Bibliothique Orientate 
[1697). 

Zohara, the queen of love, and mother 
of mischief. When Harut and Marut 
were selected by the host of heaven to be 
judges on earth, they judged righteous 
judgment till Zohara, in the shape of a 
lovely woman, appeared before them with 
her complaint. They then both fell in 
love with her and tried to corrupt her, 
but she flew from them to heaven ; and 
the two angel -judges were shut out. 

IT The Persian Magi have a somewhat 
similar tradition of these two angels, but 
add that after their "fall," they were 



suspended by the feet, head downwards, 
in the territory of Babel. 

IT The Jews tell us that Shamhozai, 
•* the judge of all the earth," debauched 
himself with women, repented, and by 
way of penance was suspended by the 
feet, head downwards, between heaven 
and earth. — Bereshit Rabbi (in Gen. vi. 2). 

Zoliauk, the Nubian slave ; a disguise 
assumed by sir Kenneth. — Sir W. Scott; 
The Talisman (time, Richard I.). 

Zoilos (in Latin, Zoilus), a grammarian, 
witty, shrewd, and spiteful. He was nick- 
named " Homer's Scourge " (Hotnero- 
mastix), because he assailed the Iliad 
and Odyssey with merciless severity. He 
also flew at Plato, Isoc'rates, and other 
high game. 

The Sword of Zoilos, the pen of a critic. 

Zoilus. J. Dennis the critic; whose 
attack on Pope produced The Dunciad 
(1657-1733). 

Zoleikha (3 syl.), Potiphar's wife.— 
Sale: A I Koran, xii. (note). 

Zone. Tennyson refers to the zone or 
girdle of Ori'on in the lines — 

Like those three stars of the airy giant's zone. 
That glitter burnished by the frosty dark. 

Tennyson : The Princess, v. (1830). 

Zophiel \Zo-fel\ "of cherubim the 
swiftest wing. * The word means ' ' God's 
spy. " Zophiel brings word to the heavenly 
host that the rebel crew were preparing a 
second and fiercer attack. 

Zophiel. of cherubim the swiftest wing, 
Came flying, and in mid-air aloud thus cried: 
* Arm, warriors, arm for fight." 

Milton: Paradise Lost, vi. 535 (1665). 

Zorai'da (3 *r'-). a Moorish lady, 
daughter of Agimora'to the richest man 
in Barbary. On being baptized, she had 
received the name of Maria ; and, eloping 
with a Christian captive, came to Anda- 
lusi'a. — Cervantes: Don Quixote, I. iv. 
9-11 (" The Captive," 1605). 

Zorph.ee (2 syl.), a fairy in the 
romance of Amadis de Gaul (thirteenth 
century). 

Zosimus, the patriarch of the Greek 
Church.— Sir W. Scott: Count Robert of 
Paris (time, Rufus). 

Zounds, a corrupt contraction of " his 
wounds," as zooks is "his hooks," and 
t' death ' ' his death. " Of course, by " his " 
Jesus Christ is meant. H Odd splutter " is 
a contraction of Gots plut und hur nails 
(•' God's blood and the nails "). Sir John 
Perrot, a natural son of Henry VIII.. was 



rULAL. 



t«43 



zulzuu 



the first to use the oath of "God's 
wounds," which queen Elizabeth adopted, 
but the ladies of her court minced it into 
Mounds and eouterhins, 

Zmlal, that soft, clear, and delicious 
water which the happy drink in paradise, 

' Ravishing beauty, universal mistress of hearts," 
.^Hedl; " thou art the water i 
thirst ef love, and most die if you 



ivishing 
rephed I ; " thou art the water of ZulaL I hum with the 
thirst of 
it Cmyluti Orimtml TmUt ("The 

Zuleika [Zu-la?-hd], daughter of 
Giaffer \Djaf % -fir\ pacha of AbyMos. 
Falling in lore with Selim, her cousin, 
she flees with him, and promises to be his 
bride ; but the father tracks the fugitives 
and shoots Selim, whereupon Zuleika 
dies of a broken heart. — Byron : Bride of 
Abydos (1813). 

Nerer was a faultless character more delicately or 
more Justly delineated than, that of lord Byron's 
"Zuleika. Her piety, her intelligence, her strict 
sense of duty, and her undeviarJng lore of truth 
appear to hare been originally " " 
rather than inculcated by «*Wa 



natural, always attractive, always aSectiematt i sWI 
must be admitted that her afecdea* are not «n werthQf 
bestowed. -G. MUu. 

Zuleika (3 syL), Joseph's wife. The 
Times, in its report of the prince of Wales 
at the mosque of Hebron, and referring 
to Joseph's tomb, says — 

It is leas costly than the others; and it is remarkable 
that, although his wife's name was Zuleika (according 
to Mussulman tradition), and is so inscribed in the 
certificates riven to pilgrims, yet no crave bearing that 
name is shown. 

Zulichium (The enchanted princess 
of), in the story told by Agelastes the 
cynic, to count Robert — Sir W. Scott: 
Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus). 

Zulrol, the sage whose life was saved 
in the form of a rat by Gedy the youngest 
of the four sons of Corcud. Zulzul gave 
him, in gratitude, two poniards, by the 
help of which he could climb the highest 
tree or most i n acces s ible castle. — Guew 
lette: Chinese Tales ("Corcud sad Hit 
Four Sons," 17*3). 



,\& 



. V «* 



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